Question: economic effects warming negligible

No economic collapse from warming—damage to the economy would be trivial in the worst-case scenario.

Koonin 21 – Professor of Information, Operations and Management at the NYU Stern School of Business.
Steven Koonin, “Unsettled: What is the Economic Impact of Climate Change?”, ProMarket, 8/11/12, https://www.promarket.org/2021/08/11/unsettled-climate-change-economy-steve-koonin/

twenty published estimates show projected temp rise would impact the economy by 3 percent or less 3 percent in 2100 translates to a decrease in growth rate by 0.04 percent per year the UN report says the economic impact is negligible For most sectors climate will be small relative to population age income tech regulation The consensus on minimal overall economic impact is well known to experts very large warming would diminish the US by 4 percent the US will be four times larger in 2090 warming would delay growth by only two years the notion of climate economic disaster remains alive in the media even the official assessment indicate significant climate change would have negligible net economic impact on the US


Question: That goes nuclear

That goes nuclear.

Saradzhyan 10 (Simon Saradzhyan, Director, Russia Matters Projec @ the Belfer Center, 5-4-2010, "The Role of China in Russia’s Military Thinking," Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/role-china-russias-military-thinking, accessed 2-17-2024)

Should conflict between Russia and China break out Russia has gamed out a limited nuclear strike to prevent foe from overwhelming forces Russian generals developed plans for in the East Russian generals will demonstrate re solve actually increase the risk prompt Beijing to respond by launching ICBMs out of con cern


Question: Saradzhyan 10

That goes nuclear.

Saradzhyan 10 (Simon Saradzhyan, Director, Russia Matters Projec @ the Belfer Center, 5-4-2010, "The Role of China in Russia’s Military Thinking," Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/role-china-russias-military-thinking, accessed 2-17-2024)

Should conflict between Russia and China break out Russia has gamed out a limited nuclear strike to prevent foe from overwhelming forces Russian generals developed plans for in the East Russian generals will demonstrate re solve actually increase the risk prompt Beijing to respond by launching ICBMs out of con cern


Question: Russia China nuclear

That goes nuclear.

Saradzhyan 10 (Simon Saradzhyan, Director, Russia Matters Projec @ the Belfer Center, 5-4-2010, "The Role of China in Russia’s Military Thinking," Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/role-china-russias-military-thinking, accessed 2-17-2024)

Should conflict between Russia and China break out Russia has gamed out a limited nuclear strike to prevent foe from overwhelming forces Russian generals developed plans for in the East Russian generals will demonstrate re solve actually increase the risk prompt Beijing to respond by launching ICBMs out of con cern


Question: Russia China war nuclear escalation

That goes nuclear.

Saradzhyan 10 (Simon Saradzhyan, Director, Russia Matters Projec @ the Belfer Center, 5-4-2010, "The Role of China in Russia’s Military Thinking," Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/role-china-russias-military-thinking, accessed 2-17-2024)

Should conflict between Russia and China break out Russia has gamed out a limited nuclear strike to prevent foe from overwhelming forces Russian generals developed plans for in the East Russian generals will demonstrate re solve actually increase the risk prompt Beijing to respond by launching ICBMs out of con cern


Question: Russia China conflict nuclear

That goes nuclear.

Saradzhyan 10 (Simon Saradzhyan, Director, Russia Matters Projec @ the Belfer Center, 5-4-2010, "The Role of China in Russia’s Military Thinking," Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/role-china-russias-military-thinking, accessed 2-17-2024)

Should conflict between Russia and China break out Russia has gamed out a limited nuclear strike to prevent foe from overwhelming forces Russian generals developed plans for in the East Russian generals will demonstrate re solve actually increase the risk prompt Beijing to respond by launching ICBMs out of con cern


Question: China Russia war goes nuclear

That goes nuclear.

Saradzhyan 10 (Simon Saradzhyan, Director, Russia Matters Projec @ the Belfer Center, 5-4-2010, "The Role of China in Russia’s Military Thinking," Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/role-china-russias-military-thinking, accessed 2-17-2024)

Should conflict between Russia and China break out Russia has gamed out a limited nuclear strike to prevent foe from overwhelming forces Russian generals developed plans for in the East Russian generals will demonstrate re solve actually increase the risk prompt Beijing to respond by launching ICBMs out of con cern


Question: Russia China conflict ICBMs

That goes nuclear.

Saradzhyan 10 (Simon Saradzhyan, Director, Russia Matters Projec @ the Belfer Center, 5-4-2010, "The Role of China in Russia’s Military Thinking," Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/role-china-russias-military-thinking, accessed 2-17-2024)

Should conflict between Russia and China break out Russia has gamed out a limited nuclear strike to prevent foe from overwhelming forces Russian generals developed plans for in the East Russian generals will demonstrate re solve actually increase the risk prompt Beijing to respond by launching ICBMs out of con cern


Question: limited nuclear strike Russia China

That goes nuclear.

Saradzhyan 10 (Simon Saradzhyan, Director, Russia Matters Projec @ the Belfer Center, 5-4-2010, "The Role of China in Russia’s Military Thinking," Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/role-china-russias-military-thinking, accessed 2-17-2024)

Should conflict between Russia and China break out Russia has gamed out a limited nuclear strike to prevent foe from overwhelming forces Russian generals developed plans for in the East Russian generals will demonstrate re solve actually increase the risk prompt Beijing to respond by launching ICBMs out of con cern


Question: Destroys resistance

That destroys resistance.

Sullivan 4, Philosophy, Women's Studies, and African and African American Studies at Penn State University (Shannon Sullivan, 2004, “White World-Traveling,” The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, 18.4)

Opening up world to white philosophers result in destruction of a valuable point of resistance to racism . Because dominance is forced to travel to white worlds and wants to preserve a small space that is free of white people and issues of racism


Question: Sullivan 4

That destroys resistance.

Sullivan 4, Philosophy, Women's Studies, and African and African American Studies at Penn State University (Shannon Sullivan, 2004, “White World-Traveling,” The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, 18.4)

Opening up world to white philosophers result in destruction of a valuable point of resistance to racism . Because dominance is forced to travel to white worlds and wants to preserve a small space that is free of white people and issues of racism


Question: Shannon Sullivan

That destroys resistance.

Sullivan 4, Philosophy, Women's Studies, and African and African American Studies at Penn State University (Shannon Sullivan, 2004, “White World-Traveling,” The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, 18.4)

Opening up world to white philosophers result in destruction of a valuable point of resistance to racism . Because dominance is forced to travel to white worlds and wants to preserve a small space that is free of white people and issues of racism


Question: White world traveling

That destroys resistance.

Sullivan 4, Philosophy, Women's Studies, and African and African American Studies at Penn State University (Shannon Sullivan, 2004, “White World-Traveling,” The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, 18.4)

Opening up world to white philosophers result in destruction of a valuable point of resistance to racism . Because dominance is forced to travel to white worlds and wants to preserve a small space that is free of white people and issues of racism


Question: Destroys resistance to racism

That destroys resistance.

Sullivan 4, Philosophy, Women's Studies, and African and African American Studies at Penn State University (Shannon Sullivan, 2004, “White World-Traveling,” The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, 18.4)

Opening up world to white philosophers result in destruction of a valuable point of resistance to racism . Because dominance is forced to travel to white worlds and wants to preserve a small space that is free of white people and issues of racism


Question: white philosophers destruction resistance

That destroys resistance.

Sullivan 4, Philosophy, Women's Studies, and African and African American Studies at Penn State University (Shannon Sullivan, 2004, “White World-Traveling,” The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, 18.4)

Opening up world to white philosophers result in destruction of a valuable point of resistance to racism . Because dominance is forced to travel to white worlds and wants to preserve a small space that is free of white people and issues of racism


Question: Grid collapse is existential

Grid collapse is existential in it of itself --- but also nuclear war

Guterl 12 – Executive Editor and award-winning journalist, Scientific American

Backup generators would rely on fuel in high demand Businesses would run out of inventory deliveries would cease ( no gasoline trucks planes trains trucking in supplies would not be adequate to cover hundreds of millions loss in human life would quickly nuclear-exchange scenarios


Question: Guterl 12

Grid collapse is existential in it of itself --- but also nuclear war

Guterl 12 – Executive Editor and award-winning journalist, Scientific American

Backup generators would rely on fuel in high demand Businesses would run out of inventory deliveries would cease ( no gasoline trucks planes trains trucking in supplies would not be adequate to cover hundreds of millions loss in human life would quickly nuclear-exchange scenarios


Question: Guterl grid collapse nuclear war

Grid collapse is existential in it of itself --- but also nuclear war

Guterl 12 – Executive Editor and award-winning journalist, Scientific American

Backup generators would rely on fuel in high demand Businesses would run out of inventory deliveries would cease ( no gasoline trucks planes trains trucking in supplies would not be adequate to cover hundreds of millions loss in human life would quickly nuclear-exchange scenarios


Question: grid collapse causes nuclear war

Grid collapse is existential in it of itself --- but also nuclear war

Guterl 12 – Executive Editor and award-winning journalist, Scientific American

Backup generators would rely on fuel in high demand Businesses would run out of inventory deliveries would cease ( no gasoline trucks planes trains trucking in supplies would not be adequate to cover hundreds of millions loss in human life would quickly nuclear-exchange scenarios


Question: Backup generators fuel high demand

Grid collapse is existential in it of itself --- but also nuclear war

Guterl 12 – Executive Editor and award-winning journalist, Scientific American

Backup generators would rely on fuel in high demand Businesses would run out of inventory deliveries would cease ( no gasoline trucks planes trains trucking in supplies would not be adequate to cover hundreds of millions loss in human life would quickly nuclear-exchange scenarios


Question: grid collapse existential threat

Grid collapse is existential in it of itself --- but also nuclear war

Guterl 12 – Executive Editor and award-winning journalist, Scientific American

Backup generators would rely on fuel in high demand Businesses would run out of inventory deliveries would cease ( no gasoline trucks planes trains trucking in supplies would not be adequate to cover hundreds of millions loss in human life would quickly nuclear-exchange scenarios


