Question: panic of a nuclear push notification

Their overfocus on flashpoints of violence and the fear of a Trump nuclear war ignores that nuclear colonialism is foundational to the nation state

Cornum 18 (Lou Cornum, diasporic two-spirit Navajo Diné, PhD candidate in English at CUNY Graduate Center, senior editor of The New Inquiry, member of the editorial collective for LIES: a journal of materialist feminism, June 2018, “The Irradiated International,” https://datasociety.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/ii-web.pdf) gz

The panic of a nuclear push notification creeps along my skin too but there’s something off in the hysteria that accompanies nuke news compared to the decades the US spent sowing apocalyptic destruction with no need for A-bombs The weapon of mass destruction is the very notion of nation itself Canada Australia Russia China The United States These nations mining the most uranium connected by histories of competing empires and lines of radioactive commerce There is no reversal to take away the death and slow death already enacted by leaky waste and test site winds The irradiated international are everywhere linking this uncollected collective is the invisible power of radiation made otherwise There must be a way to think about earth land and being that would make nuclear weapons impossible Fred Moten, who grew up near the Nevada test site wonders what “complex disarticulations of space and subjectivity are possible beyond the “spatial obsessions of empire” how to claim land without slipping into property and borders, so the irradiated international can protect themselves without reproducing harm a rearticulation of the invisible lines of radiation might take back the world Revolutionary subjects are containers of energy Decolonization is a reorganization of matter a science of inquiry might note as indigenous peoples globally have done, the presence of radiated yellow dirt but chose a different relationship than extraction a science fit to a world we can live more than a halflife in nomadic science seeking wonders and posing problems, outside the state, outside sovereign categories These projects speak with the irradiated international against a science that studies how to kill hoard and manage such that others live longer only to die more alone We must think outside the limits of what you can care for Imagine a solidarity not solid But diffuse More than one southwest tribe had prophecies about the yellow rock that these see-ers knew would be dug up and laid in lethal planetary designs


Question: Attacks are minor and don't escalate

Attacks are minor AND don’t escalate.

Culafi ’21 [Alexander; March 11; citing Grant Geyer, chief product officer at industrial cybersecurity vendor Claroty, and Jake Williams, founder of security firm Rendition Infosec and former National Security Agency security engineer; SearchSecurity, “After Oldsmar: How vulnerable is US critical infrastructure?” https://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/feature/After-Oldsmar-How-vulnerable-is-US-critical-infrastructure]

goal of attacks are intel and financial gain No mass-casualty attack recorded to date few attacks cause harm attempts don't succeed to cause damage you need not only a cyber -payload but a physics payload to make safety changes while entry may be simple what to do requires higher knowledge c i water have physical safeguards that prevent damage systems like water are good at fail-safes involving sensors ."


Question: Culafi '21

Attacks are minor AND don’t escalate.

Culafi ’21 [Alexander; March 11; citing Grant Geyer, chief product officer at industrial cybersecurity vendor Claroty, and Jake Williams, founder of security firm Rendition Infosec and former National Security Agency security engineer; SearchSecurity, “After Oldsmar: How vulnerable is US critical infrastructure?” https://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/feature/After-Oldsmar-How-vulnerable-is-US-critical-infrastructure]

goal of attacks are intel and financial gain No mass-casualty attack recorded to date few attacks cause harm attempts don't succeed to cause damage you need not only a cyber -payload but a physics payload to make safety changes while entry may be simple what to do requires higher knowledge c i water have physical safeguards that prevent damage systems like water are good at fail-safes involving sensors ."


Question: Minor attacks no escalation

Attacks are minor AND don’t escalate.

Culafi ’21 [Alexander; March 11; citing Grant Geyer, chief product officer at industrial cybersecurity vendor Claroty, and Jake Williams, founder of security firm Rendition Infosec and former National Security Agency security engineer; SearchSecurity, “After Oldsmar: How vulnerable is US critical infrastructure?” https://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/feature/After-Oldsmar-How-vulnerable-is-US-critical-infrastructure]

goal of attacks are intel and financial gain No mass-casualty attack recorded to date few attacks cause harm attempts don't succeed to cause damage you need not only a cyber -payload but a physics payload to make safety changes while entry may be simple what to do requires higher knowledge c i water have physical safeguards that prevent damage systems like water are good at fail-safes involving sensors ."


Question: Attacks for intel and financial gain

Attacks are minor AND don’t escalate.

Culafi ’21 [Alexander; March 11; citing Grant Geyer, chief product officer at industrial cybersecurity vendor Claroty, and Jake Williams, founder of security firm Rendition Infosec and former National Security Agency security engineer; SearchSecurity, “After Oldsmar: How vulnerable is US critical infrastructure?” https://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/feature/After-Oldsmar-How-vulnerable-is-US-critical-infrastructure]

goal of attacks are intel and financial gain No mass-casualty attack recorded to date few attacks cause harm attempts don't succeed to cause damage you need not only a cyber -payload but a physics payload to make safety changes while entry may be simple what to do requires higher knowledge c i water have physical safeguards that prevent damage systems like water are good at fail-safes involving sensors ."


Question: few attacks cause harm

Attacks are minor AND don’t escalate.

Culafi ’21 [Alexander; March 11; citing Grant Geyer, chief product officer at industrial cybersecurity vendor Claroty, and Jake Williams, founder of security firm Rendition Infosec and former National Security Agency security engineer; SearchSecurity, “After Oldsmar: How vulnerable is US critical infrastructure?” https://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/feature/After-Oldsmar-How-vulnerable-is-US-critical-infrastructure]

goal of attacks are intel and financial gain No mass-casualty attack recorded to date few attacks cause harm attempts don't succeed to cause damage you need not only a cyber -payload but a physics payload to make safety changes while entry may be simple what to do requires higher knowledge c i water have physical safeguards that prevent damage systems like water are good at fail-safes involving sensors ."


Question: cyber payload physics payload

Attacks are minor AND don’t escalate.

Culafi ’21 [Alexander; March 11; citing Grant Geyer, chief product officer at industrial cybersecurity vendor Claroty, and Jake Williams, founder of security firm Rendition Infosec and former National Security Agency security engineer; SearchSecurity, “After Oldsmar: How vulnerable is US critical infrastructure?” https://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/feature/After-Oldsmar-How-vulnerable-is-US-critical-infrastructure]

goal of attacks are intel and financial gain No mass-casualty attack recorded to date few attacks cause harm attempts don't succeed to cause damage you need not only a cyber -payload but a physics payload to make safety changes while entry may be simple what to do requires higher knowledge c i water have physical safeguards that prevent damage systems like water are good at fail-safes involving sensors ."


Question: water physical safeguards

Attacks are minor AND don’t escalate.

Culafi ’21 [Alexander; March 11; citing Grant Geyer, chief product officer at industrial cybersecurity vendor Claroty, and Jake Williams, founder of security firm Rendition Infosec and former National Security Agency security engineer; SearchSecurity, “After Oldsmar: How vulnerable is US critical infrastructure?” https://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/feature/After-Oldsmar-How-vulnerable-is-US-critical-infrastructure]

goal of attacks are intel and financial gain No mass-casualty attack recorded to date few attacks cause harm attempts don't succeed to cause damage you need not only a cyber -payload but a physics payload to make safety changes while entry may be simple what to do requires higher knowledge c i water have physical safeguards that prevent damage systems like water are good at fail-safes involving sensors ."


Question: no impact to loss

No impact to loss of leadership.

Swaine ’21 [Michael; April 21; PhD in Government from Harvard University, director of the East Asia program at the Quincy Institute; "China Doesn’t Pose an Existential Threat for America," https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/04/21/china-existential-threat-america/]

supposed threats consists of Beijing’s overturning the l iberal o rder Beijing has little interest in exporting governance they want nations to copy to legitimize the system to domestic audience and banks show little desire to extend loans that will fail actual attractiveness would prove limited features undergirding China are not replicable and not sustainable given aging population corruption income inequality and that free info flows drive innovation since the 80s, not a single nation has adopted that system it is highly debatable a single global order even exists The challenge is not imagined threats Reject the specious notion China is threatening to destroy a way of life


Question: swaine 2021

No impact to loss of leadership.

Swaine ’21 [Michael; April 21; PhD in Government from Harvard University, director of the East Asia program at the Quincy Institute; "China Doesn’t Pose an Existential Threat for America," https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/04/21/china-existential-threat-america/]

supposed threats consists of Beijing’s overturning the l iberal o rder Beijing has little interest in exporting governance they want nations to copy to legitimize the system to domestic audience and banks show little desire to extend loans that will fail actual attractiveness would prove limited features undergirding China are not replicable and not sustainable given aging population corruption income inequality and that free info flows drive innovation since the 80s, not a single nation has adopted that system it is highly debatable a single global order even exists The challenge is not imagined threats Reject the specious notion China is threatening to destroy a way of life


Question: Michael Swaine

No impact to loss of leadership.

Swaine ’21 [Michael; April 21; PhD in Government from Harvard University, director of the East Asia program at the Quincy Institute; "China Doesn’t Pose an Existential Threat for America," https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/04/21/china-existential-threat-america/]

supposed threats consists of Beijing’s overturning the l iberal o rder Beijing has little interest in exporting governance they want nations to copy to legitimize the system to domestic audience and banks show little desire to extend loans that will fail actual attractiveness would prove limited features undergirding China are not replicable and not sustainable given aging population corruption income inequality and that free info flows drive innovation since the 80s, not a single nation has adopted that system it is highly debatable a single global order even exists The challenge is not imagined threats Reject the specious notion China is threatening to destroy a way of life


Question: China doesn't pose existential threat

No impact to loss of leadership.

