Question: international decoupling did not appear

Decoupling is impossible—transnational statistical analysis proves.

Huh 20—(PhD in Policy from the University of Bristol, Professor of Public Administration at Gyeongsang National University in South Korea, former Collaborating Researcher for the UN Research Institute for Social Development). Huh, Taewook. 2020. “Comparative and Relational Trajectory of Economic Growth and Greenhouse Gas Emission: Coupled or Decoupled?” Energies 13 (10): 2550. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102550.

over 22 years comparing thirty-seven  cases transition to a green econ  was analyzed to not appear growth and environmental problems ) are tied together . previous studies relating to the EKC yield income turning point where emissions stop . results might be statistically significant for each but international decoupling ) did not appear markets do not deal  with externalities , the EKC overlook this


Question: transition to a green economy

Decoupling is impossible—transnational statistical analysis proves.

Huh 20—(PhD in Policy from the University of Bristol, Professor of Public Administration at Gyeongsang National University in South Korea, former Collaborating Researcher for the UN Research Institute for Social Development). Huh, Taewook. 2020. “Comparative and Relational Trajectory of Economic Growth and Greenhouse Gas Emission: Coupled or Decoupled?” Energies 13 (10): 2550. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102550.

over 22 years comparing thirty-seven  cases transition to a green econ  was analyzed to not appear growth and environmental problems ) are tied together . previous studies relating to the EKC yield income turning point where emissions stop . results might be statistically significant for each but international decoupling ) did not appear markets do not deal  with externalities , the EKC overlook this


Question: markets do not deal with externalities

Decoupling is impossible—transnational statistical analysis proves.

Huh 20—(PhD in Policy from the University of Bristol, Professor of Public Administration at Gyeongsang National University in South Korea, former Collaborating Researcher for the UN Research Institute for Social Development). Huh, Taewook. 2020. “Comparative and Relational Trajectory of Economic Growth and Greenhouse Gas Emission: Coupled or Decoupled?” Energies 13 (10): 2550. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102550.

over 22 years comparing thirty-seven  cases transition to a green econ  was analyzed to not appear growth and environmental problems ) are tied together . previous studies relating to the EKC yield income turning point where emissions stop . results might be statistically significant for each but international decoupling ) did not appear markets do not deal  with externalities , the EKC overlook this


Question: US critical infrastructure interdependent

US Critical infrastructure is interdependent – failures in coastal communities snowball to cascading failures

Pal et al ‘23 [Indrajit, Disaster Preparedness, Mitigation and Management, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand, Anil Kumar, and Anirban Mukhopadhyay, “Risks to Coastal Critical Infrastructure from Climate Change,” Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 2023. 48:681–712, August 8, 2023. Accessed from https://www.annualreviews.org/docserver/fulltext/energy/48/1/annurev-environ-112320-101903.pdf?expires=1725689919&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=C62EE782B77D66321B92F262A7CC9350 on 9/6/2024, NDawson]

Damage result in a disruptive snowball  effect collapse  of power, telecomm s, transportation, water result in unrest . vulnerability exists in interdependencies  sectors are closely linked failure have a cascading effect on global socioeconomic problems.  comm tech depend on electrical networks malfunction in energy impact transportation make it impossible for  emergency services


Question: Pal et al 23

US Critical infrastructure is interdependent – failures in coastal communities snowball to cascading failures

Pal et al ‘23 [Indrajit, Disaster Preparedness, Mitigation and Management, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand, Anil Kumar, and Anirban Mukhopadhyay, “Risks to Coastal Critical Infrastructure from Climate Change,” Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 2023. 48:681–712, August 8, 2023. Accessed from https://www.annualreviews.org/docserver/fulltext/energy/48/1/annurev-environ-112320-101903.pdf?expires=1725689919&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=C62EE782B77D66321B92F262A7CC9350 on 9/6/2024, NDawson]

Damage result in a disruptive snowball  effect collapse  of power, telecomm s, transportation, water result in unrest . vulnerability exists in interdependencies  sectors are closely linked failure have a cascading effect on global socioeconomic problems.  comm tech depend on electrical networks malfunction in energy impact transportation make it impossible for  emergency services


Question: coastal infrastructure interdependent

US Critical infrastructure is interdependent – failures in coastal communities snowball to cascading failures

Pal et al ‘23 [Indrajit, Disaster Preparedness, Mitigation and Management, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand, Anil Kumar, and Anirban Mukhopadhyay, “Risks to Coastal Critical Infrastructure from Climate Change,” Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 2023. 48:681–712, August 8, 2023. Accessed from https://www.annualreviews.org/docserver/fulltext/energy/48/1/annurev-environ-112320-101903.pdf?expires=1725689919&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=C62EE782B77D66321B92F262A7CC9350 on 9/6/2024, NDawson]

Damage result in a disruptive snowball  effect collapse  of power, telecomm s, transportation, water result in unrest . vulnerability exists in interdependencies  sectors are closely linked failure have a cascading effect on global socioeconomic problems.  comm tech depend on electrical networks malfunction in energy impact transportation make it impossible for  emergency services


Question: cascading failures

US Critical infrastructure is interdependent – failures in coastal communities snowball to cascading failures

Pal et al ‘23 [Indrajit, Disaster Preparedness, Mitigation and Management, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand, Anil Kumar, and Anirban Mukhopadhyay, “Risks to Coastal Critical Infrastructure from Climate Change,” Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 2023. 48:681–712, August 8, 2023. Accessed from https://www.annualreviews.org/docserver/fulltext/energy/48/1/annurev-environ-112320-101903.pdf?expires=1725689919&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=C62EE782B77D66321B92F262A7CC9350 on 9/6/2024, NDawson]

Damage result in a disruptive snowball  effect collapse  of power, telecomm s, transportation, water result in unrest . vulnerability exists in interdependencies  sectors are closely linked failure have a cascading effect on global socioeconomic problems.  comm tech depend on electrical networks malfunction in energy impact transportation make it impossible for  emergency services


Question: snowball effect critical infrastructure

US Critical infrastructure is interdependent – failures in coastal communities snowball to cascading failures

Pal et al ‘23 [Indrajit, Disaster Preparedness, Mitigation and Management, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand, Anil Kumar, and Anirban Mukhopadhyay, “Risks to Coastal Critical Infrastructure from Climate Change,” Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 2023. 48:681–712, August 8, 2023. Accessed from https://www.annualreviews.org/docserver/fulltext/energy/48/1/annurev-environ-112320-101903.pdf?expires=1725689919&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=C62EE782B77D66321B92F262A7CC9350 on 9/6/2024, NDawson]

Damage result in a disruptive snowball  effect collapse  of power, telecomm s, transportation, water result in unrest . vulnerability exists in interdependencies  sectors are closely linked failure have a cascading effect on global socioeconomic problems.  comm tech depend on electrical networks malfunction in energy impact transportation make it impossible for  emergency services


Question: climate change risks infrastructure

US Critical infrastructure is interdependent – failures in coastal communities snowball to cascading failures

Pal et al ‘23 [Indrajit, Disaster Preparedness, Mitigation and Management, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand, Anil Kumar, and Anirban Mukhopadhyay, “Risks to Coastal Critical Infrastructure from Climate Change,” Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 2023. 48:681–712, August 8, 2023. Accessed from https://www.annualreviews.org/docserver/fulltext/energy/48/1/annurev-environ-112320-101903.pdf?expires=1725689919&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=C62EE782B77D66321B92F262A7CC9350 on 9/6/2024, NDawson]

Damage result in a disruptive snowball  effect collapse  of power, telecomm s, transportation, water result in unrest . vulnerability exists in interdependencies  sectors are closely linked failure have a cascading effect on global socioeconomic problems.  comm tech depend on electrical networks malfunction in energy impact transportation make it impossible for  emergency services


Question: infrastructure failures cause unrest

US Critical infrastructure is interdependent – failures in coastal communities snowball to cascading failures

Pal et al ‘23 [Indrajit, Disaster Preparedness, Mitigation and Management, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand, Anil Kumar, and Anirban Mukhopadhyay, “Risks to Coastal Critical Infrastructure from Climate Change,” Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 2023. 48:681–712, August 8, 2023. Accessed from https://www.annualreviews.org/docserver/fulltext/energy/48/1/annurev-environ-112320-101903.pdf?expires=1725689919&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=C62EE782B77D66321B92F262A7CC9350 on 9/6/2024, NDawson]

Damage result in a disruptive snowball  effect collapse  of power, telecomm s, transportation, water result in unrest . vulnerability exists in interdependencies  sectors are closely linked failure have a cascading effect on global socioeconomic problems.  comm tech depend on electrical networks malfunction in energy impact transportation make it impossible for  emergency services


Question: Carbon pricing environmental justice

The plan rebates enough money to lower-income households to receive extra money over their energy bills, middle-income breaks even, and wealthy households pay more

James K. Boyce 23 is an author, economist, and senior fellow at the Political Economy Research Institute of the University of Massachusetts Amherst. He is the recipient of the 2017 Leontief Prize for Advancing the Frontiers of Economic Thought, and has written for Harper’s, Scientific American, Politico, The New York Times, and numerous scholarly journals. Advanced Science Journal, “Carbon pricing is not at odds with environmental justice,” 3-2-2023, https://www.advancedsciencenews.com/carbon-pricing-is-not-at-odds-with-environmental-justice/, DOA: 10-21-24, lmc

lower-income households spend a larger share of their income on fuels even though wealthier households consume far more crucial difference In the case of carbon pricing the extra money paid by consumers does not end up in the profits of fossil fuel corporations Instead the revenue goes to the government which can choose to recycle the money straight back to the public Returning the revenue as dividends reverse the regressive impact lower-income households will get back more than they spend in higher fuel prices middle-income households will break even and wealthy households, will pay more than they get back


Question: James K. Boyce 23

The plan rebates enough money to lower-income households to receive extra money over their energy bills, middle-income breaks even, and wealthy households pay more

