Question: Donald Kochan

4. The counterplan is illegal---it either gets rolled back or destroys global trade

Donald J. Kochan 2020, Professor of Law and Deputy Executive Director of the Law & Economics Center, George Mason University Antonin Scalia Law School, “The Meaning of Federalism in a System of Interstate Commerce:The Meaning of Federalism in a System of Interstate Commerce: Free Trade Among the Several StatesFree Trade Among the Several States”, June 24, Notre Dame Law Review Reflection Volume 95 Issue 5 Article 1, accessed 9/10/24, HMc

The facilitation of trade was a motivating purpose for replacing the Articles of Confederation the commerce clauses combined with the Import Export Clause were the vital ingredients to the new Constitution left unchecked, states would interfere and it would lead to disastrous effects the commerce clauses, with the Import Export and Duties and Imposts Clause include a noninterference principle also cast regulatory authority over commerce in the federal government The Dormant Foreign Commerce Clause prohibit states from displacing the federal government’s policymaking role in foreign trade individual state s send a poor signal to foreign nations


Question: counterplan destroys global trade

4. The counterplan is illegal---it either gets rolled back or destroys global trade

Donald J. Kochan 2020, Professor of Law and Deputy Executive Director of the Law & Economics Center, George Mason University Antonin Scalia Law School, “The Meaning of Federalism in a System of Interstate Commerce:The Meaning of Federalism in a System of Interstate Commerce: Free Trade Among the Several StatesFree Trade Among the Several States”, June 24, Notre Dame Law Review Reflection Volume 95 Issue 5 Article 1, accessed 9/10/24, HMc

The facilitation of trade was a motivating purpose for replacing the Articles of Confederation the commerce clauses combined with the Import Export Clause were the vital ingredients to the new Constitution left unchecked, states would interfere and it would lead to disastrous effects the commerce clauses, with the Import Export and Duties and Imposts Clause include a noninterference principle also cast regulatory authority over commerce in the federal government The Dormant Foreign Commerce Clause prohibit states from displacing the federal government’s policymaking role in foreign trade individual state s send a poor signal to foreign nations


Question: dormant foreign commerce clause

4. The counterplan is illegal---it either gets rolled back or destroys global trade

Donald J. Kochan 2020, Professor of Law and Deputy Executive Director of the Law & Economics Center, George Mason University Antonin Scalia Law School, “The Meaning of Federalism in a System of Interstate Commerce:The Meaning of Federalism in a System of Interstate Commerce: Free Trade Among the Several StatesFree Trade Among the Several States”, June 24, Notre Dame Law Review Reflection Volume 95 Issue 5 Article 1, accessed 9/10/24, HMc

The facilitation of trade was a motivating purpose for replacing the Articles of Confederation the commerce clauses combined with the Import Export Clause were the vital ingredients to the new Constitution left unchecked, states would interfere and it would lead to disastrous effects the commerce clauses, with the Import Export and Duties and Imposts Clause include a noninterference principle also cast regulatory authority over commerce in the federal government The Dormant Foreign Commerce Clause prohibit states from displacing the federal government’s policymaking role in foreign trade individual state s send a poor signal to foreign nations


Question: states interfere trade disastrous

4. The counterplan is illegal---it either gets rolled back or destroys global trade

Donald J. Kochan 2020, Professor of Law and Deputy Executive Director of the Law & Economics Center, George Mason University Antonin Scalia Law School, “The Meaning of Federalism in a System of Interstate Commerce:The Meaning of Federalism in a System of Interstate Commerce: Free Trade Among the Several StatesFree Trade Among the Several States”, June 24, Notre Dame Law Review Reflection Volume 95 Issue 5 Article 1, accessed 9/10/24, HMc

The facilitation of trade was a motivating purpose for replacing the Articles of Confederation the commerce clauses combined with the Import Export Clause were the vital ingredients to the new Constitution left unchecked, states would interfere and it would lead to disastrous effects the commerce clauses, with the Import Export and Duties and Imposts Clause include a noninterference principle also cast regulatory authority over commerce in the federal government The Dormant Foreign Commerce Clause prohibit states from displacing the federal government’s policymaking role in foreign trade individual state s send a poor signal to foreign nations


Question: CRFR propagates through financial system

Climate-related financial risk (CRFR) will propagate throughout the financial system. Current forms of risk management are insufficient now and ill-suited to the climate.

Chenet et al. 19 – Hugues Chenet, Honorary Senior Research Fellow. UCL Institute for Sustainable Resources; Josh Ryan-Collins, Head of Research. UCL Institute of Innovation and Public Purpose; Frank van Lerven, Senior Economist, New Economics Foundation, 2019, “Climate-related financial policy in a world of radical uncertainty: Towards a precautionary approach,” UCL Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose,  Working Paper Series (IIPP WP 2019-13), https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/public-purpose/wp2019-13, AB

Physical transition risks materialises at asset levels impact revenues affect access to capital then materialise at market propagate through portfolios become systemic unplanned reforms aimed at net-zero spontaneous changes by tech consumer behaviour lead to network of cascade effects fire sale hoarding Disclosure of risk central to Basel III firms few disclosed views on forward-looking risks face NGFS mindful not sufficient largest banks provided $700bn for fossil since Paris Even if accept need to disclose problem in accurately measuring risks CRFR not well suited to conventional risk management high uncertainty around severity time frames rely on limited scenarios over sh ort periods based on historical data absence of state Climate many options ‘plausible’


Question: chenet financial risk management

Climate-related financial risk (CRFR) will propagate throughout the financial system. Current forms of risk management are insufficient now and ill-suited to the climate.

Chenet et al. 19 – Hugues Chenet, Honorary Senior Research Fellow. UCL Institute for Sustainable Resources; Josh Ryan-Collins, Head of Research. UCL Institute of Innovation and Public Purpose; Frank van Lerven, Senior Economist, New Economics Foundation, 2019, “Climate-related financial policy in a world of radical uncertainty: Towards a precautionary approach,” UCL Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose,  Working Paper Series (IIPP WP 2019-13), https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/public-purpose/wp2019-13, AB

Physical transition risks materialises at asset levels impact revenues affect access to capital then materialise at market propagate through portfolios become systemic unplanned reforms aimed at net-zero spontaneous changes by tech consumer behaviour lead to network of cascade effects fire sale hoarding Disclosure of risk central to Basel III firms few disclosed views on forward-looking risks face NGFS mindful not sufficient largest banks provided $700bn for fossil since Paris Even if accept need to disclose problem in accurately measuring risks CRFR not well suited to conventional risk management high uncertainty around severity time frames rely on limited scenarios over sh ort periods based on historical data absence of state Climate many options ‘plausible’


Question: Chenet et al

Climate-related financial risk (CRFR) will propagate throughout the financial system. Current forms of risk management are insufficient now and ill-suited to the climate.

Chenet et al. 19 – Hugues Chenet, Honorary Senior Research Fellow. UCL Institute for Sustainable Resources; Josh Ryan-Collins, Head of Research. UCL Institute of Innovation and Public Purpose; Frank van Lerven, Senior Economist, New Economics Foundation, 2019, “Climate-related financial policy in a world of radical uncertainty: Towards a precautionary approach,” UCL Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose,  Working Paper Series (IIPP WP 2019-13), https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/public-purpose/wp2019-13, AB

Physical transition risks materialises at asset levels impact revenues affect access to capital then materialise at market propagate through portfolios become systemic unplanned reforms aimed at net-zero spontaneous changes by tech consumer behaviour lead to network of cascade effects fire sale hoarding Disclosure of risk central to Basel III firms few disclosed views on forward-looking risks face NGFS mindful not sufficient largest banks provided $700bn for fossil since Paris Even if accept need to disclose problem in accurately measuring risks CRFR not well suited to conventional risk management high uncertainty around severity time frames rely on limited scenarios over sh ort periods based on historical data absence of state Climate many options ‘plausible’


Question: Climate risk propagates

Climate-related financial risk (CRFR) will propagate throughout the financial system. Current forms of risk management are insufficient now and ill-suited to the climate.

Chenet et al. 19 – Hugues Chenet, Honorary Senior Research Fellow. UCL Institute for Sustainable Resources; Josh Ryan-Collins, Head of Research. UCL Institute of Innovation and Public Purpose; Frank van Lerven, Senior Economist, New Economics Foundation, 2019, “Climate-related financial policy in a world of radical uncertainty: Towards a precautionary approach,” UCL Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose,  Working Paper Series (IIPP WP 2019-13), https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/public-purpose/wp2019-13, AB

Physical transition risks materialises at asset levels impact revenues affect access to capital then materialise at market propagate through portfolios become systemic unplanned reforms aimed at net-zero spontaneous changes by tech consumer behaviour lead to network of cascade effects fire sale hoarding Disclosure of risk central to Basel III firms few disclosed views on forward-looking risks face NGFS mindful not sufficient largest banks provided $700bn for fossil since Paris Even if accept need to disclose problem in accurately measuring risks CRFR not well suited to conventional risk management high uncertainty around severity time frames rely on limited scenarios over sh ort periods based on historical data absence of state Climate many options ‘plausible’


Question: climate financial risk management insufficient

Climate-related financial risk (CRFR) will propagate throughout the financial system. Current forms of risk management are insufficient now and ill-suited to the climate.

Chenet et al. 19 – Hugues Chenet, Honorary Senior Research Fellow. UCL Institute for Sustainable Resources; Josh Ryan-Collins, Head of Research. UCL Institute of Innovation and Public Purpose; Frank van Lerven, Senior Economist, New Economics Foundation, 2019, “Climate-related financial policy in a world of radical uncertainty: Towards a precautionary approach,” UCL Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose,  Working Paper Series (IIPP WP 2019-13), https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/public-purpose/wp2019-13, AB

Physical transition risks materialises at asset levels impact revenues affect access to capital then materialise at market propagate through portfolios become systemic unplanned reforms aimed at net-zero spontaneous changes by tech consumer behaviour lead to network of cascade effects fire sale hoarding Disclosure of risk central to Basel III firms few disclosed views on forward-looking risks face NGFS mindful not sufficient largest banks provided $700bn for fossil since Paris Even if accept need to disclose problem in accurately measuring risks CRFR not well suited to conventional risk management high uncertainty around severity time frames rely on limited scenarios over sh ort periods based on historical data absence of state Climate many options ‘plausible’


Question: CRFR uncertainty severity

Climate-related financial risk (CRFR) will propagate throughout the financial system. Current forms of risk management are insufficient now and ill-suited to the climate.

