Question: CBAM protects US companies

The plan solves --- Only a domestic tax with accompanying CBAM can protect US companies while incentivizing global action.

Muresianu and Bray, 22 (Alex Muresianu and Sean Bray, Muresianu is a Senior Policy Analyst at the Tax Foundation, focused on federal tax policy. Bray is Director of European Policy at the Tax Foundation, where he researches international tax issues with a focus on tax policy in Europe. 11-03-2022, accessed 7-31-2024, Tax Foundation, "Carbon Taxes, Trade, and American Competitiveness", https://taxfoundation.org/research/all/federal/border-adjusted-carbon-tax-revenue/#Border)//Babcii

A carbon tax with a border adjustment U.S. carbon consumption placing a tax on carbon content of imports consumed domestically while exempting carbon content of exports not consumed domestically Consider tax emissions from goods domestically and exports domestic producers face a disadvantage problem can be solved with a border adjustment rebates for exports imported goods face a tax creates a level playing field a carbon tariff without a domestic carbon price. Without a domestic carbon price it could run afoul of international trade rules border adjustments eliminate concerns about leakages due to a carbon tax


Question: border adjustments eliminate leakages

The plan solves --- Only a domestic tax with accompanying CBAM can protect US companies while incentivizing global action.

Muresianu and Bray, 22 (Alex Muresianu and Sean Bray, Muresianu is a Senior Policy Analyst at the Tax Foundation, focused on federal tax policy. Bray is Director of European Policy at the Tax Foundation, where he researches international tax issues with a focus on tax policy in Europe. 11-03-2022, accessed 7-31-2024, Tax Foundation, "Carbon Taxes, Trade, and American Competitiveness", https://taxfoundation.org/research/all/federal/border-adjusted-carbon-tax-revenue/#Border)//Babcii

A carbon tax with a border adjustment U.S. carbon consumption placing a tax on carbon content of imports consumed domestically while exempting carbon content of exports not consumed domestically Consider tax emissions from goods domestically and exports domestic producers face a disadvantage problem can be solved with a border adjustment rebates for exports imported goods face a tax creates a level playing field a carbon tariff without a domestic carbon price. Without a domestic carbon price it could run afoul of international trade rules border adjustments eliminate concerns about leakages due to a carbon tax


Question: No nuclear terror

No nuclear terror.

Fettweis 19, Associate Professor of Political Science at Tulane and Ph.D. from the University of Maryland in US Foreign Policy (Christopher J. Fettweis, 2019, “Pessimism and Nostalgia in the Second Nuclear Age,” Strategic Studies Quarterly, University of Kansas Libraries, Lib Key)

nuc s have remained beyond capabilities of the terrorist . The fear knowledge and tech would become accessible remained a dream . Nor does there appear a reservoir of material waiting Given complexities with nuc s for amateurs expect a few failures public is aware of no attempts to construct, steal, or purchase much less detonate one


Question: Fettweis 19

No nuclear terror.

Fettweis 19, Associate Professor of Political Science at Tulane and Ph.D. from the University of Maryland in US Foreign Policy (Christopher J. Fettweis, 2019, “Pessimism and Nostalgia in the Second Nuclear Age,” Strategic Studies Quarterly, University of Kansas Libraries, Lib Key)

nuc s have remained beyond capabilities of the terrorist . The fear knowledge and tech would become accessible remained a dream . Nor does there appear a reservoir of material waiting Given complexities with nuc s for amateurs expect a few failures public is aware of no attempts to construct, steal, or purchase much less detonate one


Question: Christopher J. Fettweis

No nuclear terror.

Fettweis 19, Associate Professor of Political Science at Tulane and Ph.D. from the University of Maryland in US Foreign Policy (Christopher J. Fettweis, 2019, “Pessimism and Nostalgia in the Second Nuclear Age,” Strategic Studies Quarterly, University of Kansas Libraries, Lib Key)

nuc s have remained beyond capabilities of the terrorist . The fear knowledge and tech would become accessible remained a dream . Nor does there appear a reservoir of material waiting Given complexities with nuc s for amateurs expect a few failures public is aware of no attempts to construct, steal, or purchase much less detonate one


Question: nuclear weapons terrorism

No nuclear terror.

Fettweis 19, Associate Professor of Political Science at Tulane and Ph.D. from the University of Maryland in US Foreign Policy (Christopher J. Fettweis, 2019, “Pessimism and Nostalgia in the Second Nuclear Age,” Strategic Studies Quarterly, University of Kansas Libraries, Lib Key)

nuc s have remained beyond capabilities of the terrorist . The fear knowledge and tech would become accessible remained a dream . Nor does there appear a reservoir of material waiting Given complexities with nuc s for amateurs expect a few failures public is aware of no attempts to construct, steal, or purchase much less detonate one


Question: terrorists cannot make nukes

No nuclear terror.

Fettweis 19, Associate Professor of Political Science at Tulane and Ph.D. from the University of Maryland in US Foreign Policy (Christopher J. Fettweis, 2019, “Pessimism and Nostalgia in the Second Nuclear Age,” Strategic Studies Quarterly, University of Kansas Libraries, Lib Key)

nuc s have remained beyond capabilities of the terrorist . The fear knowledge and tech would become accessible remained a dream . Nor does there appear a reservoir of material waiting Given complexities with nuc s for amateurs expect a few failures public is aware of no attempts to construct, steal, or purchase much less detonate one


Question: nuclear tech accessible

No nuclear terror.

Fettweis 19, Associate Professor of Political Science at Tulane and Ph.D. from the University of Maryland in US Foreign Policy (Christopher J. Fettweis, 2019, “Pessimism and Nostalgia in the Second Nuclear Age,” Strategic Studies Quarterly, University of Kansas Libraries, Lib Key)

nuc s have remained beyond capabilities of the terrorist . The fear knowledge and tech would become accessible remained a dream . Nor does there appear a reservoir of material waiting Given complexities with nuc s for amateurs expect a few failures public is aware of no attempts to construct, steal, or purchase much less detonate one


Question: no nuclear terror attempts

No nuclear terror.

Fettweis 19, Associate Professor of Political Science at Tulane and Ph.D. from the University of Maryland in US Foreign Policy (Christopher J. Fettweis, 2019, “Pessimism and Nostalgia in the Second Nuclear Age,” Strategic Studies Quarterly, University of Kansas Libraries, Lib Key)

nuc s have remained beyond capabilities of the terrorist . The fear knowledge and tech would become accessible remained a dream . Nor does there appear a reservoir of material waiting Given complexities with nuc s for amateurs expect a few failures public is aware of no attempts to construct, steal, or purchase much less detonate one


Question: Central Asia stable and won’t escalate

Central Asias stable AND won’t escalate.

Nourzhanov ’24 [Kirill; February 19; Associate Professor at the Centre for Arab and Islamic Studies, The Australian National University; East Asia Forum, “A year of surprising stability arrives in Central Asia,” https://eastasiaforum.org/2024/02/19/a-year-of-surprising-stability-arrives-in-central-asia/]

Central Asia avoided conflicts despite energy crisis good times will continue all improvised solutions econ exceeded expectations Following bloody border clashes demarcation of territories proceeded in atmosphere of friendship and understanding sides expressed hope conflict be resolved


Question: Nourzhanov 24

Central Asias stable AND won’t escalate.

Nourzhanov ’24 [Kirill; February 19; Associate Professor at the Centre for Arab and Islamic Studies, The Australian National University; East Asia Forum, “A year of surprising stability arrives in Central Asia,” https://eastasiaforum.org/2024/02/19/a-year-of-surprising-stability-arrives-in-central-asia/]

Central Asia avoided conflicts despite energy crisis good times will continue all improvised solutions econ exceeded expectations Following bloody border clashes demarcation of territories proceeded in atmosphere of friendship and understanding sides expressed hope conflict be resolved


Question: Kirill Nourzhanov

Central Asias stable AND won’t escalate.

Nourzhanov ’24 [Kirill; February 19; Associate Professor at the Centre for Arab and Islamic Studies, The Australian National University; East Asia Forum, “A year of surprising stability arrives in Central Asia,” https://eastasiaforum.org/2024/02/19/a-year-of-surprising-stability-arrives-in-central-asia/]

Central Asia avoided conflicts despite energy crisis good times will continue all improvised solutions econ exceeded expectations Following bloody border clashes demarcation of territories proceeded in atmosphere of friendship and understanding sides expressed hope conflict be resolved


Question: Central Asia no conflicts

Central Asias stable AND won’t escalate.

Nourzhanov ’24 [Kirill; February 19; Associate Professor at the Centre for Arab and Islamic Studies, The Australian National University; East Asia Forum, “A year of surprising stability arrives in Central Asia,” https://eastasiaforum.org/2024/02/19/a-year-of-surprising-stability-arrives-in-central-asia/]

Central Asia avoided conflicts despite energy crisis good times will continue all improvised solutions econ exceeded expectations Following bloody border clashes demarcation of territories proceeded in atmosphere of friendship and understanding sides expressed hope conflict be resolved


Question: Central Asia stable

Central Asias stable AND won’t escalate.

Nourzhanov ’24 [Kirill; February 19; Associate Professor at the Centre for Arab and Islamic Studies, The Australian National University; East Asia Forum, “A year of surprising stability arrives in Central Asia,” https://eastasiaforum.org/2024/02/19/a-year-of-surprising-stability-arrives-in-central-asia/]

Central Asia avoided conflicts despite energy crisis good times will continue all improvised solutions econ exceeded expectations Following bloody border clashes demarcation of territories proceeded in atmosphere of friendship and understanding sides expressed hope conflict be resolved


Question: Central Asia friendship and understanding

Central Asias stable AND won’t escalate.

Nourzhanov ’24 [Kirill; February 19; Associate Professor at the Centre for Arab and Islamic Studies, The Australian National University; East Asia Forum, “A year of surprising stability arrives in Central Asia,” https://eastasiaforum.org/2024/02/19/a-year-of-surprising-stability-arrives-in-central-asia/]

Central Asia avoided conflicts despite energy crisis good times will continue all improvised solutions econ exceeded expectations Following bloody border clashes demarcation of territories proceeded in atmosphere of friendship and understanding sides expressed hope conflict be resolved


Question: Central Asia no escalation

Central Asias stable AND won’t escalate.