James K. Boyce 23 is an author, economist, and senior fellow at the Political Economy Research Institute of the University of Massachusetts Amherst. He is the recipient of the 2017 Leontief Prize for Advancing the Frontiers of Economic Thought, and has written for Harper’s, Scientific American, Politico, The New York Times, and numerous scholarly journals. Advanced Science Journal, “Carbon pricing is not at odds with environmental justice,” 3-2-2023, https://www.advancedsciencenews.com/carbon-pricing-is-not-at-odds-with-environmental-justice/, DOA: 10-21-24, lmc

lower-income households spend a larger share of their income on fuels even though wealthier households consume far more crucial difference In the case of carbon pricing the extra money paid by consumers does not end up in the profits of fossil fuel corporations Instead the revenue goes to the government which can choose to recycle the money straight back to the public Returning the revenue as dividends reverse the regressive impact lower-income households will get back more than they spend in higher fuel prices middle-income households will break even and wealthy households, will pay more than they get back


Question: carbon dividends reverse regressive impact

The plan rebates enough money to lower-income households to receive extra money over their energy bills, middle-income breaks even, and wealthy households pay more

James K. Boyce 23 is an author, economist, and senior fellow at the Political Economy Research Institute of the University of Massachusetts Amherst. He is the recipient of the 2017 Leontief Prize for Advancing the Frontiers of Economic Thought, and has written for Harper’s, Scientific American, Politico, The New York Times, and numerous scholarly journals. Advanced Science Journal, “Carbon pricing is not at odds with environmental justice,” 3-2-2023, https://www.advancedsciencenews.com/carbon-pricing-is-not-at-odds-with-environmental-justice/, DOA: 10-21-24, lmc

lower-income households spend a larger share of their income on fuels even though wealthier households consume far more crucial difference In the case of carbon pricing the extra money paid by consumers does not end up in the profits of fossil fuel corporations Instead the revenue goes to the government which can choose to recycle the money straight back to the public Returning the revenue as dividends reverse the regressive impact lower-income households will get back more than they spend in higher fuel prices middle-income households will break even and wealthy households, will pay more than they get back


Question: recycling carbon revenue

The plan rebates enough money to lower-income households to receive extra money over their energy bills, middle-income breaks even, and wealthy households pay more

James K. Boyce 23 is an author, economist, and senior fellow at the Political Economy Research Institute of the University of Massachusetts Amherst. He is the recipient of the 2017 Leontief Prize for Advancing the Frontiers of Economic Thought, and has written for Harper’s, Scientific American, Politico, The New York Times, and numerous scholarly journals. Advanced Science Journal, “Carbon pricing is not at odds with environmental justice,” 3-2-2023, https://www.advancedsciencenews.com/carbon-pricing-is-not-at-odds-with-environmental-justice/, DOA: 10-21-24, lmc

lower-income households spend a larger share of their income on fuels even though wealthier households consume far more crucial difference In the case of carbon pricing the extra money paid by consumers does not end up in the profits of fossil fuel corporations Instead the revenue goes to the government which can choose to recycle the money straight back to the public Returning the revenue as dividends reverse the regressive impact lower-income households will get back more than they spend in higher fuel prices middle-income households will break even and wealthy households, will pay more than they get back


Question: lower-income households get more

The plan rebates enough money to lower-income households to receive extra money over their energy bills, middle-income breaks even, and wealthy households pay more

James K. Boyce 23 is an author, economist, and senior fellow at the Political Economy Research Institute of the University of Massachusetts Amherst. He is the recipient of the 2017 Leontief Prize for Advancing the Frontiers of Economic Thought, and has written for Harper’s, Scientific American, Politico, The New York Times, and numerous scholarly journals. Advanced Science Journal, “Carbon pricing is not at odds with environmental justice,” 3-2-2023, https://www.advancedsciencenews.com/carbon-pricing-is-not-at-odds-with-environmental-justice/, DOA: 10-21-24, lmc

lower-income households spend a larger share of their income on fuels even though wealthier households consume far more crucial difference In the case of carbon pricing the extra money paid by consumers does not end up in the profits of fossil fuel corporations Instead the revenue goes to the government which can choose to recycle the money straight back to the public Returning the revenue as dividends reverse the regressive impact lower-income households will get back more than they spend in higher fuel prices middle-income households will break even and wealthy households, will pay more than they get back


Question: middle-income households break even

The plan rebates enough money to lower-income households to receive extra money over their energy bills, middle-income breaks even, and wealthy households pay more

James K. Boyce 23 is an author, economist, and senior fellow at the Political Economy Research Institute of the University of Massachusetts Amherst. He is the recipient of the 2017 Leontief Prize for Advancing the Frontiers of Economic Thought, and has written for Harper’s, Scientific American, Politico, The New York Times, and numerous scholarly journals. Advanced Science Journal, “Carbon pricing is not at odds with environmental justice,” 3-2-2023, https://www.advancedsciencenews.com/carbon-pricing-is-not-at-odds-with-environmental-justice/, DOA: 10-21-24, lmc

lower-income households spend a larger share of their income on fuels even though wealthier households consume far more crucial difference In the case of carbon pricing the extra money paid by consumers does not end up in the profits of fossil fuel corporations Instead the revenue goes to the government which can choose to recycle the money straight back to the public Returning the revenue as dividends reverse the regressive impact lower-income households will get back more than they spend in higher fuel prices middle-income households will break even and wealthy households, will pay more than they get back


Question: wealthy households pay more

The plan rebates enough money to lower-income households to receive extra money over their energy bills, middle-income breaks even, and wealthy households pay more

James K. Boyce 23 is an author, economist, and senior fellow at the Political Economy Research Institute of the University of Massachusetts Amherst. He is the recipient of the 2017 Leontief Prize for Advancing the Frontiers of Economic Thought, and has written for Harper’s, Scientific American, Politico, The New York Times, and numerous scholarly journals. Advanced Science Journal, “Carbon pricing is not at odds with environmental justice,” 3-2-2023, https://www.advancedsciencenews.com/carbon-pricing-is-not-at-odds-with-environmental-justice/, DOA: 10-21-24, lmc

lower-income households spend a larger share of their income on fuels even though wealthier households consume far more crucial difference In the case of carbon pricing the extra money paid by consumers does not end up in the profits of fossil fuel corporations Instead the revenue goes to the government which can choose to recycle the money straight back to the public Returning the revenue as dividends reverse the regressive impact lower-income households will get back more than they spend in higher fuel prices middle-income households will break even and wealthy households, will pay more than they get back


Question: carbon pricing not at odds

The plan rebates enough money to lower-income households to receive extra money over their energy bills, middle-income breaks even, and wealthy households pay more

James K. Boyce 23 is an author, economist, and senior fellow at the Political Economy Research Institute of the University of Massachusetts Amherst. He is the recipient of the 2017 Leontief Prize for Advancing the Frontiers of Economic Thought, and has written for Harper’s, Scientific American, Politico, The New York Times, and numerous scholarly journals. Advanced Science Journal, “Carbon pricing is not at odds with environmental justice,” 3-2-2023, https://www.advancedsciencenews.com/carbon-pricing-is-not-at-odds-with-environmental-justice/, DOA: 10-21-24, lmc

lower-income households spend a larger share of their income on fuels even though wealthier households consume far more crucial difference In the case of carbon pricing the extra money paid by consumers does not end up in the profits of fossil fuel corporations Instead the revenue goes to the government which can choose to recycle the money straight back to the public Returning the revenue as dividends reverse the regressive impact lower-income households will get back more than they spend in higher fuel prices middle-income households will break even and wealthy households, will pay more than they get back


Question: Modernization try or die for extinction

Adversary probing and a slew of hotspots make it try-or-die for modernization – extinction

Creedon ‘23 - et al; Technically this is a Report by The Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States – which is Chaired by Creedon. The Report itself was requisitioned as an outgrowth of The NDAA. The Commission is a twelve member group of experts. Madelyn Creedon is a Non-Resident Senior Fellow at The Brookings Institution and a Research Professor at the George Washington University Elliott School of International Affairs. Creedon has had a long career in federal service; she served most recently as Principal Deputy Administrator of the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) within the Department of Energy, a position she held from 2014 to 2017. She also served in the Pentagon as Assistant Secretary of Defense for Global Strategic Affairs from 2011 to 2014, overseeing policy development in the areas of missile defense, nuclear security, combatting WMD, cybersecurity, and space. The panel’s Vice Chair is Jon Kyl – who served in the US Senate for 18 years. After retiring from the Senate, Kyl served as a member of the Board of Directors of Sandia Laboratory for three years. In 2018, he was a member of the National Defense Strategy Commission - “AMERICA’S STRATEGIC POSTURE: The Final Report of the Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States” - No article text omitted – although (minor Note) Madelyn Creeden and Jon Kyl sign their names as “Chair” and “Vice Chair” at the end of the 4th paragraph of this card (immediately prior to the “Executive Summary” begins). The omission of their signature does not alter context and is not something we are seeking to hide, as evidenced by the Note in this citation. IDA – Institute for Defense Analysis - October 2023 - https://www.ida.org/-/media/feature/publications/A/Am/Americas%20Strategic%20Posture/Strategic-Posture-Commission-Report.pdf

nation must invest to modernize nuclear forces. actions now position U S for a credible deterrent U S will face two nuclear arsenals on par risk of conflict is increasing. It is an existential challenge U S is ill-prepared, unless leaders make decisions now posture must change to improve stability with China and Russia. risk of conflict with powers carries potential for nuclear war


Question: Creedon 23 strategic posture

Adversary probing and a slew of hotspots make it try-or-die for modernization – extinction

Creedon ‘23 - et al; Technically this is a Report by The Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States – which is Chaired by Creedon. The Report itself was requisitioned as an outgrowth of The NDAA. The Commission is a twelve member group of experts. Madelyn Creedon is a Non-Resident Senior Fellow at The Brookings Institution and a Research Professor at the George Washington University Elliott School of International Affairs. Creedon has had a long career in federal service; she served most recently as Principal Deputy Administrator of the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) within the Department of Energy, a position she held from 2014 to 2017. She also served in the Pentagon as Assistant Secretary of Defense for Global Strategic Affairs from 2011 to 2014, overseeing policy development in the areas of missile defense, nuclear security, combatting WMD, cybersecurity, and space. The panel’s Vice Chair is Jon Kyl – who served in the US Senate for 18 years. After retiring from the Senate, Kyl served as a member of the Board of Directors of Sandia Laboratory for three years. In 2018, he was a member of the National Defense Strategy Commission - “AMERICA’S STRATEGIC POSTURE: The Final Report of the Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States” - No article text omitted – although (minor Note) Madelyn Creeden and Jon Kyl sign their names as “Chair” and “Vice Chair” at the end of the 4th paragraph of this card (immediately prior to the “Executive Summary” begins). The omission of their signature does not alter context and is not something we are seeking to hide, as evidenced by the Note in this citation. IDA – Institute for Defense Analysis - October 2023 - https://www.ida.org/-/media/feature/publications/A/Am/Americas%20Strategic%20Posture/Strategic-Posture-Commission-Report.pdf

nation must invest to modernize nuclear forces. actions now position U S for a credible deterrent U S will face two nuclear arsenals on par risk of conflict is increasing. It is an existential challenge U S is ill-prepared, unless leaders make decisions now posture must change to improve stability with China and Russia. risk of conflict with powers carries potential for nuclear war