Swaine ’21 [Michael; April 21; PhD in Government from Harvard University, director of the East Asia program at the Quincy Institute; "China Doesn’t Pose an Existential Threat for America," https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/04/21/china-existential-threat-america/]

supposed threats consists of Beijing’s overturning the l iberal o rder Beijing has little interest in exporting governance they want nations to copy to legitimize the system to domestic audience and banks show little desire to extend loans that will fail actual attractiveness would prove limited features undergirding China are not replicable and not sustainable given aging population corruption income inequality and that free info flows drive innovation since the 80s, not a single nation has adopted that system it is highly debatable a single global order even exists The challenge is not imagined threats Reject the specious notion China is threatening to destroy a way of life


Question: Beijing governance export

No impact to loss of leadership.

Swaine ’21 [Michael; April 21; PhD in Government from Harvard University, director of the East Asia program at the Quincy Institute; "China Doesn’t Pose an Existential Threat for America," https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/04/21/china-existential-threat-america/]

supposed threats consists of Beijing’s overturning the l iberal o rder Beijing has little interest in exporting governance they want nations to copy to legitimize the system to domestic audience and banks show little desire to extend loans that will fail actual attractiveness would prove limited features undergirding China are not replicable and not sustainable given aging population corruption income inequality and that free info flows drive innovation since the 80s, not a single nation has adopted that system it is highly debatable a single global order even exists The challenge is not imagined threats Reject the specious notion China is threatening to destroy a way of life


Question: China overthrow liberal order

No impact to loss of leadership.

Swaine ’21 [Michael; April 21; PhD in Government from Harvard University, director of the East Asia program at the Quincy Institute; "China Doesn’t Pose an Existential Threat for America," https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/04/21/china-existential-threat-america/]

supposed threats consists of Beijing’s overturning the l iberal o rder Beijing has little interest in exporting governance they want nations to copy to legitimize the system to domestic audience and banks show little desire to extend loans that will fail actual attractiveness would prove limited features undergirding China are not replicable and not sustainable given aging population corruption income inequality and that free info flows drive innovation since the 80s, not a single nation has adopted that system it is highly debatable a single global order even exists The challenge is not imagined threats Reject the specious notion China is threatening to destroy a way of life


Question: aging population corruption income inequality

No impact to loss of leadership.

Swaine ’21 [Michael; April 21; PhD in Government from Harvard University, director of the East Asia program at the Quincy Institute; "China Doesn’t Pose an Existential Threat for America," https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/04/21/china-existential-threat-america/]

supposed threats consists of Beijing’s overturning the l iberal o rder Beijing has little interest in exporting governance they want nations to copy to legitimize the system to domestic audience and banks show little desire to extend loans that will fail actual attractiveness would prove limited features undergirding China are not replicable and not sustainable given aging population corruption income inequality and that free info flows drive innovation since the 80s, not a single nation has adopted that system it is highly debatable a single global order even exists The challenge is not imagined threats Reject the specious notion China is threatening to destroy a way of life


Question: climate policy rollback

The CP causes climate policy rollback and fossil subsidization abroad---cost equalization is key.

Clausing and Wolfram 23, *Eric M. Zolt Chair in Tax Law and Policy at the University of California Los Angelas Law School, **William Barton Rogers Professor of Energy Economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (*Kimberly A. Clausing, **Catherine Wolfram, 2023, “Carbon Border Adjustments, Climate Clubs, and Subsidy Races When Climate Policies Vary,” The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 37, No. 3, University of Kansas Libraries, JSTOR)

tariffs are perceived as unfair abroad For those imposing carbon costs and a c b a a tariff would keep intact competitive disadvantage faced by their producers relative to US This could unravel efficient policies as foreign producers suspect a level field is impossible producers seek countervailing subsidies to maintain fair competition . Such could unravel climate policies and result in timid governments


Question: Clausing and Wolfram 23

The CP causes climate policy rollback and fossil subsidization abroad---cost equalization is key.

Clausing and Wolfram 23, *Eric M. Zolt Chair in Tax Law and Policy at the University of California Los Angelas Law School, **William Barton Rogers Professor of Energy Economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (*Kimberly A. Clausing, **Catherine Wolfram, 2023, “Carbon Border Adjustments, Climate Clubs, and Subsidy Races When Climate Policies Vary,” The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 37, No. 3, University of Kansas Libraries, JSTOR)

tariffs are perceived as unfair abroad For those imposing carbon costs and a c b a a tariff would keep intact competitive disadvantage faced by their producers relative to US This could unravel efficient policies as foreign producers suspect a level field is impossible producers seek countervailing subsidies to maintain fair competition . Such could unravel climate policies and result in timid governments


Question: carbon border adjustments

The CP causes climate policy rollback and fossil subsidization abroad---cost equalization is key.

Clausing and Wolfram 23, *Eric M. Zolt Chair in Tax Law and Policy at the University of California Los Angelas Law School, **William Barton Rogers Professor of Energy Economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (*Kimberly A. Clausing, **Catherine Wolfram, 2023, “Carbon Border Adjustments, Climate Clubs, and Subsidy Races When Climate Policies Vary,” The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 37, No. 3, University of Kansas Libraries, JSTOR)

tariffs are perceived as unfair abroad For those imposing carbon costs and a c b a a tariff would keep intact competitive disadvantage faced by their producers relative to US This could unravel efficient policies as foreign producers suspect a level field is impossible producers seek countervailing subsidies to maintain fair competition . Such could unravel climate policies and result in timid governments


Question: cost equalization key

The CP causes climate policy rollback and fossil subsidization abroad---cost equalization is key.

Clausing and Wolfram 23, *Eric M. Zolt Chair in Tax Law and Policy at the University of California Los Angelas Law School, **William Barton Rogers Professor of Energy Economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (*Kimberly A. Clausing, **Catherine Wolfram, 2023, “Carbon Border Adjustments, Climate Clubs, and Subsidy Races When Climate Policies Vary,” The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 37, No. 3, University of Kansas Libraries, JSTOR)

tariffs are perceived as unfair abroad For those imposing carbon costs and a c b a a tariff would keep intact competitive disadvantage faced by their producers relative to US This could unravel efficient policies as foreign producers suspect a level field is impossible producers seek countervailing subsidies to maintain fair competition . Such could unravel climate policies and result in timid governments


Question: tariffs perceived as unfair abroad

The CP causes climate policy rollback and fossil subsidization abroad---cost equalization is key.

Clausing and Wolfram 23, *Eric M. Zolt Chair in Tax Law and Policy at the University of California Los Angelas Law School, **William Barton Rogers Professor of Energy Economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (*Kimberly A. Clausing, **Catherine Wolfram, 2023, “Carbon Border Adjustments, Climate Clubs, and Subsidy Races When Climate Policies Vary,” The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 37, No. 3, University of Kansas Libraries, JSTOR)

tariffs are perceived as unfair abroad For those imposing carbon costs and a c b a a tariff would keep intact competitive disadvantage faced by their producers relative to US This could unravel efficient policies as foreign producers suspect a level field is impossible producers seek countervailing subsidies to maintain fair competition . Such could unravel climate policies and result in timid governments


Question: climate policies unravel

The CP causes climate policy rollback and fossil subsidization abroad---cost equalization is key.

Clausing and Wolfram 23, *Eric M. Zolt Chair in Tax Law and Policy at the University of California Los Angelas Law School, **William Barton Rogers Professor of Energy Economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (*Kimberly A. Clausing, **Catherine Wolfram, 2023, “Carbon Border Adjustments, Climate Clubs, and Subsidy Races When Climate Policies Vary,” The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 37, No. 3, University of Kansas Libraries, JSTOR)

tariffs are perceived as unfair abroad For those imposing carbon costs and a c b a a tariff would keep intact competitive disadvantage faced by their producers relative to US This could unravel efficient policies as foreign producers suspect a level field is impossible producers seek countervailing subsidies to maintain fair competition . Such could unravel climate policies and result in timid governments


Question: foreign producers countervailing subsidies

The CP causes climate policy rollback and fossil subsidization abroad---cost equalization is key.

Clausing and Wolfram 23, *Eric M. Zolt Chair in Tax Law and Policy at the University of California Los Angelas Law School, **William Barton Rogers Professor of Energy Economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (*Kimberly A. Clausing, **Catherine Wolfram, 2023, “Carbon Border Adjustments, Climate Clubs, and Subsidy Races When Climate Policies Vary,” The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 37, No. 3, University of Kansas Libraries, JSTOR)

tariffs are perceived as unfair abroad For those imposing carbon costs and a c b a a tariff would keep intact competitive disadvantage faced by their producers relative to US This could unravel efficient policies as foreign producers suspect a level field is impossible producers seek countervailing subsidies to maintain fair competition . Such could unravel climate policies and result in timid governments


Question: carbon costs disadvantage producers

The CP causes climate policy rollback and fossil subsidization abroad---cost equalization is key.

Clausing and Wolfram 23, *Eric M. Zolt Chair in Tax Law and Policy at the University of California Los Angelas Law School, **William Barton Rogers Professor of Energy Economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (*Kimberly A. Clausing, **Catherine Wolfram, 2023, “Carbon Border Adjustments, Climate Clubs, and Subsidy Races When Climate Policies Vary,” The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 37, No. 3, University of Kansas Libraries, JSTOR)

tariffs are perceived as unfair abroad For those imposing carbon costs and a c b a a tariff would keep intact competitive disadvantage faced by their producers relative to US This could unravel efficient policies as foreign producers suspect a level field is impossible producers seek countervailing subsidies to maintain fair competition . Such could unravel climate policies and result in timid governments


Question: CO2 bump and global development

2---Co2 Bump and Global Development.

Max Ajl 21, associated researcher with the Tunisian Observatory for Food Sovereignty and the Environment and a postdoctoral fellow with the Rural Sociology Group at Wageningen University, 2021, “A People’s Green New Deal,” Pluto Press

A huge problem the CO2 “bump” in transition: building renewable infrastructure require energy that cannot come from renewables The more clean energy the larger the bump the goal should be reducing energy use in the core peripheral states receive renewable grants via climate debt or build out polluting infrastructure


Question: Max Ajl 21

2---Co2 Bump and Global Development.