Chenet et al. 19 – Hugues Chenet, Honorary Senior Research Fellow. UCL Institute for Sustainable Resources; Josh Ryan-Collins, Head of Research. UCL Institute of Innovation and Public Purpose; Frank van Lerven, Senior Economist, New Economics Foundation, 2019, “Climate-related financial policy in a world of radical uncertainty: Towards a precautionary approach,” UCL Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose,  Working Paper Series (IIPP WP 2019-13), https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/public-purpose/wp2019-13, AB

Physical transition risks materialises at asset levels impact revenues affect access to capital then materialise at market propagate through portfolios become systemic unplanned reforms aimed at net-zero spontaneous changes by tech consumer behaviour lead to network of cascade effects fire sale hoarding Disclosure of risk central to Basel III firms few disclosed views on forward-looking risks face NGFS mindful not sufficient largest banks provided $700bn for fossil since Paris Even if accept need to disclose problem in accurately measuring risks CRFR not well suited to conventional risk management high uncertainty around severity time frames rely on limited scenarios over sh ort periods based on historical data absence of state Climate many options ‘plausible’


Question: Climate-related financial risk

Climate-related financial risk (CRFR) will propagate throughout the financial system. Current forms of risk management are insufficient now and ill-suited to the climate.

Chenet et al. 19 – Hugues Chenet, Honorary Senior Research Fellow. UCL Institute for Sustainable Resources; Josh Ryan-Collins, Head of Research. UCL Institute of Innovation and Public Purpose; Frank van Lerven, Senior Economist, New Economics Foundation, 2019, “Climate-related financial policy in a world of radical uncertainty: Towards a precautionary approach,” UCL Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose,  Working Paper Series (IIPP WP 2019-13), https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/public-purpose/wp2019-13, AB

Physical transition risks materialises at asset levels impact revenues affect access to capital then materialise at market propagate through portfolios become systemic unplanned reforms aimed at net-zero spontaneous changes by tech consumer behaviour lead to network of cascade effects fire sale hoarding Disclosure of risk central to Basel III firms few disclosed views on forward-looking risks face NGFS mindful not sufficient largest banks provided $700bn for fossil since Paris Even if accept need to disclose problem in accurately measuring risks CRFR not well suited to conventional risk management high uncertainty around severity time frames rely on limited scenarios over sh ort periods based on historical data absence of state Climate many options ‘plausible’


Question: climate risk disclosure

Climate-related financial risk (CRFR) will propagate throughout the financial system. Current forms of risk management are insufficient now and ill-suited to the climate.

Chenet et al. 19 – Hugues Chenet, Honorary Senior Research Fellow. UCL Institute for Sustainable Resources; Josh Ryan-Collins, Head of Research. UCL Institute of Innovation and Public Purpose; Frank van Lerven, Senior Economist, New Economics Foundation, 2019, “Climate-related financial policy in a world of radical uncertainty: Towards a precautionary approach,” UCL Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose,  Working Paper Series (IIPP WP 2019-13), https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/public-purpose/wp2019-13, AB

Physical transition risks materialises at asset levels impact revenues affect access to capital then materialise at market propagate through portfolios become systemic unplanned reforms aimed at net-zero spontaneous changes by tech consumer behaviour lead to network of cascade effects fire sale hoarding Disclosure of risk central to Basel III firms few disclosed views on forward-looking risks face NGFS mindful not sufficient largest banks provided $700bn for fossil since Paris Even if accept need to disclose problem in accurately measuring risks CRFR not well suited to conventional risk management high uncertainty around severity time frames rely on limited scenarios over sh ort periods based on historical data absence of state Climate many options ‘plausible’


Question: Taxes turn economy bad

2] Taxes Turn – increasing taxes on carbon devastates the US economy at every level

Lewis ‘21 [Marlo Lewis Jr. holds a Ph.D. in Government from Harvard University and a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science from Claremont McKenna College, “Why Carbon Taxes Are Anti-Growth, Anti-Consumer, and Politically Dangerous for Conservatives,” 12-1-21, https://cei.org/studies/why-carbon-taxes-are-anti-growth-anti-consumer-and-politically-dangerous-for-conservatives/]

Carbon tax costs exceed benefits $300 have severe impacts : Cause fall of 1.2 million jobs Reduce income by $8,000 Reduce GDP and Increase expenditures the cost 11 percent of GDP a “modest” tax scare investors banks shun businesses lack value A death spira  easily capital and credit stock fall, discourages investors companies hit with suits and indictments claiming defraud by overpricing adverse publicity restrict access to capital


Question: Lewis 2021 carbon taxes

2] Taxes Turn – increasing taxes on carbon devastates the US economy at every level

Lewis ‘21 [Marlo Lewis Jr. holds a Ph.D. in Government from Harvard University and a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science from Claremont McKenna College, “Why Carbon Taxes Are Anti-Growth, Anti-Consumer, and Politically Dangerous for Conservatives,” 12-1-21, https://cei.org/studies/why-carbon-taxes-are-anti-growth-anti-consumer-and-politically-dangerous-for-conservatives/]

Carbon tax costs exceed benefits $300 have severe impacts : Cause fall of 1.2 million jobs Reduce income by $8,000 Reduce GDP and Increase expenditures the cost 11 percent of GDP a “modest” tax scare investors banks shun businesses lack value A death spira  easily capital and credit stock fall, discourages investors companies hit with suits and indictments claiming defraud by overpricing adverse publicity restrict access to capital


Question: Marlo Lewis carbon tax

2] Taxes Turn – increasing taxes on carbon devastates the US economy at every level

Lewis ‘21 [Marlo Lewis Jr. holds a Ph.D. in Government from Harvard University and a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science from Claremont McKenna College, “Why Carbon Taxes Are Anti-Growth, Anti-Consumer, and Politically Dangerous for Conservatives,” 12-1-21, https://cei.org/studies/why-carbon-taxes-are-anti-growth-anti-consumer-and-politically-dangerous-for-conservatives/]

Carbon tax costs exceed benefits $300 have severe impacts : Cause fall of 1.2 million jobs Reduce income by $8,000 Reduce GDP and Increase expenditures the cost 11 percent of GDP a “modest” tax scare investors banks shun businesses lack value A death spira  easily capital and credit stock fall, discourages investors companies hit with suits and indictments claiming defraud by overpricing adverse publicity restrict access to capital


Question: Carbon taxes cost exceed benefits

2] Taxes Turn – increasing taxes on carbon devastates the US economy at every level

Lewis ‘21 [Marlo Lewis Jr. holds a Ph.D. in Government from Harvard University and a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science from Claremont McKenna College, “Why Carbon Taxes Are Anti-Growth, Anti-Consumer, and Politically Dangerous for Conservatives,” 12-1-21, https://cei.org/studies/why-carbon-taxes-are-anti-growth-anti-consumer-and-politically-dangerous-for-conservatives/]

Carbon tax costs exceed benefits $300 have severe impacts : Cause fall of 1.2 million jobs Reduce income by $8,000 Reduce GDP and Increase expenditures the cost 11 percent of GDP a “modest” tax scare investors banks shun businesses lack value A death spira  easily capital and credit stock fall, discourages investors companies hit with suits and indictments claiming defraud by overpricing adverse publicity restrict access to capital


Question: carbon tax devastates the US economy

2] Taxes Turn – increasing taxes on carbon devastates the US economy at every level

Lewis ‘21 [Marlo Lewis Jr. holds a Ph.D. in Government from Harvard University and a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science from Claremont McKenna College, “Why Carbon Taxes Are Anti-Growth, Anti-Consumer, and Politically Dangerous for Conservatives,” 12-1-21, https://cei.org/studies/why-carbon-taxes-are-anti-growth-anti-consumer-and-politically-dangerous-for-conservatives/]

Carbon tax costs exceed benefits $300 have severe impacts : Cause fall of 1.2 million jobs Reduce income by $8,000 Reduce GDP and Increase expenditures the cost 11 percent of GDP a “modest” tax scare investors banks shun businesses lack value A death spira  easily capital and credit stock fall, discourages investors companies hit with suits and indictments claiming defraud by overpricing adverse publicity restrict access to capital


Question: carbon tax bad

2] Taxes Turn – increasing taxes on carbon devastates the US economy at every level

Lewis ‘21 [Marlo Lewis Jr. holds a Ph.D. in Government from Harvard University and a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science from Claremont McKenna College, “Why Carbon Taxes Are Anti-Growth, Anti-Consumer, and Politically Dangerous for Conservatives,” 12-1-21, https://cei.org/studies/why-carbon-taxes-are-anti-growth-anti-consumer-and-politically-dangerous-for-conservatives/]

Carbon tax costs exceed benefits $300 have severe impacts : Cause fall of 1.2 million jobs Reduce income by $8,000 Reduce GDP and Increase expenditures the cost 11 percent of GDP a “modest” tax scare investors banks shun businesses lack value A death spira  easily capital and credit stock fall, discourages investors companies hit with suits and indictments claiming defraud by overpricing adverse publicity restrict access to capital


Question: carbon tax cause fall of jobs

2] Taxes Turn – increasing taxes on carbon devastates the US economy at every level

Lewis ‘21 [Marlo Lewis Jr. holds a Ph.D. in Government from Harvard University and a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science from Claremont McKenna College, “Why Carbon Taxes Are Anti-Growth, Anti-Consumer, and Politically Dangerous for Conservatives,” 12-1-21, https://cei.org/studies/why-carbon-taxes-are-anti-growth-anti-consumer-and-politically-dangerous-for-conservatives/]

Carbon tax costs exceed benefits $300 have severe impacts : Cause fall of 1.2 million jobs Reduce income by $8,000 Reduce GDP and Increase expenditures the cost 11 percent of GDP a “modest” tax scare investors banks shun businesses lack value A death spira  easily capital and credit stock fall, discourages investors companies hit with suits and indictments claiming defraud by overpricing adverse publicity restrict access to capital


Question: carbon tax reduce income

2] Taxes Turn – increasing taxes on carbon devastates the US economy at every level

Lewis ‘21 [Marlo Lewis Jr. holds a Ph.D. in Government from Harvard University and a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science from Claremont McKenna College, “Why Carbon Taxes Are Anti-Growth, Anti-Consumer, and Politically Dangerous for Conservatives,” 12-1-21, https://cei.org/studies/why-carbon-taxes-are-anti-growth-anti-consumer-and-politically-dangerous-for-conservatives/]

Carbon tax costs exceed benefits $300 have severe impacts : Cause fall of 1.2 million jobs Reduce income by $8,000 Reduce GDP and Increase expenditures the cost 11 percent of GDP a “modest” tax scare investors banks shun businesses lack value A death spira  easily capital and credit stock fall, discourages investors companies hit with suits and indictments claiming defraud by overpricing adverse publicity restrict access to capital


Question: Populism destroys the economy

Populism destroys the economy and undermines US global leadership

Wolf 17 (Martin Wolf. Chief economics commentator at the Financial Times, London. He was awarded the CBE (Commander of the British Empire) in 2000 “for services to financial journalism”. How economics has stoked populism's rise. Australian Financial Review. COMPANIES AND MARKETS; Financial Times; Pg. 232. June 29, 2017. https://advance-lexis-com.gonzaga.idm.oclc.org/api/document?collection=news&id=urn:contentItem:5NWS-83P1-JD34-V3V5-00000-00&context=1516831. Accessed 08/22/2021. AR😊)

Populists reject credentialled experts Rightwing populists are economic nationalists and support traditional social values they put their trust in charismatic leaders These had huge costs They damaged confidence in financial and policymaking elites financial crisis open the door to a populist surge it may destroy independent institutions, undermine civil peace, promote xenophobia and lead to dictatorship populism is an enemy of democracy. end US leadership is a potentially devastating event For these reasons, the wave of populist anger is likely to be sustained.


