Question: Climate Leadership Council

Its included dividends would offset potential increased costs.

Baker et al 20 – James A. Baker III is a Honorary Chair of Rice University’s Baker Institute for Public Policy and served as U.S. Secretary of the Treasury from 1985 to 1988 and U.S. Secretary of State from 1989 to 1992, George P. Shultz is a Distinguished Fellow at the Hoover Institution and served as U.S. Secretary of the Treasury from 1972 to 1974 and U.S. Secretary of State from 1982 to 1989, and Ted Halstead is Chair and CEO of the Climate Leadership Council, FOREIGN AFFAIRS, “The Strategic Case for U.S. Climate Leadership”

returning the from carbon fees directly to American people the form of quarterly checks, or dividends 70 percent of families including least well-off receive more than would pay in increased energy prices.


Question: carbon fees to american people

Its included dividends would offset potential increased costs.

Baker et al 20 – James A. Baker III is a Honorary Chair of Rice University’s Baker Institute for Public Policy and served as U.S. Secretary of the Treasury from 1985 to 1988 and U.S. Secretary of State from 1989 to 1992, George P. Shultz is a Distinguished Fellow at the Hoover Institution and served as U.S. Secretary of the Treasury from 1972 to 1974 and U.S. Secretary of State from 1982 to 1989, and Ted Halstead is Chair and CEO of the Climate Leadership Council, FOREIGN AFFAIRS, “The Strategic Case for U.S. Climate Leadership”

returning the from carbon fees directly to American people the form of quarterly checks, or dividends 70 percent of families including least well-off receive more than would pay in increased energy prices.


Question: dividends offset increased energy prices

Its included dividends would offset potential increased costs.

Baker et al 20 – James A. Baker III is a Honorary Chair of Rice University’s Baker Institute for Public Policy and served as U.S. Secretary of the Treasury from 1985 to 1988 and U.S. Secretary of State from 1989 to 1992, George P. Shultz is a Distinguished Fellow at the Hoover Institution and served as U.S. Secretary of the Treasury from 1972 to 1974 and U.S. Secretary of State from 1982 to 1989, and Ted Halstead is Chair and CEO of the Climate Leadership Council, FOREIGN AFFAIRS, “The Strategic Case for U.S. Climate Leadership”

returning the from carbon fees directly to American people the form of quarterly checks, or dividends 70 percent of families including least well-off receive more than would pay in increased energy prices.


Question: Newest polls say Harris wins

Newest polls say Harris wins

Dorn 9/12 – Forbes news reporter who covers politics.

Harris  leads by five points in the first two major polls following Tuesday’s debate up 50% to 45% conducted of 3,317 likely voters , her  widest lead yet and a improvement from her lead taken on the day of the debate A two-day Reuters/Ipsos poll found Harris leading by five points Pundits widely  considered Harris to have won the debate ,


Question: Dorn Forbes

Newest polls say Harris wins

Dorn 9/12 – Forbes news reporter who covers politics.

Harris  leads by five points in the first two major polls following Tuesday’s debate up 50% to 45% conducted of 3,317 likely voters , her  widest lead yet and a improvement from her lead taken on the day of the debate A two-day Reuters/Ipsos poll found Harris leading by five points Pundits widely  considered Harris to have won the debate ,


Question: Harris leads by five points

Newest polls say Harris wins

Dorn 9/12 – Forbes news reporter who covers politics.

Harris  leads by five points in the first two major polls following Tuesday’s debate up 50% to 45% conducted of 3,317 likely voters , her  widest lead yet and a improvement from her lead taken on the day of the debate A two-day Reuters/Ipsos poll found Harris leading by five points Pundits widely  considered Harris to have won the debate ,


Question: Dorn 9/12 Harris

Newest polls say Harris wins

Dorn 9/12 – Forbes news reporter who covers politics.

Harris  leads by five points in the first two major polls following Tuesday’s debate up 50% to 45% conducted of 3,317 likely voters , her  widest lead yet and a improvement from her lead taken on the day of the debate A two-day Reuters/Ipsos poll found Harris leading by five points Pundits widely  considered Harris to have won the debate ,


Question: Harris won debate

Newest polls say Harris wins

Dorn 9/12 – Forbes news reporter who covers politics.

Harris  leads by five points in the first two major polls following Tuesday’s debate up 50% to 45% conducted of 3,317 likely voters , her  widest lead yet and a improvement from her lead taken on the day of the debate A two-day Reuters/Ipsos poll found Harris leading by five points Pundits widely  considered Harris to have won the debate ,


Question: Harris leads in polls

Newest polls say Harris wins

Dorn 9/12 – Forbes news reporter who covers politics.

Harris  leads by five points in the first two major polls following Tuesday’s debate up 50% to 45% conducted of 3,317 likely voters , her  widest lead yet and a improvement from her lead taken on the day of the debate A two-day Reuters/Ipsos poll found Harris leading by five points Pundits widely  considered Harris to have won the debate ,


Question: droughts cause plant shutdowns

So do droughts.

Arbaje 23 – Energy analyst in the Climate & Energy program at the Union of Concerned Scientists.

when plants don’t have water due to drought they can’t operate Texas drought led to gas units offline for a year


Question: Arbaje 23

So do droughts.

Arbaje 23 – Energy analyst in the Climate & Energy program at the Union of Concerned Scientists.

when plants don’t have water due to drought they can’t operate Texas drought led to gas units offline for a year


Question: Texas drought

So do droughts.

Arbaje 23 – Energy analyst in the Climate & Energy program at the Union of Concerned Scientists.

when plants don’t have water due to drought they can’t operate Texas drought led to gas units offline for a year


Question: plants don't operate due to drought

So do droughts.

Arbaje 23 – Energy analyst in the Climate & Energy program at the Union of Concerned Scientists.

when plants don’t have water due to drought they can’t operate Texas drought led to gas units offline for a year


Question: droughts offline gas units

So do droughts.

Arbaje 23 – Energy analyst in the Climate & Energy program at the Union of Concerned Scientists.

when plants don’t have water due to drought they can’t operate Texas drought led to gas units offline for a year


Question: Market socialism improves social democracy

Market socialism improves social democracy – that the only viable means for transition

Lane, D. (2023). Global neoliberal capitalism and the alternatives: From social democracy to state capitalisms. Policy Press. Accessed 8/7/2024 CSUF JmB

The objective is to create a political transfer of ownership and control of corporate private property Corporations to be nationalised would have immediate benefit to the public Public ownership would be introduced gradually In redistributing the wealth democracy is improved scope enlarged, society more equitable investors find profitable to speculate money markets than to invest in the uncertainties channel investment to tech to maintain a full employment economy. Economic strategy would be grounded on a coherent developmental policy, with economic democracy


Question: Lane 2023

Market socialism improves social democracy – that the only viable means for transition

Lane, D. (2023). Global neoliberal capitalism and the alternatives: From social democracy to state capitalisms. Policy Press. Accessed 8/7/2024 CSUF JmB

The objective is to create a political transfer of ownership and control of corporate private property Corporations to be nationalised would have immediate benefit to the public Public ownership would be introduced gradually In redistributing the wealth democracy is improved scope enlarged, society more equitable investors find profitable to speculate money markets than to invest in the uncertainties channel investment to tech to maintain a full employment economy. Economic strategy would be grounded on a coherent developmental policy, with economic democracy


Question: market socialism viable transition

Market socialism improves social democracy – that the only viable means for transition

Lane, D. (2023). Global neoliberal capitalism and the alternatives: From social democracy to state capitalisms. Policy Press. Accessed 8/7/2024 CSUF JmB

The objective is to create a political transfer of ownership and control of corporate private property Corporations to be nationalised would have immediate benefit to the public Public ownership would be introduced gradually In redistributing the wealth democracy is improved scope enlarged, society more equitable investors find profitable to speculate money markets than to invest in the uncertainties channel investment to tech to maintain a full employment economy. Economic strategy would be grounded on a coherent developmental policy, with economic democracy


Question: transfer ownership corporate

Market socialism improves social democracy – that the only viable means for transition

Lane, D. (2023). Global neoliberal capitalism and the alternatives: From social democracy to state capitalisms. Policy Press. Accessed 8/7/2024 CSUF JmB

The objective is to create a political transfer of ownership and control of corporate private property Corporations to be nationalised would have immediate benefit to the public Public ownership would be introduced gradually In redistributing the wealth democracy is improved scope enlarged, society more equitable investors find profitable to speculate money markets than to invest in the uncertainties channel investment to tech to maintain a full employment economy. Economic strategy would be grounded on a coherent developmental policy, with economic democracy


Question: public ownership introduced gradually

Market socialism improves social democracy – that the only viable means for transition

Lane, D. (2023). Global neoliberal capitalism and the alternatives: From social democracy to state capitalisms. Policy Press. Accessed 8/7/2024 CSUF JmB

The objective is to create a political transfer of ownership and control of corporate private property Corporations to be nationalised would have immediate benefit to the public Public ownership would be introduced gradually In redistributing the wealth democracy is improved scope enlarged, society more equitable investors find profitable to speculate money markets than to invest in the uncertainties channel investment to tech to maintain a full employment economy. Economic strategy would be grounded on a coherent developmental policy, with economic democracy


Question: economic strategy grounded on coherent developmental policy

Market socialism improves social democracy – that the only viable means for transition

Lane, D. (2023). Global neoliberal capitalism and the alternatives: From social democracy to state capitalisms. Policy Press. Accessed 8/7/2024 CSUF JmB

The objective is to create a political transfer of ownership and control of corporate private property Corporations to be nationalised would have immediate benefit to the public Public ownership would be introduced gradually In redistributing the wealth democracy is improved scope enlarged, society more equitable investors find profitable to speculate money markets than to invest in the uncertainties channel investment to tech to maintain a full employment economy. Economic strategy would be grounded on a coherent developmental policy, with economic democracy


Question: Interdependence doesn't prevent war

5 – Interdependence doesn’t prevent war---countries continue to trade during conflict.

