Question: micropolitics fails

2---Macro-level transformation is a prerequisite to solving necropolitics---micropolitics fails and turns their impact

Airewele 15 (Peyi, Professor of International Relations & Comparative Studies and Carnegie Fellow at the Department of Political Science and International Relations at Covenant University, “THE END OF POLITICS? RECLAIMING HUMANITY IN AN AGE OF BIOPOWER AND NECROPOLITICS,” Covenant University Public Lecture Series, Vol. 4, No. 2, March 2015, p. 33—35, http://covenantuniversity.edu.ng/content/download/35623/245151/file/40th+Public+Lecture.pdf)

dilemma with necropolitics is that even as we protest it We ignore how deeply we are invested in it seeking reform is a first step to recognizing complicity we must continue to mobilize debate and seek ethical leaders at a collective level we must birth new modes of life This is the ultimate challenge to necropolitics genuine commitment to protect human dignity and generate progressive social relations Despite context of violence we are surrounded by those who deploy a politics of life to challenge decay breaking free of the legacies of necropolitics creating models of the future and re-establishing a national framework for lasting change Necropolitics will not vanish focus on transformation that recognizes limitations of one individual and the capacity of the state to coopt and constrain solo idealists progressive institutions must seize on innovative ways to create socio-political change


Question: ethical leaders collective level

2---Macro-level transformation is a prerequisite to solving necropolitics---micropolitics fails and turns their impact

Airewele 15 (Peyi, Professor of International Relations & Comparative Studies and Carnegie Fellow at the Department of Political Science and International Relations at Covenant University, “THE END OF POLITICS? RECLAIMING HUMANITY IN AN AGE OF BIOPOWER AND NECROPOLITICS,” Covenant University Public Lecture Series, Vol. 4, No. 2, March 2015, p. 33—35, http://covenantuniversity.edu.ng/content/download/35623/245151/file/40th+Public+Lecture.pdf)

dilemma with necropolitics is that even as we protest it We ignore how deeply we are invested in it seeking reform is a first step to recognizing complicity we must continue to mobilize debate and seek ethical leaders at a collective level we must birth new modes of life This is the ultimate challenge to necropolitics genuine commitment to protect human dignity and generate progressive social relations Despite context of violence we are surrounded by those who deploy a politics of life to challenge decay breaking free of the legacies of necropolitics creating models of the future and re-establishing a national framework for lasting change Necropolitics will not vanish focus on transformation that recognizes limitations of one individual and the capacity of the state to coopt and constrain solo idealists progressive institutions must seize on innovative ways to create socio-political change


Question: transform limitations of individual

2---Macro-level transformation is a prerequisite to solving necropolitics---micropolitics fails and turns their impact

Airewele 15 (Peyi, Professor of International Relations & Comparative Studies and Carnegie Fellow at the Department of Political Science and International Relations at Covenant University, “THE END OF POLITICS? RECLAIMING HUMANITY IN AN AGE OF BIOPOWER AND NECROPOLITICS,” Covenant University Public Lecture Series, Vol. 4, No. 2, March 2015, p. 33—35, http://covenantuniversity.edu.ng/content/download/35623/245151/file/40th+Public+Lecture.pdf)

dilemma with necropolitics is that even as we protest it We ignore how deeply we are invested in it seeking reform is a first step to recognizing complicity we must continue to mobilize debate and seek ethical leaders at a collective level we must birth new modes of life This is the ultimate challenge to necropolitics genuine commitment to protect human dignity and generate progressive social relations Despite context of violence we are surrounded by those who deploy a politics of life to challenge decay breaking free of the legacies of necropolitics creating models of the future and re-establishing a national framework for lasting change Necropolitics will not vanish focus on transformation that recognizes limitations of one individual and the capacity of the state to coopt and constrain solo idealists progressive institutions must seize on innovative ways to create socio-political change


Question: new modes of life

2---Macro-level transformation is a prerequisite to solving necropolitics---micropolitics fails and turns their impact

Airewele 15 (Peyi, Professor of International Relations & Comparative Studies and Carnegie Fellow at the Department of Political Science and International Relations at Covenant University, “THE END OF POLITICS? RECLAIMING HUMANITY IN AN AGE OF BIOPOWER AND NECROPOLITICS,” Covenant University Public Lecture Series, Vol. 4, No. 2, March 2015, p. 33—35, http://covenantuniversity.edu.ng/content/download/35623/245151/file/40th+Public+Lecture.pdf)

dilemma with necropolitics is that even as we protest it We ignore how deeply we are invested in it seeking reform is a first step to recognizing complicity we must continue to mobilize debate and seek ethical leaders at a collective level we must birth new modes of life This is the ultimate challenge to necropolitics genuine commitment to protect human dignity and generate progressive social relations Despite context of violence we are surrounded by those who deploy a politics of life to challenge decay breaking free of the legacies of necropolitics creating models of the future and re-establishing a national framework for lasting change Necropolitics will not vanish focus on transformation that recognizes limitations of one individual and the capacity of the state to coopt and constrain solo idealists progressive institutions must seize on innovative ways to create socio-political change


Question: progressive institutions seize socio-political change

2---Macro-level transformation is a prerequisite to solving necropolitics---micropolitics fails and turns their impact

Airewele 15 (Peyi, Professor of International Relations & Comparative Studies and Carnegie Fellow at the Department of Political Science and International Relations at Covenant University, “THE END OF POLITICS? RECLAIMING HUMANITY IN AN AGE OF BIOPOWER AND NECROPOLITICS,” Covenant University Public Lecture Series, Vol. 4, No. 2, March 2015, p. 33—35, http://covenantuniversity.edu.ng/content/download/35623/245151/file/40th+Public+Lecture.pdf)

dilemma with necropolitics is that even as we protest it We ignore how deeply we are invested in it seeking reform is a first step to recognizing complicity we must continue to mobilize debate and seek ethical leaders at a collective level we must birth new modes of life This is the ultimate challenge to necropolitics genuine commitment to protect human dignity and generate progressive social relations Despite context of violence we are surrounded by those who deploy a politics of life to challenge decay breaking free of the legacies of necropolitics creating models of the future and re-establishing a national framework for lasting change Necropolitics will not vanish focus on transformation that recognizes limitations of one individual and the capacity of the state to coopt and constrain solo idealists progressive institutions must seize on innovative ways to create socio-political change


Question: Overfishing destroys ocean biosystems

Alternative causality – overfishing destroys ocean biosystems

SEAS AT RISK 2023	(Headquartered in Brussels, Seas At Risk has strong connections with the European institutions and with the UN and regional bodies responsible for seas and oceans, as well as with other like-minded organisations in Europe and around the world. This, together with our expertise and solid membership base, makes Seas At Risk a powerful voice, championing the cause of healthy seas and oceans for over 30 years., “Ending overfishing to counter climate change”, https://seas-at-risk.org/general-news/ending-overfishing-to-counter-climate-change/#:~:text=The%20extra%20carbon%20emitted%20into,%2C%20ocean%20acidification%2C%20and%20deoxygenation. [CORNELL DBT] note://// indicates par. breaks)[AR HOUSTON24]

, overfishing is directly contributing to the climate breakdown with the support of over 40 scholars, joins the dots among the scientific findings n the past decade Fishing on depleted fish stocks requires more fuel less fish in the ocean forces fishers to search longer , go further out and use heavier gears to catch the fish the fisheries’ carbon footprint increases when fish populations are not replenished . extra carbon emitted fish aggravates climate ocean acidification, and deoxygenation


Question: SEAS AT RISK 2023

Alternative causality – overfishing destroys ocean biosystems

SEAS AT RISK 2023	(Headquartered in Brussels, Seas At Risk has strong connections with the European institutions and with the UN and regional bodies responsible for seas and oceans, as well as with other like-minded organisations in Europe and around the world. This, together with our expertise and solid membership base, makes Seas At Risk a powerful voice, championing the cause of healthy seas and oceans for over 30 years., “Ending overfishing to counter climate change”, https://seas-at-risk.org/general-news/ending-overfishing-to-counter-climate-change/#:~:text=The%20extra%20carbon%20emitted%20into,%2C%20ocean%20acidification%2C%20and%20deoxygenation. [CORNELL DBT] note://// indicates par. breaks)[AR HOUSTON24]

, overfishing is directly contributing to the climate breakdown with the support of over 40 scholars, joins the dots among the scientific findings n the past decade Fishing on depleted fish stocks requires more fuel less fish in the ocean forces fishers to search longer , go further out and use heavier gears to catch the fish the fisheries’ carbon footprint increases when fish populations are not replenished . extra carbon emitted fish aggravates climate ocean acidification, and deoxygenation


Question: overfishing climate breakdown

Alternative causality – overfishing destroys ocean biosystems

SEAS AT RISK 2023	(Headquartered in Brussels, Seas At Risk has strong connections with the European institutions and with the UN and regional bodies responsible for seas and oceans, as well as with other like-minded organisations in Europe and around the world. This, together with our expertise and solid membership base, makes Seas At Risk a powerful voice, championing the cause of healthy seas and oceans for over 30 years., “Ending overfishing to counter climate change”, https://seas-at-risk.org/general-news/ending-overfishing-to-counter-climate-change/#:~:text=The%20extra%20carbon%20emitted%20into,%2C%20ocean%20acidification%2C%20and%20deoxygenation. [CORNELL DBT] note://// indicates par. breaks)[AR HOUSTON24]

, overfishing is directly contributing to the climate breakdown with the support of over 40 scholars, joins the dots among the scientific findings n the past decade Fishing on depleted fish stocks requires more fuel less fish in the ocean forces fishers to search longer , go further out and use heavier gears to catch the fish the fisheries’ carbon footprint increases when fish populations are not replenished . extra carbon emitted fish aggravates climate ocean acidification, and deoxygenation


Question: ending overfishing

Alternative causality – overfishing destroys ocean biosystems

SEAS AT RISK 2023	(Headquartered in Brussels, Seas At Risk has strong connections with the European institutions and with the UN and regional bodies responsible for seas and oceans, as well as with other like-minded organisations in Europe and around the world. This, together with our expertise and solid membership base, makes Seas At Risk a powerful voice, championing the cause of healthy seas and oceans for over 30 years., “Ending overfishing to counter climate change”, https://seas-at-risk.org/general-news/ending-overfishing-to-counter-climate-change/#:~:text=The%20extra%20carbon%20emitted%20into,%2C%20ocean%20acidification%2C%20and%20deoxygenation. [CORNELL DBT] note://// indicates par. breaks)[AR HOUSTON24]