Nourzhanov ’24 [Kirill; February 19; Associate Professor at the Centre for Arab and Islamic Studies, The Australian National University; East Asia Forum, “A year of surprising stability arrives in Central Asia,” https://eastasiaforum.org/2024/02/19/a-year-of-surprising-stability-arrives-in-central-asia/]

Central Asia avoided conflicts despite energy crisis good times will continue all improvised solutions econ exceeded expectations Following bloody border clashes demarcation of territories proceeded in atmosphere of friendship and understanding sides expressed hope conflict be resolved


Question: CERCLA analogous to climate litigation

The plan, analogous to CERCLA, key to successful climate litigation and recovery.

Moffa 22 [Anthony Moffa, Associate Professor of Law, University of Maine School of Law. B.S.E., Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, J.D., Yale Law School. “From Comprehensive Liability To Climate Liability: The Case For A Climate Adaptation Resilience And Liability Act” (CARLA) 9-17-2022. Harvard Environmental Law Review, Vol. 47, Forthcoming, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4221521 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4221521 -DCW]

CERCLA’s power derived from distinct features of the liability liability is (1) strict joint and several , and retroactive Any scheme for climate adaptation would be wise to track defining features of CERCLA a liability bill for GHG emissions could overcome challenges to traditional common law causes Strict liability dispenses of obligation to prove causation The type of strict liability courts applied in CERCLA would work well for climate adaptation imposition of liability without fault is key to forcing the industry to internalize the externality A parallel scheme would hold liable producer or distributor any person owned facility any person who arranged for production or distribution any person who accepts for transport carbon majors report and accountability science can provide guidance If no statutory liability scheme emerges state courts will resort to imprecise and inconsistent interpretations we may be able to draw a line inherently dangerous production and production that does not rise to that level Joint and Several Liability makes multiple defendants liable to apportion damages through contribution This framework should, apply to adaptation liability the jointly and severally liable defendants would have significant assets climate change is the ultimate indivisible harm defendants would only have the burden of establishing a reasonable basis to apportion dividing responsibility proportional to contributions makes sense apportionment would resemble market share liability justifications fit adaptation liability well depends on generic nature latency period availability of market share” data Branded fuels are indistinguishable A plaintiff would have difficulty proving which emissions came from which company New Hampshire courts applied liability to gasoline suppliers these shifted the cost of pollution justifying apportionment would do the most to ensure governments  receive adequate compensation CARLA must clearly articulate the scope of relative liability . Retroactive Liability the most important feature of CERCLA a rare tool that departs from common law the atmosphere is already polluted newer events may cause previous emitters to leave appropriate cutoff would be the time the industry possessed information retroactivity is essential to any functioning adaptation liability scheme Adaptation is necessary due to actions that will predate CARLA legislation must clearly state the law applies retroactively


Question: Moffa 22

The plan, analogous to CERCLA, key to successful climate litigation and recovery.

Moffa 22 [Anthony Moffa, Associate Professor of Law, University of Maine School of Law. B.S.E., Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, J.D., Yale Law School. “From Comprehensive Liability To Climate Liability: The Case For A Climate Adaptation Resilience And Liability Act” (CARLA) 9-17-2022. Harvard Environmental Law Review, Vol. 47, Forthcoming, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4221521 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4221521 -DCW]

CERCLA’s power derived from distinct features of the liability liability is (1) strict joint and several , and retroactive Any scheme for climate adaptation would be wise to track defining features of CERCLA a liability bill for GHG emissions could overcome challenges to traditional common law causes Strict liability dispenses of obligation to prove causation The type of strict liability courts applied in CERCLA would work well for climate adaptation imposition of liability without fault is key to forcing the industry to internalize the externality A parallel scheme would hold liable producer or distributor any person owned facility any person who arranged for production or distribution any person who accepts for transport carbon majors report and accountability science can provide guidance If no statutory liability scheme emerges state courts will resort to imprecise and inconsistent interpretations we may be able to draw a line inherently dangerous production and production that does not rise to that level Joint and Several Liability makes multiple defendants liable to apportion damages through contribution This framework should, apply to adaptation liability the jointly and severally liable defendants would have significant assets climate change is the ultimate indivisible harm defendants would only have the burden of establishing a reasonable basis to apportion dividing responsibility proportional to contributions makes sense apportionment would resemble market share liability justifications fit adaptation liability well depends on generic nature latency period availability of market share” data Branded fuels are indistinguishable A plaintiff would have difficulty proving which emissions came from which company New Hampshire courts applied liability to gasoline suppliers these shifted the cost of pollution justifying apportionment would do the most to ensure governments  receive adequate compensation CARLA must clearly articulate the scope of relative liability . Retroactive Liability the most important feature of CERCLA a rare tool that departs from common law the atmosphere is already polluted newer events may cause previous emitters to leave appropriate cutoff would be the time the industry possessed information retroactivity is essential to any functioning adaptation liability scheme Adaptation is necessary due to actions that will predate CARLA legislation must clearly state the law applies retroactively


Question: Anthony Moffa CERCLA

The plan, analogous to CERCLA, key to successful climate litigation and recovery.

Moffa 22 [Anthony Moffa, Associate Professor of Law, University of Maine School of Law. B.S.E., Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, J.D., Yale Law School. “From Comprehensive Liability To Climate Liability: The Case For A Climate Adaptation Resilience And Liability Act” (CARLA) 9-17-2022. Harvard Environmental Law Review, Vol. 47, Forthcoming, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4221521 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4221521 -DCW]

CERCLA’s power derived from distinct features of the liability liability is (1) strict joint and several , and retroactive Any scheme for climate adaptation would be wise to track defining features of CERCLA a liability bill for GHG emissions could overcome challenges to traditional common law causes Strict liability dispenses of obligation to prove causation The type of strict liability courts applied in CERCLA would work well for climate adaptation imposition of liability without fault is key to forcing the industry to internalize the externality A parallel scheme would hold liable producer or distributor any person owned facility any person who arranged for production or distribution any person who accepts for transport carbon majors report and accountability science can provide guidance If no statutory liability scheme emerges state courts will resort to imprecise and inconsistent interpretations we may be able to draw a line inherently dangerous production and production that does not rise to that level Joint and Several Liability makes multiple defendants liable to apportion damages through contribution This framework should, apply to adaptation liability the jointly and severally liable defendants would have significant assets climate change is the ultimate indivisible harm defendants would only have the burden of establishing a reasonable basis to apportion dividing responsibility proportional to contributions makes sense apportionment would resemble market share liability justifications fit adaptation liability well depends on generic nature latency period availability of market share” data Branded fuels are indistinguishable A plaintiff would have difficulty proving which emissions came from which company New Hampshire courts applied liability to gasoline suppliers these shifted the cost of pollution justifying apportionment would do the most to ensure governments  receive adequate compensation CARLA must clearly articulate the scope of relative liability . Retroactive Liability the most important feature of CERCLA a rare tool that departs from common law the atmosphere is already polluted newer events may cause previous emitters to leave appropriate cutoff would be the time the industry possessed information retroactivity is essential to any functioning adaptation liability scheme Adaptation is necessary due to actions that will predate CARLA legislation must clearly state the law applies retroactively


Question: Climate litigation and recovery

The plan, analogous to CERCLA, key to successful climate litigation and recovery.

Moffa 22 [Anthony Moffa, Associate Professor of Law, University of Maine School of Law. B.S.E., Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, J.D., Yale Law School. “From Comprehensive Liability To Climate Liability: The Case For A Climate Adaptation Resilience And Liability Act” (CARLA) 9-17-2022. Harvard Environmental Law Review, Vol. 47, Forthcoming, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4221521 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4221521 -DCW]

CERCLA’s power derived from distinct features of the liability liability is (1) strict joint and several , and retroactive Any scheme for climate adaptation would be wise to track defining features of CERCLA a liability bill for GHG emissions could overcome challenges to traditional common law causes Strict liability dispenses of obligation to prove causation The type of strict liability courts applied in CERCLA would work well for climate adaptation imposition of liability without fault is key to forcing the industry to internalize the externality A parallel scheme would hold liable producer or distributor any person owned facility any person who arranged for production or distribution any person who accepts for transport carbon majors report and accountability science can provide guidance If no statutory liability scheme emerges state courts will resort to imprecise and inconsistent interpretations we may be able to draw a line inherently dangerous production and production that does not rise to that level Joint and Several Liability makes multiple defendants liable to apportion damages through contribution This framework should, apply to adaptation liability the jointly and severally liable defendants would have significant assets climate change is the ultimate indivisible harm defendants would only have the burden of establishing a reasonable basis to apportion dividing responsibility proportional to contributions makes sense apportionment would resemble market share liability justifications fit adaptation liability well depends on generic nature latency period availability of market share” data Branded fuels are indistinguishable A plaintiff would have difficulty proving which emissions came from which company New Hampshire courts applied liability to gasoline suppliers these shifted the cost of pollution justifying apportionment would do the most to ensure governments  receive adequate compensation CARLA must clearly articulate the scope of relative liability . Retroactive Liability the most important feature of CERCLA a rare tool that departs from common law the atmosphere is already polluted newer events may cause previous emitters to leave appropriate cutoff would be the time the industry possessed information retroactivity is essential to any functioning adaptation liability scheme Adaptation is necessary due to actions that will predate CARLA legislation must clearly state the law applies retroactively


Question: strict joint and several liability

The plan, analogous to CERCLA, key to successful climate litigation and recovery.