Leda Zimmerman 21, Writer, editor and communications strategist, citing a paper by Mariya Grinberg, assistant professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “Solving puzzles of international trade, war, and order,” MIT News, 10/29/21, https://news.mit.edu/2021/solving-puzzles-international-trade-war-order-mariya-grinberg-1029

trade could be conducted during conflict States do rational things The interdependence  arg relies  on the idea nations don’t trade during war the push is not toward less war but trad


Question: Zimmerman 21 trade during conflict

5 – Interdependence doesn’t prevent war---countries continue to trade during conflict.

Leda Zimmerman 21, Writer, editor and communications strategist, citing a paper by Mariya Grinberg, assistant professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “Solving puzzles of international trade, war, and order,” MIT News, 10/29/21, https://news.mit.edu/2021/solving-puzzles-international-trade-war-order-mariya-grinberg-1029

trade could be conducted during conflict States do rational things The interdependence  arg relies  on the idea nations don’t trade during war the push is not toward less war but trad


Question: Mariya Grinberg

5 – Interdependence doesn’t prevent war---countries continue to trade during conflict.

Leda Zimmerman 21, Writer, editor and communications strategist, citing a paper by Mariya Grinberg, assistant professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “Solving puzzles of international trade, war, and order,” MIT News, 10/29/21, https://news.mit.edu/2021/solving-puzzles-international-trade-war-order-mariya-grinberg-1029

trade could be conducted during conflict States do rational things The interdependence  arg relies  on the idea nations don’t trade during war the push is not toward less war but trad


Question: trade during war

5 – Interdependence doesn’t prevent war---countries continue to trade during conflict.

Leda Zimmerman 21, Writer, editor and communications strategist, citing a paper by Mariya Grinberg, assistant professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “Solving puzzles of international trade, war, and order,” MIT News, 10/29/21, https://news.mit.edu/2021/solving-puzzles-international-trade-war-order-mariya-grinberg-1029

trade could be conducted during conflict States do rational things The interdependence  arg relies  on the idea nations don’t trade during war the push is not toward less war but trad


Question: states do rational things

5 – Interdependence doesn’t prevent war---countries continue to trade during conflict.

Leda Zimmerman 21, Writer, editor and communications strategist, citing a paper by Mariya Grinberg, assistant professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “Solving puzzles of international trade, war, and order,” MIT News, 10/29/21, https://news.mit.edu/2021/solving-puzzles-international-trade-war-order-mariya-grinberg-1029

trade could be conducted during conflict States do rational things The interdependence  arg relies  on the idea nations don’t trade during war the push is not toward less war but trad


Question: interdependence nations trade during war

5 – Interdependence doesn’t prevent war---countries continue to trade during conflict.

Leda Zimmerman 21, Writer, editor and communications strategist, citing a paper by Mariya Grinberg, assistant professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “Solving puzzles of international trade, war, and order,” MIT News, 10/29/21, https://news.mit.edu/2021/solving-puzzles-international-trade-war-order-mariya-grinberg-1029

trade could be conducted during conflict States do rational things The interdependence  arg relies  on the idea nations don’t trade during war the push is not toward less war but trad


Question: nations don't trade during war

5 – Interdependence doesn’t prevent war---countries continue to trade during conflict.

Leda Zimmerman 21, Writer, editor and communications strategist, citing a paper by Mariya Grinberg, assistant professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “Solving puzzles of international trade, war, and order,” MIT News, 10/29/21, https://news.mit.edu/2021/solving-puzzles-international-trade-war-order-mariya-grinberg-1029

trade could be conducted during conflict States do rational things The interdependence  arg relies  on the idea nations don’t trade during war the push is not toward less war but trad


Question: interdependence argument

5 – Interdependence doesn’t prevent war---countries continue to trade during conflict.

Leda Zimmerman 21, Writer, editor and communications strategist, citing a paper by Mariya Grinberg, assistant professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “Solving puzzles of international trade, war, and order,” MIT News, 10/29/21, https://news.mit.edu/2021/solving-puzzles-international-trade-war-order-mariya-grinberg-1029

trade could be conducted during conflict States do rational things The interdependence  arg relies  on the idea nations don’t trade during war the push is not toward less war but trad


Question: zero correlation between decline and war

There’s zero correlation between decline and war.

Laio ’19 [Jianan; 2019; Shenzhen Nanshan Foreign Language School; International Symposium on Social Science and Management Innovation, “Business Cycle and War: A Literature Review and Evaluation,” vol. 68]

scholars who discussed relationship between cycle and war failed to divide four stages war can occur at any of expansion , crisis , recession , recovery , so it is unrealistic to assume wars at any stage the resources for wars are huge for depression war has reasons in all stages origin is downward pressure which exist during recession or prosperity wars occur in upturn caused by optimism to prevail many wars take place among countries whose economies are still beginning


Question: Laio 19

There’s zero correlation between decline and war.

Laio ’19 [Jianan; 2019; Shenzhen Nanshan Foreign Language School; International Symposium on Social Science and Management Innovation, “Business Cycle and War: A Literature Review and Evaluation,” vol. 68]

scholars who discussed relationship between cycle and war failed to divide four stages war can occur at any of expansion , crisis , recession , recovery , so it is unrealistic to assume wars at any stage the resources for wars are huge for depression war has reasons in all stages origin is downward pressure which exist during recession or prosperity wars occur in upturn caused by optimism to prevail many wars take place among countries whose economies are still beginning


Question: Jianan Laio business cycle

There’s zero correlation between decline and war.

Laio ’19 [Jianan; 2019; Shenzhen Nanshan Foreign Language School; International Symposium on Social Science and Management Innovation, “Business Cycle and War: A Literature Review and Evaluation,” vol. 68]

scholars who discussed relationship between cycle and war failed to divide four stages war can occur at any of expansion , crisis , recession , recovery , so it is unrealistic to assume wars at any stage the resources for wars are huge for depression war has reasons in all stages origin is downward pressure which exist during recession or prosperity wars occur in upturn caused by optimism to prevail many wars take place among countries whose economies are still beginning


Question: war can occur at any stage

There’s zero correlation between decline and war.

Laio ’19 [Jianan; 2019; Shenzhen Nanshan Foreign Language School; International Symposium on Social Science and Management Innovation, “Business Cycle and War: A Literature Review and Evaluation,” vol. 68]

scholars who discussed relationship between cycle and war failed to divide four stages war can occur at any of expansion , crisis , recession , recovery , so it is unrealistic to assume wars at any stage the resources for wars are huge for depression war has reasons in all stages origin is downward pressure which exist during recession or prosperity wars occur in upturn caused by optimism to prevail many wars take place among countries whose economies are still beginning


Question: no correlation decline and war

There’s zero correlation between decline and war.

Laio ’19 [Jianan; 2019; Shenzhen Nanshan Foreign Language School; International Symposium on Social Science and Management Innovation, “Business Cycle and War: A Literature Review and Evaluation,” vol. 68]

scholars who discussed relationship between cycle and war failed to divide four stages war can occur at any of expansion , crisis , recession , recovery , so it is unrealistic to assume wars at any stage the resources for wars are huge for depression war has reasons in all stages origin is downward pressure which exist during recession or prosperity wars occur in upturn caused by optimism to prevail many wars take place among countries whose economies are still beginning


Question: resources for war huge

There’s zero correlation between decline and war.

Laio ’19 [Jianan; 2019; Shenzhen Nanshan Foreign Language School; International Symposium on Social Science and Management Innovation, “Business Cycle and War: A Literature Review and Evaluation,” vol. 68]

scholars who discussed relationship between cycle and war failed to divide four stages war can occur at any of expansion , crisis , recession , recovery , so it is unrealistic to assume wars at any stage the resources for wars are huge for depression war has reasons in all stages origin is downward pressure which exist during recession or prosperity wars occur in upturn caused by optimism to prevail many wars take place among countries whose economies are still beginning


Question: wars occur in upturn

There’s zero correlation between decline and war.

Laio ’19 [Jianan; 2019; Shenzhen Nanshan Foreign Language School; International Symposium on Social Science and Management Innovation, “Business Cycle and War: A Literature Review and Evaluation,” vol. 68]

scholars who discussed relationship between cycle and war failed to divide four stages war can occur at any of expansion , crisis , recession , recovery , so it is unrealistic to assume wars at any stage the resources for wars are huge for depression war has reasons in all stages origin is downward pressure which exist during recession or prosperity wars occur in upturn caused by optimism to prevail many wars take place among countries whose economies are still beginning


Question: more evidence

More evidence

Moarif ’12 [Sara and Namrata Rastogi; December 2012; Head of the Environment and Climate Change Unit at the International Energy Agency; International Fellow at the Pew Center on Global Climate Change; Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, “Market-Based Climate Mitigation Policies in Emerging Economies,” https://www.c2es.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/market-based-climate-mitigation-policies-emerging-economies.pdf]

M b i s aim to modify behavior by changing incentives by adjusting relative prices or creating markets a m b i is defined as financial incentive to adopt lower-emitting tech The policies fall into three categories : taxes, subsidies , and trading programs have corresponding cons


Question: Moarif 12

More evidence

Moarif ’12 [Sara and Namrata Rastogi; December 2012; Head of the Environment and Climate Change Unit at the International Energy Agency; International Fellow at the Pew Center on Global Climate Change; Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, “Market-Based Climate Mitigation Policies in Emerging Economies,” https://www.c2es.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/market-based-climate-mitigation-policies-emerging-economies.pdf]

M b i s aim to modify behavior by changing incentives by adjusting relative prices or creating markets a m b i is defined as financial incentive to adopt lower-emitting tech The policies fall into three categories : taxes, subsidies , and trading programs have corresponding cons


Question: Sara Moarif

More evidence

Moarif ’12 [Sara and Namrata Rastogi; December 2012; Head of the Environment and Climate Change Unit at the International Energy Agency; International Fellow at the Pew Center on Global Climate Change; Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, “Market-Based Climate Mitigation Policies in Emerging Economies,” https://www.c2es.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/market-based-climate-mitigation-policies-emerging-economies.pdf]

M b i s aim to modify behavior by changing incentives by adjusting relative prices or creating markets a m b i is defined as financial incentive to adopt lower-emitting tech The policies fall into three categories : taxes, subsidies , and trading programs have corresponding cons


