Question: WTO collapse inevitable

WTO collapse inevitable- laundry list

Baschuk, Bryce, 4/11/2018, mulitmedia journalist published by Bloomberg, the Washington Times, United Press International and National Public Radio. "The Five Biggest Threats to the WTO." Bloomberg. Accessed: 5/10/2018. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-04-11/five-big-threats-to-the-global-trade-cop-trump-deems-unfair BBB

W T O facing greatest crisis Trump challenging the rules that govern trade . the biggest casualty the global system of trade itself Rules Undermined Politics have trumped the rule of law WTO facing an influx of countries using national security as a justification for tariffs. This exploits a loophole officials concerned the WTO could be sidelined if countries increasingly abuse the exemption the U.S. has blocked nominees to the WTO’s appellate body the appellate body will be paralyzed in late 2019 the U.S. block could eliminate the WTO as a trade dispute forum and lead to trade retaliation China says the U.S. and EU violating WTO rules U.S. has no plans to treat China equally Lighthizer called it the “most serious litigation we have at the WTO Failed Negotiations prospects for new deals are slim underlines the sense that the WTO’s negotiating agenda mired in disagreement.


Question: Baschuk 2018

WTO collapse inevitable- laundry list

Baschuk, Bryce, 4/11/2018, mulitmedia journalist published by Bloomberg, the Washington Times, United Press International and National Public Radio. "The Five Biggest Threats to the WTO." Bloomberg. Accessed: 5/10/2018. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-04-11/five-big-threats-to-the-global-trade-cop-trump-deems-unfair BBB

W T O facing greatest crisis Trump challenging the rules that govern trade . the biggest casualty the global system of trade itself Rules Undermined Politics have trumped the rule of law WTO facing an influx of countries using national security as a justification for tariffs. This exploits a loophole officials concerned the WTO could be sidelined if countries increasingly abuse the exemption the U.S. has blocked nominees to the WTO’s appellate body the appellate body will be paralyzed in late 2019 the U.S. block could eliminate the WTO as a trade dispute forum and lead to trade retaliation China says the U.S. and EU violating WTO rules U.S. has no plans to treat China equally Lighthizer called it the “most serious litigation we have at the WTO Failed Negotiations prospects for new deals are slim underlines the sense that the WTO’s negotiating agenda mired in disagreement.


Question: Bryce Baschuk

WTO collapse inevitable- laundry list

Baschuk, Bryce, 4/11/2018, mulitmedia journalist published by Bloomberg, the Washington Times, United Press International and National Public Radio. "The Five Biggest Threats to the WTO." Bloomberg. Accessed: 5/10/2018. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-04-11/five-big-threats-to-the-global-trade-cop-trump-deems-unfair BBB

W T O facing greatest crisis Trump challenging the rules that govern trade . the biggest casualty the global system of trade itself Rules Undermined Politics have trumped the rule of law WTO facing an influx of countries using national security as a justification for tariffs. This exploits a loophole officials concerned the WTO could be sidelined if countries increasingly abuse the exemption the U.S. has blocked nominees to the WTO’s appellate body the appellate body will be paralyzed in late 2019 the U.S. block could eliminate the WTO as a trade dispute forum and lead to trade retaliation China says the U.S. and EU violating WTO rules U.S. has no plans to treat China equally Lighthizer called it the “most serious litigation we have at the WTO Failed Negotiations prospects for new deals are slim underlines the sense that the WTO’s negotiating agenda mired in disagreement.


Question: WTO greatest crisis

WTO collapse inevitable- laundry list

Baschuk, Bryce, 4/11/2018, mulitmedia journalist published by Bloomberg, the Washington Times, United Press International and National Public Radio. "The Five Biggest Threats to the WTO." Bloomberg. Accessed: 5/10/2018. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-04-11/five-big-threats-to-the-global-trade-cop-trump-deems-unfair BBB

W T O facing greatest crisis Trump challenging the rules that govern trade . the biggest casualty the global system of trade itself Rules Undermined Politics have trumped the rule of law WTO facing an influx of countries using national security as a justification for tariffs. This exploits a loophole officials concerned the WTO could be sidelined if countries increasingly abuse the exemption the U.S. has blocked nominees to the WTO’s appellate body the appellate body will be paralyzed in late 2019 the U.S. block could eliminate the WTO as a trade dispute forum and lead to trade retaliation China says the U.S. and EU violating WTO rules U.S. has no plans to treat China equally Lighthizer called it the “most serious litigation we have at the WTO Failed Negotiations prospects for new deals are slim underlines the sense that the WTO’s negotiating agenda mired in disagreement.


Question: Trump challenging trade rules

WTO collapse inevitable- laundry list

Baschuk, Bryce, 4/11/2018, mulitmedia journalist published by Bloomberg, the Washington Times, United Press International and National Public Radio. "The Five Biggest Threats to the WTO." Bloomberg. Accessed: 5/10/2018. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-04-11/five-big-threats-to-the-global-trade-cop-trump-deems-unfair BBB

W T O facing greatest crisis Trump challenging the rules that govern trade . the biggest casualty the global system of trade itself Rules Undermined Politics have trumped the rule of law WTO facing an influx of countries using national security as a justification for tariffs. This exploits a loophole officials concerned the WTO could be sidelined if countries increasingly abuse the exemption the U.S. has blocked nominees to the WTO’s appellate body the appellate body will be paralyzed in late 2019 the U.S. block could eliminate the WTO as a trade dispute forum and lead to trade retaliation China says the U.S. and EU violating WTO rules U.S. has no plans to treat China equally Lighthizer called it the “most serious litigation we have at the WTO Failed Negotiations prospects for new deals are slim underlines the sense that the WTO’s negotiating agenda mired in disagreement.


Question: US blocks WTO nominees

WTO collapse inevitable- laundry list

Baschuk, Bryce, 4/11/2018, mulitmedia journalist published by Bloomberg, the Washington Times, United Press International and National Public Radio. "The Five Biggest Threats to the WTO." Bloomberg. Accessed: 5/10/2018. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-04-11/five-big-threats-to-the-global-trade-cop-trump-deems-unfair BBB

W T O facing greatest crisis Trump challenging the rules that govern trade . the biggest casualty the global system of trade itself Rules Undermined Politics have trumped the rule of law WTO facing an influx of countries using national security as a justification for tariffs. This exploits a loophole officials concerned the WTO could be sidelined if countries increasingly abuse the exemption the U.S. has blocked nominees to the WTO’s appellate body the appellate body will be paralyzed in late 2019 the U.S. block could eliminate the WTO as a trade dispute forum and lead to trade retaliation China says the U.S. and EU violating WTO rules U.S. has no plans to treat China equally Lighthizer called it the “most serious litigation we have at the WTO Failed Negotiations prospects for new deals are slim underlines the sense that the WTO’s negotiating agenda mired in disagreement.


Question: WTO dispute forum eliminated

WTO collapse inevitable- laundry list

Baschuk, Bryce, 4/11/2018, mulitmedia journalist published by Bloomberg, the Washington Times, United Press International and National Public Radio. "The Five Biggest Threats to the WTO." Bloomberg. Accessed: 5/10/2018. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-04-11/five-big-threats-to-the-global-trade-cop-trump-deems-unfair BBB

W T O facing greatest crisis Trump challenging the rules that govern trade . the biggest casualty the global system of trade itself Rules Undermined Politics have trumped the rule of law WTO facing an influx of countries using national security as a justification for tariffs. This exploits a loophole officials concerned the WTO could be sidelined if countries increasingly abuse the exemption the U.S. has blocked nominees to the WTO’s appellate body the appellate body will be paralyzed in late 2019 the U.S. block could eliminate the WTO as a trade dispute forum and lead to trade retaliation China says the U.S. and EU violating WTO rules U.S. has no plans to treat China equally Lighthizer called it the “most serious litigation we have at the WTO Failed Negotiations prospects for new deals are slim underlines the sense that the WTO’s negotiating agenda mired in disagreement.


Question: Reps of catastrophe no legitimation

Reps of catastrophe do NOT result in nor legitimate sustaining the present---merely opens plural futures for the making

Simon et al 24 [Zoltán Boldizsár Simon, Bielefeld University; and Marek Tamm, Tallinn University; “The Opening of Historical Futures,” History & Theory, published online 6-19-2024, DOI 10.1111/hith.12352]

When assume a closure of the future mean action aimed at avoiding catastrophic futures results in extending the scope of the present over the future the narrative not capture complexities Even if, in contestation, some future might not come to be, there is not one single future coming to triumph should be described in terms of the multiplicity of immanent possible futures more radically open than ever might criticize the social costs of continuing with the modernist project nevertheless remains true that multiple positive futures are advocated and contested as long as futures are in contestation, “the future” remains open


Question: Simon and Tamm 24

Reps of catastrophe do NOT result in nor legitimate sustaining the present---merely opens plural futures for the making

Simon et al 24 [Zoltán Boldizsár Simon, Bielefeld University; and Marek Tamm, Tallinn University; “The Opening of Historical Futures,” History & Theory, published online 6-19-2024, DOI 10.1111/hith.12352]

When assume a closure of the future mean action aimed at avoiding catastrophic futures results in extending the scope of the present over the future the narrative not capture complexities Even if, in contestation, some future might not come to be, there is not one single future coming to triumph should be described in terms of the multiplicity of immanent possible futures more radically open than ever might criticize the social costs of continuing with the modernist project nevertheless remains true that multiple positive futures are advocated and contested as long as futures are in contestation, “the future” remains open


Question: Zoltán Boldizsár Simon

Reps of catastrophe do NOT result in nor legitimate sustaining the present---merely opens plural futures for the making

Simon et al 24 [Zoltán Boldizsár Simon, Bielefeld University; and Marek Tamm, Tallinn University; “The Opening of Historical Futures,” History & Theory, published online 6-19-2024, DOI 10.1111/hith.12352]

When assume a closure of the future mean action aimed at avoiding catastrophic futures results in extending the scope of the present over the future the narrative not capture complexities Even if, in contestation, some future might not come to be, there is not one single future coming to triumph should be described in terms of the multiplicity of immanent possible futures more radically open than ever might criticize the social costs of continuing with the modernist project nevertheless remains true that multiple positive futures are advocated and contested as long as futures are in contestation, “the future” remains open


Question: catastrophic futures extending present scope

Reps of catastrophe do NOT result in nor legitimate sustaining the present---merely opens plural futures for the making

Simon et al 24 [Zoltán Boldizsár Simon, Bielefeld University; and Marek Tamm, Tallinn University; “The Opening of Historical Futures,” History & Theory, published online 6-19-2024, DOI 10.1111/hith.12352]