Question: plant-based food consumer choices

Plan shifts consumer choices towards plant-based foods

PARR-CORTES veterinary school PhD student 2022 (Zoe, b bachelor's degrees in Veterinary Science and Cellular and Molecular Medicine from the University of Bristol. She worked as a small animal veterinarian in general practice before starting her PhD at Bristol Veterinary School where she studies how dogs respond to changes in health and emotions in human “Beef Or Beyond: What Drives Consumer Choices “, faunalytics, July 22,  https://faunalytics.org/beef-or-beyond-what-drives-consumer-choices/ [CORNELL DBT] note://// indicates par. breaks)[AR BING24]

U.S. ag remains heavily tied to animal ag In the second experiment, participants could choose one of four options researchers changed the prices of each item and asked participants to choose nine different times Beef the plant-based burger would need to be $1.11 cheaper for an average omnivore to be equally likely to select it over beef conventional meat-eaters were more likely to change their food choices based on price, which might work in the plant-based industry’s favor once their products reach price parity with meat In the third experiment, participants could choose one of five grocery store products, including two plant-based researchers varied the prices Dropping the price of plant-based items by $1 increased their selection to 5% for regular meat consumers and 31% for non-regular meat consumers regular meat consumers remain heavily dependent on food prices Advocates can make a difference by calling for government f to end animal agriculture subsidies,


Question: Parr-Cortes 2022

Plan shifts consumer choices towards plant-based foods

PARR-CORTES veterinary school PhD student 2022 (Zoe, b bachelor's degrees in Veterinary Science and Cellular and Molecular Medicine from the University of Bristol. She worked as a small animal veterinarian in general practice before starting her PhD at Bristol Veterinary School where she studies how dogs respond to changes in health and emotions in human “Beef Or Beyond: What Drives Consumer Choices “, faunalytics, July 22,  https://faunalytics.org/beef-or-beyond-what-drives-consumer-choices/ [CORNELL DBT] note://// indicates par. breaks)[AR BING24]

U.S. ag remains heavily tied to animal ag In the second experiment, participants could choose one of four options researchers changed the prices of each item and asked participants to choose nine different times Beef the plant-based burger would need to be $1.11 cheaper for an average omnivore to be equally likely to select it over beef conventional meat-eaters were more likely to change their food choices based on price, which might work in the plant-based industry’s favor once their products reach price parity with meat In the third experiment, participants could choose one of five grocery store products, including two plant-based researchers varied the prices Dropping the price of plant-based items by $1 increased their selection to 5% for regular meat consumers and 31% for non-regular meat consumers regular meat consumers remain heavily dependent on food prices Advocates can make a difference by calling for government f to end animal agriculture subsidies,


Question: beef or beyond

Plan shifts consumer choices towards plant-based foods

PARR-CORTES veterinary school PhD student 2022 (Zoe, b bachelor's degrees in Veterinary Science and Cellular and Molecular Medicine from the University of Bristol. She worked as a small animal veterinarian in general practice before starting her PhD at Bristol Veterinary School where she studies how dogs respond to changes in health and emotions in human “Beef Or Beyond: What Drives Consumer Choices “, faunalytics, July 22,  https://faunalytics.org/beef-or-beyond-what-drives-consumer-choices/ [CORNELL DBT] note://// indicates par. breaks)[AR BING24]

U.S. ag remains heavily tied to animal ag In the second experiment, participants could choose one of four options researchers changed the prices of each item and asked participants to choose nine different times Beef the plant-based burger would need to be $1.11 cheaper for an average omnivore to be equally likely to select it over beef conventional meat-eaters were more likely to change their food choices based on price, which might work in the plant-based industry’s favor once their products reach price parity with meat In the third experiment, participants could choose one of five grocery store products, including two plant-based researchers varied the prices Dropping the price of plant-based items by $1 increased their selection to 5% for regular meat consumers and 31% for non-regular meat consumers regular meat consumers remain heavily dependent on food prices Advocates can make a difference by calling for government f to end animal agriculture subsidies,


Question: meat eaters price sensitive

Plan shifts consumer choices towards plant-based foods

PARR-CORTES veterinary school PhD student 2022 (Zoe, b bachelor's degrees in Veterinary Science and Cellular and Molecular Medicine from the University of Bristol. She worked as a small animal veterinarian in general practice before starting her PhD at Bristol Veterinary School where she studies how dogs respond to changes in health and emotions in human “Beef Or Beyond: What Drives Consumer Choices “, faunalytics, July 22,  https://faunalytics.org/beef-or-beyond-what-drives-consumer-choices/ [CORNELL DBT] note://// indicates par. breaks)[AR BING24]

U.S. ag remains heavily tied to animal ag In the second experiment, participants could choose one of four options researchers changed the prices of each item and asked participants to choose nine different times Beef the plant-based burger would need to be $1.11 cheaper for an average omnivore to be equally likely to select it over beef conventional meat-eaters were more likely to change their food choices based on price, which might work in the plant-based industry’s favor once their products reach price parity with meat In the third experiment, participants could choose one of five grocery store products, including two plant-based researchers varied the prices Dropping the price of plant-based items by $1 increased their selection to 5% for regular meat consumers and 31% for non-regular meat consumers regular meat consumers remain heavily dependent on food prices Advocates can make a difference by calling for government f to end animal agriculture subsidies,


Question: price parity plant based

Plan shifts consumer choices towards plant-based foods

PARR-CORTES veterinary school PhD student 2022 (Zoe, b bachelor's degrees in Veterinary Science and Cellular and Molecular Medicine from the University of Bristol. She worked as a small animal veterinarian in general practice before starting her PhD at Bristol Veterinary School where she studies how dogs respond to changes in health and emotions in human “Beef Or Beyond: What Drives Consumer Choices “, faunalytics, July 22,  https://faunalytics.org/beef-or-beyond-what-drives-consumer-choices/ [CORNELL DBT] note://// indicates par. breaks)[AR BING24]

U.S. ag remains heavily tied to animal ag In the second experiment, participants could choose one of four options researchers changed the prices of each item and asked participants to choose nine different times Beef the plant-based burger would need to be $1.11 cheaper for an average omnivore to be equally likely to select it over beef conventional meat-eaters were more likely to change their food choices based on price, which might work in the plant-based industry’s favor once their products reach price parity with meat In the third experiment, participants could choose one of five grocery store products, including two plant-based researchers varied the prices Dropping the price of plant-based items by $1 increased their selection to 5% for regular meat consumers and 31% for non-regular meat consumers regular meat consumers remain heavily dependent on food prices Advocates can make a difference by calling for government f to end animal agriculture subsidies,


Question: plant based subsidies

Plan shifts consumer choices towards plant-based foods

PARR-CORTES veterinary school PhD student 2022 (Zoe, b bachelor's degrees in Veterinary Science and Cellular and Molecular Medicine from the University of Bristol. She worked as a small animal veterinarian in general practice before starting her PhD at Bristol Veterinary School where she studies how dogs respond to changes in health and emotions in human “Beef Or Beyond: What Drives Consumer Choices “, faunalytics, July 22,  https://faunalytics.org/beef-or-beyond-what-drives-consumer-choices/ [CORNELL DBT] note://// indicates par. breaks)[AR BING24]

U.S. ag remains heavily tied to animal ag In the second experiment, participants could choose one of four options researchers changed the prices of each item and asked participants to choose nine different times Beef the plant-based burger would need to be $1.11 cheaper for an average omnivore to be equally likely to select it over beef conventional meat-eaters were more likely to change their food choices based on price, which might work in the plant-based industry’s favor once their products reach price parity with meat In the third experiment, participants could choose one of five grocery store products, including two plant-based researchers varied the prices Dropping the price of plant-based items by $1 increased their selection to 5% for regular meat consumers and 31% for non-regular meat consumers regular meat consumers remain heavily dependent on food prices Advocates can make a difference by calling for government f to end animal agriculture subsidies,


Question: plant based food demand

Plan shifts consumer choices towards plant-based foods

PARR-CORTES veterinary school PhD student 2022 (Zoe, b bachelor's degrees in Veterinary Science and Cellular and Molecular Medicine from the University of Bristol. She worked as a small animal veterinarian in general practice before starting her PhD at Bristol Veterinary School where she studies how dogs respond to changes in health and emotions in human “Beef Or Beyond: What Drives Consumer Choices “, faunalytics, July 22,  https://faunalytics.org/beef-or-beyond-what-drives-consumer-choices/ [CORNELL DBT] note://// indicates par. breaks)[AR BING24]

U.S. ag remains heavily tied to animal ag In the second experiment, participants could choose one of four options researchers changed the prices of each item and asked participants to choose nine different times Beef the plant-based burger would need to be $1.11 cheaper for an average omnivore to be equally likely to select it over beef conventional meat-eaters were more likely to change their food choices based on price, which might work in the plant-based industry’s favor once their products reach price parity with meat In the third experiment, participants could choose one of five grocery store products, including two plant-based researchers varied the prices Dropping the price of plant-based items by $1 increased their selection to 5% for regular meat consumers and 31% for non-regular meat consumers regular meat consumers remain heavily dependent on food prices Advocates can make a difference by calling for government f to end animal agriculture subsidies,


Question: Banning fracking dissipates methane

Banning fracking instantly dissipates methane from the atmosphere---that stops the world from reaching 2-degrees.

Howarth ’19 [Robert; Professor of Ecology and Environmental Biology at Cornell University; 8-14-2019; New Study: Fracking prompts global spike in atmospheric methane; https://www.egu.eu/news/506/new-study-fracking-prompts-global-spike-in-atmospheric-methane/; DOA: 8-16-2024; Archan Sen]

fracking increased its share of global gas production and released methane two-thirds of production has been in the U S the composition changed biological sources have a low carbon-13 content compared to fossil fuels Carbon emitted influence the climate for centuries the atmosphere responds quickly to methane Reducing methane now can provide an instant way to slow global warming and keep the planet well below a 2-degree rise If we stop methane It goes away quickly It’s the low-hanging fruit to slow warming


Question: Howarth 19

Banning fracking instantly dissipates methane from the atmosphere---that stops the world from reaching 2-degrees.

