Question: geohaptics cultivation of new relations

It’s called geohaptics, a cultivation of new relations among the earth and it’s inhabitants. By thinking through touch rather than logic, the binary categories such as human/nonhuman cease to make sense. They are replaced with a new kind of freedom to think and be in the world whose benefits cannot be measured. This exists in opposition to the speculation of modern-day racial capitalism, which necessitates the division of beings into discrete subjects in order to turn them into resources to be traded on the market. By expanding this notion of subjectivity and decentering liberal personhood we speculate a world where it is impossible for systems of imperial racial capitalism to exist.

Tanaka 23. “Black Feminist Geohaptics and the Broken Earth” Shouhei Tanaka is a PhD candidate in English at the University of California, Los Angeles. His work has appeared or is forthcoming in PMLA, ASAP/Journal, Modernism/modernity, Modern Fiction Studies, ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment, and elsewhere. //kgn

imagine a sensuous geology whereby bodies intimately interface with inhuman lifeworlds through haptic wayfinding the Anthropocene’s geographies of power, unearthing how the categories of the human, inhuman, and more than human are generated across race, gender, and matter . literary imaginaries of the haptic in Black speculative fiction attend to the racial politics of the Anthropocene and the centrality of sensory praxis to ecological thought ecological touch—or geohaptics imagine new forms of worldmaking that contest the Anthropocene’s racial ecologies of power describing how sensory experiences “soften borders of individual bodies geohaptics crafts new planetary futures of environmental liberation for Black life free of the racial capitalocene Black feminist geohaptics assembles attunement more-than-human placemaking praxes that upend the ontological partitions between human/nonhuman, underwrite Western colonial metaphysics speculative fictions imagine new perception and forms of political subjectivity Touch animates new attunements to more-than-human lifeworlds; in turn, nonhuman lifeworlds decenter the human sensorium as the proprietary seat of liberal humanist personhood . haptic imagination orients sense as intersubjective processes through which bodies encounter more-than-human forces, thereby displacing humanist power perception make placemaking possible Black feminist relationality forges these novel ecologies by engaging, and undoing, the categories of the (in)human that propel “matrix of domination” Inventing alternative, speculative ecologies of more-than-human intimacies transformation is made possible by reading the planet as a sensate archive whose histories are made legible through touch , in which more-than-human relationalities are cultivated through an ethics of care, relation, and sensuality. Sense and sensation become infrastructures of care that forge novel ecologies of relationality emancipated from the matrix of domination. and crystallizes the entangled past, present, and future within the thickened ontology of the present.


Question: Tanaka 23 Black Feminist geohaptics

It’s called geohaptics, a cultivation of new relations among the earth and it’s inhabitants. By thinking through touch rather than logic, the binary categories such as human/nonhuman cease to make sense. They are replaced with a new kind of freedom to think and be in the world whose benefits cannot be measured. This exists in opposition to the speculation of modern-day racial capitalism, which necessitates the division of beings into discrete subjects in order to turn them into resources to be traded on the market. By expanding this notion of subjectivity and decentering liberal personhood we speculate a world where it is impossible for systems of imperial racial capitalism to exist.

Tanaka 23. “Black Feminist Geohaptics and the Broken Earth” Shouhei Tanaka is a PhD candidate in English at the University of California, Los Angeles. His work has appeared or is forthcoming in PMLA, ASAP/Journal, Modernism/modernity, Modern Fiction Studies, ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment, and elsewhere. //kgn

imagine a sensuous geology whereby bodies intimately interface with inhuman lifeworlds through haptic wayfinding the Anthropocene’s geographies of power, unearthing how the categories of the human, inhuman, and more than human are generated across race, gender, and matter . literary imaginaries of the haptic in Black speculative fiction attend to the racial politics of the Anthropocene and the centrality of sensory praxis to ecological thought ecological touch—or geohaptics imagine new forms of worldmaking that contest the Anthropocene’s racial ecologies of power describing how sensory experiences “soften borders of individual bodies geohaptics crafts new planetary futures of environmental liberation for Black life free of the racial capitalocene Black feminist geohaptics assembles attunement more-than-human placemaking praxes that upend the ontological partitions between human/nonhuman, underwrite Western colonial metaphysics speculative fictions imagine new perception and forms of political subjectivity Touch animates new attunements to more-than-human lifeworlds; in turn, nonhuman lifeworlds decenter the human sensorium as the proprietary seat of liberal humanist personhood . haptic imagination orients sense as intersubjective processes through which bodies encounter more-than-human forces, thereby displacing humanist power perception make placemaking possible Black feminist relationality forges these novel ecologies by engaging, and undoing, the categories of the (in)human that propel “matrix of domination” Inventing alternative, speculative ecologies of more-than-human intimacies transformation is made possible by reading the planet as a sensate archive whose histories are made legible through touch , in which more-than-human relationalities are cultivated through an ethics of care, relation, and sensuality. Sense and sensation become infrastructures of care that forge novel ecologies of relationality emancipated from the matrix of domination. and crystallizes the entangled past, present, and future within the thickened ontology of the present.


Question: Shouhei Tanaka

It’s called geohaptics, a cultivation of new relations among the earth and it’s inhabitants. By thinking through touch rather than logic, the binary categories such as human/nonhuman cease to make sense. They are replaced with a new kind of freedom to think and be in the world whose benefits cannot be measured. This exists in opposition to the speculation of modern-day racial capitalism, which necessitates the division of beings into discrete subjects in order to turn them into resources to be traded on the market. By expanding this notion of subjectivity and decentering liberal personhood we speculate a world where it is impossible for systems of imperial racial capitalism to exist.

Tanaka 23. “Black Feminist Geohaptics and the Broken Earth” Shouhei Tanaka is a PhD candidate in English at the University of California, Los Angeles. His work has appeared or is forthcoming in PMLA, ASAP/Journal, Modernism/modernity, Modern Fiction Studies, ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment, and elsewhere. //kgn

imagine a sensuous geology whereby bodies intimately interface with inhuman lifeworlds through haptic wayfinding the Anthropocene’s geographies of power, unearthing how the categories of the human, inhuman, and more than human are generated across race, gender, and matter . literary imaginaries of the haptic in Black speculative fiction attend to the racial politics of the Anthropocene and the centrality of sensory praxis to ecological thought ecological touch—or geohaptics imagine new forms of worldmaking that contest the Anthropocene’s racial ecologies of power describing how sensory experiences “soften borders of individual bodies geohaptics crafts new planetary futures of environmental liberation for Black life free of the racial capitalocene Black feminist geohaptics assembles attunement more-than-human placemaking praxes that upend the ontological partitions between human/nonhuman, underwrite Western colonial metaphysics speculative fictions imagine new perception and forms of political subjectivity Touch animates new attunements to more-than-human lifeworlds; in turn, nonhuman lifeworlds decenter the human sensorium as the proprietary seat of liberal humanist personhood . haptic imagination orients sense as intersubjective processes through which bodies encounter more-than-human forces, thereby displacing humanist power perception make placemaking possible Black feminist relationality forges these novel ecologies by engaging, and undoing, the categories of the (in)human that propel “matrix of domination” Inventing alternative, speculative ecologies of more-than-human intimacies transformation is made possible by reading the planet as a sensate archive whose histories are made legible through touch , in which more-than-human relationalities are cultivated through an ethics of care, relation, and sensuality. Sense and sensation become infrastructures of care that forge novel ecologies of relationality emancipated from the matrix of domination. and crystallizes the entangled past, present, and future within the thickened ontology of the present.


Question: geohaptics undoes colonial metaphysics

It’s called geohaptics, a cultivation of new relations among the earth and it’s inhabitants. By thinking through touch rather than logic, the binary categories such as human/nonhuman cease to make sense. They are replaced with a new kind of freedom to think and be in the world whose benefits cannot be measured. This exists in opposition to the speculation of modern-day racial capitalism, which necessitates the division of beings into discrete subjects in order to turn them into resources to be traded on the market. By expanding this notion of subjectivity and decentering liberal personhood we speculate a world where it is impossible for systems of imperial racial capitalism to exist.

Tanaka 23. “Black Feminist Geohaptics and the Broken Earth” Shouhei Tanaka is a PhD candidate in English at the University of California, Los Angeles. His work has appeared or is forthcoming in PMLA, ASAP/Journal, Modernism/modernity, Modern Fiction Studies, ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment, and elsewhere. //kgn

imagine a sensuous geology whereby bodies intimately interface with inhuman lifeworlds through haptic wayfinding the Anthropocene’s geographies of power, unearthing how the categories of the human, inhuman, and more than human are generated across race, gender, and matter . literary imaginaries of the haptic in Black speculative fiction attend to the racial politics of the Anthropocene and the centrality of sensory praxis to ecological thought ecological touch—or geohaptics imagine new forms of worldmaking that contest the Anthropocene’s racial ecologies of power describing how sensory experiences “soften borders of individual bodies geohaptics crafts new planetary futures of environmental liberation for Black life free of the racial capitalocene Black feminist geohaptics assembles attunement more-than-human placemaking praxes that upend the ontological partitions between human/nonhuman, underwrite Western colonial metaphysics speculative fictions imagine new perception and forms of political subjectivity Touch animates new attunements to more-than-human lifeworlds; in turn, nonhuman lifeworlds decenter the human sensorium as the proprietary seat of liberal humanist personhood . haptic imagination orients sense as intersubjective processes through which bodies encounter more-than-human forces, thereby displacing humanist power perception make placemaking possible Black feminist relationality forges these novel ecologies by engaging, and undoing, the categories of the (in)human that propel “matrix of domination” Inventing alternative, speculative ecologies of more-than-human intimacies transformation is made possible by reading the planet as a sensate archive whose histories are made legible through touch , in which more-than-human relationalities are cultivated through an ethics of care, relation, and sensuality. Sense and sensation become infrastructures of care that forge novel ecologies of relationality emancipated from the matrix of domination. and crystallizes the entangled past, present, and future within the thickened ontology of the present.