When assume a closure of the future mean action aimed at avoiding catastrophic futures results in extending the scope of the present over the future the narrative not capture complexities Even if, in contestation, some future might not come to be, there is not one single future coming to triumph should be described in terms of the multiplicity of immanent possible futures more radically open than ever might criticize the social costs of continuing with the modernist project nevertheless remains true that multiple positive futures are advocated and contested as long as futures are in contestation, “the future” remains open


Question: multiplicity of immanent possible futures

Reps of catastrophe do NOT result in nor legitimate sustaining the present---merely opens plural futures for the making

Simon et al 24 [Zoltán Boldizsár Simon, Bielefeld University; and Marek Tamm, Tallinn University; “The Opening of Historical Futures,” History & Theory, published online 6-19-2024, DOI 10.1111/hith.12352]

When assume a closure of the future mean action aimed at avoiding catastrophic futures results in extending the scope of the present over the future the narrative not capture complexities Even if, in contestation, some future might not come to be, there is not one single future coming to triumph should be described in terms of the multiplicity of immanent possible futures more radically open than ever might criticize the social costs of continuing with the modernist project nevertheless remains true that multiple positive futures are advocated and contested as long as futures are in contestation, “the future” remains open


Question: futures in contestation, future remains open

Reps of catastrophe do NOT result in nor legitimate sustaining the present---merely opens plural futures for the making

Simon et al 24 [Zoltán Boldizsár Simon, Bielefeld University; and Marek Tamm, Tallinn University; “The Opening of Historical Futures,” History & Theory, published online 6-19-2024, DOI 10.1111/hith.12352]

When assume a closure of the future mean action aimed at avoiding catastrophic futures results in extending the scope of the present over the future the narrative not capture complexities Even if, in contestation, some future might not come to be, there is not one single future coming to triumph should be described in terms of the multiplicity of immanent possible futures more radically open than ever might criticize the social costs of continuing with the modernist project nevertheless remains true that multiple positive futures are advocated and contested as long as futures are in contestation, “the future” remains open


Question: narrative not capture complexities

Reps of catastrophe do NOT result in nor legitimate sustaining the present---merely opens plural futures for the making

Simon et al 24 [Zoltán Boldizsár Simon, Bielefeld University; and Marek Tamm, Tallinn University; “The Opening of Historical Futures,” History & Theory, published online 6-19-2024, DOI 10.1111/hith.12352]

When assume a closure of the future mean action aimed at avoiding catastrophic futures results in extending the scope of the present over the future the narrative not capture complexities Even if, in contestation, some future might not come to be, there is not one single future coming to triumph should be described in terms of the multiplicity of immanent possible futures more radically open than ever might criticize the social costs of continuing with the modernist project nevertheless remains true that multiple positive futures are advocated and contested as long as futures are in contestation, “the future” remains open


Question: open plural futures

Reps of catastrophe do NOT result in nor legitimate sustaining the present---merely opens plural futures for the making

Simon et al 24 [Zoltán Boldizsár Simon, Bielefeld University; and Marek Tamm, Tallinn University; “The Opening of Historical Futures,” History & Theory, published online 6-19-2024, DOI 10.1111/hith.12352]

When assume a closure of the future mean action aimed at avoiding catastrophic futures results in extending the scope of the present over the future the narrative not capture complexities Even if, in contestation, some future might not come to be, there is not one single future coming to triumph should be described in terms of the multiplicity of immanent possible futures more radically open than ever might criticize the social costs of continuing with the modernist project nevertheless remains true that multiple positive futures are advocated and contested as long as futures are in contestation, “the future” remains open


Question: Trade doesn’t solve anything

Trade doesn’t solve anything.

Clare ’22 [Stephen; February 15th; Research Fellow at the Forethought Foundation for Global Priorities Research, B.A., McMaster University, Sustainability Studies, M.A., McGill University, Natural Resources Management and Policy; “How likely is World War III?”; Effective Altruism Forum; https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/aSzxoj7irC5jNHceB/how-likely-is-world-war-iii]

trade not enough to explain Peace effect is small benefits of  trade In US-China 90th percentile for interdependence , but was 1.2% of GDP gains from war larger than trade dispute affects trade for only one year But territory stymying rivals or influence flow a long time disentangling trade GDP democracy and organizations is difficult studies overestimate size


Question: Clare 22

Trade doesn’t solve anything.

Clare ’22 [Stephen; February 15th; Research Fellow at the Forethought Foundation for Global Priorities Research, B.A., McMaster University, Sustainability Studies, M.A., McGill University, Natural Resources Management and Policy; “How likely is World War III?”; Effective Altruism Forum; https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/aSzxoj7irC5jNHceB/how-likely-is-world-war-iii]

trade not enough to explain Peace effect is small benefits of  trade In US-China 90th percentile for interdependence , but was 1.2% of GDP gains from war larger than trade dispute affects trade for only one year But territory stymying rivals or influence flow a long time disentangling trade GDP democracy and organizations is difficult studies overestimate size


Question: Stephen Clare

Trade doesn’t solve anything.

Clare ’22 [Stephen; February 15th; Research Fellow at the Forethought Foundation for Global Priorities Research, B.A., McMaster University, Sustainability Studies, M.A., McGill University, Natural Resources Management and Policy; “How likely is World War III?”; Effective Altruism Forum; https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/aSzxoj7irC5jNHceB/how-likely-is-world-war-iii]

trade not enough to explain Peace effect is small benefits of  trade In US-China 90th percentile for interdependence , but was 1.2% of GDP gains from war larger than trade dispute affects trade for only one year But territory stymying rivals or influence flow a long time disentangling trade GDP democracy and organizations is difficult studies overestimate size


Question: Trade not enough for peace

Trade doesn’t solve anything.

Clare ’22 [Stephen; February 15th; Research Fellow at the Forethought Foundation for Global Priorities Research, B.A., McMaster University, Sustainability Studies, M.A., McGill University, Natural Resources Management and Policy; “How likely is World War III?”; Effective Altruism Forum; https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/aSzxoj7irC5jNHceB/how-likely-is-world-war-iii]

trade not enough to explain Peace effect is small benefits of  trade In US-China 90th percentile for interdependence , but was 1.2% of GDP gains from war larger than trade dispute affects trade for only one year But territory stymying rivals or influence flow a long time disentangling trade GDP democracy and organizations is difficult studies overestimate size


Question: trade is small benefits

Trade doesn’t solve anything.

Clare ’22 [Stephen; February 15th; Research Fellow at the Forethought Foundation for Global Priorities Research, B.A., McMaster University, Sustainability Studies, M.A., McGill University, Natural Resources Management and Policy; “How likely is World War III?”; Effective Altruism Forum; https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/aSzxoj7irC5jNHceB/how-likely-is-world-war-iii]

trade not enough to explain Peace effect is small benefits of  trade In US-China 90th percentile for interdependence , but was 1.2% of GDP gains from war larger than trade dispute affects trade for only one year But territory stymying rivals or influence flow a long time disentangling trade GDP democracy and organizations is difficult studies overestimate size


Question: Trade not enough explains peace

Trade doesn’t solve anything.

Clare ’22 [Stephen; February 15th; Research Fellow at the Forethought Foundation for Global Priorities Research, B.A., McMaster University, Sustainability Studies, M.A., McGill University, Natural Resources Management and Policy; “How likely is World War III?”; Effective Altruism Forum; https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/aSzxoj7irC5jNHceB/how-likely-is-world-war-iii]

trade not enough to explain Peace effect is small benefits of  trade In US-China 90th percentile for interdependence , but was 1.2% of GDP gains from war larger than trade dispute affects trade for only one year But territory stymying rivals or influence flow a long time disentangling trade GDP democracy and organizations is difficult studies overestimate size


Question: trade GDP democracy difficult

Trade doesn’t solve anything.

Clare ’22 [Stephen; February 15th; Research Fellow at the Forethought Foundation for Global Priorities Research, B.A., McMaster University, Sustainability Studies, M.A., McGill University, Natural Resources Management and Policy; “How likely is World War III?”; Effective Altruism Forum; https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/aSzxoj7irC5jNHceB/how-likely-is-world-war-iii]

trade not enough to explain Peace effect is small benefits of  trade In US-China 90th percentile for interdependence , but was 1.2% of GDP gains from war larger than trade dispute affects trade for only one year But territory stymying rivals or influence flow a long time disentangling trade GDP democracy and organizations is difficult studies overestimate size


Question: interdependence war affects trade

Trade doesn’t solve anything.

Clare ’22 [Stephen; February 15th; Research Fellow at the Forethought Foundation for Global Priorities Research, B.A., McMaster University, Sustainability Studies, M.A., McGill University, Natural Resources Management and Policy; “How likely is World War III?”; Effective Altruism Forum; https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/aSzxoj7irC5jNHceB/how-likely-is-world-war-iii]

trade not enough to explain Peace effect is small benefits of  trade In US-China 90th percentile for interdependence , but was 1.2% of GDP gains from war larger than trade dispute affects trade for only one year But territory stymying rivals or influence flow a long time disentangling trade GDP democracy and organizations is difficult studies overestimate size


Question: Sampling biases ruin research

The best studies agree---sampling biases ruin their research.

Ian Cook 20. Senior Lecturer in Global Politics and Policy, Murdoch University; Ph.D. in Political Theory, University of Queensland. “Civil Wars and International Conflicts.” The Politics of the Final Hundred Years of Humanity (2030-2130), Chapter 5.

assumption environment change causes war wars more likely to occur in abundance sustaining requires resources scarcity undermin the resource base necessary for violence link is highly conditional problem with research sampling biases risk overstated regions do not receive attention and little knowledge produced on adaptation lit offers mixed ev causal pathways are underspecified and have weak support


Question: Ian Cook 2020

The best studies agree---sampling biases ruin their research.

Ian Cook 20. Senior Lecturer in Global Politics and Policy, Murdoch University; Ph.D. in Political Theory, University of Queensland. “Civil Wars and International Conflicts.” The Politics of the Final Hundred Years of Humanity (2030-2130), Chapter 5.

assumption environment change causes war wars more likely to occur in abundance sustaining requires resources scarcity undermin the resource base necessary for violence link is highly conditional problem with research sampling biases risk overstated regions do not receive attention and little knowledge produced on adaptation lit offers mixed ev causal pathways are underspecified and have weak support


Question: Cook Murdoch University

The best studies agree---sampling biases ruin their research.

Ian Cook 20. Senior Lecturer in Global Politics and Policy, Murdoch University; Ph.D. in Political Theory, University of Queensland. “Civil Wars and International Conflicts.” The Politics of the Final Hundred Years of Humanity (2030-2130), Chapter 5.

assumption environment change causes war wars more likely to occur in abundance sustaining requires resources scarcity undermin the resource base necessary for violence link is highly conditional problem with research sampling biases risk overstated regions do not receive attention and little knowledge produced on adaptation lit offers mixed ev causal pathways are underspecified and have weak support


Question: sampling biases overstated

The best studies agree---sampling biases ruin their research.

