Question: California emissions reductions

Concedes market reform, carbon pricing, energy efficiency, and clean standards for electricity and vehicle are effective---California proves.

Buller 22 (Adrienne Buller is Director of Research at Common Wealth, a UK-based progressive think tank focused on the political economy of ownership. 2022, “The Value of a Whale: On the Illusions of Green Capitalism”, Manchester University Press) Adrian

carbon pricing frequent bedfellow offsetting failed to achieve progress sim- plicity’ of carbon price thwarted by mess- iness of reality carbon tax predeter- mined cost per carbon applied in various ways ETS many large firms extracted enormous profits from mechanism rather than polluter pays’ principle in practice carbon pricing inverted logic polluters frequently profit EU’s ETS decreased emissions between 0% and 2% contribution 3.8% over 15 years emissions reductions result of switching from coal to natural gas rather than decarbonised technologies or nnovation’ rent controls venting carbon prices from working prevent landlords from hiking rents to reflect investment in solar panels In Canada carbon price challenged by carbon-intensive industries political hostility left unwillingness to pursue carbon pricing carbon pricing repealed three years later in California promising emissions reductions turned out to be the result of investments in energy efficiency and ‘clean standards’ for electricity and vehicles


Question: carbon tax prerequisite to alternative

A carbon tax is a prerequisite to the alternative. Only capitalism, not moralizing, can solve the climate crisis.

Gernot Wagner & Martin L. Weitzman 15. **Austro-American climate economist at Columbia Business School, where he is a tenured full professor, holds an AB and a PhD in political economy and government from Harvard University, as well as an MA in economics from Stanford University. **Was an economist and a professor of economics at Harvard University. “Climate Shock: The Economic Consequences of a Hotter Planet.” 2015. Princeton University Press. 978-0691159478.

It would be easy to conclude capitalism the problem change our ways clearly not enough It confuses the issue Instead of “ sticking it to the man point is to stick it to carbon it’s capitalism innovative and entrepreneurial powers our only hope of steering clear of climate shock Laissez- faire can’t work where prices don’t reflect true costs channeled ingenuity guided by price on carbon best hope Only then can we afford luxury of talking about ethical solution for carbon pollution to be avoided on moral grounds not quite yet . Moving to moral high ground requires having high ground that’s not inundated by rising sea levels requires taking economics seriously


Question: Wagner & Weitzman 15

A carbon tax is a prerequisite to the alternative. Only capitalism, not moralizing, can solve the climate crisis.

Gernot Wagner & Martin L. Weitzman 15. **Austro-American climate economist at Columbia Business School, where he is a tenured full professor, holds an AB and a PhD in political economy and government from Harvard University, as well as an MA in economics from Stanford University. **Was an economist and a professor of economics at Harvard University. “Climate Shock: The Economic Consequences of a Hotter Planet.” 2015. Princeton University Press. 978-0691159478.

It would be easy to conclude capitalism the problem change our ways clearly not enough It confuses the issue Instead of “ sticking it to the man point is to stick it to carbon it’s capitalism innovative and entrepreneurial powers our only hope of steering clear of climate shock Laissez- faire can’t work where prices don’t reflect true costs channeled ingenuity guided by price on carbon best hope Only then can we afford luxury of talking about ethical solution for carbon pollution to be avoided on moral grounds not quite yet . Moving to moral high ground requires having high ground that’s not inundated by rising sea levels requires taking economics seriously


Question: Gernot Wagner

A carbon tax is a prerequisite to the alternative. Only capitalism, not moralizing, can solve the climate crisis.

Gernot Wagner & Martin L. Weitzman 15. **Austro-American climate economist at Columbia Business School, where he is a tenured full professor, holds an AB and a PhD in political economy and government from Harvard University, as well as an MA in economics from Stanford University. **Was an economist and a professor of economics at Harvard University. “Climate Shock: The Economic Consequences of a Hotter Planet.” 2015. Princeton University Press. 978-0691159478.

It would be easy to conclude capitalism the problem change our ways clearly not enough It confuses the issue Instead of “ sticking it to the man point is to stick it to carbon it’s capitalism innovative and entrepreneurial powers our only hope of steering clear of climate shock Laissez- faire can’t work where prices don’t reflect true costs channeled ingenuity guided by price on carbon best hope Only then can we afford luxury of talking about ethical solution for carbon pollution to be avoided on moral grounds not quite yet . Moving to moral high ground requires having high ground that’s not inundated by rising sea levels requires taking economics seriously


Question: Capitalism solves climate crisis

A carbon tax is a prerequisite to the alternative. Only capitalism, not moralizing, can solve the climate crisis.

Gernot Wagner & Martin L. Weitzman 15. **Austro-American climate economist at Columbia Business School, where he is a tenured full professor, holds an AB and a PhD in political economy and government from Harvard University, as well as an MA in economics from Stanford University. **Was an economist and a professor of economics at Harvard University. “Climate Shock: The Economic Consequences of a Hotter Planet.” 2015. Princeton University Press. 978-0691159478.

It would be easy to conclude capitalism the problem change our ways clearly not enough It confuses the issue Instead of “ sticking it to the man point is to stick it to carbon it’s capitalism innovative and entrepreneurial powers our only hope of steering clear of climate shock Laissez- faire can’t work where prices don’t reflect true costs channeled ingenuity guided by price on carbon best hope Only then can we afford luxury of talking about ethical solution for carbon pollution to be avoided on moral grounds not quite yet . Moving to moral high ground requires having high ground that’s not inundated by rising sea levels requires taking economics seriously


Question: stick it to carbon

A carbon tax is a prerequisite to the alternative. Only capitalism, not moralizing, can solve the climate crisis.

Gernot Wagner & Martin L. Weitzman 15. **Austro-American climate economist at Columbia Business School, where he is a tenured full professor, holds an AB and a PhD in political economy and government from Harvard University, as well as an MA in economics from Stanford University. **Was an economist and a professor of economics at Harvard University. “Climate Shock: The Economic Consequences of a Hotter Planet.” 2015. Princeton University Press. 978-0691159478.

It would be easy to conclude capitalism the problem change our ways clearly not enough It confuses the issue Instead of “ sticking it to the man point is to stick it to carbon it’s capitalism innovative and entrepreneurial powers our only hope of steering clear of climate shock Laissez- faire can’t work where prices don’t reflect true costs channeled ingenuity guided by price on carbon best hope Only then can we afford luxury of talking about ethical solution for carbon pollution to be avoided on moral grounds not quite yet . Moving to moral high ground requires having high ground that’s not inundated by rising sea levels requires taking economics seriously


Question: carbon tax capitalism

A carbon tax is a prerequisite to the alternative. Only capitalism, not moralizing, can solve the climate crisis.

Gernot Wagner & Martin L. Weitzman 15. **Austro-American climate economist at Columbia Business School, where he is a tenured full professor, holds an AB and a PhD in political economy and government from Harvard University, as well as an MA in economics from Stanford University. **Was an economist and a professor of economics at Harvard University. “Climate Shock: The Economic Consequences of a Hotter Planet.” 2015. Princeton University Press. 978-0691159478.

It would be easy to conclude capitalism the problem change our ways clearly not enough It confuses the issue Instead of “ sticking it to the man point is to stick it to carbon it’s capitalism innovative and entrepreneurial powers our only hope of steering clear of climate shock Laissez- faire can’t work where prices don’t reflect true costs channeled ingenuity guided by price on carbon best hope Only then can we afford luxury of talking about ethical solution for carbon pollution to be avoided on moral grounds not quite yet . Moving to moral high ground requires having high ground that’s not inundated by rising sea levels requires taking economics seriously


Question: climate shock economic consequences

A carbon tax is a prerequisite to the alternative. Only capitalism, not moralizing, can solve the climate crisis.

Gernot Wagner & Martin L. Weitzman 15. **Austro-American climate economist at Columbia Business School, where he is a tenured full professor, holds an AB and a PhD in political economy and government from Harvard University, as well as an MA in economics from Stanford University. **Was an economist and a professor of economics at Harvard University. “Climate Shock: The Economic Consequences of a Hotter Planet.” 2015. Princeton University Press. 978-0691159478.

It would be easy to conclude capitalism the problem change our ways clearly not enough It confuses the issue Instead of “ sticking it to the man point is to stick it to carbon it’s capitalism innovative and entrepreneurial powers our only hope of steering clear of climate shock Laissez- faire can’t work where prices don’t reflect true costs channeled ingenuity guided by price on carbon best hope Only then can we afford luxury of talking about ethical solution for carbon pollution to be avoided on moral grounds not quite yet . Moving to moral high ground requires having high ground that’s not inundated by rising sea levels requires taking economics seriously


Question: capitalism innovative and entrepreneurial powers

A carbon tax is a prerequisite to the alternative. Only capitalism, not moralizing, can solve the climate crisis.

Gernot Wagner & Martin L. Weitzman 15. **Austro-American climate economist at Columbia Business School, where he is a tenured full professor, holds an AB and a PhD in political economy and government from Harvard University, as well as an MA in economics from Stanford University. **Was an economist and a professor of economics at Harvard University. “Climate Shock: The Economic Consequences of a Hotter Planet.” 2015. Princeton University Press. 978-0691159478.

It would be easy to conclude capitalism the problem change our ways clearly not enough It confuses the issue Instead of “ sticking it to the man point is to stick it to carbon it’s capitalism innovative and entrepreneurial powers our only hope of steering clear of climate shock Laissez- faire can’t work where prices don’t reflect true costs channeled ingenuity guided by price on carbon best hope Only then can we afford luxury of talking about ethical solution for carbon pollution to be avoided on moral grounds not quite yet . Moving to moral high ground requires having high ground that’s not inundated by rising sea levels requires taking economics seriously


Question: Can't solve

Can’t solve.

Stein and Royal 21, *Policy Advisor at The Heartland Institute, **MPP, writer for The National Interest (*Ronald Stein, **Todd Royal, 2021, “Introduction,” in ‘Clean’ Energy Exploitations: Helping Citizens Understand the Environmental and Humanity Abuses that Support ‘Clean’ Energy, Archway Publishing, University of Kansas Libraries, ILL)

U S largest economy in history every person , animal , or anything that causes emissions could vanish or even die and emissions will still explode over population and economic growth of China , India , and Africa emissions from the 7.8 billion will rise


Question: Stein and Royal

Can’t solve.