, overfishing is directly contributing to the climate breakdown with the support of over 40 scholars, joins the dots among the scientific findings n the past decade Fishing on depleted fish stocks requires more fuel less fish in the ocean forces fishers to search longer , go further out and use heavier gears to catch the fish the fisheries’ carbon footprint increases when fish populations are not replenished . extra carbon emitted fish aggravates climate ocean acidification, and deoxygenation


Question: ocean acidification

Alternative causality – overfishing destroys ocean biosystems

SEAS AT RISK 2023	(Headquartered in Brussels, Seas At Risk has strong connections with the European institutions and with the UN and regional bodies responsible for seas and oceans, as well as with other like-minded organisations in Europe and around the world. This, together with our expertise and solid membership base, makes Seas At Risk a powerful voice, championing the cause of healthy seas and oceans for over 30 years., “Ending overfishing to counter climate change”, https://seas-at-risk.org/general-news/ending-overfishing-to-counter-climate-change/#:~:text=The%20extra%20carbon%20emitted%20into,%2C%20ocean%20acidification%2C%20and%20deoxygenation. [CORNELL DBT] note://// indicates par. breaks)[AR HOUSTON24]

, overfishing is directly contributing to the climate breakdown with the support of over 40 scholars, joins the dots among the scientific findings n the past decade Fishing on depleted fish stocks requires more fuel less fish in the ocean forces fishers to search longer , go further out and use heavier gears to catch the fish the fisheries’ carbon footprint increases when fish populations are not replenished . extra carbon emitted fish aggravates climate ocean acidification, and deoxygenation


Question: fishing on depleted stocks requires more fuel

Alternative causality – overfishing destroys ocean biosystems

SEAS AT RISK 2023	(Headquartered in Brussels, Seas At Risk has strong connections with the European institutions and with the UN and regional bodies responsible for seas and oceans, as well as with other like-minded organisations in Europe and around the world. This, together with our expertise and solid membership base, makes Seas At Risk a powerful voice, championing the cause of healthy seas and oceans for over 30 years., “Ending overfishing to counter climate change”, https://seas-at-risk.org/general-news/ending-overfishing-to-counter-climate-change/#:~:text=The%20extra%20carbon%20emitted%20into,%2C%20ocean%20acidification%2C%20and%20deoxygenation. [CORNELL DBT] note://// indicates par. breaks)[AR HOUSTON24]

, overfishing is directly contributing to the climate breakdown with the support of over 40 scholars, joins the dots among the scientific findings n the past decade Fishing on depleted fish stocks requires more fuel less fish in the ocean forces fishers to search longer , go further out and use heavier gears to catch the fish the fisheries’ carbon footprint increases when fish populations are not replenished . extra carbon emitted fish aggravates climate ocean acidification, and deoxygenation


Question: fisheries carbon footprint increases

Alternative causality – overfishing destroys ocean biosystems

SEAS AT RISK 2023	(Headquartered in Brussels, Seas At Risk has strong connections with the European institutions and with the UN and regional bodies responsible for seas and oceans, as well as with other like-minded organisations in Europe and around the world. This, together with our expertise and solid membership base, makes Seas At Risk a powerful voice, championing the cause of healthy seas and oceans for over 30 years., “Ending overfishing to counter climate change”, https://seas-at-risk.org/general-news/ending-overfishing-to-counter-climate-change/#:~:text=The%20extra%20carbon%20emitted%20into,%2C%20ocean%20acidification%2C%20and%20deoxygenation. [CORNELL DBT] note://// indicates par. breaks)[AR HOUSTON24]

, overfishing is directly contributing to the climate breakdown with the support of over 40 scholars, joins the dots among the scientific findings n the past decade Fishing on depleted fish stocks requires more fuel less fish in the ocean forces fishers to search longer , go further out and use heavier gears to catch the fish the fisheries’ carbon footprint increases when fish populations are not replenished . extra carbon emitted fish aggravates climate ocean acidification, and deoxygenation


Question: Texas wants climate policy

1---Texas WANTS climate policy and are actively working towards it now. Disproves their uniqueness and turns the link.

Durant and Robledo 24, Durant & Robledo are both  public affairs speech writers at the US EPA,  [04/23, Jennah and Joe, “Biden-Harris Administration Announces Two Texas Groups will Receive Over $405 Million to Deliver Residential Solar, Lowering Energy Costs and Advancing Environmental Justice”, https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/biden-harris-administration-announces-two-texas-groups-will-receive-over-405-million]

the E P A announced the Texas Solar For All Coalition will receive $249.7 million and the Clean Energy Fund of Texas will receive $156.120 million delivering on no community is left behind by investing $7 billion in solar projects Texas. partnership with minority serving institutions lower energy burden jumpstar the green economy with the creation of jobs


Question: Durant and Robledo 24

1---Texas WANTS climate policy and are actively working towards it now. Disproves their uniqueness and turns the link.

Durant and Robledo 24, Durant & Robledo are both  public affairs speech writers at the US EPA,  [04/23, Jennah and Joe, “Biden-Harris Administration Announces Two Texas Groups will Receive Over $405 Million to Deliver Residential Solar, Lowering Energy Costs and Advancing Environmental Justice”, https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/biden-harris-administration-announces-two-texas-groups-will-receive-over-405-million]

the E P A announced the Texas Solar For All Coalition will receive $249.7 million and the Clean Energy Fund of Texas will receive $156.120 million delivering on no community is left behind by investing $7 billion in solar projects Texas. partnership with minority serving institutions lower energy burden jumpstar the green economy with the creation of jobs


Question: Texas Solar For All Coalition

1---Texas WANTS climate policy and are actively working towards it now. Disproves their uniqueness and turns the link.

Durant and Robledo 24, Durant & Robledo are both  public affairs speech writers at the US EPA,  [04/23, Jennah and Joe, “Biden-Harris Administration Announces Two Texas Groups will Receive Over $405 Million to Deliver Residential Solar, Lowering Energy Costs and Advancing Environmental Justice”, https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/biden-harris-administration-announces-two-texas-groups-will-receive-over-405-million]

the E P A announced the Texas Solar For All Coalition will receive $249.7 million and the Clean Energy Fund of Texas will receive $156.120 million delivering on no community is left behind by investing $7 billion in solar projects Texas. partnership with minority serving institutions lower energy burden jumpstar the green economy with the creation of jobs


Question: EPA Texas climate policy

1---Texas WANTS climate policy and are actively working towards it now. Disproves their uniqueness and turns the link.

Durant and Robledo 24, Durant & Robledo are both  public affairs speech writers at the US EPA,  [04/23, Jennah and Joe, “Biden-Harris Administration Announces Two Texas Groups will Receive Over $405 Million to Deliver Residential Solar, Lowering Energy Costs and Advancing Environmental Justice”, https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/biden-harris-administration-announces-two-texas-groups-will-receive-over-405-million]

the E P A announced the Texas Solar For All Coalition will receive $249.7 million and the Clean Energy Fund of Texas will receive $156.120 million delivering on no community is left behind by investing $7 billion in solar projects Texas. partnership with minority serving institutions lower energy burden jumpstar the green economy with the creation of jobs


Question: Texas EPA funding

1---Texas WANTS climate policy and are actively working towards it now. Disproves their uniqueness and turns the link.

Durant and Robledo 24, Durant & Robledo are both  public affairs speech writers at the US EPA,  [04/23, Jennah and Joe, “Biden-Harris Administration Announces Two Texas Groups will Receive Over $405 Million to Deliver Residential Solar, Lowering Energy Costs and Advancing Environmental Justice”, https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/biden-harris-administration-announces-two-texas-groups-will-receive-over-405-million]

the E P A announced the Texas Solar For All Coalition will receive $249.7 million and the Clean Energy Fund of Texas will receive $156.120 million delivering on no community is left behind by investing $7 billion in solar projects Texas. partnership with minority serving institutions lower energy burden jumpstar the green economy with the creation of jobs


Question: Texas climate policy now

1---Texas WANTS climate policy and are actively working towards it now. Disproves their uniqueness and turns the link.

Durant and Robledo 24, Durant & Robledo are both  public affairs speech writers at the US EPA,  [04/23, Jennah and Joe, “Biden-Harris Administration Announces Two Texas Groups will Receive Over $405 Million to Deliver Residential Solar, Lowering Energy Costs and Advancing Environmental Justice”, https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/biden-harris-administration-announces-two-texas-groups-will-receive-over-405-million]

the E P A announced the Texas Solar For All Coalition will receive $249.7 million and the Clean Energy Fund of Texas will receive $156.120 million delivering on no community is left behind by investing $7 billion in solar projects Texas. partnership with minority serving institutions lower energy burden jumpstar the green economy with the creation of jobs


Question: low carbon military warfighting

1. LOW-CARBON MILITARY---it’s faster, stealthier, and more flexible---warfighting caps Chinese aggression and Arctic conflicts, solves disasters, Middle Eastern and African instability, and terrorism.

John Conger 24, Director Emeritus of the Center for Climate and Security, Senior Advisor to the Council on Strategic Risks, and Senior US Advisor to the International Military Council on Climate and Security (IMCCS), July 2024, “World Climate And Security Report 2024: Military Innovation And The Climate Challenge,” https://councilonstrategicrisks.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/WCSR-2023-24.pdf

There are vulnerabilities with fossil fuel dependence fuel convoys can be sabotaged , leading to reduced supply , also allocation of personnel for protecting transitioning to low-carbon sources reduces the reliance on complex supply chains increase stealth of platforms and reduce need for support s n r s maximize stealth compared to diesel electric propulsion reduces noise boosting flex minimizing refueling Electric motors over combustion enhance range and traction. Swarming increases remote warfare smaller vehicles allows for low-carbon propulsion AI reduces human interaction , which can be advantageous for military readiness . info war is exacerbated by blaming militaries  for disasters . China, India, Russia, and the U S test a sat s Satellite can contribute to early warning satellites that used with iodine aid cost and sustainability China has been advancing in the S and E C S chances of military op grow HED vessels reduce maintenance and increase stealth The Arctic brings military conflicts. Melting ice caps lead to erosion also geopolitical shift as Russia gain access to both oceans Op s in the Arctic can be managed with mobile microgrids disasters complicate readiness tasking personnel to assist with HADR strain resources planning and training low-carbon tech improve acceptance of NATO HADR in the Mid East, Sahel and Africa groups engage in illegal activities individuals join NSAGs Boko Haram al-Shabab and ISIS Using e v s can support NATO op s in contested environments


Question: Conger 24

1. LOW-CARBON MILITARY---it’s faster, stealthier, and more flexible---warfighting caps Chinese aggression and Arctic conflicts, solves disasters, Middle Eastern and African instability, and terrorism.