Question: Creedon strategic posture report

Adversary probing and a slew of hotspots make it try-or-die for modernization – extinction

Creedon ‘23 - et al; Technically this is a Report by The Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States – which is Chaired by Creedon. The Report itself was requisitioned as an outgrowth of The NDAA. The Commission is a twelve member group of experts. Madelyn Creedon is a Non-Resident Senior Fellow at The Brookings Institution and a Research Professor at the George Washington University Elliott School of International Affairs. Creedon has had a long career in federal service; she served most recently as Principal Deputy Administrator of the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) within the Department of Energy, a position she held from 2014 to 2017. She also served in the Pentagon as Assistant Secretary of Defense for Global Strategic Affairs from 2011 to 2014, overseeing policy development in the areas of missile defense, nuclear security, combatting WMD, cybersecurity, and space. The panel’s Vice Chair is Jon Kyl – who served in the US Senate for 18 years. After retiring from the Senate, Kyl served as a member of the Board of Directors of Sandia Laboratory for three years. In 2018, he was a member of the National Defense Strategy Commission - “AMERICA’S STRATEGIC POSTURE: The Final Report of the Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States” - No article text omitted – although (minor Note) Madelyn Creeden and Jon Kyl sign their names as “Chair” and “Vice Chair” at the end of the 4th paragraph of this card (immediately prior to the “Executive Summary” begins). The omission of their signature does not alter context and is not something we are seeking to hide, as evidenced by the Note in this citation. IDA – Institute for Defense Analysis - October 2023 - https://www.ida.org/-/media/feature/publications/A/Am/Americas%20Strategic%20Posture/Strategic-Posture-Commission-Report.pdf

nation must invest to modernize nuclear forces. actions now position U S for a credible deterrent U S will face two nuclear arsenals on par risk of conflict is increasing. It is an existential challenge U S is ill-prepared, unless leaders make decisions now posture must change to improve stability with China and Russia. risk of conflict with powers carries potential for nuclear war


Question: US unprepared for nuclear arsenals

Adversary probing and a slew of hotspots make it try-or-die for modernization – extinction

Creedon ‘23 - et al; Technically this is a Report by The Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States – which is Chaired by Creedon. The Report itself was requisitioned as an outgrowth of The NDAA. The Commission is a twelve member group of experts. Madelyn Creedon is a Non-Resident Senior Fellow at The Brookings Institution and a Research Professor at the George Washington University Elliott School of International Affairs. Creedon has had a long career in federal service; she served most recently as Principal Deputy Administrator of the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) within the Department of Energy, a position she held from 2014 to 2017. She also served in the Pentagon as Assistant Secretary of Defense for Global Strategic Affairs from 2011 to 2014, overseeing policy development in the areas of missile defense, nuclear security, combatting WMD, cybersecurity, and space. The panel’s Vice Chair is Jon Kyl – who served in the US Senate for 18 years. After retiring from the Senate, Kyl served as a member of the Board of Directors of Sandia Laboratory for three years. In 2018, he was a member of the National Defense Strategy Commission - “AMERICA’S STRATEGIC POSTURE: The Final Report of the Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States” - No article text omitted – although (minor Note) Madelyn Creeden and Jon Kyl sign their names as “Chair” and “Vice Chair” at the end of the 4th paragraph of this card (immediately prior to the “Executive Summary” begins). The omission of their signature does not alter context and is not something we are seeking to hide, as evidenced by the Note in this citation. IDA – Institute for Defense Analysis - October 2023 - https://www.ida.org/-/media/feature/publications/A/Am/Americas%20Strategic%20Posture/Strategic-Posture-Commission-Report.pdf

nation must invest to modernize nuclear forces. actions now position U S for a credible deterrent U S will face two nuclear arsenals on par risk of conflict is increasing. It is an existential challenge U S is ill-prepared, unless leaders make decisions now posture must change to improve stability with China and Russia. risk of conflict with powers carries potential for nuclear war


Question: US must modernize nuclear forces

Adversary probing and a slew of hotspots make it try-or-die for modernization – extinction

Creedon ‘23 - et al; Technically this is a Report by The Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States – which is Chaired by Creedon. The Report itself was requisitioned as an outgrowth of The NDAA. The Commission is a twelve member group of experts. Madelyn Creedon is a Non-Resident Senior Fellow at The Brookings Institution and a Research Professor at the George Washington University Elliott School of International Affairs. Creedon has had a long career in federal service; she served most recently as Principal Deputy Administrator of the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) within the Department of Energy, a position she held from 2014 to 2017. She also served in the Pentagon as Assistant Secretary of Defense for Global Strategic Affairs from 2011 to 2014, overseeing policy development in the areas of missile defense, nuclear security, combatting WMD, cybersecurity, and space. The panel’s Vice Chair is Jon Kyl – who served in the US Senate for 18 years. After retiring from the Senate, Kyl served as a member of the Board of Directors of Sandia Laboratory for three years. In 2018, he was a member of the National Defense Strategy Commission - “AMERICA’S STRATEGIC POSTURE: The Final Report of the Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States” - No article text omitted – although (minor Note) Madelyn Creeden and Jon Kyl sign their names as “Chair” and “Vice Chair” at the end of the 4th paragraph of this card (immediately prior to the “Executive Summary” begins). The omission of their signature does not alter context and is not something we are seeking to hide, as evidenced by the Note in this citation. IDA – Institute for Defense Analysis - October 2023 - https://www.ida.org/-/media/feature/publications/A/Am/Americas%20Strategic%20Posture/Strategic-Posture-Commission-Report.pdf

nation must invest to modernize nuclear forces. actions now position U S for a credible deterrent U S will face two nuclear arsenals on par risk of conflict is increasing. It is an existential challenge U S is ill-prepared, unless leaders make decisions now posture must change to improve stability with China and Russia. risk of conflict with powers carries potential for nuclear war


Question: risk of conflict increasing

Adversary probing and a slew of hotspots make it try-or-die for modernization – extinction

Creedon ‘23 - et al; Technically this is a Report by The Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States – which is Chaired by Creedon. The Report itself was requisitioned as an outgrowth of The NDAA. The Commission is a twelve member group of experts. Madelyn Creedon is a Non-Resident Senior Fellow at The Brookings Institution and a Research Professor at the George Washington University Elliott School of International Affairs. Creedon has had a long career in federal service; she served most recently as Principal Deputy Administrator of the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) within the Department of Energy, a position she held from 2014 to 2017. She also served in the Pentagon as Assistant Secretary of Defense for Global Strategic Affairs from 2011 to 2014, overseeing policy development in the areas of missile defense, nuclear security, combatting WMD, cybersecurity, and space. The panel’s Vice Chair is Jon Kyl – who served in the US Senate for 18 years. After retiring from the Senate, Kyl served as a member of the Board of Directors of Sandia Laboratory for three years. In 2018, he was a member of the National Defense Strategy Commission - “AMERICA’S STRATEGIC POSTURE: The Final Report of the Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States” - No article text omitted – although (minor Note) Madelyn Creeden and Jon Kyl sign their names as “Chair” and “Vice Chair” at the end of the 4th paragraph of this card (immediately prior to the “Executive Summary” begins). The omission of their signature does not alter context and is not something we are seeking to hide, as evidenced by the Note in this citation. IDA – Institute for Defense Analysis - October 2023 - https://www.ida.org/-/media/feature/publications/A/Am/Americas%20Strategic%20Posture/Strategic-Posture-Commission-Report.pdf

nation must invest to modernize nuclear forces. actions now position U S for a credible deterrent U S will face two nuclear arsenals on par risk of conflict is increasing. It is an existential challenge U S is ill-prepared, unless leaders make decisions now posture must change to improve stability with China and Russia. risk of conflict with powers carries potential for nuclear war


Question: US faces two nuclear arsenals

Adversary probing and a slew of hotspots make it try-or-die for modernization – extinction

Creedon ‘23 - et al; Technically this is a Report by The Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States – which is Chaired by Creedon. The Report itself was requisitioned as an outgrowth of The NDAA. The Commission is a twelve member group of experts. Madelyn Creedon is a Non-Resident Senior Fellow at The Brookings Institution and a Research Professor at the George Washington University Elliott School of International Affairs. Creedon has had a long career in federal service; she served most recently as Principal Deputy Administrator of the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) within the Department of Energy, a position she held from 2014 to 2017. She also served in the Pentagon as Assistant Secretary of Defense for Global Strategic Affairs from 2011 to 2014, overseeing policy development in the areas of missile defense, nuclear security, combatting WMD, cybersecurity, and space. The panel’s Vice Chair is Jon Kyl – who served in the US Senate for 18 years. After retiring from the Senate, Kyl served as a member of the Board of Directors of Sandia Laboratory for three years. In 2018, he was a member of the National Defense Strategy Commission - “AMERICA’S STRATEGIC POSTURE: The Final Report of the Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States” - No article text omitted – although (minor Note) Madelyn Creeden and Jon Kyl sign their names as “Chair” and “Vice Chair” at the end of the 4th paragraph of this card (immediately prior to the “Executive Summary” begins). The omission of their signature does not alter context and is not something we are seeking to hide, as evidenced by the Note in this citation. IDA – Institute for Defense Analysis - October 2023 - https://www.ida.org/-/media/feature/publications/A/Am/Americas%20Strategic%20Posture/Strategic-Posture-Commission-Report.pdf

nation must invest to modernize nuclear forces. actions now position U S for a credible deterrent U S will face two nuclear arsenals on par risk of conflict is increasing. It is an existential challenge U S is ill-prepared, unless leaders make decisions now posture must change to improve stability with China and Russia. risk of conflict with powers carries potential for nuclear war


Question: US ill-prepared for conflict

Adversary probing and a slew of hotspots make it try-or-die for modernization – extinction

