Question: infinite carbon price

Tarrying with the infinite is the only pathway to minimizing emissions---any other regulatory policy allows too flexible compliance mechanisms.

Bouchery et. al. 11. [Yann Bouchery is Associate Professor in Operations Management and a member of the Center of Excellence in Supply Chain at KEDGE Business School. Asma GHAFFARI. Zied JEMAI. Yves DALLERY. “Adjust or invest: what is the best option to green a supply chain?” Ecole Centrale Paris. November 30, 2011. https://pure.tue.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/3857678/686741489226000.pdf]//dawn

carbon emissions have to be reduced in regulatory policies companies have to react to comply emissions controlled by a price emissions levels depend on the fixed price the minimum amount of emissions imply an infinite carbon price At a macroeconomic level, this operational flexibility implies carbon is hardly controllable by a price These companies may be able to choose among several carbon emissions levels.


Question: operational flexibility emissions

Tarrying with the infinite is the only pathway to minimizing emissions---any other regulatory policy allows too flexible compliance mechanisms.

Bouchery et. al. 11. [Yann Bouchery is Associate Professor in Operations Management and a member of the Center of Excellence in Supply Chain at KEDGE Business School. Asma GHAFFARI. Zied JEMAI. Yves DALLERY. “Adjust or invest: what is the best option to green a supply chain?” Ecole Centrale Paris. November 30, 2011. https://pure.tue.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/3857678/686741489226000.pdf]//dawn

carbon emissions have to be reduced in regulatory policies companies have to react to comply emissions controlled by a price emissions levels depend on the fixed price the minimum amount of emissions imply an infinite carbon price At a macroeconomic level, this operational flexibility implies carbon is hardly controllable by a price These companies may be able to choose among several carbon emissions levels.


Question: regulatory policy compliance mechanisms

Tarrying with the infinite is the only pathway to minimizing emissions---any other regulatory policy allows too flexible compliance mechanisms.

Bouchery et. al. 11. [Yann Bouchery is Associate Professor in Operations Management and a member of the Center of Excellence in Supply Chain at KEDGE Business School. Asma GHAFFARI. Zied JEMAI. Yves DALLERY. “Adjust or invest: what is the best option to green a supply chain?” Ecole Centrale Paris. November 30, 2011. https://pure.tue.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/3857678/686741489226000.pdf]//dawn

carbon emissions have to be reduced in regulatory policies companies have to react to comply emissions controlled by a price emissions levels depend on the fixed price the minimum amount of emissions imply an infinite carbon price At a macroeconomic level, this operational flexibility implies carbon is hardly controllable by a price These companies may be able to choose among several carbon emissions levels.


Question: exclusion DA is anti-black

3---Exclusion DA---the NEG’s fear that the K- AFF will ruin debate is anti-black and the same fear that motivated the PRL or Fishback---framework is a way to redline K teams out of the community---they’re a grid of exclusion that attempts to exert humanistic control over a limitless topic and paint black theorization as a threat to debate

Dr. Shanara R. Reid-Brinkley 21, Co-Director of Forensics and assistant professor of Race and Rhetoric in the Human Communication Studies Department at The California State University, Fullerton. She is the former Director of the William Pitt Debating Union and Assistant Professor of Public Address and Advocacy at the University of Pittsburgh. Dr. Reid-Brinkley is the 2018 Don Brownlee Award winner for Teaching, Scholarship and Service awarded by the Cross-Examination Debate Association., Edited by Carl A. Grant (Hoefs-Bascom Professor of Education at the University of Wisconsin-Madison), Ashley N. Woodson (Stauffer Endowed Assistant Professor of Learning, Teaching and Curriculum at the University of Missouri-Columbia), and Michael J. Dumas (Assistant Professor in the Graduate School of Education and Department of African American Studies at the University of California, Berkeley), Routledge, The Future is Black: Afropessimism, Fugitivity, and Radical Hope in Education, Chapter 12, pages 102-104, “Debating While Black: Wake Work in Black Youth Politics,” 2021, ISBN: 978-1-351-12298-6 (ebk), Accessed: 09/27/2024, aks

Black debaters radically engage the community’s exclusion of Black participation of Black scholarship and of Black political concerns Such frees Black students to imagine radical practices of confrontation and dreams of Black futurity the federal government is always an unethical actor Framework has operated as a strategic tool of capture and exclusion of Black thought in debate This is dangerous , encouraging “ascetic tourism” by which debaters role-playing policy advocates “ tour [the] trauma  without  acting to alleviate the harm” Black Framework is an example of political theorizing from the hold which identifies a tactic and an exigency for disruption Black Debate is an effective training tool for political advocacy it is a jarring (re)performance of the acts of exclusion that Black debaters have faced for decades


Question: Reid-Brinkley 21

3---Exclusion DA---the NEG’s fear that the K- AFF will ruin debate is anti-black and the same fear that motivated the PRL or Fishback---framework is a way to redline K teams out of the community---they’re a grid of exclusion that attempts to exert humanistic control over a limitless topic and paint black theorization as a threat to debate

Dr. Shanara R. Reid-Brinkley 21, Co-Director of Forensics and assistant professor of Race and Rhetoric in the Human Communication Studies Department at The California State University, Fullerton. She is the former Director of the William Pitt Debating Union and Assistant Professor of Public Address and Advocacy at the University of Pittsburgh. Dr. Reid-Brinkley is the 2018 Don Brownlee Award winner for Teaching, Scholarship and Service awarded by the Cross-Examination Debate Association., Edited by Carl A. Grant (Hoefs-Bascom Professor of Education at the University of Wisconsin-Madison), Ashley N. Woodson (Stauffer Endowed Assistant Professor of Learning, Teaching and Curriculum at the University of Missouri-Columbia), and Michael J. Dumas (Assistant Professor in the Graduate School of Education and Department of African American Studies at the University of California, Berkeley), Routledge, The Future is Black: Afropessimism, Fugitivity, and Radical Hope in Education, Chapter 12, pages 102-104, “Debating While Black: Wake Work in Black Youth Politics,” 2021, ISBN: 978-1-351-12298-6 (ebk), Accessed: 09/27/2024, aks

Black debaters radically engage the community’s exclusion of Black participation of Black scholarship and of Black political concerns Such frees Black students to imagine radical practices of confrontation and dreams of Black futurity the federal government is always an unethical actor Framework has operated as a strategic tool of capture and exclusion of Black thought in debate This is dangerous , encouraging “ascetic tourism” by which debaters role-playing policy advocates “ tour [the] trauma  without  acting to alleviate the harm” Black Framework is an example of political theorizing from the hold which identifies a tactic and an exigency for disruption Black Debate is an effective training tool for political advocacy it is a jarring (re)performance of the acts of exclusion that Black debaters have faced for decades


Question: black thought exclusion in debate

3---Exclusion DA---the NEG’s fear that the K- AFF will ruin debate is anti-black and the same fear that motivated the PRL or Fishback---framework is a way to redline K teams out of the community---they’re a grid of exclusion that attempts to exert humanistic control over a limitless topic and paint black theorization as a threat to debate

Dr. Shanara R. Reid-Brinkley 21, Co-Director of Forensics and assistant professor of Race and Rhetoric in the Human Communication Studies Department at The California State University, Fullerton. She is the former Director of the William Pitt Debating Union and Assistant Professor of Public Address and Advocacy at the University of Pittsburgh. Dr. Reid-Brinkley is the 2018 Don Brownlee Award winner for Teaching, Scholarship and Service awarded by the Cross-Examination Debate Association., Edited by Carl A. Grant (Hoefs-Bascom Professor of Education at the University of Wisconsin-Madison), Ashley N. Woodson (Stauffer Endowed Assistant Professor of Learning, Teaching and Curriculum at the University of Missouri-Columbia), and Michael J. Dumas (Assistant Professor in the Graduate School of Education and Department of African American Studies at the University of California, Berkeley), Routledge, The Future is Black: Afropessimism, Fugitivity, and Radical Hope in Education, Chapter 12, pages 102-104, “Debating While Black: Wake Work in Black Youth Politics,” 2021, ISBN: 978-1-351-12298-6 (ebk), Accessed: 09/27/2024, aks

Black debaters radically engage the community’s exclusion of Black participation of Black scholarship and of Black political concerns Such frees Black students to imagine radical practices of confrontation and dreams of Black futurity the federal government is always an unethical actor Framework has operated as a strategic tool of capture and exclusion of Black thought in debate This is dangerous , encouraging “ascetic tourism” by which debaters role-playing policy advocates “ tour [the] trauma  without  acting to alleviate the harm” Black Framework is an example of political theorizing from the hold which identifies a tactic and an exigency for disruption Black Debate is an effective training tool for political advocacy it is a jarring (re)performance of the acts of exclusion that Black debaters have faced for decades


Question: framework excludes black debaters

3---Exclusion DA---the NEG’s fear that the K- AFF will ruin debate is anti-black and the same fear that motivated the PRL or Fishback---framework is a way to redline K teams out of the community---they’re a grid of exclusion that attempts to exert humanistic control over a limitless topic and paint black theorization as a threat to debate

Dr. Shanara R. Reid-Brinkley 21, Co-Director of Forensics and assistant professor of Race and Rhetoric in the Human Communication Studies Department at The California State University, Fullerton. She is the former Director of the William Pitt Debating Union and Assistant Professor of Public Address and Advocacy at the University of Pittsburgh. Dr. Reid-Brinkley is the 2018 Don Brownlee Award winner for Teaching, Scholarship and Service awarded by the Cross-Examination Debate Association., Edited by Carl A. Grant (Hoefs-Bascom Professor of Education at the University of Wisconsin-Madison), Ashley N. Woodson (Stauffer Endowed Assistant Professor of Learning, Teaching and Curriculum at the University of Missouri-Columbia), and Michael J. Dumas (Assistant Professor in the Graduate School of Education and Department of African American Studies at the University of California, Berkeley), Routledge, The Future is Black: Afropessimism, Fugitivity, and Radical Hope in Education, Chapter 12, pages 102-104, “Debating While Black: Wake Work in Black Youth Politics,” 2021, ISBN: 978-1-351-12298-6 (ebk), Accessed: 09/27/2024, aks