Question: undermines US global leadership

Populism destroys the economy and undermines US global leadership

Wolf 17 (Martin Wolf. Chief economics commentator at the Financial Times, London. He was awarded the CBE (Commander of the British Empire) in 2000 “for services to financial journalism”. How economics has stoked populism's rise. Australian Financial Review. COMPANIES AND MARKETS; Financial Times; Pg. 232. June 29, 2017. https://advance-lexis-com.gonzaga.idm.oclc.org/api/document?collection=news&id=urn:contentItem:5NWS-83P1-JD34-V3V5-00000-00&context=1516831. Accessed 08/22/2021. AR😊)

Populists reject credentialled experts Rightwing populists are economic nationalists and support traditional social values they put their trust in charismatic leaders These had huge costs They damaged confidence in financial and policymaking elites financial crisis open the door to a populist surge it may destroy independent institutions, undermine civil peace, promote xenophobia and lead to dictatorship populism is an enemy of democracy. end US leadership is a potentially devastating event For these reasons, the wave of populist anger is likely to be sustained.


Question: wolf 17

Populism destroys the economy and undermines US global leadership

Wolf 17 (Martin Wolf. Chief economics commentator at the Financial Times, London. He was awarded the CBE (Commander of the British Empire) in 2000 “for services to financial journalism”. How economics has stoked populism's rise. Australian Financial Review. COMPANIES AND MARKETS; Financial Times; Pg. 232. June 29, 2017. https://advance-lexis-com.gonzaga.idm.oclc.org/api/document?collection=news&id=urn:contentItem:5NWS-83P1-JD34-V3V5-00000-00&context=1516831. Accessed 08/22/2021. AR😊)

Populists reject credentialled experts Rightwing populists are economic nationalists and support traditional social values they put their trust in charismatic leaders These had huge costs They damaged confidence in financial and policymaking elites financial crisis open the door to a populist surge it may destroy independent institutions, undermine civil peace, promote xenophobia and lead to dictatorship populism is an enemy of democracy. end US leadership is a potentially devastating event For these reasons, the wave of populist anger is likely to be sustained.


Question: economic nationalists

Populism destroys the economy and undermines US global leadership

Wolf 17 (Martin Wolf. Chief economics commentator at the Financial Times, London. He was awarded the CBE (Commander of the British Empire) in 2000 “for services to financial journalism”. How economics has stoked populism's rise. Australian Financial Review. COMPANIES AND MARKETS; Financial Times; Pg. 232. June 29, 2017. https://advance-lexis-com.gonzaga.idm.oclc.org/api/document?collection=news&id=urn:contentItem:5NWS-83P1-JD34-V3V5-00000-00&context=1516831. Accessed 08/22/2021. AR😊)

Populists reject credentialled experts Rightwing populists are economic nationalists and support traditional social values they put their trust in charismatic leaders These had huge costs They damaged confidence in financial and policymaking elites financial crisis open the door to a populist surge it may destroy independent institutions, undermine civil peace, promote xenophobia and lead to dictatorship populism is an enemy of democracy. end US leadership is a potentially devastating event For these reasons, the wave of populist anger is likely to be sustained.


Question: populism bad

Populism destroys the economy and undermines US global leadership

Wolf 17 (Martin Wolf. Chief economics commentator at the Financial Times, London. He was awarded the CBE (Commander of the British Empire) in 2000 “for services to financial journalism”. How economics has stoked populism's rise. Australian Financial Review. COMPANIES AND MARKETS; Financial Times; Pg. 232. June 29, 2017. https://advance-lexis-com.gonzaga.idm.oclc.org/api/document?collection=news&id=urn:contentItem:5NWS-83P1-JD34-V3V5-00000-00&context=1516831. Accessed 08/22/2021. AR😊)

Populists reject credentialled experts Rightwing populists are economic nationalists and support traditional social values they put their trust in charismatic leaders These had huge costs They damaged confidence in financial and policymaking elites financial crisis open the door to a populist surge it may destroy independent institutions, undermine civil peace, promote xenophobia and lead to dictatorship populism is an enemy of democracy. end US leadership is a potentially devastating event For these reasons, the wave of populist anger is likely to be sustained.


Question: enemy of democracy

Populism destroys the economy and undermines US global leadership

Wolf 17 (Martin Wolf. Chief economics commentator at the Financial Times, London. He was awarded the CBE (Commander of the British Empire) in 2000 “for services to financial journalism”. How economics has stoked populism's rise. Australian Financial Review. COMPANIES AND MARKETS; Financial Times; Pg. 232. June 29, 2017. https://advance-lexis-com.gonzaga.idm.oclc.org/api/document?collection=news&id=urn:contentItem:5NWS-83P1-JD34-V3V5-00000-00&context=1516831. Accessed 08/22/2021. AR😊)

Populists reject credentialled experts Rightwing populists are economic nationalists and support traditional social values they put their trust in charismatic leaders These had huge costs They damaged confidence in financial and policymaking elites financial crisis open the door to a populist surge it may destroy independent institutions, undermine civil peace, promote xenophobia and lead to dictatorship populism is an enemy of democracy. end US leadership is a potentially devastating event For these reasons, the wave of populist anger is likely to be sustained.


Question: destroy independent institutions

Populism destroys the economy and undermines US global leadership

Wolf 17 (Martin Wolf. Chief economics commentator at the Financial Times, London. He was awarded the CBE (Commander of the British Empire) in 2000 “for services to financial journalism”. How economics has stoked populism's rise. Australian Financial Review. COMPANIES AND MARKETS; Financial Times; Pg. 232. June 29, 2017. https://advance-lexis-com.gonzaga.idm.oclc.org/api/document?collection=news&id=urn:contentItem:5NWS-83P1-JD34-V3V5-00000-00&context=1516831. Accessed 08/22/2021. AR😊)

Populists reject credentialled experts Rightwing populists are economic nationalists and support traditional social values they put their trust in charismatic leaders These had huge costs They damaged confidence in financial and policymaking elites financial crisis open the door to a populist surge it may destroy independent institutions, undermine civil peace, promote xenophobia and lead to dictatorship populism is an enemy of democracy. end US leadership is a potentially devastating event For these reasons, the wave of populist anger is likely to be sustained.


Question: populism undermines US leadership

Populism destroys the economy and undermines US global leadership

Wolf 17 (Martin Wolf. Chief economics commentator at the Financial Times, London. He was awarded the CBE (Commander of the British Empire) in 2000 “for services to financial journalism”. How economics has stoked populism's rise. Australian Financial Review. COMPANIES AND MARKETS; Financial Times; Pg. 232. June 29, 2017. https://advance-lexis-com.gonzaga.idm.oclc.org/api/document?collection=news&id=urn:contentItem:5NWS-83P1-JD34-V3V5-00000-00&context=1516831. Accessed 08/22/2021. AR😊)

Populists reject credentialled experts Rightwing populists are economic nationalists and support traditional social values they put their trust in charismatic leaders These had huge costs They damaged confidence in financial and policymaking elites financial crisis open the door to a populist surge it may destroy independent institutions, undermine civil peace, promote xenophobia and lead to dictatorship populism is an enemy of democracy. end US leadership is a potentially devastating event For these reasons, the wave of populist anger is likely to be sustained.


Question: Capitalism saves us from climate change

8—Capitalism is the only way out of the pending climate catastrophe–there is no time for an economic revolution

Terzi 22 [Alessio Terzi is an Economist at the European Commission's Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs. Prior to this, he was an Affiliate Fellow at the think tank Bruegel and a Fulbright Scholar at the Harvard Kennedy School. Growth for Good: Reshaping Capitalism to Save Humanity from Climate Catastrophe. Harvard University Press, 2022.]

quest for growth is a cornerstone of cap abandoning it would strike a mortal blow , in a market firms compete increasing efficiency the alternative is not to maintain s quo but  descent to bankruptcy leads to innovate or die the quest for growth is integral  competition drive the private sector’s costminimization Firms that meet demands grow allowing them to innovate, and grow further growth could be sustained forever relying on creativity  tech allowed population to expand fending off disease arresting growth will dismantl innovation degrowth would tear  cap apart a new system would be from scratch what the Soviet Union attempted , and was blatant failure Fighting warming by accelerating tech will require growth a climate crisis calls for quick action. no time for an economic revolution [Continues] halting climate change by taming growth alone is infeasible output would need to drop by 90 percent degrowth requires acceleration in green tech we see under cap hydro electrolysis improving electric battery storage reduced costs of wind rotors and so on The capacity in advanced economies generate innovation at an unprecedented pace there is a positive relationship between development and innovation limitation of socialism that allocation are unequal to communities. innovation thrives when it manages talent talent would not be attracted to a closed society where freedom curtailed success vilified concept of progress dethroned it is no accident that after gov enabled basic research private companies make new tech applicable and useful to consumers


Question: Terzi 22

8—Capitalism is the only way out of the pending climate catastrophe–there is no time for an economic revolution

Terzi 22 [Alessio Terzi is an Economist at the European Commission's Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs. Prior to this, he was an Affiliate Fellow at the think tank Bruegel and a Fulbright Scholar at the Harvard Kennedy School. Growth for Good: Reshaping Capitalism to Save Humanity from Climate Catastrophe. Harvard University Press, 2022.]