Question: market based climate mitigation

More evidence

Moarif ’12 [Sara and Namrata Rastogi; December 2012; Head of the Environment and Climate Change Unit at the International Energy Agency; International Fellow at the Pew Center on Global Climate Change; Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, “Market-Based Climate Mitigation Policies in Emerging Economies,” https://www.c2es.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/market-based-climate-mitigation-policies-emerging-economies.pdf]

M b i s aim to modify behavior by changing incentives by adjusting relative prices or creating markets a m b i is defined as financial incentive to adopt lower-emitting tech The policies fall into three categories : taxes, subsidies , and trading programs have corresponding cons


Question: financial incentive lower emitting tech

More evidence

Moarif ’12 [Sara and Namrata Rastogi; December 2012; Head of the Environment and Climate Change Unit at the International Energy Agency; International Fellow at the Pew Center on Global Climate Change; Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, “Market-Based Climate Mitigation Policies in Emerging Economies,” https://www.c2es.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/market-based-climate-mitigation-policies-emerging-economies.pdf]

M b i s aim to modify behavior by changing incentives by adjusting relative prices or creating markets a m b i is defined as financial incentive to adopt lower-emitting tech The policies fall into three categories : taxes, subsidies , and trading programs have corresponding cons


Question: taxes subsidies trading programs

More evidence

Moarif ’12 [Sara and Namrata Rastogi; December 2012; Head of the Environment and Climate Change Unit at the International Energy Agency; International Fellow at the Pew Center on Global Climate Change; Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, “Market-Based Climate Mitigation Policies in Emerging Economies,” https://www.c2es.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/market-based-climate-mitigation-policies-emerging-economies.pdf]

M b i s aim to modify behavior by changing incentives by adjusting relative prices or creating markets a m b i is defined as financial incentive to adopt lower-emitting tech The policies fall into three categories : taxes, subsidies , and trading programs have corresponding cons


Question: Warming nukes the economy

Warming – nukes the economy

Metcalf 19 [Gilbert E. Metcalf is a professor of economics at Tufts University who specializes in climate economics. He is a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research. January 10, 2019. “Paying for Pollution: Why a Carbon Tax is Good for America” Oxford University Press, ISBN: 9780190694197, pg 116-118]

improvement in  econ from using revenue  to reduce other taxes carbon tax will not risks econ GDP falling 0.5 percent per capita GDP will be 40 percent higher one degree Celsius increase decline in GDP growth two points costs  from damages and adaptation global incomes reduced 20 percent benefits outweigh costs


Question: Metcalf 19

Warming – nukes the economy

Metcalf 19 [Gilbert E. Metcalf is a professor of economics at Tufts University who specializes in climate economics. He is a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research. January 10, 2019. “Paying for Pollution: Why a Carbon Tax is Good for America” Oxford University Press, ISBN: 9780190694197, pg 116-118]

improvement in  econ from using revenue  to reduce other taxes carbon tax will not risks econ GDP falling 0.5 percent per capita GDP will be 40 percent higher one degree Celsius increase decline in GDP growth two points costs  from damages and adaptation global incomes reduced 20 percent benefits outweigh costs


Question: Gilbert Metcalf carbon tax

Warming – nukes the economy

Metcalf 19 [Gilbert E. Metcalf is a professor of economics at Tufts University who specializes in climate economics. He is a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research. January 10, 2019. “Paying for Pollution: Why a Carbon Tax is Good for America” Oxford University Press, ISBN: 9780190694197, pg 116-118]

improvement in  econ from using revenue  to reduce other taxes carbon tax will not risks econ GDP falling 0.5 percent per capita GDP will be 40 percent higher one degree Celsius increase decline in GDP growth two points costs  from damages and adaptation global incomes reduced 20 percent benefits outweigh costs


Question: warming declines GDP growth

Warming – nukes the economy

Metcalf 19 [Gilbert E. Metcalf is a professor of economics at Tufts University who specializes in climate economics. He is a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research. January 10, 2019. “Paying for Pollution: Why a Carbon Tax is Good for America” Oxford University Press, ISBN: 9780190694197, pg 116-118]

improvement in  econ from using revenue  to reduce other taxes carbon tax will not risks econ GDP falling 0.5 percent per capita GDP will be 40 percent higher one degree Celsius increase decline in GDP growth two points costs  from damages and adaptation global incomes reduced 20 percent benefits outweigh costs


Question: warming reduces global incomes

Warming – nukes the economy

Metcalf 19 [Gilbert E. Metcalf is a professor of economics at Tufts University who specializes in climate economics. He is a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research. January 10, 2019. “Paying for Pollution: Why a Carbon Tax is Good for America” Oxford University Press, ISBN: 9780190694197, pg 116-118]

improvement in  econ from using revenue  to reduce other taxes carbon tax will not risks econ GDP falling 0.5 percent per capita GDP will be 40 percent higher one degree Celsius increase decline in GDP growth two points costs  from damages and adaptation global incomes reduced 20 percent benefits outweigh costs


Question: one degree Celsius increase GDP decline

Warming – nukes the economy

Metcalf 19 [Gilbert E. Metcalf is a professor of economics at Tufts University who specializes in climate economics. He is a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research. January 10, 2019. “Paying for Pollution: Why a Carbon Tax is Good for America” Oxford University Press, ISBN: 9780190694197, pg 116-118]

improvement in  econ from using revenue  to reduce other taxes carbon tax will not risks econ GDP falling 0.5 percent per capita GDP will be 40 percent higher one degree Celsius increase decline in GDP growth two points costs  from damages and adaptation global incomes reduced 20 percent benefits outweigh costs


Question: Enforcement thumps

Enforcement thumps

Davis et al 11/15 [Elizabeth Lan Davis1, Walker Stanovsky2, and Michael P. McDonald3, 1Partner and co-chairs the firm’s national financial services practice with two decades of experience at the CFTC and SEC, 2Associate who practices energy and climate change law, 3Associate who advises clients in the areas of investment advisory and regulatory enforcement defense and previously worked as a SEC investment advisor, "Significant Changes in CFTC's Final Guidance on Listing Voluntary Carbon Credit Derivatives", No Publication, 11-15-2024, https://www.dwt.com/blogs/financial-services-law-advisor/2024/11/cftc-final-guidance-on-vcc-carbon-credit-trading]

CFTC alleging fraud against Newcombe increased scrutiny demonstrates CFTC's proactive stance in shaping regulatory framework standardization aims create reliable m arket participants should review to ensure compliance developments will be crucial


Question: Davis et al

Enforcement thumps

Davis et al 11/15 [Elizabeth Lan Davis1, Walker Stanovsky2, and Michael P. McDonald3, 1Partner and co-chairs the firm’s national financial services practice with two decades of experience at the CFTC and SEC, 2Associate who practices energy and climate change law, 3Associate who advises clients in the areas of investment advisory and regulatory enforcement defense and previously worked as a SEC investment advisor, "Significant Changes in CFTC's Final Guidance on Listing Voluntary Carbon Credit Derivatives", No Publication, 11-15-2024, https://www.dwt.com/blogs/financial-services-law-advisor/2024/11/cftc-final-guidance-on-vcc-carbon-credit-trading]

CFTC alleging fraud against Newcombe increased scrutiny demonstrates CFTC's proactive stance in shaping regulatory framework standardization aims create reliable m arket participants should review to ensure compliance developments will be crucial


Question: CFTC enforcement

Enforcement thumps

Davis et al 11/15 [Elizabeth Lan Davis1, Walker Stanovsky2, and Michael P. McDonald3, 1Partner and co-chairs the firm’s national financial services practice with two decades of experience at the CFTC and SEC, 2Associate who practices energy and climate change law, 3Associate who advises clients in the areas of investment advisory and regulatory enforcement defense and previously worked as a SEC investment advisor, "Significant Changes in CFTC's Final Guidance on Listing Voluntary Carbon Credit Derivatives", No Publication, 11-15-2024, https://www.dwt.com/blogs/financial-services-law-advisor/2024/11/cftc-final-guidance-on-vcc-carbon-credit-trading]

CFTC alleging fraud against Newcombe increased scrutiny demonstrates CFTC's proactive stance in shaping regulatory framework standardization aims create reliable m arket participants should review to ensure compliance developments will be crucial


Question: CFTC increased scrutiny

Enforcement thumps

Davis et al 11/15 [Elizabeth Lan Davis1, Walker Stanovsky2, and Michael P. McDonald3, 1Partner and co-chairs the firm’s national financial services practice with two decades of experience at the CFTC and SEC, 2Associate who practices energy and climate change law, 3Associate who advises clients in the areas of investment advisory and regulatory enforcement defense and previously worked as a SEC investment advisor, "Significant Changes in CFTC's Final Guidance on Listing Voluntary Carbon Credit Derivatives", No Publication, 11-15-2024, https://www.dwt.com/blogs/financial-services-law-advisor/2024/11/cftc-final-guidance-on-vcc-carbon-credit-trading]

CFTC alleging fraud against Newcombe increased scrutiny demonstrates CFTC's proactive stance in shaping regulatory framework standardization aims create reliable m arket participants should review to ensure compliance developments will be crucial


Question: CFTC proactive stance

Enforcement thumps

Davis et al 11/15 [Elizabeth Lan Davis1, Walker Stanovsky2, and Michael P. McDonald3, 1Partner and co-chairs the firm’s national financial services practice with two decades of experience at the CFTC and SEC, 2Associate who practices energy and climate change law, 3Associate who advises clients in the areas of investment advisory and regulatory enforcement defense and previously worked as a SEC investment advisor, "Significant Changes in CFTC's Final Guidance on Listing Voluntary Carbon Credit Derivatives", No Publication, 11-15-2024, https://www.dwt.com/blogs/financial-services-law-advisor/2024/11/cftc-final-guidance-on-vcc-carbon-credit-trading]

CFTC alleging fraud against Newcombe increased scrutiny demonstrates CFTC's proactive stance in shaping regulatory framework standardization aims create reliable m arket participants should review to ensure compliance developments will be crucial


