Question: rule of law and economic freedom

Independently, you must vote aff on ethics – status quo taxation violates citizen property rights

Gwartney, James, et al, 2023,  (Fraser Institute, The Fraser Institute conducts and publishes studies on various economic and social issues, such as central bank policy, education, health care, and environmental regulation. A libertarian-conservative Canadian public policy think tank and registered charity) “Economic Freedom of the World 2023 Annual Report https://iea.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/economic-freedom-of-the-world-2023.pdf   ~  [SAT99 Sep. 2024]

a government of large size that requires higher taxation to fund, depriving citizens of their property and capital for investment, or running state enterprises that compete with the private sector, or offering subsidies in favor of certain enterprises against others in the market which takes away from citizens in favor of other entities state institutions can be abused to limit economic freedom. This can come about through over-regulation tax regimes that ake away the fruits of people’s labor, , How a state ranks on the rule of law is critical to economic freedom justice and the protection of tangible and intellectual property rights.


Question: Trump Fed independence war

1. Trump will wage a war against Fed independence.  Partisan appointments of loyalists will inevitably undermine perception of neutrality.

Jordan Weissmann Former Lead Economics Writer for Slate & Washington Editor @ Semafor ’24 https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2024/08/donald-trump-federal-reserve-independence/679535/

Trump waged a public feud with the bank unlike any before He tweeted that Powell was an “ enemy” of America he began trying to push partisan loyalists Shelton known for fringe positions including support of the gold standard She argued the Fed should “pursue a relationship with the president.” Economists reacted in abject horror this election with more MAGA lawmakers Trump will have an easier time Trump could substantially reshape the character of the central bank even genuine policy disagreements could be interpreted as political gamesmanship that chip away market’s faith in the Fed Even one or two loyalists would break the norm monetary policy should be nonpartisan


Question: Trump Fed partisan

1. Trump will wage a war against Fed independence.  Partisan appointments of loyalists will inevitably undermine perception of neutrality.

Jordan Weissmann Former Lead Economics Writer for Slate & Washington Editor @ Semafor ’24 https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2024/08/donald-trump-federal-reserve-independence/679535/

Trump waged a public feud with the bank unlike any before He tweeted that Powell was an “ enemy” of America he began trying to push partisan loyalists Shelton known for fringe positions including support of the gold standard She argued the Fed should “pursue a relationship with the president.” Economists reacted in abject horror this election with more MAGA lawmakers Trump will have an easier time Trump could substantially reshape the character of the central bank even genuine policy disagreements could be interpreted as political gamesmanship that chip away market’s faith in the Fed Even one or two loyalists would break the norm monetary policy should be nonpartisan


Question: Jordan Weissmann

1. Trump will wage a war against Fed independence.  Partisan appointments of loyalists will inevitably undermine perception of neutrality.

Jordan Weissmann Former Lead Economics Writer for Slate & Washington Editor @ Semafor ’24 https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2024/08/donald-trump-federal-reserve-independence/679535/

Trump waged a public feud with the bank unlike any before He tweeted that Powell was an “ enemy” of America he began trying to push partisan loyalists Shelton known for fringe positions including support of the gold standard She argued the Fed should “pursue a relationship with the president.” Economists reacted in abject horror this election with more MAGA lawmakers Trump will have an easier time Trump could substantially reshape the character of the central bank even genuine policy disagreements could be interpreted as political gamesmanship that chip away market’s faith in the Fed Even one or two loyalists would break the norm monetary policy should be nonpartisan


Question: Trump will reshape central bank

1. Trump will wage a war against Fed independence.  Partisan appointments of loyalists will inevitably undermine perception of neutrality.

Jordan Weissmann Former Lead Economics Writer for Slate & Washington Editor @ Semafor ’24 https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2024/08/donald-trump-federal-reserve-independence/679535/

Trump waged a public feud with the bank unlike any before He tweeted that Powell was an “ enemy” of America he began trying to push partisan loyalists Shelton known for fringe positions including support of the gold standard She argued the Fed should “pursue a relationship with the president.” Economists reacted in abject horror this election with more MAGA lawmakers Trump will have an easier time Trump could substantially reshape the character of the central bank even genuine policy disagreements could be interpreted as political gamesmanship that chip away market’s faith in the Fed Even one or two loyalists would break the norm monetary policy should be nonpartisan


Question: Trump enemy of America

1. Trump will wage a war against Fed independence.  Partisan appointments of loyalists will inevitably undermine perception of neutrality.

Jordan Weissmann Former Lead Economics Writer for Slate & Washington Editor @ Semafor ’24 https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2024/08/donald-trump-federal-reserve-independence/679535/

Trump waged a public feud with the bank unlike any before He tweeted that Powell was an “ enemy” of America he began trying to push partisan loyalists Shelton known for fringe positions including support of the gold standard She argued the Fed should “pursue a relationship with the president.” Economists reacted in abject horror this election with more MAGA lawmakers Trump will have an easier time Trump could substantially reshape the character of the central bank even genuine policy disagreements could be interpreted as political gamesmanship that chip away market’s faith in the Fed Even one or two loyalists would break the norm monetary policy should be nonpartisan


Question: Shelton gold standard

1. Trump will wage a war against Fed independence.  Partisan appointments of loyalists will inevitably undermine perception of neutrality.

Jordan Weissmann Former Lead Economics Writer for Slate & Washington Editor @ Semafor ’24 https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2024/08/donald-trump-federal-reserve-independence/679535/

Trump waged a public feud with the bank unlike any before He tweeted that Powell was an “ enemy” of America he began trying to push partisan loyalists Shelton known for fringe positions including support of the gold standard She argued the Fed should “pursue a relationship with the president.” Economists reacted in abject horror this election with more MAGA lawmakers Trump will have an easier time Trump could substantially reshape the character of the central bank even genuine policy disagreements could be interpreted as political gamesmanship that chip away market’s faith in the Fed Even one or two loyalists would break the norm monetary policy should be nonpartisan


Question: Fed monetary policy nonpartisan

1. Trump will wage a war against Fed independence.  Partisan appointments of loyalists will inevitably undermine perception of neutrality.

Jordan Weissmann Former Lead Economics Writer for Slate & Washington Editor @ Semafor ’24 https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2024/08/donald-trump-federal-reserve-independence/679535/

Trump waged a public feud with the bank unlike any before He tweeted that Powell was an “ enemy” of America he began trying to push partisan loyalists Shelton known for fringe positions including support of the gold standard She argued the Fed should “pursue a relationship with the president.” Economists reacted in abject horror this election with more MAGA lawmakers Trump will have an easier time Trump could substantially reshape the character of the central bank even genuine policy disagreements could be interpreted as political gamesmanship that chip away market’s faith in the Fed Even one or two loyalists would break the norm monetary policy should be nonpartisan


Question: Dollar heg is locked in

Dollar heg is strong and locked in by the Fed

Dr. Adam Tooze 20. Professor of History and Director of the European Institute at Columbia University, PhD from the London School of Economics, BA from King’s College at the University of Cambridge, “America Is Ailing—and Leading the World”, Foreign Policy, 4/1/2020, https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/01/us-coronavirus-leading-world-america-first/

others extrapolate dysfunction to mean end of influence simplistic and premature Dollar finance spans the world We avoided crisis because banks are solid Everyone wants dollars the Fed delivered—remarkably interventions in the international arena have been quick and large a repurchase facility allows liquidity And U S took the lead voting for renewal of IMF


Question: Adam Tooze 2020

Dollar heg is strong and locked in by the Fed

Dr. Adam Tooze 20. Professor of History and Director of the European Institute at Columbia University, PhD from the London School of Economics, BA from King’s College at the University of Cambridge, “America Is Ailing—and Leading the World”, Foreign Policy, 4/1/2020, https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/01/us-coronavirus-leading-world-america-first/

others extrapolate dysfunction to mean end of influence simplistic and premature Dollar finance spans the world We avoided crisis because banks are solid Everyone wants dollars the Fed delivered—remarkably interventions in the international arena have been quick and large a repurchase facility allows liquidity And U S took the lead voting for renewal of IMF


Question: Fed props up dollar heg

Dollar heg is strong and locked in by the Fed

Dr. Adam Tooze 20. Professor of History and Director of the European Institute at Columbia University, PhD from the London School of Economics, BA from King’s College at the University of Cambridge, “America Is Ailing—and Leading the World”, Foreign Policy, 4/1/2020, https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/01/us-coronavirus-leading-world-america-first/

others extrapolate dysfunction to mean end of influence simplistic and premature Dollar finance spans the world We avoided crisis because banks are solid Everyone wants dollars the Fed delivered—remarkably interventions in the international arena have been quick and large a repurchase facility allows liquidity And U S took the lead voting for renewal of IMF


Question: Dollar finance spans the world

Dollar heg is strong and locked in by the Fed

Dr. Adam Tooze 20. Professor of History and Director of the European Institute at Columbia University, PhD from the London School of Economics, BA from King’s College at the University of Cambridge, “America Is Ailing—and Leading the World”, Foreign Policy, 4/1/2020, https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/01/us-coronavirus-leading-world-america-first/

others extrapolate dysfunction to mean end of influence simplistic and premature Dollar finance spans the world We avoided crisis because banks are solid Everyone wants dollars the Fed delivered—remarkably interventions in the international arena have been quick and large a repurchase facility allows liquidity And U S took the lead voting for renewal of IMF


Question: Dollar hegemony interventions quick and large

Dollar heg is strong and locked in by the Fed

Dr. Adam Tooze 20. Professor of History and Director of the European Institute at Columbia University, PhD from the London School of Economics, BA from King’s College at the University of Cambridge, “America Is Ailing—and Leading the World”, Foreign Policy, 4/1/2020, https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/01/us-coronavirus-leading-world-america-first/

others extrapolate dysfunction to mean end of influence simplistic and premature Dollar finance spans the world We avoided crisis because banks are solid Everyone wants dollars the Fed delivered—remarkably interventions in the international arena have been quick and large a repurchase facility allows liquidity And U S took the lead voting for renewal of IMF


Question: Tooze dollar hegemony

Dollar heg is strong and locked in by the Fed

Dr. Adam Tooze 20. Professor of History and Director of the European Institute at Columbia University, PhD from the London School of Economics, BA from King’s College at the University of Cambridge, “America Is Ailing—and Leading the World”, Foreign Policy, 4/1/2020, https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/01/us-coronavirus-leading-world-america-first/

others extrapolate dysfunction to mean end of influence simplistic and premature Dollar finance spans the world We avoided crisis because banks are solid Everyone wants dollars the Fed delivered—remarkably interventions in the international arena have been quick and large a repurchase facility allows liquidity And U S took the lead voting for renewal of IMF


Question: America is ailing and leading

Dollar heg is strong and locked in by the Fed

Dr. Adam Tooze 20. Professor of History and Director of the European Institute at Columbia University, PhD from the London School of Economics, BA from King’s College at the University of Cambridge, “America Is Ailing—and Leading the World”, Foreign Policy, 4/1/2020, https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/01/us-coronavirus-leading-world-america-first/

others extrapolate dysfunction to mean end of influence simplistic and premature Dollar finance spans the world We avoided crisis because banks are solid Everyone wants dollars the Fed delivered—remarkably interventions in the international arena have been quick and large a repurchase facility allows liquidity And U S took the lead voting for renewal of IMF


Question: Federal government is national

‘Federal’ government is national.