Black debaters radically engage the community’s exclusion of Black participation of Black scholarship and of Black political concerns Such frees Black students to imagine radical practices of confrontation and dreams of Black futurity the federal government is always an unethical actor Framework has operated as a strategic tool of capture and exclusion of Black thought in debate This is dangerous , encouraging “ascetic tourism” by which debaters role-playing policy advocates “ tour [the] trauma  without  acting to alleviate the harm” Black Framework is an example of political theorizing from the hold which identifies a tactic and an exigency for disruption Black Debate is an effective training tool for political advocacy it is a jarring (re)performance of the acts of exclusion that Black debaters have faced for decades


Question: black debate theorizing

3---Exclusion DA---the NEG’s fear that the K- AFF will ruin debate is anti-black and the same fear that motivated the PRL or Fishback---framework is a way to redline K teams out of the community---they’re a grid of exclusion that attempts to exert humanistic control over a limitless topic and paint black theorization as a threat to debate

Dr. Shanara R. Reid-Brinkley 21, Co-Director of Forensics and assistant professor of Race and Rhetoric in the Human Communication Studies Department at The California State University, Fullerton. She is the former Director of the William Pitt Debating Union and Assistant Professor of Public Address and Advocacy at the University of Pittsburgh. Dr. Reid-Brinkley is the 2018 Don Brownlee Award winner for Teaching, Scholarship and Service awarded by the Cross-Examination Debate Association., Edited by Carl A. Grant (Hoefs-Bascom Professor of Education at the University of Wisconsin-Madison), Ashley N. Woodson (Stauffer Endowed Assistant Professor of Learning, Teaching and Curriculum at the University of Missouri-Columbia), and Michael J. Dumas (Assistant Professor in the Graduate School of Education and Department of African American Studies at the University of California, Berkeley), Routledge, The Future is Black: Afropessimism, Fugitivity, and Radical Hope in Education, Chapter 12, pages 102-104, “Debating While Black: Wake Work in Black Youth Politics,” 2021, ISBN: 978-1-351-12298-6 (ebk), Accessed: 09/27/2024, aks

Black debaters radically engage the community’s exclusion of Black participation of Black scholarship and of Black political concerns Such frees Black students to imagine radical practices of confrontation and dreams of Black futurity the federal government is always an unethical actor Framework has operated as a strategic tool of capture and exclusion of Black thought in debate This is dangerous , encouraging “ascetic tourism” by which debaters role-playing policy advocates “ tour [the] trauma  without  acting to alleviate the harm” Black Framework is an example of political theorizing from the hold which identifies a tactic and an exigency for disruption Black Debate is an effective training tool for political advocacy it is a jarring (re)performance of the acts of exclusion that Black debaters have faced for decades


Question: framework redlines K teams

3---Exclusion DA---the NEG’s fear that the K- AFF will ruin debate is anti-black and the same fear that motivated the PRL or Fishback---framework is a way to redline K teams out of the community---they’re a grid of exclusion that attempts to exert humanistic control over a limitless topic and paint black theorization as a threat to debate

Dr. Shanara R. Reid-Brinkley 21, Co-Director of Forensics and assistant professor of Race and Rhetoric in the Human Communication Studies Department at The California State University, Fullerton. She is the former Director of the William Pitt Debating Union and Assistant Professor of Public Address and Advocacy at the University of Pittsburgh. Dr. Reid-Brinkley is the 2018 Don Brownlee Award winner for Teaching, Scholarship and Service awarded by the Cross-Examination Debate Association., Edited by Carl A. Grant (Hoefs-Bascom Professor of Education at the University of Wisconsin-Madison), Ashley N. Woodson (Stauffer Endowed Assistant Professor of Learning, Teaching and Curriculum at the University of Missouri-Columbia), and Michael J. Dumas (Assistant Professor in the Graduate School of Education and Department of African American Studies at the University of California, Berkeley), Routledge, The Future is Black: Afropessimism, Fugitivity, and Radical Hope in Education, Chapter 12, pages 102-104, “Debating While Black: Wake Work in Black Youth Politics,” 2021, ISBN: 978-1-351-12298-6 (ebk), Accessed: 09/27/2024, aks

Black debaters radically engage the community’s exclusion of Black participation of Black scholarship and of Black political concerns Such frees Black students to imagine radical practices of confrontation and dreams of Black futurity the federal government is always an unethical actor Framework has operated as a strategic tool of capture and exclusion of Black thought in debate This is dangerous , encouraging “ascetic tourism” by which debaters role-playing policy advocates “ tour [the] trauma  without  acting to alleviate the harm” Black Framework is an example of political theorizing from the hold which identifies a tactic and an exigency for disruption Black Debate is an effective training tool for political advocacy it is a jarring (re)performance of the acts of exclusion that Black debaters have faced for decades


Question: fear of K aff is anti-black

3---Exclusion DA---the NEG’s fear that the K- AFF will ruin debate is anti-black and the same fear that motivated the PRL or Fishback---framework is a way to redline K teams out of the community---they’re a grid of exclusion that attempts to exert humanistic control over a limitless topic and paint black theorization as a threat to debate

Dr. Shanara R. Reid-Brinkley 21, Co-Director of Forensics and assistant professor of Race and Rhetoric in the Human Communication Studies Department at The California State University, Fullerton. She is the former Director of the William Pitt Debating Union and Assistant Professor of Public Address and Advocacy at the University of Pittsburgh. Dr. Reid-Brinkley is the 2018 Don Brownlee Award winner for Teaching, Scholarship and Service awarded by the Cross-Examination Debate Association., Edited by Carl A. Grant (Hoefs-Bascom Professor of Education at the University of Wisconsin-Madison), Ashley N. Woodson (Stauffer Endowed Assistant Professor of Learning, Teaching and Curriculum at the University of Missouri-Columbia), and Michael J. Dumas (Assistant Professor in the Graduate School of Education and Department of African American Studies at the University of California, Berkeley), Routledge, The Future is Black: Afropessimism, Fugitivity, and Radical Hope in Education, Chapter 12, pages 102-104, “Debating While Black: Wake Work in Black Youth Politics,” 2021, ISBN: 978-1-351-12298-6 (ebk), Accessed: 09/27/2024, aks

Black debaters radically engage the community’s exclusion of Black participation of Black scholarship and of Black political concerns Such frees Black students to imagine radical practices of confrontation and dreams of Black futurity the federal government is always an unethical actor Framework has operated as a strategic tool of capture and exclusion of Black thought in debate This is dangerous , encouraging “ascetic tourism” by which debaters role-playing policy advocates “ tour [the] trauma  without  acting to alleviate the harm” Black Framework is an example of political theorizing from the hold which identifies a tactic and an exigency for disruption Black Debate is an effective training tool for political advocacy it is a jarring (re)performance of the acts of exclusion that Black debaters have faced for decades


Question: ascetic tourism debate

3---Exclusion DA---the NEG’s fear that the K- AFF will ruin debate is anti-black and the same fear that motivated the PRL or Fishback---framework is a way to redline K teams out of the community---they’re a grid of exclusion that attempts to exert humanistic control over a limitless topic and paint black theorization as a threat to debate

Dr. Shanara R. Reid-Brinkley 21, Co-Director of Forensics and assistant professor of Race and Rhetoric in the Human Communication Studies Department at The California State University, Fullerton. She is the former Director of the William Pitt Debating Union and Assistant Professor of Public Address and Advocacy at the University of Pittsburgh. Dr. Reid-Brinkley is the 2018 Don Brownlee Award winner for Teaching, Scholarship and Service awarded by the Cross-Examination Debate Association., Edited by Carl A. Grant (Hoefs-Bascom Professor of Education at the University of Wisconsin-Madison), Ashley N. Woodson (Stauffer Endowed Assistant Professor of Learning, Teaching and Curriculum at the University of Missouri-Columbia), and Michael J. Dumas (Assistant Professor in the Graduate School of Education and Department of African American Studies at the University of California, Berkeley), Routledge, The Future is Black: Afropessimism, Fugitivity, and Radical Hope in Education, Chapter 12, pages 102-104, “Debating While Black: Wake Work in Black Youth Politics,” 2021, ISBN: 978-1-351-12298-6 (ebk), Accessed: 09/27/2024, aks

Black debaters radically engage the community’s exclusion of Black participation of Black scholarship and of Black political concerns Such frees Black students to imagine radical practices of confrontation and dreams of Black futurity the federal government is always an unethical actor Framework has operated as a strategic tool of capture and exclusion of Black thought in debate This is dangerous , encouraging “ascetic tourism” by which debaters role-playing policy advocates “ tour [the] trauma  without  acting to alleviate the harm” Black Framework is an example of political theorizing from the hold which identifies a tactic and an exigency for disruption Black Debate is an effective training tool for political advocacy it is a jarring (re)performance of the acts of exclusion that Black debaters have faced for decades


Question: Alt causes transition wars

Alt causes transition wars---links especially hard to the thesis that people are hardwired.

Lee Harris 3. Analyst – Hoover Institution. 2003. “The Intellectual Origins of America-Bashing.” Hoover Instituion. Policy Review. http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/3458371.html.

the capitalist class could not be expected to relinquish control No capitalist society ever willingly liquidated itself, it is utopian to think any ever will to achieve socialism , nothing short of a complete revolution would do this means a full-fledged civil war across the globe Without catastrophic upheaval capitalism would remain completely in control


Question: Lee Harris 3 capitalism

Alt causes transition wars---links especially hard to the thesis that people are hardwired.

Lee Harris 3. Analyst – Hoover Institution. 2003. “The Intellectual Origins of America-Bashing.” Hoover Instituion. Policy Review. http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/3458371.html.

the capitalist class could not be expected to relinquish control No capitalist society ever willingly liquidated itself, it is utopian to think any ever will to achieve socialism , nothing short of a complete revolution would do this means a full-fledged civil war across the globe Without catastrophic upheaval capitalism would remain completely in control


Question: capitalism never willingly liquidated

Alt causes transition wars---links especially hard to the thesis that people are hardwired.

Lee Harris 3. Analyst – Hoover Institution. 2003. “The Intellectual Origins of America-Bashing.” Hoover Instituion. Policy Review. http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/3458371.html.

the capitalist class could not be expected to relinquish control No capitalist society ever willingly liquidated itself, it is utopian to think any ever will to achieve socialism , nothing short of a complete revolution would do this means a full-fledged civil war across the globe Without catastrophic upheaval capitalism would remain completely in control


Question: capitalism requires revolution

Alt causes transition wars---links especially hard to the thesis that people are hardwired.