Question: touch replaces logic

It’s called geohaptics, a cultivation of new relations among the earth and it’s inhabitants. By thinking through touch rather than logic, the binary categories such as human/nonhuman cease to make sense. They are replaced with a new kind of freedom to think and be in the world whose benefits cannot be measured. This exists in opposition to the speculation of modern-day racial capitalism, which necessitates the division of beings into discrete subjects in order to turn them into resources to be traded on the market. By expanding this notion of subjectivity and decentering liberal personhood we speculate a world where it is impossible for systems of imperial racial capitalism to exist.

Tanaka 23. “Black Feminist Geohaptics and the Broken Earth” Shouhei Tanaka is a PhD candidate in English at the University of California, Los Angeles. His work has appeared or is forthcoming in PMLA, ASAP/Journal, Modernism/modernity, Modern Fiction Studies, ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment, and elsewhere. //kgn

imagine a sensuous geology whereby bodies intimately interface with inhuman lifeworlds through haptic wayfinding the Anthropocene’s geographies of power, unearthing how the categories of the human, inhuman, and more than human are generated across race, gender, and matter . literary imaginaries of the haptic in Black speculative fiction attend to the racial politics of the Anthropocene and the centrality of sensory praxis to ecological thought ecological touch—or geohaptics imagine new forms of worldmaking that contest the Anthropocene’s racial ecologies of power describing how sensory experiences “soften borders of individual bodies geohaptics crafts new planetary futures of environmental liberation for Black life free of the racial capitalocene Black feminist geohaptics assembles attunement more-than-human placemaking praxes that upend the ontological partitions between human/nonhuman, underwrite Western colonial metaphysics speculative fictions imagine new perception and forms of political subjectivity Touch animates new attunements to more-than-human lifeworlds; in turn, nonhuman lifeworlds decenter the human sensorium as the proprietary seat of liberal humanist personhood . haptic imagination orients sense as intersubjective processes through which bodies encounter more-than-human forces, thereby displacing humanist power perception make placemaking possible Black feminist relationality forges these novel ecologies by engaging, and undoing, the categories of the (in)human that propel “matrix of domination” Inventing alternative, speculative ecologies of more-than-human intimacies transformation is made possible by reading the planet as a sensate archive whose histories are made legible through touch , in which more-than-human relationalities are cultivated through an ethics of care, relation, and sensuality. Sense and sensation become infrastructures of care that forge novel ecologies of relationality emancipated from the matrix of domination. and crystallizes the entangled past, present, and future within the thickened ontology of the present.


Question: decentering liberal personhood

It’s called geohaptics, a cultivation of new relations among the earth and it’s inhabitants. By thinking through touch rather than logic, the binary categories such as human/nonhuman cease to make sense. They are replaced with a new kind of freedom to think and be in the world whose benefits cannot be measured. This exists in opposition to the speculation of modern-day racial capitalism, which necessitates the division of beings into discrete subjects in order to turn them into resources to be traded on the market. By expanding this notion of subjectivity and decentering liberal personhood we speculate a world where it is impossible for systems of imperial racial capitalism to exist.

Tanaka 23. “Black Feminist Geohaptics and the Broken Earth” Shouhei Tanaka is a PhD candidate in English at the University of California, Los Angeles. His work has appeared or is forthcoming in PMLA, ASAP/Journal, Modernism/modernity, Modern Fiction Studies, ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment, and elsewhere. //kgn

imagine a sensuous geology whereby bodies intimately interface with inhuman lifeworlds through haptic wayfinding the Anthropocene’s geographies of power, unearthing how the categories of the human, inhuman, and more than human are generated across race, gender, and matter . literary imaginaries of the haptic in Black speculative fiction attend to the racial politics of the Anthropocene and the centrality of sensory praxis to ecological thought ecological touch—or geohaptics imagine new forms of worldmaking that contest the Anthropocene’s racial ecologies of power describing how sensory experiences “soften borders of individual bodies geohaptics crafts new planetary futures of environmental liberation for Black life free of the racial capitalocene Black feminist geohaptics assembles attunement more-than-human placemaking praxes that upend the ontological partitions between human/nonhuman, underwrite Western colonial metaphysics speculative fictions imagine new perception and forms of political subjectivity Touch animates new attunements to more-than-human lifeworlds; in turn, nonhuman lifeworlds decenter the human sensorium as the proprietary seat of liberal humanist personhood . haptic imagination orients sense as intersubjective processes through which bodies encounter more-than-human forces, thereby displacing humanist power perception make placemaking possible Black feminist relationality forges these novel ecologies by engaging, and undoing, the categories of the (in)human that propel “matrix of domination” Inventing alternative, speculative ecologies of more-than-human intimacies transformation is made possible by reading the planet as a sensate archive whose histories are made legible through touch , in which more-than-human relationalities are cultivated through an ethics of care, relation, and sensuality. Sense and sensation become infrastructures of care that forge novel ecologies of relationality emancipated from the matrix of domination. and crystallizes the entangled past, present, and future within the thickened ontology of the present.


Question: racial capitalism divisions

It’s called geohaptics, a cultivation of new relations among the earth and it’s inhabitants. By thinking through touch rather than logic, the binary categories such as human/nonhuman cease to make sense. They are replaced with a new kind of freedom to think and be in the world whose benefits cannot be measured. This exists in opposition to the speculation of modern-day racial capitalism, which necessitates the division of beings into discrete subjects in order to turn them into resources to be traded on the market. By expanding this notion of subjectivity and decentering liberal personhood we speculate a world where it is impossible for systems of imperial racial capitalism to exist.

Tanaka 23. “Black Feminist Geohaptics and the Broken Earth” Shouhei Tanaka is a PhD candidate in English at the University of California, Los Angeles. His work has appeared or is forthcoming in PMLA, ASAP/Journal, Modernism/modernity, Modern Fiction Studies, ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment, and elsewhere. //kgn

imagine a sensuous geology whereby bodies intimately interface with inhuman lifeworlds through haptic wayfinding the Anthropocene’s geographies of power, unearthing how the categories of the human, inhuman, and more than human are generated across race, gender, and matter . literary imaginaries of the haptic in Black speculative fiction attend to the racial politics of the Anthropocene and the centrality of sensory praxis to ecological thought ecological touch—or geohaptics imagine new forms of worldmaking that contest the Anthropocene’s racial ecologies of power describing how sensory experiences “soften borders of individual bodies geohaptics crafts new planetary futures of environmental liberation for Black life free of the racial capitalocene Black feminist geohaptics assembles attunement more-than-human placemaking praxes that upend the ontological partitions between human/nonhuman, underwrite Western colonial metaphysics speculative fictions imagine new perception and forms of political subjectivity Touch animates new attunements to more-than-human lifeworlds; in turn, nonhuman lifeworlds decenter the human sensorium as the proprietary seat of liberal humanist personhood . haptic imagination orients sense as intersubjective processes through which bodies encounter more-than-human forces, thereby displacing humanist power perception make placemaking possible Black feminist relationality forges these novel ecologies by engaging, and undoing, the categories of the (in)human that propel “matrix of domination” Inventing alternative, speculative ecologies of more-than-human intimacies transformation is made possible by reading the planet as a sensate archive whose histories are made legible through touch , in which more-than-human relationalities are cultivated through an ethics of care, relation, and sensuality. Sense and sensation become infrastructures of care that forge novel ecologies of relationality emancipated from the matrix of domination. and crystallizes the entangled past, present, and future within the thickened ontology of the present.


Question: Black feminist geohaptics

It’s called geohaptics, a cultivation of new relations among the earth and it’s inhabitants. By thinking through touch rather than logic, the binary categories such as human/nonhuman cease to make sense. They are replaced with a new kind of freedom to think and be in the world whose benefits cannot be measured. This exists in opposition to the speculation of modern-day racial capitalism, which necessitates the division of beings into discrete subjects in order to turn them into resources to be traded on the market. By expanding this notion of subjectivity and decentering liberal personhood we speculate a world where it is impossible for systems of imperial racial capitalism to exist.

Tanaka 23. “Black Feminist Geohaptics and the Broken Earth” Shouhei Tanaka is a PhD candidate in English at the University of California, Los Angeles. His work has appeared or is forthcoming in PMLA, ASAP/Journal, Modernism/modernity, Modern Fiction Studies, ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment, and elsewhere. //kgn

imagine a sensuous geology whereby bodies intimately interface with inhuman lifeworlds through haptic wayfinding the Anthropocene’s geographies of power, unearthing how the categories of the human, inhuman, and more than human are generated across race, gender, and matter . literary imaginaries of the haptic in Black speculative fiction attend to the racial politics of the Anthropocene and the centrality of sensory praxis to ecological thought ecological touch—or geohaptics imagine new forms of worldmaking that contest the Anthropocene’s racial ecologies of power describing how sensory experiences “soften borders of individual bodies geohaptics crafts new planetary futures of environmental liberation for Black life free of the racial capitalocene Black feminist geohaptics assembles attunement more-than-human placemaking praxes that upend the ontological partitions between human/nonhuman, underwrite Western colonial metaphysics speculative fictions imagine new perception and forms of political subjectivity Touch animates new attunements to more-than-human lifeworlds; in turn, nonhuman lifeworlds decenter the human sensorium as the proprietary seat of liberal humanist personhood . haptic imagination orients sense as intersubjective processes through which bodies encounter more-than-human forces, thereby displacing humanist power perception make placemaking possible Black feminist relationality forges these novel ecologies by engaging, and undoing, the categories of the (in)human that propel “matrix of domination” Inventing alternative, speculative ecologies of more-than-human intimacies transformation is made possible by reading the planet as a sensate archive whose histories are made legible through touch , in which more-than-human relationalities are cultivated through an ethics of care, relation, and sensuality. Sense and sensation become infrastructures of care that forge novel ecologies of relationality emancipated from the matrix of domination. and crystallizes the entangled past, present, and future within the thickened ontology of the present.