John Conger 24, Director Emeritus of the Center for Climate and Security, Senior Advisor to the Council on Strategic Risks, and Senior US Advisor to the International Military Council on Climate and Security (IMCCS), July 2024, “World Climate And Security Report 2024: Military Innovation And The Climate Challenge,” https://councilonstrategicrisks.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/WCSR-2023-24.pdf

There are vulnerabilities with fossil fuel dependence fuel convoys can be sabotaged , leading to reduced supply , also allocation of personnel for protecting transitioning to low-carbon sources reduces the reliance on complex supply chains increase stealth of platforms and reduce need for support s n r s maximize stealth compared to diesel electric propulsion reduces noise boosting flex minimizing refueling Electric motors over combustion enhance range and traction. Swarming increases remote warfare smaller vehicles allows for low-carbon propulsion AI reduces human interaction , which can be advantageous for military readiness . info war is exacerbated by blaming militaries  for disasters . China, India, Russia, and the U S test a sat s Satellite can contribute to early warning satellites that used with iodine aid cost and sustainability China has been advancing in the S and E C S chances of military op grow HED vessels reduce maintenance and increase stealth The Arctic brings military conflicts. Melting ice caps lead to erosion also geopolitical shift as Russia gain access to both oceans Op s in the Arctic can be managed with mobile microgrids disasters complicate readiness tasking personnel to assist with HADR strain resources planning and training low-carbon tech improve acceptance of NATO HADR in the Mid East, Sahel and Africa groups engage in illegal activities individuals join NSAGs Boko Haram al-Shabab and ISIS Using e v s can support NATO op s in contested environments


Question: John Conger climate security

1. LOW-CARBON MILITARY---it’s faster, stealthier, and more flexible---warfighting caps Chinese aggression and Arctic conflicts, solves disasters, Middle Eastern and African instability, and terrorism.

John Conger 24, Director Emeritus of the Center for Climate and Security, Senior Advisor to the Council on Strategic Risks, and Senior US Advisor to the International Military Council on Climate and Security (IMCCS), July 2024, “World Climate And Security Report 2024: Military Innovation And The Climate Challenge,” https://councilonstrategicrisks.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/WCSR-2023-24.pdf

There are vulnerabilities with fossil fuel dependence fuel convoys can be sabotaged , leading to reduced supply , also allocation of personnel for protecting transitioning to low-carbon sources reduces the reliance on complex supply chains increase stealth of platforms and reduce need for support s n r s maximize stealth compared to diesel electric propulsion reduces noise boosting flex minimizing refueling Electric motors over combustion enhance range and traction. Swarming increases remote warfare smaller vehicles allows for low-carbon propulsion AI reduces human interaction , which can be advantageous for military readiness . info war is exacerbated by blaming militaries  for disasters . China, India, Russia, and the U S test a sat s Satellite can contribute to early warning satellites that used with iodine aid cost and sustainability China has been advancing in the S and E C S chances of military op grow HED vessels reduce maintenance and increase stealth The Arctic brings military conflicts. Melting ice caps lead to erosion also geopolitical shift as Russia gain access to both oceans Op s in the Arctic can be managed with mobile microgrids disasters complicate readiness tasking personnel to assist with HADR strain resources planning and training low-carbon tech improve acceptance of NATO HADR in the Mid East, Sahel and Africa groups engage in illegal activities individuals join NSAGs Boko Haram al-Shabab and ISIS Using e v s can support NATO op s in contested environments


Question: low carbon military stealthier

1. LOW-CARBON MILITARY---it’s faster, stealthier, and more flexible---warfighting caps Chinese aggression and Arctic conflicts, solves disasters, Middle Eastern and African instability, and terrorism.

John Conger 24, Director Emeritus of the Center for Climate and Security, Senior Advisor to the Council on Strategic Risks, and Senior US Advisor to the International Military Council on Climate and Security (IMCCS), July 2024, “World Climate And Security Report 2024: Military Innovation And The Climate Challenge,” https://councilonstrategicrisks.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/WCSR-2023-24.pdf

There are vulnerabilities with fossil fuel dependence fuel convoys can be sabotaged , leading to reduced supply , also allocation of personnel for protecting transitioning to low-carbon sources reduces the reliance on complex supply chains increase stealth of platforms and reduce need for support s n r s maximize stealth compared to diesel electric propulsion reduces noise boosting flex minimizing refueling Electric motors over combustion enhance range and traction. Swarming increases remote warfare smaller vehicles allows for low-carbon propulsion AI reduces human interaction , which can be advantageous for military readiness . info war is exacerbated by blaming militaries  for disasters . China, India, Russia, and the U S test a sat s Satellite can contribute to early warning satellites that used with iodine aid cost and sustainability China has been advancing in the S and E C S chances of military op grow HED vessels reduce maintenance and increase stealth The Arctic brings military conflicts. Melting ice caps lead to erosion also geopolitical shift as Russia gain access to both oceans Op s in the Arctic can be managed with mobile microgrids disasters complicate readiness tasking personnel to assist with HADR strain resources planning and training low-carbon tech improve acceptance of NATO HADR in the Mid East, Sahel and Africa groups engage in illegal activities individuals join NSAGs Boko Haram al-Shabab and ISIS Using e v s can support NATO op s in contested environments


Question: low carbon military reduces reliance

1. LOW-CARBON MILITARY---it’s faster, stealthier, and more flexible---warfighting caps Chinese aggression and Arctic conflicts, solves disasters, Middle Eastern and African instability, and terrorism.

John Conger 24, Director Emeritus of the Center for Climate and Security, Senior Advisor to the Council on Strategic Risks, and Senior US Advisor to the International Military Council on Climate and Security (IMCCS), July 2024, “World Climate And Security Report 2024: Military Innovation And The Climate Challenge,” https://councilonstrategicrisks.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/WCSR-2023-24.pdf

There are vulnerabilities with fossil fuel dependence fuel convoys can be sabotaged , leading to reduced supply , also allocation of personnel for protecting transitioning to low-carbon sources reduces the reliance on complex supply chains increase stealth of platforms and reduce need for support s n r s maximize stealth compared to diesel electric propulsion reduces noise boosting flex minimizing refueling Electric motors over combustion enhance range and traction. Swarming increases remote warfare smaller vehicles allows for low-carbon propulsion AI reduces human interaction , which can be advantageous for military readiness . info war is exacerbated by blaming militaries  for disasters . China, India, Russia, and the U S test a sat s Satellite can contribute to early warning satellites that used with iodine aid cost and sustainability China has been advancing in the S and E C S chances of military op grow HED vessels reduce maintenance and increase stealth The Arctic brings military conflicts. Melting ice caps lead to erosion also geopolitical shift as Russia gain access to both oceans Op s in the Arctic can be managed with mobile microgrids disasters complicate readiness tasking personnel to assist with HADR strain resources planning and training low-carbon tech improve acceptance of NATO HADR in the Mid East, Sahel and Africa groups engage in illegal activities individuals join NSAGs Boko Haram al-Shabab and ISIS Using e v s can support NATO op s in contested environments


Question: military innovation Arctic conflicts

1. LOW-CARBON MILITARY---it’s faster, stealthier, and more flexible---warfighting caps Chinese aggression and Arctic conflicts, solves disasters, Middle Eastern and African instability, and terrorism.

John Conger 24, Director Emeritus of the Center for Climate and Security, Senior Advisor to the Council on Strategic Risks, and Senior US Advisor to the International Military Council on Climate and Security (IMCCS), July 2024, “World Climate And Security Report 2024: Military Innovation And The Climate Challenge,” https://councilonstrategicrisks.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/WCSR-2023-24.pdf

There are vulnerabilities with fossil fuel dependence fuel convoys can be sabotaged , leading to reduced supply , also allocation of personnel for protecting transitioning to low-carbon sources reduces the reliance on complex supply chains increase stealth of platforms and reduce need for support s n r s maximize stealth compared to diesel electric propulsion reduces noise boosting flex minimizing refueling Electric motors over combustion enhance range and traction. Swarming increases remote warfare smaller vehicles allows for low-carbon propulsion AI reduces human interaction , which can be advantageous for military readiness . info war is exacerbated by blaming militaries  for disasters . China, India, Russia, and the U S test a sat s Satellite can contribute to early warning satellites that used with iodine aid cost and sustainability China has been advancing in the S and E C S chances of military op grow HED vessels reduce maintenance and increase stealth The Arctic brings military conflicts. Melting ice caps lead to erosion also geopolitical shift as Russia gain access to both oceans Op s in the Arctic can be managed with mobile microgrids disasters complicate readiness tasking personnel to assist with HADR strain resources planning and training low-carbon tech improve acceptance of NATO HADR in the Mid East, Sahel and Africa groups engage in illegal activities individuals join NSAGs Boko Haram al-Shabab and ISIS Using e v s can support NATO op s in contested environments


Question: climate change military readiness

1. LOW-CARBON MILITARY---it’s faster, stealthier, and more flexible---warfighting caps Chinese aggression and Arctic conflicts, solves disasters, Middle Eastern and African instability, and terrorism.