Moffa 22 [Anthony Moffa, Associate Professor of Law, University of Maine School of Law. B.S.E., Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, J.D., Yale Law School. “From Comprehensive Liability To Climate Liability: The Case For A Climate Adaptation Resilience And Liability Act” (CARLA) 9-17-2022. Harvard Environmental Law Review, Vol. 47, Forthcoming, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4221521 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4221521 -DCW]

CERCLA’s power derived from distinct features of the liability liability is (1) strict joint and several , and retroactive Any scheme for climate adaptation would be wise to track defining features of CERCLA a liability bill for GHG emissions could overcome challenges to traditional common law causes Strict liability dispenses of obligation to prove causation The type of strict liability courts applied in CERCLA would work well for climate adaptation imposition of liability without fault is key to forcing the industry to internalize the externality A parallel scheme would hold liable producer or distributor any person owned facility any person who arranged for production or distribution any person who accepts for transport carbon majors report and accountability science can provide guidance If no statutory liability scheme emerges state courts will resort to imprecise and inconsistent interpretations we may be able to draw a line inherently dangerous production and production that does not rise to that level Joint and Several Liability makes multiple defendants liable to apportion damages through contribution This framework should, apply to adaptation liability the jointly and severally liable defendants would have significant assets climate change is the ultimate indivisible harm defendants would only have the burden of establishing a reasonable basis to apportion dividing responsibility proportional to contributions makes sense apportionment would resemble market share liability justifications fit adaptation liability well depends on generic nature latency period availability of market share” data Branded fuels are indistinguishable A plaintiff would have difficulty proving which emissions came from which company New Hampshire courts applied liability to gasoline suppliers these shifted the cost of pollution justifying apportionment would do the most to ensure governments  receive adequate compensation CARLA must clearly articulate the scope of relative liability . Retroactive Liability the most important feature of CERCLA a rare tool that departs from common law the atmosphere is already polluted newer events may cause previous emitters to leave appropriate cutoff would be the time the industry possessed information retroactivity is essential to any functioning adaptation liability scheme Adaptation is necessary due to actions that will predate CARLA legislation must clearly state the law applies retroactively


Question: Climate Adaptation Resilience and Liability Act

The plan, analogous to CERCLA, key to successful climate litigation and recovery.

Moffa 22 [Anthony Moffa, Associate Professor of Law, University of Maine School of Law. B.S.E., Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, J.D., Yale Law School. “From Comprehensive Liability To Climate Liability: The Case For A Climate Adaptation Resilience And Liability Act” (CARLA) 9-17-2022. Harvard Environmental Law Review, Vol. 47, Forthcoming, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4221521 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4221521 -DCW]

CERCLA’s power derived from distinct features of the liability liability is (1) strict joint and several , and retroactive Any scheme for climate adaptation would be wise to track defining features of CERCLA a liability bill for GHG emissions could overcome challenges to traditional common law causes Strict liability dispenses of obligation to prove causation The type of strict liability courts applied in CERCLA would work well for climate adaptation imposition of liability without fault is key to forcing the industry to internalize the externality A parallel scheme would hold liable producer or distributor any person owned facility any person who arranged for production or distribution any person who accepts for transport carbon majors report and accountability science can provide guidance If no statutory liability scheme emerges state courts will resort to imprecise and inconsistent interpretations we may be able to draw a line inherently dangerous production and production that does not rise to that level Joint and Several Liability makes multiple defendants liable to apportion damages through contribution This framework should, apply to adaptation liability the jointly and severally liable defendants would have significant assets climate change is the ultimate indivisible harm defendants would only have the burden of establishing a reasonable basis to apportion dividing responsibility proportional to contributions makes sense apportionment would resemble market share liability justifications fit adaptation liability well depends on generic nature latency period availability of market share” data Branded fuels are indistinguishable A plaintiff would have difficulty proving which emissions came from which company New Hampshire courts applied liability to gasoline suppliers these shifted the cost of pollution justifying apportionment would do the most to ensure governments  receive adequate compensation CARLA must clearly articulate the scope of relative liability . Retroactive Liability the most important feature of CERCLA a rare tool that departs from common law the atmosphere is already polluted newer events may cause previous emitters to leave appropriate cutoff would be the time the industry possessed information retroactivity is essential to any functioning adaptation liability scheme Adaptation is necessary due to actions that will predate CARLA legislation must clearly state the law applies retroactively


Question: CARLA statute climate liability

The plan, analogous to CERCLA, key to successful climate litigation and recovery.

Moffa 22 [Anthony Moffa, Associate Professor of Law, University of Maine School of Law. B.S.E., Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, J.D., Yale Law School. “From Comprehensive Liability To Climate Liability: The Case For A Climate Adaptation Resilience And Liability Act” (CARLA) 9-17-2022. Harvard Environmental Law Review, Vol. 47, Forthcoming, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4221521 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4221521 -DCW]

CERCLA’s power derived from distinct features of the liability liability is (1) strict joint and several , and retroactive Any scheme for climate adaptation would be wise to track defining features of CERCLA a liability bill for GHG emissions could overcome challenges to traditional common law causes Strict liability dispenses of obligation to prove causation The type of strict liability courts applied in CERCLA would work well for climate adaptation imposition of liability without fault is key to forcing the industry to internalize the externality A parallel scheme would hold liable producer or distributor any person owned facility any person who arranged for production or distribution any person who accepts for transport carbon majors report and accountability science can provide guidance If no statutory liability scheme emerges state courts will resort to imprecise and inconsistent interpretations we may be able to draw a line inherently dangerous production and production that does not rise to that level Joint and Several Liability makes multiple defendants liable to apportion damages through contribution This framework should, apply to adaptation liability the jointly and severally liable defendants would have significant assets climate change is the ultimate indivisible harm defendants would only have the burden of establishing a reasonable basis to apportion dividing responsibility proportional to contributions makes sense apportionment would resemble market share liability justifications fit adaptation liability well depends on generic nature latency period availability of market share” data Branded fuels are indistinguishable A plaintiff would have difficulty proving which emissions came from which company New Hampshire courts applied liability to gasoline suppliers these shifted the cost of pollution justifying apportionment would do the most to ensure governments  receive adequate compensation CARLA must clearly articulate the scope of relative liability . Retroactive Liability the most important feature of CERCLA a rare tool that departs from common law the atmosphere is already polluted newer events may cause previous emitters to leave appropriate cutoff would be the time the industry possessed information retroactivity is essential to any functioning adaptation liability scheme Adaptation is necessary due to actions that will predate CARLA legislation must clearly state the law applies retroactively


Question: Nature an object for self

*Yet in these fantasies, nature remains an object for which we can map our refined sense of self on top of, becoming whole again through the no-longer-absent natural world.

Fletcher 18 - Robert Fletcher Wageningen University, Sociology of Development and Change “Beyond the End of the World: Breaking Attachment to a Dying Planet” Book Title: “Psychoanalysis and the GlObal” Book Editor: Ilan Kapoor Published by: University of Nebraska Press. (2018), https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv47w9gt.9 - RIP

The reason it remains so difficult to move toward the change is our identities as neoliberal subjects are reliant on oil Moving to a “post- carbon” society, would entail loss of attachment not merely to material consumption but to our very sense of self political leaders retrofit the mainstream to internalize costs through market mechanisms it is increasingly “easier to imagine the end of the world than it is to imagine the end of capitalism bla ming improper state intervention grounded in a rational actor perspective in which subjects are self- interested climate change communication has employed conviction that more facts concerning the realities of a situation will lead to greater awareness fantasy produces’ this lack” to obscure the unbridgeable gap between what ideology promises and what it actually delivers Green ideology” aim to refound  that conception of nature in the form of carbon markets fantasy lures subjects into attachment to an unsustainable society the psychic mechanisms inhibiting effective response . is disavowal can lead us further and further away from the reality of climate change the more reality is systematically avoided the more anxiety builds up and the greater is the need to defend as “a way of not coming to terms with loss


Question: Fletcher 18

*Yet in these fantasies, nature remains an object for which we can map our refined sense of self on top of, becoming whole again through the no-longer-absent natural world.

Fletcher 18 - Robert Fletcher Wageningen University, Sociology of Development and Change “Beyond the End of the World: Breaking Attachment to a Dying Planet” Book Title: “Psychoanalysis and the GlObal” Book Editor: Ilan Kapoor Published by: University of Nebraska Press. (2018), https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv47w9gt.9 - RIP

The reason it remains so difficult to move toward the change is our identities as neoliberal subjects are reliant on oil Moving to a “post- carbon” society, would entail loss of attachment not merely to material consumption but to our very sense of self political leaders retrofit the mainstream to internalize costs through market mechanisms it is increasingly “easier to imagine the end of the world than it is to imagine the end of capitalism bla ming improper state intervention grounded in a rational actor perspective in which subjects are self- interested climate change communication has employed conviction that more facts concerning the realities of a situation will lead to greater awareness fantasy produces’ this lack” to obscure the unbridgeable gap between what ideology promises and what it actually delivers Green ideology” aim to refound  that conception of nature in the form of carbon markets fantasy lures subjects into attachment to an unsustainable society the psychic mechanisms inhibiting effective response . is disavowal can lead us further and further away from the reality of climate change the more reality is systematically avoided the more anxiety builds up and the greater is the need to defend as “a way of not coming to terms with loss


Question: Robert Fletcher

*Yet in these fantasies, nature remains an object for which we can map our refined sense of self on top of, becoming whole again through the no-longer-absent natural world.

Fletcher 18 - Robert Fletcher Wageningen University, Sociology of Development and Change “Beyond the End of the World: Breaking Attachment to a Dying Planet” Book Title: “Psychoanalysis and the GlObal” Book Editor: Ilan Kapoor Published by: University of Nebraska Press. (2018), https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv47w9gt.9 - RIP

The reason it remains so difficult to move toward the change is our identities as neoliberal subjects are reliant on oil Moving to a “post- carbon” society, would entail loss of attachment not merely to material consumption but to our very sense of self political leaders retrofit the mainstream to internalize costs through market mechanisms it is increasingly “easier to imagine the end of the world than it is to imagine the end of capitalism bla ming improper state intervention grounded in a rational actor perspective in which subjects are self- interested climate change communication has employed conviction that more facts concerning the realities of a situation will lead to greater awareness fantasy produces’ this lack” to obscure the unbridgeable gap between what ideology promises and what it actually delivers Green ideology” aim to refound  that conception of nature in the form of carbon markets fantasy lures subjects into attachment to an unsustainable society the psychic mechanisms inhibiting effective response . is disavowal can lead us further and further away from the reality of climate change the more reality is systematically avoided the more anxiety builds up and the greater is the need to defend as “a way of not coming to terms with loss


Question: attachment to a dying planet

*Yet in these fantasies, nature remains an object for which we can map our refined sense of self on top of, becoming whole again through the no-longer-absent natural world.