Question: illegal without Congress

8. Their authors agree its illegal without Congress

Wiseman and Osofsky 16 [Hannah J. Wiseman and Hari M. Osofsky Attorneys' Title Professor, Florida State University College of Law. J.D., Yale Law School, A.B., Dartmouth College. * Professor, University of Minnesota Law School; Faculty Director, Energy Transition Lab; Director, Joint Degree Program in Law, Science & Technology; Faculty Member, Conservation Biology Graduate Program; Adjunct Professor, Department of Geography, Environment and Society; and Fellow, Institute on the Environment Ecology Law Quarterly, “Regional Energy Governance and U.S. Carbon Emissions”, lexis]

ability of regional authorities to influence generation has been challenged 3d Cir affirming a FERC order 4th Cir. 2014 PPL EnergyPlus affirming a court decision finding that federal law preempted New Jersey aiming to require new generation


Question: wiseman and osofsky 16

8. Their authors agree its illegal without Congress

Wiseman and Osofsky 16 [Hannah J. Wiseman and Hari M. Osofsky Attorneys' Title Professor, Florida State University College of Law. J.D., Yale Law School, A.B., Dartmouth College. * Professor, University of Minnesota Law School; Faculty Director, Energy Transition Lab; Director, Joint Degree Program in Law, Science & Technology; Faculty Member, Conservation Biology Graduate Program; Adjunct Professor, Department of Geography, Environment and Society; and Fellow, Institute on the Environment Ecology Law Quarterly, “Regional Energy Governance and U.S. Carbon Emissions”, lexis]

ability of regional authorities to influence generation has been challenged 3d Cir affirming a FERC order 4th Cir. 2014 PPL EnergyPlus affirming a court decision finding that federal law preempted New Jersey aiming to require new generation


Question: regional authorities influence generation

8. Their authors agree its illegal without Congress

Wiseman and Osofsky 16 [Hannah J. Wiseman and Hari M. Osofsky Attorneys' Title Professor, Florida State University College of Law. J.D., Yale Law School, A.B., Dartmouth College. * Professor, University of Minnesota Law School; Faculty Director, Energy Transition Lab; Director, Joint Degree Program in Law, Science & Technology; Faculty Member, Conservation Biology Graduate Program; Adjunct Professor, Department of Geography, Environment and Society; and Fellow, Institute on the Environment Ecology Law Quarterly, “Regional Energy Governance and U.S. Carbon Emissions”, lexis]

ability of regional authorities to influence generation has been challenged 3d Cir affirming a FERC order 4th Cir. 2014 PPL EnergyPlus affirming a court decision finding that federal law preempted New Jersey aiming to require new generation


Question: federal law preempted

8. Their authors agree its illegal without Congress

Wiseman and Osofsky 16 [Hannah J. Wiseman and Hari M. Osofsky Attorneys' Title Professor, Florida State University College of Law. J.D., Yale Law School, A.B., Dartmouth College. * Professor, University of Minnesota Law School; Faculty Director, Energy Transition Lab; Director, Joint Degree Program in Law, Science & Technology; Faculty Member, Conservation Biology Graduate Program; Adjunct Professor, Department of Geography, Environment and Society; and Fellow, Institute on the Environment Ecology Law Quarterly, “Regional Energy Governance and U.S. Carbon Emissions”, lexis]

ability of regional authorities to influence generation has been challenged 3d Cir affirming a FERC order 4th Cir. 2014 PPL EnergyPlus affirming a court decision finding that federal law preempted New Jersey aiming to require new generation


Question: regional energy governance

8. Their authors agree its illegal without Congress

Wiseman and Osofsky 16 [Hannah J. Wiseman and Hari M. Osofsky Attorneys' Title Professor, Florida State University College of Law. J.D., Yale Law School, A.B., Dartmouth College. * Professor, University of Minnesota Law School; Faculty Director, Energy Transition Lab; Director, Joint Degree Program in Law, Science & Technology; Faculty Member, Conservation Biology Graduate Program; Adjunct Professor, Department of Geography, Environment and Society; and Fellow, Institute on the Environment Ecology Law Quarterly, “Regional Energy Governance and U.S. Carbon Emissions”, lexis]

ability of regional authorities to influence generation has been challenged 3d Cir affirming a FERC order 4th Cir. 2014 PPL EnergyPlus affirming a court decision finding that federal law preempted New Jersey aiming to require new generation


Question: carbon emissions illegality

8. Their authors agree its illegal without Congress

Wiseman and Osofsky 16 [Hannah J. Wiseman and Hari M. Osofsky Attorneys' Title Professor, Florida State University College of Law. J.D., Yale Law School, A.B., Dartmouth College. * Professor, University of Minnesota Law School; Faculty Director, Energy Transition Lab; Director, Joint Degree Program in Law, Science & Technology; Faculty Member, Conservation Biology Graduate Program; Adjunct Professor, Department of Geography, Environment and Society; and Fellow, Institute on the Environment Ecology Law Quarterly, “Regional Energy Governance and U.S. Carbon Emissions”, lexis]

ability of regional authorities to influence generation has been challenged 3d Cir affirming a FERC order 4th Cir. 2014 PPL EnergyPlus affirming a court decision finding that federal law preempted New Jersey aiming to require new generation


Question: congressional authorization needed

8. Their authors agree its illegal without Congress

Wiseman and Osofsky 16 [Hannah J. Wiseman and Hari M. Osofsky Attorneys' Title Professor, Florida State University College of Law. J.D., Yale Law School, A.B., Dartmouth College. * Professor, University of Minnesota Law School; Faculty Director, Energy Transition Lab; Director, Joint Degree Program in Law, Science & Technology; Faculty Member, Conservation Biology Graduate Program; Adjunct Professor, Department of Geography, Environment and Society; and Fellow, Institute on the Environment Ecology Law Quarterly, “Regional Energy Governance and U.S. Carbon Emissions”, lexis]

ability of regional authorities to influence generation has been challenged 3d Cir affirming a FERC order 4th Cir. 2014 PPL EnergyPlus affirming a court decision finding that federal law preempted New Jersey aiming to require new generation


Question: Biodiversity resilient regardless of intervention

Biodiversity is increasing and resilient, regardless of human intervention.

Helmut Hillebrand et al. 23. Institute for Chemistry and Biology of Marine Environments [ICBM], Carl-Von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz-Centre for Polar and Marine Research. Written with Lucie Kuczynski, Charlotte Kunze, Marina C. Rillo & Jan-Claas Dajka. Thresholds and tipping points are tempting but not necessarily suitable concepts to address anthropogenic biodiversity change—an intervention. Marine Biodiversity, Vol. 53, No. 43, 15 June 2023. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1p007/s12526-023-01342-3. Accessed 13 June 2024

thresholds of biod incur a scaling issue as long as  extinction is less than species gains critical biod change is avoided inertia show transient increases in diversity rather than losses the threshold and tipping point narratives have little validity Biod might be the reason ecological systems absorb change functional recovery was the norm


Question: Hillebrand et al 23

Biodiversity is increasing and resilient, regardless of human intervention.

Helmut Hillebrand et al. 23. Institute for Chemistry and Biology of Marine Environments [ICBM], Carl-Von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz-Centre for Polar and Marine Research. Written with Lucie Kuczynski, Charlotte Kunze, Marina C. Rillo & Jan-Claas Dajka. Thresholds and tipping points are tempting but not necessarily suitable concepts to address anthropogenic biodiversity change—an intervention. Marine Biodiversity, Vol. 53, No. 43, 15 June 2023. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1p007/s12526-023-01342-3. Accessed 13 June 2024

thresholds of biod incur a scaling issue as long as  extinction is less than species gains critical biod change is avoided inertia show transient increases in diversity rather than losses the threshold and tipping point narratives have little validity Biod might be the reason ecological systems absorb change functional recovery was the norm


Question: Helmut Hillebrand biodiversity

Biodiversity is increasing and resilient, regardless of human intervention.

Helmut Hillebrand et al. 23. Institute for Chemistry and Biology of Marine Environments [ICBM], Carl-Von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz-Centre for Polar and Marine Research. Written with Lucie Kuczynski, Charlotte Kunze, Marina C. Rillo & Jan-Claas Dajka. Thresholds and tipping points are tempting but not necessarily suitable concepts to address anthropogenic biodiversity change—an intervention. Marine Biodiversity, Vol. 53, No. 43, 15 June 2023. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1p007/s12526-023-01342-3. Accessed 13 June 2024

thresholds of biod incur a scaling issue as long as  extinction is less than species gains critical biod change is avoided inertia show transient increases in diversity rather than losses the threshold and tipping point narratives have little validity Biod might be the reason ecological systems absorb change functional recovery was the norm


Question: thresholds of biodiversity incur scaling issue

Biodiversity is increasing and resilient, regardless of human intervention.

Helmut Hillebrand et al. 23. Institute for Chemistry and Biology of Marine Environments [ICBM], Carl-Von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz-Centre for Polar and Marine Research. Written with Lucie Kuczynski, Charlotte Kunze, Marina C. Rillo & Jan-Claas Dajka. Thresholds and tipping points are tempting but not necessarily suitable concepts to address anthropogenic biodiversity change—an intervention. Marine Biodiversity, Vol. 53, No. 43, 15 June 2023. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1p007/s12526-023-01342-3. Accessed 13 June 2024

thresholds of biod incur a scaling issue as long as  extinction is less than species gains critical biod change is avoided inertia show transient increases in diversity rather than losses the threshold and tipping point narratives have little validity Biod might be the reason ecological systems absorb change functional recovery was the norm


Question: extinction less than species gains

Biodiversity is increasing and resilient, regardless of human intervention.

Helmut Hillebrand et al. 23. Institute for Chemistry and Biology of Marine Environments [ICBM], Carl-Von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz-Centre for Polar and Marine Research. Written with Lucie Kuczynski, Charlotte Kunze, Marina C. Rillo & Jan-Claas Dajka. Thresholds and tipping points are tempting but not necessarily suitable concepts to address anthropogenic biodiversity change—an intervention. Marine Biodiversity, Vol. 53, No. 43, 15 June 2023. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1p007/s12526-023-01342-3. Accessed 13 June 2024

thresholds of biod incur a scaling issue as long as  extinction is less than species gains critical biod change is avoided inertia show transient increases in diversity rather than losses the threshold and tipping point narratives have little validity Biod might be the reason ecological systems absorb change functional recovery was the norm


Question: biodiversity change is avoided

Biodiversity is increasing and resilient, regardless of human intervention.