Howarth ’19 [Robert; Professor of Ecology and Environmental Biology at Cornell University; 8-14-2019; New Study: Fracking prompts global spike in atmospheric methane; https://www.egu.eu/news/506/new-study-fracking-prompts-global-spike-in-atmospheric-methane/; DOA: 8-16-2024; Archan Sen]

fracking increased its share of global gas production and released methane two-thirds of production has been in the U S the composition changed biological sources have a low carbon-13 content compared to fossil fuels Carbon emitted influence the climate for centuries the atmosphere responds quickly to methane Reducing methane now can provide an instant way to slow global warming and keep the planet well below a 2-degree rise If we stop methane It goes away quickly It’s the low-hanging fruit to slow warming


Question: Robert Howarth

Banning fracking instantly dissipates methane from the atmosphere---that stops the world from reaching 2-degrees.

Howarth ’19 [Robert; Professor of Ecology and Environmental Biology at Cornell University; 8-14-2019; New Study: Fracking prompts global spike in atmospheric methane; https://www.egu.eu/news/506/new-study-fracking-prompts-global-spike-in-atmospheric-methane/; DOA: 8-16-2024; Archan Sen]

fracking increased its share of global gas production and released methane two-thirds of production has been in the U S the composition changed biological sources have a low carbon-13 content compared to fossil fuels Carbon emitted influence the climate for centuries the atmosphere responds quickly to methane Reducing methane now can provide an instant way to slow global warming and keep the planet well below a 2-degree rise If we stop methane It goes away quickly It’s the low-hanging fruit to slow warming


Question: fracking methane dissipates

Banning fracking instantly dissipates methane from the atmosphere---that stops the world from reaching 2-degrees.

Howarth ’19 [Robert; Professor of Ecology and Environmental Biology at Cornell University; 8-14-2019; New Study: Fracking prompts global spike in atmospheric methane; https://www.egu.eu/news/506/new-study-fracking-prompts-global-spike-in-atmospheric-methane/; DOA: 8-16-2024; Archan Sen]

fracking increased its share of global gas production and released methane two-thirds of production has been in the U S the composition changed biological sources have a low carbon-13 content compared to fossil fuels Carbon emitted influence the climate for centuries the atmosphere responds quickly to methane Reducing methane now can provide an instant way to slow global warming and keep the planet well below a 2-degree rise If we stop methane It goes away quickly It’s the low-hanging fruit to slow warming


Question: fracking global spike methane

Banning fracking instantly dissipates methane from the atmosphere---that stops the world from reaching 2-degrees.

Howarth ’19 [Robert; Professor of Ecology and Environmental Biology at Cornell University; 8-14-2019; New Study: Fracking prompts global spike in atmospheric methane; https://www.egu.eu/news/506/new-study-fracking-prompts-global-spike-in-atmospheric-methane/; DOA: 8-16-2024; Archan Sen]

fracking increased its share of global gas production and released methane two-thirds of production has been in the U S the composition changed biological sources have a low carbon-13 content compared to fossil fuels Carbon emitted influence the climate for centuries the atmosphere responds quickly to methane Reducing methane now can provide an instant way to slow global warming and keep the planet well below a 2-degree rise If we stop methane It goes away quickly It’s the low-hanging fruit to slow warming


Question: methane low hanging fruit

Banning fracking instantly dissipates methane from the atmosphere---that stops the world from reaching 2-degrees.

Howarth ’19 [Robert; Professor of Ecology and Environmental Biology at Cornell University; 8-14-2019; New Study: Fracking prompts global spike in atmospheric methane; https://www.egu.eu/news/506/new-study-fracking-prompts-global-spike-in-atmospheric-methane/; DOA: 8-16-2024; Archan Sen]

fracking increased its share of global gas production and released methane two-thirds of production has been in the U S the composition changed biological sources have a low carbon-13 content compared to fossil fuels Carbon emitted influence the climate for centuries the atmosphere responds quickly to methane Reducing methane now can provide an instant way to slow global warming and keep the planet well below a 2-degree rise If we stop methane It goes away quickly It’s the low-hanging fruit to slow warming


Question: methane global warming

Banning fracking instantly dissipates methane from the atmosphere---that stops the world from reaching 2-degrees.

Howarth ’19 [Robert; Professor of Ecology and Environmental Biology at Cornell University; 8-14-2019; New Study: Fracking prompts global spike in atmospheric methane; https://www.egu.eu/news/506/new-study-fracking-prompts-global-spike-in-atmospheric-methane/; DOA: 8-16-2024; Archan Sen]

fracking increased its share of global gas production and released methane two-thirds of production has been in the U S the composition changed biological sources have a low carbon-13 content compared to fossil fuels Carbon emitted influence the climate for centuries the atmosphere responds quickly to methane Reducing methane now can provide an instant way to slow global warming and keep the planet well below a 2-degree rise If we stop methane It goes away quickly It’s the low-hanging fruit to slow warming


Question: fracking stops 2 degrees

Banning fracking instantly dissipates methane from the atmosphere---that stops the world from reaching 2-degrees.

Howarth ’19 [Robert; Professor of Ecology and Environmental Biology at Cornell University; 8-14-2019; New Study: Fracking prompts global spike in atmospheric methane; https://www.egu.eu/news/506/new-study-fracking-prompts-global-spike-in-atmospheric-methane/; DOA: 8-16-2024; Archan Sen]

fracking increased its share of global gas production and released methane two-thirds of production has been in the U S the composition changed biological sources have a low carbon-13 content compared to fossil fuels Carbon emitted influence the climate for centuries the atmosphere responds quickly to methane Reducing methane now can provide an instant way to slow global warming and keep the planet well below a 2-degree rise If we stop methane It goes away quickly It’s the low-hanging fruit to slow warming


Question: Childcare long run economic growth

Plank 4 is Key to long-run econ growth

Abott 21 [9-15; Sam Abott is a family economic security policy analyst at the Washington Center for Equitable Growth. Before joining Equitable Growth, Abbott was a child welfare and juvenile justice researcher and consultant at Child Trends and Georgetown University’s Center for Juvenile Justice Reform. He received an M.P.P. from Georgetown University and a B.A. from Bard College. "The child care economy," Equitable Growth, https://equitablegrowth.org/research-paper/the-child-care-economy/]

Insufficient child care options prevent parents who wish to work from doing so, Supporting child care workers ensur that these workers stay in their jobs. $1 in spending generates $8.60 in economic activity. child care choices reverberate throughout the economy. half of children live in child care deserts, Publicly funded education has been the national norm yet the same approach has not been applied to pre-K accessible, care also has the potential to generate substantial economic activity and growth Freeing up parents’ time Improving working conditions for millions of workers the current child care market leaves benefits to the economy unrealized. High-quality care helps children develop their human capital, the key to long-term U.S. economic growth. several evaluations of universal pre-K programs the benefits of high-quality early care and education extend to all children


Question: Abott 21

Plank 4 is Key to long-run econ growth

Abott 21 [9-15; Sam Abott is a family economic security policy analyst at the Washington Center for Equitable Growth. Before joining Equitable Growth, Abbott was a child welfare and juvenile justice researcher and consultant at Child Trends and Georgetown University’s Center for Juvenile Justice Reform. He received an M.P.P. from Georgetown University and a B.A. from Bard College. "The child care economy," Equitable Growth, https://equitablegrowth.org/research-paper/the-child-care-economy/]

Insufficient child care options prevent parents who wish to work from doing so, Supporting child care workers ensur that these workers stay in their jobs. $1 in spending generates $8.60 in economic activity. child care choices reverberate throughout the economy. half of children live in child care deserts, Publicly funded education has been the national norm yet the same approach has not been applied to pre-K accessible, care also has the potential to generate substantial economic activity and growth Freeing up parents’ time Improving working conditions for millions of workers the current child care market leaves benefits to the economy unrealized. High-quality care helps children develop their human capital, the key to long-term U.S. economic growth. several evaluations of universal pre-K programs the benefits of high-quality early care and education extend to all children


Question: child care deserts

Plank 4 is Key to long-run econ growth

Abott 21 [9-15; Sam Abott is a family economic security policy analyst at the Washington Center for Equitable Growth. Before joining Equitable Growth, Abbott was a child welfare and juvenile justice researcher and consultant at Child Trends and Georgetown University’s Center for Juvenile Justice Reform. He received an M.P.P. from Georgetown University and a B.A. from Bard College. "The child care economy," Equitable Growth, https://equitablegrowth.org/research-paper/the-child-care-economy/]

Insufficient child care options prevent parents who wish to work from doing so, Supporting child care workers ensur that these workers stay in their jobs. $1 in spending generates $8.60 in economic activity. child care choices reverberate throughout the economy. half of children live in child care deserts, Publicly funded education has been the national norm yet the same approach has not been applied to pre-K accessible, care also has the potential to generate substantial economic activity and growth Freeing up parents’ time Improving working conditions for millions of workers the current child care market leaves benefits to the economy unrealized. High-quality care helps children develop their human capital, the key to long-term U.S. economic growth. several evaluations of universal pre-K programs the benefits of high-quality early care and education extend to all children


Question: Childcare economic activity

Plank 4 is Key to long-run econ growth

Abott 21 [9-15; Sam Abott is a family economic security policy analyst at the Washington Center for Equitable Growth. Before joining Equitable Growth, Abbott was a child welfare and juvenile justice researcher and consultant at Child Trends and Georgetown University’s Center for Juvenile Justice Reform. He received an M.P.P. from Georgetown University and a B.A. from Bard College. "The child care economy," Equitable Growth, https://equitablegrowth.org/research-paper/the-child-care-economy/]

Insufficient child care options prevent parents who wish to work from doing so, Supporting child care workers ensur that these workers stay in their jobs. $1 in spending generates $8.60 in economic activity. child care choices reverberate throughout the economy. half of children live in child care deserts, Publicly funded education has been the national norm yet the same approach has not been applied to pre-K accessible, care also has the potential to generate substantial economic activity and growth Freeing up parents’ time Improving working conditions for millions of workers the current child care market leaves benefits to the economy unrealized. High-quality care helps children develop their human capital, the key to long-term U.S. economic growth. several evaluations of universal pre-K programs the benefits of high-quality early care and education extend to all children