Creedon ‘23 - et al; Technically this is a Report by The Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States – which is Chaired by Creedon. The Report itself was requisitioned as an outgrowth of The NDAA. The Commission is a twelve member group of experts. Madelyn Creedon is a Non-Resident Senior Fellow at The Brookings Institution and a Research Professor at the George Washington University Elliott School of International Affairs. Creedon has had a long career in federal service; she served most recently as Principal Deputy Administrator of the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) within the Department of Energy, a position she held from 2014 to 2017. She also served in the Pentagon as Assistant Secretary of Defense for Global Strategic Affairs from 2011 to 2014, overseeing policy development in the areas of missile defense, nuclear security, combatting WMD, cybersecurity, and space. The panel’s Vice Chair is Jon Kyl – who served in the US Senate for 18 years. After retiring from the Senate, Kyl served as a member of the Board of Directors of Sandia Laboratory for three years. In 2018, he was a member of the National Defense Strategy Commission - “AMERICA’S STRATEGIC POSTURE: The Final Report of the Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States” - No article text omitted – although (minor Note) Madelyn Creeden and Jon Kyl sign their names as “Chair” and “Vice Chair” at the end of the 4th paragraph of this card (immediately prior to the “Executive Summary” begins). The omission of their signature does not alter context and is not something we are seeking to hide, as evidenced by the Note in this citation. IDA – Institute for Defense Analysis - October 2023 - https://www.ida.org/-/media/feature/publications/A/Am/Americas%20Strategic%20Posture/Strategic-Posture-Commission-Report.pdf

nation must invest to modernize nuclear forces. actions now position U S for a credible deterrent U S will face two nuclear arsenals on par risk of conflict is increasing. It is an existential challenge U S is ill-prepared, unless leaders make decisions now posture must change to improve stability with China and Russia. risk of conflict with powers carries potential for nuclear war


Question: intentional extinction makes rebuilding inevitable

It would give cause for intentional extinction AND if not, makes rebuilding inevitable.

Bostrom 19, Ph.D., Professor in the Faculty of Philosophy at Oxford University, Founding Director of the Future of Humanity Institute (Nick Bostrom, 2019, “The Vulnerable World Hypothesis,” Global Policy, Vol. 10, No. 4, University of Kansas Libraries, Wiley)

Metal is synonymous with civilization glass remain scattered Batteries and magnets could be stashed away cities be destroyed by nihilists or folk who want to ‘ see what would happen ’ by nuclear fallout societies split into civil wars with nuc s , producing famine and pestilence Even then insight would be passed down generations If civilization began to rise from ashes knowledge would wait , ready as soon as people learned again to make glass and electric generators even if forgotten be rediscovered


Question: Bostrom 19

It would give cause for intentional extinction AND if not, makes rebuilding inevitable.

Bostrom 19, Ph.D., Professor in the Faculty of Philosophy at Oxford University, Founding Director of the Future of Humanity Institute (Nick Bostrom, 2019, “The Vulnerable World Hypothesis,” Global Policy, Vol. 10, No. 4, University of Kansas Libraries, Wiley)

Metal is synonymous with civilization glass remain scattered Batteries and magnets could be stashed away cities be destroyed by nihilists or folk who want to ‘ see what would happen ’ by nuclear fallout societies split into civil wars with nuc s , producing famine and pestilence Even then insight would be passed down generations If civilization began to rise from ashes knowledge would wait , ready as soon as people learned again to make glass and electric generators even if forgotten be rediscovered


Question: Nick Bostrom vulnerable world

It would give cause for intentional extinction AND if not, makes rebuilding inevitable.

Bostrom 19, Ph.D., Professor in the Faculty of Philosophy at Oxford University, Founding Director of the Future of Humanity Institute (Nick Bostrom, 2019, “The Vulnerable World Hypothesis,” Global Policy, Vol. 10, No. 4, University of Kansas Libraries, Wiley)

Metal is synonymous with civilization glass remain scattered Batteries and magnets could be stashed away cities be destroyed by nihilists or folk who want to ‘ see what would happen ’ by nuclear fallout societies split into civil wars with nuc s , producing famine and pestilence Even then insight would be passed down generations If civilization began to rise from ashes knowledge would wait , ready as soon as people learned again to make glass and electric generators even if forgotten be rediscovered


Question: nuclear fallout societies split

It would give cause for intentional extinction AND if not, makes rebuilding inevitable.

Bostrom 19, Ph.D., Professor in the Faculty of Philosophy at Oxford University, Founding Director of the Future of Humanity Institute (Nick Bostrom, 2019, “The Vulnerable World Hypothesis,” Global Policy, Vol. 10, No. 4, University of Kansas Libraries, Wiley)

Metal is synonymous with civilization glass remain scattered Batteries and magnets could be stashed away cities be destroyed by nihilists or folk who want to ‘ see what would happen ’ by nuclear fallout societies split into civil wars with nuc s , producing famine and pestilence Even then insight would be passed down generations If civilization began to rise from ashes knowledge would wait , ready as soon as people learned again to make glass and electric generators even if forgotten be rediscovered


Question: civilization began to rise from ashes

It would give cause for intentional extinction AND if not, makes rebuilding inevitable.

Bostrom 19, Ph.D., Professor in the Faculty of Philosophy at Oxford University, Founding Director of the Future of Humanity Institute (Nick Bostrom, 2019, “The Vulnerable World Hypothesis,” Global Policy, Vol. 10, No. 4, University of Kansas Libraries, Wiley)

Metal is synonymous with civilization glass remain scattered Batteries and magnets could be stashed away cities be destroyed by nihilists or folk who want to ‘ see what would happen ’ by nuclear fallout societies split into civil wars with nuc s , producing famine and pestilence Even then insight would be passed down generations If civilization began to rise from ashes knowledge would wait , ready as soon as people learned again to make glass and electric generators even if forgotten be rediscovered


Question: metal is synonymous with civilization

It would give cause for intentional extinction AND if not, makes rebuilding inevitable.

Bostrom 19, Ph.D., Professor in the Faculty of Philosophy at Oxford University, Founding Director of the Future of Humanity Institute (Nick Bostrom, 2019, “The Vulnerable World Hypothesis,” Global Policy, Vol. 10, No. 4, University of Kansas Libraries, Wiley)

Metal is synonymous with civilization glass remain scattered Batteries and magnets could be stashed away cities be destroyed by nihilists or folk who want to ‘ see what would happen ’ by nuclear fallout societies split into civil wars with nuc s , producing famine and pestilence Even then insight would be passed down generations If civilization began to rise from ashes knowledge would wait , ready as soon as people learned again to make glass and electric generators even if forgotten be rediscovered


Question: knowledge would wait ready

It would give cause for intentional extinction AND if not, makes rebuilding inevitable.

Bostrom 19, Ph.D., Professor in the Faculty of Philosophy at Oxford University, Founding Director of the Future of Humanity Institute (Nick Bostrom, 2019, “The Vulnerable World Hypothesis,” Global Policy, Vol. 10, No. 4, University of Kansas Libraries, Wiley)

Metal is synonymous with civilization glass remain scattered Batteries and magnets could be stashed away cities be destroyed by nihilists or folk who want to ‘ see what would happen ’ by nuclear fallout societies split into civil wars with nuc s , producing famine and pestilence Even then insight would be passed down generations If civilization began to rise from ashes knowledge would wait , ready as soon as people learned again to make glass and electric generators even if forgotten be rediscovered


Question: glass remain scattered

It would give cause for intentional extinction AND if not, makes rebuilding inevitable.

Bostrom 19, Ph.D., Professor in the Faculty of Philosophy at Oxford University, Founding Director of the Future of Humanity Institute (Nick Bostrom, 2019, “The Vulnerable World Hypothesis,” Global Policy, Vol. 10, No. 4, University of Kansas Libraries, Wiley)

Metal is synonymous with civilization glass remain scattered Batteries and magnets could be stashed away cities be destroyed by nihilists or folk who want to ‘ see what would happen ’ by nuclear fallout societies split into civil wars with nuc s , producing famine and pestilence Even then insight would be passed down generations If civilization began to rise from ashes knowledge would wait , ready as soon as people learned again to make glass and electric generators even if forgotten be rediscovered


Question: Extinction no checks

Extinction---no checks.

Beres ’21 [Louis; July 29; Emeritus Professor of Political Science and International Law at Purdue University, PhD from Princeton University; Jurist, “Preventing Nuclear War: Legal Obligations for an Imperiled Planet,” https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2021/07/louis-beres-nuclear-war/]

with steadily expanding prospect of WMD terrorist enemies even nuclear America will “arm” with nuclear doctrine A resort to self-defense” could be nuclear Any resort on one or several sides prove catastrophic planet displays fragility as a person can perish because of a single miscalc or accident the world as a whole be subject to error terrorism could propel continents toward nuclear w


Question: Beres 21

Extinction---no checks.

Beres ’21 [Louis; July 29; Emeritus Professor of Political Science and International Law at Purdue University, PhD from Princeton University; Jurist, “Preventing Nuclear War: Legal Obligations for an Imperiled Planet,” https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2021/07/louis-beres-nuclear-war/]

with steadily expanding prospect of WMD terrorist enemies even nuclear America will “arm” with nuclear doctrine A resort to self-defense” could be nuclear Any resort on one or several sides prove catastrophic planet displays fragility as a person can perish because of a single miscalc or accident the world as a whole be subject to error terrorism could propel continents toward nuclear w


Question: nuclear war miscalculation

Extinction---no checks.

Beres ’21 [Louis; July 29; Emeritus Professor of Political Science and International Law at Purdue University, PhD from Princeton University; Jurist, “Preventing Nuclear War: Legal Obligations for an Imperiled Planet,” https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2021/07/louis-beres-nuclear-war/]

with steadily expanding prospect of WMD terrorist enemies even nuclear America will “arm” with nuclear doctrine A resort to self-defense” could be nuclear Any resort on one or several sides prove catastrophic planet displays fragility as a person can perish because of a single miscalc or accident the world as a whole be subject to error terrorism could propel continents toward nuclear w


Question: WMD terrorist enemies

Extinction---no checks.

Beres ’21 [Louis; July 29; Emeritus Professor of Political Science and International Law at Purdue University, PhD from Princeton University; Jurist, “Preventing Nuclear War: Legal Obligations for an Imperiled Planet,” https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2021/07/louis-beres-nuclear-war/]

with steadily expanding prospect of WMD terrorist enemies even nuclear America will “arm” with nuclear doctrine A resort to self-defense” could be nuclear Any resort on one or several sides prove catastrophic planet displays fragility as a person can perish because of a single miscalc or accident the world as a whole be subject to error terrorism could propel continents toward nuclear w


Question: nuclear self-defense

Extinction---no checks.