Ian Cook 20. Senior Lecturer in Global Politics and Policy, Murdoch University; Ph.D. in Political Theory, University of Queensland. “Civil Wars and International Conflicts.” The Politics of the Final Hundred Years of Humanity (2030-2130), Chapter 5.

assumption environment change causes war wars more likely to occur in abundance sustaining requires resources scarcity undermin the resource base necessary for violence link is highly conditional problem with research sampling biases risk overstated regions do not receive attention and little knowledge produced on adaptation lit offers mixed ev causal pathways are underspecified and have weak support


Question: Climate change causes war

The best studies agree---sampling biases ruin their research.

Ian Cook 20. Senior Lecturer in Global Politics and Policy, Murdoch University; Ph.D. in Political Theory, University of Queensland. “Civil Wars and International Conflicts.” The Politics of the Final Hundred Years of Humanity (2030-2130), Chapter 5.

assumption environment change causes war wars more likely to occur in abundance sustaining requires resources scarcity undermin the resource base necessary for violence link is highly conditional problem with research sampling biases risk overstated regions do not receive attention and little knowledge produced on adaptation lit offers mixed ev causal pathways are underspecified and have weak support


Question: weak support

The best studies agree---sampling biases ruin their research.

Ian Cook 20. Senior Lecturer in Global Politics and Policy, Murdoch University; Ph.D. in Political Theory, University of Queensland. “Civil Wars and International Conflicts.” The Politics of the Final Hundred Years of Humanity (2030-2130), Chapter 5.

assumption environment change causes war wars more likely to occur in abundance sustaining requires resources scarcity undermin the resource base necessary for violence link is highly conditional problem with research sampling biases risk overstated regions do not receive attention and little knowledge produced on adaptation lit offers mixed ev causal pathways are underspecified and have weak support


Question: Vagueness struck down

Vagueness. That’ll be struck down.

Fred A. Blanche 83, former justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court, 3/25/1983, “State v. Union Tank Car Co.,” 439 So. 2d 377 (La. 1983),

the words challenged as vague are struck down words adjudged vague because they have no recognized meaning


Question: Fred A. Blanche 83

Vagueness. That’ll be struck down.

Fred A. Blanche 83, former justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court, 3/25/1983, “State v. Union Tank Car Co.,” 439 So. 2d 377 (La. 1983),

the words challenged as vague are struck down words adjudged vague because they have no recognized meaning


Question: words adjudged vague

Vagueness. That’ll be struck down.

Fred A. Blanche 83, former justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court, 3/25/1983, “State v. Union Tank Car Co.,” 439 So. 2d 377 (La. 1983),

the words challenged as vague are struck down words adjudged vague because they have no recognized meaning


Question: no recognized meaning

Vagueness. That’ll be struck down.

Fred A. Blanche 83, former justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court, 3/25/1983, “State v. Union Tank Car Co.,” 439 So. 2d 377 (La. 1983),

the words challenged as vague are struck down words adjudged vague because they have no recognized meaning


Question: struck down vagueness

Vagueness. That’ll be struck down.

Fred A. Blanche 83, former justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court, 3/25/1983, “State v. Union Tank Car Co.,” 439 So. 2d 377 (La. 1983),

the words challenged as vague are struck down words adjudged vague because they have no recognized meaning


Question: Vague words struck down

Vagueness. That’ll be struck down.

Fred A. Blanche 83, former justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court, 3/25/1983, “State v. Union Tank Car Co.,” 439 So. 2d 377 (La. 1983),

the words challenged as vague are struck down words adjudged vague because they have no recognized meaning


Question: Advisors cause extinction

Advisors causes extinction.

Jackson ’24 [Van; June 18; PhD, Professor of International Relations at Victoria University of Wellington; Un-Diplomatic, “MAGA Geopolitics: Between Extinction and a New Dark Age,” https://www.un-diplomatic.com/p/maga-geopolitics-between-extinction]

China hawks Pottinger called for regime change in Beijing that is a death sentence Miller deploying Marine Corps to Asia and nuc testing Asia’s already a powder keg Adding Marines is likely to cause war If we’re unlucky, we end up with extinction nuclear testing was a common path to Armageddon


Question: Jackson 24

Advisors causes extinction.

Jackson ’24 [Van; June 18; PhD, Professor of International Relations at Victoria University of Wellington; Un-Diplomatic, “MAGA Geopolitics: Between Extinction and a New Dark Age,” https://www.un-diplomatic.com/p/maga-geopolitics-between-extinction]

China hawks Pottinger called for regime change in Beijing that is a death sentence Miller deploying Marine Corps to Asia and nuc testing Asia’s already a powder keg Adding Marines is likely to cause war If we’re unlucky, we end up with extinction nuclear testing was a common path to Armageddon


Question: Van Jackson

Advisors causes extinction.

Jackson ’24 [Van; June 18; PhD, Professor of International Relations at Victoria University of Wellington; Un-Diplomatic, “MAGA Geopolitics: Between Extinction and a New Dark Age,” https://www.un-diplomatic.com/p/maga-geopolitics-between-extinction]

China hawks Pottinger called for regime change in Beijing that is a death sentence Miller deploying Marine Corps to Asia and nuc testing Asia’s already a powder keg Adding Marines is likely to cause war If we’re unlucky, we end up with extinction nuclear testing was a common path to Armageddon


Question: China hawks regime change

Advisors causes extinction.

Jackson ’24 [Van; June 18; PhD, Professor of International Relations at Victoria University of Wellington; Un-Diplomatic, “MAGA Geopolitics: Between Extinction and a New Dark Age,” https://www.un-diplomatic.com/p/maga-geopolitics-between-extinction]

China hawks Pottinger called for regime change in Beijing that is a death sentence Miller deploying Marine Corps to Asia and nuc testing Asia’s already a powder keg Adding Marines is likely to cause war If we’re unlucky, we end up with extinction nuclear testing was a common path to Armageddon


Question: deploying Marine Corps Asia

Advisors causes extinction.

Jackson ’24 [Van; June 18; PhD, Professor of International Relations at Victoria University of Wellington; Un-Diplomatic, “MAGA Geopolitics: Between Extinction and a New Dark Age,” https://www.un-diplomatic.com/p/maga-geopolitics-between-extinction]

China hawks Pottinger called for regime change in Beijing that is a death sentence Miller deploying Marine Corps to Asia and nuc testing Asia’s already a powder keg Adding Marines is likely to cause war If we’re unlucky, we end up with extinction nuclear testing was a common path to Armageddon


Question: nuclear testing Armageddon

Advisors causes extinction.

Jackson ’24 [Van; June 18; PhD, Professor of International Relations at Victoria University of Wellington; Un-Diplomatic, “MAGA Geopolitics: Between Extinction and a New Dark Age,” https://www.un-diplomatic.com/p/maga-geopolitics-between-extinction]

China hawks Pottinger called for regime change in Beijing that is a death sentence Miller deploying Marine Corps to Asia and nuc testing Asia’s already a powder keg Adding Marines is likely to cause war If we’re unlucky, we end up with extinction nuclear testing was a common path to Armageddon


Question: MAGA geopolitics extinction

Advisors causes extinction.

Jackson ’24 [Van; June 18; PhD, Professor of International Relations at Victoria University of Wellington; Un-Diplomatic, “MAGA Geopolitics: Between Extinction and a New Dark Age,” https://www.un-diplomatic.com/p/maga-geopolitics-between-extinction]

China hawks Pottinger called for regime change in Beijing that is a death sentence Miller deploying Marine Corps to Asia and nuc testing Asia’s already a powder keg Adding Marines is likely to cause war If we’re unlucky, we end up with extinction nuclear testing was a common path to Armageddon


Question: Pandemics cause extinction

Extinction

Larson et al. 20 (Nicklas, Senior Advisor and Writer at SCENARIO and the Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies; “Future pandemics: A growing existential risk,” 6-25-2020, SCENARIO, https://medium.com/copenhagen-institute-for-futures-studies/future-pandemics-a-growing-existential-risk-9c08f3d5358e, acccessed: 10-31-2020)//ddv – edited for gendered language

COVID was not unanticipated interconnectedness of civilisation made it easier and the frequency of outbreaks is accelerated By 2050, two-thirds of the world will live in urban areas Novel outbreaks will have fertile ground hyper-connected warming spreading water-borne diseases loss of natural ‘buffers’ between humans and ecosystems, traits can spread sterility . A biotech nological catastrophe may be released risks on the exi stential scale


Question: Larson pandemics existential risk

Extinction

Larson et al. 20 (Nicklas, Senior Advisor and Writer at SCENARIO and the Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies; “Future pandemics: A growing existential risk,” 6-25-2020, SCENARIO, https://medium.com/copenhagen-institute-for-futures-studies/future-pandemics-a-growing-existential-risk-9c08f3d5358e, acccessed: 10-31-2020)//ddv – edited for gendered language

COVID was not unanticipated interconnectedness of civilisation made it easier and the frequency of outbreaks is accelerated By 2050, two-thirds of the world will live in urban areas Novel outbreaks will have fertile ground hyper-connected warming spreading water-borne diseases loss of natural ‘buffers’ between humans and ecosystems, traits can spread sterility . A biotech nological catastrophe may be released risks on the exi stential scale


Question: Larson et al

Extinction

Larson et al. 20 (Nicklas, Senior Advisor and Writer at SCENARIO and the Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies; “Future pandemics: A growing existential risk,” 6-25-2020, SCENARIO, https://medium.com/copenhagen-institute-for-futures-studies/future-pandemics-a-growing-existential-risk-9c08f3d5358e, acccessed: 10-31-2020)//ddv – edited for gendered language

COVID was not unanticipated interconnectedness of civilisation made it easier and the frequency of outbreaks is accelerated By 2050, two-thirds of the world will live in urban areas Novel outbreaks will have fertile ground hyper-connected warming spreading water-borne diseases loss of natural ‘buffers’ between humans and ecosystems, traits can spread sterility . A biotech nological catastrophe may be released risks on the exi stential scale


Question: Pandemics cause extinction level events

Extinction

Larson et al. 20 (Nicklas, Senior Advisor and Writer at SCENARIO and the Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies; “Future pandemics: A growing existential risk,” 6-25-2020, SCENARIO, https://medium.com/copenhagen-institute-for-futures-studies/future-pandemics-a-growing-existential-risk-9c08f3d5358e, acccessed: 10-31-2020)//ddv – edited for gendered language