Fletcher 18 - Robert Fletcher Wageningen University, Sociology of Development and Change “Beyond the End of the World: Breaking Attachment to a Dying Planet” Book Title: “Psychoanalysis and the GlObal” Book Editor: Ilan Kapoor Published by: University of Nebraska Press. (2018), https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv47w9gt.9 - RIP

The reason it remains so difficult to move toward the change is our identities as neoliberal subjects are reliant on oil Moving to a “post- carbon” society, would entail loss of attachment not merely to material consumption but to our very sense of self political leaders retrofit the mainstream to internalize costs through market mechanisms it is increasingly “easier to imagine the end of the world than it is to imagine the end of capitalism bla ming improper state intervention grounded in a rational actor perspective in which subjects are self- interested climate change communication has employed conviction that more facts concerning the realities of a situation will lead to greater awareness fantasy produces’ this lack” to obscure the unbridgeable gap between what ideology promises and what it actually delivers Green ideology” aim to refound  that conception of nature in the form of carbon markets fantasy lures subjects into attachment to an unsustainable society the psychic mechanisms inhibiting effective response . is disavowal can lead us further and further away from the reality of climate change the more reality is systematically avoided the more anxiety builds up and the greater is the need to defend as “a way of not coming to terms with loss


Question: neoliberal subjects reliant on oil

*Yet in these fantasies, nature remains an object for which we can map our refined sense of self on top of, becoming whole again through the no-longer-absent natural world.

Fletcher 18 - Robert Fletcher Wageningen University, Sociology of Development and Change “Beyond the End of the World: Breaking Attachment to a Dying Planet” Book Title: “Psychoanalysis and the GlObal” Book Editor: Ilan Kapoor Published by: University of Nebraska Press. (2018), https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv47w9gt.9 - RIP

The reason it remains so difficult to move toward the change is our identities as neoliberal subjects are reliant on oil Moving to a “post- carbon” society, would entail loss of attachment not merely to material consumption but to our very sense of self political leaders retrofit the mainstream to internalize costs through market mechanisms it is increasingly “easier to imagine the end of the world than it is to imagine the end of capitalism bla ming improper state intervention grounded in a rational actor perspective in which subjects are self- interested climate change communication has employed conviction that more facts concerning the realities of a situation will lead to greater awareness fantasy produces’ this lack” to obscure the unbridgeable gap between what ideology promises and what it actually delivers Green ideology” aim to refound  that conception of nature in the form of carbon markets fantasy lures subjects into attachment to an unsustainable society the psychic mechanisms inhibiting effective response . is disavowal can lead us further and further away from the reality of climate change the more reality is systematically avoided the more anxiety builds up and the greater is the need to defend as “a way of not coming to terms with loss


Question: fantasy obscures gap between ideology

*Yet in these fantasies, nature remains an object for which we can map our refined sense of self on top of, becoming whole again through the no-longer-absent natural world.

Fletcher 18 - Robert Fletcher Wageningen University, Sociology of Development and Change “Beyond the End of the World: Breaking Attachment to a Dying Planet” Book Title: “Psychoanalysis and the GlObal” Book Editor: Ilan Kapoor Published by: University of Nebraska Press. (2018), https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv47w9gt.9 - RIP

The reason it remains so difficult to move toward the change is our identities as neoliberal subjects are reliant on oil Moving to a “post- carbon” society, would entail loss of attachment not merely to material consumption but to our very sense of self political leaders retrofit the mainstream to internalize costs through market mechanisms it is increasingly “easier to imagine the end of the world than it is to imagine the end of capitalism bla ming improper state intervention grounded in a rational actor perspective in which subjects are self- interested climate change communication has employed conviction that more facts concerning the realities of a situation will lead to greater awareness fantasy produces’ this lack” to obscure the unbridgeable gap between what ideology promises and what it actually delivers Green ideology” aim to refound  that conception of nature in the form of carbon markets fantasy lures subjects into attachment to an unsustainable society the psychic mechanisms inhibiting effective response . is disavowal can lead us further and further away from the reality of climate change the more reality is systematically avoided the more anxiety builds up and the greater is the need to defend as “a way of not coming to terms with loss


Question: psychic mechanisms inhibit climate response

*Yet in these fantasies, nature remains an object for which we can map our refined sense of self on top of, becoming whole again through the no-longer-absent natural world.

Fletcher 18 - Robert Fletcher Wageningen University, Sociology of Development and Change “Beyond the End of the World: Breaking Attachment to a Dying Planet” Book Title: “Psychoanalysis and the GlObal” Book Editor: Ilan Kapoor Published by: University of Nebraska Press. (2018), https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv47w9gt.9 - RIP

The reason it remains so difficult to move toward the change is our identities as neoliberal subjects are reliant on oil Moving to a “post- carbon” society, would entail loss of attachment not merely to material consumption but to our very sense of self political leaders retrofit the mainstream to internalize costs through market mechanisms it is increasingly “easier to imagine the end of the world than it is to imagine the end of capitalism bla ming improper state intervention grounded in a rational actor perspective in which subjects are self- interested climate change communication has employed conviction that more facts concerning the realities of a situation will lead to greater awareness fantasy produces’ this lack” to obscure the unbridgeable gap between what ideology promises and what it actually delivers Green ideology” aim to refound  that conception of nature in the form of carbon markets fantasy lures subjects into attachment to an unsustainable society the psychic mechanisms inhibiting effective response . is disavowal can lead us further and further away from the reality of climate change the more reality is systematically avoided the more anxiety builds up and the greater is the need to defend as “a way of not coming to terms with loss


Question: Green ideology refound nature

*Yet in these fantasies, nature remains an object for which we can map our refined sense of self on top of, becoming whole again through the no-longer-absent natural world.

Fletcher 18 - Robert Fletcher Wageningen University, Sociology of Development and Change “Beyond the End of the World: Breaking Attachment to a Dying Planet” Book Title: “Psychoanalysis and the GlObal” Book Editor: Ilan Kapoor Published by: University of Nebraska Press. (2018), https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv47w9gt.9 - RIP

The reason it remains so difficult to move toward the change is our identities as neoliberal subjects are reliant on oil Moving to a “post- carbon” society, would entail loss of attachment not merely to material consumption but to our very sense of self political leaders retrofit the mainstream to internalize costs through market mechanisms it is increasingly “easier to imagine the end of the world than it is to imagine the end of capitalism bla ming improper state intervention grounded in a rational actor perspective in which subjects are self- interested climate change communication has employed conviction that more facts concerning the realities of a situation will lead to greater awareness fantasy produces’ this lack” to obscure the unbridgeable gap between what ideology promises and what it actually delivers Green ideology” aim to refound  that conception of nature in the form of carbon markets fantasy lures subjects into attachment to an unsustainable society the psychic mechanisms inhibiting effective response . is disavowal can lead us further and further away from the reality of climate change the more reality is systematically avoided the more anxiety builds up and the greater is the need to defend as “a way of not coming to terms with loss


Question: Fends off existential threats

That fends off a list of existential threats.

Keilitz ’19 [Ingo, Katharine Jennings, Susan Ehrlich, Caroline Broun, Kathryn Floyd, and Michael Buenger; Winter 2019; PhD, Former Vice President of the National Center for State Courts, Principal of Court Metrics, and visiting Scholar of the Public Policy Program at the College of William & Mary, Research Associate of W&M’s Global Research Institute; Court Manager, “Courts Have a Significant Role to Play in the Whole-of- Government Approach (WGA) to Our Safety and Security,” vol. 34]

Courts must get ready for a riskier world We face disasters , pandemics , terror bio and cyber threats warrant attention to mitigate risks a system’s records vanish undercutting finality and certainty cohesion frays. actors take advantage of ensuing political chaos threats require a broad approach across all branches executive , legislative “Will we survive we have tech to destroy every creature on earth warming famine , nuc war , a w s , and decimation of species


Question: Keilitz 19

That fends off a list of existential threats.

Keilitz ’19 [Ingo, Katharine Jennings, Susan Ehrlich, Caroline Broun, Kathryn Floyd, and Michael Buenger; Winter 2019; PhD, Former Vice President of the National Center for State Courts, Principal of Court Metrics, and visiting Scholar of the Public Policy Program at the College of William & Mary, Research Associate of W&M’s Global Research Institute; Court Manager, “Courts Have a Significant Role to Play in the Whole-of- Government Approach (WGA) to Our Safety and Security,” vol. 34]

Courts must get ready for a riskier world We face disasters , pandemics , terror bio and cyber threats warrant attention to mitigate risks a system’s records vanish undercutting finality and certainty cohesion frays. actors take advantage of ensuing political chaos threats require a broad approach across all branches executive , legislative “Will we survive we have tech to destroy every creature on earth warming famine , nuc war , a w s , and decimation of species


Question: Courts and existential threats

That fends off a list of existential threats.

Keilitz ’19 [Ingo, Katharine Jennings, Susan Ehrlich, Caroline Broun, Kathryn Floyd, and Michael Buenger; Winter 2019; PhD, Former Vice President of the National Center for State Courts, Principal of Court Metrics, and visiting Scholar of the Public Policy Program at the College of William & Mary, Research Associate of W&M’s Global Research Institute; Court Manager, “Courts Have a Significant Role to Play in the Whole-of- Government Approach (WGA) to Our Safety and Security,” vol. 34]

Courts must get ready for a riskier world We face disasters , pandemics , terror bio and cyber threats warrant attention to mitigate risks a system’s records vanish undercutting finality and certainty cohesion frays. actors take advantage of ensuing political chaos threats require a broad approach across all branches executive , legislative “Will we survive we have tech to destroy every creature on earth warming famine , nuc war , a w s , and decimation of species


Question: Courts role in government approach

That fends off a list of existential threats.

Keilitz ’19 [Ingo, Katharine Jennings, Susan Ehrlich, Caroline Broun, Kathryn Floyd, and Michael Buenger; Winter 2019; PhD, Former Vice President of the National Center for State Courts, Principal of Court Metrics, and visiting Scholar of the Public Policy Program at the College of William & Mary, Research Associate of W&M’s Global Research Institute; Court Manager, “Courts Have a Significant Role to Play in the Whole-of- Government Approach (WGA) to Our Safety and Security,” vol. 34]

Courts must get ready for a riskier world We face disasters , pandemics , terror bio and cyber threats warrant attention to mitigate risks a system’s records vanish undercutting finality and certainty cohesion frays. actors take advantage of ensuing political chaos threats require a broad approach across all branches executive , legislative “Will we survive we have tech to destroy every creature on earth warming famine , nuc war , a w s , and decimation of species


Question: disasters, pandemics, terror

That fends off a list of existential threats.