John Conger 24, Director Emeritus of the Center for Climate and Security, Senior Advisor to the Council on Strategic Risks, and Senior US Advisor to the International Military Council on Climate and Security (IMCCS), July 2024, “World Climate And Security Report 2024: Military Innovation And The Climate Challenge,” https://councilonstrategicrisks.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/WCSR-2023-24.pdf

There are vulnerabilities with fossil fuel dependence fuel convoys can be sabotaged , leading to reduced supply , also allocation of personnel for protecting transitioning to low-carbon sources reduces the reliance on complex supply chains increase stealth of platforms and reduce need for support s n r s maximize stealth compared to diesel electric propulsion reduces noise boosting flex minimizing refueling Electric motors over combustion enhance range and traction. Swarming increases remote warfare smaller vehicles allows for low-carbon propulsion AI reduces human interaction , which can be advantageous for military readiness . info war is exacerbated by blaming militaries  for disasters . China, India, Russia, and the U S test a sat s Satellite can contribute to early warning satellites that used with iodine aid cost and sustainability China has been advancing in the S and E C S chances of military op grow HED vessels reduce maintenance and increase stealth The Arctic brings military conflicts. Melting ice caps lead to erosion also geopolitical shift as Russia gain access to both oceans Op s in the Arctic can be managed with mobile microgrids disasters complicate readiness tasking personnel to assist with HADR strain resources planning and training low-carbon tech improve acceptance of NATO HADR in the Mid East, Sahel and Africa groups engage in illegal activities individuals join NSAGs Boko Haram al-Shabab and ISIS Using e v s can support NATO op s in contested environments


Question: low carbon military terrorism

1. LOW-CARBON MILITARY---it’s faster, stealthier, and more flexible---warfighting caps Chinese aggression and Arctic conflicts, solves disasters, Middle Eastern and African instability, and terrorism.

John Conger 24, Director Emeritus of the Center for Climate and Security, Senior Advisor to the Council on Strategic Risks, and Senior US Advisor to the International Military Council on Climate and Security (IMCCS), July 2024, “World Climate And Security Report 2024: Military Innovation And The Climate Challenge,” https://councilonstrategicrisks.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/WCSR-2023-24.pdf

There are vulnerabilities with fossil fuel dependence fuel convoys can be sabotaged , leading to reduced supply , also allocation of personnel for protecting transitioning to low-carbon sources reduces the reliance on complex supply chains increase stealth of platforms and reduce need for support s n r s maximize stealth compared to diesel electric propulsion reduces noise boosting flex minimizing refueling Electric motors over combustion enhance range and traction. Swarming increases remote warfare smaller vehicles allows for low-carbon propulsion AI reduces human interaction , which can be advantageous for military readiness . info war is exacerbated by blaming militaries  for disasters . China, India, Russia, and the U S test a sat s Satellite can contribute to early warning satellites that used with iodine aid cost and sustainability China has been advancing in the S and E C S chances of military op grow HED vessels reduce maintenance and increase stealth The Arctic brings military conflicts. Melting ice caps lead to erosion also geopolitical shift as Russia gain access to both oceans Op s in the Arctic can be managed with mobile microgrids disasters complicate readiness tasking personnel to assist with HADR strain resources planning and training low-carbon tech improve acceptance of NATO HADR in the Mid East, Sahel and Africa groups engage in illegal activities individuals join NSAGs Boko Haram al-Shabab and ISIS Using e v s can support NATO op s in contested environments


Question: Psychoanalytic drive theory is wrong

Psychoanalytic drive theory is wrong---studies of localized human brain lesions and animal self-stimulus prove

Watt 12, senior clinical Neuropsychologist at the Boston University School of Medicine, Harvard Medical School (Douglas, “Theoretical challenges in the conceptualization of motivation in neuroscience: Implications for the bridging of neuroscience and psychoanalysis”, pg 85-108)

work on motivation received major impetus from localized electrical brain stimulation, which found animals selfstimulate ventral tegmental area this generates a positive state, described as hopefulness consummatory pleasure may not require ventral tegmental dopamine systems while anticipatory excitement clearly does there is no simple motivational ‘ centre ’ in the brain) as it appears after injury to structures psychoanalysis has been hampered by its allegiance to outdated drive theory Freud had no access neuroscience. A reworking of psychoanalysis, away from drive theory (which does not conceptualize social connection needs would bring psychoanalysis into register with neuroscience drive-discharge’ models cannot do justice to complexity where prototype emotions operate, as behavioural  involve more complex aims attachment theory has supplanted drive theory, psychoanalysis needs to incorporate multiple prototype /affective systems. to with empirical work on neural substrates there were two large clusters of emotional systems, not ‘Eros’ and ‘Thanatos’, it was the protection of the organism versus systems that tied organisms together for a shared purpose Eros but not Thanatos


Question: Watt 12

Psychoanalytic drive theory is wrong---studies of localized human brain lesions and animal self-stimulus prove

Watt 12, senior clinical Neuropsychologist at the Boston University School of Medicine, Harvard Medical School (Douglas, “Theoretical challenges in the conceptualization of motivation in neuroscience: Implications for the bridging of neuroscience and psychoanalysis”, pg 85-108)

work on motivation received major impetus from localized electrical brain stimulation, which found animals selfstimulate ventral tegmental area this generates a positive state, described as hopefulness consummatory pleasure may not require ventral tegmental dopamine systems while anticipatory excitement clearly does there is no simple motivational ‘ centre ’ in the brain) as it appears after injury to structures psychoanalysis has been hampered by its allegiance to outdated drive theory Freud had no access neuroscience. A reworking of psychoanalysis, away from drive theory (which does not conceptualize social connection needs would bring psychoanalysis into register with neuroscience drive-discharge’ models cannot do justice to complexity where prototype emotions operate, as behavioural  involve more complex aims attachment theory has supplanted drive theory, psychoanalysis needs to incorporate multiple prototype /affective systems. to with empirical work on neural substrates there were two large clusters of emotional systems, not ‘Eros’ and ‘Thanatos’, it was the protection of the organism versus systems that tied organisms together for a shared purpose Eros but not Thanatos


Question: Watt psychoanalytic drive

Psychoanalytic drive theory is wrong---studies of localized human brain lesions and animal self-stimulus prove

Watt 12, senior clinical Neuropsychologist at the Boston University School of Medicine, Harvard Medical School (Douglas, “Theoretical challenges in the conceptualization of motivation in neuroscience: Implications for the bridging of neuroscience and psychoanalysis”, pg 85-108)

work on motivation received major impetus from localized electrical brain stimulation, which found animals selfstimulate ventral tegmental area this generates a positive state, described as hopefulness consummatory pleasure may not require ventral tegmental dopamine systems while anticipatory excitement clearly does there is no simple motivational ‘ centre ’ in the brain) as it appears after injury to structures psychoanalysis has been hampered by its allegiance to outdated drive theory Freud had no access neuroscience. A reworking of psychoanalysis, away from drive theory (which does not conceptualize social connection needs would bring psychoanalysis into register with neuroscience drive-discharge’ models cannot do justice to complexity where prototype emotions operate, as behavioural  involve more complex aims attachment theory has supplanted drive theory, psychoanalysis needs to incorporate multiple prototype /affective systems. to with empirical work on neural substrates there were two large clusters of emotional systems, not ‘Eros’ and ‘Thanatos’, it was the protection of the organism versus systems that tied organisms together for a shared purpose Eros but not Thanatos


Question: Psychoanalysis outdated drive theory

Psychoanalytic drive theory is wrong---studies of localized human brain lesions and animal self-stimulus prove

Watt 12, senior clinical Neuropsychologist at the Boston University School of Medicine, Harvard Medical School (Douglas, “Theoretical challenges in the conceptualization of motivation in neuroscience: Implications for the bridging of neuroscience and psychoanalysis”, pg 85-108)

work on motivation received major impetus from localized electrical brain stimulation, which found animals selfstimulate ventral tegmental area this generates a positive state, described as hopefulness consummatory pleasure may not require ventral tegmental dopamine systems while anticipatory excitement clearly does there is no simple motivational ‘ centre ’ in the brain) as it appears after injury to structures psychoanalysis has been hampered by its allegiance to outdated drive theory Freud had no access neuroscience. A reworking of psychoanalysis, away from drive theory (which does not conceptualize social connection needs would bring psychoanalysis into register with neuroscience drive-discharge’ models cannot do justice to complexity where prototype emotions operate, as behavioural  involve more complex aims attachment theory has supplanted drive theory, psychoanalysis needs to incorporate multiple prototype /affective systems. to with empirical work on neural substrates there were two large clusters of emotional systems, not ‘Eros’ and ‘Thanatos’, it was the protection of the organism versus systems that tied organisms together for a shared purpose Eros but not Thanatos


Question: brain lesions and motivation

Psychoanalytic drive theory is wrong---studies of localized human brain lesions and animal self-stimulus prove

Watt 12, senior clinical Neuropsychologist at the Boston University School of Medicine, Harvard Medical School (Douglas, “Theoretical challenges in the conceptualization of motivation in neuroscience: Implications for the bridging of neuroscience and psychoanalysis”, pg 85-108)

work on motivation received major impetus from localized electrical brain stimulation, which found animals selfstimulate ventral tegmental area this generates a positive state, described as hopefulness consummatory pleasure may not require ventral tegmental dopamine systems while anticipatory excitement clearly does there is no simple motivational ‘ centre ’ in the brain) as it appears after injury to structures psychoanalysis has been hampered by its allegiance to outdated drive theory Freud had no access neuroscience. A reworking of psychoanalysis, away from drive theory (which does not conceptualize social connection needs would bring psychoanalysis into register with neuroscience drive-discharge’ models cannot do justice to complexity where prototype emotions operate, as behavioural  involve more complex aims attachment theory has supplanted drive theory, psychoanalysis needs to incorporate multiple prototype /affective systems. to with empirical work on neural substrates there were two large clusters of emotional systems, not ‘Eros’ and ‘Thanatos’, it was the protection of the organism versus systems that tied organisms together for a shared purpose Eros but not Thanatos


Question: neuroscience refutes psychoanalysis

Psychoanalytic drive theory is wrong---studies of localized human brain lesions and animal self-stimulus prove