COVID was not unanticipated interconnectedness of civilisation made it easier and the frequency of outbreaks is accelerated By 2050, two-thirds of the world will live in urban areas Novel outbreaks will have fertile ground hyper-connected warming spreading water-borne diseases loss of natural ‘buffers’ between humans and ecosystems, traits can spread sterility . A biotech nological catastrophe may be released risks on the exi stential scale


Question: future pandemics a growing existential risk

Extinction

Larson et al. 20 (Nicklas, Senior Advisor and Writer at SCENARIO and the Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies; “Future pandemics: A growing existential risk,” 6-25-2020, SCENARIO, https://medium.com/copenhagen-institute-for-futures-studies/future-pandemics-a-growing-existential-risk-9c08f3d5358e, acccessed: 10-31-2020)//ddv – edited for gendered language

COVID was not unanticipated interconnectedness of civilisation made it easier and the frequency of outbreaks is accelerated By 2050, two-thirds of the world will live in urban areas Novel outbreaks will have fertile ground hyper-connected warming spreading water-borne diseases loss of natural ‘buffers’ between humans and ecosystems, traits can spread sterility . A biotech nological catastrophe may be released risks on the exi stential scale


Question: covid was not unanticipated

Extinction

Larson et al. 20 (Nicklas, Senior Advisor and Writer at SCENARIO and the Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies; “Future pandemics: A growing existential risk,” 6-25-2020, SCENARIO, https://medium.com/copenhagen-institute-for-futures-studies/future-pandemics-a-growing-existential-risk-9c08f3d5358e, acccessed: 10-31-2020)//ddv – edited for gendered language

COVID was not unanticipated interconnectedness of civilisation made it easier and the frequency of outbreaks is accelerated By 2050, two-thirds of the world will live in urban areas Novel outbreaks will have fertile ground hyper-connected warming spreading water-borne diseases loss of natural ‘buffers’ between humans and ecosystems, traits can spread sterility . A biotech nological catastrophe may be released risks on the exi stential scale


Question: biotech catastrophe extinction

Extinction

Larson et al. 20 (Nicklas, Senior Advisor and Writer at SCENARIO and the Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies; “Future pandemics: A growing existential risk,” 6-25-2020, SCENARIO, https://medium.com/copenhagen-institute-for-futures-studies/future-pandemics-a-growing-existential-risk-9c08f3d5358e, acccessed: 10-31-2020)//ddv – edited for gendered language

COVID was not unanticipated interconnectedness of civilisation made it easier and the frequency of outbreaks is accelerated By 2050, two-thirds of the world will live in urban areas Novel outbreaks will have fertile ground hyper-connected warming spreading water-borne diseases loss of natural ‘buffers’ between humans and ecosystems, traits can spread sterility . A biotech nological catastrophe may be released risks on the exi stential scale


Question: SCC incompatible with extinction

Second, the SCC is conceptually incompatible with extinction from climate change, which cannot be valued in a calculation of the marginal damage from CO2. The aff’s price will be too low to avoid catastrophe.

Martin L. Weitzman 12, professor of economics at Harvard, “GHG Targets As Insurance Against Catastrophic Climate Damages,” 2012, https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/weitzman/files/ghgtargetsinsuranceagainst.pdf

economic analysis might be very sensitive to the fatness of tails seemingly modest changes have very big welfare consequences which depend upon barely knowable assumptions the standard quadratic damages function cannot register , and will not react to catastrophic climate change an optimal policy will not get alarmed by high values of GHG and inevitably will recommend mild mitigation the damages function never allows the model to get far from median values real situations have unlimited exposure due to catastrophic reach


Question: Martin Weitzman 12

Second, the SCC is conceptually incompatible with extinction from climate change, which cannot be valued in a calculation of the marginal damage from CO2. The aff’s price will be too low to avoid catastrophe.

Martin L. Weitzman 12, professor of economics at Harvard, “GHG Targets As Insurance Against Catastrophic Climate Damages,” 2012, https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/weitzman/files/ghgtargetsinsuranceagainst.pdf

economic analysis might be very sensitive to the fatness of tails seemingly modest changes have very big welfare consequences which depend upon barely knowable assumptions the standard quadratic damages function cannot register , and will not react to catastrophic climate change an optimal policy will not get alarmed by high values of GHG and inevitably will recommend mild mitigation the damages function never allows the model to get far from median values real situations have unlimited exposure due to catastrophic reach


Question: SCC climate change extinction

Second, the SCC is conceptually incompatible with extinction from climate change, which cannot be valued in a calculation of the marginal damage from CO2. The aff’s price will be too low to avoid catastrophe.

Martin L. Weitzman 12, professor of economics at Harvard, “GHG Targets As Insurance Against Catastrophic Climate Damages,” 2012, https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/weitzman/files/ghgtargetsinsuranceagainst.pdf

economic analysis might be very sensitive to the fatness of tails seemingly modest changes have very big welfare consequences which depend upon barely knowable assumptions the standard quadratic damages function cannot register , and will not react to catastrophic climate change an optimal policy will not get alarmed by high values of GHG and inevitably will recommend mild mitigation the damages function never allows the model to get far from median values real situations have unlimited exposure due to catastrophic reach


Question: Climate change marginal damage

Second, the SCC is conceptually incompatible with extinction from climate change, which cannot be valued in a calculation of the marginal damage from CO2. The aff’s price will be too low to avoid catastrophe.

Martin L. Weitzman 12, professor of economics at Harvard, “GHG Targets As Insurance Against Catastrophic Climate Damages,” 2012, https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/weitzman/files/ghgtargetsinsuranceagainst.pdf

economic analysis might be very sensitive to the fatness of tails seemingly modest changes have very big welfare consequences which depend upon barely knowable assumptions the standard quadratic damages function cannot register , and will not react to catastrophic climate change an optimal policy will not get alarmed by high values of GHG and inevitably will recommend mild mitigation the damages function never allows the model to get far from median values real situations have unlimited exposure due to catastrophic reach


Question: GHG Targets As Insurance

Second, the SCC is conceptually incompatible with extinction from climate change, which cannot be valued in a calculation of the marginal damage from CO2. The aff’s price will be too low to avoid catastrophe.

Martin L. Weitzman 12, professor of economics at Harvard, “GHG Targets As Insurance Against Catastrophic Climate Damages,” 2012, https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/weitzman/files/ghgtargetsinsuranceagainst.pdf

economic analysis might be very sensitive to the fatness of tails seemingly modest changes have very big welfare consequences which depend upon barely knowable assumptions the standard quadratic damages function cannot register , and will not react to catastrophic climate change an optimal policy will not get alarmed by high values of GHG and inevitably will recommend mild mitigation the damages function never allows the model to get far from median values real situations have unlimited exposure due to catastrophic reach


Question: SCC price too low

Second, the SCC is conceptually incompatible with extinction from climate change, which cannot be valued in a calculation of the marginal damage from CO2. The aff’s price will be too low to avoid catastrophe.

Martin L. Weitzman 12, professor of economics at Harvard, “GHG Targets As Insurance Against Catastrophic Climate Damages,” 2012, https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/weitzman/files/ghgtargetsinsuranceagainst.pdf

economic analysis might be very sensitive to the fatness of tails seemingly modest changes have very big welfare consequences which depend upon barely knowable assumptions the standard quadratic damages function cannot register , and will not react to catastrophic climate change an optimal policy will not get alarmed by high values of GHG and inevitably will recommend mild mitigation the damages function never allows the model to get far from median values real situations have unlimited exposure due to catastrophic reach


Question: catastrophic climate damages

Second, the SCC is conceptually incompatible with extinction from climate change, which cannot be valued in a calculation of the marginal damage from CO2. The aff’s price will be too low to avoid catastrophe.

Martin L. Weitzman 12, professor of economics at Harvard, “GHG Targets As Insurance Against Catastrophic Climate Damages,” 2012, https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/weitzman/files/ghgtargetsinsuranceagainst.pdf

economic analysis might be very sensitive to the fatness of tails seemingly modest changes have very big welfare consequences which depend upon barely knowable assumptions the standard quadratic damages function cannot register , and will not react to catastrophic climate change an optimal policy will not get alarmed by high values of GHG and inevitably will recommend mild mitigation the damages function never allows the model to get far from median values real situations have unlimited exposure due to catastrophic reach


Question: fat tails climate change

Second, the SCC is conceptually incompatible with extinction from climate change, which cannot be valued in a calculation of the marginal damage from CO2. The aff’s price will be too low to avoid catastrophe.

Martin L. Weitzman 12, professor of economics at Harvard, “GHG Targets As Insurance Against Catastrophic Climate Damages,” 2012, https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/weitzman/files/ghgtargetsinsuranceagainst.pdf

economic analysis might be very sensitive to the fatness of tails seemingly modest changes have very big welfare consequences which depend upon barely knowable assumptions the standard quadratic damages function cannot register , and will not react to catastrophic climate change an optimal policy will not get alarmed by high values of GHG and inevitably will recommend mild mitigation the damages function never allows the model to get far from median values real situations have unlimited exposure due to catastrophic reach


Question: clean grid possible robust studies

An entirely clean grid is possible and reliable---robust studies.

Chang ’21 [Rachel Chang; former policy analyst for the Center for American Progress; 2-21-2021; Center for American Progress; Renewable Energy Is the Key to Building a More Resilient and Reliable Electricity Grid; https://www.americanprogress.org/article/renewable-energy-is-the-key-to-building-a-more-resilient-and-reliable-electricity-grid/]

Fossil s unreliable outages  grid failures  conventional facing severe reliability challenges no trends in other forms gas plants supply and equipment failures  caused the majority of outages wind performed above expected capacity Texas faced heat coal and gas faced higher outages renewables supported almost half  demand exceeding forecasts U S can build clean reliable grid countless studies prove that s possible without compromising reliability Energy Innovation performed meta-analysis finding across all studies a clean grid match supply and demand diverse variable renewables  balanced many resources that are n t variable geothermal hydropower and nuclear


Question: Chang 2021

An entirely clean grid is possible and reliable---robust studies.

Chang ’21 [Rachel Chang; former policy analyst for the Center for American Progress; 2-21-2021; Center for American Progress; Renewable Energy Is the Key to Building a More Resilient and Reliable Electricity Grid; https://www.americanprogress.org/article/renewable-energy-is-the-key-to-building-a-more-resilient-and-reliable-electricity-grid/]

Fossil s unreliable outages  grid failures  conventional facing severe reliability challenges no trends in other forms gas plants supply and equipment failures  caused the majority of outages wind performed above expected capacity Texas faced heat coal and gas faced higher outages renewables supported almost half  demand exceeding forecasts U S can build clean reliable grid countless studies prove that s possible without compromising reliability Energy Innovation performed meta-analysis finding across all studies a clean grid match supply and demand diverse variable renewables  balanced many resources that are n t variable geothermal hydropower and nuclear


Question: Rachel Chang

An entirely clean grid is possible and reliable---robust studies.