Question: Child care growth

Plank 4 is Key to long-run econ growth

Abott 21 [9-15; Sam Abott is a family economic security policy analyst at the Washington Center for Equitable Growth. Before joining Equitable Growth, Abbott was a child welfare and juvenile justice researcher and consultant at Child Trends and Georgetown University’s Center for Juvenile Justice Reform. He received an M.P.P. from Georgetown University and a B.A. from Bard College. "The child care economy," Equitable Growth, https://equitablegrowth.org/research-paper/the-child-care-economy/]

Insufficient child care options prevent parents who wish to work from doing so, Supporting child care workers ensur that these workers stay in their jobs. $1 in spending generates $8.60 in economic activity. child care choices reverberate throughout the economy. half of children live in child care deserts, Publicly funded education has been the national norm yet the same approach has not been applied to pre-K accessible, care also has the potential to generate substantial economic activity and growth Freeing up parents’ time Improving working conditions for millions of workers the current child care market leaves benefits to the economy unrealized. High-quality care helps children develop their human capital, the key to long-term U.S. economic growth. several evaluations of universal pre-K programs the benefits of high-quality early care and education extend to all children


Question: Childcare benefits to economy

Plank 4 is Key to long-run econ growth

Abott 21 [9-15; Sam Abott is a family economic security policy analyst at the Washington Center for Equitable Growth. Before joining Equitable Growth, Abbott was a child welfare and juvenile justice researcher and consultant at Child Trends and Georgetown University’s Center for Juvenile Justice Reform. He received an M.P.P. from Georgetown University and a B.A. from Bard College. "The child care economy," Equitable Growth, https://equitablegrowth.org/research-paper/the-child-care-economy/]

Insufficient child care options prevent parents who wish to work from doing so, Supporting child care workers ensur that these workers stay in their jobs. $1 in spending generates $8.60 in economic activity. child care choices reverberate throughout the economy. half of children live in child care deserts, Publicly funded education has been the national norm yet the same approach has not been applied to pre-K accessible, care also has the potential to generate substantial economic activity and growth Freeing up parents’ time Improving working conditions for millions of workers the current child care market leaves benefits to the economy unrealized. High-quality care helps children develop their human capital, the key to long-term U.S. economic growth. several evaluations of universal pre-K programs the benefits of high-quality early care and education extend to all children


Question: child care workers stay in jobs

Plank 4 is Key to long-run econ growth

Abott 21 [9-15; Sam Abott is a family economic security policy analyst at the Washington Center for Equitable Growth. Before joining Equitable Growth, Abbott was a child welfare and juvenile justice researcher and consultant at Child Trends and Georgetown University’s Center for Juvenile Justice Reform. He received an M.P.P. from Georgetown University and a B.A. from Bard College. "The child care economy," Equitable Growth, https://equitablegrowth.org/research-paper/the-child-care-economy/]

Insufficient child care options prevent parents who wish to work from doing so, Supporting child care workers ensur that these workers stay in their jobs. $1 in spending generates $8.60 in economic activity. child care choices reverberate throughout the economy. half of children live in child care deserts, Publicly funded education has been the national norm yet the same approach has not been applied to pre-K accessible, care also has the potential to generate substantial economic activity and growth Freeing up parents’ time Improving working conditions for millions of workers the current child care market leaves benefits to the economy unrealized. High-quality care helps children develop their human capital, the key to long-term U.S. economic growth. several evaluations of universal pre-K programs the benefits of high-quality early care and education extend to all children


Question: Perm do both bad nihilism

10. Perm Do both-- They are a bad form of nihilism which inappropriately accepts contingencies as givens---the AFF, and perm are strong nihilism---which acknowledges the truths of pessimist critique but acts nonetheless in an assertion of agency.

Devon R. Johnson 17, Devon R. Johnson completed his Ph.D. in philosophy at Temple University with specializations in Black existentialism, political philosophy, and continental philosophy in 2014. His dissertation is entitled “A Philosophical Analysis of Nihilism and Antiblack Racism.” He is currently a teaching instructor for the NJ-STEP program at Rutgers University (Newark). Spring 2017, “Beyond Tradition: A Short Rumination on Africana Philosophy and Nihilism in 21st Century America,” Newsletter of the American Philosophical Association, Philosophy and the Black Experience, Volume 16, Number 2, http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.apaonline.org/resource/collection/950518C1-3421-484C-8153-CDA6ED737182/BlackExperienceV16n2.pdf

whether racism is metaphysical or not one must fight for values beyond these traditions. In the question of whether one ought to be pessimistic one may miss the underlying question of how to transition from dying to living values weak nihilism attempts to arrest existential development Pessimism treats phenomena as ontological A  strong nihilistic response rejects all human values attempting to ontologize themselves strong Black nihilism is the healthier response because it involves a transvaluation of traditional anti-Black racist valuing a commitment to constructing non-decadent human worlds Afro-pessimism misconstrues legitimately pessimistic dimensions of Black life as fundamentally precluding Black meaning pessimism and strong nihilism  ( and thus, an ironic optimism ) are  necessarily related Nihilism  is the attempt to value anew in light of the truths of pessimism anti-Black racist ideals must be moved beyond  regardless One’s prescription for legal programs in such realities, must take anti-Black racism seriously however whether one chooses to treat this reality as permanent or not , the question of what it means to value beyond tradition remains strong nihilism , through the struggles of pessimism and despair,  is the way to healthily move beyond tradition to do more than cope or make the insufferable sufferable


Question: Johnson 17

10. Perm Do both-- They are a bad form of nihilism which inappropriately accepts contingencies as givens---the AFF, and perm are strong nihilism---which acknowledges the truths of pessimist critique but acts nonetheless in an assertion of agency.

Devon R. Johnson 17, Devon R. Johnson completed his Ph.D. in philosophy at Temple University with specializations in Black existentialism, political philosophy, and continental philosophy in 2014. His dissertation is entitled “A Philosophical Analysis of Nihilism and Antiblack Racism.” He is currently a teaching instructor for the NJ-STEP program at Rutgers University (Newark). Spring 2017, “Beyond Tradition: A Short Rumination on Africana Philosophy and Nihilism in 21st Century America,” Newsletter of the American Philosophical Association, Philosophy and the Black Experience, Volume 16, Number 2, http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.apaonline.org/resource/collection/950518C1-3421-484C-8153-CDA6ED737182/BlackExperienceV16n2.pdf

whether racism is metaphysical or not one must fight for values beyond these traditions. In the question of whether one ought to be pessimistic one may miss the underlying question of how to transition from dying to living values weak nihilism attempts to arrest existential development Pessimism treats phenomena as ontological A  strong nihilistic response rejects all human values attempting to ontologize themselves strong Black nihilism is the healthier response because it involves a transvaluation of traditional anti-Black racist valuing a commitment to constructing non-decadent human worlds Afro-pessimism misconstrues legitimately pessimistic dimensions of Black life as fundamentally precluding Black meaning pessimism and strong nihilism  ( and thus, an ironic optimism ) are  necessarily related Nihilism  is the attempt to value anew in light of the truths of pessimism anti-Black racist ideals must be moved beyond  regardless One’s prescription for legal programs in such realities, must take anti-Black racism seriously however whether one chooses to treat this reality as permanent or not , the question of what it means to value beyond tradition remains strong nihilism , through the struggles of pessimism and despair,  is the way to healthily move beyond tradition to do more than cope or make the insufferable sufferable


Question: Devon Johnson nihilism

10. Perm Do both-- They are a bad form of nihilism which inappropriately accepts contingencies as givens---the AFF, and perm are strong nihilism---which acknowledges the truths of pessimist critique but acts nonetheless in an assertion of agency.

Devon R. Johnson 17, Devon R. Johnson completed his Ph.D. in philosophy at Temple University with specializations in Black existentialism, political philosophy, and continental philosophy in 2014. His dissertation is entitled “A Philosophical Analysis of Nihilism and Antiblack Racism.” He is currently a teaching instructor for the NJ-STEP program at Rutgers University (Newark). Spring 2017, “Beyond Tradition: A Short Rumination on Africana Philosophy and Nihilism in 21st Century America,” Newsletter of the American Philosophical Association, Philosophy and the Black Experience, Volume 16, Number 2, http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.apaonline.org/resource/collection/950518C1-3421-484C-8153-CDA6ED737182/BlackExperienceV16n2.pdf

whether racism is metaphysical or not one must fight for values beyond these traditions. In the question of whether one ought to be pessimistic one may miss the underlying question of how to transition from dying to living values weak nihilism attempts to arrest existential development Pessimism treats phenomena as ontological A  strong nihilistic response rejects all human values attempting to ontologize themselves strong Black nihilism is the healthier response because it involves a transvaluation of traditional anti-Black racist valuing a commitment to constructing non-decadent human worlds Afro-pessimism misconstrues legitimately pessimistic dimensions of Black life as fundamentally precluding Black meaning pessimism and strong nihilism  ( and thus, an ironic optimism ) are  necessarily related Nihilism  is the attempt to value anew in light of the truths of pessimism anti-Black racist ideals must be moved beyond  regardless One’s prescription for legal programs in such realities, must take anti-Black racism seriously however whether one chooses to treat this reality as permanent or not , the question of what it means to value beyond tradition remains strong nihilism , through the struggles of pessimism and despair,  is the way to healthily move beyond tradition to do more than cope or make the insufferable sufferable


Question: Perm is strong nihilism

10. Perm Do both-- They are a bad form of nihilism which inappropriately accepts contingencies as givens---the AFF, and perm are strong nihilism---which acknowledges the truths of pessimist critique but acts nonetheless in an assertion of agency.