Keilitz ’19 [Ingo, Katharine Jennings, Susan Ehrlich, Caroline Broun, Kathryn Floyd, and Michael Buenger; Winter 2019; PhD, Former Vice President of the National Center for State Courts, Principal of Court Metrics, and visiting Scholar of the Public Policy Program at the College of William & Mary, Research Associate of W&M’s Global Research Institute; Court Manager, “Courts Have a Significant Role to Play in the Whole-of- Government Approach (WGA) to Our Safety and Security,” vol. 34]

Courts must get ready for a riskier world We face disasters , pandemics , terror bio and cyber threats warrant attention to mitigate risks a system’s records vanish undercutting finality and certainty cohesion frays. actors take advantage of ensuing political chaos threats require a broad approach across all branches executive , legislative “Will we survive we have tech to destroy every creature on earth warming famine , nuc war , a w s , and decimation of species


Question: courts mitigate risks

That fends off a list of existential threats.

Keilitz ’19 [Ingo, Katharine Jennings, Susan Ehrlich, Caroline Broun, Kathryn Floyd, and Michael Buenger; Winter 2019; PhD, Former Vice President of the National Center for State Courts, Principal of Court Metrics, and visiting Scholar of the Public Policy Program at the College of William & Mary, Research Associate of W&M’s Global Research Institute; Court Manager, “Courts Have a Significant Role to Play in the Whole-of- Government Approach (WGA) to Our Safety and Security,” vol. 34]

Courts must get ready for a riskier world We face disasters , pandemics , terror bio and cyber threats warrant attention to mitigate risks a system’s records vanish undercutting finality and certainty cohesion frays. actors take advantage of ensuing political chaos threats require a broad approach across all branches executive , legislative “Will we survive we have tech to destroy every creature on earth warming famine , nuc war , a w s , and decimation of species


Question: threats require a broad approach

That fends off a list of existential threats.

Keilitz ’19 [Ingo, Katharine Jennings, Susan Ehrlich, Caroline Broun, Kathryn Floyd, and Michael Buenger; Winter 2019; PhD, Former Vice President of the National Center for State Courts, Principal of Court Metrics, and visiting Scholar of the Public Policy Program at the College of William & Mary, Research Associate of W&M’s Global Research Institute; Court Manager, “Courts Have a Significant Role to Play in the Whole-of- Government Approach (WGA) to Our Safety and Security,” vol. 34]

Courts must get ready for a riskier world We face disasters , pandemics , terror bio and cyber threats warrant attention to mitigate risks a system’s records vanish undercutting finality and certainty cohesion frays. actors take advantage of ensuing political chaos threats require a broad approach across all branches executive , legislative “Will we survive we have tech to destroy every creature on earth warming famine , nuc war , a w s , and decimation of species


Question: tech to destroy every creature

That fends off a list of existential threats.

Keilitz ’19 [Ingo, Katharine Jennings, Susan Ehrlich, Caroline Broun, Kathryn Floyd, and Michael Buenger; Winter 2019; PhD, Former Vice President of the National Center for State Courts, Principal of Court Metrics, and visiting Scholar of the Public Policy Program at the College of William & Mary, Research Associate of W&M’s Global Research Institute; Court Manager, “Courts Have a Significant Role to Play in the Whole-of- Government Approach (WGA) to Our Safety and Security,” vol. 34]

Courts must get ready for a riskier world We face disasters , pandemics , terror bio and cyber threats warrant attention to mitigate risks a system’s records vanish undercutting finality and certainty cohesion frays. actors take advantage of ensuing political chaos threats require a broad approach across all branches executive , legislative “Will we survive we have tech to destroy every creature on earth warming famine , nuc war , a w s , and decimation of species


Question: vagueness creates circumvention opportunities

That’s offense---vagueness creates opportunities for circumvention and magnify regulatory uncertainty, even with durable fiat.

Becky L. Jacobs & Brad Finney 19, Waller Lansden Distinguished Professor of Law at the University of Tennessee College of Law, J.D. from the University of Georgia School of Law; Associate at Norton Rose Fulbright, J.D. from the University of Tennessee College of Law, “Defining Sustainable Business—Beyond Greenwashing,” Virginia Environmental Law Journal, Vol. 37, No. 2, 2019, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26742666, DG

sustainability differences exacerbate the potential definitional diversity has to create confusion for consumers, investors, and the public definitions do not require broad and in-depth actions confusion provides companies an opportunity to promote sustainable practices while not always meeting expectations on a regular basis even if a company is accurate in one indicator the public may perceive practices to be more extensive and responsible than those actually maintained due to variability of definitions


Question: Jacobs and Finney 19

That’s offense---vagueness creates opportunities for circumvention and magnify regulatory uncertainty, even with durable fiat.

Becky L. Jacobs & Brad Finney 19, Waller Lansden Distinguished Professor of Law at the University of Tennessee College of Law, J.D. from the University of Georgia School of Law; Associate at Norton Rose Fulbright, J.D. from the University of Tennessee College of Law, “Defining Sustainable Business—Beyond Greenwashing,” Virginia Environmental Law Journal, Vol. 37, No. 2, 2019, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26742666, DG

sustainability differences exacerbate the potential definitional diversity has to create confusion for consumers, investors, and the public definitions do not require broad and in-depth actions confusion provides companies an opportunity to promote sustainable practices while not always meeting expectations on a regular basis even if a company is accurate in one indicator the public may perceive practices to be more extensive and responsible than those actually maintained due to variability of definitions


Question: sustainable business definition

That’s offense---vagueness creates opportunities for circumvention and magnify regulatory uncertainty, even with durable fiat.

Becky L. Jacobs & Brad Finney 19, Waller Lansden Distinguished Professor of Law at the University of Tennessee College of Law, J.D. from the University of Georgia School of Law; Associate at Norton Rose Fulbright, J.D. from the University of Tennessee College of Law, “Defining Sustainable Business—Beyond Greenwashing,” Virginia Environmental Law Journal, Vol. 37, No. 2, 2019, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26742666, DG

sustainability differences exacerbate the potential definitional diversity has to create confusion for consumers, investors, and the public definitions do not require broad and in-depth actions confusion provides companies an opportunity to promote sustainable practices while not always meeting expectations on a regular basis even if a company is accurate in one indicator the public may perceive practices to be more extensive and responsible than those actually maintained due to variability of definitions


Question: vagueness magnify regulatory uncertainty

That’s offense---vagueness creates opportunities for circumvention and magnify regulatory uncertainty, even with durable fiat.

Becky L. Jacobs & Brad Finney 19, Waller Lansden Distinguished Professor of Law at the University of Tennessee College of Law, J.D. from the University of Georgia School of Law; Associate at Norton Rose Fulbright, J.D. from the University of Tennessee College of Law, “Defining Sustainable Business—Beyond Greenwashing,” Virginia Environmental Law Journal, Vol. 37, No. 2, 2019, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26742666, DG

sustainability differences exacerbate the potential definitional diversity has to create confusion for consumers, investors, and the public definitions do not require broad and in-depth actions confusion provides companies an opportunity to promote sustainable practices while not always meeting expectations on a regular basis even if a company is accurate in one indicator the public may perceive practices to be more extensive and responsible than those actually maintained due to variability of definitions


Question: sustainability definitions confusion

That’s offense---vagueness creates opportunities for circumvention and magnify regulatory uncertainty, even with durable fiat.

Becky L. Jacobs & Brad Finney 19, Waller Lansden Distinguished Professor of Law at the University of Tennessee College of Law, J.D. from the University of Georgia School of Law; Associate at Norton Rose Fulbright, J.D. from the University of Tennessee College of Law, “Defining Sustainable Business—Beyond Greenwashing,” Virginia Environmental Law Journal, Vol. 37, No. 2, 2019, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26742666, DG

sustainability differences exacerbate the potential definitional diversity has to create confusion for consumers, investors, and the public definitions do not require broad and in-depth actions confusion provides companies an opportunity to promote sustainable practices while not always meeting expectations on a regular basis even if a company is accurate in one indicator the public may perceive practices to be more extensive and responsible than those actually maintained due to variability of definitions


Question: sustainable practices expectations

That’s offense---vagueness creates opportunities for circumvention and magnify regulatory uncertainty, even with durable fiat.

Becky L. Jacobs & Brad Finney 19, Waller Lansden Distinguished Professor of Law at the University of Tennessee College of Law, J.D. from the University of Georgia School of Law; Associate at Norton Rose Fulbright, J.D. from the University of Tennessee College of Law, “Defining Sustainable Business—Beyond Greenwashing,” Virginia Environmental Law Journal, Vol. 37, No. 2, 2019, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26742666, DG

sustainability differences exacerbate the potential definitional diversity has to create confusion for consumers, investors, and the public definitions do not require broad and in-depth actions confusion provides companies an opportunity to promote sustainable practices while not always meeting expectations on a regular basis even if a company is accurate in one indicator the public may perceive practices to be more extensive and responsible than those actually maintained due to variability of definitions


Question: Capitalism is sustainable

Capitalism is sustainable otherwise transition wars.

Karlsson 21 - (Rasmus Karlsson, Department of Political Science, Umeå University; 6-18-2021, Social Theory for the Anthropocene: Thinking and Acting in a Disrupted Planet, "Learning in the Anthropocene," doa: 2-25-2022) url: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0760/10/6/233

Experiencing permanent scarcity conflict was endemic to pre-capitalist societies . already accumulated emissions exceeds the 1.5-degree target even if all stop today . removal will require an advanced industrial society . behavioral change remains insufficient or provokes a strong political counterreaction . countries committed to growth gain a military advantage . a collapsing economy lead to survivalist values and violence large-scale  carbon capture tech appear essential use will become necessary if disaster is to be avoided


Question: Karlsson 21

Capitalism is sustainable otherwise transition wars.