Lee Harris 3. Analyst – Hoover Institution. 2003. “The Intellectual Origins of America-Bashing.” Hoover Instituion. Policy Review. http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/3458371.html.

the capitalist class could not be expected to relinquish control No capitalist society ever willingly liquidated itself, it is utopian to think any ever will to achieve socialism , nothing short of a complete revolution would do this means a full-fledged civil war across the globe Without catastrophic upheaval capitalism would remain completely in control


Question: capitalism requires civil war

Alt causes transition wars---links especially hard to the thesis that people are hardwired.

Lee Harris 3. Analyst – Hoover Institution. 2003. “The Intellectual Origins of America-Bashing.” Hoover Instituion. Policy Review. http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/3458371.html.

the capitalist class could not be expected to relinquish control No capitalist society ever willingly liquidated itself, it is utopian to think any ever will to achieve socialism , nothing short of a complete revolution would do this means a full-fledged civil war across the globe Without catastrophic upheaval capitalism would remain completely in control


Question: war to achieve socialism

Alt causes transition wars---links especially hard to the thesis that people are hardwired.

Lee Harris 3. Analyst – Hoover Institution. 2003. “The Intellectual Origins of America-Bashing.” Hoover Instituion. Policy Review. http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/3458371.html.

the capitalist class could not be expected to relinquish control No capitalist society ever willingly liquidated itself, it is utopian to think any ever will to achieve socialism , nothing short of a complete revolution would do this means a full-fledged civil war across the globe Without catastrophic upheaval capitalism would remain completely in control


Question: Harris 2003 capitalist class

Alt causes transition wars---links especially hard to the thesis that people are hardwired.

Lee Harris 3. Analyst – Hoover Institution. 2003. “The Intellectual Origins of America-Bashing.” Hoover Instituion. Policy Review. http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/3458371.html.

the capitalist class could not be expected to relinquish control No capitalist society ever willingly liquidated itself, it is utopian to think any ever will to achieve socialism , nothing short of a complete revolution would do this means a full-fledged civil war across the globe Without catastrophic upheaval capitalism would remain completely in control


Question: Aramco record profits

Aaramco is seeing record profits

Gambrell 24—Jon Gambrell (New director for the Gulf and Iran at the associated press). “Aramco announces $121 billion profit in 2023, Saudi oil giant’s 2nd highest on record” May 10, 2024, accessed September 11, 2024. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/economy/aramco-announces-121-billion-profit-in-2023-saudi-oil-giants-2nd-highest-on-record

Saudi oil giant Aramco made $121 billion in profit last year The results  marked  the company’s second highest ever result Despite being lower  Aramco boosted  dividends  due to its stock  holders  Saudi Arabia has  allied  with  others  to  try to  boost  global oil prices.


Question: Gambrell 24

Aaramco is seeing record profits

Gambrell 24—Jon Gambrell (New director for the Gulf and Iran at the associated press). “Aramco announces $121 billion profit in 2023, Saudi oil giant’s 2nd highest on record” May 10, 2024, accessed September 11, 2024. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/economy/aramco-announces-121-billion-profit-in-2023-saudi-oil-giants-2nd-highest-on-record

Saudi oil giant Aramco made $121 billion in profit last year The results  marked  the company’s second highest ever result Despite being lower  Aramco boosted  dividends  due to its stock  holders  Saudi Arabia has  allied  with  others  to  try to  boost  global oil prices.


Question: Aramco 121 billion profit

Aaramco is seeing record profits

Gambrell 24—Jon Gambrell (New director for the Gulf and Iran at the associated press). “Aramco announces $121 billion profit in 2023, Saudi oil giant’s 2nd highest on record” May 10, 2024, accessed September 11, 2024. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/economy/aramco-announces-121-billion-profit-in-2023-saudi-oil-giants-2nd-highest-on-record

Saudi oil giant Aramco made $121 billion in profit last year The results  marked  the company’s second highest ever result Despite being lower  Aramco boosted  dividends  due to its stock  holders  Saudi Arabia has  allied  with  others  to  try to  boost  global oil prices.


Question: Saudi oil giant profit

Aaramco is seeing record profits

Gambrell 24—Jon Gambrell (New director for the Gulf and Iran at the associated press). “Aramco announces $121 billion profit in 2023, Saudi oil giant’s 2nd highest on record” May 10, 2024, accessed September 11, 2024. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/economy/aramco-announces-121-billion-profit-in-2023-saudi-oil-giants-2nd-highest-on-record

Saudi oil giant Aramco made $121 billion in profit last year The results  marked  the company’s second highest ever result Despite being lower  Aramco boosted  dividends  due to its stock  holders  Saudi Arabia has  allied  with  others  to  try to  boost  global oil prices.


Question: Aramco dividends boosted

Aaramco is seeing record profits

Gambrell 24—Jon Gambrell (New director for the Gulf and Iran at the associated press). “Aramco announces $121 billion profit in 2023, Saudi oil giant’s 2nd highest on record” May 10, 2024, accessed September 11, 2024. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/economy/aramco-announces-121-billion-profit-in-2023-saudi-oil-giants-2nd-highest-on-record

Saudi oil giant Aramco made $121 billion in profit last year The results  marked  the company’s second highest ever result Despite being lower  Aramco boosted  dividends  due to its stock  holders  Saudi Arabia has  allied  with  others  to  try to  boost  global oil prices.


Question: Saudi Arabia boost oil prices

Aaramco is seeing record profits

Gambrell 24—Jon Gambrell (New director for the Gulf and Iran at the associated press). “Aramco announces $121 billion profit in 2023, Saudi oil giant’s 2nd highest on record” May 10, 2024, accessed September 11, 2024. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/economy/aramco-announces-121-billion-profit-in-2023-saudi-oil-giants-2nd-highest-on-record

Saudi oil giant Aramco made $121 billion in profit last year The results  marked  the company’s second highest ever result Despite being lower  Aramco boosted  dividends  due to its stock  holders  Saudi Arabia has  allied  with  others  to  try to  boost  global oil prices.


Question: Aramco profits 2023

Aaramco is seeing record profits

Gambrell 24—Jon Gambrell (New director for the Gulf and Iran at the associated press). “Aramco announces $121 billion profit in 2023, Saudi oil giant’s 2nd highest on record” May 10, 2024, accessed September 11, 2024. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/economy/aramco-announces-121-billion-profit-in-2023-saudi-oil-giants-2nd-highest-on-record

Saudi oil giant Aramco made $121 billion in profit last year The results  marked  the company’s second highest ever result Despite being lower  Aramco boosted  dividends  due to its stock  holders  Saudi Arabia has  allied  with  others  to  try to  boost  global oil prices.


Question: No Solvency – Fossil Fuel Subsidies

And – No Solvency – Fossil Fuel Subsidies are federal, even if States tax they can’t access Federal Lands or build on them. Biden’s “carbon tax” doesn’t price externalities, keeping pollution profitable.

Revesz and Sarinsky 22, *AnBryce Professor of Law and Dean Emeritus, New York University School of Law, **Adjunct Professor of Law and Senior Attorney, Institute for Policy Integrity, New York University School of Law (*Richard L. Revesz, **Max Sarinsky, 2022, “ARTICLE: The Social Cost of Greenhouse Gases: Legal, Economic, and Institutional Perspective,” 39 Yale J. on Reg. 856, University of Kansas Libraries, Lexis)

producers currently over-invest in extraction because they bear few costs Although extraction on federal lands accounts for a huge share of emissions the fed does not internalize cost of pollution onto producers a carbon adder based on g h g s would internalize costs of fossil extraction


Question: Revesz and Sarinsky 22

And – No Solvency – Fossil Fuel Subsidies are federal, even if States tax they can’t access Federal Lands or build on them. Biden’s “carbon tax” doesn’t price externalities, keeping pollution profitable.

Revesz and Sarinsky 22, *AnBryce Professor of Law and Dean Emeritus, New York University School of Law, **Adjunct Professor of Law and Senior Attorney, Institute for Policy Integrity, New York University School of Law (*Richard L. Revesz, **Max Sarinsky, 2022, “ARTICLE: The Social Cost of Greenhouse Gases: Legal, Economic, and Institutional Perspective,” 39 Yale J. on Reg. 856, University of Kansas Libraries, Lexis)

producers currently over-invest in extraction because they bear few costs Although extraction on federal lands accounts for a huge share of emissions the fed does not internalize cost of pollution onto producers a carbon adder based on g h g s would internalize costs of fossil extraction


Question: Federal land extraction

And – No Solvency – Fossil Fuel Subsidies are federal, even if States tax they can’t access Federal Lands or build on them. Biden’s “carbon tax” doesn’t price externalities, keeping pollution profitable.

Revesz and Sarinsky 22, *AnBryce Professor of Law and Dean Emeritus, New York University School of Law, **Adjunct Professor of Law and Senior Attorney, Institute for Policy Integrity, New York University School of Law (*Richard L. Revesz, **Max Sarinsky, 2022, “ARTICLE: The Social Cost of Greenhouse Gases: Legal, Economic, and Institutional Perspective,” 39 Yale J. on Reg. 856, University of Kansas Libraries, Lexis)

producers currently over-invest in extraction because they bear few costs Although extraction on federal lands accounts for a huge share of emissions the fed does not internalize cost of pollution onto producers a carbon adder based on g h g s would internalize costs of fossil extraction


Question: carbon tax doesn’t price externalities

And – No Solvency – Fossil Fuel Subsidies are federal, even if States tax they can’t access Federal Lands or build on them. Biden’s “carbon tax” doesn’t price externalities, keeping pollution profitable.

Revesz and Sarinsky 22, *AnBryce Professor of Law and Dean Emeritus, New York University School of Law, **Adjunct Professor of Law and Senior Attorney, Institute for Policy Integrity, New York University School of Law (*Richard L. Revesz, **Max Sarinsky, 2022, “ARTICLE: The Social Cost of Greenhouse Gases: Legal, Economic, and Institutional Perspective,” 39 Yale J. on Reg. 856, University of Kansas Libraries, Lexis)

producers currently over-invest in extraction because they bear few costs Although extraction on federal lands accounts for a huge share of emissions the fed does not internalize cost of pollution onto producers a carbon adder based on g h g s would internalize costs of fossil extraction


Question: Biden carbon tax ineffective

And – No Solvency – Fossil Fuel Subsidies are federal, even if States tax they can’t access Federal Lands or build on them. Biden’s “carbon tax” doesn’t price externalities, keeping pollution profitable.