Beres ’21 [Louis; July 29; Emeritus Professor of Political Science and International Law at Purdue University, PhD from Princeton University; Jurist, “Preventing Nuclear War: Legal Obligations for an Imperiled Planet,” https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2021/07/louis-beres-nuclear-war/]

with steadily expanding prospect of WMD terrorist enemies even nuclear America will “arm” with nuclear doctrine A resort to self-defense” could be nuclear Any resort on one or several sides prove catastrophic planet displays fragility as a person can perish because of a single miscalc or accident the world as a whole be subject to error terrorism could propel continents toward nuclear w


Question: nuclear war accident

Extinction---no checks.

Beres ’21 [Louis; July 29; Emeritus Professor of Political Science and International Law at Purdue University, PhD from Princeton University; Jurist, “Preventing Nuclear War: Legal Obligations for an Imperiled Planet,” https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2021/07/louis-beres-nuclear-war/]

with steadily expanding prospect of WMD terrorist enemies even nuclear America will “arm” with nuclear doctrine A resort to self-defense” could be nuclear Any resort on one or several sides prove catastrophic planet displays fragility as a person can perish because of a single miscalc or accident the world as a whole be subject to error terrorism could propel continents toward nuclear w


Question: nuclear war is catastrophic

Extinction---no checks.

Beres ’21 [Louis; July 29; Emeritus Professor of Political Science and International Law at Purdue University, PhD from Princeton University; Jurist, “Preventing Nuclear War: Legal Obligations for an Imperiled Planet,” https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2021/07/louis-beres-nuclear-war/]

with steadily expanding prospect of WMD terrorist enemies even nuclear America will “arm” with nuclear doctrine A resort to self-defense” could be nuclear Any resort on one or several sides prove catastrophic planet displays fragility as a person can perish because of a single miscalc or accident the world as a whole be subject to error terrorism could propel continents toward nuclear w


Question: National RPS no increase energy prices

National RPS wouldn’t noticeably increase energy prices.

Francesca F. Bochner 14. Duke University School of Law, J.D. expected 2015; Dartmouth College, B.A. 2010. Duke Environmental Law & Policy Forum, Vol. XXV, p. 201, Fall 2014. https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1311&context=delpf. Accessed 7 August 2024

an RPS may initially raise costs there is strong ev it can drive costs down Illinois found the RPS helped reduce prices integrating re lowered LMPs Illinois’ RPS enabled significant job creation and economic development


Question: Francesca Bochner

National RPS wouldn’t noticeably increase energy prices.

Francesca F. Bochner 14. Duke University School of Law, J.D. expected 2015; Dartmouth College, B.A. 2010. Duke Environmental Law & Policy Forum, Vol. XXV, p. 201, Fall 2014. https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1311&context=delpf. Accessed 7 August 2024

an RPS may initially raise costs there is strong ev it can drive costs down Illinois found the RPS helped reduce prices integrating re lowered LMPs Illinois’ RPS enabled significant job creation and economic development


Question: RPS reduce prices

National RPS wouldn’t noticeably increase energy prices.

Francesca F. Bochner 14. Duke University School of Law, J.D. expected 2015; Dartmouth College, B.A. 2010. Duke Environmental Law & Policy Forum, Vol. XXV, p. 201, Fall 2014. https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1311&context=delpf. Accessed 7 August 2024

an RPS may initially raise costs there is strong ev it can drive costs down Illinois found the RPS helped reduce prices integrating re lowered LMPs Illinois’ RPS enabled significant job creation and economic development


Question: RPS job creation

National RPS wouldn’t noticeably increase energy prices.

Francesca F. Bochner 14. Duke University School of Law, J.D. expected 2015; Dartmouth College, B.A. 2010. Duke Environmental Law & Policy Forum, Vol. XXV, p. 201, Fall 2014. https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1311&context=delpf. Accessed 7 August 2024

an RPS may initially raise costs there is strong ev it can drive costs down Illinois found the RPS helped reduce prices integrating re lowered LMPs Illinois’ RPS enabled significant job creation and economic development


Question: Illinois RPS reduces prices

National RPS wouldn’t noticeably increase energy prices.

Francesca F. Bochner 14. Duke University School of Law, J.D. expected 2015; Dartmouth College, B.A. 2010. Duke Environmental Law & Policy Forum, Vol. XXV, p. 201, Fall 2014. https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1311&context=delpf. Accessed 7 August 2024

an RPS may initially raise costs there is strong ev it can drive costs down Illinois found the RPS helped reduce prices integrating re lowered LMPs Illinois’ RPS enabled significant job creation and economic development


Question: shutdown inevitable

Shutdown inevitable.

Lauren Peller & Allison Pecorin 3-7. "Government shutdown watch: GOP moves forward with short-term bill as Democrats express opposition." ABC News. 3-7-2025. https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/government-shutdown-watch-gop-moves-forward-short-term/story?id=119573970

lawmakers are not on the same page Johnson clean bill details unclear Trump lobbied Republicans only afford one defection Massie and Gonzales will vote no will oppose Johnson's bill there may be few options that don't trigger a shutdown


Question: Peller and Pecorin

Shutdown inevitable.

Lauren Peller & Allison Pecorin 3-7. "Government shutdown watch: GOP moves forward with short-term bill as Democrats express opposition." ABC News. 3-7-2025. https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/government-shutdown-watch-gop-moves-forward-short-term/story?id=119573970

lawmakers are not on the same page Johnson clean bill details unclear Trump lobbied Republicans only afford one defection Massie and Gonzales will vote no will oppose Johnson's bill there may be few options that don't trigger a shutdown


Question: government shutdown watch

Shutdown inevitable.

Lauren Peller & Allison Pecorin 3-7. "Government shutdown watch: GOP moves forward with short-term bill as Democrats express opposition." ABC News. 3-7-2025. https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/government-shutdown-watch-gop-moves-forward-short-term/story?id=119573970

lawmakers are not on the same page Johnson clean bill details unclear Trump lobbied Republicans only afford one defection Massie and Gonzales will vote no will oppose Johnson's bill there may be few options that don't trigger a shutdown


Question: lawmakers not on same page

Shutdown inevitable.

Lauren Peller & Allison Pecorin 3-7. "Government shutdown watch: GOP moves forward with short-term bill as Democrats express opposition." ABC News. 3-7-2025. https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/government-shutdown-watch-gop-moves-forward-short-term/story?id=119573970

lawmakers are not on the same page Johnson clean bill details unclear Trump lobbied Republicans only afford one defection Massie and Gonzales will vote no will oppose Johnson's bill there may be few options that don't trigger a shutdown


Question: shutdown likely

Shutdown inevitable.

Lauren Peller & Allison Pecorin 3-7. "Government shutdown watch: GOP moves forward with short-term bill as Democrats express opposition." ABC News. 3-7-2025. https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/government-shutdown-watch-gop-moves-forward-short-term/story?id=119573970

lawmakers are not on the same page Johnson clean bill details unclear Trump lobbied Republicans only afford one defection Massie and Gonzales will vote no will oppose Johnson's bill there may be few options that don't trigger a shutdown


Question: Johnson clean bill details

Shutdown inevitable.

Lauren Peller & Allison Pecorin 3-7. "Government shutdown watch: GOP moves forward with short-term bill as Democrats express opposition." ABC News. 3-7-2025. https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/government-shutdown-watch-gop-moves-forward-short-term/story?id=119573970

lawmakers are not on the same page Johnson clean bill details unclear Trump lobbied Republicans only afford one defection Massie and Gonzales will vote no will oppose Johnson's bill there may be few options that don't trigger a shutdown


Question: shutdown inevitable ABC news

Shutdown inevitable.

Lauren Peller & Allison Pecorin 3-7. "Government shutdown watch: GOP moves forward with short-term bill as Democrats express opposition." ABC News. 3-7-2025. https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/government-shutdown-watch-gop-moves-forward-short-term/story?id=119573970

lawmakers are not on the same page Johnson clean bill details unclear Trump lobbied Republicans only afford one defection Massie and Gonzales will vote no will oppose Johnson's bill there may be few options that don't trigger a shutdown


Question: Stavins admits definition is huge

Stavins even admits his definition is huge!

Stavins 01, Professor of Business and Government, and Faculty Chair, Environment and Natural Resources Program, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. (Robert N., “Experience with Market-Based Environmental Policy Instruments,” Kennedy School of Government Harvard University Working Paper No. 00-004, Prepared for The Handbook of Environmental Economics, p. 40-41, http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract_id=199848)

I have defined m b i s broadly  and cast a large net As a consequence , the review is extensive


Question: Stavins 01

Stavins even admits his definition is huge!

Stavins 01, Professor of Business and Government, and Faculty Chair, Environment and Natural Resources Program, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. (Robert N., “Experience with Market-Based Environmental Policy Instruments,” Kennedy School of Government Harvard University Working Paper No. 00-004, Prepared for The Handbook of Environmental Economics, p. 40-41, http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract_id=199848)

I have defined m b i s broadly  and cast a large net As a consequence , the review is extensive


Question: market based environmental policy instruments

Stavins even admits his definition is huge!

Stavins 01, Professor of Business and Government, and Faculty Chair, Environment and Natural Resources Program, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. (Robert N., “Experience with Market-Based Environmental Policy Instruments,” Kennedy School of Government Harvard University Working Paper No. 00-004, Prepared for The Handbook of Environmental Economics, p. 40-41, http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract_id=199848)

I have defined m b i s broadly  and cast a large net As a consequence , the review is extensive


Question: Stavins mbis defined broadly

Stavins even admits his definition is huge!

Stavins 01, Professor of Business and Government, and Faculty Chair, Environment and Natural Resources Program, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. (Robert N., “Experience with Market-Based Environmental Policy Instruments,” Kennedy School of Government Harvard University Working Paper No. 00-004, Prepared for The Handbook of Environmental Economics, p. 40-41, http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract_id=199848)

I have defined m b i s broadly  and cast a large net As a consequence , the review is extensive


Question: defined mbis broadly

Stavins even admits his definition is huge!