Karlsson 21 - (Rasmus Karlsson, Department of Political Science, Umeå University; 6-18-2021, Social Theory for the Anthropocene: Thinking and Acting in a Disrupted Planet, "Learning in the Anthropocene," doa: 2-25-2022) url: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0760/10/6/233

Experiencing permanent scarcity conflict was endemic to pre-capitalist societies . already accumulated emissions exceeds the 1.5-degree target even if all stop today . removal will require an advanced industrial society . behavioral change remains insufficient or provokes a strong political counterreaction . countries committed to growth gain a military advantage . a collapsing economy lead to survivalist values and violence large-scale  carbon capture tech appear essential use will become necessary if disaster is to be avoided


Question: transition wars

Capitalism is sustainable otherwise transition wars.

Karlsson 21 - (Rasmus Karlsson, Department of Political Science, Umeå University; 6-18-2021, Social Theory for the Anthropocene: Thinking and Acting in a Disrupted Planet, "Learning in the Anthropocene," doa: 2-25-2022) url: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0760/10/6/233

Experiencing permanent scarcity conflict was endemic to pre-capitalist societies . already accumulated emissions exceeds the 1.5-degree target even if all stop today . removal will require an advanced industrial society . behavioral change remains insufficient or provokes a strong political counterreaction . countries committed to growth gain a military advantage . a collapsing economy lead to survivalist values and violence large-scale  carbon capture tech appear essential use will become necessary if disaster is to be avoided


Question: permanent scarcity pre-capitalist societies

Capitalism is sustainable otherwise transition wars.

Karlsson 21 - (Rasmus Karlsson, Department of Political Science, Umeå University; 6-18-2021, Social Theory for the Anthropocene: Thinking and Acting in a Disrupted Planet, "Learning in the Anthropocene," doa: 2-25-2022) url: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0760/10/6/233

Experiencing permanent scarcity conflict was endemic to pre-capitalist societies . already accumulated emissions exceeds the 1.5-degree target even if all stop today . removal will require an advanced industrial society . behavioral change remains insufficient or provokes a strong political counterreaction . countries committed to growth gain a military advantage . a collapsing economy lead to survivalist values and violence large-scale  carbon capture tech appear essential use will become necessary if disaster is to be avoided


Question: removal requires advanced industrial society

Capitalism is sustainable otherwise transition wars.

Karlsson 21 - (Rasmus Karlsson, Department of Political Science, Umeå University; 6-18-2021, Social Theory for the Anthropocene: Thinking and Acting in a Disrupted Planet, "Learning in the Anthropocene," doa: 2-25-2022) url: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0760/10/6/233

Experiencing permanent scarcity conflict was endemic to pre-capitalist societies . already accumulated emissions exceeds the 1.5-degree target even if all stop today . removal will require an advanced industrial society . behavioral change remains insufficient or provokes a strong political counterreaction . countries committed to growth gain a military advantage . a collapsing economy lead to survivalist values and violence large-scale  carbon capture tech appear essential use will become necessary if disaster is to be avoided


Question: collapsing economy survivalist values

Capitalism is sustainable otherwise transition wars.

Karlsson 21 - (Rasmus Karlsson, Department of Political Science, Umeå University; 6-18-2021, Social Theory for the Anthropocene: Thinking and Acting in a Disrupted Planet, "Learning in the Anthropocene," doa: 2-25-2022) url: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0760/10/6/233

Experiencing permanent scarcity conflict was endemic to pre-capitalist societies . already accumulated emissions exceeds the 1.5-degree target even if all stop today . removal will require an advanced industrial society . behavioral change remains insufficient or provokes a strong political counterreaction . countries committed to growth gain a military advantage . a collapsing economy lead to survivalist values and violence large-scale  carbon capture tech appear essential use will become necessary if disaster is to be avoided


Question: carbon capture tech essential

Capitalism is sustainable otherwise transition wars.

Karlsson 21 - (Rasmus Karlsson, Department of Political Science, Umeå University; 6-18-2021, Social Theory for the Anthropocene: Thinking and Acting in a Disrupted Planet, "Learning in the Anthropocene," doa: 2-25-2022) url: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0760/10/6/233

Experiencing permanent scarcity conflict was endemic to pre-capitalist societies . already accumulated emissions exceeds the 1.5-degree target even if all stop today . removal will require an advanced industrial society . behavioral change remains insufficient or provokes a strong political counterreaction . countries committed to growth gain a military advantage . a collapsing economy lead to survivalist values and violence large-scale  carbon capture tech appear essential use will become necessary if disaster is to be avoided


Question: emerging markets resilient to high rates

Emerging markets are resilient to high rates.

Adrian et. al ‘24 [Tobias, Fabio M. Natalucci, and Jason Wu; PhD, is the Financial Counsellor and Director of the IMF's Monetary and Capital Markets Department; PhD, is a Deputy Director of the Monetary and Capital Markets Department; PhD, is the assistant director overseeing the Global Markets and Analysis division at the IMF; imf; “Emerging Markets Navigate Global Interest Rate Volatility,” https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2024/01/31/emerging-markets-navigate-global-interest-rate-volatility]

Emerging economies saw milder rate moves lower sensitivity due t divergence in monetary challenges economic literature markets insulated especially Asia . Exchange rates fluctuated in modest range foreign investors did not leave improving policy frameworks built currency reserves hiked interest rates  earlier than advanced contrasts with previous hiking episodes capital flow remain strong resilience of emerging markets continue


Question: Adrian et al 24

Emerging markets are resilient to high rates.

Adrian et. al ‘24 [Tobias, Fabio M. Natalucci, and Jason Wu; PhD, is the Financial Counsellor and Director of the IMF's Monetary and Capital Markets Department; PhD, is a Deputy Director of the Monetary and Capital Markets Department; PhD, is the assistant director overseeing the Global Markets and Analysis division at the IMF; imf; “Emerging Markets Navigate Global Interest Rate Volatility,” https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2024/01/31/emerging-markets-navigate-global-interest-rate-volatility]

Emerging economies saw milder rate moves lower sensitivity due t divergence in monetary challenges economic literature markets insulated especially Asia . Exchange rates fluctuated in modest range foreign investors did not leave improving policy frameworks built currency reserves hiked interest rates  earlier than advanced contrasts with previous hiking episodes capital flow remain strong resilience of emerging markets continue


Question: emerging markets navigate rate volatility

Emerging markets are resilient to high rates.

Adrian et. al ‘24 [Tobias, Fabio M. Natalucci, and Jason Wu; PhD, is the Financial Counsellor and Director of the IMF's Monetary and Capital Markets Department; PhD, is a Deputy Director of the Monetary and Capital Markets Department; PhD, is the assistant director overseeing the Global Markets and Analysis division at the IMF; imf; “Emerging Markets Navigate Global Interest Rate Volatility,” https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2024/01/31/emerging-markets-navigate-global-interest-rate-volatility]

Emerging economies saw milder rate moves lower sensitivity due t divergence in monetary challenges economic literature markets insulated especially Asia . Exchange rates fluctuated in modest range foreign investors did not leave improving policy frameworks built currency reserves hiked interest rates  earlier than advanced contrasts with previous hiking episodes capital flow remain strong resilience of emerging markets continue


Question: markets insulated especially Asia

Emerging markets are resilient to high rates.

Adrian et. al ‘24 [Tobias, Fabio M. Natalucci, and Jason Wu; PhD, is the Financial Counsellor and Director of the IMF's Monetary and Capital Markets Department; PhD, is a Deputy Director of the Monetary and Capital Markets Department; PhD, is the assistant director overseeing the Global Markets and Analysis division at the IMF; imf; “Emerging Markets Navigate Global Interest Rate Volatility,” https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2024/01/31/emerging-markets-navigate-global-interest-rate-volatility]

Emerging economies saw milder rate moves lower sensitivity due t divergence in monetary challenges economic literature markets insulated especially Asia . Exchange rates fluctuated in modest range foreign investors did not leave improving policy frameworks built currency reserves hiked interest rates  earlier than advanced contrasts with previous hiking episodes capital flow remain strong resilience of emerging markets continue


Question: emerging markets continue resilience

Emerging markets are resilient to high rates.

Adrian et. al ‘24 [Tobias, Fabio M. Natalucci, and Jason Wu; PhD, is the Financial Counsellor and Director of the IMF's Monetary and Capital Markets Department; PhD, is a Deputy Director of the Monetary and Capital Markets Department; PhD, is the assistant director overseeing the Global Markets and Analysis division at the IMF; imf; “Emerging Markets Navigate Global Interest Rate Volatility,” https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2024/01/31/emerging-markets-navigate-global-interest-rate-volatility]

Emerging economies saw milder rate moves lower sensitivity due t divergence in monetary challenges economic literature markets insulated especially Asia . Exchange rates fluctuated in modest range foreign investors did not leave improving policy frameworks built currency reserves hiked interest rates  earlier than advanced contrasts with previous hiking episodes capital flow remain strong resilience of emerging markets continue


Question: capital flow remain strong

Emerging markets are resilient to high rates.

Adrian et. al ‘24 [Tobias, Fabio M. Natalucci, and Jason Wu; PhD, is the Financial Counsellor and Director of the IMF's Monetary and Capital Markets Department; PhD, is a Deputy Director of the Monetary and Capital Markets Department; PhD, is the assistant director overseeing the Global Markets and Analysis division at the IMF; imf; “Emerging Markets Navigate Global Interest Rate Volatility,” https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2024/01/31/emerging-markets-navigate-global-interest-rate-volatility]

Emerging economies saw milder rate moves lower sensitivity due t divergence in monetary challenges economic literature markets insulated especially Asia . Exchange rates fluctuated in modest range foreign investors did not leave improving policy frameworks built currency reserves hiked interest rates  earlier than advanced contrasts with previous hiking episodes capital flow remain strong resilience of emerging markets continue


Question: improving policy frameworks

Emerging markets are resilient to high rates.