Chang ’21 [Rachel Chang; former policy analyst for the Center for American Progress; 2-21-2021; Center for American Progress; Renewable Energy Is the Key to Building a More Resilient and Reliable Electricity Grid; https://www.americanprogress.org/article/renewable-energy-is-the-key-to-building-a-more-resilient-and-reliable-electricity-grid/]

Fossil s unreliable outages  grid failures  conventional facing severe reliability challenges no trends in other forms gas plants supply and equipment failures  caused the majority of outages wind performed above expected capacity Texas faced heat coal and gas faced higher outages renewables supported almost half  demand exceeding forecasts U S can build clean reliable grid countless studies prove that s possible without compromising reliability Energy Innovation performed meta-analysis finding across all studies a clean grid match supply and demand diverse variable renewables  balanced many resources that are n t variable geothermal hydropower and nuclear


Question: clean reliable grid countless studies

An entirely clean grid is possible and reliable---robust studies.

Chang ’21 [Rachel Chang; former policy analyst for the Center for American Progress; 2-21-2021; Center for American Progress; Renewable Energy Is the Key to Building a More Resilient and Reliable Electricity Grid; https://www.americanprogress.org/article/renewable-energy-is-the-key-to-building-a-more-resilient-and-reliable-electricity-grid/]

Fossil s unreliable outages  grid failures  conventional facing severe reliability challenges no trends in other forms gas plants supply and equipment failures  caused the majority of outages wind performed above expected capacity Texas faced heat coal and gas faced higher outages renewables supported almost half  demand exceeding forecasts U S can build clean reliable grid countless studies prove that s possible without compromising reliability Energy Innovation performed meta-analysis finding across all studies a clean grid match supply and demand diverse variable renewables  balanced many resources that are n t variable geothermal hydropower and nuclear


Question: renewable energy reliable electricity grid

An entirely clean grid is possible and reliable---robust studies.

Chang ’21 [Rachel Chang; former policy analyst for the Center for American Progress; 2-21-2021; Center for American Progress; Renewable Energy Is the Key to Building a More Resilient and Reliable Electricity Grid; https://www.americanprogress.org/article/renewable-energy-is-the-key-to-building-a-more-resilient-and-reliable-electricity-grid/]

Fossil s unreliable outages  grid failures  conventional facing severe reliability challenges no trends in other forms gas plants supply and equipment failures  caused the majority of outages wind performed above expected capacity Texas faced heat coal and gas faced higher outages renewables supported almost half  demand exceeding forecasts U S can build clean reliable grid countless studies prove that s possible without compromising reliability Energy Innovation performed meta-analysis finding across all studies a clean grid match supply and demand diverse variable renewables  balanced many resources that are n t variable geothermal hydropower and nuclear


Question: clean grid match supply demand

An entirely clean grid is possible and reliable---robust studies.

Chang ’21 [Rachel Chang; former policy analyst for the Center for American Progress; 2-21-2021; Center for American Progress; Renewable Energy Is the Key to Building a More Resilient and Reliable Electricity Grid; https://www.americanprogress.org/article/renewable-energy-is-the-key-to-building-a-more-resilient-and-reliable-electricity-grid/]

Fossil s unreliable outages  grid failures  conventional facing severe reliability challenges no trends in other forms gas plants supply and equipment failures  caused the majority of outages wind performed above expected capacity Texas faced heat coal and gas faced higher outages renewables supported almost half  demand exceeding forecasts U S can build clean reliable grid countless studies prove that s possible without compromising reliability Energy Innovation performed meta-analysis finding across all studies a clean grid match supply and demand diverse variable renewables  balanced many resources that are n t variable geothermal hydropower and nuclear


Question: meta-analysis clean energy grid

An entirely clean grid is possible and reliable---robust studies.

Chang ’21 [Rachel Chang; former policy analyst for the Center for American Progress; 2-21-2021; Center for American Progress; Renewable Energy Is the Key to Building a More Resilient and Reliable Electricity Grid; https://www.americanprogress.org/article/renewable-energy-is-the-key-to-building-a-more-resilient-and-reliable-electricity-grid/]

Fossil s unreliable outages  grid failures  conventional facing severe reliability challenges no trends in other forms gas plants supply and equipment failures  caused the majority of outages wind performed above expected capacity Texas faced heat coal and gas faced higher outages renewables supported almost half  demand exceeding forecasts U S can build clean reliable grid countless studies prove that s possible without compromising reliability Energy Innovation performed meta-analysis finding across all studies a clean grid match supply and demand diverse variable renewables  balanced many resources that are n t variable geothermal hydropower and nuclear


Question: Best stats prove decoupling

4—Best stats prove decoupling.

Hausfather 21 - (Zeke Hausfather, Director of Climate and Energy at Breakthrough, PhD in climate science from the University of California, Berkeley, masters degrees in environmental science from Yale University and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; 4-6-2021, Breakthrough Institute, "Absolute Decoupling of Economic Growth and Emissions in 32 Countries," doa: 11-10-2021) url: https://thebreakthrough.org/issues/energy/absolute-decoupling-of-economic-growth-and-emissions-in-32-countries

poverty fallen Life expectancy risen literacy and education propelled by growth coal peaked peak oil is upon us the world is on track to absolutely decouple emissions peaked 32 countries have absolutely decoupled no relationship between growth and emissions emissions “exported” declined


Question: Hausfather 21

4—Best stats prove decoupling.

Hausfather 21 - (Zeke Hausfather, Director of Climate and Energy at Breakthrough, PhD in climate science from the University of California, Berkeley, masters degrees in environmental science from Yale University and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; 4-6-2021, Breakthrough Institute, "Absolute Decoupling of Economic Growth and Emissions in 32 Countries," doa: 11-10-2021) url: https://thebreakthrough.org/issues/energy/absolute-decoupling-of-economic-growth-and-emissions-in-32-countries

poverty fallen Life expectancy risen literacy and education propelled by growth coal peaked peak oil is upon us the world is on track to absolutely decouple emissions peaked 32 countries have absolutely decoupled no relationship between growth and emissions emissions “exported” declined


Question: Zeke Hausfather decoupling

4—Best stats prove decoupling.

Hausfather 21 - (Zeke Hausfather, Director of Climate and Energy at Breakthrough, PhD in climate science from the University of California, Berkeley, masters degrees in environmental science from Yale University and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; 4-6-2021, Breakthrough Institute, "Absolute Decoupling of Economic Growth and Emissions in 32 Countries," doa: 11-10-2021) url: https://thebreakthrough.org/issues/energy/absolute-decoupling-of-economic-growth-and-emissions-in-32-countries

poverty fallen Life expectancy risen literacy and education propelled by growth coal peaked peak oil is upon us the world is on track to absolutely decouple emissions peaked 32 countries have absolutely decoupled no relationship between growth and emissions emissions “exported” declined


Question: 32 countries decoupled

4—Best stats prove decoupling.

Hausfather 21 - (Zeke Hausfather, Director of Climate and Energy at Breakthrough, PhD in climate science from the University of California, Berkeley, masters degrees in environmental science from Yale University and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; 4-6-2021, Breakthrough Institute, "Absolute Decoupling of Economic Growth and Emissions in 32 Countries," doa: 11-10-2021) url: https://thebreakthrough.org/issues/energy/absolute-decoupling-of-economic-growth-and-emissions-in-32-countries

poverty fallen Life expectancy risen literacy and education propelled by growth coal peaked peak oil is upon us the world is on track to absolutely decouple emissions peaked 32 countries have absolutely decoupled no relationship between growth and emissions emissions “exported” declined


Question: no relationship growth emissions

4—Best stats prove decoupling.

Hausfather 21 - (Zeke Hausfather, Director of Climate and Energy at Breakthrough, PhD in climate science from the University of California, Berkeley, masters degrees in environmental science from Yale University and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; 4-6-2021, Breakthrough Institute, "Absolute Decoupling of Economic Growth and Emissions in 32 Countries," doa: 11-10-2021) url: https://thebreakthrough.org/issues/energy/absolute-decoupling-of-economic-growth-and-emissions-in-32-countries

poverty fallen Life expectancy risen literacy and education propelled by growth coal peaked peak oil is upon us the world is on track to absolutely decouple emissions peaked 32 countries have absolutely decoupled no relationship between growth and emissions emissions “exported” declined


Question: emissions peaked 32 countries

4—Best stats prove decoupling.

Hausfather 21 - (Zeke Hausfather, Director of Climate and Energy at Breakthrough, PhD in climate science from the University of California, Berkeley, masters degrees in environmental science from Yale University and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; 4-6-2021, Breakthrough Institute, "Absolute Decoupling of Economic Growth and Emissions in 32 Countries," doa: 11-10-2021) url: https://thebreakthrough.org/issues/energy/absolute-decoupling-of-economic-growth-and-emissions-in-32-countries

poverty fallen Life expectancy risen literacy and education propelled by growth coal peaked peak oil is upon us the world is on track to absolutely decouple emissions peaked 32 countries have absolutely decoupled no relationship between growth and emissions emissions “exported” declined


Question: adopt means put into effect

“Adopt” means the US must put the plan into effect, not merely plan it.

Grayson P. Hanes et al. 4.  Senior Counsel at Reed Smith, JD at George Washington University. Benjamin Leigh, attorney at Mims, Atwill & Leigh, P.C., J.D. at the University of Richmond. Deborah C. Welsh, attorney at Welsh & Lanham, P.L.C., JD at the University of Richmond. Marilyn Rust, attorney at Marilyn P. Waston, P.C. “Opening Brief of Appellants” in Gas Mart Corp. v. Board of Supervisors of Londoun County, 2004 WL 3757706. Westlaw

“considering” a proposed amendment is not the same as “intending” to “ adopt ” it “to consider” means “to think about.” verb “to adopt” means “to put into effect


Question: hanes et al

“Adopt” means the US must put the plan into effect, not merely plan it.

Grayson P. Hanes et al. 4.  Senior Counsel at Reed Smith, JD at George Washington University. Benjamin Leigh, attorney at Mims, Atwill & Leigh, P.C., J.D. at the University of Richmond. Deborah C. Welsh, attorney at Welsh & Lanham, P.L.C., JD at the University of Richmond. Marilyn Rust, attorney at Marilyn P. Waston, P.C. “Opening Brief of Appellants” in Gas Mart Corp. v. Board of Supervisors of Londoun County, 2004 WL 3757706. Westlaw

“considering” a proposed amendment is not the same as “intending” to “ adopt ” it “to consider” means “to think about.” verb “to adopt” means “to put into effect


Question: adopt definition

“Adopt” means the US must put the plan into effect, not merely plan it.