Max Ajl 21, associated researcher with the Tunisian Observatory for Food Sovereignty and the Environment and a postdoctoral fellow with the Rural Sociology Group at Wageningen University, 2021, “A People’s Green New Deal,” Pluto Press

A huge problem the CO2 “bump” in transition: building renewable infrastructure require energy that cannot come from renewables The more clean energy the larger the bump the goal should be reducing energy use in the core peripheral states receive renewable grants via climate debt or build out polluting infrastructure


Question: CO2 transition bump

2---Co2 Bump and Global Development.

Max Ajl 21, associated researcher with the Tunisian Observatory for Food Sovereignty and the Environment and a postdoctoral fellow with the Rural Sociology Group at Wageningen University, 2021, “A People’s Green New Deal,” Pluto Press

A huge problem the CO2 “bump” in transition: building renewable infrastructure require energy that cannot come from renewables The more clean energy the larger the bump the goal should be reducing energy use in the core peripheral states receive renewable grants via climate debt or build out polluting infrastructure


Question: renewable infrastructure requires energy

2---Co2 Bump and Global Development.

Max Ajl 21, associated researcher with the Tunisian Observatory for Food Sovereignty and the Environment and a postdoctoral fellow with the Rural Sociology Group at Wageningen University, 2021, “A People’s Green New Deal,” Pluto Press

A huge problem the CO2 “bump” in transition: building renewable infrastructure require energy that cannot come from renewables The more clean energy the larger the bump the goal should be reducing energy use in the core peripheral states receive renewable grants via climate debt or build out polluting infrastructure


Question: clean energy CO2 bump

2---Co2 Bump and Global Development.

Max Ajl 21, associated researcher with the Tunisian Observatory for Food Sovereignty and the Environment and a postdoctoral fellow with the Rural Sociology Group at Wageningen University, 2021, “A People’s Green New Deal,” Pluto Press

A huge problem the CO2 “bump” in transition: building renewable infrastructure require energy that cannot come from renewables The more clean energy the larger the bump the goal should be reducing energy use in the core peripheral states receive renewable grants via climate debt or build out polluting infrastructure


Question: reduce energy use

2---Co2 Bump and Global Development.

Max Ajl 21, associated researcher with the Tunisian Observatory for Food Sovereignty and the Environment and a postdoctoral fellow with the Rural Sociology Group at Wageningen University, 2021, “A People’s Green New Deal,” Pluto Press

A huge problem the CO2 “bump” in transition: building renewable infrastructure require energy that cannot come from renewables The more clean energy the larger the bump the goal should be reducing energy use in the core peripheral states receive renewable grants via climate debt or build out polluting infrastructure


Question: peripheral states receive renewable grants

2---Co2 Bump and Global Development.

Max Ajl 21, associated researcher with the Tunisian Observatory for Food Sovereignty and the Environment and a postdoctoral fellow with the Rural Sociology Group at Wageningen University, 2021, “A People’s Green New Deal,” Pluto Press

A huge problem the CO2 “bump” in transition: building renewable infrastructure require energy that cannot come from renewables The more clean energy the larger the bump the goal should be reducing energy use in the core peripheral states receive renewable grants via climate debt or build out polluting infrastructure


Question: Plan solves bubbles

Plan’s key to solve bubbles

Condon 22 [Madison Condon, Associate Professor at Boston University School of Law, former attorney at New York University School of Law’s Institute for Policy Integrity, JD Harvard Law School, MALD Tufts University’s Fletcher School, “Market Myopia’s Climate Bubble,” Utah Law Review, 1, 2022, 1 Utah Law Review 63, HeinOnline]

While corporations disclose risks little assurance to accuracy Even if know is overvalued lack resources to correct bubbles motivation muted by expectations of bailout Without enforcement and standardization companies pick and choose investors hesitant to rely capital allocated inefficiently cause a contagion of failures gradually Or suddenly in chain-reaction throughout the world a bubble burst due to unanticipated market and regulatory changes sudden collapse in asset prices frequency of bail out risk to production or supply chain broad and non-diversifiable even if skeptical of contagion The only path toward stability requires halting emissions in the face of unhedgeable systemic risks Systematic integration prepare for both transition and resilience mandatory disclosure because biases persist need to be supplemented by adjusting materiality , creating antifraud liability


Question: Condon 22

Plan’s key to solve bubbles

Condon 22 [Madison Condon, Associate Professor at Boston University School of Law, former attorney at New York University School of Law’s Institute for Policy Integrity, JD Harvard Law School, MALD Tufts University’s Fletcher School, “Market Myopia’s Climate Bubble,” Utah Law Review, 1, 2022, 1 Utah Law Review 63, HeinOnline]

While corporations disclose risks little assurance to accuracy Even if know is overvalued lack resources to correct bubbles motivation muted by expectations of bailout Without enforcement and standardization companies pick and choose investors hesitant to rely capital allocated inefficiently cause a contagion of failures gradually Or suddenly in chain-reaction throughout the world a bubble burst due to unanticipated market and regulatory changes sudden collapse in asset prices frequency of bail out risk to production or supply chain broad and non-diversifiable even if skeptical of contagion The only path toward stability requires halting emissions in the face of unhedgeable systemic risks Systematic integration prepare for both transition and resilience mandatory disclosure because biases persist need to be supplemented by adjusting materiality , creating antifraud liability


Question: Madison Condon

Plan’s key to solve bubbles

Condon 22 [Madison Condon, Associate Professor at Boston University School of Law, former attorney at New York University School of Law’s Institute for Policy Integrity, JD Harvard Law School, MALD Tufts University’s Fletcher School, “Market Myopia’s Climate Bubble,” Utah Law Review, 1, 2022, 1 Utah Law Review 63, HeinOnline]

While corporations disclose risks little assurance to accuracy Even if know is overvalued lack resources to correct bubbles motivation muted by expectations of bailout Without enforcement and standardization companies pick and choose investors hesitant to rely capital allocated inefficiently cause a contagion of failures gradually Or suddenly in chain-reaction throughout the world a bubble burst due to unanticipated market and regulatory changes sudden collapse in asset prices frequency of bail out risk to production or supply chain broad and non-diversifiable even if skeptical of contagion The only path toward stability requires halting emissions in the face of unhedgeable systemic risks Systematic integration prepare for both transition and resilience mandatory disclosure because biases persist need to be supplemented by adjusting materiality , creating antifraud liability


Question: corporations disclose risks little assurance

Plan’s key to solve bubbles

Condon 22 [Madison Condon, Associate Professor at Boston University School of Law, former attorney at New York University School of Law’s Institute for Policy Integrity, JD Harvard Law School, MALD Tufts University’s Fletcher School, “Market Myopia’s Climate Bubble,” Utah Law Review, 1, 2022, 1 Utah Law Review 63, HeinOnline]

While corporations disclose risks little assurance to accuracy Even if know is overvalued lack resources to correct bubbles motivation muted by expectations of bailout Without enforcement and standardization companies pick and choose investors hesitant to rely capital allocated inefficiently cause a contagion of failures gradually Or suddenly in chain-reaction throughout the world a bubble burst due to unanticipated market and regulatory changes sudden collapse in asset prices frequency of bail out risk to production or supply chain broad and non-diversifiable even if skeptical of contagion The only path toward stability requires halting emissions in the face of unhedgeable systemic risks Systematic integration prepare for both transition and resilience mandatory disclosure because biases persist need to be supplemented by adjusting materiality , creating antifraud liability


Question: halting emissions stability

Plan’s key to solve bubbles

Condon 22 [Madison Condon, Associate Professor at Boston University School of Law, former attorney at New York University School of Law’s Institute for Policy Integrity, JD Harvard Law School, MALD Tufts University’s Fletcher School, “Market Myopia’s Climate Bubble,” Utah Law Review, 1, 2022, 1 Utah Law Review 63, HeinOnline]

While corporations disclose risks little assurance to accuracy Even if know is overvalued lack resources to correct bubbles motivation muted by expectations of bailout Without enforcement and standardization companies pick and choose investors hesitant to rely capital allocated inefficiently cause a contagion of failures gradually Or suddenly in chain-reaction throughout the world a bubble burst due to unanticipated market and regulatory changes sudden collapse in asset prices frequency of bail out risk to production or supply chain broad and non-diversifiable even if skeptical of contagion The only path toward stability requires halting emissions in the face of unhedgeable systemic risks Systematic integration prepare for both transition and resilience mandatory disclosure because biases persist need to be supplemented by adjusting materiality , creating antifraud liability


Question: disclosure antifraud liability

Plan’s key to solve bubbles

Condon 22 [Madison Condon, Associate Professor at Boston University School of Law, former attorney at New York University School of Law’s Institute for Policy Integrity, JD Harvard Law School, MALD Tufts University’s Fletcher School, “Market Myopia’s Climate Bubble,” Utah Law Review, 1, 2022, 1 Utah Law Review 63, HeinOnline]

While corporations disclose risks little assurance to accuracy Even if know is overvalued lack resources to correct bubbles motivation muted by expectations of bailout Without enforcement and standardization companies pick and choose investors hesitant to rely capital allocated inefficiently cause a contagion of failures gradually Or suddenly in chain-reaction throughout the world a bubble burst due to unanticipated market and regulatory changes sudden collapse in asset prices frequency of bail out risk to production or supply chain broad and non-diversifiable even if skeptical of contagion The only path toward stability requires halting emissions in the face of unhedgeable systemic risks Systematic integration prepare for both transition and resilience mandatory disclosure because biases persist need to be supplemented by adjusting materiality , creating antifraud liability


Question: market myopia climate bubble

Plan’s key to solve bubbles

Condon 22 [Madison Condon, Associate Professor at Boston University School of Law, former attorney at New York University School of Law’s Institute for Policy Integrity, JD Harvard Law School, MALD Tufts University’s Fletcher School, “Market Myopia’s Climate Bubble,” Utah Law Review, 1, 2022, 1 Utah Law Review 63, HeinOnline]

While corporations disclose risks little assurance to accuracy Even if know is overvalued lack resources to correct bubbles motivation muted by expectations of bailout Without enforcement and standardization companies pick and choose investors hesitant to rely capital allocated inefficiently cause a contagion of failures gradually Or suddenly in chain-reaction throughout the world a bubble burst due to unanticipated market and regulatory changes sudden collapse in asset prices frequency of bail out risk to production or supply chain broad and non-diversifiable even if skeptical of contagion The only path toward stability requires halting emissions in the face of unhedgeable systemic risks Systematic integration prepare for both transition and resilience mandatory disclosure because biases persist need to be supplemented by adjusting materiality , creating antifraud liability


Question: rejection of universal ethics bad

The affs rejection of universal ethics proves the link and prevents the perm– class must be centered as the basis of organizing. This is specific to their advocacy and solvency advocate!