Stein and Royal 21, *Policy Advisor at The Heartland Institute, **MPP, writer for The National Interest (*Ronald Stein, **Todd Royal, 2021, “Introduction,” in ‘Clean’ Energy Exploitations: Helping Citizens Understand the Environmental and Humanity Abuses that Support ‘Clean’ Energy, Archway Publishing, University of Kansas Libraries, ILL)

U S largest economy in history every person , animal , or anything that causes emissions could vanish or even die and emissions will still explode over population and economic growth of China , India , and Africa emissions from the 7.8 billion will rise


Question: clean energy abuses

Can’t solve.

Stein and Royal 21, *Policy Advisor at The Heartland Institute, **MPP, writer for The National Interest (*Ronald Stein, **Todd Royal, 2021, “Introduction,” in ‘Clean’ Energy Exploitations: Helping Citizens Understand the Environmental and Humanity Abuses that Support ‘Clean’ Energy, Archway Publishing, University of Kansas Libraries, ILL)

U S largest economy in history every person , animal , or anything that causes emissions could vanish or even die and emissions will still explode over population and economic growth of China , India , and Africa emissions from the 7.8 billion will rise


Question: US emissions can't solve

Can’t solve.

Stein and Royal 21, *Policy Advisor at The Heartland Institute, **MPP, writer for The National Interest (*Ronald Stein, **Todd Royal, 2021, “Introduction,” in ‘Clean’ Energy Exploitations: Helping Citizens Understand the Environmental and Humanity Abuses that Support ‘Clean’ Energy, Archway Publishing, University of Kansas Libraries, ILL)

U S largest economy in history every person , animal , or anything that causes emissions could vanish or even die and emissions will still explode over population and economic growth of China , India , and Africa emissions from the 7.8 billion will rise


Question: China India Africa emissions

Can’t solve.

Stein and Royal 21, *Policy Advisor at The Heartland Institute, **MPP, writer for The National Interest (*Ronald Stein, **Todd Royal, 2021, “Introduction,” in ‘Clean’ Energy Exploitations: Helping Citizens Understand the Environmental and Humanity Abuses that Support ‘Clean’ Energy, Archway Publishing, University of Kansas Libraries, ILL)

U S largest economy in history every person , animal , or anything that causes emissions could vanish or even die and emissions will still explode over population and economic growth of China , India , and Africa emissions from the 7.8 billion will rise


Question: Carbon pricing failed to spur tech

3. Empirics prove. Best-case carbon pricing has failed to spur technological change.

Tvinnereim & Mehling '18

prices have not been sufficient  to avoid long-lived , emitting capital gas vehicle registrations  in Sweden  have grown even a price well above the range incurs  carbon lock-in which can be a decade or more The price signal generated by ETS insufficient to stimulate switch to low-carbon fuels failure documented in SO2 and NOx market


Question: Tvinnereim & Mehling 2018

3. Empirics prove. Best-case carbon pricing has failed to spur technological change.

Tvinnereim & Mehling '18

prices have not been sufficient  to avoid long-lived , emitting capital gas vehicle registrations  in Sweden  have grown even a price well above the range incurs  carbon lock-in which can be a decade or more The price signal generated by ETS insufficient to stimulate switch to low-carbon fuels failure documented in SO2 and NOx market


Question: carbon pricing empirics

3. Empirics prove. Best-case carbon pricing has failed to spur technological change.

Tvinnereim & Mehling '18

prices have not been sufficient  to avoid long-lived , emitting capital gas vehicle registrations  in Sweden  have grown even a price well above the range incurs  carbon lock-in which can be a decade or more The price signal generated by ETS insufficient to stimulate switch to low-carbon fuels failure documented in SO2 and NOx market


Question: ETS insufficient low-carbon fuels

3. Empirics prove. Best-case carbon pricing has failed to spur technological change.

Tvinnereim & Mehling '18

prices have not been sufficient  to avoid long-lived , emitting capital gas vehicle registrations  in Sweden  have grown even a price well above the range incurs  carbon lock-in which can be a decade or more The price signal generated by ETS insufficient to stimulate switch to low-carbon fuels failure documented in SO2 and NOx market


Question: Carbon prices cause carbon lock-in

3. Empirics prove. Best-case carbon pricing has failed to spur technological change.

Tvinnereim & Mehling '18

prices have not been sufficient  to avoid long-lived , emitting capital gas vehicle registrations  in Sweden  have grown even a price well above the range incurs  carbon lock-in which can be a decade or more The price signal generated by ETS insufficient to stimulate switch to low-carbon fuels failure documented in SO2 and NOx market


Question: AGI now nothing can stop

AGI now. Nothing can stop it.

Dilemegani ’24 [Cem; February 18; principal analyst at AIMultiple since 2017, has been cited by leading global publications including Business Insider, Forbes, Washington Post, MBA from Columbia Business School; “When will singularity happen? 1700 experts on AGI (2024),” AIMultiple, https://research.aimultiple.com/artificial-general-intelligence-singularity-timing/]

AI singularity or AGI implies machine consciousness continuously improve far beyond our capabilities Will AGI ever happen ? According to experts yes the results of major surveys the majority expected singularity before 2060 . 90% by 2075 These may seem wild but Human intel is fixed unless we merge capabilities algorithms , processing and memory growing at an exponential rate it is only a matter of time Moore’s law is coming to an end Quantum Computing reducing costs to train neural networks unlock singularity arg s against AGI human intel is different than animal humans can’t experience the entire spectrum of intel these do not stop humans will take less than infinite memory to model the human


Question: Dilemegani 24 AGI timing

AGI now. Nothing can stop it.

Dilemegani ’24 [Cem; February 18; principal analyst at AIMultiple since 2017, has been cited by leading global publications including Business Insider, Forbes, Washington Post, MBA from Columbia Business School; “When will singularity happen? 1700 experts on AGI (2024),” AIMultiple, https://research.aimultiple.com/artificial-general-intelligence-singularity-timing/]

AI singularity or AGI implies machine consciousness continuously improve far beyond our capabilities Will AGI ever happen ? According to experts yes the results of major surveys the majority expected singularity before 2060 . 90% by 2075 These may seem wild but Human intel is fixed unless we merge capabilities algorithms , processing and memory growing at an exponential rate it is only a matter of time Moore’s law is coming to an end Quantum Computing reducing costs to train neural networks unlock singularity arg s against AGI human intel is different than animal humans can’t experience the entire spectrum of intel these do not stop humans will take less than infinite memory to model the human


Question: Cem Dilemegani

AGI now. Nothing can stop it.

Dilemegani ’24 [Cem; February 18; principal analyst at AIMultiple since 2017, has been cited by leading global publications including Business Insider, Forbes, Washington Post, MBA from Columbia Business School; “When will singularity happen? 1700 experts on AGI (2024),” AIMultiple, https://research.aimultiple.com/artificial-general-intelligence-singularity-timing/]

AI singularity or AGI implies machine consciousness continuously improve far beyond our capabilities Will AGI ever happen ? According to experts yes the results of major surveys the majority expected singularity before 2060 . 90% by 2075 These may seem wild but Human intel is fixed unless we merge capabilities algorithms , processing and memory growing at an exponential rate it is only a matter of time Moore’s law is coming to an end Quantum Computing reducing costs to train neural networks unlock singularity arg s against AGI human intel is different than animal humans can’t experience the entire spectrum of intel these do not stop humans will take less than infinite memory to model the human


Question: AGI singularity before 2060

AGI now. Nothing can stop it.

Dilemegani ’24 [Cem; February 18; principal analyst at AIMultiple since 2017, has been cited by leading global publications including Business Insider, Forbes, Washington Post, MBA from Columbia Business School; “When will singularity happen? 1700 experts on AGI (2024),” AIMultiple, https://research.aimultiple.com/artificial-general-intelligence-singularity-timing/]

AI singularity or AGI implies machine consciousness continuously improve far beyond our capabilities Will AGI ever happen ? According to experts yes the results of major surveys the majority expected singularity before 2060 . 90% by 2075 These may seem wild but Human intel is fixed unless we merge capabilities algorithms , processing and memory growing at an exponential rate it is only a matter of time Moore’s law is coming to an end Quantum Computing reducing costs to train neural networks unlock singularity arg s against AGI human intel is different than animal humans can’t experience the entire spectrum of intel these do not stop humans will take less than infinite memory to model the human


Question: AGI algorithms processing memory growing

AGI now. Nothing can stop it.

Dilemegani ’24 [Cem; February 18; principal analyst at AIMultiple since 2017, has been cited by leading global publications including Business Insider, Forbes, Washington Post, MBA from Columbia Business School; “When will singularity happen? 1700 experts on AGI (2024),” AIMultiple, https://research.aimultiple.com/artificial-general-intelligence-singularity-timing/]

AI singularity or AGI implies machine consciousness continuously improve far beyond our capabilities Will AGI ever happen ? According to experts yes the results of major surveys the majority expected singularity before 2060 . 90% by 2075 These may seem wild but Human intel is fixed unless we merge capabilities algorithms , processing and memory growing at an exponential rate it is only a matter of time Moore’s law is coming to an end Quantum Computing reducing costs to train neural networks unlock singularity arg s against AGI human intel is different than animal humans can’t experience the entire spectrum of intel these do not stop humans will take less than infinite memory to model the human


Question: Will AGI ever happen?

AGI now. Nothing can stop it.

Dilemegani ’24 [Cem; February 18; principal analyst at AIMultiple since 2017, has been cited by leading global publications including Business Insider, Forbes, Washington Post, MBA from Columbia Business School; “When will singularity happen? 1700 experts on AGI (2024),” AIMultiple, https://research.aimultiple.com/artificial-general-intelligence-singularity-timing/]

AI singularity or AGI implies machine consciousness continuously improve far beyond our capabilities Will AGI ever happen ? According to experts yes the results of major surveys the majority expected singularity before 2060 . 90% by 2075 These may seem wild but Human intel is fixed unless we merge capabilities algorithms , processing and memory growing at an exponential rate it is only a matter of time Moore’s law is coming to an end Quantum Computing reducing costs to train neural networks unlock singularity arg s against AGI human intel is different than animal humans can’t experience the entire spectrum of intel these do not stop humans will take less than infinite memory to model the human


Question: When will singularity happen?

AGI now. Nothing can stop it.