Devon R. Johnson 17, Devon R. Johnson completed his Ph.D. in philosophy at Temple University with specializations in Black existentialism, political philosophy, and continental philosophy in 2014. His dissertation is entitled “A Philosophical Analysis of Nihilism and Antiblack Racism.” He is currently a teaching instructor for the NJ-STEP program at Rutgers University (Newark). Spring 2017, “Beyond Tradition: A Short Rumination on Africana Philosophy and Nihilism in 21st Century America,” Newsletter of the American Philosophical Association, Philosophy and the Black Experience, Volume 16, Number 2, http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.apaonline.org/resource/collection/950518C1-3421-484C-8153-CDA6ED737182/BlackExperienceV16n2.pdf

whether racism is metaphysical or not one must fight for values beyond these traditions. In the question of whether one ought to be pessimistic one may miss the underlying question of how to transition from dying to living values weak nihilism attempts to arrest existential development Pessimism treats phenomena as ontological A  strong nihilistic response rejects all human values attempting to ontologize themselves strong Black nihilism is the healthier response because it involves a transvaluation of traditional anti-Black racist valuing a commitment to constructing non-decadent human worlds Afro-pessimism misconstrues legitimately pessimistic dimensions of Black life as fundamentally precluding Black meaning pessimism and strong nihilism  ( and thus, an ironic optimism ) are  necessarily related Nihilism  is the attempt to value anew in light of the truths of pessimism anti-Black racist ideals must be moved beyond  regardless One’s prescription for legal programs in such realities, must take anti-Black racism seriously however whether one chooses to treat this reality as permanent or not , the question of what it means to value beyond tradition remains strong nihilism , through the struggles of pessimism and despair,  is the way to healthily move beyond tradition to do more than cope or make the insufferable sufferable


Question: Nihilism acknowledges pessimist critique

10. Perm Do both-- They are a bad form of nihilism which inappropriately accepts contingencies as givens---the AFF, and perm are strong nihilism---which acknowledges the truths of pessimist critique but acts nonetheless in an assertion of agency.

Devon R. Johnson 17, Devon R. Johnson completed his Ph.D. in philosophy at Temple University with specializations in Black existentialism, political philosophy, and continental philosophy in 2014. His dissertation is entitled “A Philosophical Analysis of Nihilism and Antiblack Racism.” He is currently a teaching instructor for the NJ-STEP program at Rutgers University (Newark). Spring 2017, “Beyond Tradition: A Short Rumination on Africana Philosophy and Nihilism in 21st Century America,” Newsletter of the American Philosophical Association, Philosophy and the Black Experience, Volume 16, Number 2, http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.apaonline.org/resource/collection/950518C1-3421-484C-8153-CDA6ED737182/BlackExperienceV16n2.pdf

whether racism is metaphysical or not one must fight for values beyond these traditions. In the question of whether one ought to be pessimistic one may miss the underlying question of how to transition from dying to living values weak nihilism attempts to arrest existential development Pessimism treats phenomena as ontological A  strong nihilistic response rejects all human values attempting to ontologize themselves strong Black nihilism is the healthier response because it involves a transvaluation of traditional anti-Black racist valuing a commitment to constructing non-decadent human worlds Afro-pessimism misconstrues legitimately pessimistic dimensions of Black life as fundamentally precluding Black meaning pessimism and strong nihilism  ( and thus, an ironic optimism ) are  necessarily related Nihilism  is the attempt to value anew in light of the truths of pessimism anti-Black racist ideals must be moved beyond  regardless One’s prescription for legal programs in such realities, must take anti-Black racism seriously however whether one chooses to treat this reality as permanent or not , the question of what it means to value beyond tradition remains strong nihilism , through the struggles of pessimism and despair,  is the way to healthily move beyond tradition to do more than cope or make the insufferable sufferable


Question: rejects all human values

10. Perm Do both-- They are a bad form of nihilism which inappropriately accepts contingencies as givens---the AFF, and perm are strong nihilism---which acknowledges the truths of pessimist critique but acts nonetheless in an assertion of agency.

Devon R. Johnson 17, Devon R. Johnson completed his Ph.D. in philosophy at Temple University with specializations in Black existentialism, political philosophy, and continental philosophy in 2014. His dissertation is entitled “A Philosophical Analysis of Nihilism and Antiblack Racism.” He is currently a teaching instructor for the NJ-STEP program at Rutgers University (Newark). Spring 2017, “Beyond Tradition: A Short Rumination on Africana Philosophy and Nihilism in 21st Century America,” Newsletter of the American Philosophical Association, Philosophy and the Black Experience, Volume 16, Number 2, http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.apaonline.org/resource/collection/950518C1-3421-484C-8153-CDA6ED737182/BlackExperienceV16n2.pdf

whether racism is metaphysical or not one must fight for values beyond these traditions. In the question of whether one ought to be pessimistic one may miss the underlying question of how to transition from dying to living values weak nihilism attempts to arrest existential development Pessimism treats phenomena as ontological A  strong nihilistic response rejects all human values attempting to ontologize themselves strong Black nihilism is the healthier response because it involves a transvaluation of traditional anti-Black racist valuing a commitment to constructing non-decadent human worlds Afro-pessimism misconstrues legitimately pessimistic dimensions of Black life as fundamentally precluding Black meaning pessimism and strong nihilism  ( and thus, an ironic optimism ) are  necessarily related Nihilism  is the attempt to value anew in light of the truths of pessimism anti-Black racist ideals must be moved beyond  regardless One’s prescription for legal programs in such realities, must take anti-Black racism seriously however whether one chooses to treat this reality as permanent or not , the question of what it means to value beyond tradition remains strong nihilism , through the struggles of pessimism and despair,  is the way to healthily move beyond tradition to do more than cope or make the insufferable sufferable


Question: anti-Black racist ideals

10. Perm Do both-- They are a bad form of nihilism which inappropriately accepts contingencies as givens---the AFF, and perm are strong nihilism---which acknowledges the truths of pessimist critique but acts nonetheless in an assertion of agency.

Devon R. Johnson 17, Devon R. Johnson completed his Ph.D. in philosophy at Temple University with specializations in Black existentialism, political philosophy, and continental philosophy in 2014. His dissertation is entitled “A Philosophical Analysis of Nihilism and Antiblack Racism.” He is currently a teaching instructor for the NJ-STEP program at Rutgers University (Newark). Spring 2017, “Beyond Tradition: A Short Rumination on Africana Philosophy and Nihilism in 21st Century America,” Newsletter of the American Philosophical Association, Philosophy and the Black Experience, Volume 16, Number 2, http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.apaonline.org/resource/collection/950518C1-3421-484C-8153-CDA6ED737182/BlackExperienceV16n2.pdf

whether racism is metaphysical or not one must fight for values beyond these traditions. In the question of whether one ought to be pessimistic one may miss the underlying question of how to transition from dying to living values weak nihilism attempts to arrest existential development Pessimism treats phenomena as ontological A  strong nihilistic response rejects all human values attempting to ontologize themselves strong Black nihilism is the healthier response because it involves a transvaluation of traditional anti-Black racist valuing a commitment to constructing non-decadent human worlds Afro-pessimism misconstrues legitimately pessimistic dimensions of Black life as fundamentally precluding Black meaning pessimism and strong nihilism  ( and thus, an ironic optimism ) are  necessarily related Nihilism  is the attempt to value anew in light of the truths of pessimism anti-Black racist ideals must be moved beyond  regardless One’s prescription for legal programs in such realities, must take anti-Black racism seriously however whether one chooses to treat this reality as permanent or not , the question of what it means to value beyond tradition remains strong nihilism , through the struggles of pessimism and despair,  is the way to healthily move beyond tradition to do more than cope or make the insufferable sufferable


Question: renewable sourcing rare earths

Particularly, a lack of renewable sourcing will force the US to go abroad to secure rare earths, producing a supply shortfall.

Stratte 24, JD, Partner at Hunton Andrews Kurth LLP (Martin Stratte, June 13, 2024, “Securing America’s Critical Materials Supply Chains and Economic Leadership,” https://democrats-energycommerce.house.gov/sites/evo-subsites/democrats-energycommerce.house.gov/files/evo-media-document/Witness%20Testimony_Stratte_ENV_Critical%20Minerals%20Supply%20Chain_06.13.2024.pdf)

America needs secure supplies of critical materials and at the same time protect the environment critical materials are associated with clean energy including wind and solar having steady supply is essential There are no substitutes for these materials If they’re not in the U S there are two options source them from other countries or prepare for an inevitable return to the horse and buggy Sourcing the majority of materials from other countries is not sustainable We have the ability to process domestic materials in the U.S. ,


Question: Stratte 24

Particularly, a lack of renewable sourcing will force the US to go abroad to secure rare earths, producing a supply shortfall.

Stratte 24, JD, Partner at Hunton Andrews Kurth LLP (Martin Stratte, June 13, 2024, “Securing America’s Critical Materials Supply Chains and Economic Leadership,” https://democrats-energycommerce.house.gov/sites/evo-subsites/democrats-energycommerce.house.gov/files/evo-media-document/Witness%20Testimony_Stratte_ENV_Critical%20Minerals%20Supply%20Chain_06.13.2024.pdf)

America needs secure supplies of critical materials and at the same time protect the environment critical materials are associated with clean energy including wind and solar having steady supply is essential There are no substitutes for these materials If they’re not in the U S there are two options source them from other countries or prepare for an inevitable return to the horse and buggy Sourcing the majority of materials from other countries is not sustainable We have the ability to process domestic materials in the U.S. ,


Question: Martin Stratte critical materials

Particularly, a lack of renewable sourcing will force the US to go abroad to secure rare earths, producing a supply shortfall.

Stratte 24, JD, Partner at Hunton Andrews Kurth LLP (Martin Stratte, June 13, 2024, “Securing America’s Critical Materials Supply Chains and Economic Leadership,” https://democrats-energycommerce.house.gov/sites/evo-subsites/democrats-energycommerce.house.gov/files/evo-media-document/Witness%20Testimony_Stratte_ENV_Critical%20Minerals%20Supply%20Chain_06.13.2024.pdf)

America needs secure supplies of critical materials and at the same time protect the environment critical materials are associated with clean energy including wind and solar having steady supply is essential There are no substitutes for these materials If they’re not in the U S there are two options source them from other countries or prepare for an inevitable return to the horse and buggy Sourcing the majority of materials from other countries is not sustainable We have the ability to process domestic materials in the U.S. ,


Question: US needs rare earths

Particularly, a lack of renewable sourcing will force the US to go abroad to secure rare earths, producing a supply shortfall.