Watt 12, senior clinical Neuropsychologist at the Boston University School of Medicine, Harvard Medical School (Douglas, “Theoretical challenges in the conceptualization of motivation in neuroscience: Implications for the bridging of neuroscience and psychoanalysis”, pg 85-108)

work on motivation received major impetus from localized electrical brain stimulation, which found animals selfstimulate ventral tegmental area this generates a positive state, described as hopefulness consummatory pleasure may not require ventral tegmental dopamine systems while anticipatory excitement clearly does there is no simple motivational ‘ centre ’ in the brain) as it appears after injury to structures psychoanalysis has been hampered by its allegiance to outdated drive theory Freud had no access neuroscience. A reworking of psychoanalysis, away from drive theory (which does not conceptualize social connection needs would bring psychoanalysis into register with neuroscience drive-discharge’ models cannot do justice to complexity where prototype emotions operate, as behavioural  involve more complex aims attachment theory has supplanted drive theory, psychoanalysis needs to incorporate multiple prototype /affective systems. to with empirical work on neural substrates there were two large clusters of emotional systems, not ‘Eros’ and ‘Thanatos’, it was the protection of the organism versus systems that tied organisms together for a shared purpose Eros but not Thanatos


Question: Freud neuroscience

Psychoanalytic drive theory is wrong---studies of localized human brain lesions and animal self-stimulus prove

Watt 12, senior clinical Neuropsychologist at the Boston University School of Medicine, Harvard Medical School (Douglas, “Theoretical challenges in the conceptualization of motivation in neuroscience: Implications for the bridging of neuroscience and psychoanalysis”, pg 85-108)

work on motivation received major impetus from localized electrical brain stimulation, which found animals selfstimulate ventral tegmental area this generates a positive state, described as hopefulness consummatory pleasure may not require ventral tegmental dopamine systems while anticipatory excitement clearly does there is no simple motivational ‘ centre ’ in the brain) as it appears after injury to structures psychoanalysis has been hampered by its allegiance to outdated drive theory Freud had no access neuroscience. A reworking of psychoanalysis, away from drive theory (which does not conceptualize social connection needs would bring psychoanalysis into register with neuroscience drive-discharge’ models cannot do justice to complexity where prototype emotions operate, as behavioural  involve more complex aims attachment theory has supplanted drive theory, psychoanalysis needs to incorporate multiple prototype /affective systems. to with empirical work on neural substrates there were two large clusters of emotional systems, not ‘Eros’ and ‘Thanatos’, it was the protection of the organism versus systems that tied organisms together for a shared purpose Eros but not Thanatos


Question: attachment theory drive theory

Psychoanalytic drive theory is wrong---studies of localized human brain lesions and animal self-stimulus prove

Watt 12, senior clinical Neuropsychologist at the Boston University School of Medicine, Harvard Medical School (Douglas, “Theoretical challenges in the conceptualization of motivation in neuroscience: Implications for the bridging of neuroscience and psychoanalysis”, pg 85-108)

work on motivation received major impetus from localized electrical brain stimulation, which found animals selfstimulate ventral tegmental area this generates a positive state, described as hopefulness consummatory pleasure may not require ventral tegmental dopamine systems while anticipatory excitement clearly does there is no simple motivational ‘ centre ’ in the brain) as it appears after injury to structures psychoanalysis has been hampered by its allegiance to outdated drive theory Freud had no access neuroscience. A reworking of psychoanalysis, away from drive theory (which does not conceptualize social connection needs would bring psychoanalysis into register with neuroscience drive-discharge’ models cannot do justice to complexity where prototype emotions operate, as behavioural  involve more complex aims attachment theory has supplanted drive theory, psychoanalysis needs to incorporate multiple prototype /affective systems. to with empirical work on neural substrates there were two large clusters of emotional systems, not ‘Eros’ and ‘Thanatos’, it was the protection of the organism versus systems that tied organisms together for a shared purpose Eros but not Thanatos


Question: Assets themselves are exempt

It's the assets themselves that are exempt. Border taxes can’t solve.

CRS 12, written by a legislative attorney who is a specialist in natural resource policy (Congressional Research Service, 2012, “Compensating State and Local Governments for the Tax-Exempt Status of Federal Lands: What Is Fair and Consistent?” CRS, https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20120322_R42439_289bcd5bbd05fd1b9fc83e8725433330761dbdbe.pdf)

The fed owns significant resources . These assets are exempt from state taxation


Question: CRS 12

It's the assets themselves that are exempt. Border taxes can’t solve.

CRS 12, written by a legislative attorney who is a specialist in natural resource policy (Congressional Research Service, 2012, “Compensating State and Local Governments for the Tax-Exempt Status of Federal Lands: What Is Fair and Consistent?” CRS, https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20120322_R42439_289bcd5bbd05fd1b9fc83e8725433330761dbdbe.pdf)

The fed owns significant resources . These assets are exempt from state taxation


Question: Federal assets exempt from state taxation

It's the assets themselves that are exempt. Border taxes can’t solve.

CRS 12, written by a legislative attorney who is a specialist in natural resource policy (Congressional Research Service, 2012, “Compensating State and Local Governments for the Tax-Exempt Status of Federal Lands: What Is Fair and Consistent?” CRS, https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20120322_R42439_289bcd5bbd05fd1b9fc83e8725433330761dbdbe.pdf)

The fed owns significant resources . These assets are exempt from state taxation


Question: border taxes can't solve

It's the assets themselves that are exempt. Border taxes can’t solve.

CRS 12, written by a legislative attorney who is a specialist in natural resource policy (Congressional Research Service, 2012, “Compensating State and Local Governments for the Tax-Exempt Status of Federal Lands: What Is Fair and Consistent?” CRS, https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20120322_R42439_289bcd5bbd05fd1b9fc83e8725433330761dbdbe.pdf)

The fed owns significant resources . These assets are exempt from state taxation


Question: compensating state local governments

It's the assets themselves that are exempt. Border taxes can’t solve.

CRS 12, written by a legislative attorney who is a specialist in natural resource policy (Congressional Research Service, 2012, “Compensating State and Local Governments for the Tax-Exempt Status of Federal Lands: What Is Fair and Consistent?” CRS, https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20120322_R42439_289bcd5bbd05fd1b9fc83e8725433330761dbdbe.pdf)

The fed owns significant resources . These assets are exempt from state taxation


Question: Tax-Exempt Status of Federal Lands

It's the assets themselves that are exempt. Border taxes can’t solve.

CRS 12, written by a legislative attorney who is a specialist in natural resource policy (Congressional Research Service, 2012, “Compensating State and Local Governments for the Tax-Exempt Status of Federal Lands: What Is Fair and Consistent?” CRS, https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20120322_R42439_289bcd5bbd05fd1b9fc83e8725433330761dbdbe.pdf)

The fed owns significant resources . These assets are exempt from state taxation


Question: federal resources

It's the assets themselves that are exempt. Border taxes can’t solve.

CRS 12, written by a legislative attorney who is a specialist in natural resource policy (Congressional Research Service, 2012, “Compensating State and Local Governments for the Tax-Exempt Status of Federal Lands: What Is Fair and Consistent?” CRS, https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20120322_R42439_289bcd5bbd05fd1b9fc83e8725433330761dbdbe.pdf)

The fed owns significant resources . These assets are exempt from state taxation


Question: federal lands tax exempt

It's the assets themselves that are exempt. Border taxes can’t solve.

CRS 12, written by a legislative attorney who is a specialist in natural resource policy (Congressional Research Service, 2012, “Compensating State and Local Governments for the Tax-Exempt Status of Federal Lands: What Is Fair and Consistent?” CRS, https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20120322_R42439_289bcd5bbd05fd1b9fc83e8725433330761dbdbe.pdf)

The fed owns significant resources . These assets are exempt from state taxation


Question: Allied prolif transition wars nuke terror

Allied prolif, transition wars, nuke terror.

Wright 20 – Director, Center on the US & Europe and Sr. Fellow, Project on Internat’l Order & Strategy at Brookings

Trump increased U.S. commitments But could change quick retrenchment is the alternative a grave mistake destabilize regional security increase nuclear prolif empower right-wing nationalists and aggravate major-power conflict advocates of retrenchment call for wholesale replacement since W II abandonment  of a strategy that served it well for decades Posen argued the U S should abandon mutual-defense pulling back invite regional security competition a  perilous gambit regional conflicts implicat U.S. interests drawing the U S back in after it left more dangerous than heading off conflict in the first place allies have behaved responsibly pullback is more likely to embolden if the Baltic were no longer protected by U.S guarantee Russia would test the boundaries Japan increase its defense nuclear prolif allies , no longer protected acquire nuc s materials end up in the hands of terrorists states with less experience prone to accidents close proximity have shorter response times conflicts have a greater chance of escalation most likely end state  spheres-of-influence inherently unstable lines of demarcation tend to be unclear China and Russia move them outward current U.S. policy is working  and sustainable , a geopolitical experiment of unprecedented scale two stable regions plunge into an era of uncertainty


Question: Wright 20 Brookings

Allied prolif, transition wars, nuke terror.

Wright 20 – Director, Center on the US & Europe and Sr. Fellow, Project on Internat’l Order & Strategy at Brookings

Trump increased U.S. commitments But could change quick retrenchment is the alternative a grave mistake destabilize regional security increase nuclear prolif empower right-wing nationalists and aggravate major-power conflict advocates of retrenchment call for wholesale replacement since W II abandonment  of a strategy that served it well for decades Posen argued the U S should abandon mutual-defense pulling back invite regional security competition a  perilous gambit regional conflicts implicat U.S. interests drawing the U S back in after it left more dangerous than heading off conflict in the first place allies have behaved responsibly pullback is more likely to embolden if the Baltic were no longer protected by U.S guarantee Russia would test the boundaries Japan increase its defense nuclear prolif allies , no longer protected acquire nuc s materials end up in the hands of terrorists states with less experience prone to accidents close proximity have shorter response times conflicts have a greater chance of escalation most likely end state  spheres-of-influence inherently unstable lines of demarcation tend to be unclear China and Russia move them outward current U.S. policy is working  and sustainable , a geopolitical experiment of unprecedented scale two stable regions plunge into an era of uncertainty


Question: nuclear prolif terror

Allied prolif, transition wars, nuke terror.