Grayson P. Hanes et al. 4.  Senior Counsel at Reed Smith, JD at George Washington University. Benjamin Leigh, attorney at Mims, Atwill & Leigh, P.C., J.D. at the University of Richmond. Deborah C. Welsh, attorney at Welsh & Lanham, P.L.C., JD at the University of Richmond. Marilyn Rust, attorney at Marilyn P. Waston, P.C. “Opening Brief of Appellants” in Gas Mart Corp. v. Board of Supervisors of Londoun County, 2004 WL 3757706. Westlaw

“considering” a proposed amendment is not the same as “intending” to “ adopt ” it “to consider” means “to think about.” verb “to adopt” means “to put into effect


Question: adopt means to put into effect

“Adopt” means the US must put the plan into effect, not merely plan it.

Grayson P. Hanes et al. 4.  Senior Counsel at Reed Smith, JD at George Washington University. Benjamin Leigh, attorney at Mims, Atwill & Leigh, P.C., J.D. at the University of Richmond. Deborah C. Welsh, attorney at Welsh & Lanham, P.L.C., JD at the University of Richmond. Marilyn Rust, attorney at Marilyn P. Waston, P.C. “Opening Brief of Appellants” in Gas Mart Corp. v. Board of Supervisors of Londoun County, 2004 WL 3757706. Westlaw

“considering” a proposed amendment is not the same as “intending” to “ adopt ” it “to consider” means “to think about.” verb “to adopt” means “to put into effect


Question: to consider means to think about

“Adopt” means the US must put the plan into effect, not merely plan it.

Grayson P. Hanes et al. 4.  Senior Counsel at Reed Smith, JD at George Washington University. Benjamin Leigh, attorney at Mims, Atwill & Leigh, P.C., J.D. at the University of Richmond. Deborah C. Welsh, attorney at Welsh & Lanham, P.L.C., JD at the University of Richmond. Marilyn Rust, attorney at Marilyn P. Waston, P.C. “Opening Brief of Appellants” in Gas Mart Corp. v. Board of Supervisors of Londoun County, 2004 WL 3757706. Westlaw

“considering” a proposed amendment is not the same as “intending” to “ adopt ” it “to consider” means “to think about.” verb “to adopt” means “to put into effect


Question: adopt vs consider

“Adopt” means the US must put the plan into effect, not merely plan it.

Grayson P. Hanes et al. 4.  Senior Counsel at Reed Smith, JD at George Washington University. Benjamin Leigh, attorney at Mims, Atwill & Leigh, P.C., J.D. at the University of Richmond. Deborah C. Welsh, attorney at Welsh & Lanham, P.L.C., JD at the University of Richmond. Marilyn Rust, attorney at Marilyn P. Waston, P.C. “Opening Brief of Appellants” in Gas Mart Corp. v. Board of Supervisors of Londoun County, 2004 WL 3757706. Westlaw

“considering” a proposed amendment is not the same as “intending” to “ adopt ” it “to consider” means “to think about.” verb “to adopt” means “to put into effect


Question: adopt not planning

“Adopt” means the US must put the plan into effect, not merely plan it.

Grayson P. Hanes et al. 4.  Senior Counsel at Reed Smith, JD at George Washington University. Benjamin Leigh, attorney at Mims, Atwill & Leigh, P.C., J.D. at the University of Richmond. Deborah C. Welsh, attorney at Welsh & Lanham, P.L.C., JD at the University of Richmond. Marilyn Rust, attorney at Marilyn P. Waston, P.C. “Opening Brief of Appellants” in Gas Mart Corp. v. Board of Supervisors of Londoun County, 2004 WL 3757706. Westlaw

“considering” a proposed amendment is not the same as “intending” to “ adopt ” it “to consider” means “to think about.” verb “to adopt” means “to put into effect


Question: CBA fails complexity rebound effects

A CBA fails because of complexity and rebound effects.

McGillis 19, City Journal’s Economics Editor; deputy director of policy at the Institute for Energy Research. (Jordan, April 2019, “The Case Against a Carbon Tax,” Institute for Energy Research Policy Paper, p. 11, https://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Carbon-Tax-Policy-BriefFinalText-1.pdf)

The U S decreased emissions 14 percent while global emissions have risen 20 percent a tax would incentivize businesses to flee from the taxing jurisdiction since fossil energy supports every element of the supply chain enforcement would be enormously costly also vulnerable to noncompliance and faulty reporting if demand falls a fall in prices elsewhere could negate the emissions reduction


Question: McGillis 19

A CBA fails because of complexity and rebound effects.

McGillis 19, City Journal’s Economics Editor; deputy director of policy at the Institute for Energy Research. (Jordan, April 2019, “The Case Against a Carbon Tax,” Institute for Energy Research Policy Paper, p. 11, https://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Carbon-Tax-Policy-BriefFinalText-1.pdf)

The U S decreased emissions 14 percent while global emissions have risen 20 percent a tax would incentivize businesses to flee from the taxing jurisdiction since fossil energy supports every element of the supply chain enforcement would be enormously costly also vulnerable to noncompliance and faulty reporting if demand falls a fall in prices elsewhere could negate the emissions reduction


Question: Jordan McGillis

A CBA fails because of complexity and rebound effects.

McGillis 19, City Journal’s Economics Editor; deputy director of policy at the Institute for Energy Research. (Jordan, April 2019, “The Case Against a Carbon Tax,” Institute for Energy Research Policy Paper, p. 11, https://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Carbon-Tax-Policy-BriefFinalText-1.pdf)

The U S decreased emissions 14 percent while global emissions have risen 20 percent a tax would incentivize businesses to flee from the taxing jurisdiction since fossil energy supports every element of the supply chain enforcement would be enormously costly also vulnerable to noncompliance and faulty reporting if demand falls a fall in prices elsewhere could negate the emissions reduction


Question: carbon tax negative

A CBA fails because of complexity and rebound effects.

McGillis 19, City Journal’s Economics Editor; deputy director of policy at the Institute for Energy Research. (Jordan, April 2019, “The Case Against a Carbon Tax,” Institute for Energy Research Policy Paper, p. 11, https://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Carbon-Tax-Policy-BriefFinalText-1.pdf)

The U S decreased emissions 14 percent while global emissions have risen 20 percent a tax would incentivize businesses to flee from the taxing jurisdiction since fossil energy supports every element of the supply chain enforcement would be enormously costly also vulnerable to noncompliance and faulty reporting if demand falls a fall in prices elsewhere could negate the emissions reduction


Question: tax incentivizes businesses to flee

A CBA fails because of complexity and rebound effects.

McGillis 19, City Journal’s Economics Editor; deputy director of policy at the Institute for Energy Research. (Jordan, April 2019, “The Case Against a Carbon Tax,” Institute for Energy Research Policy Paper, p. 11, https://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Carbon-Tax-Policy-BriefFinalText-1.pdf)

The U S decreased emissions 14 percent while global emissions have risen 20 percent a tax would incentivize businesses to flee from the taxing jurisdiction since fossil energy supports every element of the supply chain enforcement would be enormously costly also vulnerable to noncompliance and faulty reporting if demand falls a fall in prices elsewhere could negate the emissions reduction


Question: enforcement enormously costly

A CBA fails because of complexity and rebound effects.

McGillis 19, City Journal’s Economics Editor; deputy director of policy at the Institute for Energy Research. (Jordan, April 2019, “The Case Against a Carbon Tax,” Institute for Energy Research Policy Paper, p. 11, https://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Carbon-Tax-Policy-BriefFinalText-1.pdf)

The U S decreased emissions 14 percent while global emissions have risen 20 percent a tax would incentivize businesses to flee from the taxing jurisdiction since fossil energy supports every element of the supply chain enforcement would be enormously costly also vulnerable to noncompliance and faulty reporting if demand falls a fall in prices elsewhere could negate the emissions reduction


Question: Plank soaks up all emissions

Plank 1 soaks up all emissions.

Andrews 10, nature writer; citing geologist Professor Peter Kelemen and geochemist Dr. Juerg Matter, both at Columbia. (Candice Gaukel, 4-19-2010, "‘Rocking the Cure’ for Climate Change," Good Nature Travel Blog, https://www.nathab.com/blog/rocking-the-cure-for-climate-change/)

peridotite could cure warming Professor Kelemen and Matter found peridotite reacts with carbon transforming it into a limestone drilling into deposits then injecting them with heated water enriched with pressurized CO2 could speed up the process by 100,000 times the carbon-capturing would build on itself The reaction would generate heat fracturing rock. The fractured rocks would be exposed to reactions with more solution such a chain would need little energy to sustain itself after it was jump-started our country’s Coasts contain enough peridotite to soak up more than 500 years’ of emissions


Question: Andrews 10

Plank 1 soaks up all emissions.

Andrews 10, nature writer; citing geologist Professor Peter Kelemen and geochemist Dr. Juerg Matter, both at Columbia. (Candice Gaukel, 4-19-2010, "‘Rocking the Cure’ for Climate Change," Good Nature Travel Blog, https://www.nathab.com/blog/rocking-the-cure-for-climate-change/)

peridotite could cure warming Professor Kelemen and Matter found peridotite reacts with carbon transforming it into a limestone drilling into deposits then injecting them with heated water enriched with pressurized CO2 could speed up the process by 100,000 times the carbon-capturing would build on itself The reaction would generate heat fracturing rock. The fractured rocks would be exposed to reactions with more solution such a chain would need little energy to sustain itself after it was jump-started our country’s Coasts contain enough peridotite to soak up more than 500 years’ of emissions


Question: peridotite soaks up emissions

Plank 1 soaks up all emissions.

Andrews 10, nature writer; citing geologist Professor Peter Kelemen and geochemist Dr. Juerg Matter, both at Columbia. (Candice Gaukel, 4-19-2010, "‘Rocking the Cure’ for Climate Change," Good Nature Travel Blog, https://www.nathab.com/blog/rocking-the-cure-for-climate-change/)

peridotite could cure warming Professor Kelemen and Matter found peridotite reacts with carbon transforming it into a limestone drilling into deposits then injecting them with heated water enriched with pressurized CO2 could speed up the process by 100,000 times the carbon-capturing would build on itself The reaction would generate heat fracturing rock. The fractured rocks would be exposed to reactions with more solution such a chain would need little energy to sustain itself after it was jump-started our country’s Coasts contain enough peridotite to soak up more than 500 years’ of emissions


Question: peridotite reacts with carbon

Plank 1 soaks up all emissions.