Helmut Hillebrand et al. 23. Institute for Chemistry and Biology of Marine Environments [ICBM], Carl-Von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz-Centre for Polar and Marine Research. Written with Lucie Kuczynski, Charlotte Kunze, Marina C. Rillo & Jan-Claas Dajka. Thresholds and tipping points are tempting but not necessarily suitable concepts to address anthropogenic biodiversity change—an intervention. Marine Biodiversity, Vol. 53, No. 43, 15 June 2023. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1p007/s12526-023-01342-3. Accessed 13 June 2024

thresholds of biod incur a scaling issue as long as  extinction is less than species gains critical biod change is avoided inertia show transient increases in diversity rather than losses the threshold and tipping point narratives have little validity Biod might be the reason ecological systems absorb change functional recovery was the norm


Question: functional recovery was the norm

Biodiversity is increasing and resilient, regardless of human intervention.

Helmut Hillebrand et al. 23. Institute for Chemistry and Biology of Marine Environments [ICBM], Carl-Von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz-Centre for Polar and Marine Research. Written with Lucie Kuczynski, Charlotte Kunze, Marina C. Rillo & Jan-Claas Dajka. Thresholds and tipping points are tempting but not necessarily suitable concepts to address anthropogenic biodiversity change—an intervention. Marine Biodiversity, Vol. 53, No. 43, 15 June 2023. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1p007/s12526-023-01342-3. Accessed 13 June 2024

thresholds of biod incur a scaling issue as long as  extinction is less than species gains critical biod change is avoided inertia show transient increases in diversity rather than losses the threshold and tipping point narratives have little validity Biod might be the reason ecological systems absorb change functional recovery was the norm


Question: Tactical harm reduction good

Tactical harm reduction is good---the alt makes the perfect the enemy of the better.

Smucker ’14 [Jonathan; 2014; Ph.D in Sociology from UC Berkeley; Wagingnonviolence, “The danger of fetishizing revolution,” wagingnonviolence.org/feature/danger-fetishizing-revolution/]

Do we imagine a restructuring of relations as an all-or-nothing  moment or an horizon If the former , then what incentive do we have to strategize about overcoming obstacles block today we become disinterested in efforts to improve conditions After all, why put a band-aid on a gaping wound? If we imagine change as a horizon toward which we orient a vision may be of use , so long as it grounds us in struggle now today organizations tend to to win victories Dismissing such efforts does not make one revolutionary . It is purism , fatalism and an abstract “politics” that emerges from privilege Any improvement in the situations of people is dismissed as prolonging the system Nothing can measure up to utopian standards This is not to suggest that we give up on structural changes The problem here is not radicalness ; the problem is all-or-nothing thinking about change in the meantime . If society were to collapse , why would society reconstruct itself in a way that  differs from its structure? A revolutionary movement will not ascend


Question: Smucker 2014

Tactical harm reduction is good---the alt makes the perfect the enemy of the better.

Smucker ’14 [Jonathan; 2014; Ph.D in Sociology from UC Berkeley; Wagingnonviolence, “The danger of fetishizing revolution,” wagingnonviolence.org/feature/danger-fetishizing-revolution/]

Do we imagine a restructuring of relations as an all-or-nothing  moment or an horizon If the former , then what incentive do we have to strategize about overcoming obstacles block today we become disinterested in efforts to improve conditions After all, why put a band-aid on a gaping wound? If we imagine change as a horizon toward which we orient a vision may be of use , so long as it grounds us in struggle now today organizations tend to to win victories Dismissing such efforts does not make one revolutionary . It is purism , fatalism and an abstract “politics” that emerges from privilege Any improvement in the situations of people is dismissed as prolonging the system Nothing can measure up to utopian standards This is not to suggest that we give up on structural changes The problem here is not radicalness ; the problem is all-or-nothing thinking about change in the meantime . If society were to collapse , why would society reconstruct itself in a way that  differs from its structure? A revolutionary movement will not ascend


Question: Jonathan Smucker

Tactical harm reduction is good---the alt makes the perfect the enemy of the better.

Smucker ’14 [Jonathan; 2014; Ph.D in Sociology from UC Berkeley; Wagingnonviolence, “The danger of fetishizing revolution,” wagingnonviolence.org/feature/danger-fetishizing-revolution/]

Do we imagine a restructuring of relations as an all-or-nothing  moment or an horizon If the former , then what incentive do we have to strategize about overcoming obstacles block today we become disinterested in efforts to improve conditions After all, why put a band-aid on a gaping wound? If we imagine change as a horizon toward which we orient a vision may be of use , so long as it grounds us in struggle now today organizations tend to to win victories Dismissing such efforts does not make one revolutionary . It is purism , fatalism and an abstract “politics” that emerges from privilege Any improvement in the situations of people is dismissed as prolonging the system Nothing can measure up to utopian standards This is not to suggest that we give up on structural changes The problem here is not radicalness ; the problem is all-or-nothing thinking about change in the meantime . If society were to collapse , why would society reconstruct itself in a way that  differs from its structure? A revolutionary movement will not ascend


Question: all or nothing thinking

Tactical harm reduction is good---the alt makes the perfect the enemy of the better.

Smucker ’14 [Jonathan; 2014; Ph.D in Sociology from UC Berkeley; Wagingnonviolence, “The danger of fetishizing revolution,” wagingnonviolence.org/feature/danger-fetishizing-revolution/]

Do we imagine a restructuring of relations as an all-or-nothing  moment or an horizon If the former , then what incentive do we have to strategize about overcoming obstacles block today we become disinterested in efforts to improve conditions After all, why put a band-aid on a gaping wound? If we imagine change as a horizon toward which we orient a vision may be of use , so long as it grounds us in struggle now today organizations tend to to win victories Dismissing such efforts does not make one revolutionary . It is purism , fatalism and an abstract “politics” that emerges from privilege Any improvement in the situations of people is dismissed as prolonging the system Nothing can measure up to utopian standards This is not to suggest that we give up on structural changes The problem here is not radicalness ; the problem is all-or-nothing thinking about change in the meantime . If society were to collapse , why would society reconstruct itself in a way that  differs from its structure? A revolutionary movement will not ascend


Question: perfect the enemy of the better

Tactical harm reduction is good---the alt makes the perfect the enemy of the better.

Smucker ’14 [Jonathan; 2014; Ph.D in Sociology from UC Berkeley; Wagingnonviolence, “The danger of fetishizing revolution,” wagingnonviolence.org/feature/danger-fetishizing-revolution/]

Do we imagine a restructuring of relations as an all-or-nothing  moment or an horizon If the former , then what incentive do we have to strategize about overcoming obstacles block today we become disinterested in efforts to improve conditions After all, why put a band-aid on a gaping wound? If we imagine change as a horizon toward which we orient a vision may be of use , so long as it grounds us in struggle now today organizations tend to to win victories Dismissing such efforts does not make one revolutionary . It is purism , fatalism and an abstract “politics” that emerges from privilege Any improvement in the situations of people is dismissed as prolonging the system Nothing can measure up to utopian standards This is not to suggest that we give up on structural changes The problem here is not radicalness ; the problem is all-or-nothing thinking about change in the meantime . If society were to collapse , why would society reconstruct itself in a way that  differs from its structure? A revolutionary movement will not ascend


Question: fetishizing revolution

Tactical harm reduction is good---the alt makes the perfect the enemy of the better.

Smucker ’14 [Jonathan; 2014; Ph.D in Sociology from UC Berkeley; Wagingnonviolence, “The danger of fetishizing revolution,” wagingnonviolence.org/feature/danger-fetishizing-revolution/]

Do we imagine a restructuring of relations as an all-or-nothing  moment or an horizon If the former , then what incentive do we have to strategize about overcoming obstacles block today we become disinterested in efforts to improve conditions After all, why put a band-aid on a gaping wound? If we imagine change as a horizon toward which we orient a vision may be of use , so long as it grounds us in struggle now today organizations tend to to win victories Dismissing such efforts does not make one revolutionary . It is purism , fatalism and an abstract “politics” that emerges from privilege Any improvement in the situations of people is dismissed as prolonging the system Nothing can measure up to utopian standards This is not to suggest that we give up on structural changes The problem here is not radicalness ; the problem is all-or-nothing thinking about change in the meantime . If society were to collapse , why would society reconstruct itself in a way that  differs from its structure? A revolutionary movement will not ascend


Question: improve conditions today

Tactical harm reduction is good---the alt makes the perfect the enemy of the better.

Smucker ’14 [Jonathan; 2014; Ph.D in Sociology from UC Berkeley; Wagingnonviolence, “The danger of fetishizing revolution,” wagingnonviolence.org/feature/danger-fetishizing-revolution/]

Do we imagine a restructuring of relations as an all-or-nothing  moment or an horizon If the former , then what incentive do we have to strategize about overcoming obstacles block today we become disinterested in efforts to improve conditions After all, why put a band-aid on a gaping wound? If we imagine change as a horizon toward which we orient a vision may be of use , so long as it grounds us in struggle now today organizations tend to to win victories Dismissing such efforts does not make one revolutionary . It is purism , fatalism and an abstract “politics” that emerges from privilege Any improvement in the situations of people is dismissed as prolonging the system Nothing can measure up to utopian standards This is not to suggest that we give up on structural changes The problem here is not radicalness ; the problem is all-or-nothing thinking about change in the meantime . If society were to collapse , why would society reconstruct itself in a way that  differs from its structure? A revolutionary movement will not ascend


Question: Trump oil prices

C. TRUMP.

Irina Slav 11/7. Writer for oilprice.com with over a decade of experience writing on the oil and gas industry. “Citi Sees Oil Prices Dropping to $60 Under Trump.” 11/7/24. https://oilprice.com/Energy/nergy-General/Citi-Sees-Oil-Prices-Dropping-to-60-Under-Trump.html

analysts forecast Brent crude average $60 per barrel driven lower by incoming administration tariffs higher production driving factors Trump may influence OPEC+ to convince group to bring supply back presidency lead to decline in geopolitical tensions further contributing to lower prices pro-growth energy policies depress prices deficits sustained with debt The government itself acknowledges prices and spending will squeeze its finances It expects shortfalls through 2027 debt-to-GDP ratio is nearly 30% the government needs crude prices to be over $96 a barrel to balance its budget The figure is even higher when PIF’s domestic spending is taken into account