Thompson ’21 [Thompson School District; 2021; Public school district for Loveland, Colorado and surrounding area; Thompson Schools, “Structures of Government,” https://www.thompsonschools.org/cms/lib/CO01900772/Centricity/Domain/3627/Structures%20of%20Government.pdf]

In the U S ‘ Federal refer to National Government the 50 state s are not federal


Question: Thompson 21

‘Federal’ government is national.

Thompson ’21 [Thompson School District; 2021; Public school district for Loveland, Colorado and surrounding area; Thompson Schools, “Structures of Government,” https://www.thompsonschools.org/cms/lib/CO01900772/Centricity/Domain/3627/Structures%20of%20Government.pdf]

In the U S ‘ Federal refer to National Government the 50 state s are not federal


Question: US Federal refers to National Government

‘Federal’ government is national.

Thompson ’21 [Thompson School District; 2021; Public school district for Loveland, Colorado and surrounding area; Thompson Schools, “Structures of Government,” https://www.thompsonschools.org/cms/lib/CO01900772/Centricity/Domain/3627/Structures%20of%20Government.pdf]

In the U S ‘ Federal refer to National Government the 50 state s are not federal


Question: definition of US federal

‘Federal’ government is national.

Thompson ’21 [Thompson School District; 2021; Public school district for Loveland, Colorado and surrounding area; Thompson Schools, “Structures of Government,” https://www.thompsonschools.org/cms/lib/CO01900772/Centricity/Domain/3627/Structures%20of%20Government.pdf]

In the U S ‘ Federal refer to National Government the 50 state s are not federal


Question: national government definition

‘Federal’ government is national.

Thompson ’21 [Thompson School District; 2021; Public school district for Loveland, Colorado and surrounding area; Thompson Schools, “Structures of Government,” https://www.thompsonschools.org/cms/lib/CO01900772/Centricity/Domain/3627/Structures%20of%20Government.pdf]

In the U S ‘ Federal refer to National Government the 50 state s are not federal


Question: US states are not federal

‘Federal’ government is national.

Thompson ’21 [Thompson School District; 2021; Public school district for Loveland, Colorado and surrounding area; Thompson Schools, “Structures of Government,” https://www.thompsonschools.org/cms/lib/CO01900772/Centricity/Domain/3627/Structures%20of%20Government.pdf]

In the U S ‘ Federal refer to National Government the 50 state s are not federal


Question: no existential climate impact

4. No existential climate impact.

Nicola Scafetta 24. Ph.D.; Associate Professor, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Naples Federico II. "Impacts and Risks of ‘Realistic’ Global Warming Projections for the 21st Century." Geoscience Frontiers, Volume 15, Issue 2.

IPCC acknowledged a hot model problem according to empirical studies actual values could between 1 and 2 °C worst-case IPCC reports for the 21st century low confidence any change in frequency severity or extent of drought fire storms erosion heatwaves air pollution radiation recent research argued alarmistic scenarios are very unrealistic warming will be moderate at a slower rate than predicted GCM warmer in comparison to alternative records such as satellite-based and contamination from non-climatic factors GCMs grossly inadequate alternative uses empirical modifications of ensembles via linear scaling accurately represent warming from 80 to 22 growing evidence of warming biases and natural variability no evidence of impending disaster


Question: Nicola Scafetta 24

4. No existential climate impact.

Nicola Scafetta 24. Ph.D.; Associate Professor, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Naples Federico II. "Impacts and Risks of ‘Realistic’ Global Warming Projections for the 21st Century." Geoscience Frontiers, Volume 15, Issue 2.

IPCC acknowledged a hot model problem according to empirical studies actual values could between 1 and 2 °C worst-case IPCC reports for the 21st century low confidence any change in frequency severity or extent of drought fire storms erosion heatwaves air pollution radiation recent research argued alarmistic scenarios are very unrealistic warming will be moderate at a slower rate than predicted GCM warmer in comparison to alternative records such as satellite-based and contamination from non-climatic factors GCMs grossly inadequate alternative uses empirical modifications of ensembles via linear scaling accurately represent warming from 80 to 22 growing evidence of warming biases and natural variability no evidence of impending disaster


Question: IPCC hot model problem

4. No existential climate impact.

Nicola Scafetta 24. Ph.D.; Associate Professor, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Naples Federico II. "Impacts and Risks of ‘Realistic’ Global Warming Projections for the 21st Century." Geoscience Frontiers, Volume 15, Issue 2.

IPCC acknowledged a hot model problem according to empirical studies actual values could between 1 and 2 °C worst-case IPCC reports for the 21st century low confidence any change in frequency severity or extent of drought fire storms erosion heatwaves air pollution radiation recent research argued alarmistic scenarios are very unrealistic warming will be moderate at a slower rate than predicted GCM warmer in comparison to alternative records such as satellite-based and contamination from non-climatic factors GCMs grossly inadequate alternative uses empirical modifications of ensembles via linear scaling accurately represent warming from 80 to 22 growing evidence of warming biases and natural variability no evidence of impending disaster


Question: warming will be moderate

4. No existential climate impact.

Nicola Scafetta 24. Ph.D.; Associate Professor, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Naples Federico II. "Impacts and Risks of ‘Realistic’ Global Warming Projections for the 21st Century." Geoscience Frontiers, Volume 15, Issue 2.

IPCC acknowledged a hot model problem according to empirical studies actual values could between 1 and 2 °C worst-case IPCC reports for the 21st century low confidence any change in frequency severity or extent of drought fire storms erosion heatwaves air pollution radiation recent research argued alarmistic scenarios are very unrealistic warming will be moderate at a slower rate than predicted GCM warmer in comparison to alternative records such as satellite-based and contamination from non-climatic factors GCMs grossly inadequate alternative uses empirical modifications of ensembles via linear scaling accurately represent warming from 80 to 22 growing evidence of warming biases and natural variability no evidence of impending disaster


Question: Scafetta no climate disaster

4. No existential climate impact.

Nicola Scafetta 24. Ph.D.; Associate Professor, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Naples Federico II. "Impacts and Risks of ‘Realistic’ Global Warming Projections for the 21st Century." Geoscience Frontiers, Volume 15, Issue 2.

IPCC acknowledged a hot model problem according to empirical studies actual values could between 1 and 2 °C worst-case IPCC reports for the 21st century low confidence any change in frequency severity or extent of drought fire storms erosion heatwaves air pollution radiation recent research argued alarmistic scenarios are very unrealistic warming will be moderate at a slower rate than predicted GCM warmer in comparison to alternative records such as satellite-based and contamination from non-climatic factors GCMs grossly inadequate alternative uses empirical modifications of ensembles via linear scaling accurately represent warming from 80 to 22 growing evidence of warming biases and natural variability no evidence of impending disaster


Question: GCMs inadequate

4. No existential climate impact.

Nicola Scafetta 24. Ph.D.; Associate Professor, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Naples Federico II. "Impacts and Risks of ‘Realistic’ Global Warming Projections for the 21st Century." Geoscience Frontiers, Volume 15, Issue 2.

IPCC acknowledged a hot model problem according to empirical studies actual values could between 1 and 2 °C worst-case IPCC reports for the 21st century low confidence any change in frequency severity or extent of drought fire storms erosion heatwaves air pollution radiation recent research argued alarmistic scenarios are very unrealistic warming will be moderate at a slower rate than predicted GCM warmer in comparison to alternative records such as satellite-based and contamination from non-climatic factors GCMs grossly inadequate alternative uses empirical modifications of ensembles via linear scaling accurately represent warming from 80 to 22 growing evidence of warming biases and natural variability no evidence of impending disaster


Question: no impending disaster

4. No existential climate impact.

Nicola Scafetta 24. Ph.D.; Associate Professor, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Naples Federico II. "Impacts and Risks of ‘Realistic’ Global Warming Projections for the 21st Century." Geoscience Frontiers, Volume 15, Issue 2.

IPCC acknowledged a hot model problem according to empirical studies actual values could between 1 and 2 °C worst-case IPCC reports for the 21st century low confidence any change in frequency severity or extent of drought fire storms erosion heatwaves air pollution radiation recent research argued alarmistic scenarios are very unrealistic warming will be moderate at a slower rate than predicted GCM warmer in comparison to alternative records such as satellite-based and contamination from non-climatic factors GCMs grossly inadequate alternative uses empirical modifications of ensembles via linear scaling accurately represent warming from 80 to 22 growing evidence of warming biases and natural variability no evidence of impending disaster


Question: Gradual rate cuts ruined by inflation

Gradual rate cuts are coming in 2025 BUT ruined by inflation surprises.

Moore ’24 [Simon; November 19; Chief Investment Officer at Moola and Future Advisor, MBA at Northwestern Kellogg School of Management; Forbes, “What to Expect From The Fed On Interest Rates In 2025,” https://www.forbes.com/sites/simonmoore/2024/11/19/what-to-expect-from-the-fed-on-interest-rates-in-2025/]

Most expect the Fed to cut rates most likely end 2025 at the lower end decisions informed by inflation and unemployment main question is tolerance for deviations stress importance of 2% inflation far lower than peak unemployment data performed better job market has not cause growth to stall should unemployment remain directionless FOMC have luxury of being attentive to inflation most likely rates trend down


Question: Moore 2024

Gradual rate cuts are coming in 2025 BUT ruined by inflation surprises.