Stavins 01, Professor of Business and Government, and Faculty Chair, Environment and Natural Resources Program, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. (Robert N., “Experience with Market-Based Environmental Policy Instruments,” Kennedy School of Government Harvard University Working Paper No. 00-004, Prepared for The Handbook of Environmental Economics, p. 40-41, http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract_id=199848)

I have defined m b i s broadly  and cast a large net As a consequence , the review is extensive


Question: extensive review stavins

Stavins even admits his definition is huge!

Stavins 01, Professor of Business and Government, and Faculty Chair, Environment and Natural Resources Program, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. (Robert N., “Experience with Market-Based Environmental Policy Instruments,” Kennedy School of Government Harvard University Working Paper No. 00-004, Prepared for The Handbook of Environmental Economics, p. 40-41, http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract_id=199848)

I have defined m b i s broadly  and cast a large net As a consequence , the review is extensive


Question: Debt ceiling will be raised

The debt ceiling will be raised now, avoiding economic collapse---sustained Congressional focus is key.

Shutt ‘1-14 [Jennifer; January 14; reporter; Highland County Press, “US House Republicans seeking to settle debt limit alongside border, taxes,” https://highlandcountypress.com/headlines/us-house-republicans-seeking-settle-debt-limit-alongside-border-taxes#gsc.tab=0]

Johnson said intention is to address Trump said his view is he doesn’t want default failing to approve debt limit would lead country to default sending world , into crisis Building GOP consensus on debt limit Republicans used debt to secure gain We’ll be having deliberate sessions with members to make sure everybody on the same page Raising debt is necessary


Question: Shutt debt ceiling

The debt ceiling will be raised now, avoiding economic collapse---sustained Congressional focus is key.

Shutt ‘1-14 [Jennifer; January 14; reporter; Highland County Press, “US House Republicans seeking to settle debt limit alongside border, taxes,” https://highlandcountypress.com/headlines/us-house-republicans-seeking-settle-debt-limit-alongside-border-taxes#gsc.tab=0]

Johnson said intention is to address Trump said his view is he doesn’t want default failing to approve debt limit would lead country to default sending world , into crisis Building GOP consensus on debt limit Republicans used debt to secure gain We’ll be having deliberate sessions with members to make sure everybody on the same page Raising debt is necessary


Question: Jennifer Shutt

The debt ceiling will be raised now, avoiding economic collapse---sustained Congressional focus is key.

Shutt ‘1-14 [Jennifer; January 14; reporter; Highland County Press, “US House Republicans seeking to settle debt limit alongside border, taxes,” https://highlandcountypress.com/headlines/us-house-republicans-seeking-settle-debt-limit-alongside-border-taxes#gsc.tab=0]

Johnson said intention is to address Trump said his view is he doesn’t want default failing to approve debt limit would lead country to default sending world , into crisis Building GOP consensus on debt limit Republicans used debt to secure gain We’ll be having deliberate sessions with members to make sure everybody on the same page Raising debt is necessary


Question: Debt limit and border taxes

The debt ceiling will be raised now, avoiding economic collapse---sustained Congressional focus is key.

Shutt ‘1-14 [Jennifer; January 14; reporter; Highland County Press, “US House Republicans seeking to settle debt limit alongside border, taxes,” https://highlandcountypress.com/headlines/us-house-republicans-seeking-settle-debt-limit-alongside-border-taxes#gsc.tab=0]

Johnson said intention is to address Trump said his view is he doesn’t want default failing to approve debt limit would lead country to default sending world , into crisis Building GOP consensus on debt limit Republicans used debt to secure gain We’ll be having deliberate sessions with members to make sure everybody on the same page Raising debt is necessary


Question: avoiding economic collapse debt ceiling

The debt ceiling will be raised now, avoiding economic collapse---sustained Congressional focus is key.

Shutt ‘1-14 [Jennifer; January 14; reporter; Highland County Press, “US House Republicans seeking to settle debt limit alongside border, taxes,” https://highlandcountypress.com/headlines/us-house-republicans-seeking-settle-debt-limit-alongside-border-taxes#gsc.tab=0]

Johnson said intention is to address Trump said his view is he doesn’t want default failing to approve debt limit would lead country to default sending world , into crisis Building GOP consensus on debt limit Republicans used debt to secure gain We’ll be having deliberate sessions with members to make sure everybody on the same page Raising debt is necessary


Question: debt limit default crisis

The debt ceiling will be raised now, avoiding economic collapse---sustained Congressional focus is key.

Shutt ‘1-14 [Jennifer; January 14; reporter; Highland County Press, “US House Republicans seeking to settle debt limit alongside border, taxes,” https://highlandcountypress.com/headlines/us-house-republicans-seeking-settle-debt-limit-alongside-border-taxes#gsc.tab=0]

Johnson said intention is to address Trump said his view is he doesn’t want default failing to approve debt limit would lead country to default sending world , into crisis Building GOP consensus on debt limit Republicans used debt to secure gain We’ll be having deliberate sessions with members to make sure everybody on the same page Raising debt is necessary


Question: raise debt ceiling focus

The debt ceiling will be raised now, avoiding economic collapse---sustained Congressional focus is key.

Shutt ‘1-14 [Jennifer; January 14; reporter; Highland County Press, “US House Republicans seeking to settle debt limit alongside border, taxes,” https://highlandcountypress.com/headlines/us-house-republicans-seeking-settle-debt-limit-alongside-border-taxes#gsc.tab=0]

Johnson said intention is to address Trump said his view is he doesn’t want default failing to approve debt limit would lead country to default sending world , into crisis Building GOP consensus on debt limit Republicans used debt to secure gain We’ll be having deliberate sessions with members to make sure everybody on the same page Raising debt is necessary


Question: Climate change turns alt solvency

Climate change turns alt solvency.

John Thomason 22. Articles Editor at Grist. BA in English from Pomona College. "Olúfémi O. Táíwò's theory of everything". Grist. 6-21-2022. https://grist.org/culture/olufemi-taiwo-climate-change-reparations-justice/

climate change disproportionate effects on populations for whom the legacies of colonialism and the slave trade loom the largest millions of Bangladeshis  displaced  unique vulnerability of the  African continent  each  degree of  warming seemed to undermine  any reparations project Are any  other measures  toward racial justice going to have staying power in a world 3 degrees hotter where there is rampant instability in our energy and housing systems of mass displacement oppose moralizing If political purity gets in the way of improving actual life experience  it has no place in justice. decarbonization is the most immediate priority Every degree of warming puts a just world out of reach


Question: John Thomason 22

Climate change turns alt solvency.

John Thomason 22. Articles Editor at Grist. BA in English from Pomona College. "Olúfémi O. Táíwò's theory of everything". Grist. 6-21-2022. https://grist.org/culture/olufemi-taiwo-climate-change-reparations-justice/

climate change disproportionate effects on populations for whom the legacies of colonialism and the slave trade loom the largest millions of Bangladeshis  displaced  unique vulnerability of the  African continent  each  degree of  warming seemed to undermine  any reparations project Are any  other measures  toward racial justice going to have staying power in a world 3 degrees hotter where there is rampant instability in our energy and housing systems of mass displacement oppose moralizing If political purity gets in the way of improving actual life experience  it has no place in justice. decarbonization is the most immediate priority Every degree of warming puts a just world out of reach


Question: climate change undermines reparations

Climate change turns alt solvency.

John Thomason 22. Articles Editor at Grist. BA in English from Pomona College. "Olúfémi O. Táíwò's theory of everything". Grist. 6-21-2022. https://grist.org/culture/olufemi-taiwo-climate-change-reparations-justice/

climate change disproportionate effects on populations for whom the legacies of colonialism and the slave trade loom the largest millions of Bangladeshis  displaced  unique vulnerability of the  African continent  each  degree of  warming seemed to undermine  any reparations project Are any  other measures  toward racial justice going to have staying power in a world 3 degrees hotter where there is rampant instability in our energy and housing systems of mass displacement oppose moralizing If political purity gets in the way of improving actual life experience  it has no place in justice. decarbonization is the most immediate priority Every degree of warming puts a just world out of reach


Question: climate change justice

Climate change turns alt solvency.

John Thomason 22. Articles Editor at Grist. BA in English from Pomona College. "Olúfémi O. Táíwò's theory of everything". Grist. 6-21-2022. https://grist.org/culture/olufemi-taiwo-climate-change-reparations-justice/

climate change disproportionate effects on populations for whom the legacies of colonialism and the slave trade loom the largest millions of Bangladeshis  displaced  unique vulnerability of the  African continent  each  degree of  warming seemed to undermine  any reparations project Are any  other measures  toward racial justice going to have staying power in a world 3 degrees hotter where there is rampant instability in our energy and housing systems of mass displacement oppose moralizing If political purity gets in the way of improving actual life experience  it has no place in justice. decarbonization is the most immediate priority Every degree of warming puts a just world out of reach


Question: climate change and colonialism

Climate change turns alt solvency.

John Thomason 22. Articles Editor at Grist. BA in English from Pomona College. "Olúfémi O. Táíwò's theory of everything". Grist. 6-21-2022. https://grist.org/culture/olufemi-taiwo-climate-change-reparations-justice/

climate change disproportionate effects on populations for whom the legacies of colonialism and the slave trade loom the largest millions of Bangladeshis  displaced  unique vulnerability of the  African continent  each  degree of  warming seemed to undermine  any reparations project Are any  other measures  toward racial justice going to have staying power in a world 3 degrees hotter where there is rampant instability in our energy and housing systems of mass displacement oppose moralizing If political purity gets in the way of improving actual life experience  it has no place in justice. decarbonization is the most immediate priority Every degree of warming puts a just world out of reach


Question: warming puts a just world out of reach

Climate change turns alt solvency.

John Thomason 22. Articles Editor at Grist. BA in English from Pomona College. "Olúfémi O. Táíwò's theory of everything". Grist. 6-21-2022. https://grist.org/culture/olufemi-taiwo-climate-change-reparations-justice/

climate change disproportionate effects on populations for whom the legacies of colonialism and the slave trade loom the largest millions of Bangladeshis  displaced  unique vulnerability of the  African continent  each  degree of  warming seemed to undermine  any reparations project Are any  other measures  toward racial justice going to have staying power in a world 3 degrees hotter where there is rampant instability in our energy and housing systems of mass displacement oppose moralizing If political purity gets in the way of improving actual life experience  it has no place in justice. decarbonization is the most immediate priority Every degree of warming puts a just world out of reach


Question: Thomason Grist

Climate change turns alt solvency.