Ducker 20 – Michael Ducker, 2 Sept 2020, “Earthseed and Ideology in a World of Eco-Crisis: A Reflection on Octavia Butler’s “The Parable of the Sower”” https://michael-d12897.medium.com/earthseed-and-ideology-in-a-world-of-eco-crisis-a-reflection-on-octavia-butlers-the-parable-of-e801b95530cd

the organizing principle of Earthseed is no signular, unified source of ethics This contrasts both with the organization of political life in the bourgeois epoch , wherein the power is situated in the hand of the bourgeois clas . These systems of organization are not beholden to the community but to the whims of those who hold power Earthseed set its own ethics according to itself


Question: ducker 2020

The affs rejection of universal ethics proves the link and prevents the perm– class must be centered as the basis of organizing. This is specific to their advocacy and solvency advocate!

Ducker 20 – Michael Ducker, 2 Sept 2020, “Earthseed and Ideology in a World of Eco-Crisis: A Reflection on Octavia Butler’s “The Parable of the Sower”” https://michael-d12897.medium.com/earthseed-and-ideology-in-a-world-of-eco-crisis-a-reflection-on-octavia-butlers-the-parable-of-e801b95530cd

the organizing principle of Earthseed is no signular, unified source of ethics This contrasts both with the organization of political life in the bourgeois epoch , wherein the power is situated in the hand of the bourgeois clas . These systems of organization are not beholden to the community but to the whims of those who hold power Earthseed set its own ethics according to itself


Question: Michael ducker

The affs rejection of universal ethics proves the link and prevents the perm– class must be centered as the basis of organizing. This is specific to their advocacy and solvency advocate!

Ducker 20 – Michael Ducker, 2 Sept 2020, “Earthseed and Ideology in a World of Eco-Crisis: A Reflection on Octavia Butler’s “The Parable of the Sower”” https://michael-d12897.medium.com/earthseed-and-ideology-in-a-world-of-eco-crisis-a-reflection-on-octavia-butlers-the-parable-of-e801b95530cd

the organizing principle of Earthseed is no signular, unified source of ethics This contrasts both with the organization of political life in the bourgeois epoch , wherein the power is situated in the hand of the bourgeois clas . These systems of organization are not beholden to the community but to the whims of those who hold power Earthseed set its own ethics according to itself


Question: Earthseed and ideology

The affs rejection of universal ethics proves the link and prevents the perm– class must be centered as the basis of organizing. This is specific to their advocacy and solvency advocate!

Ducker 20 – Michael Ducker, 2 Sept 2020, “Earthseed and Ideology in a World of Eco-Crisis: A Reflection on Octavia Butler’s “The Parable of the Sower”” https://michael-d12897.medium.com/earthseed-and-ideology-in-a-world-of-eco-crisis-a-reflection-on-octavia-butlers-the-parable-of-e801b95530cd

the organizing principle of Earthseed is no signular, unified source of ethics This contrasts both with the organization of political life in the bourgeois epoch , wherein the power is situated in the hand of the bourgeois clas . These systems of organization are not beholden to the community but to the whims of those who hold power Earthseed set its own ethics according to itself


Question: Earthseed not unified ethics

The affs rejection of universal ethics proves the link and prevents the perm– class must be centered as the basis of organizing. This is specific to their advocacy and solvency advocate!

Ducker 20 – Michael Ducker, 2 Sept 2020, “Earthseed and Ideology in a World of Eco-Crisis: A Reflection on Octavia Butler’s “The Parable of the Sower”” https://michael-d12897.medium.com/earthseed-and-ideology-in-a-world-of-eco-crisis-a-reflection-on-octavia-butlers-the-parable-of-e801b95530cd

the organizing principle of Earthseed is no signular, unified source of ethics This contrasts both with the organization of political life in the bourgeois epoch , wherein the power is situated in the hand of the bourgeois clas . These systems of organization are not beholden to the community but to the whims of those who hold power Earthseed set its own ethics according to itself


Question: class must be centered

The affs rejection of universal ethics proves the link and prevents the perm– class must be centered as the basis of organizing. This is specific to their advocacy and solvency advocate!

Ducker 20 – Michael Ducker, 2 Sept 2020, “Earthseed and Ideology in a World of Eco-Crisis: A Reflection on Octavia Butler’s “The Parable of the Sower”” https://michael-d12897.medium.com/earthseed-and-ideology-in-a-world-of-eco-crisis-a-reflection-on-octavia-butlers-the-parable-of-e801b95530cd

the organizing principle of Earthseed is no signular, unified source of ethics This contrasts both with the organization of political life in the bourgeois epoch , wherein the power is situated in the hand of the bourgeois clas . These systems of organization are not beholden to the community but to the whims of those who hold power Earthseed set its own ethics according to itself


Question: spectrality hijacks perception

Spectrality hijacks perception as a tool of reality enforcement to generate trans livability

Montgomery 24, (Montgomery, Westley. "Becoming Spectral: Phantasmagorias of Late Capitalism and Trans Desubjectivity in Hyper-pop." Transgender Studies Quarterly 11.2 (2024): 370-384.)G$

perception i s a subjectifying force bringing to presence the imperceptible or unperceivable networks of perception in which subjects are born, identities are carved and bodies come to be bodies , spectrality is a form of transition, a becoming forged in the collective communal refusal of the encounter, a violence to end all violence under late capital the body is the primary site of projection the thing between subjects its own phantasmagoria we no longer have the option to extinguish the lantern in order to reinstantiate the relationships between alienated subjects . Discourse surrounding representation has often focused on visibility as primarily visual and an inherent good perception i s a technology of subjectivization perception is a more complicated socioperceptual phenomenon than is captured by identity audibility is inseparable in the sense of representation as a means of perceptual sense-making Representation expressed solely through visibility as a metric conjures limited record of how trans subjectivities produce and are produced by the multisensate fields of meaning in which they operate Reading the conditions of trans life through processes of subjectivization may amplify voices that resonate above and beneath our current range of hearing “perceive me on my terms, and at your own risk.”


Question: trans livability

Spectrality hijacks perception as a tool of reality enforcement to generate trans livability

Montgomery 24, (Montgomery, Westley. "Becoming Spectral: Phantasmagorias of Late Capitalism and Trans Desubjectivity in Hyper-pop." Transgender Studies Quarterly 11.2 (2024): 370-384.)G$

perception i s a subjectifying force bringing to presence the imperceptible or unperceivable networks of perception in which subjects are born, identities are carved and bodies come to be bodies , spectrality is a form of transition, a becoming forged in the collective communal refusal of the encounter, a violence to end all violence under late capital the body is the primary site of projection the thing between subjects its own phantasmagoria we no longer have the option to extinguish the lantern in order to reinstantiate the relationships between alienated subjects . Discourse surrounding representation has often focused on visibility as primarily visual and an inherent good perception i s a technology of subjectivization perception is a more complicated socioperceptual phenomenon than is captured by identity audibility is inseparable in the sense of representation as a means of perceptual sense-making Representation expressed solely through visibility as a metric conjures limited record of how trans subjectivities produce and are produced by the multisensate fields of meaning in which they operate Reading the conditions of trans life through processes of subjectivization may amplify voices that resonate above and beneath our current range of hearing “perceive me on my terms, and at your own risk.”


Question: Montgomery 24

Spectrality hijacks perception as a tool of reality enforcement to generate trans livability

Montgomery 24, (Montgomery, Westley. "Becoming Spectral: Phantasmagorias of Late Capitalism and Trans Desubjectivity in Hyper-pop." Transgender Studies Quarterly 11.2 (2024): 370-384.)G$

perception i s a subjectifying force bringing to presence the imperceptible or unperceivable networks of perception in which subjects are born, identities are carved and bodies come to be bodies , spectrality is a form of transition, a becoming forged in the collective communal refusal of the encounter, a violence to end all violence under late capital the body is the primary site of projection the thing between subjects its own phantasmagoria we no longer have the option to extinguish the lantern in order to reinstantiate the relationships between alienated subjects . Discourse surrounding representation has often focused on visibility as primarily visual and an inherent good perception i s a technology of subjectivization perception is a more complicated socioperceptual phenomenon than is captured by identity audibility is inseparable in the sense of representation as a means of perceptual sense-making Representation expressed solely through visibility as a metric conjures limited record of how trans subjectivities produce and are produced by the multisensate fields of meaning in which they operate Reading the conditions of trans life through processes of subjectivization may amplify voices that resonate above and beneath our current range of hearing “perceive me on my terms, and at your own risk.”