Moore ’24 [Simon; November 19; Chief Investment Officer at Moola and Future Advisor, MBA at Northwestern Kellogg School of Management; Forbes, “What to Expect From The Fed On Interest Rates In 2025,” https://www.forbes.com/sites/simonmoore/2024/11/19/what-to-expect-from-the-fed-on-interest-rates-in-2025/]

Most expect the Fed to cut rates most likely end 2025 at the lower end decisions informed by inflation and unemployment main question is tolerance for deviations stress importance of 2% inflation far lower than peak unemployment data performed better job market has not cause growth to stall should unemployment remain directionless FOMC have luxury of being attentive to inflation most likely rates trend down


Question: Simon Moore

Gradual rate cuts are coming in 2025 BUT ruined by inflation surprises.

Moore ’24 [Simon; November 19; Chief Investment Officer at Moola and Future Advisor, MBA at Northwestern Kellogg School of Management; Forbes, “What to Expect From The Fed On Interest Rates In 2025,” https://www.forbes.com/sites/simonmoore/2024/11/19/what-to-expect-from-the-fed-on-interest-rates-in-2025/]

Most expect the Fed to cut rates most likely end 2025 at the lower end decisions informed by inflation and unemployment main question is tolerance for deviations stress importance of 2% inflation far lower than peak unemployment data performed better job market has not cause growth to stall should unemployment remain directionless FOMC have luxury of being attentive to inflation most likely rates trend down


Question: Fed rate cuts 2025

Gradual rate cuts are coming in 2025 BUT ruined by inflation surprises.

Moore ’24 [Simon; November 19; Chief Investment Officer at Moola and Future Advisor, MBA at Northwestern Kellogg School of Management; Forbes, “What to Expect From The Fed On Interest Rates In 2025,” https://www.forbes.com/sites/simonmoore/2024/11/19/what-to-expect-from-the-fed-on-interest-rates-in-2025/]

Most expect the Fed to cut rates most likely end 2025 at the lower end decisions informed by inflation and unemployment main question is tolerance for deviations stress importance of 2% inflation far lower than peak unemployment data performed better job market has not cause growth to stall should unemployment remain directionless FOMC have luxury of being attentive to inflation most likely rates trend down


Question: inflation tolerance

Gradual rate cuts are coming in 2025 BUT ruined by inflation surprises.

Moore ’24 [Simon; November 19; Chief Investment Officer at Moola and Future Advisor, MBA at Northwestern Kellogg School of Management; Forbes, “What to Expect From The Fed On Interest Rates In 2025,” https://www.forbes.com/sites/simonmoore/2024/11/19/what-to-expect-from-the-fed-on-interest-rates-in-2025/]

Most expect the Fed to cut rates most likely end 2025 at the lower end decisions informed by inflation and unemployment main question is tolerance for deviations stress importance of 2% inflation far lower than peak unemployment data performed better job market has not cause growth to stall should unemployment remain directionless FOMC have luxury of being attentive to inflation most likely rates trend down


Question: unemployment data

Gradual rate cuts are coming in 2025 BUT ruined by inflation surprises.

Moore ’24 [Simon; November 19; Chief Investment Officer at Moola and Future Advisor, MBA at Northwestern Kellogg School of Management; Forbes, “What to Expect From The Fed On Interest Rates In 2025,” https://www.forbes.com/sites/simonmoore/2024/11/19/what-to-expect-from-the-fed-on-interest-rates-in-2025/]

Most expect the Fed to cut rates most likely end 2025 at the lower end decisions informed by inflation and unemployment main question is tolerance for deviations stress importance of 2% inflation far lower than peak unemployment data performed better job market has not cause growth to stall should unemployment remain directionless FOMC have luxury of being attentive to inflation most likely rates trend down


Question: FOMC inflation attentive

Gradual rate cuts are coming in 2025 BUT ruined by inflation surprises.

Moore ’24 [Simon; November 19; Chief Investment Officer at Moola and Future Advisor, MBA at Northwestern Kellogg School of Management; Forbes, “What to Expect From The Fed On Interest Rates In 2025,” https://www.forbes.com/sites/simonmoore/2024/11/19/what-to-expect-from-the-fed-on-interest-rates-in-2025/]

Most expect the Fed to cut rates most likely end 2025 at the lower end decisions informed by inflation and unemployment main question is tolerance for deviations stress importance of 2% inflation far lower than peak unemployment data performed better job market has not cause growth to stall should unemployment remain directionless FOMC have luxury of being attentive to inflation most likely rates trend down


Question: federal follow on avoids politics

Leads to federal follow on AND avoids politics

Nicholas Bianco 20. acting deputy director for WRI United States. He previously served as director of regulatory analysis and strategic partnerships at the Environmental Defense Fund. In that role, he oversaw the analytical research conducted in support of the domestic climate and air regulatory team. FRANZ LITZ, DEVASHREE SAHA, TYLER CLEVENGER, AND DAN LASHOF, “NEW CLIMATE FEDERALISM: DEFINING FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL ROLES IN A U.S. POLICY FRAMEWORK TO ACHIEVE DECARBONIZATION”, https://files.wri.org/d8/s3fs-public/new-climate-federalism-working-paper.pdf?_gl=1*uo9vuo*_gcl_au*MTU3NDUyNTkyMS4xNzI1Mzc3ODc2LjE4OTA3NzAyMTguMTcyNTM3Nzk5NS4xNzI1Mzc3OTk1

a Strong Subnational Role Leveraging knowledge and experience governments have been acting for years in utilities building codes land-use planning zoning ag waste diversity of governments fosters experimentation and innovation leading to practices that percolate up to the fed Fostering a race to the top. governments compete can help push national policy forward and encourage other states to join the prolif of electricity standards Driving deeper emissions reductions when gridlock and dysfunction stymie response at the federal level Bottom-up action can spur national governments to act subnational actors functioned as a test bed for later adoption at the federal level ideology's odds ratio is 1.09 1 unit increase in liberal increases odds of RPS by 9% ratio for fossil fuel production negative and significant for all models 1 unit increase in fossil fuel production decreases odds of adoption by 27% standards require significant new reg s , funding , and admin capacity clean electricity standard subject to industry meddling , especially in purple states where mandates faced significant backlash or challenges to implementation cost of standards has been higher than one might think $530 per ton of CO2 paid by ratepayers through power prices As standards are getting more ambitious markets are fracturing , and costs are piling up Johnson won the barest of victories Any defection over trivial procedural or legislative  matters could block the party's agenda Johnson is also in trouble many key votes look in spite of hi the Freedom Caucus only voted for him to make sure  they  could approve  Trump's agenda the Freedom Caucus implicitly holds the fate of Johnson's job in its hands they've already shown they're willing to topple a speaker this group has for now set aside its differences “fighting the isolationist movement a powerful ally in Johnson Johnson  was a vigorous advocate  of active support of our allies Johnson communicated urgency  about the d i b There is a big fight  within the GOP over whether America should adopt an assertive posture abroad or whether it should retrench as spending and debt begin to crowd out other priorities We  know which side  Johnson is on . alliances are the key advantage over an authoritarian bloc Sino Russian North Korea and  Iran that seeks to overturn the liberal order Washington  must resist the anti-defense spending themes of the neo - isolationism of the Right a trend within the Republican Party to oppose aid to Ukraine not lost on allies who fear for security some allies , on the frontlines are alarmed with the potential for a cascade of nuclear proliferation there has never been greater cause for optimism about the environment we are on the cusp of tech in Energy Transportation Food and Labor enable us to solve climate change pessimism around environmental issues because folks under impression we will be stuck with old technologies we aren’t solar wind batteries heat pumps e v s autonomous driving ride-hailing precision fermentation cellular ag a i all simultaneously mitigate emissions Ninety percent of all emissions come from those sectors gets us most of the way to zero reason solving environmental problems is difficult is because it’s expensive explosion of prosperity worldwide solving challenges affordable everywhere disruptions fast IPCC names risks by warming but extinction is not chances of extinction are zero recent science shows encouraging trends world made progress on clean energy and controlling emissions clear we are not headed toward the worst-case Even with no further progress Perhaps no frame has been more debated than whether climate change poses an existential risk . there is  no evidence  that humanity’s existence  is at stake Paleoclimate data reveal climatic fluctuations affected human evolution Overall primitive humans proved resilient  under harsh climatic conditions collapse of the Atlantic meridional the biggest climate risk occurred about  14,500 years ago. there is no scenario which humanity would not provide its basic needs with technological advances An existential threat warrants virtually any intervention Climate change is  often mischaracterized this way Economical policies must be prioritized copious research refutes the claim that climate change cause an increase in illnesses there is limited evidence unless the Earth cools dramatically that climate change will result in diseases becoming more common studies from Africa England and Wales North and South America to Thailand and beyond refute any link despite warming vector borne diseases have become less prevalent and deadly there is no evidence warming is causing sea level rise authors of Nature diseases have become less likely as the earth has warmed A pandemic that threaten extinction is a very small probability a survey of the G C R Conference shows the median estimate for killing 1 billion to be 5% Ord estimates probability of existential risk from a pandemic in the next 100 years to be 0.01% . assumptions underpinning scarcity are illogical due to exaggeration scarcity scholars have weak quantitative research that fail to prove the link large-N findings contradict results scarcity a force for cooperation scarcity is not strong enough to induce conflict