Revesz and Sarinsky 22, *AnBryce Professor of Law and Dean Emeritus, New York University School of Law, **Adjunct Professor of Law and Senior Attorney, Institute for Policy Integrity, New York University School of Law (*Richard L. Revesz, **Max Sarinsky, 2022, “ARTICLE: The Social Cost of Greenhouse Gases: Legal, Economic, and Institutional Perspective,” 39 Yale J. on Reg. 856, University of Kansas Libraries, Lexis)

producers currently over-invest in extraction because they bear few costs Although extraction on federal lands accounts for a huge share of emissions the fed does not internalize cost of pollution onto producers a carbon adder based on g h g s would internalize costs of fossil extraction


Question: fossil fuel subsidies federal

And – No Solvency – Fossil Fuel Subsidies are federal, even if States tax they can’t access Federal Lands or build on them. Biden’s “carbon tax” doesn’t price externalities, keeping pollution profitable.

Revesz and Sarinsky 22, *AnBryce Professor of Law and Dean Emeritus, New York University School of Law, **Adjunct Professor of Law and Senior Attorney, Institute for Policy Integrity, New York University School of Law (*Richard L. Revesz, **Max Sarinsky, 2022, “ARTICLE: The Social Cost of Greenhouse Gases: Legal, Economic, and Institutional Perspective,” 39 Yale J. on Reg. 856, University of Kansas Libraries, Lexis)

producers currently over-invest in extraction because they bear few costs Although extraction on federal lands accounts for a huge share of emissions the fed does not internalize cost of pollution onto producers a carbon adder based on g h g s would internalize costs of fossil extraction


Question: Carbon tax structurally can't solve warming

A carbon tax structurally can’t solve warming. ‘Studies’ violate the principles of experimental design.

Andres Arcila & John Baker 22. Department of Economics, University of Waterloo. “Evaluating carbon tax policy: A methodological reassessment of a natural experiment.” Energy Economics, Volume 111.

In recreating analysis we found this approach violate many key assumptions needed for causal identification synthetic control methodology addresses shortcomings provides a counterfactual to B C that is much more empirically convincing carbon tax rise emissions null effect on consumption even if tax rate were substantially higher than 7% Increasing rate by magnitudes infeasible transportation is the largest sector share of emissions from transportation has risen since implemented


Question: Arcila and Baker

A carbon tax structurally can’t solve warming. ‘Studies’ violate the principles of experimental design.

Andres Arcila & John Baker 22. Department of Economics, University of Waterloo. “Evaluating carbon tax policy: A methodological reassessment of a natural experiment.” Energy Economics, Volume 111.

In recreating analysis we found this approach violate many key assumptions needed for causal identification synthetic control methodology addresses shortcomings provides a counterfactual to B C that is much more empirically convincing carbon tax rise emissions null effect on consumption even if tax rate were substantially higher than 7% Increasing rate by magnitudes infeasible transportation is the largest sector share of emissions from transportation has risen since implemented


Question: carbon tax no effect

A carbon tax structurally can’t solve warming. ‘Studies’ violate the principles of experimental design.

Andres Arcila & John Baker 22. Department of Economics, University of Waterloo. “Evaluating carbon tax policy: A methodological reassessment of a natural experiment.” Energy Economics, Volume 111.

In recreating analysis we found this approach violate many key assumptions needed for causal identification synthetic control methodology addresses shortcomings provides a counterfactual to B C that is much more empirically convincing carbon tax rise emissions null effect on consumption even if tax rate were substantially higher than 7% Increasing rate by magnitudes infeasible transportation is the largest sector share of emissions from transportation has risen since implemented


Question: carbon tax emissions null effect

A carbon tax structurally can’t solve warming. ‘Studies’ violate the principles of experimental design.

Andres Arcila & John Baker 22. Department of Economics, University of Waterloo. “Evaluating carbon tax policy: A methodological reassessment of a natural experiment.” Energy Economics, Volume 111.

In recreating analysis we found this approach violate many key assumptions needed for causal identification synthetic control methodology addresses shortcomings provides a counterfactual to B C that is much more empirically convincing carbon tax rise emissions null effect on consumption even if tax rate were substantially higher than 7% Increasing rate by magnitudes infeasible transportation is the largest sector share of emissions from transportation has risen since implemented


Question: carbon tax experimental design bad

A carbon tax structurally can’t solve warming. ‘Studies’ violate the principles of experimental design.

Andres Arcila & John Baker 22. Department of Economics, University of Waterloo. “Evaluating carbon tax policy: A methodological reassessment of a natural experiment.” Energy Economics, Volume 111.

In recreating analysis we found this approach violate many key assumptions needed for causal identification synthetic control methodology addresses shortcomings provides a counterfactual to B C that is much more empirically convincing carbon tax rise emissions null effect on consumption even if tax rate were substantially higher than 7% Increasing rate by magnitudes infeasible transportation is the largest sector share of emissions from transportation has risen since implemented


Question: carbon tax infeasible

A carbon tax structurally can’t solve warming. ‘Studies’ violate the principles of experimental design.

Andres Arcila & John Baker 22. Department of Economics, University of Waterloo. “Evaluating carbon tax policy: A methodological reassessment of a natural experiment.” Energy Economics, Volume 111.

In recreating analysis we found this approach violate many key assumptions needed for causal identification synthetic control methodology addresses shortcomings provides a counterfactual to B C that is much more empirically convincing carbon tax rise emissions null effect on consumption even if tax rate were substantially higher than 7% Increasing rate by magnitudes infeasible transportation is the largest sector share of emissions from transportation has risen since implemented


Question: High electricity prices fossil fuels

High electricity prices now are caused by overreliance in fossil fuel and existing infrastructure. Accelerating the shift to renewables solves.

Estes 24. [Adam Clark, Senior technology correspondent @ Vox, previously technology and politics at Gizmodo, Vice, and The Atlantic. BA History and Literature from Harvard. "The hidden reason why your power bill is so high", Vox, 8-15-2024, https://www.vox.com/technology/366885/utility-power-bill-price-clean-energy]

Energy prices have been creeping up for over a decade There’s no single reason why the transition is not the driving force utilities are doubling down on fossil fuel The grid is a messy patchwork governed by a complex web of regulations by updating regulations and investing in clean energy, we can keep prices down for decades cost has outpaced the c p i Volatility in natural gas prices following invasion contributed to price increases What utilities don’t seem to be doing, is expanding the grid in a way that would benefit clean energy producers Investments cover upgrades rather than installing transmission that renewable energy sources need states leading the way to clean energy are seeing lower energy prices climate change taking a toll on the grid


Question: Estes 24

High electricity prices now are caused by overreliance in fossil fuel and existing infrastructure. Accelerating the shift to renewables solves.

Estes 24. [Adam Clark, Senior technology correspondent @ Vox, previously technology and politics at Gizmodo, Vice, and The Atlantic. BA History and Literature from Harvard. "The hidden reason why your power bill is so high", Vox, 8-15-2024, https://www.vox.com/technology/366885/utility-power-bill-price-clean-energy]

Energy prices have been creeping up for over a decade There’s no single reason why the transition is not the driving force utilities are doubling down on fossil fuel The grid is a messy patchwork governed by a complex web of regulations by updating regulations and investing in clean energy, we can keep prices down for decades cost has outpaced the c p i Volatility in natural gas prices following invasion contributed to price increases What utilities don’t seem to be doing, is expanding the grid in a way that would benefit clean energy producers Investments cover upgrades rather than installing transmission that renewable energy sources need states leading the way to clean energy are seeing lower energy prices climate change taking a toll on the grid


Question: Adam Clark Estes Vox

High electricity prices now are caused by overreliance in fossil fuel and existing infrastructure. Accelerating the shift to renewables solves.

Estes 24. [Adam Clark, Senior technology correspondent @ Vox, previously technology and politics at Gizmodo, Vice, and The Atlantic. BA History and Literature from Harvard. "The hidden reason why your power bill is so high", Vox, 8-15-2024, https://www.vox.com/technology/366885/utility-power-bill-price-clean-energy]

Energy prices have been creeping up for over a decade There’s no single reason why the transition is not the driving force utilities are doubling down on fossil fuel The grid is a messy patchwork governed by a complex web of regulations by updating regulations and investing in clean energy, we can keep prices down for decades cost has outpaced the c p i Volatility in natural gas prices following invasion contributed to price increases What utilities don’t seem to be doing, is expanding the grid in a way that would benefit clean energy producers Investments cover upgrades rather than installing transmission that renewable energy sources need states leading the way to clean energy are seeing lower energy prices climate change taking a toll on the grid


Question: utilities doubling down on fossil fuel

High electricity prices now are caused by overreliance in fossil fuel and existing infrastructure. Accelerating the shift to renewables solves.

Estes 24. [Adam Clark, Senior technology correspondent @ Vox, previously technology and politics at Gizmodo, Vice, and The Atlantic. BA History and Literature from Harvard. "The hidden reason why your power bill is so high", Vox, 8-15-2024, https://www.vox.com/technology/366885/utility-power-bill-price-clean-energy]

Energy prices have been creeping up for over a decade There’s no single reason why the transition is not the driving force utilities are doubling down on fossil fuel The grid is a messy patchwork governed by a complex web of regulations by updating regulations and investing in clean energy, we can keep prices down for decades cost has outpaced the c p i Volatility in natural gas prices following invasion contributed to price increases What utilities don’t seem to be doing, is expanding the grid in a way that would benefit clean energy producers Investments cover upgrades rather than installing transmission that renewable energy sources need states leading the way to clean energy are seeing lower energy prices climate change taking a toll on the grid


Question: clean energy lowers energy prices

High electricity prices now are caused by overreliance in fossil fuel and existing infrastructure. Accelerating the shift to renewables solves.

Estes 24. [Adam Clark, Senior technology correspondent @ Vox, previously technology and politics at Gizmodo, Vice, and The Atlantic. BA History and Literature from Harvard. "The hidden reason why your power bill is so high", Vox, 8-15-2024, https://www.vox.com/technology/366885/utility-power-bill-price-clean-energy]

Energy prices have been creeping up for over a decade There’s no single reason why the transition is not the driving force utilities are doubling down on fossil fuel The grid is a messy patchwork governed by a complex web of regulations by updating regulations and investing in clean energy, we can keep prices down for decades cost has outpaced the c p i Volatility in natural gas prices following invasion contributed to price increases What utilities don’t seem to be doing, is expanding the grid in a way that would benefit clean energy producers Investments cover upgrades rather than installing transmission that renewable energy sources need states leading the way to clean energy are seeing lower energy prices climate change taking a toll on the grid


Question: overreliance on fossil fuels grid

High electricity prices now are caused by overreliance in fossil fuel and existing infrastructure. Accelerating the shift to renewables solves.