Question: CFTC fraud allegations

Enforcement thumps

Davis et al 11/15 [Elizabeth Lan Davis1, Walker Stanovsky2, and Michael P. McDonald3, 1Partner and co-chairs the firm’s national financial services practice with two decades of experience at the CFTC and SEC, 2Associate who practices energy and climate change law, 3Associate who advises clients in the areas of investment advisory and regulatory enforcement defense and previously worked as a SEC investment advisor, "Significant Changes in CFTC's Final Guidance on Listing Voluntary Carbon Credit Derivatives", No Publication, 11-15-2024, https://www.dwt.com/blogs/financial-services-law-advisor/2024/11/cftc-final-guidance-on-vcc-carbon-credit-trading]

CFTC alleging fraud against Newcombe increased scrutiny demonstrates CFTC's proactive stance in shaping regulatory framework standardization aims create reliable m arket participants should review to ensure compliance developments will be crucial


Question: regulatory framework standardization

Enforcement thumps

Davis et al 11/15 [Elizabeth Lan Davis1, Walker Stanovsky2, and Michael P. McDonald3, 1Partner and co-chairs the firm’s national financial services practice with two decades of experience at the CFTC and SEC, 2Associate who practices energy and climate change law, 3Associate who advises clients in the areas of investment advisory and regulatory enforcement defense and previously worked as a SEC investment advisor, "Significant Changes in CFTC's Final Guidance on Listing Voluntary Carbon Credit Derivatives", No Publication, 11-15-2024, https://www.dwt.com/blogs/financial-services-law-advisor/2024/11/cftc-final-guidance-on-vcc-carbon-credit-trading]

CFTC alleging fraud against Newcombe increased scrutiny demonstrates CFTC's proactive stance in shaping regulatory framework standardization aims create reliable m arket participants should review to ensure compliance developments will be crucial


Question: voluntary carbon credit derivatives

Enforcement thumps

Davis et al 11/15 [Elizabeth Lan Davis1, Walker Stanovsky2, and Michael P. McDonald3, 1Partner and co-chairs the firm’s national financial services practice with two decades of experience at the CFTC and SEC, 2Associate who practices energy and climate change law, 3Associate who advises clients in the areas of investment advisory and regulatory enforcement defense and previously worked as a SEC investment advisor, "Significant Changes in CFTC's Final Guidance on Listing Voluntary Carbon Credit Derivatives", No Publication, 11-15-2024, https://www.dwt.com/blogs/financial-services-law-advisor/2024/11/cftc-final-guidance-on-vcc-carbon-credit-trading]

CFTC alleging fraud against Newcombe increased scrutiny demonstrates CFTC's proactive stance in shaping regulatory framework standardization aims create reliable m arket participants should review to ensure compliance developments will be crucial


Question: Rate cuts soft landing

Rate cuts will engineer a soft landing.

Claudia Sahm 9-19, former Federal Reserve economist, “I Worked for the Fed. The Interest Rate Cut Is Only One Step in a Larger Plan.”, The New York Times, 9-19-24, https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/19/opinion/federal-reserve-rate-cut-unemployment.html, DOA: 9-25-24, JA

the Federal Reserve has been fighting to bring inflation down the cut is good for the economy The Fed has signaled it is starting to wind down data shown inflation falling the Sahm rule and other economic rules of thumb are too simple for this The U S is not in a recession or even on the verge of one We can expect more rate cuts as inflation falls With solid growth low unemployment and the market near record highs , the Fed chose to preserve strength


Question: Claudia Sahm

Rate cuts will engineer a soft landing.

Claudia Sahm 9-19, former Federal Reserve economist, “I Worked for the Fed. The Interest Rate Cut Is Only One Step in a Larger Plan.”, The New York Times, 9-19-24, https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/19/opinion/federal-reserve-rate-cut-unemployment.html, DOA: 9-25-24, JA

the Federal Reserve has been fighting to bring inflation down the cut is good for the economy The Fed has signaled it is starting to wind down data shown inflation falling the Sahm rule and other economic rules of thumb are too simple for this The U S is not in a recession or even on the verge of one We can expect more rate cuts as inflation falls With solid growth low unemployment and the market near record highs , the Fed chose to preserve strength


Question: Sahm rule too simple

Rate cuts will engineer a soft landing.

Claudia Sahm 9-19, former Federal Reserve economist, “I Worked for the Fed. The Interest Rate Cut Is Only One Step in a Larger Plan.”, The New York Times, 9-19-24, https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/19/opinion/federal-reserve-rate-cut-unemployment.html, DOA: 9-25-24, JA

the Federal Reserve has been fighting to bring inflation down the cut is good for the economy The Fed has signaled it is starting to wind down data shown inflation falling the Sahm rule and other economic rules of thumb are too simple for this The U S is not in a recession or even on the verge of one We can expect more rate cuts as inflation falls With solid growth low unemployment and the market near record highs , the Fed chose to preserve strength


Question: Fed rate cut good economy

Rate cuts will engineer a soft landing.

Claudia Sahm 9-19, former Federal Reserve economist, “I Worked for the Fed. The Interest Rate Cut Is Only One Step in a Larger Plan.”, The New York Times, 9-19-24, https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/19/opinion/federal-reserve-rate-cut-unemployment.html, DOA: 9-25-24, JA

the Federal Reserve has been fighting to bring inflation down the cut is good for the economy The Fed has signaled it is starting to wind down data shown inflation falling the Sahm rule and other economic rules of thumb are too simple for this The U S is not in a recession or even on the verge of one We can expect more rate cuts as inflation falls With solid growth low unemployment and the market near record highs , the Fed chose to preserve strength


Question: US not in recession

Rate cuts will engineer a soft landing.

Claudia Sahm 9-19, former Federal Reserve economist, “I Worked for the Fed. The Interest Rate Cut Is Only One Step in a Larger Plan.”, The New York Times, 9-19-24, https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/19/opinion/federal-reserve-rate-cut-unemployment.html, DOA: 9-25-24, JA

the Federal Reserve has been fighting to bring inflation down the cut is good for the economy The Fed has signaled it is starting to wind down data shown inflation falling the Sahm rule and other economic rules of thumb are too simple for this The U S is not in a recession or even on the verge of one We can expect more rate cuts as inflation falls With solid growth low unemployment and the market near record highs , the Fed chose to preserve strength


Question: More rate cuts inflation falls

Rate cuts will engineer a soft landing.

Claudia Sahm 9-19, former Federal Reserve economist, “I Worked for the Fed. The Interest Rate Cut Is Only One Step in a Larger Plan.”, The New York Times, 9-19-24, https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/19/opinion/federal-reserve-rate-cut-unemployment.html, DOA: 9-25-24, JA

the Federal Reserve has been fighting to bring inflation down the cut is good for the economy The Fed has signaled it is starting to wind down data shown inflation falling the Sahm rule and other economic rules of thumb are too simple for this The U S is not in a recession or even on the verge of one We can expect more rate cuts as inflation falls With solid growth low unemployment and the market near record highs , the Fed chose to preserve strength


Question: Trying is counterproductive

Trying is counterproductive---good ones actively solve our impacts

Chenyang 23 [Lingxi Chenyang, Associate Law Professor at the University of Utah S.J. Quinney College of Law, “Resilient Carbon,” Environmental Law Reporter, 53, June 2023, 53 ELR 10482, NexisUni]

Behind critiques of offsetting lies suspicion of a shift from judicial appeals critiques assume mitigation is the sole function But market-based approaches the most financially transparent, and accessible funding Public alternatives failed to remedy injustices contributed to rising tensions developing countries voiced " ardent and unanimous support " for continuation


Question: Chenyang 23

Trying is counterproductive---good ones actively solve our impacts

Chenyang 23 [Lingxi Chenyang, Associate Law Professor at the University of Utah S.J. Quinney College of Law, “Resilient Carbon,” Environmental Law Reporter, 53, June 2023, 53 ELR 10482, NexisUni]

Behind critiques of offsetting lies suspicion of a shift from judicial appeals critiques assume mitigation is the sole function But market-based approaches the most financially transparent, and accessible funding Public alternatives failed to remedy injustices contributed to rising tensions developing countries voiced " ardent and unanimous support " for continuation


Question: Lingxi Chenyang Resilient Carbon

Trying is counterproductive---good ones actively solve our impacts

Chenyang 23 [Lingxi Chenyang, Associate Law Professor at the University of Utah S.J. Quinney College of Law, “Resilient Carbon,” Environmental Law Reporter, 53, June 2023, 53 ELR 10482, NexisUni]

Behind critiques of offsetting lies suspicion of a shift from judicial appeals critiques assume mitigation is the sole function But market-based approaches the most financially transparent, and accessible funding Public alternatives failed to remedy injustices contributed to rising tensions developing countries voiced " ardent and unanimous support " for continuation


Question: market based approaches better

Trying is counterproductive---good ones actively solve our impacts

Chenyang 23 [Lingxi Chenyang, Associate Law Professor at the University of Utah S.J. Quinney College of Law, “Resilient Carbon,” Environmental Law Reporter, 53, June 2023, 53 ELR 10482, NexisUni]

Behind critiques of offsetting lies suspicion of a shift from judicial appeals critiques assume mitigation is the sole function But market-based approaches the most financially transparent, and accessible funding Public alternatives failed to remedy injustices contributed to rising tensions developing countries voiced " ardent and unanimous support " for continuation


Question: offsets funding and transparent

Trying is counterproductive---good ones actively solve our impacts

Chenyang 23 [Lingxi Chenyang, Associate Law Professor at the University of Utah S.J. Quinney College of Law, “Resilient Carbon,” Environmental Law Reporter, 53, June 2023, 53 ELR 10482, NexisUni]

Behind critiques of offsetting lies suspicion of a shift from judicial appeals critiques assume mitigation is the sole function But market-based approaches the most financially transparent, and accessible funding Public alternatives failed to remedy injustices contributed to rising tensions developing countries voiced " ardent and unanimous support " for continuation


Question: public alternatives failed

Trying is counterproductive---good ones actively solve our impacts

Chenyang 23 [Lingxi Chenyang, Associate Law Professor at the University of Utah S.J. Quinney College of Law, “Resilient Carbon,” Environmental Law Reporter, 53, June 2023, 53 ELR 10482, NexisUni]

Behind critiques of offsetting lies suspicion of a shift from judicial appeals critiques assume mitigation is the sole function But market-based approaches the most financially transparent, and accessible funding Public alternatives failed to remedy injustices contributed to rising tensions developing countries voiced " ardent and unanimous support " for continuation


Question: mitigation sole function bad

Trying is counterproductive---good ones actively solve our impacts

Chenyang 23 [Lingxi Chenyang, Associate Law Professor at the University of Utah S.J. Quinney College of Law, “Resilient Carbon,” Environmental Law Reporter, 53, June 2023, 53 ELR 10482, NexisUni]

Behind critiques of offsetting lies suspicion of a shift from judicial appeals critiques assume mitigation is the sole function But market-based approaches the most financially transparent, and accessible funding Public alternatives failed to remedy injustices contributed to rising tensions developing countries voiced " ardent and unanimous support " for continuation


Question: capitalism causes extinction

Capitalism is accelerating toward extinction and global fascism — the fundamental question at the heart of the left is developing tools for organization and tactics to bring about revolution.