Dilemegani ’24 [Cem; February 18; principal analyst at AIMultiple since 2017, has been cited by leading global publications including Business Insider, Forbes, Washington Post, MBA from Columbia Business School; “When will singularity happen? 1700 experts on AGI (2024),” AIMultiple, https://research.aimultiple.com/artificial-general-intelligence-singularity-timing/]

AI singularity or AGI implies machine consciousness continuously improve far beyond our capabilities Will AGI ever happen ? According to experts yes the results of major surveys the majority expected singularity before 2060 . 90% by 2075 These may seem wild but Human intel is fixed unless we merge capabilities algorithms , processing and memory growing at an exponential rate it is only a matter of time Moore’s law is coming to an end Quantum Computing reducing costs to train neural networks unlock singularity arg s against AGI human intel is different than animal humans can’t experience the entire spectrum of intel these do not stop humans will take less than infinite memory to model the human


Question: quantum computing unlocks singularity

AGI now. Nothing can stop it.

Dilemegani ’24 [Cem; February 18; principal analyst at AIMultiple since 2017, has been cited by leading global publications including Business Insider, Forbes, Washington Post, MBA from Columbia Business School; “When will singularity happen? 1700 experts on AGI (2024),” AIMultiple, https://research.aimultiple.com/artificial-general-intelligence-singularity-timing/]

AI singularity or AGI implies machine consciousness continuously improve far beyond our capabilities Will AGI ever happen ? According to experts yes the results of major surveys the majority expected singularity before 2060 . 90% by 2075 These may seem wild but Human intel is fixed unless we merge capabilities algorithms , processing and memory growing at an exponential rate it is only a matter of time Moore’s law is coming to an end Quantum Computing reducing costs to train neural networks unlock singularity arg s against AGI human intel is different than animal humans can’t experience the entire spectrum of intel these do not stop humans will take less than infinite memory to model the human


Question: No lithium shortages

No lithium shortages – African Markets, Consumer Preferences, and Market Slowdown Solves

Homes, Andy 7-11-24 Senior metals columnist who previously covered industrial metals markets for Metals Week and was EMEA commodities editor at Knight-Ridder (subsequently Bridge). Started up Metals Insider in 2003 and sold it to Thomson Reuters in 2008, he is author of ‘Siberian Dreams’ (2006) about the Russian Arctic (After another boom and bust, where next for lithium? | reuters. (n.d.). https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/after-another-boom-bust-where-next-lithium-andy-home-2024-07-11/)

- Lithium boom has turned to bust as new supply overwhelms weaker-than-expected demand for electric vehicle (EV) batteries contract for lithium hydroxide has collapsed from a 2022 high of $85,000 per metric ton to $11,930 no-one seems to be expecting a speedy recovery short-term outlook is prices to trundle as the market digests surplus current price bust has been exacerbated by one-offs on both the supply and demand sides lithium's price behaviour is periods of high pricing encouraging over-production then periods of low pricing little-discussed element of the current glut is the surge in artisanal mining (ASM) in Africa, particularly in Nigeria and Zimbabwe artisanal miners accounted for almost two-thirds of African lithium supply in 2023 .  African shipments accounted for a quarter of China's total lithium imports a downgrade in expectations for EV sales as the Chinese market matures and the Western market loses some of its recent momentum Sales of pure battery vehicles are flat-lining , Hybrids are proving remarkably popular with consumers Joe Biden administration   on its target of converting two-thirds of vehicles to battery electric vehicles by 2032 allowing auto-makers to step up production of hybrids instead There is now too much supply and too much battery capacity to consumer demand for electric vehicles


Question: Homes 7-11-24

No lithium shortages – African Markets, Consumer Preferences, and Market Slowdown Solves

Homes, Andy 7-11-24 Senior metals columnist who previously covered industrial metals markets for Metals Week and was EMEA commodities editor at Knight-Ridder (subsequently Bridge). Started up Metals Insider in 2003 and sold it to Thomson Reuters in 2008, he is author of ‘Siberian Dreams’ (2006) about the Russian Arctic (After another boom and bust, where next for lithium? | reuters. (n.d.). https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/after-another-boom-bust-where-next-lithium-andy-home-2024-07-11/)

- Lithium boom has turned to bust as new supply overwhelms weaker-than-expected demand for electric vehicle (EV) batteries contract for lithium hydroxide has collapsed from a 2022 high of $85,000 per metric ton to $11,930 no-one seems to be expecting a speedy recovery short-term outlook is prices to trundle as the market digests surplus current price bust has been exacerbated by one-offs on both the supply and demand sides lithium's price behaviour is periods of high pricing encouraging over-production then periods of low pricing little-discussed element of the current glut is the surge in artisanal mining (ASM) in Africa, particularly in Nigeria and Zimbabwe artisanal miners accounted for almost two-thirds of African lithium supply in 2023 .  African shipments accounted for a quarter of China's total lithium imports a downgrade in expectations for EV sales as the Chinese market matures and the Western market loses some of its recent momentum Sales of pure battery vehicles are flat-lining , Hybrids are proving remarkably popular with consumers Joe Biden administration   on its target of converting two-thirds of vehicles to battery electric vehicles by 2032 allowing auto-makers to step up production of hybrids instead There is now too much supply and too much battery capacity to consumer demand for electric vehicles


Question: Andy Homes lithium

No lithium shortages – African Markets, Consumer Preferences, and Market Slowdown Solves

Homes, Andy 7-11-24 Senior metals columnist who previously covered industrial metals markets for Metals Week and was EMEA commodities editor at Knight-Ridder (subsequently Bridge). Started up Metals Insider in 2003 and sold it to Thomson Reuters in 2008, he is author of ‘Siberian Dreams’ (2006) about the Russian Arctic (After another boom and bust, where next for lithium? | reuters. (n.d.). https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/after-another-boom-bust-where-next-lithium-andy-home-2024-07-11/)

- Lithium boom has turned to bust as new supply overwhelms weaker-than-expected demand for electric vehicle (EV) batteries contract for lithium hydroxide has collapsed from a 2022 high of $85,000 per metric ton to $11,930 no-one seems to be expecting a speedy recovery short-term outlook is prices to trundle as the market digests surplus current price bust has been exacerbated by one-offs on both the supply and demand sides lithium's price behaviour is periods of high pricing encouraging over-production then periods of low pricing little-discussed element of the current glut is the surge in artisanal mining (ASM) in Africa, particularly in Nigeria and Zimbabwe artisanal miners accounted for almost two-thirds of African lithium supply in 2023 .  African shipments accounted for a quarter of China's total lithium imports a downgrade in expectations for EV sales as the Chinese market matures and the Western market loses some of its recent momentum Sales of pure battery vehicles are flat-lining , Hybrids are proving remarkably popular with consumers Joe Biden administration   on its target of converting two-thirds of vehicles to battery electric vehicles by 2032 allowing auto-makers to step up production of hybrids instead There is now too much supply and too much battery capacity to consumer demand for electric vehicles


Question: lithium hydroxide collapsed

No lithium shortages – African Markets, Consumer Preferences, and Market Slowdown Solves

Homes, Andy 7-11-24 Senior metals columnist who previously covered industrial metals markets for Metals Week and was EMEA commodities editor at Knight-Ridder (subsequently Bridge). Started up Metals Insider in 2003 and sold it to Thomson Reuters in 2008, he is author of ‘Siberian Dreams’ (2006) about the Russian Arctic (After another boom and bust, where next for lithium? | reuters. (n.d.). https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/after-another-boom-bust-where-next-lithium-andy-home-2024-07-11/)

- Lithium boom has turned to bust as new supply overwhelms weaker-than-expected demand for electric vehicle (EV) batteries contract for lithium hydroxide has collapsed from a 2022 high of $85,000 per metric ton to $11,930 no-one seems to be expecting a speedy recovery short-term outlook is prices to trundle as the market digests surplus current price bust has been exacerbated by one-offs on both the supply and demand sides lithium's price behaviour is periods of high pricing encouraging over-production then periods of low pricing little-discussed element of the current glut is the surge in artisanal mining (ASM) in Africa, particularly in Nigeria and Zimbabwe artisanal miners accounted for almost two-thirds of African lithium supply in 2023 .  African shipments accounted for a quarter of China's total lithium imports a downgrade in expectations for EV sales as the Chinese market matures and the Western market loses some of its recent momentum Sales of pure battery vehicles are flat-lining , Hybrids are proving remarkably popular with consumers Joe Biden administration   on its target of converting two-thirds of vehicles to battery electric vehicles by 2032 allowing auto-makers to step up production of hybrids instead There is now too much supply and too much battery capacity to consumer demand for electric vehicles


Question: lithium boom and bust

No lithium shortages – African Markets, Consumer Preferences, and Market Slowdown Solves

Homes, Andy 7-11-24 Senior metals columnist who previously covered industrial metals markets for Metals Week and was EMEA commodities editor at Knight-Ridder (subsequently Bridge). Started up Metals Insider in 2003 and sold it to Thomson Reuters in 2008, he is author of ‘Siberian Dreams’ (2006) about the Russian Arctic (After another boom and bust, where next for lithium? | reuters. (n.d.). https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/after-another-boom-bust-where-next-lithium-andy-home-2024-07-11/)

- Lithium boom has turned to bust as new supply overwhelms weaker-than-expected demand for electric vehicle (EV) batteries contract for lithium hydroxide has collapsed from a 2022 high of $85,000 per metric ton to $11,930 no-one seems to be expecting a speedy recovery short-term outlook is prices to trundle as the market digests surplus current price bust has been exacerbated by one-offs on both the supply and demand sides lithium's price behaviour is periods of high pricing encouraging over-production then periods of low pricing little-discussed element of the current glut is the surge in artisanal mining (ASM) in Africa, particularly in Nigeria and Zimbabwe artisanal miners accounted for almost two-thirds of African lithium supply in 2023 .  African shipments accounted for a quarter of China's total lithium imports a downgrade in expectations for EV sales as the Chinese market matures and the Western market loses some of its recent momentum Sales of pure battery vehicles are flat-lining , Hybrids are proving remarkably popular with consumers Joe Biden administration   on its target of converting two-thirds of vehicles to battery electric vehicles by 2032 allowing auto-makers to step up production of hybrids instead There is now too much supply and too much battery capacity to consumer demand for electric vehicles


Question: artisanal mining in africa

No lithium shortages – African Markets, Consumer Preferences, and Market Slowdown Solves

Homes, Andy 7-11-24 Senior metals columnist who previously covered industrial metals markets for Metals Week and was EMEA commodities editor at Knight-Ridder (subsequently Bridge). Started up Metals Insider in 2003 and sold it to Thomson Reuters in 2008, he is author of ‘Siberian Dreams’ (2006) about the Russian Arctic (After another boom and bust, where next for lithium? | reuters. (n.d.). https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/after-another-boom-bust-where-next-lithium-andy-home-2024-07-11/)