quest for growth is a cornerstone of cap abandoning it would strike a mortal blow , in a market firms compete increasing efficiency the alternative is not to maintain s quo but  descent to bankruptcy leads to innovate or die the quest for growth is integral  competition drive the private sector’s costminimization Firms that meet demands grow allowing them to innovate, and grow further growth could be sustained forever relying on creativity  tech allowed population to expand fending off disease arresting growth will dismantl innovation degrowth would tear  cap apart a new system would be from scratch what the Soviet Union attempted , and was blatant failure Fighting warming by accelerating tech will require growth a climate crisis calls for quick action. no time for an economic revolution [Continues] halting climate change by taming growth alone is infeasible output would need to drop by 90 percent degrowth requires acceleration in green tech we see under cap hydro electrolysis improving electric battery storage reduced costs of wind rotors and so on The capacity in advanced economies generate innovation at an unprecedented pace there is a positive relationship between development and innovation limitation of socialism that allocation are unequal to communities. innovation thrives when it manages talent talent would not be attracted to a closed society where freedom curtailed success vilified concept of progress dethroned it is no accident that after gov enabled basic research private companies make new tech applicable and useful to consumers


Question: Alessio Terzi

8—Capitalism is the only way out of the pending climate catastrophe–there is no time for an economic revolution

Terzi 22 [Alessio Terzi is an Economist at the European Commission's Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs. Prior to this, he was an Affiliate Fellow at the think tank Bruegel and a Fulbright Scholar at the Harvard Kennedy School. Growth for Good: Reshaping Capitalism to Save Humanity from Climate Catastrophe. Harvard University Press, 2022.]

quest for growth is a cornerstone of cap abandoning it would strike a mortal blow , in a market firms compete increasing efficiency the alternative is not to maintain s quo but  descent to bankruptcy leads to innovate or die the quest for growth is integral  competition drive the private sector’s costminimization Firms that meet demands grow allowing them to innovate, and grow further growth could be sustained forever relying on creativity  tech allowed population to expand fending off disease arresting growth will dismantl innovation degrowth would tear  cap apart a new system would be from scratch what the Soviet Union attempted , and was blatant failure Fighting warming by accelerating tech will require growth a climate crisis calls for quick action. no time for an economic revolution [Continues] halting climate change by taming growth alone is infeasible output would need to drop by 90 percent degrowth requires acceleration in green tech we see under cap hydro electrolysis improving electric battery storage reduced costs of wind rotors and so on The capacity in advanced economies generate innovation at an unprecedented pace there is a positive relationship between development and innovation limitation of socialism that allocation are unequal to communities. innovation thrives when it manages talent talent would not be attracted to a closed society where freedom curtailed success vilified concept of progress dethroned it is no accident that after gov enabled basic research private companies make new tech applicable and useful to consumers


Question: growth and capitalism

8—Capitalism is the only way out of the pending climate catastrophe–there is no time for an economic revolution

Terzi 22 [Alessio Terzi is an Economist at the European Commission's Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs. Prior to this, he was an Affiliate Fellow at the think tank Bruegel and a Fulbright Scholar at the Harvard Kennedy School. Growth for Good: Reshaping Capitalism to Save Humanity from Climate Catastrophe. Harvard University Press, 2022.]

quest for growth is a cornerstone of cap abandoning it would strike a mortal blow , in a market firms compete increasing efficiency the alternative is not to maintain s quo but  descent to bankruptcy leads to innovate or die the quest for growth is integral  competition drive the private sector’s costminimization Firms that meet demands grow allowing them to innovate, and grow further growth could be sustained forever relying on creativity  tech allowed population to expand fending off disease arresting growth will dismantl innovation degrowth would tear  cap apart a new system would be from scratch what the Soviet Union attempted , and was blatant failure Fighting warming by accelerating tech will require growth a climate crisis calls for quick action. no time for an economic revolution [Continues] halting climate change by taming growth alone is infeasible output would need to drop by 90 percent degrowth requires acceleration in green tech we see under cap hydro electrolysis improving electric battery storage reduced costs of wind rotors and so on The capacity in advanced economies generate innovation at an unprecedented pace there is a positive relationship between development and innovation limitation of socialism that allocation are unequal to communities. innovation thrives when it manages talent talent would not be attracted to a closed society where freedom curtailed success vilified concept of progress dethroned it is no accident that after gov enabled basic research private companies make new tech applicable and useful to consumers


Question: innovation solves climate change

8—Capitalism is the only way out of the pending climate catastrophe–there is no time for an economic revolution

Terzi 22 [Alessio Terzi is an Economist at the European Commission's Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs. Prior to this, he was an Affiliate Fellow at the think tank Bruegel and a Fulbright Scholar at the Harvard Kennedy School. Growth for Good: Reshaping Capitalism to Save Humanity from Climate Catastrophe. Harvard University Press, 2022.]

quest for growth is a cornerstone of cap abandoning it would strike a mortal blow , in a market firms compete increasing efficiency the alternative is not to maintain s quo but  descent to bankruptcy leads to innovate or die the quest for growth is integral  competition drive the private sector’s costminimization Firms that meet demands grow allowing them to innovate, and grow further growth could be sustained forever relying on creativity  tech allowed population to expand fending off disease arresting growth will dismantl innovation degrowth would tear  cap apart a new system would be from scratch what the Soviet Union attempted , and was blatant failure Fighting warming by accelerating tech will require growth a climate crisis calls for quick action. no time for an economic revolution [Continues] halting climate change by taming growth alone is infeasible output would need to drop by 90 percent degrowth requires acceleration in green tech we see under cap hydro electrolysis improving electric battery storage reduced costs of wind rotors and so on The capacity in advanced economies generate innovation at an unprecedented pace there is a positive relationship between development and innovation limitation of socialism that allocation are unequal to communities. innovation thrives when it manages talent talent would not be attracted to a closed society where freedom curtailed success vilified concept of progress dethroned it is no accident that after gov enabled basic research private companies make new tech applicable and useful to consumers


Question: Capitalism good for climate

8—Capitalism is the only way out of the pending climate catastrophe–there is no time for an economic revolution

Terzi 22 [Alessio Terzi is an Economist at the European Commission's Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs. Prior to this, he was an Affiliate Fellow at the think tank Bruegel and a Fulbright Scholar at the Harvard Kennedy School. Growth for Good: Reshaping Capitalism to Save Humanity from Climate Catastrophe. Harvard University Press, 2022.]

quest for growth is a cornerstone of cap abandoning it would strike a mortal blow , in a market firms compete increasing efficiency the alternative is not to maintain s quo but  descent to bankruptcy leads to innovate or die the quest for growth is integral  competition drive the private sector’s costminimization Firms that meet demands grow allowing them to innovate, and grow further growth could be sustained forever relying on creativity  tech allowed population to expand fending off disease arresting growth will dismantl innovation degrowth would tear  cap apart a new system would be from scratch what the Soviet Union attempted , and was blatant failure Fighting warming by accelerating tech will require growth a climate crisis calls for quick action. no time for an economic revolution [Continues] halting climate change by taming growth alone is infeasible output would need to drop by 90 percent degrowth requires acceleration in green tech we see under cap hydro electrolysis improving electric battery storage reduced costs of wind rotors and so on The capacity in advanced economies generate innovation at an unprecedented pace there is a positive relationship between development and innovation limitation of socialism that allocation are unequal to communities. innovation thrives when it manages talent talent would not be attracted to a closed society where freedom curtailed success vilified concept of progress dethroned it is no accident that after gov enabled basic research private companies make new tech applicable and useful to consumers


Question: climate crisis calls for quick action

8—Capitalism is the only way out of the pending climate catastrophe–there is no time for an economic revolution

Terzi 22 [Alessio Terzi is an Economist at the European Commission's Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs. Prior to this, he was an Affiliate Fellow at the think tank Bruegel and a Fulbright Scholar at the Harvard Kennedy School. Growth for Good: Reshaping Capitalism to Save Humanity from Climate Catastrophe. Harvard University Press, 2022.]

quest for growth is a cornerstone of cap abandoning it would strike a mortal blow , in a market firms compete increasing efficiency the alternative is not to maintain s quo but  descent to bankruptcy leads to innovate or die the quest for growth is integral  competition drive the private sector’s costminimization Firms that meet demands grow allowing them to innovate, and grow further growth could be sustained forever relying on creativity  tech allowed population to expand fending off disease arresting growth will dismantl innovation degrowth would tear  cap apart a new system would be from scratch what the Soviet Union attempted , and was blatant failure Fighting warming by accelerating tech will require growth a climate crisis calls for quick action. no time for an economic revolution [Continues] halting climate change by taming growth alone is infeasible output would need to drop by 90 percent degrowth requires acceleration in green tech we see under cap hydro electrolysis improving electric battery storage reduced costs of wind rotors and so on The capacity in advanced economies generate innovation at an unprecedented pace there is a positive relationship between development and innovation limitation of socialism that allocation are unequal to communities. innovation thrives when it manages talent talent would not be attracted to a closed society where freedom curtailed success vilified concept of progress dethroned it is no accident that after gov enabled basic research private companies make new tech applicable and useful to consumers


Question: climate catastrophe economic revolution

8—Capitalism is the only way out of the pending climate catastrophe–there is no time for an economic revolution

Terzi 22 [Alessio Terzi is an Economist at the European Commission's Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs. Prior to this, he was an Affiliate Fellow at the think tank Bruegel and a Fulbright Scholar at the Harvard Kennedy School. Growth for Good: Reshaping Capitalism to Save Humanity from Climate Catastrophe. Harvard University Press, 2022.]

quest for growth is a cornerstone of cap abandoning it would strike a mortal blow , in a market firms compete increasing efficiency the alternative is not to maintain s quo but  descent to bankruptcy leads to innovate or die the quest for growth is integral  competition drive the private sector’s costminimization Firms that meet demands grow allowing them to innovate, and grow further growth could be sustained forever relying on creativity  tech allowed population to expand fending off disease arresting growth will dismantl innovation degrowth would tear  cap apart a new system would be from scratch what the Soviet Union attempted , and was blatant failure Fighting warming by accelerating tech will require growth a climate crisis calls for quick action. no time for an economic revolution [Continues] halting climate change by taming growth alone is infeasible output would need to drop by 90 percent degrowth requires acceleration in green tech we see under cap hydro electrolysis improving electric battery storage reduced costs of wind rotors and so on The capacity in advanced economies generate innovation at an unprecedented pace there is a positive relationship between development and innovation limitation of socialism that allocation are unequal to communities. innovation thrives when it manages talent talent would not be attracted to a closed society where freedom curtailed success vilified concept of progress dethroned it is no accident that after gov enabled basic research private companies make new tech applicable and useful to consumers


Question: Those have Fed Key warrants

Those have “Fed Key” warrants.

Calkins 3, Professor of Law, Wayne State University Law School. (Stephen, November 2003, ARTICLE: PERSPECTIVES ON STATE AND FEDERAL ANTITRUST ENFORCEMENT, 53 Duke L.J. 673, Lexis)

federal enforcers enjoy boundless advantages massive resources , sweeping enforcement an elaborate merger notification system , and respect from Congress and the courts


Question: Calkins 3

Those have “Fed Key” warrants.