Escalante 19, M.A. in Philosophy at the University of Oregon, Marxist-Leninist, feminist and anti-imperialist activist. (Alyson, September 8, 2019, “Truth and Practice: The Marxist Theory of Knowledge,” tinyurl.com/8jksnexs)

The world is in a dire state Capitalist production created a climate crisis that leaves us on the brink of extinction Governments turning to fascist leaders to assuage fears and the most marginalized suffer Whole countries are destroyed in bids for fossil fuels The need for revolutionary movement has never been so clear people realize capitalism and imperialism are the problem and we must unite for a better world how will we know what tactics to unite around? masses do not want defeat they want to fight back What is at stake in questions of Marxist epistemology is the possibility of revolution We must defend this possibility


Question: escalante 19

Capitalism is accelerating toward extinction and global fascism — the fundamental question at the heart of the left is developing tools for organization and tactics to bring about revolution.

Escalante 19, M.A. in Philosophy at the University of Oregon, Marxist-Leninist, feminist and anti-imperialist activist. (Alyson, September 8, 2019, “Truth and Practice: The Marxist Theory of Knowledge,” tinyurl.com/8jksnexs)

The world is in a dire state Capitalist production created a climate crisis that leaves us on the brink of extinction Governments turning to fascist leaders to assuage fears and the most marginalized suffer Whole countries are destroyed in bids for fossil fuels The need for revolutionary movement has never been so clear people realize capitalism and imperialism are the problem and we must unite for a better world how will we know what tactics to unite around? masses do not want defeat they want to fight back What is at stake in questions of Marxist epistemology is the possibility of revolution We must defend this possibility


Question: marxist theory of knowledge

Capitalism is accelerating toward extinction and global fascism — the fundamental question at the heart of the left is developing tools for organization and tactics to bring about revolution.

Escalante 19, M.A. in Philosophy at the University of Oregon, Marxist-Leninist, feminist and anti-imperialist activist. (Alyson, September 8, 2019, “Truth and Practice: The Marxist Theory of Knowledge,” tinyurl.com/8jksnexs)

The world is in a dire state Capitalist production created a climate crisis that leaves us on the brink of extinction Governments turning to fascist leaders to assuage fears and the most marginalized suffer Whole countries are destroyed in bids for fossil fuels The need for revolutionary movement has never been so clear people realize capitalism and imperialism are the problem and we must unite for a better world how will we know what tactics to unite around? masses do not want defeat they want to fight back What is at stake in questions of Marxist epistemology is the possibility of revolution We must defend this possibility


Question: Alyson Escalante

Capitalism is accelerating toward extinction and global fascism — the fundamental question at the heart of the left is developing tools for organization and tactics to bring about revolution.

Escalante 19, M.A. in Philosophy at the University of Oregon, Marxist-Leninist, feminist and anti-imperialist activist. (Alyson, September 8, 2019, “Truth and Practice: The Marxist Theory of Knowledge,” tinyurl.com/8jksnexs)

The world is in a dire state Capitalist production created a climate crisis that leaves us on the brink of extinction Governments turning to fascist leaders to assuage fears and the most marginalized suffer Whole countries are destroyed in bids for fossil fuels The need for revolutionary movement has never been so clear people realize capitalism and imperialism are the problem and we must unite for a better world how will we know what tactics to unite around? masses do not want defeat they want to fight back What is at stake in questions of Marxist epistemology is the possibility of revolution We must defend this possibility


Question: Capitalism accelerating towards extinction

Capitalism is accelerating toward extinction and global fascism — the fundamental question at the heart of the left is developing tools for organization and tactics to bring about revolution.

Escalante 19, M.A. in Philosophy at the University of Oregon, Marxist-Leninist, feminist and anti-imperialist activist. (Alyson, September 8, 2019, “Truth and Practice: The Marxist Theory of Knowledge,” tinyurl.com/8jksnexs)

The world is in a dire state Capitalist production created a climate crisis that leaves us on the brink of extinction Governments turning to fascist leaders to assuage fears and the most marginalized suffer Whole countries are destroyed in bids for fossil fuels The need for revolutionary movement has never been so clear people realize capitalism and imperialism are the problem and we must unite for a better world how will we know what tactics to unite around? masses do not want defeat they want to fight back What is at stake in questions of Marxist epistemology is the possibility of revolution We must defend this possibility


Question: revolutionary movement needed

Capitalism is accelerating toward extinction and global fascism — the fundamental question at the heart of the left is developing tools for organization and tactics to bring about revolution.

Escalante 19, M.A. in Philosophy at the University of Oregon, Marxist-Leninist, feminist and anti-imperialist activist. (Alyson, September 8, 2019, “Truth and Practice: The Marxist Theory of Knowledge,” tinyurl.com/8jksnexs)

The world is in a dire state Capitalist production created a climate crisis that leaves us on the brink of extinction Governments turning to fascist leaders to assuage fears and the most marginalized suffer Whole countries are destroyed in bids for fossil fuels The need for revolutionary movement has never been so clear people realize capitalism and imperialism are the problem and we must unite for a better world how will we know what tactics to unite around? masses do not want defeat they want to fight back What is at stake in questions of Marxist epistemology is the possibility of revolution We must defend this possibility


Question: climate crisis fascism

Capitalism is accelerating toward extinction and global fascism — the fundamental question at the heart of the left is developing tools for organization and tactics to bring about revolution.

Escalante 19, M.A. in Philosophy at the University of Oregon, Marxist-Leninist, feminist and anti-imperialist activist. (Alyson, September 8, 2019, “Truth and Practice: The Marxist Theory of Knowledge,” tinyurl.com/8jksnexs)

The world is in a dire state Capitalist production created a climate crisis that leaves us on the brink of extinction Governments turning to fascist leaders to assuage fears and the most marginalized suffer Whole countries are destroyed in bids for fossil fuels The need for revolutionary movement has never been so clear people realize capitalism and imperialism are the problem and we must unite for a better world how will we know what tactics to unite around? masses do not want defeat they want to fight back What is at stake in questions of Marxist epistemology is the possibility of revolution We must defend this possibility


Question: marxist epistemology revolution

Capitalism is accelerating toward extinction and global fascism — the fundamental question at the heart of the left is developing tools for organization and tactics to bring about revolution.

Escalante 19, M.A. in Philosophy at the University of Oregon, Marxist-Leninist, feminist and anti-imperialist activist. (Alyson, September 8, 2019, “Truth and Practice: The Marxist Theory of Knowledge,” tinyurl.com/8jksnexs)

The world is in a dire state Capitalist production created a climate crisis that leaves us on the brink of extinction Governments turning to fascist leaders to assuage fears and the most marginalized suffer Whole countries are destroyed in bids for fossil fuels The need for revolutionary movement has never been so clear people realize capitalism and imperialism are the problem and we must unite for a better world how will we know what tactics to unite around? masses do not want defeat they want to fight back What is at stake in questions of Marxist epistemology is the possibility of revolution We must defend this possibility


Question: protectionist fragmentation causes extinction

Protectionist fragmentation causes global instability --- Extinction.

Dr. Suzanne Fry 21, Director of the Strategic Futures Group at the National Intelligence Council (NIC), Ph.D. in Politics from New York University, B.A. in Government and International Studies from the University of Notre Dame, Member of the Council on Foreign Relations, et al., “Global Trends 2040: A More Contested World”, A Publication of the National Intelligence Council, March 2021, https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/assessments/GlobalTrends_2040.pdf

the world fragment into blocs countries verge of becoming failed problems spottily addressed economic decoupling drive countries to do the unthinkable developing economies hit hard widespread insecurity across Africa , the Middle Eas t, and South Asia spreading instability With globalization disrupted States left behind and cut off . accelerated programs to develop nuclear weapons conflicts occur at edges of blocs over Arctic and space


Question: Suzanne Fry global trends

Protectionist fragmentation causes global instability --- Extinction.

Dr. Suzanne Fry 21, Director of the Strategic Futures Group at the National Intelligence Council (NIC), Ph.D. in Politics from New York University, B.A. in Government and International Studies from the University of Notre Dame, Member of the Council on Foreign Relations, et al., “Global Trends 2040: A More Contested World”, A Publication of the National Intelligence Council, March 2021, https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/assessments/GlobalTrends_2040.pdf

the world fragment into blocs countries verge of becoming failed problems spottily addressed economic decoupling drive countries to do the unthinkable developing economies hit hard widespread insecurity across Africa , the Middle Eas t, and South Asia spreading instability With globalization disrupted States left behind and cut off . accelerated programs to develop nuclear weapons conflicts occur at edges of blocs over Arctic and space


Question: global trends 2040

Protectionist fragmentation causes global instability --- Extinction.