Question: Irina Slav oilprice.com

C. TRUMP.

Irina Slav 11/7. Writer for oilprice.com with over a decade of experience writing on the oil and gas industry. “Citi Sees Oil Prices Dropping to $60 Under Trump.” 11/7/24. https://oilprice.com/Energy/nergy-General/Citi-Sees-Oil-Prices-Dropping-to-60-Under-Trump.html

analysts forecast Brent crude average $60 per barrel driven lower by incoming administration tariffs higher production driving factors Trump may influence OPEC+ to convince group to bring supply back presidency lead to decline in geopolitical tensions further contributing to lower prices pro-growth energy policies depress prices deficits sustained with debt The government itself acknowledges prices and spending will squeeze its finances It expects shortfalls through 2027 debt-to-GDP ratio is nearly 30% the government needs crude prices to be over $96 a barrel to balance its budget The figure is even higher when PIF’s domestic spending is taken into account


Question: Citi sees oil prices dropping

C. TRUMP.

Irina Slav 11/7. Writer for oilprice.com with over a decade of experience writing on the oil and gas industry. “Citi Sees Oil Prices Dropping to $60 Under Trump.” 11/7/24. https://oilprice.com/Energy/nergy-General/Citi-Sees-Oil-Prices-Dropping-to-60-Under-Trump.html

analysts forecast Brent crude average $60 per barrel driven lower by incoming administration tariffs higher production driving factors Trump may influence OPEC+ to convince group to bring supply back presidency lead to decline in geopolitical tensions further contributing to lower prices pro-growth energy policies depress prices deficits sustained with debt The government itself acknowledges prices and spending will squeeze its finances It expects shortfalls through 2027 debt-to-GDP ratio is nearly 30% the government needs crude prices to be over $96 a barrel to balance its budget The figure is even higher when PIF’s domestic spending is taken into account


Question: Trump presidency lower oil prices

C. TRUMP.

Irina Slav 11/7. Writer for oilprice.com with over a decade of experience writing on the oil and gas industry. “Citi Sees Oil Prices Dropping to $60 Under Trump.” 11/7/24. https://oilprice.com/Energy/nergy-General/Citi-Sees-Oil-Prices-Dropping-to-60-Under-Trump.html

analysts forecast Brent crude average $60 per barrel driven lower by incoming administration tariffs higher production driving factors Trump may influence OPEC+ to convince group to bring supply back presidency lead to decline in geopolitical tensions further contributing to lower prices pro-growth energy policies depress prices deficits sustained with debt The government itself acknowledges prices and spending will squeeze its finances It expects shortfalls through 2027 debt-to-GDP ratio is nearly 30% the government needs crude prices to be over $96 a barrel to balance its budget The figure is even higher when PIF’s domestic spending is taken into account


Question: Trump influence OPEC

C. TRUMP.

Irina Slav 11/7. Writer for oilprice.com with over a decade of experience writing on the oil and gas industry. “Citi Sees Oil Prices Dropping to $60 Under Trump.” 11/7/24. https://oilprice.com/Energy/nergy-General/Citi-Sees-Oil-Prices-Dropping-to-60-Under-Trump.html

analysts forecast Brent crude average $60 per barrel driven lower by incoming administration tariffs higher production driving factors Trump may influence OPEC+ to convince group to bring supply back presidency lead to decline in geopolitical tensions further contributing to lower prices pro-growth energy policies depress prices deficits sustained with debt The government itself acknowledges prices and spending will squeeze its finances It expects shortfalls through 2027 debt-to-GDP ratio is nearly 30% the government needs crude prices to be over $96 a barrel to balance its budget The figure is even higher when PIF’s domestic spending is taken into account


Question: Trump energy policies depress prices

C. TRUMP.

Irina Slav 11/7. Writer for oilprice.com with over a decade of experience writing on the oil and gas industry. “Citi Sees Oil Prices Dropping to $60 Under Trump.” 11/7/24. https://oilprice.com/Energy/nergy-General/Citi-Sees-Oil-Prices-Dropping-to-60-Under-Trump.html

analysts forecast Brent crude average $60 per barrel driven lower by incoming administration tariffs higher production driving factors Trump may influence OPEC+ to convince group to bring supply back presidency lead to decline in geopolitical tensions further contributing to lower prices pro-growth energy policies depress prices deficits sustained with debt The government itself acknowledges prices and spending will squeeze its finances It expects shortfalls through 2027 debt-to-GDP ratio is nearly 30% the government needs crude prices to be over $96 a barrel to balance its budget The figure is even higher when PIF’s domestic spending is taken into account


Question: Trump tariffs higher production oil

C. TRUMP.

Irina Slav 11/7. Writer for oilprice.com with over a decade of experience writing on the oil and gas industry. “Citi Sees Oil Prices Dropping to $60 Under Trump.” 11/7/24. https://oilprice.com/Energy/nergy-General/Citi-Sees-Oil-Prices-Dropping-to-60-Under-Trump.html

analysts forecast Brent crude average $60 per barrel driven lower by incoming administration tariffs higher production driving factors Trump may influence OPEC+ to convince group to bring supply back presidency lead to decline in geopolitical tensions further contributing to lower prices pro-growth energy policies depress prices deficits sustained with debt The government itself acknowledges prices and spending will squeeze its finances It expects shortfalls through 2027 debt-to-GDP ratio is nearly 30% the government needs crude prices to be over $96 a barrel to balance its budget The figure is even higher when PIF’s domestic spending is taken into account


Question: Capitalism sustainable and solves warming

Capitalism is sustainable and solves warming.

Hill ‘20 [Victor; 11/3/20; Financial Economist with the International Finance Corporation at the World Bank, lead writer for Master Investor, holds degrees from the University of Oxford, Institut Européen d'Administration des Affaires, and Canterbury Christ Church University; "Only capitalism will save the planet," https://masterinvestor.co.uk/economics/only-capitalism-will-save-the-planet/]

coronavirus diverted attention from climate environmental groups are out-of-date advances in tech facilitated by free market are transitioning to zero-fossil fuel because it is economically viable business community understand CO2 there is respectable debate about how quickly it will cause results perfectly legitimate to question models many have questionable methodologies . Claims ten years left should be challenged climate rebels would shut down the economy cause unparalleled disruption poverty and starvation . No politician is behind that groups don’t offer real solutions to climate change the best chance to solve is market forces profit motives finance and tech Transition is already underway shift has accelerated economies of scale kicked in solar and wind outcompete coal energy storage are improving downside with extraction a cause of emissions is why there is focus on hydrogen producing zero emissions The holy grail cheap and clean could facilitate 45 percent of emissions eliminated capacity could be ramped up by SMRs gas plants phased out oil majors are here to stay they embraced CCS carbon pricing formed the OGCI a consortium to support Paris they will succeed reinventing themselves


Question: Hill 2020

Capitalism is sustainable and solves warming.

Hill ‘20 [Victor; 11/3/20; Financial Economist with the International Finance Corporation at the World Bank, lead writer for Master Investor, holds degrees from the University of Oxford, Institut Européen d'Administration des Affaires, and Canterbury Christ Church University; "Only capitalism will save the planet," https://masterinvestor.co.uk/economics/only-capitalism-will-save-the-planet/]

coronavirus diverted attention from climate environmental groups are out-of-date advances in tech facilitated by free market are transitioning to zero-fossil fuel because it is economically viable business community understand CO2 there is respectable debate about how quickly it will cause results perfectly legitimate to question models many have questionable methodologies . Claims ten years left should be challenged climate rebels would shut down the economy cause unparalleled disruption poverty and starvation . No politician is behind that groups don’t offer real solutions to climate change the best chance to solve is market forces profit motives finance and tech Transition is already underway shift has accelerated economies of scale kicked in solar and wind outcompete coal energy storage are improving downside with extraction a cause of emissions is why there is focus on hydrogen producing zero emissions The holy grail cheap and clean could facilitate 45 percent of emissions eliminated capacity could be ramped up by SMRs gas plants phased out oil majors are here to stay they embraced CCS carbon pricing formed the OGCI a consortium to support Paris they will succeed reinventing themselves


Question: Only capitalism will save the planet

Capitalism is sustainable and solves warming.

Hill ‘20 [Victor; 11/3/20; Financial Economist with the International Finance Corporation at the World Bank, lead writer for Master Investor, holds degrees from the University of Oxford, Institut Européen d'Administration des Affaires, and Canterbury Christ Church University; "Only capitalism will save the planet," https://masterinvestor.co.uk/economics/only-capitalism-will-save-the-planet/]

coronavirus diverted attention from climate environmental groups are out-of-date advances in tech facilitated by free market are transitioning to zero-fossil fuel because it is economically viable business community understand CO2 there is respectable debate about how quickly it will cause results perfectly legitimate to question models many have questionable methodologies . Claims ten years left should be challenged climate rebels would shut down the economy cause unparalleled disruption poverty and starvation . No politician is behind that groups don’t offer real solutions to climate change the best chance to solve is market forces profit motives finance and tech Transition is already underway shift has accelerated economies of scale kicked in solar and wind outcompete coal energy storage are improving downside with extraction a cause of emissions is why there is focus on hydrogen producing zero emissions The holy grail cheap and clean could facilitate 45 percent of emissions eliminated capacity could be ramped up by SMRs gas plants phased out oil majors are here to stay they embraced CCS carbon pricing formed the OGCI a consortium to support Paris they will succeed reinventing themselves


Question: market forces profit motives climate

Capitalism is sustainable and solves warming.