Adrian et. al ‘24 [Tobias, Fabio M. Natalucci, and Jason Wu; PhD, is the Financial Counsellor and Director of the IMF's Monetary and Capital Markets Department; PhD, is a Deputy Director of the Monetary and Capital Markets Department; PhD, is the assistant director overseeing the Global Markets and Analysis division at the IMF; imf; “Emerging Markets Navigate Global Interest Rate Volatility,” https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2024/01/31/emerging-markets-navigate-global-interest-rate-volatility]

Emerging economies saw milder rate moves lower sensitivity due t divergence in monetary challenges economic literature markets insulated especially Asia . Exchange rates fluctuated in modest range foreign investors did not leave improving policy frameworks built currency reserves hiked interest rates  earlier than advanced contrasts with previous hiking episodes capital flow remain strong resilience of emerging markets continue


Question: Extraction bad alternative

‘Extraction bad’ links to the alt.

Rubén Martínez interviewing Thea Riofrancos 22. **Journalist, Author, and Musician. **Associate Professor of Political Science at Providence College. “‘We could be enroute to eco-socialism or to eco-fascism: there are multiple layers of uncertainty.’” 6/29/22. https://lapublica.net/en/article/eco-socialism-or-to-eco-fascism/

Even if tech was made in worker-run factories deployed thanks to public investment it requires resource extraction key political and social issue in Chile second largest lithium producer whatever form extraction takes it’ll have environmental impact feels like a gordian knot to build new greener society environmental impact must be made


Question: Riofrancos extraction

‘Extraction bad’ links to the alt.

Rubén Martínez interviewing Thea Riofrancos 22. **Journalist, Author, and Musician. **Associate Professor of Political Science at Providence College. “‘We could be enroute to eco-socialism or to eco-fascism: there are multiple layers of uncertainty.’” 6/29/22. https://lapublica.net/en/article/eco-socialism-or-to-eco-fascism/

Even if tech was made in worker-run factories deployed thanks to public investment it requires resource extraction key political and social issue in Chile second largest lithium producer whatever form extraction takes it’ll have environmental impact feels like a gordian knot to build new greener society environmental impact must be made


Question: Thea Riofrancos extraction

‘Extraction bad’ links to the alt.

Rubén Martínez interviewing Thea Riofrancos 22. **Journalist, Author, and Musician. **Associate Professor of Political Science at Providence College. “‘We could be enroute to eco-socialism or to eco-fascism: there are multiple layers of uncertainty.’” 6/29/22. https://lapublica.net/en/article/eco-socialism-or-to-eco-fascism/

Even if tech was made in worker-run factories deployed thanks to public investment it requires resource extraction key political and social issue in Chile second largest lithium producer whatever form extraction takes it’ll have environmental impact feels like a gordian knot to build new greener society environmental impact must be made


Question: eco-socialism or eco-fascism

‘Extraction bad’ links to the alt.

Rubén Martínez interviewing Thea Riofrancos 22. **Journalist, Author, and Musician. **Associate Professor of Political Science at Providence College. “‘We could be enroute to eco-socialism or to eco-fascism: there are multiple layers of uncertainty.’” 6/29/22. https://lapublica.net/en/article/eco-socialism-or-to-eco-fascism/

Even if tech was made in worker-run factories deployed thanks to public investment it requires resource extraction key political and social issue in Chile second largest lithium producer whatever form extraction takes it’ll have environmental impact feels like a gordian knot to build new greener society environmental impact must be made


Question: extraction environmental impact

‘Extraction bad’ links to the alt.

Rubén Martínez interviewing Thea Riofrancos 22. **Journalist, Author, and Musician. **Associate Professor of Political Science at Providence College. “‘We could be enroute to eco-socialism or to eco-fascism: there are multiple layers of uncertainty.’” 6/29/22. https://lapublica.net/en/article/eco-socialism-or-to-eco-fascism/

Even if tech was made in worker-run factories deployed thanks to public investment it requires resource extraction key political and social issue in Chile second largest lithium producer whatever form extraction takes it’ll have environmental impact feels like a gordian knot to build new greener society environmental impact must be made


Question: tech requires resource extraction

‘Extraction bad’ links to the alt.

Rubén Martínez interviewing Thea Riofrancos 22. **Journalist, Author, and Musician. **Associate Professor of Political Science at Providence College. “‘We could be enroute to eco-socialism or to eco-fascism: there are multiple layers of uncertainty.’” 6/29/22. https://lapublica.net/en/article/eco-socialism-or-to-eco-fascism/

Even if tech was made in worker-run factories deployed thanks to public investment it requires resource extraction key political and social issue in Chile second largest lithium producer whatever form extraction takes it’ll have environmental impact feels like a gordian knot to build new greener society environmental impact must be made


Question: Trump immigration congress key

Trump is focused on immigration now, but Congress holds the key

Payne, 1-20 – POLITICO Fellow

president unlock authorities and resources to follow through on secure the border and deport millions Trump may run into trouble is his mass deportations agenda and he’ll be looking to Congress for help. Lawmakers will have to appropriate more funding, and the administration would need to hire and train more officers.


Question: Payne politico fellow

Trump is focused on immigration now, but Congress holds the key

Payne, 1-20 – POLITICO Fellow

president unlock authorities and resources to follow through on secure the border and deport millions Trump may run into trouble is his mass deportations agenda and he’ll be looking to Congress for help. Lawmakers will have to appropriate more funding, and the administration would need to hire and train more officers.


Question: Trump mass deportations agenda

Trump is focused on immigration now, but Congress holds the key

Payne, 1-20 – POLITICO Fellow

president unlock authorities and resources to follow through on secure the border and deport millions Trump may run into trouble is his mass deportations agenda and he’ll be looking to Congress for help. Lawmakers will have to appropriate more funding, and the administration would need to hire and train more officers.


Question: Congress appropriate funding

Trump is focused on immigration now, but Congress holds the key

Payne, 1-20 – POLITICO Fellow

president unlock authorities and resources to follow through on secure the border and deport millions Trump may run into trouble is his mass deportations agenda and he’ll be looking to Congress for help. Lawmakers will have to appropriate more funding, and the administration would need to hire and train more officers.


Question: secure the border and deport millions

Trump is focused on immigration now, but Congress holds the key

Payne, 1-20 – POLITICO Fellow

president unlock authorities and resources to follow through on secure the border and deport millions Trump may run into trouble is his mass deportations agenda and he’ll be looking to Congress for help. Lawmakers will have to appropriate more funding, and the administration would need to hire and train more officers.


Question: Congress immigration power

Trump is focused on immigration now, but Congress holds the key

Payne, 1-20 – POLITICO Fellow

president unlock authorities and resources to follow through on secure the border and deport millions Trump may run into trouble is his mass deportations agenda and he’ll be looking to Congress for help. Lawmakers will have to appropriate more funding, and the administration would need to hire and train more officers.


Question: Trump needs congress immigration

Trump is focused on immigration now, but Congress holds the key

Payne, 1-20 – POLITICO Fellow

president unlock authorities and resources to follow through on secure the border and deport millions Trump may run into trouble is his mass deportations agenda and he’ll be looking to Congress for help. Lawmakers will have to appropriate more funding, and the administration would need to hire and train more officers.


Question: Resolved means certain

3. “Resolved” means certain.

Oxford 19, Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, “resolved”, http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/resolved

Firmly determined


Question: Oxford dictionary definition

3. “Resolved” means certain.

Oxford 19, Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, “resolved”, http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/resolved

Firmly determined


Question: Oxford definition of resolved

3. “Resolved” means certain.

Oxford 19, Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, “resolved”, http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/resolved

Firmly determined


Question: Resolved means firmly determined

3. “Resolved” means certain.

Oxford 19, Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, “resolved”, http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/resolved

Firmly determined


Question: C02 solves food insecurity

C02 solves food insecurity.

CO2 Coalition 15 [This white paper summarizes the views of the CO2 Coalition, a new and independent, non-profit organization that seeks to engage thought leaders, policy makers, and the public in an informed, dispassionate discussion of how our planet will be affected by CO2 released from the combustion of fossil fuel. Available scientific facts have persuaded Coalition members that additional CO2 will be a net benefit. Rather than immediately setting this document aside for promoting such a politically incorrect view, readers would do well to act on the ancient motto of Britain’s prestigious Royal Society—nullius in verba, “don’t take anyone’s word for it,” or more simply, “see for yourself.”] . “Carbon Dioxide Benefits the World: See for Yourself.” CO2 Coalition, 2015, https://www.commerce.senate.gov/services/files/FC7C4946-11A3-4967-BF28-8D0386608D3E#:~:text=Because%20the%20growth%20rate%20of,thus%2C%20for%20global%20food%20security.) tru

growth rate plants proportional square root of CO2 concentration doubling CO2 increase plant growth by 40 percent a boon for global food security making plants drought-resistant 30% increase in 20th century boosted productivity by 15 percent higher CO2 levels will strengthen food in Africa  and  Asia plant growth  at desert margins 11 percent  net agricultural yields  will increase 10 catastrophic risks Food failures


Question: CO2 Coalition 15

C02 solves food insecurity.

CO2 Coalition 15 [This white paper summarizes the views of the CO2 Coalition, a new and independent, non-profit organization that seeks to engage thought leaders, policy makers, and the public in an informed, dispassionate discussion of how our planet will be affected by CO2 released from the combustion of fossil fuel. Available scientific facts have persuaded Coalition members that additional CO2 will be a net benefit. Rather than immediately setting this document aside for promoting such a politically incorrect view, readers would do well to act on the ancient motto of Britain’s prestigious Royal Society—nullius in verba, “don’t take anyone’s word for it,” or more simply, “see for yourself.”] . “Carbon Dioxide Benefits the World: See for Yourself.” CO2 Coalition, 2015, https://www.commerce.senate.gov/services/files/FC7C4946-11A3-4967-BF28-8D0386608D3E#:~:text=Because%20the%20growth%20rate%20of,thus%2C%20for%20global%20food%20security.) tru

growth rate plants proportional square root of CO2 concentration doubling CO2 increase plant growth by 40 percent a boon for global food security making plants drought-resistant 30% increase in 20th century boosted productivity by 15 percent higher CO2 levels will strengthen food in Africa  and  Asia plant growth  at desert margins 11 percent  net agricultural yields  will increase 10 catastrophic risks Food failures


Question: Carbon Dioxide Benefits the World

C02 solves food insecurity.