Question: perception subjectifying force

Spectrality hijacks perception as a tool of reality enforcement to generate trans livability

Montgomery 24, (Montgomery, Westley. "Becoming Spectral: Phantasmagorias of Late Capitalism and Trans Desubjectivity in Hyper-pop." Transgender Studies Quarterly 11.2 (2024): 370-384.)G$

perception i s a subjectifying force bringing to presence the imperceptible or unperceivable networks of perception in which subjects are born, identities are carved and bodies come to be bodies , spectrality is a form of transition, a becoming forged in the collective communal refusal of the encounter, a violence to end all violence under late capital the body is the primary site of projection the thing between subjects its own phantasmagoria we no longer have the option to extinguish the lantern in order to reinstantiate the relationships between alienated subjects . Discourse surrounding representation has often focused on visibility as primarily visual and an inherent good perception i s a technology of subjectivization perception is a more complicated socioperceptual phenomenon than is captured by identity audibility is inseparable in the sense of representation as a means of perceptual sense-making Representation expressed solely through visibility as a metric conjures limited record of how trans subjectivities produce and are produced by the multisensate fields of meaning in which they operate Reading the conditions of trans life through processes of subjectivization may amplify voices that resonate above and beneath our current range of hearing “perceive me on my terms, and at your own risk.”


Question: trans subjectivities produce

Spectrality hijacks perception as a tool of reality enforcement to generate trans livability

Montgomery 24, (Montgomery, Westley. "Becoming Spectral: Phantasmagorias of Late Capitalism and Trans Desubjectivity in Hyper-pop." Transgender Studies Quarterly 11.2 (2024): 370-384.)G$

perception i s a subjectifying force bringing to presence the imperceptible or unperceivable networks of perception in which subjects are born, identities are carved and bodies come to be bodies , spectrality is a form of transition, a becoming forged in the collective communal refusal of the encounter, a violence to end all violence under late capital the body is the primary site of projection the thing between subjects its own phantasmagoria we no longer have the option to extinguish the lantern in order to reinstantiate the relationships between alienated subjects . Discourse surrounding representation has often focused on visibility as primarily visual and an inherent good perception i s a technology of subjectivization perception is a more complicated socioperceptual phenomenon than is captured by identity audibility is inseparable in the sense of representation as a means of perceptual sense-making Representation expressed solely through visibility as a metric conjures limited record of how trans subjectivities produce and are produced by the multisensate fields of meaning in which they operate Reading the conditions of trans life through processes of subjectivization may amplify voices that resonate above and beneath our current range of hearing “perceive me on my terms, and at your own risk.”


Question: spectrality form of transition

Spectrality hijacks perception as a tool of reality enforcement to generate trans livability

Montgomery 24, (Montgomery, Westley. "Becoming Spectral: Phantasmagorias of Late Capitalism and Trans Desubjectivity in Hyper-pop." Transgender Studies Quarterly 11.2 (2024): 370-384.)G$

perception i s a subjectifying force bringing to presence the imperceptible or unperceivable networks of perception in which subjects are born, identities are carved and bodies come to be bodies , spectrality is a form of transition, a becoming forged in the collective communal refusal of the encounter, a violence to end all violence under late capital the body is the primary site of projection the thing between subjects its own phantasmagoria we no longer have the option to extinguish the lantern in order to reinstantiate the relationships between alienated subjects . Discourse surrounding representation has often focused on visibility as primarily visual and an inherent good perception i s a technology of subjectivization perception is a more complicated socioperceptual phenomenon than is captured by identity audibility is inseparable in the sense of representation as a means of perceptual sense-making Representation expressed solely through visibility as a metric conjures limited record of how trans subjectivities produce and are produced by the multisensate fields of meaning in which they operate Reading the conditions of trans life through processes of subjectivization may amplify voices that resonate above and beneath our current range of hearing “perceive me on my terms, and at your own risk.”


Question: trans life subjectivization

Spectrality hijacks perception as a tool of reality enforcement to generate trans livability

Montgomery 24, (Montgomery, Westley. "Becoming Spectral: Phantasmagorias of Late Capitalism and Trans Desubjectivity in Hyper-pop." Transgender Studies Quarterly 11.2 (2024): 370-384.)G$

perception i s a subjectifying force bringing to presence the imperceptible or unperceivable networks of perception in which subjects are born, identities are carved and bodies come to be bodies , spectrality is a form of transition, a becoming forged in the collective communal refusal of the encounter, a violence to end all violence under late capital the body is the primary site of projection the thing between subjects its own phantasmagoria we no longer have the option to extinguish the lantern in order to reinstantiate the relationships between alienated subjects . Discourse surrounding representation has often focused on visibility as primarily visual and an inherent good perception i s a technology of subjectivization perception is a more complicated socioperceptual phenomenon than is captured by identity audibility is inseparable in the sense of representation as a means of perceptual sense-making Representation expressed solely through visibility as a metric conjures limited record of how trans subjectivities produce and are produced by the multisensate fields of meaning in which they operate Reading the conditions of trans life through processes of subjectivization may amplify voices that resonate above and beneath our current range of hearing “perceive me on my terms, and at your own risk.”


Question: pain narratives verify violence

The 1AC’s use of pain narratives to verify violence reinstates a politics of recognition that legitimizes colonial institutions. The academy’s demands for reducing individuals to trauma while silencing authentic voices consumes narratives in order to make them intelligible to the academy and box trauma into white liberal conceptions of violence. Recognition characterized through pain enables trauma porn where debaters demand to be told pain rather than hear voices.

Tuck and Yang 14

work of the academy reproduce stories of oppression in its own voice researchers launch pain-based inquiry projects because they believe that such approaches embody what it means to do social science pain narratives are what the academy is about No need to hear your voice when I can talk about you better than you can speak about yourself. No need to hear your voice Only tell me about your pain. I want to know your story. And tell it back to you in a new way in a way that it has become mine still colonizer the speaking subject and you are now at the center of my talk research concerned with providing recognition to the presumed voiceless, a recognition that is enamored with knowing through pain. Do not speak in a voice of resistance. Only speak from that space in the margin that is a sign of deprivation, a wound, an unfulfilled longing. Only speak your pain” a politics of recognition that is rooted in naming pain to generate portraits of abuse “making personhood coterminous with injury” recognition forecloses agency as the object of punishment limited conferral of humanity a reinscription of subjugation and pained existence the drive to “make voices heard bringing meaning and self to consciousness and creating universal truths much of what counts as voice and makes voice count is pain narratives represent the “authentic voice” of the student White liberal teachers as “foot soldiers in the new ethnographic army soliciting stories from their students about pain in their lives and unwittingly reducing their students to “cardboard typologies who fit neatly into their own definition of the ‘underclass’ examples of youth narratives of pain confirm the deep relationship between talking about wounds, and perceptions of authenticity of voice


Question: Tuck and Yang 14

The 1AC’s use of pain narratives to verify violence reinstates a politics of recognition that legitimizes colonial institutions. The academy’s demands for reducing individuals to trauma while silencing authentic voices consumes narratives in order to make them intelligible to the academy and box trauma into white liberal conceptions of violence. Recognition characterized through pain enables trauma porn where debaters demand to be told pain rather than hear voices.

Tuck and Yang 14

work of the academy reproduce stories of oppression in its own voice researchers launch pain-based inquiry projects because they believe that such approaches embody what it means to do social science pain narratives are what the academy is about No need to hear your voice when I can talk about you better than you can speak about yourself. No need to hear your voice Only tell me about your pain. I want to know your story. And tell it back to you in a new way in a way that it has become mine still colonizer the speaking subject and you are now at the center of my talk research concerned with providing recognition to the presumed voiceless, a recognition that is enamored with knowing through pain. Do not speak in a voice of resistance. Only speak from that space in the margin that is a sign of deprivation, a wound, an unfulfilled longing. Only speak your pain” a politics of recognition that is rooted in naming pain to generate portraits of abuse “making personhood coterminous with injury” recognition forecloses agency as the object of punishment limited conferral of humanity a reinscription of subjugation and pained existence the drive to “make voices heard bringing meaning and self to consciousness and creating universal truths much of what counts as voice and makes voice count is pain narratives represent the “authentic voice” of the student White liberal teachers as “foot soldiers in the new ethnographic army soliciting stories from their students about pain in their lives and unwittingly reducing their students to “cardboard typologies who fit neatly into their own definition of the ‘underclass’ examples of youth narratives of pain confirm the deep relationship between talking about wounds, and perceptions of authenticity of voice


Question: politics of recognition legitimizes colonial institutions

The 1AC’s use of pain narratives to verify violence reinstates a politics of recognition that legitimizes colonial institutions. The academy’s demands for reducing individuals to trauma while silencing authentic voices consumes narratives in order to make them intelligible to the academy and box trauma into white liberal conceptions of violence. Recognition characterized through pain enables trauma porn where debaters demand to be told pain rather than hear voices.

Tuck and Yang 14

work of the academy reproduce stories of oppression in its own voice researchers launch pain-based inquiry projects because they believe that such approaches embody what it means to do social science pain narratives are what the academy is about No need to hear your voice when I can talk about you better than you can speak about yourself. No need to hear your voice Only tell me about your pain. I want to know your story. And tell it back to you in a new way in a way that it has become mine still colonizer the speaking subject and you are now at the center of my talk research concerned with providing recognition to the presumed voiceless, a recognition that is enamored with knowing through pain. Do not speak in a voice of resistance. Only speak from that space in the margin that is a sign of deprivation, a wound, an unfulfilled longing. Only speak your pain” a politics of recognition that is rooted in naming pain to generate portraits of abuse “making personhood coterminous with injury” recognition forecloses agency as the object of punishment limited conferral of humanity a reinscription of subjugation and pained existence the drive to “make voices heard bringing meaning and self to consciousness and creating universal truths much of what counts as voice and makes voice count is pain narratives represent the “authentic voice” of the student White liberal teachers as “foot soldiers in the new ethnographic army soliciting stories from their students about pain in their lives and unwittingly reducing their students to “cardboard typologies who fit neatly into their own definition of the ‘underclass’ examples of youth narratives of pain confirm the deep relationship between talking about wounds, and perceptions of authenticity of voice


Question: silencing authentic voices consumes narratives

The 1AC’s use of pain narratives to verify violence reinstates a politics of recognition that legitimizes colonial institutions. The academy’s demands for reducing individuals to trauma while silencing authentic voices consumes narratives in order to make them intelligible to the academy and box trauma into white liberal conceptions of violence. Recognition characterized through pain enables trauma porn where debaters demand to be told pain rather than hear voices.