Hill ‘20 [Victor; 11/3/20; Financial Economist with the International Finance Corporation at the World Bank, lead writer for Master Investor, holds degrees from the University of Oxford, Institut Européen d'Administration des Affaires, and Canterbury Christ Church University; "Only capitalism will save the planet," https://masterinvestor.co.uk/economics/only-capitalism-will-save-the-planet/]

coronavirus diverted attention from climate environmental groups are out-of-date advances in tech facilitated by free market are transitioning to zero-fossil fuel because it is economically viable business community understand CO2 there is respectable debate about how quickly it will cause results perfectly legitimate to question models many have questionable methodologies . Claims ten years left should be challenged climate rebels would shut down the economy cause unparalleled disruption poverty and starvation . No politician is behind that groups don’t offer real solutions to climate change the best chance to solve is market forces profit motives finance and tech Transition is already underway shift has accelerated economies of scale kicked in solar and wind outcompete coal energy storage are improving downside with extraction a cause of emissions is why there is focus on hydrogen producing zero emissions The holy grail cheap and clean could facilitate 45 percent of emissions eliminated capacity could be ramped up by SMRs gas plants phased out oil majors are here to stay they embraced CCS carbon pricing formed the OGCI a consortium to support Paris they will succeed reinventing themselves


Question: capitalism and climate change

Capitalism is sustainable and solves warming.

Hill ‘20 [Victor; 11/3/20; Financial Economist with the International Finance Corporation at the World Bank, lead writer for Master Investor, holds degrees from the University of Oxford, Institut Européen d'Administration des Affaires, and Canterbury Christ Church University; "Only capitalism will save the planet," https://masterinvestor.co.uk/economics/only-capitalism-will-save-the-planet/]

coronavirus diverted attention from climate environmental groups are out-of-date advances in tech facilitated by free market are transitioning to zero-fossil fuel because it is economically viable business community understand CO2 there is respectable debate about how quickly it will cause results perfectly legitimate to question models many have questionable methodologies . Claims ten years left should be challenged climate rebels would shut down the economy cause unparalleled disruption poverty and starvation . No politician is behind that groups don’t offer real solutions to climate change the best chance to solve is market forces profit motives finance and tech Transition is already underway shift has accelerated economies of scale kicked in solar and wind outcompete coal energy storage are improving downside with extraction a cause of emissions is why there is focus on hydrogen producing zero emissions The holy grail cheap and clean could facilitate 45 percent of emissions eliminated capacity could be ramped up by SMRs gas plants phased out oil majors are here to stay they embraced CCS carbon pricing formed the OGCI a consortium to support Paris they will succeed reinventing themselves


Question: tech facilitates zero fossil fuel

Capitalism is sustainable and solves warming.

Hill ‘20 [Victor; 11/3/20; Financial Economist with the International Finance Corporation at the World Bank, lead writer for Master Investor, holds degrees from the University of Oxford, Institut Européen d'Administration des Affaires, and Canterbury Christ Church University; "Only capitalism will save the planet," https://masterinvestor.co.uk/economics/only-capitalism-will-save-the-planet/]

coronavirus diverted attention from climate environmental groups are out-of-date advances in tech facilitated by free market are transitioning to zero-fossil fuel because it is economically viable business community understand CO2 there is respectable debate about how quickly it will cause results perfectly legitimate to question models many have questionable methodologies . Claims ten years left should be challenged climate rebels would shut down the economy cause unparalleled disruption poverty and starvation . No politician is behind that groups don’t offer real solutions to climate change the best chance to solve is market forces profit motives finance and tech Transition is already underway shift has accelerated economies of scale kicked in solar and wind outcompete coal energy storage are improving downside with extraction a cause of emissions is why there is focus on hydrogen producing zero emissions The holy grail cheap and clean could facilitate 45 percent of emissions eliminated capacity could be ramped up by SMRs gas plants phased out oil majors are here to stay they embraced CCS carbon pricing formed the OGCI a consortium to support Paris they will succeed reinventing themselves


Question: environmental groups out-of-date

Capitalism is sustainable and solves warming.

Hill ‘20 [Victor; 11/3/20; Financial Economist with the International Finance Corporation at the World Bank, lead writer for Master Investor, holds degrees from the University of Oxford, Institut Européen d'Administration des Affaires, and Canterbury Christ Church University; "Only capitalism will save the planet," https://masterinvestor.co.uk/economics/only-capitalism-will-save-the-planet/]

coronavirus diverted attention from climate environmental groups are out-of-date advances in tech facilitated by free market are transitioning to zero-fossil fuel because it is economically viable business community understand CO2 there is respectable debate about how quickly it will cause results perfectly legitimate to question models many have questionable methodologies . Claims ten years left should be challenged climate rebels would shut down the economy cause unparalleled disruption poverty and starvation . No politician is behind that groups don’t offer real solutions to climate change the best chance to solve is market forces profit motives finance and tech Transition is already underway shift has accelerated economies of scale kicked in solar and wind outcompete coal energy storage are improving downside with extraction a cause of emissions is why there is focus on hydrogen producing zero emissions The holy grail cheap and clean could facilitate 45 percent of emissions eliminated capacity could be ramped up by SMRs gas plants phased out oil majors are here to stay they embraced CCS carbon pricing formed the OGCI a consortium to support Paris they will succeed reinventing themselves


Question: OGCI consortium

Capitalism is sustainable and solves warming.

Hill ‘20 [Victor; 11/3/20; Financial Economist with the International Finance Corporation at the World Bank, lead writer for Master Investor, holds degrees from the University of Oxford, Institut Européen d'Administration des Affaires, and Canterbury Christ Church University; "Only capitalism will save the planet," https://masterinvestor.co.uk/economics/only-capitalism-will-save-the-planet/]

coronavirus diverted attention from climate environmental groups are out-of-date advances in tech facilitated by free market are transitioning to zero-fossil fuel because it is economically viable business community understand CO2 there is respectable debate about how quickly it will cause results perfectly legitimate to question models many have questionable methodologies . Claims ten years left should be challenged climate rebels would shut down the economy cause unparalleled disruption poverty and starvation . No politician is behind that groups don’t offer real solutions to climate change the best chance to solve is market forces profit motives finance and tech Transition is already underway shift has accelerated economies of scale kicked in solar and wind outcompete coal energy storage are improving downside with extraction a cause of emissions is why there is focus on hydrogen producing zero emissions The holy grail cheap and clean could facilitate 45 percent of emissions eliminated capacity could be ramped up by SMRs gas plants phased out oil majors are here to stay they embraced CCS carbon pricing formed the OGCI a consortium to support Paris they will succeed reinventing themselves


Question: Cap and trade price increases

Cap and trade prompts immediate electricity price increases.

Natalia Fabra & Mar Reguant 14 - Professor of Economics at Carlos III University, Founder and Director of EnergyEcoLab & Affiliated Professor of the Barcelona School of Economics (BSE) and Director of the Master's in Economics of Energy, Climate Change, and Sustainability. “Pass-Through of Emissions Costs in Electricity Markets,” September 2014, American Economic Review 104(9), pg. 2872–2899.

effects of carbon prices on the marginal costs of generating electricity are significant fluctuations of permit prices are exogenous cost shocks to firms We find the average pass-through to be above 80 percent , a €1 increase in emissions costs translates to an increase in electricity prices of more than 80 cents this goes to 100 percent during peak times finding shows electricity firms fully incorporated the opportunity cost of permits This is consistent with free permits having no distortionary effects highly inelastic demand, implies incentives to adjust markups are very weak in these markets. prices move one-to-one with changes in emissions costs. our estimate is net of non-emissions costs


Question: Fabra and Reguant 14

Cap and trade prompts immediate electricity price increases.

Natalia Fabra & Mar Reguant 14 - Professor of Economics at Carlos III University, Founder and Director of EnergyEcoLab & Affiliated Professor of the Barcelona School of Economics (BSE) and Director of the Master's in Economics of Energy, Climate Change, and Sustainability. “Pass-Through of Emissions Costs in Electricity Markets,” September 2014, American Economic Review 104(9), pg. 2872–2899.

effects of carbon prices on the marginal costs of generating electricity are significant fluctuations of permit prices are exogenous cost shocks to firms We find the average pass-through to be above 80 percent , a €1 increase in emissions costs translates to an increase in electricity prices of more than 80 cents this goes to 100 percent during peak times finding shows electricity firms fully incorporated the opportunity cost of permits This is consistent with free permits having no distortionary effects highly inelastic demand, implies incentives to adjust markups are very weak in these markets. prices move one-to-one with changes in emissions costs. our estimate is net of non-emissions costs


Question: electricity prices increase

Cap and trade prompts immediate electricity price increases.

Natalia Fabra & Mar Reguant 14 - Professor of Economics at Carlos III University, Founder and Director of EnergyEcoLab & Affiliated Professor of the Barcelona School of Economics (BSE) and Director of the Master's in Economics of Energy, Climate Change, and Sustainability. “Pass-Through of Emissions Costs in Electricity Markets,” September 2014, American Economic Review 104(9), pg. 2872–2899.

effects of carbon prices on the marginal costs of generating electricity are significant fluctuations of permit prices are exogenous cost shocks to firms We find the average pass-through to be above 80 percent , a €1 increase in emissions costs translates to an increase in electricity prices of more than 80 cents this goes to 100 percent during peak times finding shows electricity firms fully incorporated the opportunity cost of permits This is consistent with free permits having no distortionary effects highly inelastic demand, implies incentives to adjust markups are very weak in these markets. prices move one-to-one with changes in emissions costs. our estimate is net of non-emissions costs


Question: carbon prices marginal costs

Cap and trade prompts immediate electricity price increases.

Natalia Fabra & Mar Reguant 14 - Professor of Economics at Carlos III University, Founder and Director of EnergyEcoLab & Affiliated Professor of the Barcelona School of Economics (BSE) and Director of the Master's in Economics of Energy, Climate Change, and Sustainability. “Pass-Through of Emissions Costs in Electricity Markets,” September 2014, American Economic Review 104(9), pg. 2872–2899.

effects of carbon prices on the marginal costs of generating electricity are significant fluctuations of permit prices are exogenous cost shocks to firms We find the average pass-through to be above 80 percent , a €1 increase in emissions costs translates to an increase in electricity prices of more than 80 cents this goes to 100 percent during peak times finding shows electricity firms fully incorporated the opportunity cost of permits This is consistent with free permits having no distortionary effects highly inelastic demand, implies incentives to adjust markups are very weak in these markets. prices move one-to-one with changes in emissions costs. our estimate is net of non-emissions costs


Question: emissions costs electricity prices

Cap and trade prompts immediate electricity price increases.