Calkins 3, Professor of Law, Wayne State University Law School. (Stephen, November 2003, ARTICLE: PERSPECTIVES ON STATE AND FEDERAL ANTITRUST ENFORCEMENT, 53 Duke L.J. 673, Lexis)

federal enforcers enjoy boundless advantages massive resources , sweeping enforcement an elaborate merger notification system , and respect from Congress and the courts


Question: Federal enforcers advantages

Those have “Fed Key” warrants.

Calkins 3, Professor of Law, Wayne State University Law School. (Stephen, November 2003, ARTICLE: PERSPECTIVES ON STATE AND FEDERAL ANTITRUST ENFORCEMENT, 53 Duke L.J. 673, Lexis)

federal enforcers enjoy boundless advantages massive resources , sweeping enforcement an elaborate merger notification system , and respect from Congress and the courts


Question: federal antitrust enforcement

Those have “Fed Key” warrants.

Calkins 3, Professor of Law, Wayne State University Law School. (Stephen, November 2003, ARTICLE: PERSPECTIVES ON STATE AND FEDERAL ANTITRUST ENFORCEMENT, 53 Duke L.J. 673, Lexis)

federal enforcers enjoy boundless advantages massive resources , sweeping enforcement an elaborate merger notification system , and respect from Congress and the courts


Question: massive resources enforcement

Those have “Fed Key” warrants.

Calkins 3, Professor of Law, Wayne State University Law School. (Stephen, November 2003, ARTICLE: PERSPECTIVES ON STATE AND FEDERAL ANTITRUST ENFORCEMENT, 53 Duke L.J. 673, Lexis)

federal enforcers enjoy boundless advantages massive resources , sweeping enforcement an elaborate merger notification system , and respect from Congress and the courts


Question: Climate change causes extinction

Climate Change causes extinction – every marginal increase matters.

Dr. Graeme Taylor et al. 24, PhD, Coordinator, BEST Futures. Adjunct Research Fellow, Environmental Futures, Griffith Unviersity; Dr. Peter Wadhams, PhD, Professor, Ocean Physics, University of Cambridge. Head, Polar Ocean Physics Group, Department of Applied Mathematics & Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge; Dr. Daniele Visioni, PhD, Assistant Professor, Agriculture & Life Sciences, Cornell University; Dr. Tom Goreau, PhD, President, Global Coral Reef Alliance. Former Senior Scientific Affairs Officer, United Nations Centre for Science & Technology for Development; Dr. Leslie Field, PhD, Consulting Professor, Electrical Engineering, Stanford University; Dr. Heri Kuswanto, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Statistics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, "Bad Science and Good Intentions Prevent Effective Climate Action," EarthArXiv, 2024, pg. 20-24.

non-linear risks of  overshoot in absence of dramatic emissions reductions Every degree will add to warming tipping points generate  positive feedbacks passing non-negligible at 2°C have  catastrophic  consequences push onto a  “Hothouse Earth”  path ecosystems simultaneously  impacted amplify  and  accelerate  one another world at risk of breakdown within a  single lifetime people suggest countries adapt treat with  strong scepticism claims about the absence of extinction increase major conflict disease pressure vulnerabilities  that prompt synchronous collapse of systems not enough to extrapolate from  current trends to adapt complicated to predict how effects cascade through complex systems that contain multiple hazards existential at  lower  temp s


Question: Taylor Wadhams

Climate Change causes extinction – every marginal increase matters.

Dr. Graeme Taylor et al. 24, PhD, Coordinator, BEST Futures. Adjunct Research Fellow, Environmental Futures, Griffith Unviersity; Dr. Peter Wadhams, PhD, Professor, Ocean Physics, University of Cambridge. Head, Polar Ocean Physics Group, Department of Applied Mathematics & Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge; Dr. Daniele Visioni, PhD, Assistant Professor, Agriculture & Life Sciences, Cornell University; Dr. Tom Goreau, PhD, President, Global Coral Reef Alliance. Former Senior Scientific Affairs Officer, United Nations Centre for Science & Technology for Development; Dr. Leslie Field, PhD, Consulting Professor, Electrical Engineering, Stanford University; Dr. Heri Kuswanto, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Statistics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, "Bad Science and Good Intentions Prevent Effective Climate Action," EarthArXiv, 2024, pg. 20-24.

non-linear risks of  overshoot in absence of dramatic emissions reductions Every degree will add to warming tipping points generate  positive feedbacks passing non-negligible at 2°C have  catastrophic  consequences push onto a  “Hothouse Earth”  path ecosystems simultaneously  impacted amplify  and  accelerate  one another world at risk of breakdown within a  single lifetime people suggest countries adapt treat with  strong scepticism claims about the absence of extinction increase major conflict disease pressure vulnerabilities  that prompt synchronous collapse of systems not enough to extrapolate from  current trends to adapt complicated to predict how effects cascade through complex systems that contain multiple hazards existential at  lower  temp s


Question: Hothouse Earth

Climate Change causes extinction – every marginal increase matters.

Dr. Graeme Taylor et al. 24, PhD, Coordinator, BEST Futures. Adjunct Research Fellow, Environmental Futures, Griffith Unviersity; Dr. Peter Wadhams, PhD, Professor, Ocean Physics, University of Cambridge. Head, Polar Ocean Physics Group, Department of Applied Mathematics & Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge; Dr. Daniele Visioni, PhD, Assistant Professor, Agriculture & Life Sciences, Cornell University; Dr. Tom Goreau, PhD, President, Global Coral Reef Alliance. Former Senior Scientific Affairs Officer, United Nations Centre for Science & Technology for Development; Dr. Leslie Field, PhD, Consulting Professor, Electrical Engineering, Stanford University; Dr. Heri Kuswanto, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Statistics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, "Bad Science and Good Intentions Prevent Effective Climate Action," EarthArXiv, 2024, pg. 20-24.

non-linear risks of  overshoot in absence of dramatic emissions reductions Every degree will add to warming tipping points generate  positive feedbacks passing non-negligible at 2°C have  catastrophic  consequences push onto a  “Hothouse Earth”  path ecosystems simultaneously  impacted amplify  and  accelerate  one another world at risk of breakdown within a  single lifetime people suggest countries adapt treat with  strong scepticism claims about the absence of extinction increase major conflict disease pressure vulnerabilities  that prompt synchronous collapse of systems not enough to extrapolate from  current trends to adapt complicated to predict how effects cascade through complex systems that contain multiple hazards existential at  lower  temp s


Question: climate change marginal increase

Climate Change causes extinction – every marginal increase matters.

Dr. Graeme Taylor et al. 24, PhD, Coordinator, BEST Futures. Adjunct Research Fellow, Environmental Futures, Griffith Unviersity; Dr. Peter Wadhams, PhD, Professor, Ocean Physics, University of Cambridge. Head, Polar Ocean Physics Group, Department of Applied Mathematics & Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge; Dr. Daniele Visioni, PhD, Assistant Professor, Agriculture & Life Sciences, Cornell University; Dr. Tom Goreau, PhD, President, Global Coral Reef Alliance. Former Senior Scientific Affairs Officer, United Nations Centre for Science & Technology for Development; Dr. Leslie Field, PhD, Consulting Professor, Electrical Engineering, Stanford University; Dr. Heri Kuswanto, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Statistics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, "Bad Science and Good Intentions Prevent Effective Climate Action," EarthArXiv, 2024, pg. 20-24.

non-linear risks of  overshoot in absence of dramatic emissions reductions Every degree will add to warming tipping points generate  positive feedbacks passing non-negligible at 2°C have  catastrophic  consequences push onto a  “Hothouse Earth”  path ecosystems simultaneously  impacted amplify  and  accelerate  one another world at risk of breakdown within a  single lifetime people suggest countries adapt treat with  strong scepticism claims about the absence of extinction increase major conflict disease pressure vulnerabilities  that prompt synchronous collapse of systems not enough to extrapolate from  current trends to adapt complicated to predict how effects cascade through complex systems that contain multiple hazards existential at  lower  temp s


Question: climate change breakdown

Climate Change causes extinction – every marginal increase matters.

Dr. Graeme Taylor et al. 24, PhD, Coordinator, BEST Futures. Adjunct Research Fellow, Environmental Futures, Griffith Unviersity; Dr. Peter Wadhams, PhD, Professor, Ocean Physics, University of Cambridge. Head, Polar Ocean Physics Group, Department of Applied Mathematics & Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge; Dr. Daniele Visioni, PhD, Assistant Professor, Agriculture & Life Sciences, Cornell University; Dr. Tom Goreau, PhD, President, Global Coral Reef Alliance. Former Senior Scientific Affairs Officer, United Nations Centre for Science & Technology for Development; Dr. Leslie Field, PhD, Consulting Professor, Electrical Engineering, Stanford University; Dr. Heri Kuswanto, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Statistics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, "Bad Science and Good Intentions Prevent Effective Climate Action," EarthArXiv, 2024, pg. 20-24.

non-linear risks of  overshoot in absence of dramatic emissions reductions Every degree will add to warming tipping points generate  positive feedbacks passing non-negligible at 2°C have  catastrophic  consequences push onto a  “Hothouse Earth”  path ecosystems simultaneously  impacted amplify  and  accelerate  one another world at risk of breakdown within a  single lifetime people suggest countries adapt treat with  strong scepticism claims about the absence of extinction increase major conflict disease pressure vulnerabilities  that prompt synchronous collapse of systems not enough to extrapolate from  current trends to adapt complicated to predict how effects cascade through complex systems that contain multiple hazards existential at  lower  temp s


Question: non-linear risks of overshoot

Climate Change causes extinction – every marginal increase matters.

Dr. Graeme Taylor et al. 24, PhD, Coordinator, BEST Futures. Adjunct Research Fellow, Environmental Futures, Griffith Unviersity; Dr. Peter Wadhams, PhD, Professor, Ocean Physics, University of Cambridge. Head, Polar Ocean Physics Group, Department of Applied Mathematics & Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge; Dr. Daniele Visioni, PhD, Assistant Professor, Agriculture & Life Sciences, Cornell University; Dr. Tom Goreau, PhD, President, Global Coral Reef Alliance. Former Senior Scientific Affairs Officer, United Nations Centre for Science & Technology for Development; Dr. Leslie Field, PhD, Consulting Professor, Electrical Engineering, Stanford University; Dr. Heri Kuswanto, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Statistics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, "Bad Science and Good Intentions Prevent Effective Climate Action," EarthArXiv, 2024, pg. 20-24.

non-linear risks of  overshoot in absence of dramatic emissions reductions Every degree will add to warming tipping points generate  positive feedbacks passing non-negligible at 2°C have  catastrophic  consequences push onto a  “Hothouse Earth”  path ecosystems simultaneously  impacted amplify  and  accelerate  one another world at risk of breakdown within a  single lifetime people suggest countries adapt treat with  strong scepticism claims about the absence of extinction increase major conflict disease pressure vulnerabilities  that prompt synchronous collapse of systems not enough to extrapolate from  current trends to adapt complicated to predict how effects cascade through complex systems that contain multiple hazards existential at  lower  temp s


Question: ecosystems impacted amplify

Climate Change causes extinction – every marginal increase matters.