Question: nicholas bianco climate federalism

Leads to federal follow on AND avoids politics

Nicholas Bianco 20. acting deputy director for WRI United States. He previously served as director of regulatory analysis and strategic partnerships at the Environmental Defense Fund. In that role, he oversaw the analytical research conducted in support of the domestic climate and air regulatory team. FRANZ LITZ, DEVASHREE SAHA, TYLER CLEVENGER, AND DAN LASHOF, “NEW CLIMATE FEDERALISM: DEFINING FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL ROLES IN A U.S. POLICY FRAMEWORK TO ACHIEVE DECARBONIZATION”, https://files.wri.org/d8/s3fs-public/new-climate-federalism-working-paper.pdf?_gl=1*uo9vuo*_gcl_au*MTU3NDUyNTkyMS4xNzI1Mzc3ODc2LjE4OTA3NzAyMTguMTcyNTM3Nzk5NS4xNzI1Mzc3OTk1

a Strong Subnational Role Leveraging knowledge and experience governments have been acting for years in utilities building codes land-use planning zoning ag waste diversity of governments fosters experimentation and innovation leading to practices that percolate up to the fed Fostering a race to the top. governments compete can help push national policy forward and encourage other states to join the prolif of electricity standards Driving deeper emissions reductions when gridlock and dysfunction stymie response at the federal level Bottom-up action can spur national governments to act subnational actors functioned as a test bed for later adoption at the federal level ideology's odds ratio is 1.09 1 unit increase in liberal increases odds of RPS by 9% ratio for fossil fuel production negative and significant for all models 1 unit increase in fossil fuel production decreases odds of adoption by 27% standards require significant new reg s , funding , and admin capacity clean electricity standard subject to industry meddling , especially in purple states where mandates faced significant backlash or challenges to implementation cost of standards has been higher than one might think $530 per ton of CO2 paid by ratepayers through power prices As standards are getting more ambitious markets are fracturing , and costs are piling up Johnson won the barest of victories Any defection over trivial procedural or legislative  matters could block the party's agenda Johnson is also in trouble many key votes look in spite of hi the Freedom Caucus only voted for him to make sure  they  could approve  Trump's agenda the Freedom Caucus implicitly holds the fate of Johnson's job in its hands they've already shown they're willing to topple a speaker this group has for now set aside its differences “fighting the isolationist movement a powerful ally in Johnson Johnson  was a vigorous advocate  of active support of our allies Johnson communicated urgency  about the d i b There is a big fight  within the GOP over whether America should adopt an assertive posture abroad or whether it should retrench as spending and debt begin to crowd out other priorities We  know which side  Johnson is on . alliances are the key advantage over an authoritarian bloc Sino Russian North Korea and  Iran that seeks to overturn the liberal order Washington  must resist the anti-defense spending themes of the neo - isolationism of the Right a trend within the Republican Party to oppose aid to Ukraine not lost on allies who fear for security some allies , on the frontlines are alarmed with the potential for a cascade of nuclear proliferation there has never been greater cause for optimism about the environment we are on the cusp of tech in Energy Transportation Food and Labor enable us to solve climate change pessimism around environmental issues because folks under impression we will be stuck with old technologies we aren’t solar wind batteries heat pumps e v s autonomous driving ride-hailing precision fermentation cellular ag a i all simultaneously mitigate emissions Ninety percent of all emissions come from those sectors gets us most of the way to zero reason solving environmental problems is difficult is because it’s expensive explosion of prosperity worldwide solving challenges affordable everywhere disruptions fast IPCC names risks by warming but extinction is not chances of extinction are zero recent science shows encouraging trends world made progress on clean energy and controlling emissions clear we are not headed toward the worst-case Even with no further progress Perhaps no frame has been more debated than whether climate change poses an existential risk . there is  no evidence  that humanity’s existence  is at stake Paleoclimate data reveal climatic fluctuations affected human evolution Overall primitive humans proved resilient  under harsh climatic conditions collapse of the Atlantic meridional the biggest climate risk occurred about  14,500 years ago. there is no scenario which humanity would not provide its basic needs with technological advances An existential threat warrants virtually any intervention Climate change is  often mischaracterized this way Economical policies must be prioritized copious research refutes the claim that climate change cause an increase in illnesses there is limited evidence unless the Earth cools dramatically that climate change will result in diseases becoming more common studies from Africa England and Wales North and South America to Thailand and beyond refute any link despite warming vector borne diseases have become less prevalent and deadly there is no evidence warming is causing sea level rise authors of Nature diseases have become less likely as the earth has warmed A pandemic that threaten extinction is a very small probability a survey of the G C R Conference shows the median estimate for killing 1 billion to be 5% Ord estimates probability of existential risk from a pandemic in the next 100 years to be 0.01% . assumptions underpinning scarcity are illogical due to exaggeration scarcity scholars have weak quantitative research that fail to prove the link large-N findings contradict results scarcity a force for cooperation scarcity is not strong enough to induce conflict


Question: Nicholas Bianco 20

Leads to federal follow on AND avoids politics

Nicholas Bianco 20. acting deputy director for WRI United States. He previously served as director of regulatory analysis and strategic partnerships at the Environmental Defense Fund. In that role, he oversaw the analytical research conducted in support of the domestic climate and air regulatory team. FRANZ LITZ, DEVASHREE SAHA, TYLER CLEVENGER, AND DAN LASHOF, “NEW CLIMATE FEDERALISM: DEFINING FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL ROLES IN A U.S. POLICY FRAMEWORK TO ACHIEVE DECARBONIZATION”, https://files.wri.org/d8/s3fs-public/new-climate-federalism-working-paper.pdf?_gl=1*uo9vuo*_gcl_au*MTU3NDUyNTkyMS4xNzI1Mzc3ODc2LjE4OTA3NzAyMTguMTcyNTM3Nzk5NS4xNzI1Mzc3OTk1

a Strong Subnational Role Leveraging knowledge and experience governments have been acting for years in utilities building codes land-use planning zoning ag waste diversity of governments fosters experimentation and innovation leading to practices that percolate up to the fed Fostering a race to the top. governments compete can help push national policy forward and encourage other states to join the prolif of electricity standards Driving deeper emissions reductions when gridlock and dysfunction stymie response at the federal level Bottom-up action can spur national governments to act subnational actors functioned as a test bed for later adoption at the federal level ideology's odds ratio is 1.09 1 unit increase in liberal increases odds of RPS by 9% ratio for fossil fuel production negative and significant for all models 1 unit increase in fossil fuel production decreases odds of adoption by 27% standards require significant new reg s , funding , and admin capacity clean electricity standard subject to industry meddling , especially in purple states where mandates faced significant backlash or challenges to implementation cost of standards has been higher than one might think $530 per ton of CO2 paid by ratepayers through power prices As standards are getting more ambitious markets are fracturing , and costs are piling up Johnson won the barest of victories Any defection over trivial procedural or legislative  matters could block the party's agenda Johnson is also in trouble many key votes look in spite of hi the Freedom Caucus only voted for him to make sure  they  could approve  Trump's agenda the Freedom Caucus implicitly holds the fate of Johnson's job in its hands they've already shown they're willing to topple a speaker this group has for now set aside its differences “fighting the isolationist movement a powerful ally in Johnson Johnson  was a vigorous advocate  of active support of our allies Johnson communicated urgency  about the d i b There is a big fight  within the GOP over whether America should adopt an assertive posture abroad or whether it should retrench as spending and debt begin to crowd out other priorities We  know which side  Johnson is on . alliances are the key advantage over an authoritarian bloc Sino Russian North Korea and  Iran that seeks to overturn the liberal order Washington  must resist the anti-defense spending themes of the neo - isolationism of the Right a trend within the Republican Party to oppose aid to Ukraine not lost on allies who fear for security some allies , on the frontlines are alarmed with the potential for a cascade of nuclear proliferation there has never been greater cause for optimism about the environment we are on the cusp of tech in Energy Transportation Food and Labor enable us to solve climate change pessimism around environmental issues because folks under impression we will be stuck with old technologies we aren’t solar wind batteries heat pumps e v s autonomous driving ride-hailing precision fermentation cellular ag a i all simultaneously mitigate emissions Ninety percent of all emissions come from those sectors gets us most of the way to zero reason solving environmental problems is difficult is because it’s expensive explosion of prosperity worldwide solving challenges affordable everywhere disruptions fast IPCC names risks by warming but extinction is not chances of extinction are zero recent science shows encouraging trends world made progress on clean energy and controlling emissions clear we are not headed toward the worst-case Even with no further progress Perhaps no frame has been more debated than whether climate change poses an existential risk . there is  no evidence  that humanity’s existence  is at stake Paleoclimate data reveal climatic fluctuations affected human evolution Overall primitive humans proved resilient  under harsh climatic conditions collapse of the Atlantic meridional the biggest climate risk occurred about  14,500 years ago. there is no scenario which humanity would not provide its basic needs with technological advances An existential threat warrants virtually any intervention Climate change is  often mischaracterized this way Economical policies must be prioritized copious research refutes the claim that climate change cause an increase in illnesses there is limited evidence unless the Earth cools dramatically that climate change will result in diseases becoming more common studies from Africa England and Wales North and South America to Thailand and beyond refute any link despite warming vector borne diseases have become less prevalent and deadly there is no evidence warming is causing sea level rise authors of Nature diseases have become less likely as the earth has warmed A pandemic that threaten extinction is a very small probability a survey of the G C R Conference shows the median estimate for killing 1 billion to be 5% Ord estimates probability of existential risk from a pandemic in the next 100 years to be 0.01% . assumptions underpinning scarcity are illogical due to exaggeration scarcity scholars have weak quantitative research that fail to prove the link large-N findings contradict results scarcity a force for cooperation scarcity is not strong enough to induce conflict