- Lithium boom has turned to bust as new supply overwhelms weaker-than-expected demand for electric vehicle (EV) batteries contract for lithium hydroxide has collapsed from a 2022 high of $85,000 per metric ton to $11,930 no-one seems to be expecting a speedy recovery short-term outlook is prices to trundle as the market digests surplus current price bust has been exacerbated by one-offs on both the supply and demand sides lithium's price behaviour is periods of high pricing encouraging over-production then periods of low pricing little-discussed element of the current glut is the surge in artisanal mining (ASM) in Africa, particularly in Nigeria and Zimbabwe artisanal miners accounted for almost two-thirds of African lithium supply in 2023 .  African shipments accounted for a quarter of China's total lithium imports a downgrade in expectations for EV sales as the Chinese market matures and the Western market loses some of its recent momentum Sales of pure battery vehicles are flat-lining , Hybrids are proving remarkably popular with consumers Joe Biden administration   on its target of converting two-thirds of vehicles to battery electric vehicles by 2032 allowing auto-makers to step up production of hybrids instead There is now too much supply and too much battery capacity to consumer demand for electric vehicles


Question: EV sales flatlining

No lithium shortages – African Markets, Consumer Preferences, and Market Slowdown Solves

Homes, Andy 7-11-24 Senior metals columnist who previously covered industrial metals markets for Metals Week and was EMEA commodities editor at Knight-Ridder (subsequently Bridge). Started up Metals Insider in 2003 and sold it to Thomson Reuters in 2008, he is author of ‘Siberian Dreams’ (2006) about the Russian Arctic (After another boom and bust, where next for lithium? | reuters. (n.d.). https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/after-another-boom-bust-where-next-lithium-andy-home-2024-07-11/)

- Lithium boom has turned to bust as new supply overwhelms weaker-than-expected demand for electric vehicle (EV) batteries contract for lithium hydroxide has collapsed from a 2022 high of $85,000 per metric ton to $11,930 no-one seems to be expecting a speedy recovery short-term outlook is prices to trundle as the market digests surplus current price bust has been exacerbated by one-offs on both the supply and demand sides lithium's price behaviour is periods of high pricing encouraging over-production then periods of low pricing little-discussed element of the current glut is the surge in artisanal mining (ASM) in Africa, particularly in Nigeria and Zimbabwe artisanal miners accounted for almost two-thirds of African lithium supply in 2023 .  African shipments accounted for a quarter of China's total lithium imports a downgrade in expectations for EV sales as the Chinese market matures and the Western market loses some of its recent momentum Sales of pure battery vehicles are flat-lining , Hybrids are proving remarkably popular with consumers Joe Biden administration   on its target of converting two-thirds of vehicles to battery electric vehicles by 2032 allowing auto-makers to step up production of hybrids instead There is now too much supply and too much battery capacity to consumer demand for electric vehicles


Question: lithium prices trundle

No lithium shortages – African Markets, Consumer Preferences, and Market Slowdown Solves

Homes, Andy 7-11-24 Senior metals columnist who previously covered industrial metals markets for Metals Week and was EMEA commodities editor at Knight-Ridder (subsequently Bridge). Started up Metals Insider in 2003 and sold it to Thomson Reuters in 2008, he is author of ‘Siberian Dreams’ (2006) about the Russian Arctic (After another boom and bust, where next for lithium? | reuters. (n.d.). https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/after-another-boom-bust-where-next-lithium-andy-home-2024-07-11/)

- Lithium boom has turned to bust as new supply overwhelms weaker-than-expected demand for electric vehicle (EV) batteries contract for lithium hydroxide has collapsed from a 2022 high of $85,000 per metric ton to $11,930 no-one seems to be expecting a speedy recovery short-term outlook is prices to trundle as the market digests surplus current price bust has been exacerbated by one-offs on both the supply and demand sides lithium's price behaviour is periods of high pricing encouraging over-production then periods of low pricing little-discussed element of the current glut is the surge in artisanal mining (ASM) in Africa, particularly in Nigeria and Zimbabwe artisanal miners accounted for almost two-thirds of African lithium supply in 2023 .  African shipments accounted for a quarter of China's total lithium imports a downgrade in expectations for EV sales as the Chinese market matures and the Western market loses some of its recent momentum Sales of pure battery vehicles are flat-lining , Hybrids are proving remarkably popular with consumers Joe Biden administration   on its target of converting two-thirds of vehicles to battery electric vehicles by 2032 allowing auto-makers to step up production of hybrids instead There is now too much supply and too much battery capacity to consumer demand for electric vehicles


Question: Wynter overdetermines indigeneity through blackness

The 1ACs use Wynter’s post-humanist lens overdetermines indigeneity by filtering it through a lens of  blackness. This pushes out indigenous assertions of sovereignty and self-governance necessary to materially decolonize.

Rifkin 19 (Mark Rifkin, Ph.D. University of Pennsylvania, Fictions of Land and Flesh: Blackness, Indigeneity, Speculation, Duke University Press, 2019)

system building can have the effect of interpellating populations in ways that disavow their analyses as well as the sociopolitical formations in which they struggle Wynter models posit the existence of modes of collective identification , they suggest that there is an underlying or overriding structure that overdetermines the terms for change Wynter argues that a specific Eurocentric way of envisioning what it means to be human has come to dominate Her work enable ontological sovereignty Wynter takes blackness as paradigmatic in producing a structural account Wynter locates blackness as the “ultimate referent such that all other forms of racialization against nonEuropean peoples can be understood within a framework in which antiblackness provide the background what place is there for engaging Indigenous geographies and peoplehood Wynter underlines the need for a shared sense of species identity That new account of the human leaves little room for envisioning self-determination Addressing Columbus she asks C]an there be . . . a third perspective beyond affirmation and denunciation Wynter suggests that all that followed in its wake should be thought from the perspective of the species Wynter implicitly cast dislodging of Man as decolonization Decolonization brings about the repatriation it is not a metaphor not engaging in sustained ways with Indigenous projects of self-determination turns decolonization into an empty signifier Indigenous geographies appear as partial interests that need to be transcended our present single world order generates a structural account in which the expropriation of Indigenous lands can be explained as a function of institutionalized narration for which blackness provides the model


Question: Rifkin 19

The 1ACs use Wynter’s post-humanist lens overdetermines indigeneity by filtering it through a lens of  blackness. This pushes out indigenous assertions of sovereignty and self-governance necessary to materially decolonize.

Rifkin 19 (Mark Rifkin, Ph.D. University of Pennsylvania, Fictions of Land and Flesh: Blackness, Indigeneity, Speculation, Duke University Press, 2019)

system building can have the effect of interpellating populations in ways that disavow their analyses as well as the sociopolitical formations in which they struggle Wynter models posit the existence of modes of collective identification , they suggest that there is an underlying or overriding structure that overdetermines the terms for change Wynter argues that a specific Eurocentric way of envisioning what it means to be human has come to dominate Her work enable ontological sovereignty Wynter takes blackness as paradigmatic in producing a structural account Wynter locates blackness as the “ultimate referent such that all other forms of racialization against nonEuropean peoples can be understood within a framework in which antiblackness provide the background what place is there for engaging Indigenous geographies and peoplehood Wynter underlines the need for a shared sense of species identity That new account of the human leaves little room for envisioning self-determination Addressing Columbus she asks C]an there be . . . a third perspective beyond affirmation and denunciation Wynter suggests that all that followed in its wake should be thought from the perspective of the species Wynter implicitly cast dislodging of Man as decolonization Decolonization brings about the repatriation it is not a metaphor not engaging in sustained ways with Indigenous projects of self-determination turns decolonization into an empty signifier Indigenous geographies appear as partial interests that need to be transcended our present single world order generates a structural account in which the expropriation of Indigenous lands can be explained as a function of institutionalized narration for which blackness provides the model


Question: Mark Rifkin

The 1ACs use Wynter’s post-humanist lens overdetermines indigeneity by filtering it through a lens of  blackness. This pushes out indigenous assertions of sovereignty and self-governance necessary to materially decolonize.

Rifkin 19 (Mark Rifkin, Ph.D. University of Pennsylvania, Fictions of Land and Flesh: Blackness, Indigeneity, Speculation, Duke University Press, 2019)

system building can have the effect of interpellating populations in ways that disavow their analyses as well as the sociopolitical formations in which they struggle Wynter models posit the existence of modes of collective identification , they suggest that there is an underlying or overriding structure that overdetermines the terms for change Wynter argues that a specific Eurocentric way of envisioning what it means to be human has come to dominate Her work enable ontological sovereignty Wynter takes blackness as paradigmatic in producing a structural account Wynter locates blackness as the “ultimate referent such that all other forms of racialization against nonEuropean peoples can be understood within a framework in which antiblackness provide the background what place is there for engaging Indigenous geographies and peoplehood Wynter underlines the need for a shared sense of species identity That new account of the human leaves little room for envisioning self-determination Addressing Columbus she asks C]an there be . . . a third perspective beyond affirmation and denunciation Wynter suggests that all that followed in its wake should be thought from the perspective of the species Wynter implicitly cast dislodging of Man as decolonization Decolonization brings about the repatriation it is not a metaphor not engaging in sustained ways with Indigenous projects of self-determination turns decolonization into an empty signifier Indigenous geographies appear as partial interests that need to be transcended our present single world order generates a structural account in which the expropriation of Indigenous lands can be explained as a function of institutionalized narration for which blackness provides the model


Question: Wynter models collective identification

The 1ACs use Wynter’s post-humanist lens overdetermines indigeneity by filtering it through a lens of  blackness. This pushes out indigenous assertions of sovereignty and self-governance necessary to materially decolonize.