Dr. Suzanne Fry 21, Director of the Strategic Futures Group at the National Intelligence Council (NIC), Ph.D. in Politics from New York University, B.A. in Government and International Studies from the University of Notre Dame, Member of the Council on Foreign Relations, et al., “Global Trends 2040: A More Contested World”, A Publication of the National Intelligence Council, March 2021, https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/assessments/GlobalTrends_2040.pdf

the world fragment into blocs countries verge of becoming failed problems spottily addressed economic decoupling drive countries to do the unthinkable developing economies hit hard widespread insecurity across Africa , the Middle Eas t, and South Asia spreading instability With globalization disrupted States left behind and cut off . accelerated programs to develop nuclear weapons conflicts occur at edges of blocs over Arctic and space


Question: economic decoupling

Protectionist fragmentation causes global instability --- Extinction.

Dr. Suzanne Fry 21, Director of the Strategic Futures Group at the National Intelligence Council (NIC), Ph.D. in Politics from New York University, B.A. in Government and International Studies from the University of Notre Dame, Member of the Council on Foreign Relations, et al., “Global Trends 2040: A More Contested World”, A Publication of the National Intelligence Council, March 2021, https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/assessments/GlobalTrends_2040.pdf

the world fragment into blocs countries verge of becoming failed problems spottily addressed economic decoupling drive countries to do the unthinkable developing economies hit hard widespread insecurity across Africa , the Middle Eas t, and South Asia spreading instability With globalization disrupted States left behind and cut off . accelerated programs to develop nuclear weapons conflicts occur at edges of blocs over Arctic and space


Question: fragmentation causes instability

Protectionist fragmentation causes global instability --- Extinction.

Dr. Suzanne Fry 21, Director of the Strategic Futures Group at the National Intelligence Council (NIC), Ph.D. in Politics from New York University, B.A. in Government and International Studies from the University of Notre Dame, Member of the Council on Foreign Relations, et al., “Global Trends 2040: A More Contested World”, A Publication of the National Intelligence Council, March 2021, https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/assessments/GlobalTrends_2040.pdf

the world fragment into blocs countries verge of becoming failed problems spottily addressed economic decoupling drive countries to do the unthinkable developing economies hit hard widespread insecurity across Africa , the Middle Eas t, and South Asia spreading instability With globalization disrupted States left behind and cut off . accelerated programs to develop nuclear weapons conflicts occur at edges of blocs over Arctic and space


Question: globalization disrupted

Protectionist fragmentation causes global instability --- Extinction.

Dr. Suzanne Fry 21, Director of the Strategic Futures Group at the National Intelligence Council (NIC), Ph.D. in Politics from New York University, B.A. in Government and International Studies from the University of Notre Dame, Member of the Council on Foreign Relations, et al., “Global Trends 2040: A More Contested World”, A Publication of the National Intelligence Council, March 2021, https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/assessments/GlobalTrends_2040.pdf

the world fragment into blocs countries verge of becoming failed problems spottily addressed economic decoupling drive countries to do the unthinkable developing economies hit hard widespread insecurity across Africa , the Middle Eas t, and South Asia spreading instability With globalization disrupted States left behind and cut off . accelerated programs to develop nuclear weapons conflicts occur at edges of blocs over Arctic and space


Question: Mechanism diversity carbon tax aff

MECHANISM DIVERSITY---The carbon tax AFF alone has a number of design concerns that encourage AFF innovation.

Parry et al 12, [Ian Parry. Fiscal Affairs Department, International Monetary Fund. Rick van der Ploeg. University of Oxford, United Kingdom. Roberton Williams. University of Maryland and Resources for the Future, United States. “How to Design a Carbon Tax.” September 10, 2012. https://www.elibrary.imf.org/downloadpdf/display/book/9781616353933/ch02.pdf]//KAK

crafting  carbon tax concern number of  design issues choosing the base justify admin complexities different fuel types and fuel users taxes levied upstream encourage carbon capture Uniform charging providing firms with incentives to exploit opportunities downstream systems natural extension of pollution programs exempt entities need to be accompanied by additional programs new revenue source Earmark for clean tech climate fi nance r and d compensation for industry boost econ efficiency reductions in other taxes revenues used for deficit reduction desirable public spending alleviate  concerns about competitiveness alter tax/benefit system choice of collection points Even under upstream approach there are a range of options oil there are petroleum refi neries processing plants for coal best to tax at mine mouth it makes sense to progressively expand tax system incorporated through offset s carbon sequestration projects integrated into tax carbon regimes There is debate about whether taxes should immediately be set at very high level upfront reach an international agreement if tax took form of a carbon tax floor individual countries harmonized with other countries promoting a “ bandwagon effect if they include border tax adjustments


Question: Parry et al 12

MECHANISM DIVERSITY---The carbon tax AFF alone has a number of design concerns that encourage AFF innovation.

Parry et al 12, [Ian Parry. Fiscal Affairs Department, International Monetary Fund. Rick van der Ploeg. University of Oxford, United Kingdom. Roberton Williams. University of Maryland and Resources for the Future, United States. “How to Design a Carbon Tax.” September 10, 2012. https://www.elibrary.imf.org/downloadpdf/display/book/9781616353933/ch02.pdf]//KAK

crafting  carbon tax concern number of  design issues choosing the base justify admin complexities different fuel types and fuel users taxes levied upstream encourage carbon capture Uniform charging providing firms with incentives to exploit opportunities downstream systems natural extension of pollution programs exempt entities need to be accompanied by additional programs new revenue source Earmark for clean tech climate fi nance r and d compensation for industry boost econ efficiency reductions in other taxes revenues used for deficit reduction desirable public spending alleviate  concerns about competitiveness alter tax/benefit system choice of collection points Even under upstream approach there are a range of options oil there are petroleum refi neries processing plants for coal best to tax at mine mouth it makes sense to progressively expand tax system incorporated through offset s carbon sequestration projects integrated into tax carbon regimes There is debate about whether taxes should immediately be set at very high level upfront reach an international agreement if tax took form of a carbon tax floor individual countries harmonized with other countries promoting a “ bandwagon effect if they include border tax adjustments


Question: carbon tax design issues

MECHANISM DIVERSITY---The carbon tax AFF alone has a number of design concerns that encourage AFF innovation.

Parry et al 12, [Ian Parry. Fiscal Affairs Department, International Monetary Fund. Rick van der Ploeg. University of Oxford, United Kingdom. Roberton Williams. University of Maryland and Resources for the Future, United States. “How to Design a Carbon Tax.” September 10, 2012. https://www.elibrary.imf.org/downloadpdf/display/book/9781616353933/ch02.pdf]//KAK

crafting  carbon tax concern number of  design issues choosing the base justify admin complexities different fuel types and fuel users taxes levied upstream encourage carbon capture Uniform charging providing firms with incentives to exploit opportunities downstream systems natural extension of pollution programs exempt entities need to be accompanied by additional programs new revenue source Earmark for clean tech climate fi nance r and d compensation for industry boost econ efficiency reductions in other taxes revenues used for deficit reduction desirable public spending alleviate  concerns about competitiveness alter tax/benefit system choice of collection points Even under upstream approach there are a range of options oil there are petroleum refi neries processing plants for coal best to tax at mine mouth it makes sense to progressively expand tax system incorporated through offset s carbon sequestration projects integrated into tax carbon regimes There is debate about whether taxes should immediately be set at very high level upfront reach an international agreement if tax took form of a carbon tax floor individual countries harmonized with other countries promoting a “ bandwagon effect if they include border tax adjustments


Question: design a carbon tax

MECHANISM DIVERSITY---The carbon tax AFF alone has a number of design concerns that encourage AFF innovation.

Parry et al 12, [Ian Parry. Fiscal Affairs Department, International Monetary Fund. Rick van der Ploeg. University of Oxford, United Kingdom. Roberton Williams. University of Maryland and Resources for the Future, United States. “How to Design a Carbon Tax.” September 10, 2012. https://www.elibrary.imf.org/downloadpdf/display/book/9781616353933/ch02.pdf]//KAK

crafting  carbon tax concern number of  design issues choosing the base justify admin complexities different fuel types and fuel users taxes levied upstream encourage carbon capture Uniform charging providing firms with incentives to exploit opportunities downstream systems natural extension of pollution programs exempt entities need to be accompanied by additional programs new revenue source Earmark for clean tech climate fi nance r and d compensation for industry boost econ efficiency reductions in other taxes revenues used for deficit reduction desirable public spending alleviate  concerns about competitiveness alter tax/benefit system choice of collection points Even under upstream approach there are a range of options oil there are petroleum refi neries processing plants for coal best to tax at mine mouth it makes sense to progressively expand tax system incorporated through offset s carbon sequestration projects integrated into tax carbon regimes There is debate about whether taxes should immediately be set at very high level upfront reach an international agreement if tax took form of a carbon tax floor individual countries harmonized with other countries promoting a “ bandwagon effect if they include border tax adjustments


Question: carbon tax revenue uses

MECHANISM DIVERSITY---The carbon tax AFF alone has a number of design concerns that encourage AFF innovation.

Parry et al 12, [Ian Parry. Fiscal Affairs Department, International Monetary Fund. Rick van der Ploeg. University of Oxford, United Kingdom. Roberton Williams. University of Maryland and Resources for the Future, United States. “How to Design a Carbon Tax.” September 10, 2012. https://www.elibrary.imf.org/downloadpdf/display/book/9781616353933/ch02.pdf]//KAK

crafting  carbon tax concern number of  design issues choosing the base justify admin complexities different fuel types and fuel users taxes levied upstream encourage carbon capture Uniform charging providing firms with incentives to exploit opportunities downstream systems natural extension of pollution programs exempt entities need to be accompanied by additional programs new revenue source Earmark for clean tech climate fi nance r and d compensation for industry boost econ efficiency reductions in other taxes revenues used for deficit reduction desirable public spending alleviate  concerns about competitiveness alter tax/benefit system choice of collection points Even under upstream approach there are a range of options oil there are petroleum refi neries processing plants for coal best to tax at mine mouth it makes sense to progressively expand tax system incorporated through offset s carbon sequestration projects integrated into tax carbon regimes There is debate about whether taxes should immediately be set at very high level upfront reach an international agreement if tax took form of a carbon tax floor individual countries harmonized with other countries promoting a “ bandwagon effect if they include border tax adjustments


Question: how to design carbon tax

MECHANISM DIVERSITY---The carbon tax AFF alone has a number of design concerns that encourage AFF innovation.