Wright 20 – Director, Center on the US & Europe and Sr. Fellow, Project on Internat’l Order & Strategy at Brookings

Trump increased U.S. commitments But could change quick retrenchment is the alternative a grave mistake destabilize regional security increase nuclear prolif empower right-wing nationalists and aggravate major-power conflict advocates of retrenchment call for wholesale replacement since W II abandonment  of a strategy that served it well for decades Posen argued the U S should abandon mutual-defense pulling back invite regional security competition a  perilous gambit regional conflicts implicat U.S. interests drawing the U S back in after it left more dangerous than heading off conflict in the first place allies have behaved responsibly pullback is more likely to embolden if the Baltic were no longer protected by U.S guarantee Russia would test the boundaries Japan increase its defense nuclear prolif allies , no longer protected acquire nuc s materials end up in the hands of terrorists states with less experience prone to accidents close proximity have shorter response times conflicts have a greater chance of escalation most likely end state  spheres-of-influence inherently unstable lines of demarcation tend to be unclear China and Russia move them outward current U.S. policy is working  and sustainable , a geopolitical experiment of unprecedented scale two stable regions plunge into an era of uncertainty


Question: US commitments

Allied prolif, transition wars, nuke terror.

Wright 20 – Director, Center on the US & Europe and Sr. Fellow, Project on Internat’l Order & Strategy at Brookings

Trump increased U.S. commitments But could change quick retrenchment is the alternative a grave mistake destabilize regional security increase nuclear prolif empower right-wing nationalists and aggravate major-power conflict advocates of retrenchment call for wholesale replacement since W II abandonment  of a strategy that served it well for decades Posen argued the U S should abandon mutual-defense pulling back invite regional security competition a  perilous gambit regional conflicts implicat U.S. interests drawing the U S back in after it left more dangerous than heading off conflict in the first place allies have behaved responsibly pullback is more likely to embolden if the Baltic were no longer protected by U.S guarantee Russia would test the boundaries Japan increase its defense nuclear prolif allies , no longer protected acquire nuc s materials end up in the hands of terrorists states with less experience prone to accidents close proximity have shorter response times conflicts have a greater chance of escalation most likely end state  spheres-of-influence inherently unstable lines of demarcation tend to be unclear China and Russia move them outward current U.S. policy is working  and sustainable , a geopolitical experiment of unprecedented scale two stable regions plunge into an era of uncertainty


Question: US retrenchment destabilize

Allied prolif, transition wars, nuke terror.

Wright 20 – Director, Center on the US & Europe and Sr. Fellow, Project on Internat’l Order & Strategy at Brookings

Trump increased U.S. commitments But could change quick retrenchment is the alternative a grave mistake destabilize regional security increase nuclear prolif empower right-wing nationalists and aggravate major-power conflict advocates of retrenchment call for wholesale replacement since W II abandonment  of a strategy that served it well for decades Posen argued the U S should abandon mutual-defense pulling back invite regional security competition a  perilous gambit regional conflicts implicat U.S. interests drawing the U S back in after it left more dangerous than heading off conflict in the first place allies have behaved responsibly pullback is more likely to embolden if the Baltic were no longer protected by U.S guarantee Russia would test the boundaries Japan increase its defense nuclear prolif allies , no longer protected acquire nuc s materials end up in the hands of terrorists states with less experience prone to accidents close proximity have shorter response times conflicts have a greater chance of escalation most likely end state  spheres-of-influence inherently unstable lines of demarcation tend to be unclear China and Russia move them outward current U.S. policy is working  and sustainable , a geopolitical experiment of unprecedented scale two stable regions plunge into an era of uncertainty


Question: pullback embolden

Allied prolif, transition wars, nuke terror.

Wright 20 – Director, Center on the US & Europe and Sr. Fellow, Project on Internat’l Order & Strategy at Brookings

Trump increased U.S. commitments But could change quick retrenchment is the alternative a grave mistake destabilize regional security increase nuclear prolif empower right-wing nationalists and aggravate major-power conflict advocates of retrenchment call for wholesale replacement since W II abandonment  of a strategy that served it well for decades Posen argued the U S should abandon mutual-defense pulling back invite regional security competition a  perilous gambit regional conflicts implicat U.S. interests drawing the U S back in after it left more dangerous than heading off conflict in the first place allies have behaved responsibly pullback is more likely to embolden if the Baltic were no longer protected by U.S guarantee Russia would test the boundaries Japan increase its defense nuclear prolif allies , no longer protected acquire nuc s materials end up in the hands of terrorists states with less experience prone to accidents close proximity have shorter response times conflicts have a greater chance of escalation most likely end state  spheres-of-influence inherently unstable lines of demarcation tend to be unclear China and Russia move them outward current U.S. policy is working  and sustainable , a geopolitical experiment of unprecedented scale two stable regions plunge into an era of uncertainty


Question: spheres of influence unstable

Allied prolif, transition wars, nuke terror.

Wright 20 – Director, Center on the US & Europe and Sr. Fellow, Project on Internat’l Order & Strategy at Brookings

Trump increased U.S. commitments But could change quick retrenchment is the alternative a grave mistake destabilize regional security increase nuclear prolif empower right-wing nationalists and aggravate major-power conflict advocates of retrenchment call for wholesale replacement since W II abandonment  of a strategy that served it well for decades Posen argued the U S should abandon mutual-defense pulling back invite regional security competition a  perilous gambit regional conflicts implicat U.S. interests drawing the U S back in after it left more dangerous than heading off conflict in the first place allies have behaved responsibly pullback is more likely to embolden if the Baltic were no longer protected by U.S guarantee Russia would test the boundaries Japan increase its defense nuclear prolif allies , no longer protected acquire nuc s materials end up in the hands of terrorists states with less experience prone to accidents close proximity have shorter response times conflicts have a greater chance of escalation most likely end state  spheres-of-influence inherently unstable lines of demarcation tend to be unclear China and Russia move them outward current U.S. policy is working  and sustainable , a geopolitical experiment of unprecedented scale two stable regions plunge into an era of uncertainty


Question: Warming will be mild

Warming will be mild AND best sources show alternative radiological causes.

Manheimer ’22 [Wallace; September 8; S.B. and Ph.D. in Physics from MIT, life fellow at both the American Physical Society and the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, former US Naval Research Laboratory senior scientists; Journal of Sustainable Development, “While the Climate Always Has and Always Will Change, There Is no Climate Crisis,” vol. 15]

Can authoritative sources be wrong? they certainly are! radiative forcing from CO2 is less than 1% of total radiation other climate effects are more dominant last 10,000 has been warmer temperature and CO2 varied with little correlation by well established sources such as NOAA , NASA N H C IPCC If world keeps using fuel this adds 2 ppm take 200 years to double forcing calculated by believers and skeptics not that different bureaucrats predict 0.3% will cause calamity skeptics predict 0.3% temp All theories, and measurements certainly do not support assertion of rapid crisis


Question: Manheimer '22

Warming will be mild AND best sources show alternative radiological causes.

Manheimer ’22 [Wallace; September 8; S.B. and Ph.D. in Physics from MIT, life fellow at both the American Physical Society and the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, former US Naval Research Laboratory senior scientists; Journal of Sustainable Development, “While the Climate Always Has and Always Will Change, There Is no Climate Crisis,” vol. 15]

Can authoritative sources be wrong? they certainly are! radiative forcing from CO2 is less than 1% of total radiation other climate effects are more dominant last 10,000 has been warmer temperature and CO2 varied with little correlation by well established sources such as NOAA , NASA N H C IPCC If world keeps using fuel this adds 2 ppm take 200 years to double forcing calculated by believers and skeptics not that different bureaucrats predict 0.3% will cause calamity skeptics predict 0.3% temp All theories, and measurements certainly do not support assertion of rapid crisis


Question: Wallace Manheimer

Warming will be mild AND best sources show alternative radiological causes.

Manheimer ’22 [Wallace; September 8; S.B. and Ph.D. in Physics from MIT, life fellow at both the American Physical Society and the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, former US Naval Research Laboratory senior scientists; Journal of Sustainable Development, “While the Climate Always Has and Always Will Change, There Is no Climate Crisis,” vol. 15]

Can authoritative sources be wrong? they certainly are! radiative forcing from CO2 is less than 1% of total radiation other climate effects are more dominant last 10,000 has been warmer temperature and CO2 varied with little correlation by well established sources such as NOAA , NASA N H C IPCC If world keeps using fuel this adds 2 ppm take 200 years to double forcing calculated by believers and skeptics not that different bureaucrats predict 0.3% will cause calamity skeptics predict 0.3% temp All theories, and measurements certainly do not support assertion of rapid crisis


Question: Alternative radiological causes

Warming will be mild AND best sources show alternative radiological causes.

Manheimer ’22 [Wallace; September 8; S.B. and Ph.D. in Physics from MIT, life fellow at both the American Physical Society and the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, former US Naval Research Laboratory senior scientists; Journal of Sustainable Development, “While the Climate Always Has and Always Will Change, There Is no Climate Crisis,” vol. 15]

Can authoritative sources be wrong? they certainly are! radiative forcing from CO2 is less than 1% of total radiation other climate effects are more dominant last 10,000 has been warmer temperature and CO2 varied with little correlation by well established sources such as NOAA , NASA N H C IPCC If world keeps using fuel this adds 2 ppm take 200 years to double forcing calculated by believers and skeptics not that different bureaucrats predict 0.3% will cause calamity skeptics predict 0.3% temp All theories, and measurements certainly do not support assertion of rapid crisis


Question: CO2 forcing less than 1%

Warming will be mild AND best sources show alternative radiological causes.

Manheimer ’22 [Wallace; September 8; S.B. and Ph.D. in Physics from MIT, life fellow at both the American Physical Society and the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, former US Naval Research Laboratory senior scientists; Journal of Sustainable Development, “While the Climate Always Has and Always Will Change, There Is no Climate Crisis,” vol. 15]

Can authoritative sources be wrong? they certainly are! radiative forcing from CO2 is less than 1% of total radiation other climate effects are more dominant last 10,000 has been warmer temperature and CO2 varied with little correlation by well established sources such as NOAA , NASA N H C IPCC If world keeps using fuel this adds 2 ppm take 200 years to double forcing calculated by believers and skeptics not that different bureaucrats predict 0.3% will cause calamity skeptics predict 0.3% temp All theories, and measurements certainly do not support assertion of rapid crisis


Question: no climate crisis

Warming will be mild AND best sources show alternative radiological causes.