Dr. Graeme Taylor et al. 24, PhD, Coordinator, BEST Futures. Adjunct Research Fellow, Environmental Futures, Griffith Unviersity; Dr. Peter Wadhams, PhD, Professor, Ocean Physics, University of Cambridge. Head, Polar Ocean Physics Group, Department of Applied Mathematics & Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge; Dr. Daniele Visioni, PhD, Assistant Professor, Agriculture & Life Sciences, Cornell University; Dr. Tom Goreau, PhD, President, Global Coral Reef Alliance. Former Senior Scientific Affairs Officer, United Nations Centre for Science & Technology for Development; Dr. Leslie Field, PhD, Consulting Professor, Electrical Engineering, Stanford University; Dr. Heri Kuswanto, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Statistics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, "Bad Science and Good Intentions Prevent Effective Climate Action," EarthArXiv, 2024, pg. 20-24.

non-linear risks of  overshoot in absence of dramatic emissions reductions Every degree will add to warming tipping points generate  positive feedbacks passing non-negligible at 2°C have  catastrophic  consequences push onto a  “Hothouse Earth”  path ecosystems simultaneously  impacted amplify  and  accelerate  one another world at risk of breakdown within a  single lifetime people suggest countries adapt treat with  strong scepticism claims about the absence of extinction increase major conflict disease pressure vulnerabilities  that prompt synchronous collapse of systems not enough to extrapolate from  current trends to adapt complicated to predict how effects cascade through complex systems that contain multiple hazards existential at  lower  temp s


Question: existential at lower temps

Climate Change causes extinction – every marginal increase matters.

Dr. Graeme Taylor et al. 24, PhD, Coordinator, BEST Futures. Adjunct Research Fellow, Environmental Futures, Griffith Unviersity; Dr. Peter Wadhams, PhD, Professor, Ocean Physics, University of Cambridge. Head, Polar Ocean Physics Group, Department of Applied Mathematics & Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge; Dr. Daniele Visioni, PhD, Assistant Professor, Agriculture & Life Sciences, Cornell University; Dr. Tom Goreau, PhD, President, Global Coral Reef Alliance. Former Senior Scientific Affairs Officer, United Nations Centre for Science & Technology for Development; Dr. Leslie Field, PhD, Consulting Professor, Electrical Engineering, Stanford University; Dr. Heri Kuswanto, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Statistics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, "Bad Science and Good Intentions Prevent Effective Climate Action," EarthArXiv, 2024, pg. 20-24.

non-linear risks of  overshoot in absence of dramatic emissions reductions Every degree will add to warming tipping points generate  positive feedbacks passing non-negligible at 2°C have  catastrophic  consequences push onto a  “Hothouse Earth”  path ecosystems simultaneously  impacted amplify  and  accelerate  one another world at risk of breakdown within a  single lifetime people suggest countries adapt treat with  strong scepticism claims about the absence of extinction increase major conflict disease pressure vulnerabilities  that prompt synchronous collapse of systems not enough to extrapolate from  current trends to adapt complicated to predict how effects cascade through complex systems that contain multiple hazards existential at  lower  temp s


Question: No nuclear conflict mutually assured destruction

No nuclear conflict – mutually assured destruction.

Vrolyk 19 (John Vrolyk is a Master of Public Affairs student at the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton University and a reserve Marine infantry officer.; “INSURGENCY, NOT WAR, IS CHINA’S MOST LIKELY COURSE OF ACTION”; War on the Rocks; December 19, 2019; https://warontherocks.com/2019/12/insurgency-not-war-is-chinas-most-likely-course-of-action/) Accessed 6/25/21//eleanor

the U S will never fight a great-power war in the traditional large-scale way A confrontation triggers the mutual assured destruction constraint emerging tech preclude possibility of conventional forces reaching the conflict theater These dynamics make direct war unattractive to both parties The Cold War led to a period when great power involvement led to insurgency as the primary mode of intrastate war competition with China will follow this pattern


Question: Vrolyk 19

No nuclear conflict – mutually assured destruction.

Vrolyk 19 (John Vrolyk is a Master of Public Affairs student at the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton University and a reserve Marine infantry officer.; “INSURGENCY, NOT WAR, IS CHINA’S MOST LIKELY COURSE OF ACTION”; War on the Rocks; December 19, 2019; https://warontherocks.com/2019/12/insurgency-not-war-is-chinas-most-likely-course-of-action/) Accessed 6/25/21//eleanor

the U S will never fight a great-power war in the traditional large-scale way A confrontation triggers the mutual assured destruction constraint emerging tech preclude possibility of conventional forces reaching the conflict theater These dynamics make direct war unattractive to both parties The Cold War led to a period when great power involvement led to insurgency as the primary mode of intrastate war competition with China will follow this pattern


Question: John Vrolyk

No nuclear conflict – mutually assured destruction.

Vrolyk 19 (John Vrolyk is a Master of Public Affairs student at the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton University and a reserve Marine infantry officer.; “INSURGENCY, NOT WAR, IS CHINA’S MOST LIKELY COURSE OF ACTION”; War on the Rocks; December 19, 2019; https://warontherocks.com/2019/12/insurgency-not-war-is-chinas-most-likely-course-of-action/) Accessed 6/25/21//eleanor

the U S will never fight a great-power war in the traditional large-scale way A confrontation triggers the mutual assured destruction constraint emerging tech preclude possibility of conventional forces reaching the conflict theater These dynamics make direct war unattractive to both parties The Cold War led to a period when great power involvement led to insurgency as the primary mode of intrastate war competition with China will follow this pattern


Question: US China war unattractive

No nuclear conflict – mutually assured destruction.

Vrolyk 19 (John Vrolyk is a Master of Public Affairs student at the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton University and a reserve Marine infantry officer.; “INSURGENCY, NOT WAR, IS CHINA’S MOST LIKELY COURSE OF ACTION”; War on the Rocks; December 19, 2019; https://warontherocks.com/2019/12/insurgency-not-war-is-chinas-most-likely-course-of-action/) Accessed 6/25/21//eleanor

the U S will never fight a great-power war in the traditional large-scale way A confrontation triggers the mutual assured destruction constraint emerging tech preclude possibility of conventional forces reaching the conflict theater These dynamics make direct war unattractive to both parties The Cold War led to a period when great power involvement led to insurgency as the primary mode of intrastate war competition with China will follow this pattern


Question: mutual assured destruction constraint

No nuclear conflict – mutually assured destruction.

Vrolyk 19 (John Vrolyk is a Master of Public Affairs student at the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton University and a reserve Marine infantry officer.; “INSURGENCY, NOT WAR, IS CHINA’S MOST LIKELY COURSE OF ACTION”; War on the Rocks; December 19, 2019; https://warontherocks.com/2019/12/insurgency-not-war-is-chinas-most-likely-course-of-action/) Accessed 6/25/21//eleanor

the U S will never fight a great-power war in the traditional large-scale way A confrontation triggers the mutual assured destruction constraint emerging tech preclude possibility of conventional forces reaching the conflict theater These dynamics make direct war unattractive to both parties The Cold War led to a period when great power involvement led to insurgency as the primary mode of intrastate war competition with China will follow this pattern


Question: great power involvement insurgency

No nuclear conflict – mutually assured destruction.

Vrolyk 19 (John Vrolyk is a Master of Public Affairs student at the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton University and a reserve Marine infantry officer.; “INSURGENCY, NOT WAR, IS CHINA’S MOST LIKELY COURSE OF ACTION”; War on the Rocks; December 19, 2019; https://warontherocks.com/2019/12/insurgency-not-war-is-chinas-most-likely-course-of-action/) Accessed 6/25/21//eleanor

the U S will never fight a great-power war in the traditional large-scale way A confrontation triggers the mutual assured destruction constraint emerging tech preclude possibility of conventional forces reaching the conflict theater These dynamics make direct war unattractive to both parties The Cold War led to a period when great power involvement led to insurgency as the primary mode of intrastate war competition with China will follow this pattern


Question: emerging tech preclude conventional forces

No nuclear conflict – mutually assured destruction.

Vrolyk 19 (John Vrolyk is a Master of Public Affairs student at the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton University and a reserve Marine infantry officer.; “INSURGENCY, NOT WAR, IS CHINA’S MOST LIKELY COURSE OF ACTION”; War on the Rocks; December 19, 2019; https://warontherocks.com/2019/12/insurgency-not-war-is-chinas-most-likely-course-of-action/) Accessed 6/25/21//eleanor

the U S will never fight a great-power war in the traditional large-scale way A confrontation triggers the mutual assured destruction constraint emerging tech preclude possibility of conventional forces reaching the conflict theater These dynamics make direct war unattractive to both parties The Cold War led to a period when great power involvement led to insurgency as the primary mode of intrastate war competition with China will follow this pattern


Question: no great power war

No nuclear conflict – mutually assured destruction.

Vrolyk 19 (John Vrolyk is a Master of Public Affairs student at the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton University and a reserve Marine infantry officer.; “INSURGENCY, NOT WAR, IS CHINA’S MOST LIKELY COURSE OF ACTION”; War on the Rocks; December 19, 2019; https://warontherocks.com/2019/12/insurgency-not-war-is-chinas-most-likely-course-of-action/) Accessed 6/25/21//eleanor

the U S will never fight a great-power war in the traditional large-scale way A confrontation triggers the mutual assured destruction constraint emerging tech preclude possibility of conventional forces reaching the conflict theater These dynamics make direct war unattractive to both parties The Cold War led to a period when great power involvement led to insurgency as the primary mode of intrastate war competition with China will follow this pattern


Question: Johnson retaining unity Freedom Caucus

Johnson is retaining unity with The Freedom Caucus now. It’s reversible.