Estes 24. [Adam Clark, Senior technology correspondent @ Vox, previously technology and politics at Gizmodo, Vice, and The Atlantic. BA History and Literature from Harvard. "The hidden reason why your power bill is so high", Vox, 8-15-2024, https://www.vox.com/technology/366885/utility-power-bill-price-clean-energy]

Energy prices have been creeping up for over a decade There’s no single reason why the transition is not the driving force utilities are doubling down on fossil fuel The grid is a messy patchwork governed by a complex web of regulations by updating regulations and investing in clean energy, we can keep prices down for decades cost has outpaced the c p i Volatility in natural gas prices following invasion contributed to price increases What utilities don’t seem to be doing, is expanding the grid in a way that would benefit clean energy producers Investments cover upgrades rather than installing transmission that renewable energy sources need states leading the way to clean energy are seeing lower energy prices climate change taking a toll on the grid


Question: investing in clean energy

High electricity prices now are caused by overreliance in fossil fuel and existing infrastructure. Accelerating the shift to renewables solves.

Estes 24. [Adam Clark, Senior technology correspondent @ Vox, previously technology and politics at Gizmodo, Vice, and The Atlantic. BA History and Literature from Harvard. "The hidden reason why your power bill is so high", Vox, 8-15-2024, https://www.vox.com/technology/366885/utility-power-bill-price-clean-energy]

Energy prices have been creeping up for over a decade There’s no single reason why the transition is not the driving force utilities are doubling down on fossil fuel The grid is a messy patchwork governed by a complex web of regulations by updating regulations and investing in clean energy, we can keep prices down for decades cost has outpaced the c p i Volatility in natural gas prices following invasion contributed to price increases What utilities don’t seem to be doing, is expanding the grid in a way that would benefit clean energy producers Investments cover upgrades rather than installing transmission that renewable energy sources need states leading the way to clean energy are seeing lower energy prices climate change taking a toll on the grid


Question: energy prices creeping up

High electricity prices now are caused by overreliance in fossil fuel and existing infrastructure. Accelerating the shift to renewables solves.

Estes 24. [Adam Clark, Senior technology correspondent @ Vox, previously technology and politics at Gizmodo, Vice, and The Atlantic. BA History and Literature from Harvard. "The hidden reason why your power bill is so high", Vox, 8-15-2024, https://www.vox.com/technology/366885/utility-power-bill-price-clean-energy]

Energy prices have been creeping up for over a decade There’s no single reason why the transition is not the driving force utilities are doubling down on fossil fuel The grid is a messy patchwork governed by a complex web of regulations by updating regulations and investing in clean energy, we can keep prices down for decades cost has outpaced the c p i Volatility in natural gas prices following invasion contributed to price increases What utilities don’t seem to be doing, is expanding the grid in a way that would benefit clean energy producers Investments cover upgrades rather than installing transmission that renewable energy sources need states leading the way to clean energy are seeing lower energy prices climate change taking a toll on the grid


Question: Toss up favors Trump

Toss up favors Trump.

Douthat 9-6, Opinion Columnist for the New York Times with over a decade of experience writing on politics (Ross Douthat, September 6, 2024, “Why I Still Think Trump Will Win,” New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/06/opinion/trump-victory.html)

why expect the coin to fall Trump ? if Harris were on track she be leading decisively And yet isn’t if current dead heat is her ceiling regard Trump as a favorite polling errors in 16 and 20 led Trump’s overperforming Dem overeager to tell pollsters how they’re voting creates survey problems


Question: Douthat 9-6

Toss up favors Trump.

Douthat 9-6, Opinion Columnist for the New York Times with over a decade of experience writing on politics (Ross Douthat, September 6, 2024, “Why I Still Think Trump Will Win,” New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/06/opinion/trump-victory.html)

why expect the coin to fall Trump ? if Harris were on track she be leading decisively And yet isn’t if current dead heat is her ceiling regard Trump as a favorite polling errors in 16 and 20 led Trump’s overperforming Dem overeager to tell pollsters how they’re voting creates survey problems


Question: Ross Douthat

Toss up favors Trump.

Douthat 9-6, Opinion Columnist for the New York Times with over a decade of experience writing on politics (Ross Douthat, September 6, 2024, “Why I Still Think Trump Will Win,” New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/06/opinion/trump-victory.html)

why expect the coin to fall Trump ? if Harris were on track she be leading decisively And yet isn’t if current dead heat is her ceiling regard Trump as a favorite polling errors in 16 and 20 led Trump’s overperforming Dem overeager to tell pollsters how they’re voting creates survey problems


Question: Trump will win

Toss up favors Trump.

Douthat 9-6, Opinion Columnist for the New York Times with over a decade of experience writing on politics (Ross Douthat, September 6, 2024, “Why I Still Think Trump Will Win,” New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/06/opinion/trump-victory.html)

why expect the coin to fall Trump ? if Harris were on track she be leading decisively And yet isn’t if current dead heat is her ceiling regard Trump as a favorite polling errors in 16 and 20 led Trump’s overperforming Dem overeager to tell pollsters how they’re voting creates survey problems


Question: Trump favorite polling errors

Toss up favors Trump.

Douthat 9-6, Opinion Columnist for the New York Times with over a decade of experience writing on politics (Ross Douthat, September 6, 2024, “Why I Still Think Trump Will Win,” New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/06/opinion/trump-victory.html)

why expect the coin to fall Trump ? if Harris were on track she be leading decisively And yet isn’t if current dead heat is her ceiling regard Trump as a favorite polling errors in 16 and 20 led Trump’s overperforming Dem overeager to tell pollsters how they’re voting creates survey problems


Question: Harris isn't leading

Toss up favors Trump.

Douthat 9-6, Opinion Columnist for the New York Times with over a decade of experience writing on politics (Ross Douthat, September 6, 2024, “Why I Still Think Trump Will Win,” New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/06/opinion/trump-victory.html)

why expect the coin to fall Trump ? if Harris were on track she be leading decisively And yet isn’t if current dead heat is her ceiling regard Trump as a favorite polling errors in 16 and 20 led Trump’s overperforming Dem overeager to tell pollsters how they’re voting creates survey problems


Question: polling errors favor Trump

Toss up favors Trump.

Douthat 9-6, Opinion Columnist for the New York Times with over a decade of experience writing on politics (Ross Douthat, September 6, 2024, “Why I Still Think Trump Will Win,” New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/06/opinion/trump-victory.html)

why expect the coin to fall Trump ? if Harris were on track she be leading decisively And yet isn’t if current dead heat is her ceiling regard Trump as a favorite polling errors in 16 and 20 led Trump’s overperforming Dem overeager to tell pollsters how they’re voting creates survey problems


Question: neoliberal capitalism privileges individuals

The move to privilege individuals is the logic of neoliberal capitalism today. Macrosystemic analysis is traded for interpersonal wins, ratcheting down systemic change and capitulating to the appropriation of identity by ruling classes.

Léger 2019 (Marc James, Artist and Independent Scholar, Vanguardia: Socially Engaged Art and Theory, pp. 195-200) NIJ

politics cannot be founded on identity The problem is the extent to which the progressive and conservative approaches to the question of oppression are two sides of the same horizon Today’s politics of impunity is designed to secure consent of the ruled the ruled must at the same be convinced their domination is the price to be paid for their freedom Biocapitalism is not a simple matter of consent it requires the post-political view that opposition is a thing of the past biocapitalism the dominant strains of academic identity politics solutions must therefore be made consistent with the neoliberal order The faulty premises and effects of call-outs include non-transformative violence the homogenisation of minority groups; lack of follow-up and resource-sharing the conflation of queer/trans/women’s spaces with everyplace; the exploitation of the uneven development of political awareness as a strategy of exclusion; the failure to negotiate disagreement the conflation of queer with radical the avoidance of specific demands in favour of interpersonal animosity


Question: leger 2019

The move to privilege individuals is the logic of neoliberal capitalism today. Macrosystemic analysis is traded for interpersonal wins, ratcheting down systemic change and capitulating to the appropriation of identity by ruling classes.

Léger 2019 (Marc James, Artist and Independent Scholar, Vanguardia: Socially Engaged Art and Theory, pp. 195-200) NIJ

politics cannot be founded on identity The problem is the extent to which the progressive and conservative approaches to the question of oppression are two sides of the same horizon Today’s politics of impunity is designed to secure consent of the ruled the ruled must at the same be convinced their domination is the price to be paid for their freedom Biocapitalism is not a simple matter of consent it requires the post-political view that opposition is a thing of the past biocapitalism the dominant strains of academic identity politics solutions must therefore be made consistent with the neoliberal order The faulty premises and effects of call-outs include non-transformative violence the homogenisation of minority groups; lack of follow-up and resource-sharing the conflation of queer/trans/women’s spaces with everyplace; the exploitation of the uneven development of political awareness as a strategy of exclusion; the failure to negotiate disagreement the conflation of queer with radical the avoidance of specific demands in favour of interpersonal animosity


Question: Marc James Léger

The move to privilege individuals is the logic of neoliberal capitalism today. Macrosystemic analysis is traded for interpersonal wins, ratcheting down systemic change and capitulating to the appropriation of identity by ruling classes.

Léger 2019 (Marc James, Artist and Independent Scholar, Vanguardia: Socially Engaged Art and Theory, pp. 195-200) NIJ

politics cannot be founded on identity The problem is the extent to which the progressive and conservative approaches to the question of oppression are two sides of the same horizon Today’s politics of impunity is designed to secure consent of the ruled the ruled must at the same be convinced their domination is the price to be paid for their freedom Biocapitalism is not a simple matter of consent it requires the post-political view that opposition is a thing of the past biocapitalism the dominant strains of academic identity politics solutions must therefore be made consistent with the neoliberal order The faulty premises and effects of call-outs include non-transformative violence the homogenisation of minority groups; lack of follow-up and resource-sharing the conflation of queer/trans/women’s spaces with everyplace; the exploitation of the uneven development of political awareness as a strategy of exclusion; the failure to negotiate disagreement the conflation of queer with radical the avoidance of specific demands in favour of interpersonal animosity


Question: identity politics neoliberal order

The move to privilege individuals is the logic of neoliberal capitalism today. Macrosystemic analysis is traded for interpersonal wins, ratcheting down systemic change and capitulating to the appropriation of identity by ruling classes.