Andrews 10, nature writer; citing geologist Professor Peter Kelemen and geochemist Dr. Juerg Matter, both at Columbia. (Candice Gaukel, 4-19-2010, "‘Rocking the Cure’ for Climate Change," Good Nature Travel Blog, https://www.nathab.com/blog/rocking-the-cure-for-climate-change/)

peridotite could cure warming Professor Kelemen and Matter found peridotite reacts with carbon transforming it into a limestone drilling into deposits then injecting them with heated water enriched with pressurized CO2 could speed up the process by 100,000 times the carbon-capturing would build on itself The reaction would generate heat fracturing rock. The fractured rocks would be exposed to reactions with more solution such a chain would need little energy to sustain itself after it was jump-started our country’s Coasts contain enough peridotite to soak up more than 500 years’ of emissions


Question: rocking cure climate change

Plank 1 soaks up all emissions.

Andrews 10, nature writer; citing geologist Professor Peter Kelemen and geochemist Dr. Juerg Matter, both at Columbia. (Candice Gaukel, 4-19-2010, "‘Rocking the Cure’ for Climate Change," Good Nature Travel Blog, https://www.nathab.com/blog/rocking-the-cure-for-climate-change/)

peridotite could cure warming Professor Kelemen and Matter found peridotite reacts with carbon transforming it into a limestone drilling into deposits then injecting them with heated water enriched with pressurized CO2 could speed up the process by 100,000 times the carbon-capturing would build on itself The reaction would generate heat fracturing rock. The fractured rocks would be exposed to reactions with more solution such a chain would need little energy to sustain itself after it was jump-started our country’s Coasts contain enough peridotite to soak up more than 500 years’ of emissions


Question: peridotite cure warming

Plank 1 soaks up all emissions.

Andrews 10, nature writer; citing geologist Professor Peter Kelemen and geochemist Dr. Juerg Matter, both at Columbia. (Candice Gaukel, 4-19-2010, "‘Rocking the Cure’ for Climate Change," Good Nature Travel Blog, https://www.nathab.com/blog/rocking-the-cure-for-climate-change/)

peridotite could cure warming Professor Kelemen and Matter found peridotite reacts with carbon transforming it into a limestone drilling into deposits then injecting them with heated water enriched with pressurized CO2 could speed up the process by 100,000 times the carbon-capturing would build on itself The reaction would generate heat fracturing rock. The fractured rocks would be exposed to reactions with more solution such a chain would need little energy to sustain itself after it was jump-started our country’s Coasts contain enough peridotite to soak up more than 500 years’ of emissions


Question: limestone drilling

Plank 1 soaks up all emissions.

Andrews 10, nature writer; citing geologist Professor Peter Kelemen and geochemist Dr. Juerg Matter, both at Columbia. (Candice Gaukel, 4-19-2010, "‘Rocking the Cure’ for Climate Change," Good Nature Travel Blog, https://www.nathab.com/blog/rocking-the-cure-for-climate-change/)

peridotite could cure warming Professor Kelemen and Matter found peridotite reacts with carbon transforming it into a limestone drilling into deposits then injecting them with heated water enriched with pressurized CO2 could speed up the process by 100,000 times the carbon-capturing would build on itself The reaction would generate heat fracturing rock. The fractured rocks would be exposed to reactions with more solution such a chain would need little energy to sustain itself after it was jump-started our country’s Coasts contain enough peridotite to soak up more than 500 years’ of emissions


Question: peridotite 500 years emissions

Plank 1 soaks up all emissions.

Andrews 10, nature writer; citing geologist Professor Peter Kelemen and geochemist Dr. Juerg Matter, both at Columbia. (Candice Gaukel, 4-19-2010, "‘Rocking the Cure’ for Climate Change," Good Nature Travel Blog, https://www.nathab.com/blog/rocking-the-cure-for-climate-change/)

peridotite could cure warming Professor Kelemen and Matter found peridotite reacts with carbon transforming it into a limestone drilling into deposits then injecting them with heated water enriched with pressurized CO2 could speed up the process by 100,000 times the carbon-capturing would build on itself The reaction would generate heat fracturing rock. The fractured rocks would be exposed to reactions with more solution such a chain would need little energy to sustain itself after it was jump-started our country’s Coasts contain enough peridotite to soak up more than 500 years’ of emissions


Question: CP not a tax

The CP is functionally identical to the plan but isn’t a tax---it competes and revives Chevron deference.

Elliott ’19 [E. Donald; Professor of Law at Yale University and former EPA Assistant Administrator and General Counsel; 2019; EPA’s Existing Authority to Impose a Carbon “Tax”; https://law.yale.edu/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/Faculty/elliott.epa_carbon_fee.article_2019_09_49.10919.pdf; DOA: 06-05-2024; Archan Sen]

EPA could impose a carbon “tax” because a charge for carbon is technically not a tax, but rather a “ user fee .” EPA has been laboring under the misimpression that it may not impose an emission charge This conclusion is based on a opinion by the present author my opinion has been reiterated by several generations but the conclusion is wrong the purpose was to encourage economic incentive under broad Chevron authority , “if a statute does not explicitly preclude incentive EPA has the legal authority all agencies have been granted to charge user fees and keep the money The same Court that holds that agencies may not impose taxes also holds that agencies do have authority to impose user fees An extensive legal literature exists on the difference between taxes and user fees . According to the best article the essence is that “[a] user fee is a price charged for a product it controls,” whereas a tax is intended to benefit the citizenry Justice Douglas explained A fee is incident to a voluntary act one of the “ objectives ” of user fees is efficient allocation the government “controls the product it is allowing the polluter the public’s air for waste disposal and the polluter is engaged in the voluntary act of polluting a fee based on the full social costs of pollution could be sustained as a user fee rather than a tax emission charges should take their rightful place in EPA’s toolbox of instruments


Question: Elliott 19

The CP is functionally identical to the plan but isn’t a tax---it competes and revives Chevron deference.

Elliott ’19 [E. Donald; Professor of Law at Yale University and former EPA Assistant Administrator and General Counsel; 2019; EPA’s Existing Authority to Impose a Carbon “Tax”; https://law.yale.edu/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/Faculty/elliott.epa_carbon_fee.article_2019_09_49.10919.pdf; DOA: 06-05-2024; Archan Sen]

EPA could impose a carbon “tax” because a charge for carbon is technically not a tax, but rather a “ user fee .” EPA has been laboring under the misimpression that it may not impose an emission charge This conclusion is based on a opinion by the present author my opinion has been reiterated by several generations but the conclusion is wrong the purpose was to encourage economic incentive under broad Chevron authority , “if a statute does not explicitly preclude incentive EPA has the legal authority all agencies have been granted to charge user fees and keep the money The same Court that holds that agencies may not impose taxes also holds that agencies do have authority to impose user fees An extensive legal literature exists on the difference between taxes and user fees . According to the best article the essence is that “[a] user fee is a price charged for a product it controls,” whereas a tax is intended to benefit the citizenry Justice Douglas explained A fee is incident to a voluntary act one of the “ objectives ” of user fees is efficient allocation the government “controls the product it is allowing the polluter the public’s air for waste disposal and the polluter is engaged in the voluntary act of polluting a fee based on the full social costs of pollution could be sustained as a user fee rather than a tax emission charges should take their rightful place in EPA’s toolbox of instruments


Question: Elliott Yale carbon tax

The CP is functionally identical to the plan but isn’t a tax---it competes and revives Chevron deference.

Elliott ’19 [E. Donald; Professor of Law at Yale University and former EPA Assistant Administrator and General Counsel; 2019; EPA’s Existing Authority to Impose a Carbon “Tax”; https://law.yale.edu/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/Faculty/elliott.epa_carbon_fee.article_2019_09_49.10919.pdf; DOA: 06-05-2024; Archan Sen]

EPA could impose a carbon “tax” because a charge for carbon is technically not a tax, but rather a “ user fee .” EPA has been laboring under the misimpression that it may not impose an emission charge This conclusion is based on a opinion by the present author my opinion has been reiterated by several generations but the conclusion is wrong the purpose was to encourage economic incentive under broad Chevron authority , “if a statute does not explicitly preclude incentive EPA has the legal authority all agencies have been granted to charge user fees and keep the money The same Court that holds that agencies may not impose taxes also holds that agencies do have authority to impose user fees An extensive legal literature exists on the difference between taxes and user fees . According to the best article the essence is that “[a] user fee is a price charged for a product it controls,” whereas a tax is intended to benefit the citizenry Justice Douglas explained A fee is incident to a voluntary act one of the “ objectives ” of user fees is efficient allocation the government “controls the product it is allowing the polluter the public’s air for waste disposal and the polluter is engaged in the voluntary act of polluting a fee based on the full social costs of pollution could be sustained as a user fee rather than a tax emission charges should take their rightful place in EPA’s toolbox of instruments


Question: carbon tax is technically a user fee

The CP is functionally identical to the plan but isn’t a tax---it competes and revives Chevron deference.

Elliott ’19 [E. Donald; Professor of Law at Yale University and former EPA Assistant Administrator and General Counsel; 2019; EPA’s Existing Authority to Impose a Carbon “Tax”; https://law.yale.edu/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/Faculty/elliott.epa_carbon_fee.article_2019_09_49.10919.pdf; DOA: 06-05-2024; Archan Sen]

EPA could impose a carbon “tax” because a charge for carbon is technically not a tax, but rather a “ user fee .” EPA has been laboring under the misimpression that it may not impose an emission charge This conclusion is based on a opinion by the present author my opinion has been reiterated by several generations but the conclusion is wrong the purpose was to encourage economic incentive under broad Chevron authority , “if a statute does not explicitly preclude incentive EPA has the legal authority all agencies have been granted to charge user fees and keep the money The same Court that holds that agencies may not impose taxes also holds that agencies do have authority to impose user fees An extensive legal literature exists on the difference between taxes and user fees . According to the best article the essence is that “[a] user fee is a price charged for a product it controls,” whereas a tax is intended to benefit the citizenry Justice Douglas explained A fee is incident to a voluntary act one of the “ objectives ” of user fees is efficient allocation the government “controls the product it is allowing the polluter the public’s air for waste disposal and the polluter is engaged in the voluntary act of polluting a fee based on the full social costs of pollution could be sustained as a user fee rather than a tax emission charges should take their rightful place in EPA’s toolbox of instruments


Question: EPA authority to impose carbon tax

The CP is functionally identical to the plan but isn’t a tax---it competes and revives Chevron deference.