Parry et al 12, [Ian Parry. Fiscal Affairs Department, International Monetary Fund. Rick van der Ploeg. University of Oxford, United Kingdom. Roberton Williams. University of Maryland and Resources for the Future, United States. “How to Design a Carbon Tax.” September 10, 2012. https://www.elibrary.imf.org/downloadpdf/display/book/9781616353933/ch02.pdf]//KAK

crafting  carbon tax concern number of  design issues choosing the base justify admin complexities different fuel types and fuel users taxes levied upstream encourage carbon capture Uniform charging providing firms with incentives to exploit opportunities downstream systems natural extension of pollution programs exempt entities need to be accompanied by additional programs new revenue source Earmark for clean tech climate fi nance r and d compensation for industry boost econ efficiency reductions in other taxes revenues used for deficit reduction desirable public spending alleviate  concerns about competitiveness alter tax/benefit system choice of collection points Even under upstream approach there are a range of options oil there are petroleum refi neries processing plants for coal best to tax at mine mouth it makes sense to progressively expand tax system incorporated through offset s carbon sequestration projects integrated into tax carbon regimes There is debate about whether taxes should immediately be set at very high level upfront reach an international agreement if tax took form of a carbon tax floor individual countries harmonized with other countries promoting a “ bandwagon effect if they include border tax adjustments


Question: carbon tax mechanism diversity

MECHANISM DIVERSITY---The carbon tax AFF alone has a number of design concerns that encourage AFF innovation.

Parry et al 12, [Ian Parry. Fiscal Affairs Department, International Monetary Fund. Rick van der Ploeg. University of Oxford, United Kingdom. Roberton Williams. University of Maryland and Resources for the Future, United States. “How to Design a Carbon Tax.” September 10, 2012. https://www.elibrary.imf.org/downloadpdf/display/book/9781616353933/ch02.pdf]//KAK

crafting  carbon tax concern number of  design issues choosing the base justify admin complexities different fuel types and fuel users taxes levied upstream encourage carbon capture Uniform charging providing firms with incentives to exploit opportunities downstream systems natural extension of pollution programs exempt entities need to be accompanied by additional programs new revenue source Earmark for clean tech climate fi nance r and d compensation for industry boost econ efficiency reductions in other taxes revenues used for deficit reduction desirable public spending alleviate  concerns about competitiveness alter tax/benefit system choice of collection points Even under upstream approach there are a range of options oil there are petroleum refi neries processing plants for coal best to tax at mine mouth it makes sense to progressively expand tax system incorporated through offset s carbon sequestration projects integrated into tax carbon regimes There is debate about whether taxes should immediately be set at very high level upfront reach an international agreement if tax took form of a carbon tax floor individual countries harmonized with other countries promoting a “ bandwagon effect if they include border tax adjustments


Question: Green US leadership liberal order

4—Green U.S. leadership revitalizes the liberal order

Deese ‘24 [Brian Deese is an American economic and political advisor who was the 13th director of the National Economic Council, serving under President Joe Biden. "The Case for a Clean Energy Marshall Plan", Foreign Affairs https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/case-clean-energy-marshall-plan-deese published 8-20-2024, accessed 10-5-2024]

institutions teetering China growing . dynamics creating friction across supply chain clean energy most important greatest opportunity U S chance to lead. to shape outcomes. I R A first step for accelerating energy transition Now is the time to take leadership global  emerging markets need cheap tech to transition U S Putting industries center will generate innovation and growth. creating global markets for its own industries scale gains and strengthen support for fracturing world order


Question: Deese 2024

4—Green U.S. leadership revitalizes the liberal order

Deese ‘24 [Brian Deese is an American economic and political advisor who was the 13th director of the National Economic Council, serving under President Joe Biden. "The Case for a Clean Energy Marshall Plan", Foreign Affairs https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/case-clean-energy-marshall-plan-deese published 8-20-2024, accessed 10-5-2024]

institutions teetering China growing . dynamics creating friction across supply chain clean energy most important greatest opportunity U S chance to lead. to shape outcomes. I R A first step for accelerating energy transition Now is the time to take leadership global  emerging markets need cheap tech to transition U S Putting industries center will generate innovation and growth. creating global markets for its own industries scale gains and strengthen support for fracturing world order


Question: Brian Deese Foreign Affairs

4—Green U.S. leadership revitalizes the liberal order

Deese ‘24 [Brian Deese is an American economic and political advisor who was the 13th director of the National Economic Council, serving under President Joe Biden. "The Case for a Clean Energy Marshall Plan", Foreign Affairs https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/case-clean-energy-marshall-plan-deese published 8-20-2024, accessed 10-5-2024]

institutions teetering China growing . dynamics creating friction across supply chain clean energy most important greatest opportunity U S chance to lead. to shape outcomes. I R A first step for accelerating energy transition Now is the time to take leadership global  emerging markets need cheap tech to transition U S Putting industries center will generate innovation and growth. creating global markets for its own industries scale gains and strengthen support for fracturing world order


Question: US clean energy leadership

4—Green U.S. leadership revitalizes the liberal order

Deese ‘24 [Brian Deese is an American economic and political advisor who was the 13th director of the National Economic Council, serving under President Joe Biden. "The Case for a Clean Energy Marshall Plan", Foreign Affairs https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/case-clean-energy-marshall-plan-deese published 8-20-2024, accessed 10-5-2024]

institutions teetering China growing . dynamics creating friction across supply chain clean energy most important greatest opportunity U S chance to lead. to shape outcomes. I R A first step for accelerating energy transition Now is the time to take leadership global  emerging markets need cheap tech to transition U S Putting industries center will generate innovation and growth. creating global markets for its own industries scale gains and strengthen support for fracturing world order


Question: US leadership in global markets

4—Green U.S. leadership revitalizes the liberal order

Deese ‘24 [Brian Deese is an American economic and political advisor who was the 13th director of the National Economic Council, serving under President Joe Biden. "The Case for a Clean Energy Marshall Plan", Foreign Affairs https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/case-clean-energy-marshall-plan-deese published 8-20-2024, accessed 10-5-2024]

institutions teetering China growing . dynamics creating friction across supply chain clean energy most important greatest opportunity U S chance to lead. to shape outcomes. I R A first step for accelerating energy transition Now is the time to take leadership global  emerging markets need cheap tech to transition U S Putting industries center will generate innovation and growth. creating global markets for its own industries scale gains and strengthen support for fracturing world order


Question: US industries center innovation

4—Green U.S. leadership revitalizes the liberal order

Deese ‘24 [Brian Deese is an American economic and political advisor who was the 13th director of the National Economic Council, serving under President Joe Biden. "The Case for a Clean Energy Marshall Plan", Foreign Affairs https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/case-clean-energy-marshall-plan-deese published 8-20-2024, accessed 10-5-2024]

institutions teetering China growing . dynamics creating friction across supply chain clean energy most important greatest opportunity U S chance to lead. to shape outcomes. I R A first step for accelerating energy transition Now is the time to take leadership global  emerging markets need cheap tech to transition U S Putting industries center will generate innovation and growth. creating global markets for its own industries scale gains and strengthen support for fracturing world order


Question: US lead global energy transition

4—Green U.S. leadership revitalizes the liberal order

Deese ‘24 [Brian Deese is an American economic and political advisor who was the 13th director of the National Economic Council, serving under President Joe Biden. "The Case for a Clean Energy Marshall Plan", Foreign Affairs https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/case-clean-energy-marshall-plan-deese published 8-20-2024, accessed 10-5-2024]

institutions teetering China growing . dynamics creating friction across supply chain clean energy most important greatest opportunity U S chance to lead. to shape outcomes. I R A first step for accelerating energy transition Now is the time to take leadership global  emerging markets need cheap tech to transition U S Putting industries center will generate innovation and growth. creating global markets for its own industries scale gains and strengthen support for fracturing world order


Question: Clean energy marshall plan

4—Green U.S. leadership revitalizes the liberal order

Deese ‘24 [Brian Deese is an American economic and political advisor who was the 13th director of the National Economic Council, serving under President Joe Biden. "The Case for a Clean Energy Marshall Plan", Foreign Affairs https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/case-clean-energy-marshall-plan-deese published 8-20-2024, accessed 10-5-2024]

institutions teetering China growing . dynamics creating friction across supply chain clean energy most important greatest opportunity U S chance to lead. to shape outcomes. I R A first step for accelerating energy transition Now is the time to take leadership global  emerging markets need cheap tech to transition U S Putting industries center will generate innovation and growth. creating global markets for its own industries scale gains and strengthen support for fracturing world order


Question: 45Q incentivizes fossil fuels

The 45Q tax credit incentivizes consumption of fossil fuels---the counterplan amends it to increase benefits per unit-removed---that sufficiently spurs growth.

Apillanes and Penalosa 23 [Sierra Apillanes Sustainability Law Student Research Fellow, Program on Law and Sustainability, Arizona State University Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law (J.D., 2022). B.A. Earth and Environmental Studies, Arizona State University (2019). Alexa Penalosa Sustainability Law Student Research Fellow, Program on Law and Sustainability, Arizona State University Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law (J.D., 2022). B.S. Environmental Science, University of California Santa Barbara (2017). “Unleashing Carbon Removal Technologies” Colo. Nat. Resources Energy & Env't L. Rev. 31, https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/colenvlp34&div=6&id=&page=]

Integrating definitions into fed incentive programs would kick-start investment in carbon removal 45Q credit has been most impactful program in promoting private investment an amendment that provided clearer def and offered stepped-up tax credit benefits would incentivize growth 45 Q credit encourages fossil fuels slowing transition to carbon free econ , Section 45Q reward any industrial facility for capture of CO2 that would be released cannot be extended to NETs they do not fit within parameters amendments to cover DAC facilities fall short of encompassing broad array of NETs limits eligibility to those that use capture equipment do not clarify whether definition extends to tech utilized indepen dent from industrial facility provision excludes all other strategies Enacting provision that offers stepped-up credits to actors working independently would enable tech to mature and proliferate any actor would receive per-unit tax credits would discourage emitting facilities from attempting to abuse credit to subsidize activities. current credits computed per metric ton a stepped-up credit could be computed on a permetric-ton basis


Question: Apillanes and Penalosa 23

The 45Q tax credit incentivizes consumption of fossil fuels---the counterplan amends it to increase benefits per unit-removed---that sufficiently spurs growth.