Léger 2019 (Marc James, Artist and Independent Scholar, Vanguardia: Socially Engaged Art and Theory, pp. 195-200) NIJ

politics cannot be founded on identity The problem is the extent to which the progressive and conservative approaches to the question of oppression are two sides of the same horizon Today’s politics of impunity is designed to secure consent of the ruled the ruled must at the same be convinced their domination is the price to be paid for their freedom Biocapitalism is not a simple matter of consent it requires the post-political view that opposition is a thing of the past biocapitalism the dominant strains of academic identity politics solutions must therefore be made consistent with the neoliberal order The faulty premises and effects of call-outs include non-transformative violence the homogenisation of minority groups; lack of follow-up and resource-sharing the conflation of queer/trans/women’s spaces with everyplace; the exploitation of the uneven development of political awareness as a strategy of exclusion; the failure to negotiate disagreement the conflation of queer with radical the avoidance of specific demands in favour of interpersonal animosity


Question: interpersonal wins systemic change

The move to privilege individuals is the logic of neoliberal capitalism today. Macrosystemic analysis is traded for interpersonal wins, ratcheting down systemic change and capitulating to the appropriation of identity by ruling classes.

Léger 2019 (Marc James, Artist and Independent Scholar, Vanguardia: Socially Engaged Art and Theory, pp. 195-200) NIJ

politics cannot be founded on identity The problem is the extent to which the progressive and conservative approaches to the question of oppression are two sides of the same horizon Today’s politics of impunity is designed to secure consent of the ruled the ruled must at the same be convinced their domination is the price to be paid for their freedom Biocapitalism is not a simple matter of consent it requires the post-political view that opposition is a thing of the past biocapitalism the dominant strains of academic identity politics solutions must therefore be made consistent with the neoliberal order The faulty premises and effects of call-outs include non-transformative violence the homogenisation of minority groups; lack of follow-up and resource-sharing the conflation of queer/trans/women’s spaces with everyplace; the exploitation of the uneven development of political awareness as a strategy of exclusion; the failure to negotiate disagreement the conflation of queer with radical the avoidance of specific demands in favour of interpersonal animosity


Question: politics founded on identity

The move to privilege individuals is the logic of neoliberal capitalism today. Macrosystemic analysis is traded for interpersonal wins, ratcheting down systemic change and capitulating to the appropriation of identity by ruling classes.

Léger 2019 (Marc James, Artist and Independent Scholar, Vanguardia: Socially Engaged Art and Theory, pp. 195-200) NIJ

politics cannot be founded on identity The problem is the extent to which the progressive and conservative approaches to the question of oppression are two sides of the same horizon Today’s politics of impunity is designed to secure consent of the ruled the ruled must at the same be convinced their domination is the price to be paid for their freedom Biocapitalism is not a simple matter of consent it requires the post-political view that opposition is a thing of the past biocapitalism the dominant strains of academic identity politics solutions must therefore be made consistent with the neoliberal order The faulty premises and effects of call-outs include non-transformative violence the homogenisation of minority groups; lack of follow-up and resource-sharing the conflation of queer/trans/women’s spaces with everyplace; the exploitation of the uneven development of political awareness as a strategy of exclusion; the failure to negotiate disagreement the conflation of queer with radical the avoidance of specific demands in favour of interpersonal animosity


Question: biocapitalism and consent

The move to privilege individuals is the logic of neoliberal capitalism today. Macrosystemic analysis is traded for interpersonal wins, ratcheting down systemic change and capitulating to the appropriation of identity by ruling classes.

Léger 2019 (Marc James, Artist and Independent Scholar, Vanguardia: Socially Engaged Art and Theory, pp. 195-200) NIJ

politics cannot be founded on identity The problem is the extent to which the progressive and conservative approaches to the question of oppression are two sides of the same horizon Today’s politics of impunity is designed to secure consent of the ruled the ruled must at the same be convinced their domination is the price to be paid for their freedom Biocapitalism is not a simple matter of consent it requires the post-political view that opposition is a thing of the past biocapitalism the dominant strains of academic identity politics solutions must therefore be made consistent with the neoliberal order The faulty premises and effects of call-outs include non-transformative violence the homogenisation of minority groups; lack of follow-up and resource-sharing the conflation of queer/trans/women’s spaces with everyplace; the exploitation of the uneven development of political awareness as a strategy of exclusion; the failure to negotiate disagreement the conflation of queer with radical the avoidance of specific demands in favour of interpersonal animosity


Question: appropriation of identity ruling classes

The move to privilege individuals is the logic of neoliberal capitalism today. Macrosystemic analysis is traded for interpersonal wins, ratcheting down systemic change and capitulating to the appropriation of identity by ruling classes.

Léger 2019 (Marc James, Artist and Independent Scholar, Vanguardia: Socially Engaged Art and Theory, pp. 195-200) NIJ

politics cannot be founded on identity The problem is the extent to which the progressive and conservative approaches to the question of oppression are two sides of the same horizon Today’s politics of impunity is designed to secure consent of the ruled the ruled must at the same be convinced their domination is the price to be paid for their freedom Biocapitalism is not a simple matter of consent it requires the post-political view that opposition is a thing of the past biocapitalism the dominant strains of academic identity politics solutions must therefore be made consistent with the neoliberal order The faulty premises and effects of call-outs include non-transformative violence the homogenisation of minority groups; lack of follow-up and resource-sharing the conflation of queer/trans/women’s spaces with everyplace; the exploitation of the uneven development of political awareness as a strategy of exclusion; the failure to negotiate disagreement the conflation of queer with radical the avoidance of specific demands in favour of interpersonal animosity


Question: demand effects overwhelm green paradox

Demand effects overwhelm green paradox

Fried et al.  ’22 [Stephie Fried, Arizona State University and San Francisco Fed, Kevin Novan, UC-Davis, and William B. Peterman, Federal Reserve Board of Governors, “Climate Policy Transition Risk and the Macroeconomy, 5—13—22, p. 33-35]

climate policy not only alters fossil fuels, but also clean capital that decrease demand reducing emissions Green Paradox argues owners respond by increasing supply even when  allow a supply-side response the demand-side dominates If there is no carbon tax then demand would increase


Question: Fried et al 22

Demand effects overwhelm green paradox

Fried et al.  ’22 [Stephie Fried, Arizona State University and San Francisco Fed, Kevin Novan, UC-Davis, and William B. Peterman, Federal Reserve Board of Governors, “Climate Policy Transition Risk and the Macroeconomy, 5—13—22, p. 33-35]

climate policy not only alters fossil fuels, but also clean capital that decrease demand reducing emissions Green Paradox argues owners respond by increasing supply even when  allow a supply-side response the demand-side dominates If there is no carbon tax then demand would increase


Question: climate policy alters fossil fuels

Demand effects overwhelm green paradox

Fried et al.  ’22 [Stephie Fried, Arizona State University and San Francisco Fed, Kevin Novan, UC-Davis, and William B. Peterman, Federal Reserve Board of Governors, “Climate Policy Transition Risk and the Macroeconomy, 5—13—22, p. 33-35]

climate policy not only alters fossil fuels, but also clean capital that decrease demand reducing emissions Green Paradox argues owners respond by increasing supply even when  allow a supply-side response the demand-side dominates If there is no carbon tax then demand would increase


Question: demand side dominates

Demand effects overwhelm green paradox

Fried et al.  ’22 [Stephie Fried, Arizona State University and San Francisco Fed, Kevin Novan, UC-Davis, and William B. Peterman, Federal Reserve Board of Governors, “Climate Policy Transition Risk and the Macroeconomy, 5—13—22, p. 33-35]

climate policy not only alters fossil fuels, but also clean capital that decrease demand reducing emissions Green Paradox argues owners respond by increasing supply even when  allow a supply-side response the demand-side dominates If there is no carbon tax then demand would increase


Question: carbon tax increases demand

Demand effects overwhelm green paradox

Fried et al.  ’22 [Stephie Fried, Arizona State University and San Francisco Fed, Kevin Novan, UC-Davis, and William B. Peterman, Federal Reserve Board of Governors, “Climate Policy Transition Risk and the Macroeconomy, 5—13—22, p. 33-35]

climate policy not only alters fossil fuels, but also clean capital that decrease demand reducing emissions Green Paradox argues owners respond by increasing supply even when  allow a supply-side response the demand-side dominates If there is no carbon tax then demand would increase


Question: Acting on warming now

Acting on warming now is uniquely good.

Fiona Harvey 23, Environment Editor for the Guardian, 3/20/2023, "Scientists deliver ‘final warning’ on climate crisis: act now or it’s too late," https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/mar/20/ipcc-climate-crisis-report-delivers-final-warning-on-15c

warning only drastic action can avert IPCC set out assessment world still has chance of limiting rises still hope of staying within 1.5 underscores urgency of action Temperatures are about 1.1 If emissions peak and are reduced it may be possible to avoid ravages


Question: Fiona Harvey Guardian

Acting on warming now is uniquely good.

Fiona Harvey 23, Environment Editor for the Guardian, 3/20/2023, "Scientists deliver ‘final warning’ on climate crisis: act now or it’s too late," https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/mar/20/ipcc-climate-crisis-report-delivers-final-warning-on-15c

warning only drastic action can avert IPCC set out assessment world still has chance of limiting rises still hope of staying within 1.5 underscores urgency of action Temperatures are about 1.1 If emissions peak and are reduced it may be possible to avoid ravages


Question: Harvey 23

Acting on warming now is uniquely good.

Fiona Harvey 23, Environment Editor for the Guardian, 3/20/2023, "Scientists deliver ‘final warning’ on climate crisis: act now or it’s too late," https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/mar/20/ipcc-climate-crisis-report-delivers-final-warning-on-15c

warning only drastic action can avert IPCC set out assessment world still has chance of limiting rises still hope of staying within 1.5 underscores urgency of action Temperatures are about 1.1 If emissions peak and are reduced it may be possible to avoid ravages


Question: Act now climate change

Acting on warming now is uniquely good.

Fiona Harvey 23, Environment Editor for the Guardian, 3/20/2023, "Scientists deliver ‘final warning’ on climate crisis: act now or it’s too late," https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/mar/20/ipcc-climate-crisis-report-delivers-final-warning-on-15c

warning only drastic action can avert IPCC set out assessment world still has chance of limiting rises still hope of staying within 1.5 underscores urgency of action Temperatures are about 1.1 If emissions peak and are reduced it may be possible to avoid ravages


Question: drastic action can avert IPCC

Acting on warming now is uniquely good.