Stratte 24, JD, Partner at Hunton Andrews Kurth LLP (Martin Stratte, June 13, 2024, “Securing America’s Critical Materials Supply Chains and Economic Leadership,” https://democrats-energycommerce.house.gov/sites/evo-subsites/democrats-energycommerce.house.gov/files/evo-media-document/Witness%20Testimony_Stratte_ENV_Critical%20Minerals%20Supply%20Chain_06.13.2024.pdf)

America needs secure supplies of critical materials and at the same time protect the environment critical materials are associated with clean energy including wind and solar having steady supply is essential There are no substitutes for these materials If they’re not in the U S there are two options source them from other countries or prepare for an inevitable return to the horse and buggy Sourcing the majority of materials from other countries is not sustainable We have the ability to process domestic materials in the U.S. ,


Question: clean energy supply essential

Particularly, a lack of renewable sourcing will force the US to go abroad to secure rare earths, producing a supply shortfall.

Stratte 24, JD, Partner at Hunton Andrews Kurth LLP (Martin Stratte, June 13, 2024, “Securing America’s Critical Materials Supply Chains and Economic Leadership,” https://democrats-energycommerce.house.gov/sites/evo-subsites/democrats-energycommerce.house.gov/files/evo-media-document/Witness%20Testimony_Stratte_ENV_Critical%20Minerals%20Supply%20Chain_06.13.2024.pdf)

America needs secure supplies of critical materials and at the same time protect the environment critical materials are associated with clean energy including wind and solar having steady supply is essential There are no substitutes for these materials If they’re not in the U S there are two options source them from other countries or prepare for an inevitable return to the horse and buggy Sourcing the majority of materials from other countries is not sustainable We have the ability to process domestic materials in the U.S. ,


Question: US rare earth supply shortfall

Particularly, a lack of renewable sourcing will force the US to go abroad to secure rare earths, producing a supply shortfall.

Stratte 24, JD, Partner at Hunton Andrews Kurth LLP (Martin Stratte, June 13, 2024, “Securing America’s Critical Materials Supply Chains and Economic Leadership,” https://democrats-energycommerce.house.gov/sites/evo-subsites/democrats-energycommerce.house.gov/files/evo-media-document/Witness%20Testimony_Stratte_ENV_Critical%20Minerals%20Supply%20Chain_06.13.2024.pdf)

America needs secure supplies of critical materials and at the same time protect the environment critical materials are associated with clean energy including wind and solar having steady supply is essential There are no substitutes for these materials If they’re not in the U S there are two options source them from other countries or prepare for an inevitable return to the horse and buggy Sourcing the majority of materials from other countries is not sustainable We have the ability to process domestic materials in the U.S. ,


Question: source materials from other countries

Particularly, a lack of renewable sourcing will force the US to go abroad to secure rare earths, producing a supply shortfall.

Stratte 24, JD, Partner at Hunton Andrews Kurth LLP (Martin Stratte, June 13, 2024, “Securing America’s Critical Materials Supply Chains and Economic Leadership,” https://democrats-energycommerce.house.gov/sites/evo-subsites/democrats-energycommerce.house.gov/files/evo-media-document/Witness%20Testimony_Stratte_ENV_Critical%20Minerals%20Supply%20Chain_06.13.2024.pdf)

America needs secure supplies of critical materials and at the same time protect the environment critical materials are associated with clean energy including wind and solar having steady supply is essential There are no substitutes for these materials If they’re not in the U S there are two options source them from other countries or prepare for an inevitable return to the horse and buggy Sourcing the majority of materials from other countries is not sustainable We have the ability to process domestic materials in the U.S. ,


Question: Complexity bad

Complexity is a negative argument. Star.

Boyd 14, Professor of Law and Professor at UCLA’s Institute of the Environment and Sustainability. (William, “Public Utility and the Low-Carbon Future” UCLA Law Review 1614 (2014), https://scholar.law.colorado.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1062&context=faculty-articles)

planning provides an important tool coordination are essential to managing the grid for a complex network infrastructure reliance on spontaneous ordering of markets seems naïve With intermittent renewable generation and d e r s, it seems utopian Managing transmission and distribution requir regulation given natural monopoly characteristics utility-scale renewables and d e r s that connect to the grid. Responding will require more rather than less coordination


Question: Boyd 14

Complexity is a negative argument. Star.

Boyd 14, Professor of Law and Professor at UCLA’s Institute of the Environment and Sustainability. (William, “Public Utility and the Low-Carbon Future” UCLA Law Review 1614 (2014), https://scholar.law.colorado.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1062&context=faculty-articles)

planning provides an important tool coordination are essential to managing the grid for a complex network infrastructure reliance on spontaneous ordering of markets seems naïve With intermittent renewable generation and d e r s, it seems utopian Managing transmission and distribution requir regulation given natural monopoly characteristics utility-scale renewables and d e r s that connect to the grid. Responding will require more rather than less coordination


Question: William Boyd

Complexity is a negative argument. Star.

Boyd 14, Professor of Law and Professor at UCLA’s Institute of the Environment and Sustainability. (William, “Public Utility and the Low-Carbon Future” UCLA Law Review 1614 (2014), https://scholar.law.colorado.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1062&context=faculty-articles)

planning provides an important tool coordination are essential to managing the grid for a complex network infrastructure reliance on spontaneous ordering of markets seems naïve With intermittent renewable generation and d e r s, it seems utopian Managing transmission and distribution requir regulation given natural monopoly characteristics utility-scale renewables and d e r s that connect to the grid. Responding will require more rather than less coordination


Question: markets naive for grid

Complexity is a negative argument. Star.

Boyd 14, Professor of Law and Professor at UCLA’s Institute of the Environment and Sustainability. (William, “Public Utility and the Low-Carbon Future” UCLA Law Review 1614 (2014), https://scholar.law.colorado.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1062&context=faculty-articles)

planning provides an important tool coordination are essential to managing the grid for a complex network infrastructure reliance on spontaneous ordering of markets seems naïve With intermittent renewable generation and d e r s, it seems utopian Managing transmission and distribution requir regulation given natural monopoly characteristics utility-scale renewables and d e r s that connect to the grid. Responding will require more rather than less coordination


Question: spontaneous ordering markets

Complexity is a negative argument. Star.

Boyd 14, Professor of Law and Professor at UCLA’s Institute of the Environment and Sustainability. (William, “Public Utility and the Low-Carbon Future” UCLA Law Review 1614 (2014), https://scholar.law.colorado.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1062&context=faculty-articles)

planning provides an important tool coordination are essential to managing the grid for a complex network infrastructure reliance on spontaneous ordering of markets seems naïve With intermittent renewable generation and d e r s, it seems utopian Managing transmission and distribution requir regulation given natural monopoly characteristics utility-scale renewables and d e r s that connect to the grid. Responding will require more rather than less coordination


Question: regulation for renewables

Complexity is a negative argument. Star.

Boyd 14, Professor of Law and Professor at UCLA’s Institute of the Environment and Sustainability. (William, “Public Utility and the Low-Carbon Future” UCLA Law Review 1614 (2014), https://scholar.law.colorado.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1062&context=faculty-articles)

planning provides an important tool coordination are essential to managing the grid for a complex network infrastructure reliance on spontaneous ordering of markets seems naïve With intermittent renewable generation and d e r s, it seems utopian Managing transmission and distribution requir regulation given natural monopoly characteristics utility-scale renewables and d e r s that connect to the grid. Responding will require more rather than less coordination


Question: Other countries overwhelm

Other countries overwhelm

Dr. Eric Toder 21, PhD, Nonresident Fellow, Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center, Urban Institute, "A Carbon Tax Is Not the Solution to Global Climate Change," Tax Policy Center, 10/05/2021, https://www.taxpolicycenter.org/taxvox/carbon-tax-not-solution-global-climate-change.

emissions are global US  account for  only 11 percent far below  China’s 27 Even if the  US  cut world emissions only fall by 5 percent more than offset issue  isn’t only leakage it is the  amount of global emissions


Question: Dr. Eric Toder

Other countries overwhelm

Dr. Eric Toder 21, PhD, Nonresident Fellow, Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center, Urban Institute, "A Carbon Tax Is Not the Solution to Global Climate Change," Tax Policy Center, 10/05/2021, https://www.taxpolicycenter.org/taxvox/carbon-tax-not-solution-global-climate-change.

emissions are global US  account for  only 11 percent far below  China’s 27 Even if the  US  cut world emissions only fall by 5 percent more than offset issue  isn’t only leakage it is the  amount of global emissions


Question: Eric Toder 21

Other countries overwhelm

Dr. Eric Toder 21, PhD, Nonresident Fellow, Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center, Urban Institute, "A Carbon Tax Is Not the Solution to Global Climate Change," Tax Policy Center, 10/05/2021, https://www.taxpolicycenter.org/taxvox/carbon-tax-not-solution-global-climate-change.

emissions are global US  account for  only 11 percent far below  China’s 27 Even if the  US  cut world emissions only fall by 5 percent more than offset issue  isn’t only leakage it is the  amount of global emissions


Question: US emissions 11 percent

Other countries overwhelm

Dr. Eric Toder 21, PhD, Nonresident Fellow, Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center, Urban Institute, "A Carbon Tax Is Not the Solution to Global Climate Change," Tax Policy Center, 10/05/2021, https://www.taxpolicycenter.org/taxvox/carbon-tax-not-solution-global-climate-change.

emissions are global US  account for  only 11 percent far below  China’s 27 Even if the  US  cut world emissions only fall by 5 percent more than offset issue  isn’t only leakage it is the  amount of global emissions


Question: US China emissions

Other countries overwhelm

Dr. Eric Toder 21, PhD, Nonresident Fellow, Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center, Urban Institute, "A Carbon Tax Is Not the Solution to Global Climate Change," Tax Policy Center, 10/05/2021, https://www.taxpolicycenter.org/taxvox/carbon-tax-not-solution-global-climate-change.

emissions are global US  account for  only 11 percent far below  China’s 27 Even if the  US  cut world emissions only fall by 5 percent more than offset issue  isn’t only leakage it is the  amount of global emissions


Question: carbon tax not solution

Other countries overwhelm

Dr. Eric Toder 21, PhD, Nonresident Fellow, Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center, Urban Institute, "A Carbon Tax Is Not the Solution to Global Climate Change," Tax Policy Center, 10/05/2021, https://www.taxpolicycenter.org/taxvox/carbon-tax-not-solution-global-climate-change.

emissions are global US  account for  only 11 percent far below  China’s 27 Even if the  US  cut world emissions only fall by 5 percent more than offset issue  isn’t only leakage it is the  amount of global emissions


Question: global emissions overwhelm

Other countries overwhelm

Dr. Eric Toder 21, PhD, Nonresident Fellow, Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center, Urban Institute, "A Carbon Tax Is Not the Solution to Global Climate Change," Tax Policy Center, 10/05/2021, https://www.taxpolicycenter.org/taxvox/carbon-tax-not-solution-global-climate-change.

emissions are global US  account for  only 11 percent far below  China’s 27 Even if the  US  cut world emissions only fall by 5 percent more than offset issue  isn’t only leakage it is the  amount of global emissions


Question: other countries pollute more

Other countries overwhelm

Dr. Eric Toder 21, PhD, Nonresident Fellow, Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center, Urban Institute, "A Carbon Tax Is Not the Solution to Global Climate Change," Tax Policy Center, 10/05/2021, https://www.taxpolicycenter.org/taxvox/carbon-tax-not-solution-global-climate-change.

emissions are global US  account for  only 11 percent far below  China’s 27 Even if the  US  cut world emissions only fall by 5 percent more than offset issue  isn’t only leakage it is the  amount of global emissions


Question: China is no threat

China is no threat.