Tuck and Yang 14

work of the academy reproduce stories of oppression in its own voice researchers launch pain-based inquiry projects because they believe that such approaches embody what it means to do social science pain narratives are what the academy is about No need to hear your voice when I can talk about you better than you can speak about yourself. No need to hear your voice Only tell me about your pain. I want to know your story. And tell it back to you in a new way in a way that it has become mine still colonizer the speaking subject and you are now at the center of my talk research concerned with providing recognition to the presumed voiceless, a recognition that is enamored with knowing through pain. Do not speak in a voice of resistance. Only speak from that space in the margin that is a sign of deprivation, a wound, an unfulfilled longing. Only speak your pain” a politics of recognition that is rooted in naming pain to generate portraits of abuse “making personhood coterminous with injury” recognition forecloses agency as the object of punishment limited conferral of humanity a reinscription of subjugation and pained existence the drive to “make voices heard bringing meaning and self to consciousness and creating universal truths much of what counts as voice and makes voice count is pain narratives represent the “authentic voice” of the student White liberal teachers as “foot soldiers in the new ethnographic army soliciting stories from their students about pain in their lives and unwittingly reducing their students to “cardboard typologies who fit neatly into their own definition of the ‘underclass’ examples of youth narratives of pain confirm the deep relationship between talking about wounds, and perceptions of authenticity of voice


Question: recognition characterized through pain enables trauma porn

The 1AC’s use of pain narratives to verify violence reinstates a politics of recognition that legitimizes colonial institutions. The academy’s demands for reducing individuals to trauma while silencing authentic voices consumes narratives in order to make them intelligible to the academy and box trauma into white liberal conceptions of violence. Recognition characterized through pain enables trauma porn where debaters demand to be told pain rather than hear voices.

Tuck and Yang 14

work of the academy reproduce stories of oppression in its own voice researchers launch pain-based inquiry projects because they believe that such approaches embody what it means to do social science pain narratives are what the academy is about No need to hear your voice when I can talk about you better than you can speak about yourself. No need to hear your voice Only tell me about your pain. I want to know your story. And tell it back to you in a new way in a way that it has become mine still colonizer the speaking subject and you are now at the center of my talk research concerned with providing recognition to the presumed voiceless, a recognition that is enamored with knowing through pain. Do not speak in a voice of resistance. Only speak from that space in the margin that is a sign of deprivation, a wound, an unfulfilled longing. Only speak your pain” a politics of recognition that is rooted in naming pain to generate portraits of abuse “making personhood coterminous with injury” recognition forecloses agency as the object of punishment limited conferral of humanity a reinscription of subjugation and pained existence the drive to “make voices heard bringing meaning and self to consciousness and creating universal truths much of what counts as voice and makes voice count is pain narratives represent the “authentic voice” of the student White liberal teachers as “foot soldiers in the new ethnographic army soliciting stories from their students about pain in their lives and unwittingly reducing their students to “cardboard typologies who fit neatly into their own definition of the ‘underclass’ examples of youth narratives of pain confirm the deep relationship between talking about wounds, and perceptions of authenticity of voice


Question: academy reproduces stories of oppression

The 1AC’s use of pain narratives to verify violence reinstates a politics of recognition that legitimizes colonial institutions. The academy’s demands for reducing individuals to trauma while silencing authentic voices consumes narratives in order to make them intelligible to the academy and box trauma into white liberal conceptions of violence. Recognition characterized through pain enables trauma porn where debaters demand to be told pain rather than hear voices.

Tuck and Yang 14

work of the academy reproduce stories of oppression in its own voice researchers launch pain-based inquiry projects because they believe that such approaches embody what it means to do social science pain narratives are what the academy is about No need to hear your voice when I can talk about you better than you can speak about yourself. No need to hear your voice Only tell me about your pain. I want to know your story. And tell it back to you in a new way in a way that it has become mine still colonizer the speaking subject and you are now at the center of my talk research concerned with providing recognition to the presumed voiceless, a recognition that is enamored with knowing through pain. Do not speak in a voice of resistance. Only speak from that space in the margin that is a sign of deprivation, a wound, an unfulfilled longing. Only speak your pain” a politics of recognition that is rooted in naming pain to generate portraits of abuse “making personhood coterminous with injury” recognition forecloses agency as the object of punishment limited conferral of humanity a reinscription of subjugation and pained existence the drive to “make voices heard bringing meaning and self to consciousness and creating universal truths much of what counts as voice and makes voice count is pain narratives represent the “authentic voice” of the student White liberal teachers as “foot soldiers in the new ethnographic army soliciting stories from their students about pain in their lives and unwittingly reducing their students to “cardboard typologies who fit neatly into their own definition of the ‘underclass’ examples of youth narratives of pain confirm the deep relationship between talking about wounds, and perceptions of authenticity of voice


Question: make personhood coterminous with injury

The 1AC’s use of pain narratives to verify violence reinstates a politics of recognition that legitimizes colonial institutions. The academy’s demands for reducing individuals to trauma while silencing authentic voices consumes narratives in order to make them intelligible to the academy and box trauma into white liberal conceptions of violence. Recognition characterized through pain enables trauma porn where debaters demand to be told pain rather than hear voices.

Tuck and Yang 14

work of the academy reproduce stories of oppression in its own voice researchers launch pain-based inquiry projects because they believe that such approaches embody what it means to do social science pain narratives are what the academy is about No need to hear your voice when I can talk about you better than you can speak about yourself. No need to hear your voice Only tell me about your pain. I want to know your story. And tell it back to you in a new way in a way that it has become mine still colonizer the speaking subject and you are now at the center of my talk research concerned with providing recognition to the presumed voiceless, a recognition that is enamored with knowing through pain. Do not speak in a voice of resistance. Only speak from that space in the margin that is a sign of deprivation, a wound, an unfulfilled longing. Only speak your pain” a politics of recognition that is rooted in naming pain to generate portraits of abuse “making personhood coterminous with injury” recognition forecloses agency as the object of punishment limited conferral of humanity a reinscription of subjugation and pained existence the drive to “make voices heard bringing meaning and self to consciousness and creating universal truths much of what counts as voice and makes voice count is pain narratives represent the “authentic voice” of the student White liberal teachers as “foot soldiers in the new ethnographic army soliciting stories from their students about pain in their lives and unwittingly reducing their students to “cardboard typologies who fit neatly into their own definition of the ‘underclass’ examples of youth narratives of pain confirm the deep relationship between talking about wounds, and perceptions of authenticity of voice


Question: Accidental war defies logic

The risk of accidental war defies all logic and evidence.

Dr. Stephen L. Quackenbush 23. Associate Professor of Political Science & Director of Defense and Strategic Studies at the University of Missouri, Former President of the International Studies Association – Midwest, Former S3 Operations Officer in the United States Army, Ph.D. in Political Science from the State University of New York, Buffalo, “The Problem with Accidental War,” 2023, Conflict Management and Peace Science, p. 10-11, [italics in original]

a  divide  between accidental war in models  and lit central is that something  inadvertent results in  war purely  by  chance , without choice no cases correspond no  war is accidental mistaken warning about incomplete info only way  for monitoring to affect likelihood is making info complete Info can affect the likelihood leaders choose war , but will not  affect war from  chance Incomplete info is already  accounted for both  logic  and  evidence contradict accidental war


Question: Quackenbush 23

The risk of accidental war defies all logic and evidence.

Dr. Stephen L. Quackenbush 23. Associate Professor of Political Science & Director of Defense and Strategic Studies at the University of Missouri, Former President of the International Studies Association – Midwest, Former S3 Operations Officer in the United States Army, Ph.D. in Political Science from the State University of New York, Buffalo, “The Problem with Accidental War,” 2023, Conflict Management and Peace Science, p. 10-11, [italics in original]

a  divide  between accidental war in models  and lit central is that something  inadvertent results in  war purely  by  chance , without choice no cases correspond no  war is accidental mistaken warning about incomplete info only way  for monitoring to affect likelihood is making info complete Info can affect the likelihood leaders choose war , but will not  affect war from  chance Incomplete info is already  accounted for both  logic  and  evidence contradict accidental war


Question: Stephen Quackenbush accidental war

The risk of accidental war defies all logic and evidence.

Dr. Stephen L. Quackenbush 23. Associate Professor of Political Science & Director of Defense and Strategic Studies at the University of Missouri, Former President of the International Studies Association – Midwest, Former S3 Operations Officer in the United States Army, Ph.D. in Political Science from the State University of New York, Buffalo, “The Problem with Accidental War,” 2023, Conflict Management and Peace Science, p. 10-11, [italics in original]

a  divide  between accidental war in models  and lit central is that something  inadvertent results in  war purely  by  chance , without choice no cases correspond no  war is accidental mistaken warning about incomplete info only way  for monitoring to affect likelihood is making info complete Info can affect the likelihood leaders choose war , but will not  affect war from  chance Incomplete info is already  accounted for both  logic  and  evidence contradict accidental war


Question: no war is accidental

The risk of accidental war defies all logic and evidence.