John Thomason 22. Articles Editor at Grist. BA in English from Pomona College. "Olúfémi O. Táíwò's theory of everything". Grist. 6-21-2022. https://grist.org/culture/olufemi-taiwo-climate-change-reparations-justice/

climate change disproportionate effects on populations for whom the legacies of colonialism and the slave trade loom the largest millions of Bangladeshis  displaced  unique vulnerability of the  African continent  each  degree of  warming seemed to undermine  any reparations project Are any  other measures  toward racial justice going to have staying power in a world 3 degrees hotter where there is rampant instability in our energy and housing systems of mass displacement oppose moralizing If political purity gets in the way of improving actual life experience  it has no place in justice. decarbonization is the most immediate priority Every degree of warming puts a just world out of reach


Question: decarbonization most immediate priority

Climate change turns alt solvency.

John Thomason 22. Articles Editor at Grist. BA in English from Pomona College. "Olúfémi O. Táíwò's theory of everything". Grist. 6-21-2022. https://grist.org/culture/olufemi-taiwo-climate-change-reparations-justice/

climate change disproportionate effects on populations for whom the legacies of colonialism and the slave trade loom the largest millions of Bangladeshis  displaced  unique vulnerability of the  African continent  each  degree of  warming seemed to undermine  any reparations project Are any  other measures  toward racial justice going to have staying power in a world 3 degrees hotter where there is rampant instability in our energy and housing systems of mass displacement oppose moralizing If political purity gets in the way of improving actual life experience  it has no place in justice. decarbonization is the most immediate priority Every degree of warming puts a just world out of reach


Question: Neg ground aff shiftiness

Neg ground. Checks aff shiftiness, preserving disads and deficits.

Christina Maza 15. Staff writer for the Christian Science Monitor. "Everyone's favorite climate change fix", Oct 29 www.csmonitor.com/Environment/Energy/2015/1029/Everyone-s-favorite-climate-change-fix.

a tax on carbon tell producers to reduce emissions Putting the idea into practice is another story how much should carbon cost ? the price too high and there’s risk of backlash Set it too low and emitters have little incentive to change


Question: Christina Maza 15

Neg ground. Checks aff shiftiness, preserving disads and deficits.

Christina Maza 15. Staff writer for the Christian Science Monitor. "Everyone's favorite climate change fix", Oct 29 www.csmonitor.com/Environment/Energy/2015/1029/Everyone-s-favorite-climate-change-fix.

a tax on carbon tell producers to reduce emissions Putting the idea into practice is another story how much should carbon cost ? the price too high and there’s risk of backlash Set it too low and emitters have little incentive to change


Question: Maza carbon tax price

Neg ground. Checks aff shiftiness, preserving disads and deficits.

Christina Maza 15. Staff writer for the Christian Science Monitor. "Everyone's favorite climate change fix", Oct 29 www.csmonitor.com/Environment/Energy/2015/1029/Everyone-s-favorite-climate-change-fix.

a tax on carbon tell producers to reduce emissions Putting the idea into practice is another story how much should carbon cost ? the price too high and there’s risk of backlash Set it too low and emitters have little incentive to change


Question: carbon tax price too high

Neg ground. Checks aff shiftiness, preserving disads and deficits.

Christina Maza 15. Staff writer for the Christian Science Monitor. "Everyone's favorite climate change fix", Oct 29 www.csmonitor.com/Environment/Energy/2015/1029/Everyone-s-favorite-climate-change-fix.

a tax on carbon tell producers to reduce emissions Putting the idea into practice is another story how much should carbon cost ? the price too high and there’s risk of backlash Set it too low and emitters have little incentive to change


Question: carbon tax backlash

Neg ground. Checks aff shiftiness, preserving disads and deficits.

Christina Maza 15. Staff writer for the Christian Science Monitor. "Everyone's favorite climate change fix", Oct 29 www.csmonitor.com/Environment/Energy/2015/1029/Everyone-s-favorite-climate-change-fix.

a tax on carbon tell producers to reduce emissions Putting the idea into practice is another story how much should carbon cost ? the price too high and there’s risk of backlash Set it too low and emitters have little incentive to change


Question: incentive to reduce emissions

Neg ground. Checks aff shiftiness, preserving disads and deficits.

Christina Maza 15. Staff writer for the Christian Science Monitor. "Everyone's favorite climate change fix", Oct 29 www.csmonitor.com/Environment/Energy/2015/1029/Everyone-s-favorite-climate-change-fix.

a tax on carbon tell producers to reduce emissions Putting the idea into practice is another story how much should carbon cost ? the price too high and there’s risk of backlash Set it too low and emitters have little incentive to change


Question: carbon tax cost

Neg ground. Checks aff shiftiness, preserving disads and deficits.

Christina Maza 15. Staff writer for the Christian Science Monitor. "Everyone's favorite climate change fix", Oct 29 www.csmonitor.com/Environment/Energy/2015/1029/Everyone-s-favorite-climate-change-fix.

a tax on carbon tell producers to reduce emissions Putting the idea into practice is another story how much should carbon cost ? the price too high and there’s risk of backlash Set it too low and emitters have little incentive to change


Question: Gaslink pipeline illegal construction

The Costal GasLink pipeline was ILLEGALLY beginning construction over the last clean water source of the Wet’suet’en people’s territory --- this is not an isolated case

 (Amnesty Staff, October 2, 2022, Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 10 million people in over 150 countries and territories who campaign to end abuses of human rights., https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/10/canada-pipeline-indigenous-territory-endangers-land-defenders/) RU

Wet’suwet’en land defenders risk human rights violations Coastal GasLink pipeline begun under the Wedzin Kwa decision to construct the pipeline without the free, prior, informed consent of the Wet’suwet’en Chiefs violation of self-determination Wet’suwet’en Hereditary Chiefs have never consented to the Coastal GasLink pipeline project The Wedzin Kwa is one of the last remaining sources of drinking water and spawning grounds in territory Wet’suwet’en land defenders are harassed forcibly removed criminalized by R C M P private security they have started to illegally drill No industry can overrule decisions who have never ceded surrendered nor signed treaty


Question: Amnesty International Wet'suwet'en

The Costal GasLink pipeline was ILLEGALLY beginning construction over the last clean water source of the Wet’suet’en people’s territory --- this is not an isolated case

 (Amnesty Staff, October 2, 2022, Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 10 million people in over 150 countries and territories who campaign to end abuses of human rights., https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/10/canada-pipeline-indigenous-territory-endangers-land-defenders/) RU

Wet’suwet’en land defenders risk human rights violations Coastal GasLink pipeline begun under the Wedzin Kwa decision to construct the pipeline without the free, prior, informed consent of the Wet’suwet’en Chiefs violation of self-determination Wet’suwet’en Hereditary Chiefs have never consented to the Coastal GasLink pipeline project The Wedzin Kwa is one of the last remaining sources of drinking water and spawning grounds in territory Wet’suwet’en land defenders are harassed forcibly removed criminalized by R C M P private security they have started to illegally drill No industry can overrule decisions who have never ceded surrendered nor signed treaty


Question: Wet'suwet'en people water source

The Costal GasLink pipeline was ILLEGALLY beginning construction over the last clean water source of the Wet’suet’en people’s territory --- this is not an isolated case

 (Amnesty Staff, October 2, 2022, Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 10 million people in over 150 countries and territories who campaign to end abuses of human rights., https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/10/canada-pipeline-indigenous-territory-endangers-land-defenders/) RU

Wet’suwet’en land defenders risk human rights violations Coastal GasLink pipeline begun under the Wedzin Kwa decision to construct the pipeline without the free, prior, informed consent of the Wet’suwet’en Chiefs violation of self-determination Wet’suwet’en Hereditary Chiefs have never consented to the Coastal GasLink pipeline project The Wedzin Kwa is one of the last remaining sources of drinking water and spawning grounds in territory Wet’suwet’en land defenders are harassed forcibly removed criminalized by R C M P private security they have started to illegally drill No industry can overrule decisions who have never ceded surrendered nor signed treaty


Question: Coastal Gaslink pipeline human rights

The Costal GasLink pipeline was ILLEGALLY beginning construction over the last clean water source of the Wet’suet’en people’s territory --- this is not an isolated case

 (Amnesty Staff, October 2, 2022, Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 10 million people in over 150 countries and territories who campaign to end abuses of human rights., https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/10/canada-pipeline-indigenous-territory-endangers-land-defenders/) RU

Wet’suwet’en land defenders risk human rights violations Coastal GasLink pipeline begun under the Wedzin Kwa decision to construct the pipeline without the free, prior, informed consent of the Wet’suwet’en Chiefs violation of self-determination Wet’suwet’en Hereditary Chiefs have never consented to the Coastal GasLink pipeline project The Wedzin Kwa is one of the last remaining sources of drinking water and spawning grounds in territory Wet’suwet’en land defenders are harassed forcibly removed criminalized by R C M P private security they have started to illegally drill No industry can overrule decisions who have never ceded surrendered nor signed treaty


Question: pipeline without consent

The Costal GasLink pipeline was ILLEGALLY beginning construction over the last clean water source of the Wet’suet’en people’s territory --- this is not an isolated case

 (Amnesty Staff, October 2, 2022, Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 10 million people in over 150 countries and territories who campaign to end abuses of human rights., https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/10/canada-pipeline-indigenous-territory-endangers-land-defenders/) RU

Wet’suwet’en land defenders risk human rights violations Coastal GasLink pipeline begun under the Wedzin Kwa decision to construct the pipeline without the free, prior, informed consent of the Wet’suwet’en Chiefs violation of self-determination Wet’suwet’en Hereditary Chiefs have never consented to the Coastal GasLink pipeline project The Wedzin Kwa is one of the last remaining sources of drinking water and spawning grounds in territory Wet’suwet’en land defenders are harassed forcibly removed criminalized by R C M P private security they have started to illegally drill No industry can overrule decisions who have never ceded surrendered nor signed treaty


Question: Wedzin Kwa water source

The Costal GasLink pipeline was ILLEGALLY beginning construction over the last clean water source of the Wet’suet’en people’s territory --- this is not an isolated case

 (Amnesty Staff, October 2, 2022, Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 10 million people in over 150 countries and territories who campaign to end abuses of human rights., https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/10/canada-pipeline-indigenous-territory-endangers-land-defenders/) RU