Question: state action leads to federal action

Leads to federal follow on AND avoids politics

Nicholas Bianco 20. acting deputy director for WRI United States. He previously served as director of regulatory analysis and strategic partnerships at the Environmental Defense Fund. In that role, he oversaw the analytical research conducted in support of the domestic climate and air regulatory team. FRANZ LITZ, DEVASHREE SAHA, TYLER CLEVENGER, AND DAN LASHOF, “NEW CLIMATE FEDERALISM: DEFINING FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL ROLES IN A U.S. POLICY FRAMEWORK TO ACHIEVE DECARBONIZATION”, https://files.wri.org/d8/s3fs-public/new-climate-federalism-working-paper.pdf?_gl=1*uo9vuo*_gcl_au*MTU3NDUyNTkyMS4xNzI1Mzc3ODc2LjE4OTA3NzAyMTguMTcyNTM3Nzk5NS4xNzI1Mzc3OTk1

a Strong Subnational Role Leveraging knowledge and experience governments have been acting for years in utilities building codes land-use planning zoning ag waste diversity of governments fosters experimentation and innovation leading to practices that percolate up to the fed Fostering a race to the top. governments compete can help push national policy forward and encourage other states to join the prolif of electricity standards Driving deeper emissions reductions when gridlock and dysfunction stymie response at the federal level Bottom-up action can spur national governments to act subnational actors functioned as a test bed for later adoption at the federal level ideology's odds ratio is 1.09 1 unit increase in liberal increases odds of RPS by 9% ratio for fossil fuel production negative and significant for all models 1 unit increase in fossil fuel production decreases odds of adoption by 27% standards require significant new reg s , funding , and admin capacity clean electricity standard subject to industry meddling , especially in purple states where mandates faced significant backlash or challenges to implementation cost of standards has been higher than one might think $530 per ton of CO2 paid by ratepayers through power prices As standards are getting more ambitious markets are fracturing , and costs are piling up Johnson won the barest of victories Any defection over trivial procedural or legislative  matters could block the party's agenda Johnson is also in trouble many key votes look in spite of hi the Freedom Caucus only voted for him to make sure  they  could approve  Trump's agenda the Freedom Caucus implicitly holds the fate of Johnson's job in its hands they've already shown they're willing to topple a speaker this group has for now set aside its differences “fighting the isolationist movement a powerful ally in Johnson Johnson  was a vigorous advocate  of active support of our allies Johnson communicated urgency  about the d i b There is a big fight  within the GOP over whether America should adopt an assertive posture abroad or whether it should retrench as spending and debt begin to crowd out other priorities We  know which side  Johnson is on . alliances are the key advantage over an authoritarian bloc Sino Russian North Korea and  Iran that seeks to overturn the liberal order Washington  must resist the anti-defense spending themes of the neo - isolationism of the Right a trend within the Republican Party to oppose aid to Ukraine not lost on allies who fear for security some allies , on the frontlines are alarmed with the potential for a cascade of nuclear proliferation there has never been greater cause for optimism about the environment we are on the cusp of tech in Energy Transportation Food and Labor enable us to solve climate change pessimism around environmental issues because folks under impression we will be stuck with old technologies we aren’t solar wind batteries heat pumps e v s autonomous driving ride-hailing precision fermentation cellular ag a i all simultaneously mitigate emissions Ninety percent of all emissions come from those sectors gets us most of the way to zero reason solving environmental problems is difficult is because it’s expensive explosion of prosperity worldwide solving challenges affordable everywhere disruptions fast IPCC names risks by warming but extinction is not chances of extinction are zero recent science shows encouraging trends world made progress on clean energy and controlling emissions clear we are not headed toward the worst-case Even with no further progress Perhaps no frame has been more debated than whether climate change poses an existential risk . there is  no evidence  that humanity’s existence  is at stake Paleoclimate data reveal climatic fluctuations affected human evolution Overall primitive humans proved resilient  under harsh climatic conditions collapse of the Atlantic meridional the biggest climate risk occurred about  14,500 years ago. there is no scenario which humanity would not provide its basic needs with technological advances An existential threat warrants virtually any intervention Climate change is  often mischaracterized this way Economical policies must be prioritized copious research refutes the claim that climate change cause an increase in illnesses there is limited evidence unless the Earth cools dramatically that climate change will result in diseases becoming more common studies from Africa England and Wales North and South America to Thailand and beyond refute any link despite warming vector borne diseases have become less prevalent and deadly there is no evidence warming is causing sea level rise authors of Nature diseases have become less likely as the earth has warmed A pandemic that threaten extinction is a very small probability a survey of the G C R Conference shows the median estimate for killing 1 billion to be 5% Ord estimates probability of existential risk from a pandemic in the next 100 years to be 0.01% . assumptions underpinning scarcity are illogical due to exaggeration scarcity scholars have weak quantitative research that fail to prove the link large-N findings contradict results scarcity a force for cooperation scarcity is not strong enough to induce conflict


Question: bottom up climate action

Leads to federal follow on AND avoids politics

Nicholas Bianco 20. acting deputy director for WRI United States. He previously served as director of regulatory analysis and strategic partnerships at the Environmental Defense Fund. In that role, he oversaw the analytical research conducted in support of the domestic climate and air regulatory team. FRANZ LITZ, DEVASHREE SAHA, TYLER CLEVENGER, AND DAN LASHOF, “NEW CLIMATE FEDERALISM: DEFINING FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL ROLES IN A U.S. POLICY FRAMEWORK TO ACHIEVE DECARBONIZATION”, https://files.wri.org/d8/s3fs-public/new-climate-federalism-working-paper.pdf?_gl=1*uo9vuo*_gcl_au*MTU3NDUyNTkyMS4xNzI1Mzc3ODc2LjE4OTA3NzAyMTguMTcyNTM3Nzk5NS4xNzI1Mzc3OTk1

a Strong Subnational Role Leveraging knowledge and experience governments have been acting for years in utilities building codes land-use planning zoning ag waste diversity of governments fosters experimentation and innovation leading to practices that percolate up to the fed Fostering a race to the top. governments compete can help push national policy forward and encourage other states to join the prolif of electricity standards Driving deeper emissions reductions when gridlock and dysfunction stymie response at the federal level Bottom-up action can spur national governments to act subnational actors functioned as a test bed for later adoption at the federal level ideology's odds ratio is 1.09 1 unit increase in liberal increases odds of RPS by 9% ratio for fossil fuel production negative and significant for all models 1 unit increase in fossil fuel production decreases odds of adoption by 27% standards require significant new reg s , funding , and admin capacity clean electricity standard subject to industry meddling , especially in purple states where mandates faced significant backlash or challenges to implementation cost of standards has been higher than one might think $530 per ton of CO2 paid by ratepayers through power prices As standards are getting more ambitious markets are fracturing , and costs are piling up Johnson won the barest of victories Any defection over trivial procedural or legislative  matters could block the party's agenda Johnson is also in trouble many key votes look in spite of hi the Freedom Caucus only voted for him to make sure  they  could approve  Trump's agenda the Freedom Caucus implicitly holds the fate of Johnson's job in its hands they've already shown they're willing to topple a speaker this group has for now set aside its differences “fighting the isolationist movement a powerful ally in Johnson Johnson  was a vigorous advocate  of active support of our allies Johnson communicated urgency  about the d i b There is a big fight  within the GOP over whether America should adopt an assertive posture abroad or whether it should retrench as spending and debt begin to crowd out other priorities We  know which side  Johnson is on . alliances are the key advantage over an authoritarian bloc Sino Russian North Korea and  Iran that seeks to overturn the liberal order Washington  must resist the anti-defense spending themes of the neo - isolationism of the Right a trend within the Republican Party to oppose aid to Ukraine not lost on allies who fear for security some allies , on the frontlines are alarmed with the potential for a cascade of nuclear proliferation there has never been greater cause for optimism about the environment we are on the cusp of tech in Energy Transportation Food and Labor enable us to solve climate change pessimism around environmental issues because folks under impression we will be stuck with old technologies we aren’t solar wind batteries heat pumps e v s autonomous driving ride-hailing precision fermentation cellular ag a i all simultaneously mitigate emissions Ninety percent of all emissions come from those sectors gets us most of the way to zero reason solving environmental problems is difficult is because it’s expensive explosion of prosperity worldwide solving challenges affordable everywhere disruptions fast IPCC names risks by warming but extinction is not chances of extinction are zero recent science shows encouraging trends world made progress on clean energy and controlling emissions clear we are not headed toward the worst-case Even with no further progress Perhaps no frame has been more debated than whether climate change poses an existential risk . there is  no evidence  that humanity’s existence  is at stake Paleoclimate data reveal climatic fluctuations affected human evolution Overall primitive humans proved resilient  under harsh climatic conditions collapse of the Atlantic meridional the biggest climate risk occurred about  14,500 years ago. there is no scenario which humanity would not provide its basic needs with technological advances An existential threat warrants virtually any intervention Climate change is  often mischaracterized this way Economical policies must be prioritized copious research refutes the claim that climate change cause an increase in illnesses there is limited evidence unless the Earth cools dramatically that climate change will result in diseases becoming more common studies from Africa England and Wales North and South America to Thailand and beyond refute any link despite warming vector borne diseases have become less prevalent and deadly there is no evidence warming is causing sea level rise authors of Nature diseases have become less likely as the earth has warmed A pandemic that threaten extinction is a very small probability a survey of the G C R Conference shows the median estimate for killing 1 billion to be 5% Ord estimates probability of existential risk from a pandemic in the next 100 years to be 0.01% . assumptions underpinning scarcity are illogical due to exaggeration scarcity scholars have weak quantitative research that fail to prove the link large-N findings contradict results scarcity a force for cooperation scarcity is not strong enough to induce conflict