Rifkin 19 (Mark Rifkin, Ph.D. University of Pennsylvania, Fictions of Land and Flesh: Blackness, Indigeneity, Speculation, Duke University Press, 2019)

system building can have the effect of interpellating populations in ways that disavow their analyses as well as the sociopolitical formations in which they struggle Wynter models posit the existence of modes of collective identification , they suggest that there is an underlying or overriding structure that overdetermines the terms for change Wynter argues that a specific Eurocentric way of envisioning what it means to be human has come to dominate Her work enable ontological sovereignty Wynter takes blackness as paradigmatic in producing a structural account Wynter locates blackness as the “ultimate referent such that all other forms of racialization against nonEuropean peoples can be understood within a framework in which antiblackness provide the background what place is there for engaging Indigenous geographies and peoplehood Wynter underlines the need for a shared sense of species identity That new account of the human leaves little room for envisioning self-determination Addressing Columbus she asks C]an there be . . . a third perspective beyond affirmation and denunciation Wynter suggests that all that followed in its wake should be thought from the perspective of the species Wynter implicitly cast dislodging of Man as decolonization Decolonization brings about the repatriation it is not a metaphor not engaging in sustained ways with Indigenous projects of self-determination turns decolonization into an empty signifier Indigenous geographies appear as partial interests that need to be transcended our present single world order generates a structural account in which the expropriation of Indigenous lands can be explained as a function of institutionalized narration for which blackness provides the model


Question: Wynter's post-humanist lens

The 1ACs use Wynter’s post-humanist lens overdetermines indigeneity by filtering it through a lens of  blackness. This pushes out indigenous assertions of sovereignty and self-governance necessary to materially decolonize.

Rifkin 19 (Mark Rifkin, Ph.D. University of Pennsylvania, Fictions of Land and Flesh: Blackness, Indigeneity, Speculation, Duke University Press, 2019)

system building can have the effect of interpellating populations in ways that disavow their analyses as well as the sociopolitical formations in which they struggle Wynter models posit the existence of modes of collective identification , they suggest that there is an underlying or overriding structure that overdetermines the terms for change Wynter argues that a specific Eurocentric way of envisioning what it means to be human has come to dominate Her work enable ontological sovereignty Wynter takes blackness as paradigmatic in producing a structural account Wynter locates blackness as the “ultimate referent such that all other forms of racialization against nonEuropean peoples can be understood within a framework in which antiblackness provide the background what place is there for engaging Indigenous geographies and peoplehood Wynter underlines the need for a shared sense of species identity That new account of the human leaves little room for envisioning self-determination Addressing Columbus she asks C]an there be . . . a third perspective beyond affirmation and denunciation Wynter suggests that all that followed in its wake should be thought from the perspective of the species Wynter implicitly cast dislodging of Man as decolonization Decolonization brings about the repatriation it is not a metaphor not engaging in sustained ways with Indigenous projects of self-determination turns decolonization into an empty signifier Indigenous geographies appear as partial interests that need to be transcended our present single world order generates a structural account in which the expropriation of Indigenous lands can be explained as a function of institutionalized narration for which blackness provides the model


Question: ontological sovereignty Rifkin

The 1ACs use Wynter’s post-humanist lens overdetermines indigeneity by filtering it through a lens of  blackness. This pushes out indigenous assertions of sovereignty and self-governance necessary to materially decolonize.

Rifkin 19 (Mark Rifkin, Ph.D. University of Pennsylvania, Fictions of Land and Flesh: Blackness, Indigeneity, Speculation, Duke University Press, 2019)

system building can have the effect of interpellating populations in ways that disavow their analyses as well as the sociopolitical formations in which they struggle Wynter models posit the existence of modes of collective identification , they suggest that there is an underlying or overriding structure that overdetermines the terms for change Wynter argues that a specific Eurocentric way of envisioning what it means to be human has come to dominate Her work enable ontological sovereignty Wynter takes blackness as paradigmatic in producing a structural account Wynter locates blackness as the “ultimate referent such that all other forms of racialization against nonEuropean peoples can be understood within a framework in which antiblackness provide the background what place is there for engaging Indigenous geographies and peoplehood Wynter underlines the need for a shared sense of species identity That new account of the human leaves little room for envisioning self-determination Addressing Columbus she asks C]an there be . . . a third perspective beyond affirmation and denunciation Wynter suggests that all that followed in its wake should be thought from the perspective of the species Wynter implicitly cast dislodging of Man as decolonization Decolonization brings about the repatriation it is not a metaphor not engaging in sustained ways with Indigenous projects of self-determination turns decolonization into an empty signifier Indigenous geographies appear as partial interests that need to be transcended our present single world order generates a structural account in which the expropriation of Indigenous lands can be explained as a function of institutionalized narration for which blackness provides the model


Question: Wynter blackness paradigmatic

The 1ACs use Wynter’s post-humanist lens overdetermines indigeneity by filtering it through a lens of  blackness. This pushes out indigenous assertions of sovereignty and self-governance necessary to materially decolonize.

Rifkin 19 (Mark Rifkin, Ph.D. University of Pennsylvania, Fictions of Land and Flesh: Blackness, Indigeneity, Speculation, Duke University Press, 2019)

system building can have the effect of interpellating populations in ways that disavow their analyses as well as the sociopolitical formations in which they struggle Wynter models posit the existence of modes of collective identification , they suggest that there is an underlying or overriding structure that overdetermines the terms for change Wynter argues that a specific Eurocentric way of envisioning what it means to be human has come to dominate Her work enable ontological sovereignty Wynter takes blackness as paradigmatic in producing a structural account Wynter locates blackness as the “ultimate referent such that all other forms of racialization against nonEuropean peoples can be understood within a framework in which antiblackness provide the background what place is there for engaging Indigenous geographies and peoplehood Wynter underlines the need for a shared sense of species identity That new account of the human leaves little room for envisioning self-determination Addressing Columbus she asks C]an there be . . . a third perspective beyond affirmation and denunciation Wynter suggests that all that followed in its wake should be thought from the perspective of the species Wynter implicitly cast dislodging of Man as decolonization Decolonization brings about the repatriation it is not a metaphor not engaging in sustained ways with Indigenous projects of self-determination turns decolonization into an empty signifier Indigenous geographies appear as partial interests that need to be transcended our present single world order generates a structural account in which the expropriation of Indigenous lands can be explained as a function of institutionalized narration for which blackness provides the model


Question: decolonization empty signifier

The 1ACs use Wynter’s post-humanist lens overdetermines indigeneity by filtering it through a lens of  blackness. This pushes out indigenous assertions of sovereignty and self-governance necessary to materially decolonize.

Rifkin 19 (Mark Rifkin, Ph.D. University of Pennsylvania, Fictions of Land and Flesh: Blackness, Indigeneity, Speculation, Duke University Press, 2019)

system building can have the effect of interpellating populations in ways that disavow their analyses as well as the sociopolitical formations in which they struggle Wynter models posit the existence of modes of collective identification , they suggest that there is an underlying or overriding structure that overdetermines the terms for change Wynter argues that a specific Eurocentric way of envisioning what it means to be human has come to dominate Her work enable ontological sovereignty Wynter takes blackness as paradigmatic in producing a structural account Wynter locates blackness as the “ultimate referent such that all other forms of racialization against nonEuropean peoples can be understood within a framework in which antiblackness provide the background what place is there for engaging Indigenous geographies and peoplehood Wynter underlines the need for a shared sense of species identity That new account of the human leaves little room for envisioning self-determination Addressing Columbus she asks C]an there be . . . a third perspective beyond affirmation and denunciation Wynter suggests that all that followed in its wake should be thought from the perspective of the species Wynter implicitly cast dislodging of Man as decolonization Decolonization brings about the repatriation it is not a metaphor not engaging in sustained ways with Indigenous projects of self-determination turns decolonization into an empty signifier Indigenous geographies appear as partial interests that need to be transcended our present single world order generates a structural account in which the expropriation of Indigenous lands can be explained as a function of institutionalized narration for which blackness provides the model


Question: Marginal damage reflected in marginal costs

Market-based instruments require that the marginal damage caused by pollution be reflected in the marginal cost of polluting activities – the plan is a regulatory instrument which is distinct.

Johanna Arlinghaus 17, Assistant Professor of Economics and Sustainability at the Hertie School; and Kurt Van Dender, Head of the Tax and Environment Unit at the OECD's Centre for Tax Policy and Administration, May 2017, “Environmental Fiscal Reform: Progress, Prospects and Pitfalls,” https://www.mase.gov.it/sites/default/files/archivio_immagini/Galletti/G7/5_G7_env_oecd_environmental_fiscal_reform_may_2017.pdf

This section provides definitions used in discussion of fiscal reform M b i s address market failure of externalities' either incorporating external cost of production or consumption through taxes or creating property rights facilitating proxy market for use of environmental services internalisation makes sure damage by pollution is reflected in market prices. M b i s different from reg s latter do not directly modify prices , even if compliance is costly environmental taxes align tax rates with (marginal) external costs


Question: Arlinghaus and Van Dender

Market-based instruments require that the marginal damage caused by pollution be reflected in the marginal cost of polluting activities – the plan is a regulatory instrument which is distinct.

Johanna Arlinghaus 17, Assistant Professor of Economics and Sustainability at the Hertie School; and Kurt Van Dender, Head of the Tax and Environment Unit at the OECD's Centre for Tax Policy and Administration, May 2017, “Environmental Fiscal Reform: Progress, Prospects and Pitfalls,” https://www.mase.gov.it/sites/default/files/archivio_immagini/Galletti/G7/5_G7_env_oecd_environmental_fiscal_reform_may_2017.pdf

This section provides definitions used in discussion of fiscal reform M b i s address market failure of externalities' either incorporating external cost of production or consumption through taxes or creating property rights facilitating proxy market for use of environmental services internalisation makes sure damage by pollution is reflected in market prices. M b i s different from reg s latter do not directly modify prices , even if compliance is costly environmental taxes align tax rates with (marginal) external costs


Question: Market based instruments vs regulation

Market-based instruments require that the marginal damage caused by pollution be reflected in the marginal cost of polluting activities – the plan is a regulatory instrument which is distinct.

Johanna Arlinghaus 17, Assistant Professor of Economics and Sustainability at the Hertie School; and Kurt Van Dender, Head of the Tax and Environment Unit at the OECD's Centre for Tax Policy and Administration, May 2017, “Environmental Fiscal Reform: Progress, Prospects and Pitfalls,” https://www.mase.gov.it/sites/default/files/archivio_immagini/Galletti/G7/5_G7_env_oecd_environmental_fiscal_reform_may_2017.pdf

This section provides definitions used in discussion of fiscal reform M b i s address market failure of externalities' either incorporating external cost of production or consumption through taxes or creating property rights facilitating proxy market for use of environmental services internalisation makes sure damage by pollution is reflected in market prices. M b i s different from reg s latter do not directly modify prices , even if compliance is costly environmental taxes align tax rates with (marginal) external costs


Question: Environmental fiscal reform

Market-based instruments require that the marginal damage caused by pollution be reflected in the marginal cost of polluting activities – the plan is a regulatory instrument which is distinct.