Natalia Fabra & Mar Reguant 14 - Professor of Economics at Carlos III University, Founder and Director of EnergyEcoLab & Affiliated Professor of the Barcelona School of Economics (BSE) and Director of the Master's in Economics of Energy, Climate Change, and Sustainability. “Pass-Through of Emissions Costs in Electricity Markets,” September 2014, American Economic Review 104(9), pg. 2872–2899.

effects of carbon prices on the marginal costs of generating electricity are significant fluctuations of permit prices are exogenous cost shocks to firms We find the average pass-through to be above 80 percent , a €1 increase in emissions costs translates to an increase in electricity prices of more than 80 cents this goes to 100 percent during peak times finding shows electricity firms fully incorporated the opportunity cost of permits This is consistent with free permits having no distortionary effects highly inelastic demand, implies incentives to adjust markups are very weak in these markets. prices move one-to-one with changes in emissions costs. our estimate is net of non-emissions costs


Question: pass through emissions costs

Cap and trade prompts immediate electricity price increases.

Natalia Fabra & Mar Reguant 14 - Professor of Economics at Carlos III University, Founder and Director of EnergyEcoLab & Affiliated Professor of the Barcelona School of Economics (BSE) and Director of the Master's in Economics of Energy, Climate Change, and Sustainability. “Pass-Through of Emissions Costs in Electricity Markets,” September 2014, American Economic Review 104(9), pg. 2872–2899.

effects of carbon prices on the marginal costs of generating electricity are significant fluctuations of permit prices are exogenous cost shocks to firms We find the average pass-through to be above 80 percent , a €1 increase in emissions costs translates to an increase in electricity prices of more than 80 cents this goes to 100 percent during peak times finding shows electricity firms fully incorporated the opportunity cost of permits This is consistent with free permits having no distortionary effects highly inelastic demand, implies incentives to adjust markups are very weak in these markets. prices move one-to-one with changes in emissions costs. our estimate is net of non-emissions costs


Question: electricity firms permits

Cap and trade prompts immediate electricity price increases.

Natalia Fabra & Mar Reguant 14 - Professor of Economics at Carlos III University, Founder and Director of EnergyEcoLab & Affiliated Professor of the Barcelona School of Economics (BSE) and Director of the Master's in Economics of Energy, Climate Change, and Sustainability. “Pass-Through of Emissions Costs in Electricity Markets,” September 2014, American Economic Review 104(9), pg. 2872–2899.

effects of carbon prices on the marginal costs of generating electricity are significant fluctuations of permit prices are exogenous cost shocks to firms We find the average pass-through to be above 80 percent , a €1 increase in emissions costs translates to an increase in electricity prices of more than 80 cents this goes to 100 percent during peak times finding shows electricity firms fully incorporated the opportunity cost of permits This is consistent with free permits having no distortionary effects highly inelastic demand, implies incentives to adjust markups are very weak in these markets. prices move one-to-one with changes in emissions costs. our estimate is net of non-emissions costs


Question: Trump escalates every nuclear hot spot

Trump escalates every nuclear hot spot.

Talmadge ’24 [Caitlin; July 8; Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Political Science, and International Affairs at The George Washington University; Brookings, “How Would Trump and Biden Handle US Nuclear Policy Upon Reelection?” https://www.brookings.edu/articles/how-would-trump-and-biden-handle-us-nuclear-policy-upon-reelection/]

if reelected second Trump hostility toward arms control and cavalier attitude toward nuc risk the propensity for Trump’s tendencies to produce serious nuc risks . Iran is close to a nuc No Ko threaten U S China arsenal is expanding as confront Taiwan . And Russia engaged in conventional war on NATO border. Any situations produce a nuc crisis during future admin Trump prone to escalate


Question: Talmadge 24

Trump escalates every nuclear hot spot.

Talmadge ’24 [Caitlin; July 8; Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Political Science, and International Affairs at The George Washington University; Brookings, “How Would Trump and Biden Handle US Nuclear Policy Upon Reelection?” https://www.brookings.edu/articles/how-would-trump-and-biden-handle-us-nuclear-policy-upon-reelection/]

if reelected second Trump hostility toward arms control and cavalier attitude toward nuc risk the propensity for Trump’s tendencies to produce serious nuc risks . Iran is close to a nuc No Ko threaten U S China arsenal is expanding as confront Taiwan . And Russia engaged in conventional war on NATO border. Any situations produce a nuc crisis during future admin Trump prone to escalate


Question: Caitlin Talmadge

Trump escalates every nuclear hot spot.

Talmadge ’24 [Caitlin; July 8; Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Political Science, and International Affairs at The George Washington University; Brookings, “How Would Trump and Biden Handle US Nuclear Policy Upon Reelection?” https://www.brookings.edu/articles/how-would-trump-and-biden-handle-us-nuclear-policy-upon-reelection/]

if reelected second Trump hostility toward arms control and cavalier attitude toward nuc risk the propensity for Trump’s tendencies to produce serious nuc risks . Iran is close to a nuc No Ko threaten U S China arsenal is expanding as confront Taiwan . And Russia engaged in conventional war on NATO border. Any situations produce a nuc crisis during future admin Trump prone to escalate


Question: Trump escalates nuclear

Trump escalates every nuclear hot spot.

Talmadge ’24 [Caitlin; July 8; Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Political Science, and International Affairs at The George Washington University; Brookings, “How Would Trump and Biden Handle US Nuclear Policy Upon Reelection?” https://www.brookings.edu/articles/how-would-trump-and-biden-handle-us-nuclear-policy-upon-reelection/]

if reelected second Trump hostility toward arms control and cavalier attitude toward nuc risk the propensity for Trump’s tendencies to produce serious nuc risks . Iran is close to a nuc No Ko threaten U S China arsenal is expanding as confront Taiwan . And Russia engaged in conventional war on NATO border. Any situations produce a nuc crisis during future admin Trump prone to escalate


Question: Trump hostility arms control

Trump escalates every nuclear hot spot.

Talmadge ’24 [Caitlin; July 8; Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Political Science, and International Affairs at The George Washington University; Brookings, “How Would Trump and Biden Handle US Nuclear Policy Upon Reelection?” https://www.brookings.edu/articles/how-would-trump-and-biden-handle-us-nuclear-policy-upon-reelection/]

if reelected second Trump hostility toward arms control and cavalier attitude toward nuc risk the propensity for Trump’s tendencies to produce serious nuc risks . Iran is close to a nuc No Ko threaten U S China arsenal is expanding as confront Taiwan . And Russia engaged in conventional war on NATO border. Any situations produce a nuc crisis during future admin Trump prone to escalate


Question: Trump nuc risk

Trump escalates every nuclear hot spot.

Talmadge ’24 [Caitlin; July 8; Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Political Science, and International Affairs at The George Washington University; Brookings, “How Would Trump and Biden Handle US Nuclear Policy Upon Reelection?” https://www.brookings.edu/articles/how-would-trump-and-biden-handle-us-nuclear-policy-upon-reelection/]

if reelected second Trump hostility toward arms control and cavalier attitude toward nuc risk the propensity for Trump’s tendencies to produce serious nuc risks . Iran is close to a nuc No Ko threaten U S China arsenal is expanding as confront Taiwan . And Russia engaged in conventional war on NATO border. Any situations produce a nuc crisis during future admin Trump prone to escalate


Question: Trump escalates Iran Korea China Russia

Trump escalates every nuclear hot spot.

Talmadge ’24 [Caitlin; July 8; Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Political Science, and International Affairs at The George Washington University; Brookings, “How Would Trump and Biden Handle US Nuclear Policy Upon Reelection?” https://www.brookings.edu/articles/how-would-trump-and-biden-handle-us-nuclear-policy-upon-reelection/]

if reelected second Trump hostility toward arms control and cavalier attitude toward nuc risk the propensity for Trump’s tendencies to produce serious nuc risks . Iran is close to a nuc No Ko threaten U S China arsenal is expanding as confront Taiwan . And Russia engaged in conventional war on NATO border. Any situations produce a nuc crisis during future admin Trump prone to escalate


Question: attention to concrete political strategies

Attention to the concrete details of different political strategies is necessary. We should pay attention to how effective and realistic a strategy is, not merely whether an idea is good in the abstract.

Michael J. Albert 23, lecturer in International Relations at SOAS University of London, 28 July 2022, “Ecosocialism for Realists: Transitions, Trade-Offs, and Authoritarian Dangers,” Capitalism Nature Socialism, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 12-27, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10455752.2022.2106578.

Ecosocialists demonstrate capitalism is incapable of resolving climate crises they devote little attention to how ecosocialist transitions  take place theory limited by utopian tendency Contemporary ecosocialists particularly degrowth produce idealistic visions with little analysis of dynamics that enable these visions to be realized we need a more “ realist approach that brings systematic attention to transition pathways conditions that make them attainable in the time-frame needed utopianism creati inspiring yet detached proposals with no analysis of how we get from here to there developing plausible scenarios that guide concrete praxis is one key challenge for ecosocialists lest we be guided by leaps of faith with minimal grounding A useful step is the Green New Deal a transitional platform that works with current tendencies and create longer-term conditions for more radical transitions Given intransigence of emissions-intensive consumption practices in a context of rising rightwing populism how might degrowth win popular majorities the project is nowhere near the support it needs a more measured utopianism” that highlights limits more capable of inspiring belief in new worlds . We won’t get utopia but we will witness dramatic changes proactive anticipation is essential , lest we find ourselves


Question: Michael J. Albert

Attention to the concrete details of different political strategies is necessary. We should pay attention to how effective and realistic a strategy is, not merely whether an idea is good in the abstract.

Michael J. Albert 23, lecturer in International Relations at SOAS University of London, 28 July 2022, “Ecosocialism for Realists: Transitions, Trade-Offs, and Authoritarian Dangers,” Capitalism Nature Socialism, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 12-27, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10455752.2022.2106578.