Fiona Harvey 23, Environment Editor for the Guardian, 3/20/2023, "Scientists deliver ‘final warning’ on climate crisis: act now or it’s too late," https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/mar/20/ipcc-climate-crisis-report-delivers-final-warning-on-15c

warning only drastic action can avert IPCC set out assessment world still has chance of limiting rises still hope of staying within 1.5 underscores urgency of action Temperatures are about 1.1 If emissions peak and are reduced it may be possible to avoid ravages


Question: limiting rises still hope

Acting on warming now is uniquely good.

Fiona Harvey 23, Environment Editor for the Guardian, 3/20/2023, "Scientists deliver ‘final warning’ on climate crisis: act now or it’s too late," https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/mar/20/ipcc-climate-crisis-report-delivers-final-warning-on-15c

warning only drastic action can avert IPCC set out assessment world still has chance of limiting rises still hope of staying within 1.5 underscores urgency of action Temperatures are about 1.1 If emissions peak and are reduced it may be possible to avoid ravages


Question: avoid ravages of climate change

Acting on warming now is uniquely good.

Fiona Harvey 23, Environment Editor for the Guardian, 3/20/2023, "Scientists deliver ‘final warning’ on climate crisis: act now or it’s too late," https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/mar/20/ipcc-climate-crisis-report-delivers-final-warning-on-15c

warning only drastic action can avert IPCC set out assessment world still has chance of limiting rises still hope of staying within 1.5 underscores urgency of action Temperatures are about 1.1 If emissions peak and are reduced it may be possible to avoid ravages


Question: Speak language of power

Speaking the language of power is key to taking it down!

DeLeon 12 (Abraham P. – Associate Professor & Assistant Dean for Curriculum and Programming Educational Leadership and Policy Studies at UTSA, “Chapter 17: Against the Grain of the Status Quo: Anarchism behind Enemy Lines,” in Anarchist pedagogies: collective actions, theories, and critical reflections on education, edited by Robert H. Haworth, Published: Oakland, CA: PM Press, p. 312-15)

Infiltration evoke operating behind enemy lines infiltration can be tactic when thinking about operating within current institutional realities Cracks have emerged through environmental disaster, economic collapse, psychological alienation, and imperial aggression conducted by the West. It is under these conditions that resistance needs to be conceptualized. dated narratives of revolutionary struggle are no longer viable and there is “no guarantee of a happy ending” although these narratives may provide comfort they do not open up alternative possibilities of resistance This does not mean we should resign ourselves to the throngs of nihilistic defeat , as there is potential for radical hope within the cracks of Empire. State agents have infiltrated radical political movements Anarchists should think about assuming this same tactic , using infiltration as a way to think about praxis within institutional realities and diffused forms of sabotage. infiltration can be a theoretical framework to situate practice looking for cracks and opportunities to sabotage dominant conceptions of the world that demonstrates another world is possible. oppressive realities. should not immobilize us into intellectual enclaves where conversations are more about nodding our heads in agreement rather than challenging our practices with alternative voices and tactics. tensions can be the basis for critical reflection about what we are actually doing such as political organization. Cooptation are challenges we will face but should not stop us from doing something


Question: DeLeon 12

Speaking the language of power is key to taking it down!

DeLeon 12 (Abraham P. – Associate Professor & Assistant Dean for Curriculum and Programming Educational Leadership and Policy Studies at UTSA, “Chapter 17: Against the Grain of the Status Quo: Anarchism behind Enemy Lines,” in Anarchist pedagogies: collective actions, theories, and critical reflections on education, edited by Robert H. Haworth, Published: Oakland, CA: PM Press, p. 312-15)

Infiltration evoke operating behind enemy lines infiltration can be tactic when thinking about operating within current institutional realities Cracks have emerged through environmental disaster, economic collapse, psychological alienation, and imperial aggression conducted by the West. It is under these conditions that resistance needs to be conceptualized. dated narratives of revolutionary struggle are no longer viable and there is “no guarantee of a happy ending” although these narratives may provide comfort they do not open up alternative possibilities of resistance This does not mean we should resign ourselves to the throngs of nihilistic defeat , as there is potential for radical hope within the cracks of Empire. State agents have infiltrated radical political movements Anarchists should think about assuming this same tactic , using infiltration as a way to think about praxis within institutional realities and diffused forms of sabotage. infiltration can be a theoretical framework to situate practice looking for cracks and opportunities to sabotage dominant conceptions of the world that demonstrates another world is possible. oppressive realities. should not immobilize us into intellectual enclaves where conversations are more about nodding our heads in agreement rather than challenging our practices with alternative voices and tactics. tensions can be the basis for critical reflection about what we are actually doing such as political organization. Cooptation are challenges we will face but should not stop us from doing something


Question: Anarchism infiltration

Speaking the language of power is key to taking it down!

DeLeon 12 (Abraham P. – Associate Professor & Assistant Dean for Curriculum and Programming Educational Leadership and Policy Studies at UTSA, “Chapter 17: Against the Grain of the Status Quo: Anarchism behind Enemy Lines,” in Anarchist pedagogies: collective actions, theories, and critical reflections on education, edited by Robert H. Haworth, Published: Oakland, CA: PM Press, p. 312-15)

Infiltration evoke operating behind enemy lines infiltration can be tactic when thinking about operating within current institutional realities Cracks have emerged through environmental disaster, economic collapse, psychological alienation, and imperial aggression conducted by the West. It is under these conditions that resistance needs to be conceptualized. dated narratives of revolutionary struggle are no longer viable and there is “no guarantee of a happy ending” although these narratives may provide comfort they do not open up alternative possibilities of resistance This does not mean we should resign ourselves to the throngs of nihilistic defeat , as there is potential for radical hope within the cracks of Empire. State agents have infiltrated radical political movements Anarchists should think about assuming this same tactic , using infiltration as a way to think about praxis within institutional realities and diffused forms of sabotage. infiltration can be a theoretical framework to situate practice looking for cracks and opportunities to sabotage dominant conceptions of the world that demonstrates another world is possible. oppressive realities. should not immobilize us into intellectual enclaves where conversations are more about nodding our heads in agreement rather than challenging our practices with alternative voices and tactics. tensions can be the basis for critical reflection about what we are actually doing such as political organization. Cooptation are challenges we will face but should not stop us from doing something


Question: infiltrate institutional realities

Speaking the language of power is key to taking it down!

DeLeon 12 (Abraham P. – Associate Professor & Assistant Dean for Curriculum and Programming Educational Leadership and Policy Studies at UTSA, “Chapter 17: Against the Grain of the Status Quo: Anarchism behind Enemy Lines,” in Anarchist pedagogies: collective actions, theories, and critical reflections on education, edited by Robert H. Haworth, Published: Oakland, CA: PM Press, p. 312-15)

Infiltration evoke operating behind enemy lines infiltration can be tactic when thinking about operating within current institutional realities Cracks have emerged through environmental disaster, economic collapse, psychological alienation, and imperial aggression conducted by the West. It is under these conditions that resistance needs to be conceptualized. dated narratives of revolutionary struggle are no longer viable and there is “no guarantee of a happy ending” although these narratives may provide comfort they do not open up alternative possibilities of resistance This does not mean we should resign ourselves to the throngs of nihilistic defeat , as there is potential for radical hope within the cracks of Empire. State agents have infiltrated radical political movements Anarchists should think about assuming this same tactic , using infiltration as a way to think about praxis within institutional realities and diffused forms of sabotage. infiltration can be a theoretical framework to situate practice looking for cracks and opportunities to sabotage dominant conceptions of the world that demonstrates another world is possible. oppressive realities. should not immobilize us into intellectual enclaves where conversations are more about nodding our heads in agreement rather than challenging our practices with alternative voices and tactics. tensions can be the basis for critical reflection about what we are actually doing such as political organization. Cooptation are challenges we will face but should not stop us from doing something


Question: sabotage dominant conceptions

Speaking the language of power is key to taking it down!

DeLeon 12 (Abraham P. – Associate Professor & Assistant Dean for Curriculum and Programming Educational Leadership and Policy Studies at UTSA, “Chapter 17: Against the Grain of the Status Quo: Anarchism behind Enemy Lines,” in Anarchist pedagogies: collective actions, theories, and critical reflections on education, edited by Robert H. Haworth, Published: Oakland, CA: PM Press, p. 312-15)

Infiltration evoke operating behind enemy lines infiltration can be tactic when thinking about operating within current institutional realities Cracks have emerged through environmental disaster, economic collapse, psychological alienation, and imperial aggression conducted by the West. It is under these conditions that resistance needs to be conceptualized. dated narratives of revolutionary struggle are no longer viable and there is “no guarantee of a happy ending” although these narratives may provide comfort they do not open up alternative possibilities of resistance This does not mean we should resign ourselves to the throngs of nihilistic defeat , as there is potential for radical hope within the cracks of Empire. State agents have infiltrated radical political movements Anarchists should think about assuming this same tactic , using infiltration as a way to think about praxis within institutional realities and diffused forms of sabotage. infiltration can be a theoretical framework to situate practice looking for cracks and opportunities to sabotage dominant conceptions of the world that demonstrates another world is possible. oppressive realities. should not immobilize us into intellectual enclaves where conversations are more about nodding our heads in agreement rather than challenging our practices with alternative voices and tactics. tensions can be the basis for critical reflection about what we are actually doing such as political organization. Cooptation are challenges we will face but should not stop us from doing something


Question: radical hope within empire cracks

Speaking the language of power is key to taking it down!

DeLeon 12 (Abraham P. – Associate Professor & Assistant Dean for Curriculum and Programming Educational Leadership and Policy Studies at UTSA, “Chapter 17: Against the Grain of the Status Quo: Anarchism behind Enemy Lines,” in Anarchist pedagogies: collective actions, theories, and critical reflections on education, edited by Robert H. Haworth, Published: Oakland, CA: PM Press, p. 312-15)

Infiltration evoke operating behind enemy lines infiltration can be tactic when thinking about operating within current institutional realities Cracks have emerged through environmental disaster, economic collapse, psychological alienation, and imperial aggression conducted by the West. It is under these conditions that resistance needs to be conceptualized. dated narratives of revolutionary struggle are no longer viable and there is “no guarantee of a happy ending” although these narratives may provide comfort they do not open up alternative possibilities of resistance This does not mean we should resign ourselves to the throngs of nihilistic defeat , as there is potential for radical hope within the cracks of Empire. State agents have infiltrated radical political movements Anarchists should think about assuming this same tactic , using infiltration as a way to think about praxis within institutional realities and diffused forms of sabotage. infiltration can be a theoretical framework to situate practice looking for cracks and opportunities to sabotage dominant conceptions of the world that demonstrates another world is possible. oppressive realities. should not immobilize us into intellectual enclaves where conversations are more about nodding our heads in agreement rather than challenging our practices with alternative voices and tactics. tensions can be the basis for critical reflection about what we are actually doing such as political organization. Cooptation are challenges we will face but should not stop us from doing something


Question: impact is overkill

The impact is overkill. ‘Case outweighs’ is wholly unresponsive when the queer subject exists in a zone of death.