Question: subnational actors test bed federal

Leads to federal follow on AND avoids politics

Nicholas Bianco 20. acting deputy director for WRI United States. He previously served as director of regulatory analysis and strategic partnerships at the Environmental Defense Fund. In that role, he oversaw the analytical research conducted in support of the domestic climate and air regulatory team. FRANZ LITZ, DEVASHREE SAHA, TYLER CLEVENGER, AND DAN LASHOF, “NEW CLIMATE FEDERALISM: DEFINING FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL ROLES IN A U.S. POLICY FRAMEWORK TO ACHIEVE DECARBONIZATION”, https://files.wri.org/d8/s3fs-public/new-climate-federalism-working-paper.pdf?_gl=1*uo9vuo*_gcl_au*MTU3NDUyNTkyMS4xNzI1Mzc3ODc2LjE4OTA3NzAyMTguMTcyNTM3Nzk5NS4xNzI1Mzc3OTk1

a Strong Subnational Role Leveraging knowledge and experience governments have been acting for years in utilities building codes land-use planning zoning ag waste diversity of governments fosters experimentation and innovation leading to practices that percolate up to the fed Fostering a race to the top. governments compete can help push national policy forward and encourage other states to join the prolif of electricity standards Driving deeper emissions reductions when gridlock and dysfunction stymie response at the federal level Bottom-up action can spur national governments to act subnational actors functioned as a test bed for later adoption at the federal level ideology's odds ratio is 1.09 1 unit increase in liberal increases odds of RPS by 9% ratio for fossil fuel production negative and significant for all models 1 unit increase in fossil fuel production decreases odds of adoption by 27% standards require significant new reg s , funding , and admin capacity clean electricity standard subject to industry meddling , especially in purple states where mandates faced significant backlash or challenges to implementation cost of standards has been higher than one might think $530 per ton of CO2 paid by ratepayers through power prices As standards are getting more ambitious markets are fracturing , and costs are piling up Johnson won the barest of victories Any defection over trivial procedural or legislative  matters could block the party's agenda Johnson is also in trouble many key votes look in spite of hi the Freedom Caucus only voted for him to make sure  they  could approve  Trump's agenda the Freedom Caucus implicitly holds the fate of Johnson's job in its hands they've already shown they're willing to topple a speaker this group has for now set aside its differences “fighting the isolationist movement a powerful ally in Johnson Johnson  was a vigorous advocate  of active support of our allies Johnson communicated urgency  about the d i b There is a big fight  within the GOP over whether America should adopt an assertive posture abroad or whether it should retrench as spending and debt begin to crowd out other priorities We  know which side  Johnson is on . alliances are the key advantage over an authoritarian bloc Sino Russian North Korea and  Iran that seeks to overturn the liberal order Washington  must resist the anti-defense spending themes of the neo - isolationism of the Right a trend within the Republican Party to oppose aid to Ukraine not lost on allies who fear for security some allies , on the frontlines are alarmed with the potential for a cascade of nuclear proliferation there has never been greater cause for optimism about the environment we are on the cusp of tech in Energy Transportation Food and Labor enable us to solve climate change pessimism around environmental issues because folks under impression we will be stuck with old technologies we aren’t solar wind batteries heat pumps e v s autonomous driving ride-hailing precision fermentation cellular ag a i all simultaneously mitigate emissions Ninety percent of all emissions come from those sectors gets us most of the way to zero reason solving environmental problems is difficult is because it’s expensive explosion of prosperity worldwide solving challenges affordable everywhere disruptions fast IPCC names risks by warming but extinction is not chances of extinction are zero recent science shows encouraging trends world made progress on clean energy and controlling emissions clear we are not headed toward the worst-case Even with no further progress Perhaps no frame has been more debated than whether climate change poses an existential risk . there is  no evidence  that humanity’s existence  is at stake Paleoclimate data reveal climatic fluctuations affected human evolution Overall primitive humans proved resilient  under harsh climatic conditions collapse of the Atlantic meridional the biggest climate risk occurred about  14,500 years ago. there is no scenario which humanity would not provide its basic needs with technological advances An existential threat warrants virtually any intervention Climate change is  often mischaracterized this way Economical policies must be prioritized copious research refutes the claim that climate change cause an increase in illnesses there is limited evidence unless the Earth cools dramatically that climate change will result in diseases becoming more common studies from Africa England and Wales North and South America to Thailand and beyond refute any link despite warming vector borne diseases have become less prevalent and deadly there is no evidence warming is causing sea level rise authors of Nature diseases have become less likely as the earth has warmed A pandemic that threaten extinction is a very small probability a survey of the G C R Conference shows the median estimate for killing 1 billion to be 5% Ord estimates probability of existential risk from a pandemic in the next 100 years to be 0.01% . assumptions underpinning scarcity are illogical due to exaggeration scarcity scholars have weak quantitative research that fail to prove the link large-N findings contradict results scarcity a force for cooperation scarcity is not strong enough to induce conflict


Question: climate federalism

Leads to federal follow on AND avoids politics

Nicholas Bianco 20. acting deputy director for WRI United States. He previously served as director of regulatory analysis and strategic partnerships at the Environmental Defense Fund. In that role, he oversaw the analytical research conducted in support of the domestic climate and air regulatory team. FRANZ LITZ, DEVASHREE SAHA, TYLER CLEVENGER, AND DAN LASHOF, “NEW CLIMATE FEDERALISM: DEFINING FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL ROLES IN A U.S. POLICY FRAMEWORK TO ACHIEVE DECARBONIZATION”, https://files.wri.org/d8/s3fs-public/new-climate-federalism-working-paper.pdf?_gl=1*uo9vuo*_gcl_au*MTU3NDUyNTkyMS4xNzI1Mzc3ODc2LjE4OTA3NzAyMTguMTcyNTM3Nzk5NS4xNzI1Mzc3OTk1

a Strong Subnational Role Leveraging knowledge and experience governments have been acting for years in utilities building codes land-use planning zoning ag waste diversity of governments fosters experimentation and innovation leading to practices that percolate up to the fed Fostering a race to the top. governments compete can help push national policy forward and encourage other states to join the prolif of electricity standards Driving deeper emissions reductions when gridlock and dysfunction stymie response at the federal level Bottom-up action can spur national governments to act subnational actors functioned as a test bed for later adoption at the federal level ideology's odds ratio is 1.09 1 unit increase in liberal increases odds of RPS by 9% ratio for fossil fuel production negative and significant for all models 1 unit increase in fossil fuel production decreases odds of adoption by 27% standards require significant new reg s , funding , and admin capacity clean electricity standard subject to industry meddling , especially in purple states where mandates faced significant backlash or challenges to implementation cost of standards has been higher than one might think $530 per ton of CO2 paid by ratepayers through power prices As standards are getting more ambitious markets are fracturing , and costs are piling up Johnson won the barest of victories Any defection over trivial procedural or legislative  matters could block the party's agenda Johnson is also in trouble many key votes look in spite of hi the Freedom Caucus only voted for him to make sure  they  could approve  Trump's agenda the Freedom Caucus implicitly holds the fate of Johnson's job in its hands they've already shown they're willing to topple a speaker this group has for now set aside its differences “fighting the isolationist movement a powerful ally in Johnson Johnson  was a vigorous advocate  of active support of our allies Johnson communicated urgency  about the d i b There is a big fight  within the GOP over whether America should adopt an assertive posture abroad or whether it should retrench as spending and debt begin to crowd out other priorities We  know which side  Johnson is on . alliances are the key advantage over an authoritarian bloc Sino Russian North Korea and  Iran that seeks to overturn the liberal order Washington  must resist the anti-defense spending themes of the neo - isolationism of the Right a trend within the Republican Party to oppose aid to Ukraine not lost on allies who fear for security some allies , on the frontlines are alarmed with the potential for a cascade of nuclear proliferation there has never been greater cause for optimism about the environment we are on the cusp of tech in Energy Transportation Food and Labor enable us to solve climate change pessimism around environmental issues because folks under impression we will be stuck with old technologies we aren’t solar wind batteries heat pumps e v s autonomous driving ride-hailing precision fermentation cellular ag a i all simultaneously mitigate emissions Ninety percent of all emissions come from those sectors gets us most of the way to zero reason solving environmental problems is difficult is because it’s expensive explosion of prosperity worldwide solving challenges affordable everywhere disruptions fast IPCC names risks by warming but extinction is not chances of extinction are zero recent science shows encouraging trends world made progress on clean energy and controlling emissions clear we are not headed toward the worst-case Even with no further progress Perhaps no frame has been more debated than whether climate change poses an existential risk . there is  no evidence  that humanity’s existence  is at stake Paleoclimate data reveal climatic fluctuations affected human evolution Overall primitive humans proved resilient  under harsh climatic conditions collapse of the Atlantic meridional the biggest climate risk occurred about  14,500 years ago. there is no scenario which humanity would not provide its basic needs with technological advances An existential threat warrants virtually any intervention Climate change is  often mischaracterized this way Economical policies must be prioritized copious research refutes the claim that climate change cause an increase in illnesses there is limited evidence unless the Earth cools dramatically that climate change will result in diseases becoming more common studies from Africa England and Wales North and South America to Thailand and beyond refute any link despite warming vector borne diseases have become less prevalent and deadly there is no evidence warming is causing sea level rise authors of Nature diseases have become less likely as the earth has warmed A pandemic that threaten extinction is a very small probability a survey of the G C R Conference shows the median estimate for killing 1 billion to be 5% Ord estimates probability of existential risk from a pandemic in the next 100 years to be 0.01% . assumptions underpinning scarcity are illogical due to exaggeration scarcity scholars have weak quantitative research that fail to prove the link large-N findings contradict results scarcity a force for cooperation scarcity is not strong enough to induce conflict


Question: state action avoids politics

Leads to federal follow on AND avoids politics

Nicholas Bianco 20. acting deputy director for WRI United States. He previously served as director of regulatory analysis and strategic partnerships at the Environmental Defense Fund. In that role, he oversaw the analytical research conducted in support of the domestic climate and air regulatory team. FRANZ LITZ, DEVASHREE SAHA, TYLER CLEVENGER, AND DAN LASHOF, “NEW CLIMATE FEDERALISM: DEFINING FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL ROLES IN A U.S. POLICY FRAMEWORK TO ACHIEVE DECARBONIZATION”, https://files.wri.org/d8/s3fs-public/new-climate-federalism-working-paper.pdf?_gl=1*uo9vuo*_gcl_au*MTU3NDUyNTkyMS4xNzI1Mzc3ODc2LjE4OTA3NzAyMTguMTcyNTM3Nzk5NS4xNzI1Mzc3OTk1