Elliott ’19 [E. Donald; Professor of Law at Yale University and former EPA Assistant Administrator and General Counsel; 2019; EPA’s Existing Authority to Impose a Carbon “Tax”; https://law.yale.edu/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/Faculty/elliott.epa_carbon_fee.article_2019_09_49.10919.pdf; DOA: 06-05-2024; Archan Sen]

EPA could impose a carbon “tax” because a charge for carbon is technically not a tax, but rather a “ user fee .” EPA has been laboring under the misimpression that it may not impose an emission charge This conclusion is based on a opinion by the present author my opinion has been reiterated by several generations but the conclusion is wrong the purpose was to encourage economic incentive under broad Chevron authority , “if a statute does not explicitly preclude incentive EPA has the legal authority all agencies have been granted to charge user fees and keep the money The same Court that holds that agencies may not impose taxes also holds that agencies do have authority to impose user fees An extensive legal literature exists on the difference between taxes and user fees . According to the best article the essence is that “[a] user fee is a price charged for a product it controls,” whereas a tax is intended to benefit the citizenry Justice Douglas explained A fee is incident to a voluntary act one of the “ objectives ” of user fees is efficient allocation the government “controls the product it is allowing the polluter the public’s air for waste disposal and the polluter is engaged in the voluntary act of polluting a fee based on the full social costs of pollution could be sustained as a user fee rather than a tax emission charges should take their rightful place in EPA’s toolbox of instruments


Question: Chevron deference revival

The CP is functionally identical to the plan but isn’t a tax---it competes and revives Chevron deference.

Elliott ’19 [E. Donald; Professor of Law at Yale University and former EPA Assistant Administrator and General Counsel; 2019; EPA’s Existing Authority to Impose a Carbon “Tax”; https://law.yale.edu/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/Faculty/elliott.epa_carbon_fee.article_2019_09_49.10919.pdf; DOA: 06-05-2024; Archan Sen]

EPA could impose a carbon “tax” because a charge for carbon is technically not a tax, but rather a “ user fee .” EPA has been laboring under the misimpression that it may not impose an emission charge This conclusion is based on a opinion by the present author my opinion has been reiterated by several generations but the conclusion is wrong the purpose was to encourage economic incentive under broad Chevron authority , “if a statute does not explicitly preclude incentive EPA has the legal authority all agencies have been granted to charge user fees and keep the money The same Court that holds that agencies may not impose taxes also holds that agencies do have authority to impose user fees An extensive legal literature exists on the difference between taxes and user fees . According to the best article the essence is that “[a] user fee is a price charged for a product it controls,” whereas a tax is intended to benefit the citizenry Justice Douglas explained A fee is incident to a voluntary act one of the “ objectives ” of user fees is efficient allocation the government “controls the product it is allowing the polluter the public’s air for waste disposal and the polluter is engaged in the voluntary act of polluting a fee based on the full social costs of pollution could be sustained as a user fee rather than a tax emission charges should take their rightful place in EPA’s toolbox of instruments


Question: user fee vs tax

The CP is functionally identical to the plan but isn’t a tax---it competes and revives Chevron deference.

Elliott ’19 [E. Donald; Professor of Law at Yale University and former EPA Assistant Administrator and General Counsel; 2019; EPA’s Existing Authority to Impose a Carbon “Tax”; https://law.yale.edu/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/Faculty/elliott.epa_carbon_fee.article_2019_09_49.10919.pdf; DOA: 06-05-2024; Archan Sen]

EPA could impose a carbon “tax” because a charge for carbon is technically not a tax, but rather a “ user fee .” EPA has been laboring under the misimpression that it may not impose an emission charge This conclusion is based on a opinion by the present author my opinion has been reiterated by several generations but the conclusion is wrong the purpose was to encourage economic incentive under broad Chevron authority , “if a statute does not explicitly preclude incentive EPA has the legal authority all agencies have been granted to charge user fees and keep the money The same Court that holds that agencies may not impose taxes also holds that agencies do have authority to impose user fees An extensive legal literature exists on the difference between taxes and user fees . According to the best article the essence is that “[a] user fee is a price charged for a product it controls,” whereas a tax is intended to benefit the citizenry Justice Douglas explained A fee is incident to a voluntary act one of the “ objectives ” of user fees is efficient allocation the government “controls the product it is allowing the polluter the public’s air for waste disposal and the polluter is engaged in the voluntary act of polluting a fee based on the full social costs of pollution could be sustained as a user fee rather than a tax emission charges should take their rightful place in EPA’s toolbox of instruments


Question: emission charges in EPA's toolbox

The CP is functionally identical to the plan but isn’t a tax---it competes and revives Chevron deference.

Elliott ’19 [E. Donald; Professor of Law at Yale University and former EPA Assistant Administrator and General Counsel; 2019; EPA’s Existing Authority to Impose a Carbon “Tax”; https://law.yale.edu/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/Faculty/elliott.epa_carbon_fee.article_2019_09_49.10919.pdf; DOA: 06-05-2024; Archan Sen]

EPA could impose a carbon “tax” because a charge for carbon is technically not a tax, but rather a “ user fee .” EPA has been laboring under the misimpression that it may not impose an emission charge This conclusion is based on a opinion by the present author my opinion has been reiterated by several generations but the conclusion is wrong the purpose was to encourage economic incentive under broad Chevron authority , “if a statute does not explicitly preclude incentive EPA has the legal authority all agencies have been granted to charge user fees and keep the money The same Court that holds that agencies may not impose taxes also holds that agencies do have authority to impose user fees An extensive legal literature exists on the difference between taxes and user fees . According to the best article the essence is that “[a] user fee is a price charged for a product it controls,” whereas a tax is intended to benefit the citizenry Justice Douglas explained A fee is incident to a voluntary act one of the “ objectives ” of user fees is efficient allocation the government “controls the product it is allowing the polluter the public’s air for waste disposal and the polluter is engaged in the voluntary act of polluting a fee based on the full social costs of pollution could be sustained as a user fee rather than a tax emission charges should take their rightful place in EPA’s toolbox of instruments


Question: climate models underestimate warming

Err AFF---climate models underestimate warming’s effects.

David Spratt 23 is research director for the Melbourne-based Breakthrough National Centre for Climate Restoration and coauthor of the book Climate Code Red: The Case for Emergency Action (Scribe, 2008). He published “What Lies Beneath: The Underestimation of Existential Climate Risk” with Ian Dunlop in 2018. The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, “Faster than forecast, climate impacts trigger tipping points in the Earth system,” 4-19-2023, https://thebulletin.org/2023/04/faster-than-forecast-climate-impacts-trigger-tipping-points-in-the-earth-system/, DOA: 10-2-24, lmc

warming  impacts have been  faster  and more extreme positive feedbacks  are not fully accounted for in models when it comes to ice sheet collapse sea level rise and extreme weather the IPCC have been conservative even 1-degree Celsius risks triggering tipping points Arctic warmed four times faster and climate models underestimate amplification Permafrost emissions and feedback loops are not accounted for thermal maximum for photosynthesis had been exceeded the carbon absorbed by plants will decline whilst carbon released will rise


Question: David Spratt 23

Err AFF---climate models underestimate warming’s effects.

David Spratt 23 is research director for the Melbourne-based Breakthrough National Centre for Climate Restoration and coauthor of the book Climate Code Red: The Case for Emergency Action (Scribe, 2008). He published “What Lies Beneath: The Underestimation of Existential Climate Risk” with Ian Dunlop in 2018. The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, “Faster than forecast, climate impacts trigger tipping points in the Earth system,” 4-19-2023, https://thebulletin.org/2023/04/faster-than-forecast-climate-impacts-trigger-tipping-points-in-the-earth-system/, DOA: 10-2-24, lmc

warming  impacts have been  faster  and more extreme positive feedbacks  are not fully accounted for in models when it comes to ice sheet collapse sea level rise and extreme weather the IPCC have been conservative even 1-degree Celsius risks triggering tipping points Arctic warmed four times faster and climate models underestimate amplification Permafrost emissions and feedback loops are not accounted for thermal maximum for photosynthesis had been exceeded the carbon absorbed by plants will decline whilst carbon released will rise


Question: climate models too conservative

Err AFF---climate models underestimate warming’s effects.

David Spratt 23 is research director for the Melbourne-based Breakthrough National Centre for Climate Restoration and coauthor of the book Climate Code Red: The Case for Emergency Action (Scribe, 2008). He published “What Lies Beneath: The Underestimation of Existential Climate Risk” with Ian Dunlop in 2018. The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, “Faster than forecast, climate impacts trigger tipping points in the Earth system,” 4-19-2023, https://thebulletin.org/2023/04/faster-than-forecast-climate-impacts-trigger-tipping-points-in-the-earth-system/, DOA: 10-2-24, lmc

warming  impacts have been  faster  and more extreme positive feedbacks  are not fully accounted for in models when it comes to ice sheet collapse sea level rise and extreme weather the IPCC have been conservative even 1-degree Celsius risks triggering tipping points Arctic warmed four times faster and climate models underestimate amplification Permafrost emissions and feedback loops are not accounted for thermal maximum for photosynthesis had been exceeded the carbon absorbed by plants will decline whilst carbon released will rise


Question: warming faster extreme

Err AFF---climate models underestimate warming’s effects.

David Spratt 23 is research director for the Melbourne-based Breakthrough National Centre for Climate Restoration and coauthor of the book Climate Code Red: The Case for Emergency Action (Scribe, 2008). He published “What Lies Beneath: The Underestimation of Existential Climate Risk” with Ian Dunlop in 2018. The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, “Faster than forecast, climate impacts trigger tipping points in the Earth system,” 4-19-2023, https://thebulletin.org/2023/04/faster-than-forecast-climate-impacts-trigger-tipping-points-in-the-earth-system/, DOA: 10-2-24, lmc

warming  impacts have been  faster  and more extreme positive feedbacks  are not fully accounted for in models when it comes to ice sheet collapse sea level rise and extreme weather the IPCC have been conservative even 1-degree Celsius risks triggering tipping points Arctic warmed four times faster and climate models underestimate amplification Permafrost emissions and feedback loops are not accounted for thermal maximum for photosynthesis had been exceeded the carbon absorbed by plants will decline whilst carbon released will rise


Question: climate models underestimate feedbacks

Err AFF---climate models underestimate warming’s effects.

David Spratt 23 is research director for the Melbourne-based Breakthrough National Centre for Climate Restoration and coauthor of the book Climate Code Red: The Case for Emergency Action (Scribe, 2008). He published “What Lies Beneath: The Underestimation of Existential Climate Risk” with Ian Dunlop in 2018. The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, “Faster than forecast, climate impacts trigger tipping points in the Earth system,” 4-19-2023, https://thebulletin.org/2023/04/faster-than-forecast-climate-impacts-trigger-tipping-points-in-the-earth-system/, DOA: 10-2-24, lmc

warming  impacts have been  faster  and more extreme positive feedbacks  are not fully accounted for in models when it comes to ice sheet collapse sea level rise and extreme weather the IPCC have been conservative even 1-degree Celsius risks triggering tipping points Arctic warmed four times faster and climate models underestimate amplification Permafrost emissions and feedback loops are not accounted for thermal maximum for photosynthesis had been exceeded the carbon absorbed by plants will decline whilst carbon released will rise