Ecosocialists demonstrate capitalism is incapable of resolving climate crises they devote little attention to how ecosocialist transitions  take place theory limited by utopian tendency Contemporary ecosocialists particularly degrowth produce idealistic visions with little analysis of dynamics that enable these visions to be realized we need a more “ realist approach that brings systematic attention to transition pathways conditions that make them attainable in the time-frame needed utopianism creati inspiring yet detached proposals with no analysis of how we get from here to there developing plausible scenarios that guide concrete praxis is one key challenge for ecosocialists lest we be guided by leaps of faith with minimal grounding A useful step is the Green New Deal a transitional platform that works with current tendencies and create longer-term conditions for more radical transitions Given intransigence of emissions-intensive consumption practices in a context of rising rightwing populism how might degrowth win popular majorities the project is nowhere near the support it needs a more measured utopianism” that highlights limits more capable of inspiring belief in new worlds . We won’t get utopia but we will witness dramatic changes proactive anticipation is essential , lest we find ourselves


Question: effective and realistic strategy

Attention to the concrete details of different political strategies is necessary. We should pay attention to how effective and realistic a strategy is, not merely whether an idea is good in the abstract.

Michael J. Albert 23, lecturer in International Relations at SOAS University of London, 28 July 2022, “Ecosocialism for Realists: Transitions, Trade-Offs, and Authoritarian Dangers,” Capitalism Nature Socialism, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 12-27, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10455752.2022.2106578.

Ecosocialists demonstrate capitalism is incapable of resolving climate crises they devote little attention to how ecosocialist transitions  take place theory limited by utopian tendency Contemporary ecosocialists particularly degrowth produce idealistic visions with little analysis of dynamics that enable these visions to be realized we need a more “ realist approach that brings systematic attention to transition pathways conditions that make them attainable in the time-frame needed utopianism creati inspiring yet detached proposals with no analysis of how we get from here to there developing plausible scenarios that guide concrete praxis is one key challenge for ecosocialists lest we be guided by leaps of faith with minimal grounding A useful step is the Green New Deal a transitional platform that works with current tendencies and create longer-term conditions for more radical transitions Given intransigence of emissions-intensive consumption practices in a context of rising rightwing populism how might degrowth win popular majorities the project is nowhere near the support it needs a more measured utopianism” that highlights limits more capable of inspiring belief in new worlds . We won’t get utopia but we will witness dramatic changes proactive anticipation is essential , lest we find ourselves


Question: Ecosocialism for Realists

Attention to the concrete details of different political strategies is necessary. We should pay attention to how effective and realistic a strategy is, not merely whether an idea is good in the abstract.

Michael J. Albert 23, lecturer in International Relations at SOAS University of London, 28 July 2022, “Ecosocialism for Realists: Transitions, Trade-Offs, and Authoritarian Dangers,” Capitalism Nature Socialism, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 12-27, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10455752.2022.2106578.

Ecosocialists demonstrate capitalism is incapable of resolving climate crises they devote little attention to how ecosocialist transitions  take place theory limited by utopian tendency Contemporary ecosocialists particularly degrowth produce idealistic visions with little analysis of dynamics that enable these visions to be realized we need a more “ realist approach that brings systematic attention to transition pathways conditions that make them attainable in the time-frame needed utopianism creati inspiring yet detached proposals with no analysis of how we get from here to there developing plausible scenarios that guide concrete praxis is one key challenge for ecosocialists lest we be guided by leaps of faith with minimal grounding A useful step is the Green New Deal a transitional platform that works with current tendencies and create longer-term conditions for more radical transitions Given intransigence of emissions-intensive consumption practices in a context of rising rightwing populism how might degrowth win popular majorities the project is nowhere near the support it needs a more measured utopianism” that highlights limits more capable of inspiring belief in new worlds . We won’t get utopia but we will witness dramatic changes proactive anticipation is essential , lest we find ourselves


Question: Ecosocialist transitions take place

Attention to the concrete details of different political strategies is necessary. We should pay attention to how effective and realistic a strategy is, not merely whether an idea is good in the abstract.

Michael J. Albert 23, lecturer in International Relations at SOAS University of London, 28 July 2022, “Ecosocialism for Realists: Transitions, Trade-Offs, and Authoritarian Dangers,” Capitalism Nature Socialism, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 12-27, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10455752.2022.2106578.

Ecosocialists demonstrate capitalism is incapable of resolving climate crises they devote little attention to how ecosocialist transitions  take place theory limited by utopian tendency Contemporary ecosocialists particularly degrowth produce idealistic visions with little analysis of dynamics that enable these visions to be realized we need a more “ realist approach that brings systematic attention to transition pathways conditions that make them attainable in the time-frame needed utopianism creati inspiring yet detached proposals with no analysis of how we get from here to there developing plausible scenarios that guide concrete praxis is one key challenge for ecosocialists lest we be guided by leaps of faith with minimal grounding A useful step is the Green New Deal a transitional platform that works with current tendencies and create longer-term conditions for more radical transitions Given intransigence of emissions-intensive consumption practices in a context of rising rightwing populism how might degrowth win popular majorities the project is nowhere near the support it needs a more measured utopianism” that highlights limits more capable of inspiring belief in new worlds . We won’t get utopia but we will witness dramatic changes proactive anticipation is essential , lest we find ourselves


Question: de-growth no popular support

Attention to the concrete details of different political strategies is necessary. We should pay attention to how effective and realistic a strategy is, not merely whether an idea is good in the abstract.

Michael J. Albert 23, lecturer in International Relations at SOAS University of London, 28 July 2022, “Ecosocialism for Realists: Transitions, Trade-Offs, and Authoritarian Dangers,” Capitalism Nature Socialism, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 12-27, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10455752.2022.2106578.

Ecosocialists demonstrate capitalism is incapable of resolving climate crises they devote little attention to how ecosocialist transitions  take place theory limited by utopian tendency Contemporary ecosocialists particularly degrowth produce idealistic visions with little analysis of dynamics that enable these visions to be realized we need a more “ realist approach that brings systematic attention to transition pathways conditions that make them attainable in the time-frame needed utopianism creati inspiring yet detached proposals with no analysis of how we get from here to there developing plausible scenarios that guide concrete praxis is one key challenge for ecosocialists lest we be guided by leaps of faith with minimal grounding A useful step is the Green New Deal a transitional platform that works with current tendencies and create longer-term conditions for more radical transitions Given intransigence of emissions-intensive consumption practices in a context of rising rightwing populism how might degrowth win popular majorities the project is nowhere near the support it needs a more measured utopianism” that highlights limits more capable of inspiring belief in new worlds . We won’t get utopia but we will witness dramatic changes proactive anticipation is essential , lest we find ourselves


Question: Utopianism creates inspiring proposals

Attention to the concrete details of different political strategies is necessary. We should pay attention to how effective and realistic a strategy is, not merely whether an idea is good in the abstract.

Michael J. Albert 23, lecturer in International Relations at SOAS University of London, 28 July 2022, “Ecosocialism for Realists: Transitions, Trade-Offs, and Authoritarian Dangers,” Capitalism Nature Socialism, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 12-27, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10455752.2022.2106578.

Ecosocialists demonstrate capitalism is incapable of resolving climate crises they devote little attention to how ecosocialist transitions  take place theory limited by utopian tendency Contemporary ecosocialists particularly degrowth produce idealistic visions with little analysis of dynamics that enable these visions to be realized we need a more “ realist approach that brings systematic attention to transition pathways conditions that make them attainable in the time-frame needed utopianism creati inspiring yet detached proposals with no analysis of how we get from here to there developing plausible scenarios that guide concrete praxis is one key challenge for ecosocialists lest we be guided by leaps of faith with minimal grounding A useful step is the Green New Deal a transitional platform that works with current tendencies and create longer-term conditions for more radical transitions Given intransigence of emissions-intensive consumption practices in a context of rising rightwing populism how might degrowth win popular majorities the project is nowhere near the support it needs a more measured utopianism” that highlights limits more capable of inspiring belief in new worlds . We won’t get utopia but we will witness dramatic changes proactive anticipation is essential , lest we find ourselves


Question: attention to transition pathways

Attention to the concrete details of different political strategies is necessary. We should pay attention to how effective and realistic a strategy is, not merely whether an idea is good in the abstract.

Michael J. Albert 23, lecturer in International Relations at SOAS University of London, 28 July 2022, “Ecosocialism for Realists: Transitions, Trade-Offs, and Authoritarian Dangers,” Capitalism Nature Socialism, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 12-27, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10455752.2022.2106578.

Ecosocialists demonstrate capitalism is incapable of resolving climate crises they devote little attention to how ecosocialist transitions  take place theory limited by utopian tendency Contemporary ecosocialists particularly degrowth produce idealistic visions with little analysis of dynamics that enable these visions to be realized we need a more “ realist approach that brings systematic attention to transition pathways conditions that make them attainable in the time-frame needed utopianism creati inspiring yet detached proposals with no analysis of how we get from here to there developing plausible scenarios that guide concrete praxis is one key challenge for ecosocialists lest we be guided by leaps of faith with minimal grounding A useful step is the Green New Deal a transitional platform that works with current tendencies and create longer-term conditions for more radical transitions Given intransigence of emissions-intensive consumption practices in a context of rising rightwing populism how might degrowth win popular majorities the project is nowhere near the support it needs a more measured utopianism” that highlights limits more capable of inspiring belief in new worlds . We won’t get utopia but we will witness dramatic changes proactive anticipation is essential , lest we find ourselves


Question: US china cold war nuclear

US-China cold war goes nuclear.

Lyons 24 (, M. J. (2024) War with China: A View from Early 2024. https://ssi.armywarcollege.edu/SSI-Media/Recent-Publications/Display/Article/3738629/war-with-china-a-view-from-early-2024/ (Accessed: August 23, 2024). Marco J. Lyons is assistant chief of staff for plans at US Army Pacific in Hawaii. He is a 2021 Harvard University national security fellow, a 2020 Massachusetts Institute of Technology national security fellow, and a 2014 Naval Postgraduate School graduate. His articles on military strategy, land power, and operational concepts can be found at RealClearDefense.)-rahulpenu

conventional  military  balance in China’s favor deterrence will weaken escalation  dynamics become unpredictable To avoid losing the US will become more  dependent on capabilities Beijing will interpret as highly escalatory Washington pursue more horizontal and vertical escalation Beijing will have more and better options for using nuclear weapons to dominate the escalation  dynamic