Johanna Arlinghaus 17, Assistant Professor of Economics and Sustainability at the Hertie School; and Kurt Van Dender, Head of the Tax and Environment Unit at the OECD's Centre for Tax Policy and Administration, May 2017, “Environmental Fiscal Reform: Progress, Prospects and Pitfalls,” https://www.mase.gov.it/sites/default/files/archivio_immagini/Galletti/G7/5_G7_env_oecd_environmental_fiscal_reform_may_2017.pdf

This section provides definitions used in discussion of fiscal reform M b i s address market failure of externalities' either incorporating external cost of production or consumption through taxes or creating property rights facilitating proxy market for use of environmental services internalisation makes sure damage by pollution is reflected in market prices. M b i s different from reg s latter do not directly modify prices , even if compliance is costly environmental taxes align tax rates with (marginal) external costs


Question: MBIs vs regs

Market-based instruments require that the marginal damage caused by pollution be reflected in the marginal cost of polluting activities – the plan is a regulatory instrument which is distinct.

Johanna Arlinghaus 17, Assistant Professor of Economics and Sustainability at the Hertie School; and Kurt Van Dender, Head of the Tax and Environment Unit at the OECD's Centre for Tax Policy and Administration, May 2017, “Environmental Fiscal Reform: Progress, Prospects and Pitfalls,” https://www.mase.gov.it/sites/default/files/archivio_immagini/Galletti/G7/5_G7_env_oecd_environmental_fiscal_reform_may_2017.pdf

This section provides definitions used in discussion of fiscal reform M b i s address market failure of externalities' either incorporating external cost of production or consumption through taxes or creating property rights facilitating proxy market for use of environmental services internalisation makes sure damage by pollution is reflected in market prices. M b i s different from reg s latter do not directly modify prices , even if compliance is costly environmental taxes align tax rates with (marginal) external costs


Question: market failure of externalities

Market-based instruments require that the marginal damage caused by pollution be reflected in the marginal cost of polluting activities – the plan is a regulatory instrument which is distinct.

Johanna Arlinghaus 17, Assistant Professor of Economics and Sustainability at the Hertie School; and Kurt Van Dender, Head of the Tax and Environment Unit at the OECD's Centre for Tax Policy and Administration, May 2017, “Environmental Fiscal Reform: Progress, Prospects and Pitfalls,” https://www.mase.gov.it/sites/default/files/archivio_immagini/Galletti/G7/5_G7_env_oecd_environmental_fiscal_reform_may_2017.pdf

This section provides definitions used in discussion of fiscal reform M b i s address market failure of externalities' either incorporating external cost of production or consumption through taxes or creating property rights facilitating proxy market for use of environmental services internalisation makes sure damage by pollution is reflected in market prices. M b i s different from reg s latter do not directly modify prices , even if compliance is costly environmental taxes align tax rates with (marginal) external costs


Question: environmental taxes align tax rates

Market-based instruments require that the marginal damage caused by pollution be reflected in the marginal cost of polluting activities – the plan is a regulatory instrument which is distinct.

Johanna Arlinghaus 17, Assistant Professor of Economics and Sustainability at the Hertie School; and Kurt Van Dender, Head of the Tax and Environment Unit at the OECD's Centre for Tax Policy and Administration, May 2017, “Environmental Fiscal Reform: Progress, Prospects and Pitfalls,” https://www.mase.gov.it/sites/default/files/archivio_immagini/Galletti/G7/5_G7_env_oecd_environmental_fiscal_reform_may_2017.pdf

This section provides definitions used in discussion of fiscal reform M b i s address market failure of externalities' either incorporating external cost of production or consumption through taxes or creating property rights facilitating proxy market for use of environmental services internalisation makes sure damage by pollution is reflected in market prices. M b i s different from reg s latter do not directly modify prices , even if compliance is costly environmental taxes align tax rates with (marginal) external costs


Question: Business confidence useless indicator

Business confidence is a useless indicator of economic prosperity.

Cameron Bagrie 18. Managing Director and Chief Economist at Bagrie Economics. Independent and straight-talking economics. Formerly Chief Economist, ANZ, New Zealand.  "Business confidence is a hopeless indicator. But that doesn't mean the economy isn't in trouble," Spinoff, https://thespinoff.co.nz/business/09-08-2018/business-confidence-is-bullshit-but-that-doesnt-mean-the-economy-isnt-in-trouble/

Business confidence fallen off a cliff Economist says it’s meaningless can largely ignore business confidence hopeless as an economic indicator correlation with economic growth is poor Changes in direction can provide information but not levels Businesses tend to be more upbeat regarding confidence under blue flag as opposed to red one confidence averaged minus 18 economy grew by more than 3.5% per year confidence was negative, but growth was positive


Question: Cameron Bagrie business confidence

Business confidence is a useless indicator of economic prosperity.

Cameron Bagrie 18. Managing Director and Chief Economist at Bagrie Economics. Independent and straight-talking economics. Formerly Chief Economist, ANZ, New Zealand.  "Business confidence is a hopeless indicator. But that doesn't mean the economy isn't in trouble," Spinoff, https://thespinoff.co.nz/business/09-08-2018/business-confidence-is-bullshit-but-that-doesnt-mean-the-economy-isnt-in-trouble/

Business confidence fallen off a cliff Economist says it’s meaningless can largely ignore business confidence hopeless as an economic indicator correlation with economic growth is poor Changes in direction can provide information but not levels Businesses tend to be more upbeat regarding confidence under blue flag as opposed to red one confidence averaged minus 18 economy grew by more than 3.5% per year confidence was negative, but growth was positive


Question: Bagrie 18 confidence useless

Business confidence is a useless indicator of economic prosperity.

Cameron Bagrie 18. Managing Director and Chief Economist at Bagrie Economics. Independent and straight-talking economics. Formerly Chief Economist, ANZ, New Zealand.  "Business confidence is a hopeless indicator. But that doesn't mean the economy isn't in trouble," Spinoff, https://thespinoff.co.nz/business/09-08-2018/business-confidence-is-bullshit-but-that-doesnt-mean-the-economy-isnt-in-trouble/

Business confidence fallen off a cliff Economist says it’s meaningless can largely ignore business confidence hopeless as an economic indicator correlation with economic growth is poor Changes in direction can provide information but not levels Businesses tend to be more upbeat regarding confidence under blue flag as opposed to red one confidence averaged minus 18 economy grew by more than 3.5% per year confidence was negative, but growth was positive


Question: Business confidence meaningless

Business confidence is a useless indicator of economic prosperity.

Cameron Bagrie 18. Managing Director and Chief Economist at Bagrie Economics. Independent and straight-talking economics. Formerly Chief Economist, ANZ, New Zealand.  "Business confidence is a hopeless indicator. But that doesn't mean the economy isn't in trouble," Spinoff, https://thespinoff.co.nz/business/09-08-2018/business-confidence-is-bullshit-but-that-doesnt-mean-the-economy-isnt-in-trouble/

Business confidence fallen off a cliff Economist says it’s meaningless can largely ignore business confidence hopeless as an economic indicator correlation with economic growth is poor Changes in direction can provide information but not levels Businesses tend to be more upbeat regarding confidence under blue flag as opposed to red one confidence averaged minus 18 economy grew by more than 3.5% per year confidence was negative, but growth was positive


Question: Business confidence correlation growth poor

Business confidence is a useless indicator of economic prosperity.

Cameron Bagrie 18. Managing Director and Chief Economist at Bagrie Economics. Independent and straight-talking economics. Formerly Chief Economist, ANZ, New Zealand.  "Business confidence is a hopeless indicator. But that doesn't mean the economy isn't in trouble," Spinoff, https://thespinoff.co.nz/business/09-08-2018/business-confidence-is-bullshit-but-that-doesnt-mean-the-economy-isnt-in-trouble/

Business confidence fallen off a cliff Economist says it’s meaningless can largely ignore business confidence hopeless as an economic indicator correlation with economic growth is poor Changes in direction can provide information but not levels Businesses tend to be more upbeat regarding confidence under blue flag as opposed to red one confidence averaged minus 18 economy grew by more than 3.5% per year confidence was negative, but growth was positive


Question: hopeless as an economic indicator

Business confidence is a useless indicator of economic prosperity.

Cameron Bagrie 18. Managing Director and Chief Economist at Bagrie Economics. Independent and straight-talking economics. Formerly Chief Economist, ANZ, New Zealand.  "Business confidence is a hopeless indicator. But that doesn't mean the economy isn't in trouble," Spinoff, https://thespinoff.co.nz/business/09-08-2018/business-confidence-is-bullshit-but-that-doesnt-mean-the-economy-isnt-in-trouble/

Business confidence fallen off a cliff Economist says it’s meaningless can largely ignore business confidence hopeless as an economic indicator correlation with economic growth is poor Changes in direction can provide information but not levels Businesses tend to be more upbeat regarding confidence under blue flag as opposed to red one confidence averaged minus 18 economy grew by more than 3.5% per year confidence was negative, but growth was positive


Question: economy grew by more than 3.5%

Business confidence is a useless indicator of economic prosperity.

Cameron Bagrie 18. Managing Director and Chief Economist at Bagrie Economics. Independent and straight-talking economics. Formerly Chief Economist, ANZ, New Zealand.  "Business confidence is a hopeless indicator. But that doesn't mean the economy isn't in trouble," Spinoff, https://thespinoff.co.nz/business/09-08-2018/business-confidence-is-bullshit-but-that-doesnt-mean-the-economy-isnt-in-trouble/

Business confidence fallen off a cliff Economist says it’s meaningless can largely ignore business confidence hopeless as an economic indicator correlation with economic growth is poor Changes in direction can provide information but not levels Businesses tend to be more upbeat regarding confidence under blue flag as opposed to red one confidence averaged minus 18 economy grew by more than 3.5% per year confidence was negative, but growth was positive


Question: confidence averaged minus 18

Business confidence is a useless indicator of economic prosperity.

Cameron Bagrie 18. Managing Director and Chief Economist at Bagrie Economics. Independent and straight-talking economics. Formerly Chief Economist, ANZ, New Zealand.  "Business confidence is a hopeless indicator. But that doesn't mean the economy isn't in trouble," Spinoff, https://thespinoff.co.nz/business/09-08-2018/business-confidence-is-bullshit-but-that-doesnt-mean-the-economy-isnt-in-trouble/

Business confidence fallen off a cliff Economist says it’s meaningless can largely ignore business confidence hopeless as an economic indicator correlation with economic growth is poor Changes in direction can provide information but not levels Businesses tend to be more upbeat regarding confidence under blue flag as opposed to red one confidence averaged minus 18 economy grew by more than 3.5% per year confidence was negative, but growth was positive


Question: Policy doesn't matter

Policy doesn’t matter.