Manheimer ’22 [Wallace; September 8; S.B. and Ph.D. in Physics from MIT, life fellow at both the American Physical Society and the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, former US Naval Research Laboratory senior scientists; Journal of Sustainable Development, “While the Climate Always Has and Always Will Change, There Is no Climate Crisis,” vol. 15]

Can authoritative sources be wrong? they certainly are! radiative forcing from CO2 is less than 1% of total radiation other climate effects are more dominant last 10,000 has been warmer temperature and CO2 varied with little correlation by well established sources such as NOAA , NASA N H C IPCC If world keeps using fuel this adds 2 ppm take 200 years to double forcing calculated by believers and skeptics not that different bureaucrats predict 0.3% will cause calamity skeptics predict 0.3% temp All theories, and measurements certainly do not support assertion of rapid crisis


Question: radiative forcing from CO2

Warming will be mild AND best sources show alternative radiological causes.

Manheimer ’22 [Wallace; September 8; S.B. and Ph.D. in Physics from MIT, life fellow at both the American Physical Society and the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, former US Naval Research Laboratory senior scientists; Journal of Sustainable Development, “While the Climate Always Has and Always Will Change, There Is no Climate Crisis,” vol. 15]

Can authoritative sources be wrong? they certainly are! radiative forcing from CO2 is less than 1% of total radiation other climate effects are more dominant last 10,000 has been warmer temperature and CO2 varied with little correlation by well established sources such as NOAA , NASA N H C IPCC If world keeps using fuel this adds 2 ppm take 200 years to double forcing calculated by believers and skeptics not that different bureaucrats predict 0.3% will cause calamity skeptics predict 0.3% temp All theories, and measurements certainly do not support assertion of rapid crisis


Question: climate always will change

Warming will be mild AND best sources show alternative radiological causes.

Manheimer ’22 [Wallace; September 8; S.B. and Ph.D. in Physics from MIT, life fellow at both the American Physical Society and the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, former US Naval Research Laboratory senior scientists; Journal of Sustainable Development, “While the Climate Always Has and Always Will Change, There Is no Climate Crisis,” vol. 15]

Can authoritative sources be wrong? they certainly are! radiative forcing from CO2 is less than 1% of total radiation other climate effects are more dominant last 10,000 has been warmer temperature and CO2 varied with little correlation by well established sources such as NOAA , NASA N H C IPCC If world keeps using fuel this adds 2 ppm take 200 years to double forcing calculated by believers and skeptics not that different bureaucrats predict 0.3% will cause calamity skeptics predict 0.3% temp All theories, and measurements certainly do not support assertion of rapid crisis


Question: Decline maintains deterrence and prevents aggression

B. Decline maintains deterrence while preventing aggression.

MacDonald and Parent 18 - Paul MacDonald is Associate Professor in Political Science at Wellesley College. Joseph M. Parent is an associate professor of political science at the University of Notre Dame.

declining powers  use retrenchment to shuffle resources Rather than fritter forces maintaining a sprawling perimeter great powers focus on crucial  commitments credibility of security guarantees  will be amplified adversaries understand which interests a declining power values Cutting commitments simplifies challenge they have fewer adversaries


Question: MacDonald and Parent 18

B. Decline maintains deterrence while preventing aggression.

MacDonald and Parent 18 - Paul MacDonald is Associate Professor in Political Science at Wellesley College. Joseph M. Parent is an associate professor of political science at the University of Notre Dame.

declining powers  use retrenchment to shuffle resources Rather than fritter forces maintaining a sprawling perimeter great powers focus on crucial  commitments credibility of security guarantees  will be amplified adversaries understand which interests a declining power values Cutting commitments simplifies challenge they have fewer adversaries


Question: Paul MacDonald Joseph M. Parent

B. Decline maintains deterrence while preventing aggression.

MacDonald and Parent 18 - Paul MacDonald is Associate Professor in Political Science at Wellesley College. Joseph M. Parent is an associate professor of political science at the University of Notre Dame.

declining powers  use retrenchment to shuffle resources Rather than fritter forces maintaining a sprawling perimeter great powers focus on crucial  commitments credibility of security guarantees  will be amplified adversaries understand which interests a declining power values Cutting commitments simplifies challenge they have fewer adversaries


Question: declining powers use retrenchment

B. Decline maintains deterrence while preventing aggression.

MacDonald and Parent 18 - Paul MacDonald is Associate Professor in Political Science at Wellesley College. Joseph M. Parent is an associate professor of political science at the University of Notre Dame.

declining powers  use retrenchment to shuffle resources Rather than fritter forces maintaining a sprawling perimeter great powers focus on crucial  commitments credibility of security guarantees  will be amplified adversaries understand which interests a declining power values Cutting commitments simplifies challenge they have fewer adversaries


Question: cutting commitments simplifies challenge

B. Decline maintains deterrence while preventing aggression.

MacDonald and Parent 18 - Paul MacDonald is Associate Professor in Political Science at Wellesley College. Joseph M. Parent is an associate professor of political science at the University of Notre Dame.

declining powers  use retrenchment to shuffle resources Rather than fritter forces maintaining a sprawling perimeter great powers focus on crucial  commitments credibility of security guarantees  will be amplified adversaries understand which interests a declining power values Cutting commitments simplifies challenge they have fewer adversaries


Question: decline deters aggression

B. Decline maintains deterrence while preventing aggression.

MacDonald and Parent 18 - Paul MacDonald is Associate Professor in Political Science at Wellesley College. Joseph M. Parent is an associate professor of political science at the University of Notre Dame.

declining powers  use retrenchment to shuffle resources Rather than fritter forces maintaining a sprawling perimeter great powers focus on crucial  commitments credibility of security guarantees  will be amplified adversaries understand which interests a declining power values Cutting commitments simplifies challenge they have fewer adversaries


Question: security guarantees amplified

B. Decline maintains deterrence while preventing aggression.

MacDonald and Parent 18 - Paul MacDonald is Associate Professor in Political Science at Wellesley College. Joseph M. Parent is an associate professor of political science at the University of Notre Dame.

declining powers  use retrenchment to shuffle resources Rather than fritter forces maintaining a sprawling perimeter great powers focus on crucial  commitments credibility of security guarantees  will be amplified adversaries understand which interests a declining power values Cutting commitments simplifies challenge they have fewer adversaries


Question: State climate action solves

State climate action solves, sends a credible signal, won’t be preempted, and causes federal follow-on.

Dr. Henrik Selin & Stacy D. VanDeveer 20, PhD, MA, Professor, International Relations, School of Global Studies, Boston University; PhD, MA, Professor, Global Governance & Human Security, Professor of Global Governance and Human Security, "Climate Change Politics and Policy in the United States: Forward, Reverse and Through the Looking Glass," in Climate Governance across the Globe, Chapter 7, pg. 132-135, 2020, T&F. [italics in original]

US states demonstrat leadership generating experiments and develop multi-state  emissions reduction initiatives include r p s efficiency standards purchasing and other measures a network among Ideas  and  info prolif state policies became  normed , and they  enact similar policies  related to  renewable energy efficiency , carbon markets  and so on states drive global development survived state and fed court challenges and condemnation by the fed collaborative endeavours increase pressure on federal policy-makers regularly  send members to international meetings expanding role of subnational actors on display may diverge from US administrations


Question: Selin and VanDeveer 2020

State climate action solves, sends a credible signal, won’t be preempted, and causes federal follow-on.

Dr. Henrik Selin & Stacy D. VanDeveer 20, PhD, MA, Professor, International Relations, School of Global Studies, Boston University; PhD, MA, Professor, Global Governance & Human Security, Professor of Global Governance and Human Security, "Climate Change Politics and Policy in the United States: Forward, Reverse and Through the Looking Glass," in Climate Governance across the Globe, Chapter 7, pg. 132-135, 2020, T&F. [italics in original]

US states demonstrat leadership generating experiments and develop multi-state  emissions reduction initiatives include r p s efficiency standards purchasing and other measures a network among Ideas  and  info prolif state policies became  normed , and they  enact similar policies  related to  renewable energy efficiency , carbon markets  and so on states drive global development survived state and fed court challenges and condemnation by the fed collaborative endeavours increase pressure on federal policy-makers regularly  send members to international meetings expanding role of subnational actors on display may diverge from US administrations


Question: State climate leadership

State climate action solves, sends a credible signal, won’t be preempted, and causes federal follow-on.

Dr. Henrik Selin & Stacy D. VanDeveer 20, PhD, MA, Professor, International Relations, School of Global Studies, Boston University; PhD, MA, Professor, Global Governance & Human Security, Professor of Global Governance and Human Security, "Climate Change Politics and Policy in the United States: Forward, Reverse and Through the Looking Glass," in Climate Governance across the Globe, Chapter 7, pg. 132-135, 2020, T&F. [italics in original]

US states demonstrat leadership generating experiments and develop multi-state  emissions reduction initiatives include r p s efficiency standards purchasing and other measures a network among Ideas  and  info prolif state policies became  normed , and they  enact similar policies  related to  renewable energy efficiency , carbon markets  and so on states drive global development survived state and fed court challenges and condemnation by the fed collaborative endeavours increase pressure on federal policy-makers regularly  send members to international meetings expanding role of subnational actors on display may diverge from US administrations


Question: state policies normed

State climate action solves, sends a credible signal, won’t be preempted, and causes federal follow-on.

Dr. Henrik Selin & Stacy D. VanDeveer 20, PhD, MA, Professor, International Relations, School of Global Studies, Boston University; PhD, MA, Professor, Global Governance & Human Security, Professor of Global Governance and Human Security, "Climate Change Politics and Policy in the United States: Forward, Reverse and Through the Looking Glass," in Climate Governance across the Globe, Chapter 7, pg. 132-135, 2020, T&F. [italics in original]

US states demonstrat leadership generating experiments and develop multi-state  emissions reduction initiatives include r p s efficiency standards purchasing and other measures a network among Ideas  and  info prolif state policies became  normed , and they  enact similar policies  related to  renewable energy efficiency , carbon markets  and so on states drive global development survived state and fed court challenges and condemnation by the fed collaborative endeavours increase pressure on federal policy-makers regularly  send members to international meetings expanding role of subnational actors on display may diverge from US administrations


Question: State climate action federal follow-on

State climate action solves, sends a credible signal, won’t be preempted, and causes federal follow-on.