Dr. Stephen L. Quackenbush 23. Associate Professor of Political Science & Director of Defense and Strategic Studies at the University of Missouri, Former President of the International Studies Association – Midwest, Former S3 Operations Officer in the United States Army, Ph.D. in Political Science from the State University of New York, Buffalo, “The Problem with Accidental War,” 2023, Conflict Management and Peace Science, p. 10-11, [italics in original]

a  divide  between accidental war in models  and lit central is that something  inadvertent results in  war purely  by  chance , without choice no cases correspond no  war is accidental mistaken warning about incomplete info only way  for monitoring to affect likelihood is making info complete Info can affect the likelihood leaders choose war , but will not  affect war from  chance Incomplete info is already  accounted for both  logic  and  evidence contradict accidental war


Question: monitoring doesn't affect war chance

The risk of accidental war defies all logic and evidence.

Dr. Stephen L. Quackenbush 23. Associate Professor of Political Science & Director of Defense and Strategic Studies at the University of Missouri, Former President of the International Studies Association – Midwest, Former S3 Operations Officer in the United States Army, Ph.D. in Political Science from the State University of New York, Buffalo, “The Problem with Accidental War,” 2023, Conflict Management and Peace Science, p. 10-11, [italics in original]

a  divide  between accidental war in models  and lit central is that something  inadvertent results in  war purely  by  chance , without choice no cases correspond no  war is accidental mistaken warning about incomplete info only way  for monitoring to affect likelihood is making info complete Info can affect the likelihood leaders choose war , but will not  affect war from  chance Incomplete info is already  accounted for both  logic  and  evidence contradict accidental war


Question: incomplete info and war

The risk of accidental war defies all logic and evidence.

Dr. Stephen L. Quackenbush 23. Associate Professor of Political Science & Director of Defense and Strategic Studies at the University of Missouri, Former President of the International Studies Association – Midwest, Former S3 Operations Officer in the United States Army, Ph.D. in Political Science from the State University of New York, Buffalo, “The Problem with Accidental War,” 2023, Conflict Management and Peace Science, p. 10-11, [italics in original]

a  divide  between accidental war in models  and lit central is that something  inadvertent results in  war purely  by  chance , without choice no cases correspond no  war is accidental mistaken warning about incomplete info only way  for monitoring to affect likelihood is making info complete Info can affect the likelihood leaders choose war , but will not  affect war from  chance Incomplete info is already  accounted for both  logic  and  evidence contradict accidental war


Question: chance war is illogical

The risk of accidental war defies all logic and evidence.

Dr. Stephen L. Quackenbush 23. Associate Professor of Political Science & Director of Defense and Strategic Studies at the University of Missouri, Former President of the International Studies Association – Midwest, Former S3 Operations Officer in the United States Army, Ph.D. in Political Science from the State University of New York, Buffalo, “The Problem with Accidental War,” 2023, Conflict Management and Peace Science, p. 10-11, [italics in original]

a  divide  between accidental war in models  and lit central is that something  inadvertent results in  war purely  by  chance , without choice no cases correspond no  war is accidental mistaken warning about incomplete info only way  for monitoring to affect likelihood is making info complete Info can affect the likelihood leaders choose war , but will not  affect war from  chance Incomplete info is already  accounted for both  logic  and  evidence contradict accidental war


Question: no impact dyadic trade

No impact---dyadic trade dependence checks.

Chen 21 (F. R. (2021) 'Extended Dependence: Trade, Alliances, and Peace,' The Journal of Politics, 32(1). https://doi.org/10.1086/709149. Frederick R. Chen is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science at Ohio State University. Chen's research focuses on how economics and security interact to influence international relations, with a particular emphasis on domestic political mechanisms.Chen holds a Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Wisconsin– Madison (2022), an M.A. in International Relations from Peking University (2016), and a B.A. in International Politics from Tsinghua University (2013). Prior to joining Ohio State,Chen was an Assistant Professor in the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, and a Pre-doctoral Fellow at the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University.)-rahulpenu

Using data cover 1951–2010 states less likely to initiate conflict when they are economically  dependent on allies  of the potential target dyadic trade  dependence predict possibility of interstate conflict initiation scholars painted inaccurate picture third parties impose economic  costs on belligerents international  security  institutions lead to  peace Extended Dependence logic since states avoid economic costs of conflict commercial ties provide strong incentives to prevent conflict greater concentration of  trade outside the dyad associated with reduced  risk  of  interstate conflict past studies overlook states bear costs of conflict from states outside the dyad


Question: chen 21

No impact---dyadic trade dependence checks.

Chen 21 (F. R. (2021) 'Extended Dependence: Trade, Alliances, and Peace,' The Journal of Politics, 32(1). https://doi.org/10.1086/709149. Frederick R. Chen is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science at Ohio State University. Chen's research focuses on how economics and security interact to influence international relations, with a particular emphasis on domestic political mechanisms.Chen holds a Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Wisconsin– Madison (2022), an M.A. in International Relations from Peking University (2016), and a B.A. in International Politics from Tsinghua University (2013). Prior to joining Ohio State,Chen was an Assistant Professor in the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, and a Pre-doctoral Fellow at the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University.)-rahulpenu

Using data cover 1951–2010 states less likely to initiate conflict when they are economically  dependent on allies  of the potential target dyadic trade  dependence predict possibility of interstate conflict initiation scholars painted inaccurate picture third parties impose economic  costs on belligerents international  security  institutions lead to  peace Extended Dependence logic since states avoid economic costs of conflict commercial ties provide strong incentives to prevent conflict greater concentration of  trade outside the dyad associated with reduced  risk  of  interstate conflict past studies overlook states bear costs of conflict from states outside the dyad


Question: trade dependence checks

No impact---dyadic trade dependence checks.

Chen 21 (F. R. (2021) 'Extended Dependence: Trade, Alliances, and Peace,' The Journal of Politics, 32(1). https://doi.org/10.1086/709149. Frederick R. Chen is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science at Ohio State University. Chen's research focuses on how economics and security interact to influence international relations, with a particular emphasis on domestic political mechanisms.Chen holds a Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Wisconsin– Madison (2022), an M.A. in International Relations from Peking University (2016), and a B.A. in International Politics from Tsinghua University (2013). Prior to joining Ohio State,Chen was an Assistant Professor in the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, and a Pre-doctoral Fellow at the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University.)-rahulpenu

Using data cover 1951–2010 states less likely to initiate conflict when they are economically  dependent on allies  of the potential target dyadic trade  dependence predict possibility of interstate conflict initiation scholars painted inaccurate picture third parties impose economic  costs on belligerents international  security  institutions lead to  peace Extended Dependence logic since states avoid economic costs of conflict commercial ties provide strong incentives to prevent conflict greater concentration of  trade outside the dyad associated with reduced  risk  of  interstate conflict past studies overlook states bear costs of conflict from states outside the dyad


Question: trade alliances and peace

No impact---dyadic trade dependence checks.

Chen 21 (F. R. (2021) 'Extended Dependence: Trade, Alliances, and Peace,' The Journal of Politics, 32(1). https://doi.org/10.1086/709149. Frederick R. Chen is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science at Ohio State University. Chen's research focuses on how economics and security interact to influence international relations, with a particular emphasis on domestic political mechanisms.Chen holds a Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Wisconsin– Madison (2022), an M.A. in International Relations from Peking University (2016), and a B.A. in International Politics from Tsinghua University (2013). Prior to joining Ohio State,Chen was an Assistant Professor in the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, and a Pre-doctoral Fellow at the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University.)-rahulpenu

Using data cover 1951–2010 states less likely to initiate conflict when they are economically  dependent on allies  of the potential target dyadic trade  dependence predict possibility of interstate conflict initiation scholars painted inaccurate picture third parties impose economic  costs on belligerents international  security  institutions lead to  peace Extended Dependence logic since states avoid economic costs of conflict commercial ties provide strong incentives to prevent conflict greater concentration of  trade outside the dyad associated with reduced  risk  of  interstate conflict past studies overlook states bear costs of conflict from states outside the dyad


Question: trade prevents conflict

No impact---dyadic trade dependence checks.

Chen 21 (F. R. (2021) 'Extended Dependence: Trade, Alliances, and Peace,' The Journal of Politics, 32(1). https://doi.org/10.1086/709149. Frederick R. Chen is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science at Ohio State University. Chen's research focuses on how economics and security interact to influence international relations, with a particular emphasis on domestic political mechanisms.Chen holds a Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Wisconsin– Madison (2022), an M.A. in International Relations from Peking University (2016), and a B.A. in International Politics from Tsinghua University (2013). Prior to joining Ohio State,Chen was an Assistant Professor in the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, and a Pre-doctoral Fellow at the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University.)-rahulpenu

Using data cover 1951–2010 states less likely to initiate conflict when they are economically  dependent on allies  of the potential target dyadic trade  dependence predict possibility of interstate conflict initiation scholars painted inaccurate picture third parties impose economic  costs on belligerents international  security  institutions lead to  peace Extended Dependence logic since states avoid economic costs of conflict commercial ties provide strong incentives to prevent conflict greater concentration of  trade outside the dyad associated with reduced  risk  of  interstate conflict past studies overlook states bear costs of conflict from states outside the dyad


Question: economic dependence deters conflict

No impact---dyadic trade dependence checks.

Chen 21 (F. R. (2021) 'Extended Dependence: Trade, Alliances, and Peace,' The Journal of Politics, 32(1). https://doi.org/10.1086/709149. Frederick R. Chen is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science at Ohio State University. Chen's research focuses on how economics and security interact to influence international relations, with a particular emphasis on domestic political mechanisms.Chen holds a Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Wisconsin– Madison (2022), an M.A. in International Relations from Peking University (2016), and a B.A. in International Politics from Tsinghua University (2013). Prior to joining Ohio State,Chen was an Assistant Professor in the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, and a Pre-doctoral Fellow at the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University.)-rahulpenu

Using data cover 1951–2010 states less likely to initiate conflict when they are economically  dependent on allies  of the potential target dyadic trade  dependence predict possibility of interstate conflict initiation scholars painted inaccurate picture third parties impose economic  costs on belligerents international  security  institutions lead to  peace Extended Dependence logic since states avoid economic costs of conflict commercial ties provide strong incentives to prevent conflict greater concentration of  trade outside the dyad associated with reduced  risk  of  interstate conflict past studies overlook states bear costs of conflict from states outside the dyad


Question: dyadic trade dependence predict conflict

No impact---dyadic trade dependence checks.