Bowdey ’25 - Suzanne Bowdey serves as editorial director and senior writer for The Washington Stand – “Johnson Races to Ready for Trump: ‘This Is an Around-the-Clock Operation Right Now’” – The Washington Stand - January 15, 2025 - https://washingtonstand.com/commentary/johnson-races-to-ready-for-trump-this-is-an-aroundtheclock-operation-right-now

the speaker understands he’ll need every Republican on the same page to get Trump’s agenda something that’s a monumental task. the House Freedom Caucus to Mar-a-Lago to hash out some differences that threatened to torpedo Johnson “Unity was a huge part of the meeting,” that kind of team-building and] camaraderie is really important Despite the bitter debates the fiscal hawks have had with leadership It was enjoyable


Question: Bowdey 2025

Johnson is retaining unity with The Freedom Caucus now. It’s reversible.

Bowdey ’25 - Suzanne Bowdey serves as editorial director and senior writer for The Washington Stand – “Johnson Races to Ready for Trump: ‘This Is an Around-the-Clock Operation Right Now’” – The Washington Stand - January 15, 2025 - https://washingtonstand.com/commentary/johnson-races-to-ready-for-trump-this-is-an-aroundtheclock-operation-right-now

the speaker understands he’ll need every Republican on the same page to get Trump’s agenda something that’s a monumental task. the House Freedom Caucus to Mar-a-Lago to hash out some differences that threatened to torpedo Johnson “Unity was a huge part of the meeting,” that kind of team-building and] camaraderie is really important Despite the bitter debates the fiscal hawks have had with leadership It was enjoyable


Question: Speaker Johnson and Trump agenda

Johnson is retaining unity with The Freedom Caucus now. It’s reversible.

Bowdey ’25 - Suzanne Bowdey serves as editorial director and senior writer for The Washington Stand – “Johnson Races to Ready for Trump: ‘This Is an Around-the-Clock Operation Right Now’” – The Washington Stand - January 15, 2025 - https://washingtonstand.com/commentary/johnson-races-to-ready-for-trump-this-is-an-aroundtheclock-operation-right-now

the speaker understands he’ll need every Republican on the same page to get Trump’s agenda something that’s a monumental task. the House Freedom Caucus to Mar-a-Lago to hash out some differences that threatened to torpedo Johnson “Unity was a huge part of the meeting,” that kind of team-building and] camaraderie is really important Despite the bitter debates the fiscal hawks have had with leadership It was enjoyable


Question: House Freedom Caucus

Johnson is retaining unity with The Freedom Caucus now. It’s reversible.

Bowdey ’25 - Suzanne Bowdey serves as editorial director and senior writer for The Washington Stand – “Johnson Races to Ready for Trump: ‘This Is an Around-the-Clock Operation Right Now’” – The Washington Stand - January 15, 2025 - https://washingtonstand.com/commentary/johnson-races-to-ready-for-trump-this-is-an-aroundtheclock-operation-right-now

the speaker understands he’ll need every Republican on the same page to get Trump’s agenda something that’s a monumental task. the House Freedom Caucus to Mar-a-Lago to hash out some differences that threatened to torpedo Johnson “Unity was a huge part of the meeting,” that kind of team-building and] camaraderie is really important Despite the bitter debates the fiscal hawks have had with leadership It was enjoyable


Question: Johnson unity reversible

Johnson is retaining unity with The Freedom Caucus now. It’s reversible.

Bowdey ’25 - Suzanne Bowdey serves as editorial director and senior writer for The Washington Stand – “Johnson Races to Ready for Trump: ‘This Is an Around-the-Clock Operation Right Now’” – The Washington Stand - January 15, 2025 - https://washingtonstand.com/commentary/johnson-races-to-ready-for-trump-this-is-an-aroundtheclock-operation-right-now

the speaker understands he’ll need every Republican on the same page to get Trump’s agenda something that’s a monumental task. the House Freedom Caucus to Mar-a-Lago to hash out some differences that threatened to torpedo Johnson “Unity was a huge part of the meeting,” that kind of team-building and] camaraderie is really important Despite the bitter debates the fiscal hawks have had with leadership It was enjoyable


Question: Trump agenda needs unity

Johnson is retaining unity with The Freedom Caucus now. It’s reversible.

Bowdey ’25 - Suzanne Bowdey serves as editorial director and senior writer for The Washington Stand – “Johnson Races to Ready for Trump: ‘This Is an Around-the-Clock Operation Right Now’” – The Washington Stand - January 15, 2025 - https://washingtonstand.com/commentary/johnson-races-to-ready-for-trump-this-is-an-aroundtheclock-operation-right-now

the speaker understands he’ll need every Republican on the same page to get Trump’s agenda something that’s a monumental task. the House Freedom Caucus to Mar-a-Lago to hash out some differences that threatened to torpedo Johnson “Unity was a huge part of the meeting,” that kind of team-building and] camaraderie is really important Despite the bitter debates the fiscal hawks have had with leadership It was enjoyable


Question: Queerness not inevitably structural antagonism

4. Queerness is not inevitably “a structural antagonism.” Anti-queer animus is shaped by local and contextual histories, politics, and ideologies---theorizing the law’s pivotal role in regulating and institutionalizing queerness and orientations toward it is necessary to understanding how anti-queer violence is uniquely created and perpetuated in different contexts.

Thoreson 14, specialist in the LGBT rights program at Human Rights Watch, author of Transnational LGBT Activism: Working for Sexual Rights Worldwide, holds a law degree from Yale Law School, a Doctorate in Anthropology from the University of Oxford, where he studied as a Rhodes Scholar, and a bachelor’s degree in government and studies of women, gender, and sexuality from Harvard University. (Ryan, 2014, “Troubling the waters of a ‘wave of homophobia’: Political economies of anti-queer animus in sub-Saharan Africa,” Sexualities, vol. 17, no. 1/2, p. 26-27, DOI: 10.1177/1363460713511098)

anti-queer animus are inflected by the sociopolitical systems from which they arise Given the nation-state’s roles in producing antipathy toward homosexuality, a political economy approach is especially helpful the nation-state retains the exclusive ability to regulate sexuality through legislation, family law, and state programs agents of the nation-state sanction stances and institutionalize these in state policies. episodic animus is difficult to analyze without a understanding of the role hostile attitudes and interactions play in larger sociocultural systems Attitudes fluctuate, and thick description is necessary to provide insights into inflections of animus, how attitudes are actualized when prejudices may be set aside political economies are shaped by regional and global trends


Question: Thoreson 14

4. Queerness is not inevitably “a structural antagonism.” Anti-queer animus is shaped by local and contextual histories, politics, and ideologies---theorizing the law’s pivotal role in regulating and institutionalizing queerness and orientations toward it is necessary to understanding how anti-queer violence is uniquely created and perpetuated in different contexts.

Thoreson 14, specialist in the LGBT rights program at Human Rights Watch, author of Transnational LGBT Activism: Working for Sexual Rights Worldwide, holds a law degree from Yale Law School, a Doctorate in Anthropology from the University of Oxford, where he studied as a Rhodes Scholar, and a bachelor’s degree in government and studies of women, gender, and sexuality from Harvard University. (Ryan, 2014, “Troubling the waters of a ‘wave of homophobia’: Political economies of anti-queer animus in sub-Saharan Africa,” Sexualities, vol. 17, no. 1/2, p. 26-27, DOI: 10.1177/1363460713511098)

anti-queer animus are inflected by the sociopolitical systems from which they arise Given the nation-state’s roles in producing antipathy toward homosexuality, a political economy approach is especially helpful the nation-state retains the exclusive ability to regulate sexuality through legislation, family law, and state programs agents of the nation-state sanction stances and institutionalize these in state policies. episodic animus is difficult to analyze without a understanding of the role hostile attitudes and interactions play in larger sociocultural systems Attitudes fluctuate, and thick description is necessary to provide insights into inflections of animus, how attitudes are actualized when prejudices may be set aside political economies are shaped by regional and global trends


Question: Thoreson queerness not structural

4. Queerness is not inevitably “a structural antagonism.” Anti-queer animus is shaped by local and contextual histories, politics, and ideologies---theorizing the law’s pivotal role in regulating and institutionalizing queerness and orientations toward it is necessary to understanding how anti-queer violence is uniquely created and perpetuated in different contexts.

Thoreson 14, specialist in the LGBT rights program at Human Rights Watch, author of Transnational LGBT Activism: Working for Sexual Rights Worldwide, holds a law degree from Yale Law School, a Doctorate in Anthropology from the University of Oxford, where he studied as a Rhodes Scholar, and a bachelor’s degree in government and studies of women, gender, and sexuality from Harvard University. (Ryan, 2014, “Troubling the waters of a ‘wave of homophobia’: Political economies of anti-queer animus in sub-Saharan Africa,” Sexualities, vol. 17, no. 1/2, p. 26-27, DOI: 10.1177/1363460713511098)

anti-queer animus are inflected by the sociopolitical systems from which they arise Given the nation-state’s roles in producing antipathy toward homosexuality, a political economy approach is especially helpful the nation-state retains the exclusive ability to regulate sexuality through legislation, family law, and state programs agents of the nation-state sanction stances and institutionalize these in state policies. episodic animus is difficult to analyze without a understanding of the role hostile attitudes and interactions play in larger sociocultural systems Attitudes fluctuate, and thick description is necessary to provide insights into inflections of animus, how attitudes are actualized when prejudices may be set aside political economies are shaped by regional and global trends


Question: anti-queer animus local

4. Queerness is not inevitably “a structural antagonism.” Anti-queer animus is shaped by local and contextual histories, politics, and ideologies---theorizing the law’s pivotal role in regulating and institutionalizing queerness and orientations toward it is necessary to understanding how anti-queer violence is uniquely created and perpetuated in different contexts.

Thoreson 14, specialist in the LGBT rights program at Human Rights Watch, author of Transnational LGBT Activism: Working for Sexual Rights Worldwide, holds a law degree from Yale Law School, a Doctorate in Anthropology from the University of Oxford, where he studied as a Rhodes Scholar, and a bachelor’s degree in government and studies of women, gender, and sexuality from Harvard University. (Ryan, 2014, “Troubling the waters of a ‘wave of homophobia’: Political economies of anti-queer animus in sub-Saharan Africa,” Sexualities, vol. 17, no. 1/2, p. 26-27, DOI: 10.1177/1363460713511098)

anti-queer animus are inflected by the sociopolitical systems from which they arise Given the nation-state’s roles in producing antipathy toward homosexuality, a political economy approach is especially helpful the nation-state retains the exclusive ability to regulate sexuality through legislation, family law, and state programs agents of the nation-state sanction stances and institutionalize these in state policies. episodic animus is difficult to analyze without a understanding of the role hostile attitudes and interactions play in larger sociocultural systems Attitudes fluctuate, and thick description is necessary to provide insights into inflections of animus, how attitudes are actualized when prejudices may be set aside political economies are shaped by regional and global trends


Question: law regulating queerness

4. Queerness is not inevitably “a structural antagonism.” Anti-queer animus is shaped by local and contextual histories, politics, and ideologies---theorizing the law’s pivotal role in regulating and institutionalizing queerness and orientations toward it is necessary to understanding how anti-queer violence is uniquely created and perpetuated in different contexts.