Stanley ’21 [Eric; Haas Distinguished Chair in LGBT Equity, Associate Professor in the Department of Gender and Women’s Studies at the University of California, Berkeley; Duke University Press, “Atmospheres of Violence: Structuring Antagonism and the Trans/Queer Ungovernable,” Ch. 2]

Overkill indicate excessive violence pushes a body beyond death temporality of violence when the heart stops yet the killing is not finished the aim is the ending of trans/queer life utility of violence gives way to pleasure if Lauryn Paige was dead after first stab what do the remaining fifty signify panic defense explanation for overkill understanding nothingness trans/queer life threat so unimaginable one is forced to push dead out of history human names rights bearing subjects trans/queer inhabits compromised personhood the zone of death axiomatic threat to human negation , through inclusive exclusion Overkill calculated gratuitous force vicious acts held as an indictment of social worlds which they are ambassadors


Question: Stanley 21

The impact is overkill. ‘Case outweighs’ is wholly unresponsive when the queer subject exists in a zone of death.

Stanley ’21 [Eric; Haas Distinguished Chair in LGBT Equity, Associate Professor in the Department of Gender and Women’s Studies at the University of California, Berkeley; Duke University Press, “Atmospheres of Violence: Structuring Antagonism and the Trans/Queer Ungovernable,” Ch. 2]

Overkill indicate excessive violence pushes a body beyond death temporality of violence when the heart stops yet the killing is not finished the aim is the ending of trans/queer life utility of violence gives way to pleasure if Lauryn Paige was dead after first stab what do the remaining fifty signify panic defense explanation for overkill understanding nothingness trans/queer life threat so unimaginable one is forced to push dead out of history human names rights bearing subjects trans/queer inhabits compromised personhood the zone of death axiomatic threat to human negation , through inclusive exclusion Overkill calculated gratuitous force vicious acts held as an indictment of social worlds which they are ambassadors


Question: Eric Stanley

The impact is overkill. ‘Case outweighs’ is wholly unresponsive when the queer subject exists in a zone of death.

Stanley ’21 [Eric; Haas Distinguished Chair in LGBT Equity, Associate Professor in the Department of Gender and Women’s Studies at the University of California, Berkeley; Duke University Press, “Atmospheres of Violence: Structuring Antagonism and the Trans/Queer Ungovernable,” Ch. 2]

Overkill indicate excessive violence pushes a body beyond death temporality of violence when the heart stops yet the killing is not finished the aim is the ending of trans/queer life utility of violence gives way to pleasure if Lauryn Paige was dead after first stab what do the remaining fifty signify panic defense explanation for overkill understanding nothingness trans/queer life threat so unimaginable one is forced to push dead out of history human names rights bearing subjects trans/queer inhabits compromised personhood the zone of death axiomatic threat to human negation , through inclusive exclusion Overkill calculated gratuitous force vicious acts held as an indictment of social worlds which they are ambassadors


Question: Case outweighs unresponsive queer subject

The impact is overkill. ‘Case outweighs’ is wholly unresponsive when the queer subject exists in a zone of death.

Stanley ’21 [Eric; Haas Distinguished Chair in LGBT Equity, Associate Professor in the Department of Gender and Women’s Studies at the University of California, Berkeley; Duke University Press, “Atmospheres of Violence: Structuring Antagonism and the Trans/Queer Ungovernable,” Ch. 2]

Overkill indicate excessive violence pushes a body beyond death temporality of violence when the heart stops yet the killing is not finished the aim is the ending of trans/queer life utility of violence gives way to pleasure if Lauryn Paige was dead after first stab what do the remaining fifty signify panic defense explanation for overkill understanding nothingness trans/queer life threat so unimaginable one is forced to push dead out of history human names rights bearing subjects trans/queer inhabits compromised personhood the zone of death axiomatic threat to human negation , through inclusive exclusion Overkill calculated gratuitous force vicious acts held as an indictment of social worlds which they are ambassadors


Question: zone of death

The impact is overkill. ‘Case outweighs’ is wholly unresponsive when the queer subject exists in a zone of death.

Stanley ’21 [Eric; Haas Distinguished Chair in LGBT Equity, Associate Professor in the Department of Gender and Women’s Studies at the University of California, Berkeley; Duke University Press, “Atmospheres of Violence: Structuring Antagonism and the Trans/Queer Ungovernable,” Ch. 2]

Overkill indicate excessive violence pushes a body beyond death temporality of violence when the heart stops yet the killing is not finished the aim is the ending of trans/queer life utility of violence gives way to pleasure if Lauryn Paige was dead after first stab what do the remaining fifty signify panic defense explanation for overkill understanding nothingness trans/queer life threat so unimaginable one is forced to push dead out of history human names rights bearing subjects trans/queer inhabits compromised personhood the zone of death axiomatic threat to human negation , through inclusive exclusion Overkill calculated gratuitous force vicious acts held as an indictment of social worlds which they are ambassadors


Question: violence pushes a body beyond death

The impact is overkill. ‘Case outweighs’ is wholly unresponsive when the queer subject exists in a zone of death.

Stanley ’21 [Eric; Haas Distinguished Chair in LGBT Equity, Associate Professor in the Department of Gender and Women’s Studies at the University of California, Berkeley; Duke University Press, “Atmospheres of Violence: Structuring Antagonism and the Trans/Queer Ungovernable,” Ch. 2]

Overkill indicate excessive violence pushes a body beyond death temporality of violence when the heart stops yet the killing is not finished the aim is the ending of trans/queer life utility of violence gives way to pleasure if Lauryn Paige was dead after first stab what do the remaining fifty signify panic defense explanation for overkill understanding nothingness trans/queer life threat so unimaginable one is forced to push dead out of history human names rights bearing subjects trans/queer inhabits compromised personhood the zone of death axiomatic threat to human negation , through inclusive exclusion Overkill calculated gratuitous force vicious acts held as an indictment of social worlds which they are ambassadors


Question: Atmospheres of Violence

The impact is overkill. ‘Case outweighs’ is wholly unresponsive when the queer subject exists in a zone of death.

Stanley ’21 [Eric; Haas Distinguished Chair in LGBT Equity, Associate Professor in the Department of Gender and Women’s Studies at the University of California, Berkeley; Duke University Press, “Atmospheres of Violence: Structuring Antagonism and the Trans/Queer Ungovernable,” Ch. 2]

Overkill indicate excessive violence pushes a body beyond death temporality of violence when the heart stops yet the killing is not finished the aim is the ending of trans/queer life utility of violence gives way to pleasure if Lauryn Paige was dead after first stab what do the remaining fifty signify panic defense explanation for overkill understanding nothingness trans/queer life threat so unimaginable one is forced to push dead out of history human names rights bearing subjects trans/queer inhabits compromised personhood the zone of death axiomatic threat to human negation , through inclusive exclusion Overkill calculated gratuitous force vicious acts held as an indictment of social worlds which they are ambassadors


Question: trans/queer life utility of violence

The impact is overkill. ‘Case outweighs’ is wholly unresponsive when the queer subject exists in a zone of death.

Stanley ’21 [Eric; Haas Distinguished Chair in LGBT Equity, Associate Professor in the Department of Gender and Women’s Studies at the University of California, Berkeley; Duke University Press, “Atmospheres of Violence: Structuring Antagonism and the Trans/Queer Ungovernable,” Ch. 2]

Overkill indicate excessive violence pushes a body beyond death temporality of violence when the heart stops yet the killing is not finished the aim is the ending of trans/queer life utility of violence gives way to pleasure if Lauryn Paige was dead after first stab what do the remaining fifty signify panic defense explanation for overkill understanding nothingness trans/queer life threat so unimaginable one is forced to push dead out of history human names rights bearing subjects trans/queer inhabits compromised personhood the zone of death axiomatic threat to human negation , through inclusive exclusion Overkill calculated gratuitous force vicious acts held as an indictment of social worlds which they are ambassadors


Question: Modernization hardens infrastructure against cyberattacks

1---Modernization hardens infrastructure against cyberattacks---elimination risks accidents and vulnerabilities

Klotz 22 [Lt. Frank G. Klotz, M.Phil. in international relations and a D.Phil. in politics, adjunct senior fellow at the RAND Corporation; and Alexandra T. Evans, B.A. and a Ph.D. in history, associate policy researcher at the RAND Corporation, “Modernizing the U.S. Nuclear Triad: The Rationale for a New Intercontinental Ballistic Missile,” RAND Corporation, January 2022, https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/perspectives/PEA1400/PEA1434-1/RAND_PEA1434-1.pdf.] [language modified]

replacing aging Minuteman system will contribute safeguards that decrease likelihood of miscalc from computer failure or misidentification GBSD includes improvements in NC3 to strengthen cyber resiliency results will harden infrastructure against malicious attacks to pace cyber threat GBSD is necessary Absent modernization degradation of infrastructure could increase risk of technical failures or create opportunities to exploit


Question: Klotz and Evans 22

1---Modernization hardens infrastructure against cyberattacks---elimination risks accidents and vulnerabilities

Klotz 22 [Lt. Frank G. Klotz, M.Phil. in international relations and a D.Phil. in politics, adjunct senior fellow at the RAND Corporation; and Alexandra T. Evans, B.A. and a Ph.D. in history, associate policy researcher at the RAND Corporation, “Modernizing the U.S. Nuclear Triad: The Rationale for a New Intercontinental Ballistic Missile,” RAND Corporation, January 2022, https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/perspectives/PEA1400/PEA1434-1/RAND_PEA1434-1.pdf.] [language modified]

replacing aging Minuteman system will contribute safeguards that decrease likelihood of miscalc from computer failure or misidentification GBSD includes improvements in NC3 to strengthen cyber resiliency results will harden infrastructure against malicious attacks to pace cyber threat GBSD is necessary Absent modernization degradation of infrastructure could increase risk of technical failures or create opportunities to exploit