a Strong Subnational Role Leveraging knowledge and experience governments have been acting for years in utilities building codes land-use planning zoning ag waste diversity of governments fosters experimentation and innovation leading to practices that percolate up to the fed Fostering a race to the top. governments compete can help push national policy forward and encourage other states to join the prolif of electricity standards Driving deeper emissions reductions when gridlock and dysfunction stymie response at the federal level Bottom-up action can spur national governments to act subnational actors functioned as a test bed for later adoption at the federal level ideology's odds ratio is 1.09 1 unit increase in liberal increases odds of RPS by 9% ratio for fossil fuel production negative and significant for all models 1 unit increase in fossil fuel production decreases odds of adoption by 27% standards require significant new reg s , funding , and admin capacity clean electricity standard subject to industry meddling , especially in purple states where mandates faced significant backlash or challenges to implementation cost of standards has been higher than one might think $530 per ton of CO2 paid by ratepayers through power prices As standards are getting more ambitious markets are fracturing , and costs are piling up Johnson won the barest of victories Any defection over trivial procedural or legislative  matters could block the party's agenda Johnson is also in trouble many key votes look in spite of hi the Freedom Caucus only voted for him to make sure  they  could approve  Trump's agenda the Freedom Caucus implicitly holds the fate of Johnson's job in its hands they've already shown they're willing to topple a speaker this group has for now set aside its differences “fighting the isolationist movement a powerful ally in Johnson Johnson  was a vigorous advocate  of active support of our allies Johnson communicated urgency  about the d i b There is a big fight  within the GOP over whether America should adopt an assertive posture abroad or whether it should retrench as spending and debt begin to crowd out other priorities We  know which side  Johnson is on . alliances are the key advantage over an authoritarian bloc Sino Russian North Korea and  Iran that seeks to overturn the liberal order Washington  must resist the anti-defense spending themes of the neo - isolationism of the Right a trend within the Republican Party to oppose aid to Ukraine not lost on allies who fear for security some allies , on the frontlines are alarmed with the potential for a cascade of nuclear proliferation there has never been greater cause for optimism about the environment we are on the cusp of tech in Energy Transportation Food and Labor enable us to solve climate change pessimism around environmental issues because folks under impression we will be stuck with old technologies we aren’t solar wind batteries heat pumps e v s autonomous driving ride-hailing precision fermentation cellular ag a i all simultaneously mitigate emissions Ninety percent of all emissions come from those sectors gets us most of the way to zero reason solving environmental problems is difficult is because it’s expensive explosion of prosperity worldwide solving challenges affordable everywhere disruptions fast IPCC names risks by warming but extinction is not chances of extinction are zero recent science shows encouraging trends world made progress on clean energy and controlling emissions clear we are not headed toward the worst-case Even with no further progress Perhaps no frame has been more debated than whether climate change poses an existential risk . there is  no evidence  that humanity’s existence  is at stake Paleoclimate data reveal climatic fluctuations affected human evolution Overall primitive humans proved resilient  under harsh climatic conditions collapse of the Atlantic meridional the biggest climate risk occurred about  14,500 years ago. there is no scenario which humanity would not provide its basic needs with technological advances An existential threat warrants virtually any intervention Climate change is  often mischaracterized this way Economical policies must be prioritized copious research refutes the claim that climate change cause an increase in illnesses there is limited evidence unless the Earth cools dramatically that climate change will result in diseases becoming more common studies from Africa England and Wales North and South America to Thailand and beyond refute any link despite warming vector borne diseases have become less prevalent and deadly there is no evidence warming is causing sea level rise authors of Nature diseases have become less likely as the earth has warmed A pandemic that threaten extinction is a very small probability a survey of the G C R Conference shows the median estimate for killing 1 billion to be 5% Ord estimates probability of existential risk from a pandemic in the next 100 years to be 0.01% . assumptions underpinning scarcity are illogical due to exaggeration scarcity scholars have weak quantitative research that fail to prove the link large-N findings contradict results scarcity a force for cooperation scarcity is not strong enough to induce conflict


Question: Repetition compulsion

2. REPETITION COMPULSION.

Johnson and Mosri, 16 [Brian, Psychiatry @ SUNY; and Daniela Flores, Psychology, Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, and Neuropsychoanalysis @ Universidad Intercontinental (Mexico City): “The Neuropsychoanalytic Approach: Using Neuroscience as the Basic Science of Psychoanalysis,” Hypothesis and Theory 7 (October 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01459]//AD

Object representations are cortical.  They stabilize and facilitate experiences Knowing a person acts the same makes contact less effortful working memory underlies object representations and planning ahead inform subsequent encounters so the interaction occurs with optimal relatedness


Question: Johnson and Mosri 16

2. REPETITION COMPULSION.

Johnson and Mosri, 16 [Brian, Psychiatry @ SUNY; and Daniela Flores, Psychology, Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, and Neuropsychoanalysis @ Universidad Intercontinental (Mexico City): “The Neuropsychoanalytic Approach: Using Neuroscience as the Basic Science of Psychoanalysis,” Hypothesis and Theory 7 (October 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01459]//AD

Object representations are cortical.  They stabilize and facilitate experiences Knowing a person acts the same makes contact less effortful working memory underlies object representations and planning ahead inform subsequent encounters so the interaction occurs with optimal relatedness


Question: Object representations cortical

2. REPETITION COMPULSION.

Johnson and Mosri, 16 [Brian, Psychiatry @ SUNY; and Daniela Flores, Psychology, Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, and Neuropsychoanalysis @ Universidad Intercontinental (Mexico City): “The Neuropsychoanalytic Approach: Using Neuroscience as the Basic Science of Psychoanalysis,” Hypothesis and Theory 7 (October 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01459]//AD

Object representations are cortical.  They stabilize and facilitate experiences Knowing a person acts the same makes contact less effortful working memory underlies object representations and planning ahead inform subsequent encounters so the interaction occurs with optimal relatedness


Question: Neuroscience psychoanalysis

2. REPETITION COMPULSION.

Johnson and Mosri, 16 [Brian, Psychiatry @ SUNY; and Daniela Flores, Psychology, Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, and Neuropsychoanalysis @ Universidad Intercontinental (Mexico City): “The Neuropsychoanalytic Approach: Using Neuroscience as the Basic Science of Psychoanalysis,” Hypothesis and Theory 7 (October 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01459]//AD

Object representations are cortical.  They stabilize and facilitate experiences Knowing a person acts the same makes contact less effortful working memory underlies object representations and planning ahead inform subsequent encounters so the interaction occurs with optimal relatedness


Question: Neuropsychoanalytic approach

2. REPETITION COMPULSION.

Johnson and Mosri, 16 [Brian, Psychiatry @ SUNY; and Daniela Flores, Psychology, Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, and Neuropsychoanalysis @ Universidad Intercontinental (Mexico City): “The Neuropsychoanalytic Approach: Using Neuroscience as the Basic Science of Psychoanalysis,” Hypothesis and Theory 7 (October 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01459]//AD

Object representations are cortical.  They stabilize and facilitate experiences Knowing a person acts the same makes contact less effortful working memory underlies object representations and planning ahead inform subsequent encounters so the interaction occurs with optimal relatedness


Question: Object representations working memory

2. REPETITION COMPULSION.

Johnson and Mosri, 16 [Brian, Psychiatry @ SUNY; and Daniela Flores, Psychology, Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, and Neuropsychoanalysis @ Universidad Intercontinental (Mexico City): “The Neuropsychoanalytic Approach: Using Neuroscience as the Basic Science of Psychoanalysis,” Hypothesis and Theory 7 (October 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01459]//AD

Object representations are cortical.  They stabilize and facilitate experiences Knowing a person acts the same makes contact less effortful working memory underlies object representations and planning ahead inform subsequent encounters so the interaction occurs with optimal relatedness


Question: Neuropsychoanalysis neuroscience

2. REPETITION COMPULSION.

Johnson and Mosri, 16 [Brian, Psychiatry @ SUNY; and Daniela Flores, Psychology, Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, and Neuropsychoanalysis @ Universidad Intercontinental (Mexico City): “The Neuropsychoanalytic Approach: Using Neuroscience as the Basic Science of Psychoanalysis,” Hypothesis and Theory 7 (October 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01459]//AD

Object representations are cortical.  They stabilize and facilitate experiences Knowing a person acts the same makes contact less effortful working memory underlies object representations and planning ahead inform subsequent encounters so the interaction occurs with optimal relatedness


Question: No "perception" link

No "perception" link---credible monetary policy authorities look past carbon taxes.

Santabárbara '22 [Daniel, Marta Suárez-Varela; October; Head of Advanced and Systemic Economies Unit, Banco de España; Senior Economist, Banco de España; Bank of Spain; "Carbon Pricing and Inflation Volatility," https://www.bde.es/f/webbde/SES/Secciones/Publicaciones/PublicacionesSeriadas/DocumentosTrabajo/22/Files/dt2231e.pdf]

carbon pricing associated with larger inflation driven only by ETS no impact found for carbon taxes ETS lead to more volatile than stable carbon taxes carbon pricing associated to a transitory effect on inflation monetary policy authorities will ’look through’ this effect as a negative supply-side shock


Question: Santabárbara '22

No "perception" link---credible monetary policy authorities look past carbon taxes.

Santabárbara '22 [Daniel, Marta Suárez-Varela; October; Head of Advanced and Systemic Economies Unit, Banco de España; Senior Economist, Banco de España; Bank of Spain; "Carbon Pricing and Inflation Volatility," https://www.bde.es/f/webbde/SES/Secciones/Publicaciones/PublicacionesSeriadas/DocumentosTrabajo/22/Files/dt2231e.pdf]

carbon pricing associated with larger inflation driven only by ETS no impact found for carbon taxes ETS lead to more volatile than stable carbon taxes carbon pricing associated to a transitory effect on inflation monetary policy authorities will ’look through’ this effect as a negative supply-side shock


Question: Daniel Santabárbara carbon taxes

No "perception" link---credible monetary policy authorities look past carbon taxes.

Santabárbara '22 [Daniel, Marta Suárez-Varela; October; Head of Advanced and Systemic Economies Unit, Banco de España; Senior Economist, Banco de España; Bank of Spain; "Carbon Pricing and Inflation Volatility," https://www.bde.es/f/webbde/SES/Secciones/Publicaciones/PublicacionesSeriadas/DocumentosTrabajo/22/Files/dt2231e.pdf]

carbon pricing associated with larger inflation driven only by ETS no impact found for carbon taxes ETS lead to more volatile than stable carbon taxes carbon pricing associated to a transitory effect on inflation monetary policy authorities will ’look through’ this effect as a negative supply-side shock


Question: monetary policy authorities

No "perception" link---credible monetary policy authorities look past carbon taxes.

Santabárbara '22 [Daniel, Marta Suárez-Varela; October; Head of Advanced and Systemic Economies Unit, Banco de España; Senior Economist, Banco de España; Bank of Spain; "Carbon Pricing and Inflation Volatility," https://www.bde.es/f/webbde/SES/Secciones/Publicaciones/PublicacionesSeriadas/DocumentosTrabajo/22/Files/dt2231e.pdf]

carbon pricing associated with larger inflation driven only by ETS no impact found for carbon taxes ETS lead to more volatile than stable carbon taxes carbon pricing associated to a transitory effect on inflation monetary policy authorities will ’look through’ this effect as a negative supply-side shock


Question: carbon taxes not inflationary

No "perception" link---credible monetary policy authorities look past carbon taxes.