Israel 9-9, former Representative from New York and former Chairman of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (Steve Israel, September 9, 2024, “Will the presidential debate matter? Probably not.” The Hill, https://thehill.com/opinion/campaign/4867732-will-the-presidential-debate-matter-probably-not/)

partisans won’t decide this election. It’s moderate s who are tuned out and spread across battleground states These voters will not watch Trump and Harris battle tax policy . Some tune in ; some view it through clips across social media we focus far more on rhetoric than policies


Question: Israel 9-9

Policy doesn’t matter.

Israel 9-9, former Representative from New York and former Chairman of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (Steve Israel, September 9, 2024, “Will the presidential debate matter? Probably not.” The Hill, https://thehill.com/opinion/campaign/4867732-will-the-presidential-debate-matter-probably-not/)

partisans won’t decide this election. It’s moderate s who are tuned out and spread across battleground states These voters will not watch Trump and Harris battle tax policy . Some tune in ; some view it through clips across social media we focus far more on rhetoric than policies


Question: Steve Israel

Policy doesn’t matter.

Israel 9-9, former Representative from New York and former Chairman of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (Steve Israel, September 9, 2024, “Will the presidential debate matter? Probably not.” The Hill, https://thehill.com/opinion/campaign/4867732-will-the-presidential-debate-matter-probably-not/)

partisans won’t decide this election. It’s moderate s who are tuned out and spread across battleground states These voters will not watch Trump and Harris battle tax policy . Some tune in ; some view it through clips across social media we focus far more on rhetoric than policies


Question: moderate voters won't watch debates

Policy doesn’t matter.

Israel 9-9, former Representative from New York and former Chairman of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (Steve Israel, September 9, 2024, “Will the presidential debate matter? Probably not.” The Hill, https://thehill.com/opinion/campaign/4867732-will-the-presidential-debate-matter-probably-not/)

partisans won’t decide this election. It’s moderate s who are tuned out and spread across battleground states These voters will not watch Trump and Harris battle tax policy . Some tune in ; some view it through clips across social media we focus far more on rhetoric than policies


Question: voters focus on rhetoric

Policy doesn’t matter.

Israel 9-9, former Representative from New York and former Chairman of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (Steve Israel, September 9, 2024, “Will the presidential debate matter? Probably not.” The Hill, https://thehill.com/opinion/campaign/4867732-will-the-presidential-debate-matter-probably-not/)

partisans won’t decide this election. It’s moderate s who are tuned out and spread across battleground states These voters will not watch Trump and Harris battle tax policy . Some tune in ; some view it through clips across social media we focus far more on rhetoric than policies


Question: policy not important

Policy doesn’t matter.

Israel 9-9, former Representative from New York and former Chairman of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (Steve Israel, September 9, 2024, “Will the presidential debate matter? Probably not.” The Hill, https://thehill.com/opinion/campaign/4867732-will-the-presidential-debate-matter-probably-not/)

partisans won’t decide this election. It’s moderate s who are tuned out and spread across battleground states These voters will not watch Trump and Harris battle tax policy . Some tune in ; some view it through clips across social media we focus far more on rhetoric than policies


Question: Reparations reify white dominance

Reparations are grounded in white supremacy and only seek to reify white dominance

Harriot - 22[Michael Harriot; April 13; 2022 Top 10 reasons why lineage-based reparations is a bad plan https://reparationscomm.org/reparations-news/10-reasons-why-lineage-based-reparations-is-a-bad-plan/|DOA: 7-24-23]-rrm

limit the resulting reparations to Black people whose ancestors were enslaved in the United States , spark robust debate about who is deserving of reparations undoing the legacy and history of slavery is not simple foundation rests on the precepts of white supremacy created the disparities reparations are intended to erase based on white history excludes the descendants who were enslaved in America by anyone other than English settlers white mat MAGA form of racism known as “economic anxiety


Question: Harriot 22

Reparations are grounded in white supremacy and only seek to reify white dominance

Harriot - 22[Michael Harriot; April 13; 2022 Top 10 reasons why lineage-based reparations is a bad plan https://reparationscomm.org/reparations-news/10-reasons-why-lineage-based-reparations-is-a-bad-plan/|DOA: 7-24-23]-rrm

limit the resulting reparations to Black people whose ancestors were enslaved in the United States , spark robust debate about who is deserving of reparations undoing the legacy and history of slavery is not simple foundation rests on the precepts of white supremacy created the disparities reparations are intended to erase based on white history excludes the descendants who were enslaved in America by anyone other than English settlers white mat MAGA form of racism known as “economic anxiety


Question: reparations white supremacy

Reparations are grounded in white supremacy and only seek to reify white dominance

Harriot - 22[Michael Harriot; April 13; 2022 Top 10 reasons why lineage-based reparations is a bad plan https://reparationscomm.org/reparations-news/10-reasons-why-lineage-based-reparations-is-a-bad-plan/|DOA: 7-24-23]-rrm

limit the resulting reparations to Black people whose ancestors were enslaved in the United States , spark robust debate about who is deserving of reparations undoing the legacy and history of slavery is not simple foundation rests on the precepts of white supremacy created the disparities reparations are intended to erase based on white history excludes the descendants who were enslaved in America by anyone other than English settlers white mat MAGA form of racism known as “economic anxiety


Question: reparations based on white history

Reparations are grounded in white supremacy and only seek to reify white dominance

Harriot - 22[Michael Harriot; April 13; 2022 Top 10 reasons why lineage-based reparations is a bad plan https://reparationscomm.org/reparations-news/10-reasons-why-lineage-based-reparations-is-a-bad-plan/|DOA: 7-24-23]-rrm

limit the resulting reparations to Black people whose ancestors were enslaved in the United States , spark robust debate about who is deserving of reparations undoing the legacy and history of slavery is not simple foundation rests on the precepts of white supremacy created the disparities reparations are intended to erase based on white history excludes the descendants who were enslaved in America by anyone other than English settlers white mat MAGA form of racism known as “economic anxiety


Question: lineage based reparations bad

Reparations are grounded in white supremacy and only seek to reify white dominance

Harriot - 22[Michael Harriot; April 13; 2022 Top 10 reasons why lineage-based reparations is a bad plan https://reparationscomm.org/reparations-news/10-reasons-why-lineage-based-reparations-is-a-bad-plan/|DOA: 7-24-23]-rrm

limit the resulting reparations to Black people whose ancestors were enslaved in the United States , spark robust debate about who is deserving of reparations undoing the legacy and history of slavery is not simple foundation rests on the precepts of white supremacy created the disparities reparations are intended to erase based on white history excludes the descendants who were enslaved in America by anyone other than English settlers white mat MAGA form of racism known as “economic anxiety


Question: reparations excludes descendants

Reparations are grounded in white supremacy and only seek to reify white dominance

Harriot - 22[Michael Harriot; April 13; 2022 Top 10 reasons why lineage-based reparations is a bad plan https://reparationscomm.org/reparations-news/10-reasons-why-lineage-based-reparations-is-a-bad-plan/|DOA: 7-24-23]-rrm

limit the resulting reparations to Black people whose ancestors were enslaved in the United States , spark robust debate about who is deserving of reparations undoing the legacy and history of slavery is not simple foundation rests on the precepts of white supremacy created the disparities reparations are intended to erase based on white history excludes the descendants who were enslaved in America by anyone other than English settlers white mat MAGA form of racism known as “economic anxiety


Question: economic anxiety reparations

Reparations are grounded in white supremacy and only seek to reify white dominance

Harriot - 22[Michael Harriot; April 13; 2022 Top 10 reasons why lineage-based reparations is a bad plan https://reparationscomm.org/reparations-news/10-reasons-why-lineage-based-reparations-is-a-bad-plan/|DOA: 7-24-23]-rrm

limit the resulting reparations to Black people whose ancestors were enslaved in the United States , spark robust debate about who is deserving of reparations undoing the legacy and history of slavery is not simple foundation rests on the precepts of white supremacy created the disparities reparations are intended to erase based on white history excludes the descendants who were enslaved in America by anyone other than English settlers white mat MAGA form of racism known as “economic anxiety


Question: Port strike thumps

2---Port strike thumps

Matthews ’24 [Chris; September 27; Washington Correspondent for MarketWatch; MarketWatch; “Port strike could come at a ‘high political cost’ for Harris campaign,” https://www.marketwatch.com/story/port-strike-could-come-at-a-high-political-cost-for-harris-campaign-c0b68ef5]

small disturbances could tilt the race large disturbance could result from dockworkers str knot up supply chains raise prices and bad economic headlines for Harris’ lose $5 billion each day economic impact is a tsunami particularly for automotive Biden doesn’t invoke T H A weakens Biden’s leverage Trump ’s advertise price increases or product shortages high political cost


Question: Matthews 24

2---Port strike thumps

Matthews ’24 [Chris; September 27; Washington Correspondent for MarketWatch; MarketWatch; “Port strike could come at a ‘high political cost’ for Harris campaign,” https://www.marketwatch.com/story/port-strike-could-come-at-a-high-political-cost-for-harris-campaign-c0b68ef5]

small disturbances could tilt the race large disturbance could result from dockworkers str knot up supply chains raise prices and bad economic headlines for Harris’ lose $5 billion each day economic impact is a tsunami particularly for automotive Biden doesn’t invoke T H A weakens Biden’s leverage Trump ’s advertise price increases or product shortages high political cost


Question: port strike political cost

2---Port strike thumps

Matthews ’24 [Chris; September 27; Washington Correspondent for MarketWatch; MarketWatch; “Port strike could come at a ‘high political cost’ for Harris campaign,” https://www.marketwatch.com/story/port-strike-could-come-at-a-high-political-cost-for-harris-campaign-c0b68ef5]

small disturbances could tilt the race large disturbance could result from dockworkers str knot up supply chains raise prices and bad economic headlines for Harris’ lose $5 billion each day economic impact is a tsunami particularly for automotive Biden doesn’t invoke T H A weakens Biden’s leverage Trump ’s advertise price increases or product shortages high political cost