Wet’suwet’en land defenders risk human rights violations Coastal GasLink pipeline begun under the Wedzin Kwa decision to construct the pipeline without the free, prior, informed consent of the Wet’suwet’en Chiefs violation of self-determination Wet’suwet’en Hereditary Chiefs have never consented to the Coastal GasLink pipeline project The Wedzin Kwa is one of the last remaining sources of drinking water and spawning grounds in territory Wet’suwet’en land defenders are harassed forcibly removed criminalized by R C M P private security they have started to illegally drill No industry can overrule decisions who have never ceded surrendered nor signed treaty


Question: Wet'suwet'en land defenders harassed

The Costal GasLink pipeline was ILLEGALLY beginning construction over the last clean water source of the Wet’suet’en people’s territory --- this is not an isolated case

 (Amnesty Staff, October 2, 2022, Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 10 million people in over 150 countries and territories who campaign to end abuses of human rights., https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/10/canada-pipeline-indigenous-territory-endangers-land-defenders/) RU

Wet’suwet’en land defenders risk human rights violations Coastal GasLink pipeline begun under the Wedzin Kwa decision to construct the pipeline without the free, prior, informed consent of the Wet’suwet’en Chiefs violation of self-determination Wet’suwet’en Hereditary Chiefs have never consented to the Coastal GasLink pipeline project The Wedzin Kwa is one of the last remaining sources of drinking water and spawning grounds in territory Wet’suwet’en land defenders are harassed forcibly removed criminalized by R C M P private security they have started to illegally drill No industry can overrule decisions who have never ceded surrendered nor signed treaty


Question: Coastal GasLink pipeline project

The Costal GasLink pipeline was ILLEGALLY beginning construction over the last clean water source of the Wet’suet’en people’s territory --- this is not an isolated case

 (Amnesty Staff, October 2, 2022, Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 10 million people in over 150 countries and territories who campaign to end abuses of human rights., https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/10/canada-pipeline-indigenous-territory-endangers-land-defenders/) RU

Wet’suwet’en land defenders risk human rights violations Coastal GasLink pipeline begun under the Wedzin Kwa decision to construct the pipeline without the free, prior, informed consent of the Wet’suwet’en Chiefs violation of self-determination Wet’suwet’en Hereditary Chiefs have never consented to the Coastal GasLink pipeline project The Wedzin Kwa is one of the last remaining sources of drinking water and spawning grounds in territory Wet’suwet’en land defenders are harassed forcibly removed criminalized by R C M P private security they have started to illegally drill No industry can overrule decisions who have never ceded surrendered nor signed treaty


Question: Uniformity deficit irrelevant

Even the best uniformity deficit is irrelevant, iteration and momentum will carry state-level policies.

Morgan Higman et al 21. Fellow in the Energy Security and Climate Change Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in Washington, D.C. Sarah Ladislaw is senior vice president, director, and senior fellow with the CSIS Energy Security and Climate Change Program. Nikos Tsafos is a deputy director and senior fellow with the CSIS Energy Security and Climate Change Program. “Clean Resilient States: The Role of U.S. States in Addressing Climate Action.” https://www.csis.org/analysis/clean-resilient-states-role-us-states-addressing-climate-action.

state-level policy  will play a critical role  in shaping climate states have been pursuing energy strategies with revisions for two decades Half of all states have reduction targets a growing momentum need for greater clarity All states need to follow the same path many states have demonstrated early progress owing to state-level initiatives beyond their control


Question: Morgan Higman

Even the best uniformity deficit is irrelevant, iteration and momentum will carry state-level policies.

Morgan Higman et al 21. Fellow in the Energy Security and Climate Change Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in Washington, D.C. Sarah Ladislaw is senior vice president, director, and senior fellow with the CSIS Energy Security and Climate Change Program. Nikos Tsafos is a deputy director and senior fellow with the CSIS Energy Security and Climate Change Program. “Clean Resilient States: The Role of U.S. States in Addressing Climate Action.” https://www.csis.org/analysis/clean-resilient-states-role-us-states-addressing-climate-action.

state-level policy  will play a critical role  in shaping climate states have been pursuing energy strategies with revisions for two decades Half of all states have reduction targets a growing momentum need for greater clarity All states need to follow the same path many states have demonstrated early progress owing to state-level initiatives beyond their control


Question: state-level policies will shape climate

Even the best uniformity deficit is irrelevant, iteration and momentum will carry state-level policies.

Morgan Higman et al 21. Fellow in the Energy Security and Climate Change Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in Washington, D.C. Sarah Ladislaw is senior vice president, director, and senior fellow with the CSIS Energy Security and Climate Change Program. Nikos Tsafos is a deputy director and senior fellow with the CSIS Energy Security and Climate Change Program. “Clean Resilient States: The Role of U.S. States in Addressing Climate Action.” https://www.csis.org/analysis/clean-resilient-states-role-us-states-addressing-climate-action.

state-level policy  will play a critical role  in shaping climate states have been pursuing energy strategies with revisions for two decades Half of all states have reduction targets a growing momentum need for greater clarity All states need to follow the same path many states have demonstrated early progress owing to state-level initiatives beyond their control


Question: CSIS Energy Security and Climate Change

Even the best uniformity deficit is irrelevant, iteration and momentum will carry state-level policies.

Morgan Higman et al 21. Fellow in the Energy Security and Climate Change Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in Washington, D.C. Sarah Ladislaw is senior vice president, director, and senior fellow with the CSIS Energy Security and Climate Change Program. Nikos Tsafos is a deputy director and senior fellow with the CSIS Energy Security and Climate Change Program. “Clean Resilient States: The Role of U.S. States in Addressing Climate Action.” https://www.csis.org/analysis/clean-resilient-states-role-us-states-addressing-climate-action.

state-level policy  will play a critical role  in shaping climate states have been pursuing energy strategies with revisions for two decades Half of all states have reduction targets a growing momentum need for greater clarity All states need to follow the same path many states have demonstrated early progress owing to state-level initiatives beyond their control


Question: climate action state-level policy revisions

Even the best uniformity deficit is irrelevant, iteration and momentum will carry state-level policies.

Morgan Higman et al 21. Fellow in the Energy Security and Climate Change Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in Washington, D.C. Sarah Ladislaw is senior vice president, director, and senior fellow with the CSIS Energy Security and Climate Change Program. Nikos Tsafos is a deputy director and senior fellow with the CSIS Energy Security and Climate Change Program. “Clean Resilient States: The Role of U.S. States in Addressing Climate Action.” https://www.csis.org/analysis/clean-resilient-states-role-us-states-addressing-climate-action.

state-level policy  will play a critical role  in shaping climate states have been pursuing energy strategies with revisions for two decades Half of all states have reduction targets a growing momentum need for greater clarity All states need to follow the same path many states have demonstrated early progress owing to state-level initiatives beyond their control


Question: states pursuing energy strategies

Even the best uniformity deficit is irrelevant, iteration and momentum will carry state-level policies.

Morgan Higman et al 21. Fellow in the Energy Security and Climate Change Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in Washington, D.C. Sarah Ladislaw is senior vice president, director, and senior fellow with the CSIS Energy Security and Climate Change Program. Nikos Tsafos is a deputy director and senior fellow with the CSIS Energy Security and Climate Change Program. “Clean Resilient States: The Role of U.S. States in Addressing Climate Action.” https://www.csis.org/analysis/clean-resilient-states-role-us-states-addressing-climate-action.

state-level policy  will play a critical role  in shaping climate states have been pursuing energy strategies with revisions for two decades Half of all states have reduction targets a growing momentum need for greater clarity All states need to follow the same path many states have demonstrated early progress owing to state-level initiatives beyond their control


Question: momentum will carry state-level policies

Even the best uniformity deficit is irrelevant, iteration and momentum will carry state-level policies.

Morgan Higman et al 21. Fellow in the Energy Security and Climate Change Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in Washington, D.C. Sarah Ladislaw is senior vice president, director, and senior fellow with the CSIS Energy Security and Climate Change Program. Nikos Tsafos is a deputy director and senior fellow with the CSIS Energy Security and Climate Change Program. “Clean Resilient States: The Role of U.S. States in Addressing Climate Action.” https://www.csis.org/analysis/clean-resilient-states-role-us-states-addressing-climate-action.

state-level policy  will play a critical role  in shaping climate states have been pursuing energy strategies with revisions for two decades Half of all states have reduction targets a growing momentum need for greater clarity All states need to follow the same path many states have demonstrated early progress owing to state-level initiatives beyond their control


Question: state reduction targets momentum

Even the best uniformity deficit is irrelevant, iteration and momentum will carry state-level policies.

Morgan Higman et al 21. Fellow in the Energy Security and Climate Change Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in Washington, D.C. Sarah Ladislaw is senior vice president, director, and senior fellow with the CSIS Energy Security and Climate Change Program. Nikos Tsafos is a deputy director and senior fellow with the CSIS Energy Security and Climate Change Program. “Clean Resilient States: The Role of U.S. States in Addressing Climate Action.” https://www.csis.org/analysis/clean-resilient-states-role-us-states-addressing-climate-action.

state-level policy  will play a critical role  in shaping climate states have been pursuing energy strategies with revisions for two decades Half of all states have reduction targets a growing momentum need for greater clarity All states need to follow the same path many states have demonstrated early progress owing to state-level initiatives beyond their control


Question: Structural Stagflation. Unstable rates, debt, asset bubbles

6. Structural Stagflation. Unstable rates, debt, asset bubbles, and broad financial deregulation guarantee collapse.

Michael J. Albert 24. Lecturer in Global Environmental Politics at the University of Edinburgh. Navigating the Polycrisis: Mapping the Futures of Capitalism and the Earth. MIT Press. 32-35.

assault on working power to rely on financial deregulation and easy credit to “sustain demand demand-deficiency lead-up to cap rely on “ abnormal financial bubbles to “achieve growth growth remained reliant on near-zero interest rates unprecedented debt and asset bubbles got worse as a result of COVID debt reached unprecedented 360% of GDP 2022 inflation shock stressors in food and energy markets peaked followed by profiteering by corporations inflation-fighting remains dominated by hikes risking recession instability , and misery turbulence take the form of debt crises and financial collapse a real devaluation of financial assets through crisis reemergence of inflation may signify shift rather than a blip the worst period of stagflation the world has ever seen