Thoreson 14, specialist in the LGBT rights program at Human Rights Watch, author of Transnational LGBT Activism: Working for Sexual Rights Worldwide, holds a law degree from Yale Law School, a Doctorate in Anthropology from the University of Oxford, where he studied as a Rhodes Scholar, and a bachelor’s degree in government and studies of women, gender, and sexuality from Harvard University. (Ryan, 2014, “Troubling the waters of a ‘wave of homophobia’: Political economies of anti-queer animus in sub-Saharan Africa,” Sexualities, vol. 17, no. 1/2, p. 26-27, DOI: 10.1177/1363460713511098)

anti-queer animus are inflected by the sociopolitical systems from which they arise Given the nation-state’s roles in producing antipathy toward homosexuality, a political economy approach is especially helpful the nation-state retains the exclusive ability to regulate sexuality through legislation, family law, and state programs agents of the nation-state sanction stances and institutionalize these in state policies. episodic animus is difficult to analyze without a understanding of the role hostile attitudes and interactions play in larger sociocultural systems Attitudes fluctuate, and thick description is necessary to provide insights into inflections of animus, how attitudes are actualized when prejudices may be set aside political economies are shaped by regional and global trends


Question: anti queer violence created

4. Queerness is not inevitably “a structural antagonism.” Anti-queer animus is shaped by local and contextual histories, politics, and ideologies---theorizing the law’s pivotal role in regulating and institutionalizing queerness and orientations toward it is necessary to understanding how anti-queer violence is uniquely created and perpetuated in different contexts.

Thoreson 14, specialist in the LGBT rights program at Human Rights Watch, author of Transnational LGBT Activism: Working for Sexual Rights Worldwide, holds a law degree from Yale Law School, a Doctorate in Anthropology from the University of Oxford, where he studied as a Rhodes Scholar, and a bachelor’s degree in government and studies of women, gender, and sexuality from Harvard University. (Ryan, 2014, “Troubling the waters of a ‘wave of homophobia’: Political economies of anti-queer animus in sub-Saharan Africa,” Sexualities, vol. 17, no. 1/2, p. 26-27, DOI: 10.1177/1363460713511098)

anti-queer animus are inflected by the sociopolitical systems from which they arise Given the nation-state’s roles in producing antipathy toward homosexuality, a political economy approach is especially helpful the nation-state retains the exclusive ability to regulate sexuality through legislation, family law, and state programs agents of the nation-state sanction stances and institutionalize these in state policies. episodic animus is difficult to analyze without a understanding of the role hostile attitudes and interactions play in larger sociocultural systems Attitudes fluctuate, and thick description is necessary to provide insights into inflections of animus, how attitudes are actualized when prejudices may be set aside political economies are shaped by regional and global trends


Question: political economies of anti-queer animus

4. Queerness is not inevitably “a structural antagonism.” Anti-queer animus is shaped by local and contextual histories, politics, and ideologies---theorizing the law’s pivotal role in regulating and institutionalizing queerness and orientations toward it is necessary to understanding how anti-queer violence is uniquely created and perpetuated in different contexts.

Thoreson 14, specialist in the LGBT rights program at Human Rights Watch, author of Transnational LGBT Activism: Working for Sexual Rights Worldwide, holds a law degree from Yale Law School, a Doctorate in Anthropology from the University of Oxford, where he studied as a Rhodes Scholar, and a bachelor’s degree in government and studies of women, gender, and sexuality from Harvard University. (Ryan, 2014, “Troubling the waters of a ‘wave of homophobia’: Political economies of anti-queer animus in sub-Saharan Africa,” Sexualities, vol. 17, no. 1/2, p. 26-27, DOI: 10.1177/1363460713511098)

anti-queer animus are inflected by the sociopolitical systems from which they arise Given the nation-state’s roles in producing antipathy toward homosexuality, a political economy approach is especially helpful the nation-state retains the exclusive ability to regulate sexuality through legislation, family law, and state programs agents of the nation-state sanction stances and institutionalize these in state policies. episodic animus is difficult to analyze without a understanding of the role hostile attitudes and interactions play in larger sociocultural systems Attitudes fluctuate, and thick description is necessary to provide insights into inflections of animus, how attitudes are actualized when prejudices may be set aside political economies are shaped by regional and global trends


Question: nation-state regulates sexuality

4. Queerness is not inevitably “a structural antagonism.” Anti-queer animus is shaped by local and contextual histories, politics, and ideologies---theorizing the law’s pivotal role in regulating and institutionalizing queerness and orientations toward it is necessary to understanding how anti-queer violence is uniquely created and perpetuated in different contexts.

Thoreson 14, specialist in the LGBT rights program at Human Rights Watch, author of Transnational LGBT Activism: Working for Sexual Rights Worldwide, holds a law degree from Yale Law School, a Doctorate in Anthropology from the University of Oxford, where he studied as a Rhodes Scholar, and a bachelor’s degree in government and studies of women, gender, and sexuality from Harvard University. (Ryan, 2014, “Troubling the waters of a ‘wave of homophobia’: Political economies of anti-queer animus in sub-Saharan Africa,” Sexualities, vol. 17, no. 1/2, p. 26-27, DOI: 10.1177/1363460713511098)

anti-queer animus are inflected by the sociopolitical systems from which they arise Given the nation-state’s roles in producing antipathy toward homosexuality, a political economy approach is especially helpful the nation-state retains the exclusive ability to regulate sexuality through legislation, family law, and state programs agents of the nation-state sanction stances and institutionalize these in state policies. episodic animus is difficult to analyze without a understanding of the role hostile attitudes and interactions play in larger sociocultural systems Attitudes fluctuate, and thick description is necessary to provide insights into inflections of animus, how attitudes are actualized when prejudices may be set aside political economies are shaped by regional and global trends


Question: tax and transfer redistribute wealth

That’s compatible with tax-and-transfer schemes to redistribute wealth to remedy poverty and inequality.

Budolfson 21 – Associate Professor of Ethics, Philosophy, Politics, and Economics at the University of Texas at Austin. Ph.D. from Princeton.

regulated capitalism is consistent with large-scale redistribution If reparations are required due to colonialism slavery and inequities regulated capitalism implies redistributions should happen as distributive justice and rule of law


Question: Budolfson 21

That’s compatible with tax-and-transfer schemes to redistribute wealth to remedy poverty and inequality.

Budolfson 21 – Associate Professor of Ethics, Philosophy, Politics, and Economics at the University of Texas at Austin. Ph.D. from Princeton.

regulated capitalism is consistent with large-scale redistribution If reparations are required due to colonialism slavery and inequities regulated capitalism implies redistributions should happen as distributive justice and rule of law


Question: regulated capitalism redistribution

That’s compatible with tax-and-transfer schemes to redistribute wealth to remedy poverty and inequality.

Budolfson 21 – Associate Professor of Ethics, Philosophy, Politics, and Economics at the University of Texas at Austin. Ph.D. from Princeton.

regulated capitalism is consistent with large-scale redistribution If reparations are required due to colonialism slavery and inequities regulated capitalism implies redistributions should happen as distributive justice and rule of law


Question: redistribution to remedy poverty

That’s compatible with tax-and-transfer schemes to redistribute wealth to remedy poverty and inequality.

Budolfson 21 – Associate Professor of Ethics, Philosophy, Politics, and Economics at the University of Texas at Austin. Ph.D. from Princeton.

regulated capitalism is consistent with large-scale redistribution If reparations are required due to colonialism slavery and inequities regulated capitalism implies redistributions should happen as distributive justice and rule of law


Question: regulated capitalism is consistent with redistribution

That’s compatible with tax-and-transfer schemes to redistribute wealth to remedy poverty and inequality.

Budolfson 21 – Associate Professor of Ethics, Philosophy, Politics, and Economics at the University of Texas at Austin. Ph.D. from Princeton.

regulated capitalism is consistent with large-scale redistribution If reparations are required due to colonialism slavery and inequities regulated capitalism implies redistributions should happen as distributive justice and rule of law


Question: Budolfson Texas Austin

That’s compatible with tax-and-transfer schemes to redistribute wealth to remedy poverty and inequality.

Budolfson 21 – Associate Professor of Ethics, Philosophy, Politics, and Economics at the University of Texas at Austin. Ph.D. from Princeton.

regulated capitalism is consistent with large-scale redistribution If reparations are required due to colonialism slavery and inequities regulated capitalism implies redistributions should happen as distributive justice and rule of law


Question: reparations colonialism slavery

That’s compatible with tax-and-transfer schemes to redistribute wealth to remedy poverty and inequality.

Budolfson 21 – Associate Professor of Ethics, Philosophy, Politics, and Economics at the University of Texas at Austin. Ph.D. from Princeton.

regulated capitalism is consistent with large-scale redistribution If reparations are required due to colonialism slavery and inequities regulated capitalism implies redistributions should happen as distributive justice and rule of law


Question: tax-and-transfer schemes remedy poverty

That’s compatible with tax-and-transfer schemes to redistribute wealth to remedy poverty and inequality.

Budolfson 21 – Associate Professor of Ethics, Philosophy, Politics, and Economics at the University of Texas at Austin. Ph.D. from Princeton.

regulated capitalism is consistent with large-scale redistribution If reparations are required due to colonialism slavery and inequities regulated capitalism implies redistributions should happen as distributive justice and rule of law


Question: Apocalypse challenges slow violence

Thinking through apocalypse does not erase slow violence, it enables us to challenge it.

Julia Grillmayr & Christine Hentschel 24, Visiting Professor of Cultural Studies at the University of Art and Design Linz, Ph.D. in Comparative Literature from the University of Vienna; Professor in the Institute for Criminological Research at the University of Hamburg, Ph.D. in Philosophy from the University of Leipzig, “World without Humans, Humans without World: Apocalyptic Passions in the Anthropocene,” in Worlds Ending. Ending Worlds, pp. 209-226, De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2024, accessed 04-20-2024, https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110787009-012, DG

To think through our present we must widen catastrophic threats to ecological devastation apocalyptic mindfulness is deeply engrained in present-day activism in emergency Countless others are trying to relate dire outlooks to the ubiquity of slow violence and ordinariness of catastrophe in places brutalized through slavery, colonialization, and ongoing exploitation awakening is not witnessing and experiencing but imagining how bad things might become but not only, for them it is this work with and via the end that without world is connected to without humans