Santabárbara '22 [Daniel, Marta Suárez-Varela; October; Head of Advanced and Systemic Economies Unit, Banco de España; Senior Economist, Banco de España; Bank of Spain; "Carbon Pricing and Inflation Volatility," https://www.bde.es/f/webbde/SES/Secciones/Publicaciones/PublicacionesSeriadas/DocumentosTrabajo/22/Files/dt2231e.pdf]

carbon pricing associated with larger inflation driven only by ETS no impact found for carbon taxes ETS lead to more volatile than stable carbon taxes carbon pricing associated to a transitory effect on inflation monetary policy authorities will ’look through’ this effect as a negative supply-side shock


Question: carbon pricing transitory effect

No "perception" link---credible monetary policy authorities look past carbon taxes.

Santabárbara '22 [Daniel, Marta Suárez-Varela; October; Head of Advanced and Systemic Economies Unit, Banco de España; Senior Economist, Banco de España; Bank of Spain; "Carbon Pricing and Inflation Volatility," https://www.bde.es/f/webbde/SES/Secciones/Publicaciones/PublicacionesSeriadas/DocumentosTrabajo/22/Files/dt2231e.pdf]

carbon pricing associated with larger inflation driven only by ETS no impact found for carbon taxes ETS lead to more volatile than stable carbon taxes carbon pricing associated to a transitory effect on inflation monetary policy authorities will ’look through’ this effect as a negative supply-side shock


Question: Economic reasoning ensures policy failure

The aff’s undergirded by an economic style of reasoning that ensures serial policy failure.

Berman 22 – Elizabeth Popp Berman, Director and Richard H. Price Professor of Organizational Studies at the University of Michigan, Thinking Like An Economist: How Efficiency Replaced Equality in U.S. Public Policy, pgs. 5-10)

The economic style of incentives and externalities simplify thinking causal  policy  stories  grounded  in authority  of economics students learn to “ think  like  an  economist  reflect markets as efficient allocators does  not  mean markets  are  perfect government’s role  as  creating the legal framework that correct for failures places high  value  on  efficiency displac other values ignoring politics EPA influenced  by strong, inflexible rules to combat regulatory capture required  strict  standards  for  pollution  control policies were effective This wave did not reflect economic reasoning Economists thinking pollution was an externality : put a price on pollution drew  on economic style national  cap - and - trade represent transformation in logic policy  turned from moral toward position pollution  was  simply an externality Instead  of technologies  of  pollution  reduction , it  pushed  technologies  of  market  design . ecosystem services priceable contributions failed to capture interdependence in ecological system environmental  justice turn into economic calculation climate  proposals consistent  with economic  style places significant constraints on the range of possibilities define as reasonable


Question: Berman 22

The aff’s undergirded by an economic style of reasoning that ensures serial policy failure.

Berman 22 – Elizabeth Popp Berman, Director and Richard H. Price Professor of Organizational Studies at the University of Michigan, Thinking Like An Economist: How Efficiency Replaced Equality in U.S. Public Policy, pgs. 5-10)

The economic style of incentives and externalities simplify thinking causal  policy  stories  grounded  in authority  of economics students learn to “ think  like  an  economist  reflect markets as efficient allocators does  not  mean markets  are  perfect government’s role  as  creating the legal framework that correct for failures places high  value  on  efficiency displac other values ignoring politics EPA influenced  by strong, inflexible rules to combat regulatory capture required  strict  standards  for  pollution  control policies were effective This wave did not reflect economic reasoning Economists thinking pollution was an externality : put a price on pollution drew  on economic style national  cap - and - trade represent transformation in logic policy  turned from moral toward position pollution  was  simply an externality Instead  of technologies  of  pollution  reduction , it  pushed  technologies  of  market  design . ecosystem services priceable contributions failed to capture interdependence in ecological system environmental  justice turn into economic calculation climate  proposals consistent  with economic  style places significant constraints on the range of possibilities define as reasonable


Question: Elizabeth Popp Berman

The aff’s undergirded by an economic style of reasoning that ensures serial policy failure.

Berman 22 – Elizabeth Popp Berman, Director and Richard H. Price Professor of Organizational Studies at the University of Michigan, Thinking Like An Economist: How Efficiency Replaced Equality in U.S. Public Policy, pgs. 5-10)

The economic style of incentives and externalities simplify thinking causal  policy  stories  grounded  in authority  of economics students learn to “ think  like  an  economist  reflect markets as efficient allocators does  not  mean markets  are  perfect government’s role  as  creating the legal framework that correct for failures places high  value  on  efficiency displac other values ignoring politics EPA influenced  by strong, inflexible rules to combat regulatory capture required  strict  standards  for  pollution  control policies were effective This wave did not reflect economic reasoning Economists thinking pollution was an externality : put a price on pollution drew  on economic style national  cap - and - trade represent transformation in logic policy  turned from moral toward position pollution  was  simply an externality Instead  of technologies  of  pollution  reduction , it  pushed  technologies  of  market  design . ecosystem services priceable contributions failed to capture interdependence in ecological system environmental  justice turn into economic calculation climate  proposals consistent  with economic  style places significant constraints on the range of possibilities define as reasonable


Question: Thinking Like An Economist

The aff’s undergirded by an economic style of reasoning that ensures serial policy failure.

Berman 22 – Elizabeth Popp Berman, Director and Richard H. Price Professor of Organizational Studies at the University of Michigan, Thinking Like An Economist: How Efficiency Replaced Equality in U.S. Public Policy, pgs. 5-10)

The economic style of incentives and externalities simplify thinking causal  policy  stories  grounded  in authority  of economics students learn to “ think  like  an  economist  reflect markets as efficient allocators does  not  mean markets  are  perfect government’s role  as  creating the legal framework that correct for failures places high  value  on  efficiency displac other values ignoring politics EPA influenced  by strong, inflexible rules to combat regulatory capture required  strict  standards  for  pollution  control policies were effective This wave did not reflect economic reasoning Economists thinking pollution was an externality : put a price on pollution drew  on economic style national  cap - and - trade represent transformation in logic policy  turned from moral toward position pollution  was  simply an externality Instead  of technologies  of  pollution  reduction , it  pushed  technologies  of  market  design . ecosystem services priceable contributions failed to capture interdependence in ecological system environmental  justice turn into economic calculation climate  proposals consistent  with economic  style places significant constraints on the range of possibilities define as reasonable


Question: economic style of reasoning

The aff’s undergirded by an economic style of reasoning that ensures serial policy failure.

Berman 22 – Elizabeth Popp Berman, Director and Richard H. Price Professor of Organizational Studies at the University of Michigan, Thinking Like An Economist: How Efficiency Replaced Equality in U.S. Public Policy, pgs. 5-10)

The economic style of incentives and externalities simplify thinking causal  policy  stories  grounded  in authority  of economics students learn to “ think  like  an  economist  reflect markets as efficient allocators does  not  mean markets  are  perfect government’s role  as  creating the legal framework that correct for failures places high  value  on  efficiency displac other values ignoring politics EPA influenced  by strong, inflexible rules to combat regulatory capture required  strict  standards  for  pollution  control policies were effective This wave did not reflect economic reasoning Economists thinking pollution was an externality : put a price on pollution drew  on economic style national  cap - and - trade represent transformation in logic policy  turned from moral toward position pollution  was  simply an externality Instead  of technologies  of  pollution  reduction , it  pushed  technologies  of  market  design . ecosystem services priceable contributions failed to capture interdependence in ecological system environmental  justice turn into economic calculation climate  proposals consistent  with economic  style places significant constraints on the range of possibilities define as reasonable


Question: economic reasoning climate proposals

The aff’s undergirded by an economic style of reasoning that ensures serial policy failure.

Berman 22 – Elizabeth Popp Berman, Director and Richard H. Price Professor of Organizational Studies at the University of Michigan, Thinking Like An Economist: How Efficiency Replaced Equality in U.S. Public Policy, pgs. 5-10)

The economic style of incentives and externalities simplify thinking causal  policy  stories  grounded  in authority  of economics students learn to “ think  like  an  economist  reflect markets as efficient allocators does  not  mean markets  are  perfect government’s role  as  creating the legal framework that correct for failures places high  value  on  efficiency displac other values ignoring politics EPA influenced  by strong, inflexible rules to combat regulatory capture required  strict  standards  for  pollution  control policies were effective This wave did not reflect economic reasoning Economists thinking pollution was an externality : put a price on pollution drew  on economic style national  cap - and - trade represent transformation in logic policy  turned from moral toward position pollution  was  simply an externality Instead  of technologies  of  pollution  reduction , it  pushed  technologies  of  market  design . ecosystem services priceable contributions failed to capture interdependence in ecological system environmental  justice turn into economic calculation climate  proposals consistent  with economic  style places significant constraints on the range of possibilities define as reasonable


Question: policies were effective economics

The aff’s undergirded by an economic style of reasoning that ensures serial policy failure.

Berman 22 – Elizabeth Popp Berman, Director and Richard H. Price Professor of Organizational Studies at the University of Michigan, Thinking Like An Economist: How Efficiency Replaced Equality in U.S. Public Policy, pgs. 5-10)

The economic style of incentives and externalities simplify thinking causal  policy  stories  grounded  in authority  of economics students learn to “ think  like  an  economist  reflect markets as efficient allocators does  not  mean markets  are  perfect government’s role  as  creating the legal framework that correct for failures places high  value  on  efficiency displac other values ignoring politics EPA influenced  by strong, inflexible rules to combat regulatory capture required  strict  standards  for  pollution  control policies were effective This wave did not reflect economic reasoning Economists thinking pollution was an externality : put a price on pollution drew  on economic style national  cap - and - trade represent transformation in logic policy  turned from moral toward position pollution  was  simply an externality Instead  of technologies  of  pollution  reduction , it  pushed  technologies  of  market  design . ecosystem services priceable contributions failed to capture interdependence in ecological system environmental  justice turn into economic calculation climate  proposals consistent  with economic  style places significant constraints on the range of possibilities define as reasonable