Question: Harris campaign political cost

2---Port strike thumps

Matthews ’24 [Chris; September 27; Washington Correspondent for MarketWatch; MarketWatch; “Port strike could come at a ‘high political cost’ for Harris campaign,” https://www.marketwatch.com/story/port-strike-could-come-at-a-high-political-cost-for-harris-campaign-c0b68ef5]

small disturbances could tilt the race large disturbance could result from dockworkers str knot up supply chains raise prices and bad economic headlines for Harris’ lose $5 billion each day economic impact is a tsunami particularly for automotive Biden doesn’t invoke T H A weakens Biden’s leverage Trump ’s advertise price increases or product shortages high political cost


Question: dockworkers knot up supply chains

2---Port strike thumps

Matthews ’24 [Chris; September 27; Washington Correspondent for MarketWatch; MarketWatch; “Port strike could come at a ‘high political cost’ for Harris campaign,” https://www.marketwatch.com/story/port-strike-could-come-at-a-high-political-cost-for-harris-campaign-c0b68ef5]

small disturbances could tilt the race large disturbance could result from dockworkers str knot up supply chains raise prices and bad economic headlines for Harris’ lose $5 billion each day economic impact is a tsunami particularly for automotive Biden doesn’t invoke T H A weakens Biden’s leverage Trump ’s advertise price increases or product shortages high political cost


Question: Biden doesn't invoke TA

2---Port strike thumps

Matthews ’24 [Chris; September 27; Washington Correspondent for MarketWatch; MarketWatch; “Port strike could come at a ‘high political cost’ for Harris campaign,” https://www.marketwatch.com/story/port-strike-could-come-at-a-high-political-cost-for-harris-campaign-c0b68ef5]

small disturbances could tilt the race large disturbance could result from dockworkers str knot up supply chains raise prices and bad economic headlines for Harris’ lose $5 billion each day economic impact is a tsunami particularly for automotive Biden doesn’t invoke T H A weakens Biden’s leverage Trump ’s advertise price increases or product shortages high political cost


Question: port strike economic impact

2---Port strike thumps

Matthews ’24 [Chris; September 27; Washington Correspondent for MarketWatch; MarketWatch; “Port strike could come at a ‘high political cost’ for Harris campaign,” https://www.marketwatch.com/story/port-strike-could-come-at-a-high-political-cost-for-harris-campaign-c0b68ef5]

small disturbances could tilt the race large disturbance could result from dockworkers str knot up supply chains raise prices and bad economic headlines for Harris’ lose $5 billion each day economic impact is a tsunami particularly for automotive Biden doesn’t invoke T H A weakens Biden’s leverage Trump ’s advertise price increases or product shortages high political cost


Question: Shutdown greenlights cyberattacks

7---Shutdown greenlights cyberattacks.

Pal 19 (Monica; 1/24/19; Engineer, over two decades of experience; TechCrunch, “Senate Dems filibuster pro-Israel bill, demand vote to reopen government,” https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2019/jan/10/democrats-filibuster-pro-israel-bill-demand-vote-r/; RP)

enemies don’t “ shut down .” When our centers are not monitoring threats magnify and vulnerabilities become exposed agencies are stuck in limbo . Without protection around the clock extraneous threats thrive destruction would have debilitating impact we cannot tolerate vulnerability loss of staff places a greater burden oversight and mission failure find themselves stretched beyond capabilities A loss of personnel could result in cascading deterioration the season tend to have the highest cybercrime criminals ramp up activity Cyberwarfare has taken center stage No Ko Russia , Iran and China rely on cyber as their most dangerous weapon hostile states salivate at the shutdown


Question: Monica Pal 19

7---Shutdown greenlights cyberattacks.

Pal 19 (Monica; 1/24/19; Engineer, over two decades of experience; TechCrunch, “Senate Dems filibuster pro-Israel bill, demand vote to reopen government,” https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2019/jan/10/democrats-filibuster-pro-israel-bill-demand-vote-r/; RP)

enemies don’t “ shut down .” When our centers are not monitoring threats magnify and vulnerabilities become exposed agencies are stuck in limbo . Without protection around the clock extraneous threats thrive destruction would have debilitating impact we cannot tolerate vulnerability loss of staff places a greater burden oversight and mission failure find themselves stretched beyond capabilities A loss of personnel could result in cascading deterioration the season tend to have the highest cybercrime criminals ramp up activity Cyberwarfare has taken center stage No Ko Russia , Iran and China rely on cyber as their most dangerous weapon hostile states salivate at the shutdown


Question: cyber attacks increase during shutdown

7---Shutdown greenlights cyberattacks.

Pal 19 (Monica; 1/24/19; Engineer, over two decades of experience; TechCrunch, “Senate Dems filibuster pro-Israel bill, demand vote to reopen government,” https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2019/jan/10/democrats-filibuster-pro-israel-bill-demand-vote-r/; RP)

enemies don’t “ shut down .” When our centers are not monitoring threats magnify and vulnerabilities become exposed agencies are stuck in limbo . Without protection around the clock extraneous threats thrive destruction would have debilitating impact we cannot tolerate vulnerability loss of staff places a greater burden oversight and mission failure find themselves stretched beyond capabilities A loss of personnel could result in cascading deterioration the season tend to have the highest cybercrime criminals ramp up activity Cyberwarfare has taken center stage No Ko Russia , Iran and China rely on cyber as their most dangerous weapon hostile states salivate at the shutdown


Question: enemies don't shut down

7---Shutdown greenlights cyberattacks.

Pal 19 (Monica; 1/24/19; Engineer, over two decades of experience; TechCrunch, “Senate Dems filibuster pro-Israel bill, demand vote to reopen government,” https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2019/jan/10/democrats-filibuster-pro-israel-bill-demand-vote-r/; RP)

enemies don’t “ shut down .” When our centers are not monitoring threats magnify and vulnerabilities become exposed agencies are stuck in limbo . Without protection around the clock extraneous threats thrive destruction would have debilitating impact we cannot tolerate vulnerability loss of staff places a greater burden oversight and mission failure find themselves stretched beyond capabilities A loss of personnel could result in cascading deterioration the season tend to have the highest cybercrime criminals ramp up activity Cyberwarfare has taken center stage No Ko Russia , Iran and China rely on cyber as their most dangerous weapon hostile states salivate at the shutdown


Question: cyberwarfare Russia Iran China

7---Shutdown greenlights cyberattacks.

Pal 19 (Monica; 1/24/19; Engineer, over two decades of experience; TechCrunch, “Senate Dems filibuster pro-Israel bill, demand vote to reopen government,” https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2019/jan/10/democrats-filibuster-pro-israel-bill-demand-vote-r/; RP)

enemies don’t “ shut down .” When our centers are not monitoring threats magnify and vulnerabilities become exposed agencies are stuck in limbo . Without protection around the clock extraneous threats thrive destruction would have debilitating impact we cannot tolerate vulnerability loss of staff places a greater burden oversight and mission failure find themselves stretched beyond capabilities A loss of personnel could result in cascading deterioration the season tend to have the highest cybercrime criminals ramp up activity Cyberwarfare has taken center stage No Ko Russia , Iran and China rely on cyber as their most dangerous weapon hostile states salivate at the shutdown


Question: Government shutdown cyber vulnerability

7---Shutdown greenlights cyberattacks.

Pal 19 (Monica; 1/24/19; Engineer, over two decades of experience; TechCrunch, “Senate Dems filibuster pro-Israel bill, demand vote to reopen government,” https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2019/jan/10/democrats-filibuster-pro-israel-bill-demand-vote-r/; RP)

enemies don’t “ shut down .” When our centers are not monitoring threats magnify and vulnerabilities become exposed agencies are stuck in limbo . Without protection around the clock extraneous threats thrive destruction would have debilitating impact we cannot tolerate vulnerability loss of staff places a greater burden oversight and mission failure find themselves stretched beyond capabilities A loss of personnel could result in cascading deterioration the season tend to have the highest cybercrime criminals ramp up activity Cyberwarfare has taken center stage No Ko Russia , Iran and China rely on cyber as their most dangerous weapon hostile states salivate at the shutdown


Question: shutdown exposes vulnerabilities

7---Shutdown greenlights cyberattacks.

Pal 19 (Monica; 1/24/19; Engineer, over two decades of experience; TechCrunch, “Senate Dems filibuster pro-Israel bill, demand vote to reopen government,” https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2019/jan/10/democrats-filibuster-pro-israel-bill-demand-vote-r/; RP)

enemies don’t “ shut down .” When our centers are not monitoring threats magnify and vulnerabilities become exposed agencies are stuck in limbo . Without protection around the clock extraneous threats thrive destruction would have debilitating impact we cannot tolerate vulnerability loss of staff places a greater burden oversight and mission failure find themselves stretched beyond capabilities A loss of personnel could result in cascading deterioration the season tend to have the highest cybercrime criminals ramp up activity Cyberwarfare has taken center stage No Ko Russia , Iran and China rely on cyber as their most dangerous weapon hostile states salivate at the shutdown


Question: green capitalist realism

Green capitalist realism constrains political possibility – challenging hegemonic ideology is literally try or die.

Buller 22, MSc, Senior Fellow at Common Wealth. (Adrienne, “Between the devil and the deep blue sea: should we accept green capitalist solutions?” in The Value of a Whale: On the Illusions of Green Capitalism, p. 278-280, Manchester University Press)

green cap reflects an entrenched cultural sense of what is possible Received common sense is growth ‘lifts all boats’ even when lifting toward catastrophe Market economics hold a monopoly over what is deemed ‘utopian’ The implication is market solutions engage with the world as it is. they don’t there is much about the world they wilfully ignore evidence suggests addressing environmental breakdown require direct downscaling of production and consumption Perhaps this is utopian But amidst a planetary crisis it shouldn’t be We cling to what exists because we can no longer imagine an alternative The time is long overdue for imagining


Question: adrienne buller 22

Green capitalist realism constrains political possibility – challenging hegemonic ideology is literally try or die.

Buller 22, MSc, Senior Fellow at Common Wealth. (Adrienne, “Between the devil and the deep blue sea: should we accept green capitalist solutions?” in The Value of a Whale: On the Illusions of Green Capitalism, p. 278-280, Manchester University Press)

green cap reflects an entrenched cultural sense of what is possible Received common sense is growth ‘lifts all boats’ even when lifting toward catastrophe Market economics hold a monopoly over what is deemed ‘utopian’ The implication is market solutions engage with the world as it is. they don’t there is much about the world they wilfully ignore evidence suggests addressing environmental breakdown require direct downscaling of production and consumption Perhaps this is utopian But amidst a planetary crisis it shouldn’t be We cling to what exists because we can no longer imagine an alternative The time is long overdue for imagining