Dr. Henrik Selin & Stacy D. VanDeveer 20, PhD, MA, Professor, International Relations, School of Global Studies, Boston University; PhD, MA, Professor, Global Governance & Human Security, Professor of Global Governance and Human Security, "Climate Change Politics and Policy in the United States: Forward, Reverse and Through the Looking Glass," in Climate Governance across the Globe, Chapter 7, pg. 132-135, 2020, T&F. [italics in original]

US states demonstrat leadership generating experiments and develop multi-state  emissions reduction initiatives include r p s efficiency standards purchasing and other measures a network among Ideas  and  info prolif state policies became  normed , and they  enact similar policies  related to  renewable energy efficiency , carbon markets  and so on states drive global development survived state and fed court challenges and condemnation by the fed collaborative endeavours increase pressure on federal policy-makers regularly  send members to international meetings expanding role of subnational actors on display may diverge from US administrations


Question: states drive global development

State climate action solves, sends a credible signal, won’t be preempted, and causes federal follow-on.

Dr. Henrik Selin & Stacy D. VanDeveer 20, PhD, MA, Professor, International Relations, School of Global Studies, Boston University; PhD, MA, Professor, Global Governance & Human Security, Professor of Global Governance and Human Security, "Climate Change Politics and Policy in the United States: Forward, Reverse and Through the Looking Glass," in Climate Governance across the Globe, Chapter 7, pg. 132-135, 2020, T&F. [italics in original]

US states demonstrat leadership generating experiments and develop multi-state  emissions reduction initiatives include r p s efficiency standards purchasing and other measures a network among Ideas  and  info prolif state policies became  normed , and they  enact similar policies  related to  renewable energy efficiency , carbon markets  and so on states drive global development survived state and fed court challenges and condemnation by the fed collaborative endeavours increase pressure on federal policy-makers regularly  send members to international meetings expanding role of subnational actors on display may diverge from US administrations


Question: multi-state emissions reduction initiatives

State climate action solves, sends a credible signal, won’t be preempted, and causes federal follow-on.

Dr. Henrik Selin & Stacy D. VanDeveer 20, PhD, MA, Professor, International Relations, School of Global Studies, Boston University; PhD, MA, Professor, Global Governance & Human Security, Professor of Global Governance and Human Security, "Climate Change Politics and Policy in the United States: Forward, Reverse and Through the Looking Glass," in Climate Governance across the Globe, Chapter 7, pg. 132-135, 2020, T&F. [italics in original]

US states demonstrat leadership generating experiments and develop multi-state  emissions reduction initiatives include r p s efficiency standards purchasing and other measures a network among Ideas  and  info prolif state policies became  normed , and they  enact similar policies  related to  renewable energy efficiency , carbon markets  and so on states drive global development survived state and fed court challenges and condemnation by the fed collaborative endeavours increase pressure on federal policy-makers regularly  send members to international meetings expanding role of subnational actors on display may diverge from US administrations


Question: backsliding and coercion

Backsliding, norm violations, AND coercion.

Brands ’24 [Hal; May 27; Henry A. Kissinger Distinguished Professor of Global Affairs at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies and a Senior Fellow at the American Enterprise Institute; Foreign Affairs, “An “America First” World,” https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/america-first-world]

U S pull back from liberal order promoting democracy and h r cut transactional deals with regimes become a model for illiberal behavior , as strongmen imitate the White House policy that downgrade liberal values reassuring illiberal leaders, and less inclined to confront violations of norms or coercion travails of democracy would worsen


Question: Brands 24

Backsliding, norm violations, AND coercion.

Brands ’24 [Hal; May 27; Henry A. Kissinger Distinguished Professor of Global Affairs at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies and a Senior Fellow at the American Enterprise Institute; Foreign Affairs, “An “America First” World,” https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/america-first-world]

U S pull back from liberal order promoting democracy and h r cut transactional deals with regimes become a model for illiberal behavior , as strongmen imitate the White House policy that downgrade liberal values reassuring illiberal leaders, and less inclined to confront violations of norms or coercion travails of democracy would worsen


Question: Hal Brands

Backsliding, norm violations, AND coercion.

Brands ’24 [Hal; May 27; Henry A. Kissinger Distinguished Professor of Global Affairs at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies and a Senior Fellow at the American Enterprise Institute; Foreign Affairs, “An “America First” World,” https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/america-first-world]

U S pull back from liberal order promoting democracy and h r cut transactional deals with regimes become a model for illiberal behavior , as strongmen imitate the White House policy that downgrade liberal values reassuring illiberal leaders, and less inclined to confront violations of norms or coercion travails of democracy would worsen


Question: America first world

Backsliding, norm violations, AND coercion.

Brands ’24 [Hal; May 27; Henry A. Kissinger Distinguished Professor of Global Affairs at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies and a Senior Fellow at the American Enterprise Institute; Foreign Affairs, “An “America First” World,” https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/america-first-world]

U S pull back from liberal order promoting democracy and h r cut transactional deals with regimes become a model for illiberal behavior , as strongmen imitate the White House policy that downgrade liberal values reassuring illiberal leaders, and less inclined to confront violations of norms or coercion travails of democracy would worsen


Question: US pull back from liberal order

Backsliding, norm violations, AND coercion.

Brands ’24 [Hal; May 27; Henry A. Kissinger Distinguished Professor of Global Affairs at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies and a Senior Fellow at the American Enterprise Institute; Foreign Affairs, “An “America First” World,” https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/america-first-world]

U S pull back from liberal order promoting democracy and h r cut transactional deals with regimes become a model for illiberal behavior , as strongmen imitate the White House policy that downgrade liberal values reassuring illiberal leaders, and less inclined to confront violations of norms or coercion travails of democracy would worsen


Question: illiberal leaders

Backsliding, norm violations, AND coercion.

Brands ’24 [Hal; May 27; Henry A. Kissinger Distinguished Professor of Global Affairs at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies and a Senior Fellow at the American Enterprise Institute; Foreign Affairs, “An “America First” World,” https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/america-first-world]

U S pull back from liberal order promoting democracy and h r cut transactional deals with regimes become a model for illiberal behavior , as strongmen imitate the White House policy that downgrade liberal values reassuring illiberal leaders, and less inclined to confront violations of norms or coercion travails of democracy would worsen


Question: democracy would worsen

Backsliding, norm violations, AND coercion.

Brands ’24 [Hal; May 27; Henry A. Kissinger Distinguished Professor of Global Affairs at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies and a Senior Fellow at the American Enterprise Institute; Foreign Affairs, “An “America First” World,” https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/america-first-world]

U S pull back from liberal order promoting democracy and h r cut transactional deals with regimes become a model for illiberal behavior , as strongmen imitate the White House policy that downgrade liberal values reassuring illiberal leaders, and less inclined to confront violations of norms or coercion travails of democracy would worsen


Question: Capital focus efficiency deregulation accumulation

C – Capital’s focus on efficiency leads to deregulation and lobbying for exemptions. That causes accumulation.

Spash 20 - Clive Spash 2020 (Clive is an economist, Professor of Public Policy and Governance at the Vienna University of Economics and Business, Editor-in-Chief of Environmental Values, and former President of the European Society for Ecological Economics. His works cover climate change, biodiversity loss, air pollution and conservation. He advocates social–ecological transformation and a paradigm shift in economic thought. "The capitalist passive environmental revolution" Published by the ecological citizen. Accessed 11-09-2024. URL: https://www.ecologicalcitizen.net/pdfs/v04n1-12.pdf) //MSUCB

Corporations market growth as green, circular, inclusive, sustainable and smart soft policies are combined with lobbying media control funding of denialism and antienvironmental think tanks The latest rhetoric is sustainable finance’ Insurers profit from catastrophes For ‘sustainable financiers’, more harm means making more money A claim that the system’ can be ‘adjusted’ without removing corporate or capitalist structures unregulated financialization can be made into a tradable financial asset capital-accumulating economy is no longer the cause of social–ecological crises but their solution


Question: Spash 2020

C – Capital’s focus on efficiency leads to deregulation and lobbying for exemptions. That causes accumulation.

Spash 20 - Clive Spash 2020 (Clive is an economist, Professor of Public Policy and Governance at the Vienna University of Economics and Business, Editor-in-Chief of Environmental Values, and former President of the European Society for Ecological Economics. His works cover climate change, biodiversity loss, air pollution and conservation. He advocates social–ecological transformation and a paradigm shift in economic thought. "The capitalist passive environmental revolution" Published by the ecological citizen. Accessed 11-09-2024. URL: https://www.ecologicalcitizen.net/pdfs/v04n1-12.pdf) //MSUCB

Corporations market growth as green, circular, inclusive, sustainable and smart soft policies are combined with lobbying media control funding of denialism and antienvironmental think tanks The latest rhetoric is sustainable finance’ Insurers profit from catastrophes For ‘sustainable financiers’, more harm means making more money A claim that the system’ can be ‘adjusted’ without removing corporate or capitalist structures unregulated financialization can be made into a tradable financial asset capital-accumulating economy is no longer the cause of social–ecological crises but their solution


Question: Clive Spash

C – Capital’s focus on efficiency leads to deregulation and lobbying for exemptions. That causes accumulation.

Spash 20 - Clive Spash 2020 (Clive is an economist, Professor of Public Policy and Governance at the Vienna University of Economics and Business, Editor-in-Chief of Environmental Values, and former President of the European Society for Ecological Economics. His works cover climate change, biodiversity loss, air pollution and conservation. He advocates social–ecological transformation and a paradigm shift in economic thought. "The capitalist passive environmental revolution" Published by the ecological citizen. Accessed 11-09-2024. URL: https://www.ecologicalcitizen.net/pdfs/v04n1-12.pdf) //MSUCB

Corporations market growth as green, circular, inclusive, sustainable and smart soft policies are combined with lobbying media control funding of denialism and antienvironmental think tanks The latest rhetoric is sustainable finance’ Insurers profit from catastrophes For ‘sustainable financiers’, more harm means making more money A claim that the system’ can be ‘adjusted’ without removing corporate or capitalist structures unregulated financialization can be made into a tradable financial asset capital-accumulating economy is no longer the cause of social–ecological crises but their solution