Apillanes and Penalosa 23 [Sierra Apillanes Sustainability Law Student Research Fellow, Program on Law and Sustainability, Arizona State University Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law (J.D., 2022). B.A. Earth and Environmental Studies, Arizona State University (2019). Alexa Penalosa Sustainability Law Student Research Fellow, Program on Law and Sustainability, Arizona State University Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law (J.D., 2022). B.S. Environmental Science, University of California Santa Barbara (2017). “Unleashing Carbon Removal Technologies” Colo. Nat. Resources Energy & Env't L. Rev. 31, https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/colenvlp34&div=6&id=&page=]

Integrating definitions into fed incentive programs would kick-start investment in carbon removal 45Q credit has been most impactful program in promoting private investment an amendment that provided clearer def and offered stepped-up tax credit benefits would incentivize growth 45 Q credit encourages fossil fuels slowing transition to carbon free econ , Section 45Q reward any industrial facility for capture of CO2 that would be released cannot be extended to NETs they do not fit within parameters amendments to cover DAC facilities fall short of encompassing broad array of NETs limits eligibility to those that use capture equipment do not clarify whether definition extends to tech utilized indepen dent from industrial facility provision excludes all other strategies Enacting provision that offers stepped-up credits to actors working independently would enable tech to mature and proliferate any actor would receive per-unit tax credits would discourage emitting facilities from attempting to abuse credit to subsidize activities. current credits computed per metric ton a stepped-up credit could be computed on a permetric-ton basis


Question: 45Q tax credit

The 45Q tax credit incentivizes consumption of fossil fuels---the counterplan amends it to increase benefits per unit-removed---that sufficiently spurs growth.

Apillanes and Penalosa 23 [Sierra Apillanes Sustainability Law Student Research Fellow, Program on Law and Sustainability, Arizona State University Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law (J.D., 2022). B.A. Earth and Environmental Studies, Arizona State University (2019). Alexa Penalosa Sustainability Law Student Research Fellow, Program on Law and Sustainability, Arizona State University Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law (J.D., 2022). B.S. Environmental Science, University of California Santa Barbara (2017). “Unleashing Carbon Removal Technologies” Colo. Nat. Resources Energy & Env't L. Rev. 31, https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/colenvlp34&div=6&id=&page=]

Integrating definitions into fed incentive programs would kick-start investment in carbon removal 45Q credit has been most impactful program in promoting private investment an amendment that provided clearer def and offered stepped-up tax credit benefits would incentivize growth 45 Q credit encourages fossil fuels slowing transition to carbon free econ , Section 45Q reward any industrial facility for capture of CO2 that would be released cannot be extended to NETs they do not fit within parameters amendments to cover DAC facilities fall short of encompassing broad array of NETs limits eligibility to those that use capture equipment do not clarify whether definition extends to tech utilized indepen dent from industrial facility provision excludes all other strategies Enacting provision that offers stepped-up credits to actors working independently would enable tech to mature and proliferate any actor would receive per-unit tax credits would discourage emitting facilities from attempting to abuse credit to subsidize activities. current credits computed per metric ton a stepped-up credit could be computed on a permetric-ton basis


Question: carbon removal technologies

The 45Q tax credit incentivizes consumption of fossil fuels---the counterplan amends it to increase benefits per unit-removed---that sufficiently spurs growth.

Apillanes and Penalosa 23 [Sierra Apillanes Sustainability Law Student Research Fellow, Program on Law and Sustainability, Arizona State University Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law (J.D., 2022). B.A. Earth and Environmental Studies, Arizona State University (2019). Alexa Penalosa Sustainability Law Student Research Fellow, Program on Law and Sustainability, Arizona State University Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law (J.D., 2022). B.S. Environmental Science, University of California Santa Barbara (2017). “Unleashing Carbon Removal Technologies” Colo. Nat. Resources Energy & Env't L. Rev. 31, https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/colenvlp34&div=6&id=&page=]

Integrating definitions into fed incentive programs would kick-start investment in carbon removal 45Q credit has been most impactful program in promoting private investment an amendment that provided clearer def and offered stepped-up tax credit benefits would incentivize growth 45 Q credit encourages fossil fuels slowing transition to carbon free econ , Section 45Q reward any industrial facility for capture of CO2 that would be released cannot be extended to NETs they do not fit within parameters amendments to cover DAC facilities fall short of encompassing broad array of NETs limits eligibility to those that use capture equipment do not clarify whether definition extends to tech utilized indepen dent from industrial facility provision excludes all other strategies Enacting provision that offers stepped-up credits to actors working independently would enable tech to mature and proliferate any actor would receive per-unit tax credits would discourage emitting facilities from attempting to abuse credit to subsidize activities. current credits computed per metric ton a stepped-up credit could be computed on a permetric-ton basis


Question: incentivize growth

The 45Q tax credit incentivizes consumption of fossil fuels---the counterplan amends it to increase benefits per unit-removed---that sufficiently spurs growth.

Apillanes and Penalosa 23 [Sierra Apillanes Sustainability Law Student Research Fellow, Program on Law and Sustainability, Arizona State University Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law (J.D., 2022). B.A. Earth and Environmental Studies, Arizona State University (2019). Alexa Penalosa Sustainability Law Student Research Fellow, Program on Law and Sustainability, Arizona State University Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law (J.D., 2022). B.S. Environmental Science, University of California Santa Barbara (2017). “Unleashing Carbon Removal Technologies” Colo. Nat. Resources Energy & Env't L. Rev. 31, https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/colenvlp34&div=6&id=&page=]

Integrating definitions into fed incentive programs would kick-start investment in carbon removal 45Q credit has been most impactful program in promoting private investment an amendment that provided clearer def and offered stepped-up tax credit benefits would incentivize growth 45 Q credit encourages fossil fuels slowing transition to carbon free econ , Section 45Q reward any industrial facility for capture of CO2 that would be released cannot be extended to NETs they do not fit within parameters amendments to cover DAC facilities fall short of encompassing broad array of NETs limits eligibility to those that use capture equipment do not clarify whether definition extends to tech utilized indepen dent from industrial facility provision excludes all other strategies Enacting provision that offers stepped-up credits to actors working independently would enable tech to mature and proliferate any actor would receive per-unit tax credits would discourage emitting facilities from attempting to abuse credit to subsidize activities. current credits computed per metric ton a stepped-up credit could be computed on a permetric-ton basis


Question: stepped-up tax credit benefits

The 45Q tax credit incentivizes consumption of fossil fuels---the counterplan amends it to increase benefits per unit-removed---that sufficiently spurs growth.

Apillanes and Penalosa 23 [Sierra Apillanes Sustainability Law Student Research Fellow, Program on Law and Sustainability, Arizona State University Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law (J.D., 2022). B.A. Earth and Environmental Studies, Arizona State University (2019). Alexa Penalosa Sustainability Law Student Research Fellow, Program on Law and Sustainability, Arizona State University Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law (J.D., 2022). B.S. Environmental Science, University of California Santa Barbara (2017). “Unleashing Carbon Removal Technologies” Colo. Nat. Resources Energy & Env't L. Rev. 31, https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/colenvlp34&div=6&id=&page=]

Integrating definitions into fed incentive programs would kick-start investment in carbon removal 45Q credit has been most impactful program in promoting private investment an amendment that provided clearer def and offered stepped-up tax credit benefits would incentivize growth 45 Q credit encourages fossil fuels slowing transition to carbon free econ , Section 45Q reward any industrial facility for capture of CO2 that would be released cannot be extended to NETs they do not fit within parameters amendments to cover DAC facilities fall short of encompassing broad array of NETs limits eligibility to those that use capture equipment do not clarify whether definition extends to tech utilized indepen dent from industrial facility provision excludes all other strategies Enacting provision that offers stepped-up credits to actors working independently would enable tech to mature and proliferate any actor would receive per-unit tax credits would discourage emitting facilities from attempting to abuse credit to subsidize activities. current credits computed per metric ton a stepped-up credit could be computed on a permetric-ton basis


Question: 45Q credit encourages fossil fuels

The 45Q tax credit incentivizes consumption of fossil fuels---the counterplan amends it to increase benefits per unit-removed---that sufficiently spurs growth.

Apillanes and Penalosa 23 [Sierra Apillanes Sustainability Law Student Research Fellow, Program on Law and Sustainability, Arizona State University Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law (J.D., 2022). B.A. Earth and Environmental Studies, Arizona State University (2019). Alexa Penalosa Sustainability Law Student Research Fellow, Program on Law and Sustainability, Arizona State University Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law (J.D., 2022). B.S. Environmental Science, University of California Santa Barbara (2017). “Unleashing Carbon Removal Technologies” Colo. Nat. Resources Energy & Env't L. Rev. 31, https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/colenvlp34&div=6&id=&page=]

Integrating definitions into fed incentive programs would kick-start investment in carbon removal 45Q credit has been most impactful program in promoting private investment an amendment that provided clearer def and offered stepped-up tax credit benefits would incentivize growth 45 Q credit encourages fossil fuels slowing transition to carbon free econ , Section 45Q reward any industrial facility for capture of CO2 that would be released cannot be extended to NETs they do not fit within parameters amendments to cover DAC facilities fall short of encompassing broad array of NETs limits eligibility to those that use capture equipment do not clarify whether definition extends to tech utilized indepen dent from industrial facility provision excludes all other strategies Enacting provision that offers stepped-up credits to actors working independently would enable tech to mature and proliferate any actor would receive per-unit tax credits would discourage emitting facilities from attempting to abuse credit to subsidize activities. current credits computed per metric ton a stepped-up credit could be computed on a permetric-ton basis