Beckley 18 Michael Beckley, International Relations Professor at Tufts University, PhD at Columbia. [Unrivaled: Why America Will Remain the World's Sole Superpower, an addition to the series Cornell Studies in Security Affairs, edited by Robert J. Art, Robert Jervis, and Stephen M. Walt, Cornell University Press]

the U S has ten times  the  net assets and maintains a containment China’s growth slowing dramatically Even if spending exceeds America’s it would not mean more resources. stat s ignore stocks of military spending and fail to deduct costs stat s understate the gap


Question: Beckley 18

China is no threat.

Beckley 18 Michael Beckley, International Relations Professor at Tufts University, PhD at Columbia. [Unrivaled: Why America Will Remain the World's Sole Superpower, an addition to the series Cornell Studies in Security Affairs, edited by Robert J. Art, Robert Jervis, and Stephen M. Walt, Cornell University Press]

the U S has ten times  the  net assets and maintains a containment China’s growth slowing dramatically Even if spending exceeds America’s it would not mean more resources. stat s ignore stocks of military spending and fail to deduct costs stat s understate the gap


Question: Michael Beckley China

China is no threat.

Beckley 18 Michael Beckley, International Relations Professor at Tufts University, PhD at Columbia. [Unrivaled: Why America Will Remain the World's Sole Superpower, an addition to the series Cornell Studies in Security Affairs, edited by Robert J. Art, Robert Jervis, and Stephen M. Walt, Cornell University Press]

the U S has ten times  the  net assets and maintains a containment China’s growth slowing dramatically Even if spending exceeds America’s it would not mean more resources. stat s ignore stocks of military spending and fail to deduct costs stat s understate the gap


Question: US net assets

China is no threat.

Beckley 18 Michael Beckley, International Relations Professor at Tufts University, PhD at Columbia. [Unrivaled: Why America Will Remain the World's Sole Superpower, an addition to the series Cornell Studies in Security Affairs, edited by Robert J. Art, Robert Jervis, and Stephen M. Walt, Cornell University Press]

the U S has ten times  the  net assets and maintains a containment China’s growth slowing dramatically Even if spending exceeds America’s it would not mean more resources. stat s ignore stocks of military spending and fail to deduct costs stat s understate the gap


Question: China's growth slowing dramatically

China is no threat.

Beckley 18 Michael Beckley, International Relations Professor at Tufts University, PhD at Columbia. [Unrivaled: Why America Will Remain the World's Sole Superpower, an addition to the series Cornell Studies in Security Affairs, edited by Robert J. Art, Robert Jervis, and Stephen M. Walt, Cornell University Press]

the U S has ten times  the  net assets and maintains a containment China’s growth slowing dramatically Even if spending exceeds America’s it would not mean more resources. stat s ignore stocks of military spending and fail to deduct costs stat s understate the gap


Question: America will remain the world's sole superpower

China is no threat.

Beckley 18 Michael Beckley, International Relations Professor at Tufts University, PhD at Columbia. [Unrivaled: Why America Will Remain the World's Sole Superpower, an addition to the series Cornell Studies in Security Affairs, edited by Robert J. Art, Robert Jervis, and Stephen M. Walt, Cornell University Press]

the U S has ten times  the  net assets and maintains a containment China’s growth slowing dramatically Even if spending exceeds America’s it would not mean more resources. stat s ignore stocks of military spending and fail to deduct costs stat s understate the gap


Question: US maintains containment China

China is no threat.

Beckley 18 Michael Beckley, International Relations Professor at Tufts University, PhD at Columbia. [Unrivaled: Why America Will Remain the World's Sole Superpower, an addition to the series Cornell Studies in Security Affairs, edited by Robert J. Art, Robert Jervis, and Stephen M. Walt, Cornell University Press]

the U S has ten times  the  net assets and maintains a containment China’s growth slowing dramatically Even if spending exceeds America’s it would not mean more resources. stat s ignore stocks of military spending and fail to deduct costs stat s understate the gap


Question: China spending exceeds America's

China is no threat.

Beckley 18 Michael Beckley, International Relations Professor at Tufts University, PhD at Columbia. [Unrivaled: Why America Will Remain the World's Sole Superpower, an addition to the series Cornell Studies in Security Affairs, edited by Robert J. Art, Robert Jervis, and Stephen M. Walt, Cornell University Press]

the U S has ten times  the  net assets and maintains a containment China’s growth slowing dramatically Even if spending exceeds America’s it would not mean more resources. stat s ignore stocks of military spending and fail to deduct costs stat s understate the gap


Question: conflict resolution mechanism, cross

It creates a conflict-resolution mechanism that acts as an off-ramp for hyper-partisanship---that’s Cross.

The congressional bureaucracy, in many ways, reflects Weber's description of what an ideal bureaucracy looks like. Congress' internal institutions, too, share a fierce commitment to objectivity and nonpartisanship; are each marked by their particular form of highly specialized knowledge; have long-serving staff who, on the whole, are more educated and older than Congress's political staff; share a commitment to the long-term interests of Congress as an institution rather than the political question of the day; and respect Congress's rules and jurisdictional limits about the scope and extent of their powers. This comment from one of the longest serving counsels in Legislative Counsel captures the mood: “For Congress ... it has been the curious marriage of the cool rationality that these auxiliary legislative institutions add (both from appearance as well as from reality) to the heat of raw politics that produces a stronger, more durable democratic system.” 358

expert staffers removes partisan politics serves as conflict-resolution  mech a counterweight to hyper-partisanship provides optimism that Congress-- even during partisanship preserves process


Question: expert staffers removes partisan politics

It creates a conflict-resolution mechanism that acts as an off-ramp for hyper-partisanship---that’s Cross.

The congressional bureaucracy, in many ways, reflects Weber's description of what an ideal bureaucracy looks like. Congress' internal institutions, too, share a fierce commitment to objectivity and nonpartisanship; are each marked by their particular form of highly specialized knowledge; have long-serving staff who, on the whole, are more educated and older than Congress's political staff; share a commitment to the long-term interests of Congress as an institution rather than the political question of the day; and respect Congress's rules and jurisdictional limits about the scope and extent of their powers. This comment from one of the longest serving counsels in Legislative Counsel captures the mood: “For Congress ... it has been the curious marriage of the cool rationality that these auxiliary legislative institutions add (both from appearance as well as from reality) to the heat of raw politics that produces a stronger, more durable democratic system.” 358

expert staffers removes partisan politics serves as conflict-resolution  mech a counterweight to hyper-partisanship provides optimism that Congress-- even during partisanship preserves process


Question: Staffers reduce partisanship

It creates a conflict-resolution mechanism that acts as an off-ramp for hyper-partisanship---that’s Cross.

The congressional bureaucracy, in many ways, reflects Weber's description of what an ideal bureaucracy looks like. Congress' internal institutions, too, share a fierce commitment to objectivity and nonpartisanship; are each marked by their particular form of highly specialized knowledge; have long-serving staff who, on the whole, are more educated and older than Congress's political staff; share a commitment to the long-term interests of Congress as an institution rather than the political question of the day; and respect Congress's rules and jurisdictional limits about the scope and extent of their powers. This comment from one of the longest serving counsels in Legislative Counsel captures the mood: “For Congress ... it has been the curious marriage of the cool rationality that these auxiliary legislative institutions add (both from appearance as well as from reality) to the heat of raw politics that produces a stronger, more durable democratic system.” 358

expert staffers removes partisan politics serves as conflict-resolution  mech a counterweight to hyper-partisanship provides optimism that Congress-- even during partisanship preserves process


Question: congress conflict-resolution mechanism

It creates a conflict-resolution mechanism that acts as an off-ramp for hyper-partisanship---that’s Cross.

The congressional bureaucracy, in many ways, reflects Weber's description of what an ideal bureaucracy looks like. Congress' internal institutions, too, share a fierce commitment to objectivity and nonpartisanship; are each marked by their particular form of highly specialized knowledge; have long-serving staff who, on the whole, are more educated and older than Congress's political staff; share a commitment to the long-term interests of Congress as an institution rather than the political question of the day; and respect Congress's rules and jurisdictional limits about the scope and extent of their powers. This comment from one of the longest serving counsels in Legislative Counsel captures the mood: “For Congress ... it has been the curious marriage of the cool rationality that these auxiliary legislative institutions add (both from appearance as well as from reality) to the heat of raw politics that produces a stronger, more durable democratic system.” 358

expert staffers removes partisan politics serves as conflict-resolution  mech a counterweight to hyper-partisanship provides optimism that Congress-- even during partisanship preserves process


Question: expert staffers politics

It creates a conflict-resolution mechanism that acts as an off-ramp for hyper-partisanship---that’s Cross.