Chen 21 (F. R. (2021) 'Extended Dependence: Trade, Alliances, and Peace,' The Journal of Politics, 32(1). https://doi.org/10.1086/709149. Frederick R. Chen is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science at Ohio State University. Chen's research focuses on how economics and security interact to influence international relations, with a particular emphasis on domestic political mechanisms.Chen holds a Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Wisconsin– Madison (2022), an M.A. in International Relations from Peking University (2016), and a B.A. in International Politics from Tsinghua University (2013). Prior to joining Ohio State,Chen was an Assistant Professor in the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, and a Pre-doctoral Fellow at the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University.)-rahulpenu

Using data cover 1951–2010 states less likely to initiate conflict when they are economically  dependent on allies  of the potential target dyadic trade  dependence predict possibility of interstate conflict initiation scholars painted inaccurate picture third parties impose economic  costs on belligerents international  security  institutions lead to  peace Extended Dependence logic since states avoid economic costs of conflict commercial ties provide strong incentives to prevent conflict greater concentration of  trade outside the dyad associated with reduced  risk  of  interstate conflict past studies overlook states bear costs of conflict from states outside the dyad


Question: state-level BTAs unconstitutional

AND---state-level BTAs violate multiple provisions of interstate commerce.

Sheldon ’18 [Ian; Andersons Chair of Agricultural Marketing, Trade and Policy, Department of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics, The Ohio State University; Ohio State Law Journal; “Economic and Legal Analysis of Climate Policy and Border Tax Adjustments: Federal vs. State Regulation,” Vol. 79, Iss. 4]

BTA unconstitutional if it discriminates against out-of-state commerce would creates an undue burden on interstate commerce the d C C invalidate protectionist state laws dormant Foreign Commerce Clause is requirement that laws should neither increase risk of multiple taxation nor undermine foreign trade border measures would be struck down by the Court because state level policy requires a border measure


Question: Sheldon 18

AND---state-level BTAs violate multiple provisions of interstate commerce.

Sheldon ’18 [Ian; Andersons Chair of Agricultural Marketing, Trade and Policy, Department of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics, The Ohio State University; Ohio State Law Journal; “Economic and Legal Analysis of Climate Policy and Border Tax Adjustments: Federal vs. State Regulation,” Vol. 79, Iss. 4]

BTA unconstitutional if it discriminates against out-of-state commerce would creates an undue burden on interstate commerce the d C C invalidate protectionist state laws dormant Foreign Commerce Clause is requirement that laws should neither increase risk of multiple taxation nor undermine foreign trade border measures would be struck down by the Court because state level policy requires a border measure


Question: interstate commerce

AND---state-level BTAs violate multiple provisions of interstate commerce.

Sheldon ’18 [Ian; Andersons Chair of Agricultural Marketing, Trade and Policy, Department of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics, The Ohio State University; Ohio State Law Journal; “Economic and Legal Analysis of Climate Policy and Border Tax Adjustments: Federal vs. State Regulation,” Vol. 79, Iss. 4]

BTA unconstitutional if it discriminates against out-of-state commerce would creates an undue burden on interstate commerce the d C C invalidate protectionist state laws dormant Foreign Commerce Clause is requirement that laws should neither increase risk of multiple taxation nor undermine foreign trade border measures would be struck down by the Court because state level policy requires a border measure


Question: state BTAs violate commerce

AND---state-level BTAs violate multiple provisions of interstate commerce.

Sheldon ’18 [Ian; Andersons Chair of Agricultural Marketing, Trade and Policy, Department of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics, The Ohio State University; Ohio State Law Journal; “Economic and Legal Analysis of Climate Policy and Border Tax Adjustments: Federal vs. State Regulation,” Vol. 79, Iss. 4]

BTA unconstitutional if it discriminates against out-of-state commerce would creates an undue burden on interstate commerce the d C C invalidate protectionist state laws dormant Foreign Commerce Clause is requirement that laws should neither increase risk of multiple taxation nor undermine foreign trade border measures would be struck down by the Court because state level policy requires a border measure


Question: state level policy requires border measure

AND---state-level BTAs violate multiple provisions of interstate commerce.

Sheldon ’18 [Ian; Andersons Chair of Agricultural Marketing, Trade and Policy, Department of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics, The Ohio State University; Ohio State Law Journal; “Economic and Legal Analysis of Climate Policy and Border Tax Adjustments: Federal vs. State Regulation,” Vol. 79, Iss. 4]

BTA unconstitutional if it discriminates against out-of-state commerce would creates an undue burden on interstate commerce the d C C invalidate protectionist state laws dormant Foreign Commerce Clause is requirement that laws should neither increase risk of multiple taxation nor undermine foreign trade border measures would be struck down by the Court because state level policy requires a border measure


Question: BTA discriminates against out-of-state commerce

AND---state-level BTAs violate multiple provisions of interstate commerce.

Sheldon ’18 [Ian; Andersons Chair of Agricultural Marketing, Trade and Policy, Department of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics, The Ohio State University; Ohio State Law Journal; “Economic and Legal Analysis of Climate Policy and Border Tax Adjustments: Federal vs. State Regulation,” Vol. 79, Iss. 4]

BTA unconstitutional if it discriminates against out-of-state commerce would creates an undue burden on interstate commerce the d C C invalidate protectionist state laws dormant Foreign Commerce Clause is requirement that laws should neither increase risk of multiple taxation nor undermine foreign trade border measures would be struck down by the Court because state level policy requires a border measure


Question: Floor time is thumped

Floor time is thumped now.

Mangas et al. ’11-11 [Robert, Charles F. Bass, and Rodney Frelinghuysen; November 11, 2024; shareholder at Greenberg Traurig LLP who previously served as chief of staff to Sen. Wendell Ford, the former Senate majority whip; senior director at Greenberg Traurig LLP, served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives for New Hampshire's 2nd Congressional district from 1995 to 2007 and from 2011 to 2013 where he served on the Budget, Government Reform and Oversight, Transportation and Infrastructure, Intelligence, and Energy and Commerce Committees; senior director at Greenberg Traurig LLP, served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives for New Jersey's 11th Congressional District from 1995 to 2019, where he served as chair of the House Appropriations Committee from 2017 to 2019 and chaired the Defense Appropriations and Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies subcommittees before that; Law360, “Legislation Most Likely To Pass In Lame Duck Session,” law360.com/articles/2258929/legislation-most-likely-to-pass-in-lame-duck-session]

With limited time many will attempt to add their priorities to larger packages Every issue will be scrutinized as to whether it is a " must pass Must Pass N D A A May Pass Water Resources Development Act A I China Proposals The NDAA amendment Senate Nominations Possible, But Not Likely Farm Bill Online Safety Data Privacy Permitting Reform


Question: Mangas et al 2024

Floor time is thumped now.

Mangas et al. ’11-11 [Robert, Charles F. Bass, and Rodney Frelinghuysen; November 11, 2024; shareholder at Greenberg Traurig LLP who previously served as chief of staff to Sen. Wendell Ford, the former Senate majority whip; senior director at Greenberg Traurig LLP, served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives for New Hampshire's 2nd Congressional district from 1995 to 2007 and from 2011 to 2013 where he served on the Budget, Government Reform and Oversight, Transportation and Infrastructure, Intelligence, and Energy and Commerce Committees; senior director at Greenberg Traurig LLP, served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives for New Jersey's 11th Congressional District from 1995 to 2019, where he served as chair of the House Appropriations Committee from 2017 to 2019 and chaired the Defense Appropriations and Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies subcommittees before that; Law360, “Legislation Most Likely To Pass In Lame Duck Session,” law360.com/articles/2258929/legislation-most-likely-to-pass-in-lame-duck-session]

With limited time many will attempt to add their priorities to larger packages Every issue will be scrutinized as to whether it is a " must pass Must Pass N D A A May Pass Water Resources Development Act A I China Proposals The NDAA amendment Senate Nominations Possible, But Not Likely Farm Bill Online Safety Data Privacy Permitting Reform


Question: legislation likely to pass

Floor time is thumped now.

Mangas et al. ’11-11 [Robert, Charles F. Bass, and Rodney Frelinghuysen; November 11, 2024; shareholder at Greenberg Traurig LLP who previously served as chief of staff to Sen. Wendell Ford, the former Senate majority whip; senior director at Greenberg Traurig LLP, served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives for New Hampshire's 2nd Congressional district from 1995 to 2007 and from 2011 to 2013 where he served on the Budget, Government Reform and Oversight, Transportation and Infrastructure, Intelligence, and Energy and Commerce Committees; senior director at Greenberg Traurig LLP, served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives for New Jersey's 11th Congressional District from 1995 to 2019, where he served as chair of the House Appropriations Committee from 2017 to 2019 and chaired the Defense Appropriations and Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies subcommittees before that; Law360, “Legislation Most Likely To Pass In Lame Duck Session,” law360.com/articles/2258929/legislation-most-likely-to-pass-in-lame-duck-session]

With limited time many will attempt to add their priorities to larger packages Every issue will be scrutinized as to whether it is a " must pass Must Pass N D A A May Pass Water Resources Development Act A I China Proposals The NDAA amendment Senate Nominations Possible, But Not Likely Farm Bill Online Safety Data Privacy Permitting Reform