CO2 Coalition 15 [This white paper summarizes the views of the CO2 Coalition, a new and independent, non-profit organization that seeks to engage thought leaders, policy makers, and the public in an informed, dispassionate discussion of how our planet will be affected by CO2 released from the combustion of fossil fuel. Available scientific facts have persuaded Coalition members that additional CO2 will be a net benefit. Rather than immediately setting this document aside for promoting such a politically incorrect view, readers would do well to act on the ancient motto of Britain’s prestigious Royal Society—nullius in verba, “don’t take anyone’s word for it,” or more simply, “see for yourself.”] . “Carbon Dioxide Benefits the World: See for Yourself.” CO2 Coalition, 2015, https://www.commerce.senate.gov/services/files/FC7C4946-11A3-4967-BF28-8D0386608D3E#:~:text=Because%20the%20growth%20rate%20of,thus%2C%20for%20global%20food%20security.) tru

growth rate plants proportional square root of CO2 concentration doubling CO2 increase plant growth by 40 percent a boon for global food security making plants drought-resistant 30% increase in 20th century boosted productivity by 15 percent higher CO2 levels will strengthen food in Africa  and  Asia plant growth  at desert margins 11 percent  net agricultural yields  will increase 10 catastrophic risks Food failures


Question: CO2 plant growth

C02 solves food insecurity.

CO2 Coalition 15 [This white paper summarizes the views of the CO2 Coalition, a new and independent, non-profit organization that seeks to engage thought leaders, policy makers, and the public in an informed, dispassionate discussion of how our planet will be affected by CO2 released from the combustion of fossil fuel. Available scientific facts have persuaded Coalition members that additional CO2 will be a net benefit. Rather than immediately setting this document aside for promoting such a politically incorrect view, readers would do well to act on the ancient motto of Britain’s prestigious Royal Society—nullius in verba, “don’t take anyone’s word for it,” or more simply, “see for yourself.”] . “Carbon Dioxide Benefits the World: See for Yourself.” CO2 Coalition, 2015, https://www.commerce.senate.gov/services/files/FC7C4946-11A3-4967-BF28-8D0386608D3E#:~:text=Because%20the%20growth%20rate%20of,thus%2C%20for%20global%20food%20security.) tru

growth rate plants proportional square root of CO2 concentration doubling CO2 increase plant growth by 40 percent a boon for global food security making plants drought-resistant 30% increase in 20th century boosted productivity by 15 percent higher CO2 levels will strengthen food in Africa  and  Asia plant growth  at desert margins 11 percent  net agricultural yields  will increase 10 catastrophic risks Food failures


Question: CO2 increase plant growth 40

C02 solves food insecurity.

CO2 Coalition 15 [This white paper summarizes the views of the CO2 Coalition, a new and independent, non-profit organization that seeks to engage thought leaders, policy makers, and the public in an informed, dispassionate discussion of how our planet will be affected by CO2 released from the combustion of fossil fuel. Available scientific facts have persuaded Coalition members that additional CO2 will be a net benefit. Rather than immediately setting this document aside for promoting such a politically incorrect view, readers would do well to act on the ancient motto of Britain’s prestigious Royal Society—nullius in verba, “don’t take anyone’s word for it,” or more simply, “see for yourself.”] . “Carbon Dioxide Benefits the World: See for Yourself.” CO2 Coalition, 2015, https://www.commerce.senate.gov/services/files/FC7C4946-11A3-4967-BF28-8D0386608D3E#:~:text=Because%20the%20growth%20rate%20of,thus%2C%20for%20global%20food%20security.) tru

growth rate plants proportional square root of CO2 concentration doubling CO2 increase plant growth by 40 percent a boon for global food security making plants drought-resistant 30% increase in 20th century boosted productivity by 15 percent higher CO2 levels will strengthen food in Africa  and  Asia plant growth  at desert margins 11 percent  net agricultural yields  will increase 10 catastrophic risks Food failures


Question: CO2 and food security

C02 solves food insecurity.

CO2 Coalition 15 [This white paper summarizes the views of the CO2 Coalition, a new and independent, non-profit organization that seeks to engage thought leaders, policy makers, and the public in an informed, dispassionate discussion of how our planet will be affected by CO2 released from the combustion of fossil fuel. Available scientific facts have persuaded Coalition members that additional CO2 will be a net benefit. Rather than immediately setting this document aside for promoting such a politically incorrect view, readers would do well to act on the ancient motto of Britain’s prestigious Royal Society—nullius in verba, “don’t take anyone’s word for it,” or more simply, “see for yourself.”] . “Carbon Dioxide Benefits the World: See for Yourself.” CO2 Coalition, 2015, https://www.commerce.senate.gov/services/files/FC7C4946-11A3-4967-BF28-8D0386608D3E#:~:text=Because%20the%20growth%20rate%20of,thus%2C%20for%20global%20food%20security.) tru

growth rate plants proportional square root of CO2 concentration doubling CO2 increase plant growth by 40 percent a boon for global food security making plants drought-resistant 30% increase in 20th century boosted productivity by 15 percent higher CO2 levels will strengthen food in Africa  and  Asia plant growth  at desert margins 11 percent  net agricultural yields  will increase 10 catastrophic risks Food failures


Question: CO2 drought-resistant plants

C02 solves food insecurity.

CO2 Coalition 15 [This white paper summarizes the views of the CO2 Coalition, a new and independent, non-profit organization that seeks to engage thought leaders, policy makers, and the public in an informed, dispassionate discussion of how our planet will be affected by CO2 released from the combustion of fossil fuel. Available scientific facts have persuaded Coalition members that additional CO2 will be a net benefit. Rather than immediately setting this document aside for promoting such a politically incorrect view, readers would do well to act on the ancient motto of Britain’s prestigious Royal Society—nullius in verba, “don’t take anyone’s word for it,” or more simply, “see for yourself.”] . “Carbon Dioxide Benefits the World: See for Yourself.” CO2 Coalition, 2015, https://www.commerce.senate.gov/services/files/FC7C4946-11A3-4967-BF28-8D0386608D3E#:~:text=Because%20the%20growth%20rate%20of,thus%2C%20for%20global%20food%20security.) tru

growth rate plants proportional square root of CO2 concentration doubling CO2 increase plant growth by 40 percent a boon for global food security making plants drought-resistant 30% increase in 20th century boosted productivity by 15 percent higher CO2 levels will strengthen food in Africa  and  Asia plant growth  at desert margins 11 percent  net agricultural yields  will increase 10 catastrophic risks Food failures


Question: CO2 Coalition food

C02 solves food insecurity.

CO2 Coalition 15 [This white paper summarizes the views of the CO2 Coalition, a new and independent, non-profit organization that seeks to engage thought leaders, policy makers, and the public in an informed, dispassionate discussion of how our planet will be affected by CO2 released from the combustion of fossil fuel. Available scientific facts have persuaded Coalition members that additional CO2 will be a net benefit. Rather than immediately setting this document aside for promoting such a politically incorrect view, readers would do well to act on the ancient motto of Britain’s prestigious Royal Society—nullius in verba, “don’t take anyone’s word for it,” or more simply, “see for yourself.”] . “Carbon Dioxide Benefits the World: See for Yourself.” CO2 Coalition, 2015, https://www.commerce.senate.gov/services/files/FC7C4946-11A3-4967-BF28-8D0386608D3E#:~:text=Because%20the%20growth%20rate%20of,thus%2C%20for%20global%20food%20security.) tru

growth rate plants proportional square root of CO2 concentration doubling CO2 increase plant growth by 40 percent a boon for global food security making plants drought-resistant 30% increase in 20th century boosted productivity by 15 percent higher CO2 levels will strengthen food in Africa  and  Asia plant growth  at desert margins 11 percent  net agricultural yields  will increase 10 catastrophic risks Food failures


Question: no cyber impact experimental

No cyber impact---experimental studies

Jensen 24, *PhD, Professor of Strategic Studies @ Marine Corps University. **PhD, Assistant Professor @ Seton Hall University, School of Diplomacy. ***PhD, Associate Professor of Political Science @ High Point University. (*Benjamin, **Brandon Valeriano, ***Sam Whitt, “How cyber operations can reduce escalation pressures: Evidence from an experimental wargame study,” Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 61(1), p. 119-120, https://doi.org/10.1177/00223433231219440)

India and Pakistan exchanged fire Despite militarized escalation alongside prior exchanges there were no large cyber actions the U S opted for cyber attacks against Iran in lieu of strikes After observing 400 crisis responses via a wargame experiment cyber op s do not escalate disputes cyber responses increase the range of options and provide additional bargaining space creating off-ramps and alternatives to military force


Question: Jensen Valeriano and Whitt

No cyber impact---experimental studies

Jensen 24, *PhD, Professor of Strategic Studies @ Marine Corps University. **PhD, Assistant Professor @ Seton Hall University, School of Diplomacy. ***PhD, Associate Professor of Political Science @ High Point University. (*Benjamin, **Brandon Valeriano, ***Sam Whitt, “How cyber operations can reduce escalation pressures: Evidence from an experimental wargame study,” Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 61(1), p. 119-120, https://doi.org/10.1177/00223433231219440)

India and Pakistan exchanged fire Despite militarized escalation alongside prior exchanges there were no large cyber actions the U S opted for cyber attacks against Iran in lieu of strikes After observing 400 crisis responses via a wargame experiment cyber op s do not escalate disputes cyber responses increase the range of options and provide additional bargaining space creating off-ramps and alternatives to military force


Question: cyber operations do not escalate disputes

No cyber impact---experimental studies

Jensen 24, *PhD, Professor of Strategic Studies @ Marine Corps University. **PhD, Assistant Professor @ Seton Hall University, School of Diplomacy. ***PhD, Associate Professor of Political Science @ High Point University. (*Benjamin, **Brandon Valeriano, ***Sam Whitt, “How cyber operations can reduce escalation pressures: Evidence from an experimental wargame study,” Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 61(1), p. 119-120, https://doi.org/10.1177/00223433231219440)

India and Pakistan exchanged fire Despite militarized escalation alongside prior exchanges there were no large cyber actions the U S opted for cyber attacks against Iran in lieu of strikes After observing 400 crisis responses via a wargame experiment cyber op s do not escalate disputes cyber responses increase the range of options and provide additional bargaining space creating off-ramps and alternatives to military force