The congressional bureaucracy, in many ways, reflects Weber's description of what an ideal bureaucracy looks like. Congress' internal institutions, too, share a fierce commitment to objectivity and nonpartisanship; are each marked by their particular form of highly specialized knowledge; have long-serving staff who, on the whole, are more educated and older than Congress's political staff; share a commitment to the long-term interests of Congress as an institution rather than the political question of the day; and respect Congress's rules and jurisdictional limits about the scope and extent of their powers. This comment from one of the longest serving counsels in Legislative Counsel captures the mood: “For Congress ... it has been the curious marriage of the cool rationality that these auxiliary legislative institutions add (both from appearance as well as from reality) to the heat of raw politics that produces a stronger, more durable democratic system.” 358

expert staffers removes partisan politics serves as conflict-resolution  mech a counterweight to hyper-partisanship provides optimism that Congress-- even during partisanship preserves process


Question: congressional staff nonpartisanship

It creates a conflict-resolution mechanism that acts as an off-ramp for hyper-partisanship---that’s Cross.

The congressional bureaucracy, in many ways, reflects Weber's description of what an ideal bureaucracy looks like. Congress' internal institutions, too, share a fierce commitment to objectivity and nonpartisanship; are each marked by their particular form of highly specialized knowledge; have long-serving staff who, on the whole, are more educated and older than Congress's political staff; share a commitment to the long-term interests of Congress as an institution rather than the political question of the day; and respect Congress's rules and jurisdictional limits about the scope and extent of their powers. This comment from one of the longest serving counsels in Legislative Counsel captures the mood: “For Congress ... it has been the curious marriage of the cool rationality that these auxiliary legislative institutions add (both from appearance as well as from reality) to the heat of raw politics that produces a stronger, more durable democratic system.” 358

expert staffers removes partisan politics serves as conflict-resolution  mech a counterweight to hyper-partisanship provides optimism that Congress-- even during partisanship preserves process


Question: Transition wars are likely

Transition wars are likely. We have the most and best data.

Clare ’21 [Stephen; November; Research Fellow, Forethought Foundation for Global Priorities Research; Founders Pledge, “Great Power Conflict,”]

the probability of war is influenced by changes in the balance of power transition wars are likely 12 out of 16 times a state has gone to war with the previous leader broader literature supports transitions seem dangerous analysis found transition was a necessary condition for war between Great Power contenders results have been broadly replicated transitions create equality between Great Powers security dilemmas , and rivalries two issues are dangerous territorial disputes and rivalries a rivalry for status and influence sparks a conflict spiral countries their rivals . repeated tense interactions escalate over time


Question: Clare 21 power transitions

Transition wars are likely. We have the most and best data.

Clare ’21 [Stephen; November; Research Fellow, Forethought Foundation for Global Priorities Research; Founders Pledge, “Great Power Conflict,”]

the probability of war is influenced by changes in the balance of power transition wars are likely 12 out of 16 times a state has gone to war with the previous leader broader literature supports transitions seem dangerous analysis found transition was a necessary condition for war between Great Power contenders results have been broadly replicated transitions create equality between Great Powers security dilemmas , and rivalries two issues are dangerous territorial disputes and rivalries a rivalry for status and influence sparks a conflict spiral countries their rivals . repeated tense interactions escalate over time


Question: Stephen Clare Great Power Conflict

Transition wars are likely. We have the most and best data.

Clare ’21 [Stephen; November; Research Fellow, Forethought Foundation for Global Priorities Research; Founders Pledge, “Great Power Conflict,”]

the probability of war is influenced by changes in the balance of power transition wars are likely 12 out of 16 times a state has gone to war with the previous leader broader literature supports transitions seem dangerous analysis found transition was a necessary condition for war between Great Power contenders results have been broadly replicated transitions create equality between Great Powers security dilemmas , and rivalries two issues are dangerous territorial disputes and rivalries a rivalry for status and influence sparks a conflict spiral countries their rivals . repeated tense interactions escalate over time


Question: transition was a necessary condition for war

Transition wars are likely. We have the most and best data.

Clare ’21 [Stephen; November; Research Fellow, Forethought Foundation for Global Priorities Research; Founders Pledge, “Great Power Conflict,”]

the probability of war is influenced by changes in the balance of power transition wars are likely 12 out of 16 times a state has gone to war with the previous leader broader literature supports transitions seem dangerous analysis found transition was a necessary condition for war between Great Power contenders results have been broadly replicated transitions create equality between Great Powers security dilemmas , and rivalries two issues are dangerous territorial disputes and rivalries a rivalry for status and influence sparks a conflict spiral countries their rivals . repeated tense interactions escalate over time


Question: transition wars likely

Transition wars are likely. We have the most and best data.

Clare ’21 [Stephen; November; Research Fellow, Forethought Foundation for Global Priorities Research; Founders Pledge, “Great Power Conflict,”]

the probability of war is influenced by changes in the balance of power transition wars are likely 12 out of 16 times a state has gone to war with the previous leader broader literature supports transitions seem dangerous analysis found transition was a necessary condition for war between Great Power contenders results have been broadly replicated transitions create equality between Great Powers security dilemmas , and rivalries two issues are dangerous territorial disputes and rivalries a rivalry for status and influence sparks a conflict spiral countries their rivals . repeated tense interactions escalate over time


Question: Great Power conflict

Transition wars are likely. We have the most and best data.

Clare ’21 [Stephen; November; Research Fellow, Forethought Foundation for Global Priorities Research; Founders Pledge, “Great Power Conflict,”]

the probability of war is influenced by changes in the balance of power transition wars are likely 12 out of 16 times a state has gone to war with the previous leader broader literature supports transitions seem dangerous analysis found transition was a necessary condition for war between Great Power contenders results have been broadly replicated transitions create equality between Great Powers security dilemmas , and rivalries two issues are dangerous territorial disputes and rivalries a rivalry for status and influence sparks a conflict spiral countries their rivals . repeated tense interactions escalate over time


Question: Probability of war balance of power

Transition wars are likely. We have the most and best data.

Clare ’21 [Stephen; November; Research Fellow, Forethought Foundation for Global Priorities Research; Founders Pledge, “Great Power Conflict,”]

the probability of war is influenced by changes in the balance of power transition wars are likely 12 out of 16 times a state has gone to war with the previous leader broader literature supports transitions seem dangerous analysis found transition was a necessary condition for war between Great Power contenders results have been broadly replicated transitions create equality between Great Powers security dilemmas , and rivalries two issues are dangerous territorial disputes and rivalries a rivalry for status and influence sparks a conflict spiral countries their rivals . repeated tense interactions escalate over time


Question: transition wars most data

Transition wars are likely. We have the most and best data.

Clare ’21 [Stephen; November; Research Fellow, Forethought Foundation for Global Priorities Research; Founders Pledge, “Great Power Conflict,”]

the probability of war is influenced by changes in the balance of power transition wars are likely 12 out of 16 times a state has gone to war with the previous leader broader literature supports transitions seem dangerous analysis found transition was a necessary condition for war between Great Power contenders results have been broadly replicated transitions create equality between Great Powers security dilemmas , and rivalries two issues are dangerous territorial disputes and rivalries a rivalry for status and influence sparks a conflict spiral countries their rivals . repeated tense interactions escalate over time


Question: political engagement key to survival

Refusing to exhaust political engagement to align with supposed radicalism makes extinction and unprecedented structural violence inevitable

Levine 23 (Caroline Levine is a professor of humanities at Cornell University. 10/17/23, The Activist Humanist: Form and Method in the Climate Crisis, Princeton University Press)//SHP

students feel bleak climate change defeats them overwhelmed by the prospect of dismantling structures fall back on their own actions cannot imagine working at a scale larger than individual decision making the scale of isolation and hopelessness no models of effective political action thinkers urge us to open to possibilities resist imperatives unlearn illusion of progress This leads to powerlessness scholars moving between longings for a “wholesale dismantling and embrace of “the minor gesture Caught between gloom and actions too insubstantial actively reinforcing withdrawal from the public sphere there is a register missing between global revolution and the small-scale act the scale of collective life . it is true institutions are corrupt But can it be that our only option is to refuse action and accede to extinction? Climate change is magnifying the suffering of the most vulnerable


Question: Levine 23

Refusing to exhaust political engagement to align with supposed radicalism makes extinction and unprecedented structural violence inevitable

Levine 23 (Caroline Levine is a professor of humanities at Cornell University. 10/17/23, The Activist Humanist: Form and Method in the Climate Crisis, Princeton University Press)//SHP

students feel bleak climate change defeats them overwhelmed by the prospect of dismantling structures fall back on their own actions cannot imagine working at a scale larger than individual decision making the scale of isolation and hopelessness no models of effective political action thinkers urge us to open to possibilities resist imperatives unlearn illusion of progress This leads to powerlessness scholars moving between longings for a “wholesale dismantling and embrace of “the minor gesture Caught between gloom and actions too insubstantial actively reinforcing withdrawal from the public sphere there is a register missing between global revolution and the small-scale act the scale of collective life . it is true institutions are corrupt But can it be that our only option is to refuse action and accede to extinction? Climate change is magnifying the suffering of the most vulnerable


Question: Caroline Levine climate

Refusing to exhaust political engagement to align with supposed radicalism makes extinction and unprecedented structural violence inevitable

Levine 23 (Caroline Levine is a professor of humanities at Cornell University. 10/17/23, The Activist Humanist: Form and Method in the Climate Crisis, Princeton University Press)//SHP

students feel bleak climate change defeats them overwhelmed by the prospect of dismantling structures fall back on their own actions cannot imagine working at a scale larger than individual decision making the scale of isolation and hopelessness no models of effective political action thinkers urge us to open to possibilities resist imperatives unlearn illusion of progress This leads to powerlessness scholars moving between longings for a “wholesale dismantling and embrace of “the minor gesture Caught between gloom and actions too insubstantial actively reinforcing withdrawal from the public sphere there is a register missing between global revolution and the small-scale act the scale of collective life . it is true institutions are corrupt But can it be that our only option is to refuse action and accede to extinction? Climate change is magnifying the suffering of the most vulnerable