Question: wars are not common

Best data goes neg.

Steven Pinker 12, Psychology Professor at Harvard, “The New Peace,” Chapter 6 of the Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence has Declined, Stras

scientists are skeptical people fight wars Hunger shortages are common wars are not war requires forces be organized and armed Reviewing “Those who foresee doom , because of relationship between resource and violent conflict, have little support from the large-N literature .”


Question: doom because of resource

Best data goes neg.

Steven Pinker 12, Psychology Professor at Harvard, “The New Peace,” Chapter 6 of the Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence has Declined, Stras

scientists are skeptical people fight wars Hunger shortages are common wars are not war requires forces be organized and armed Reviewing “Those who foresee doom , because of relationship between resource and violent conflict, have little support from the large-N literature .”


Question: violence has declined

Best data goes neg.

Steven Pinker 12, Psychology Professor at Harvard, “The New Peace,” Chapter 6 of the Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence has Declined, Stras

scientists are skeptical people fight wars Hunger shortages are common wars are not war requires forces be organized and armed Reviewing “Those who foresee doom , because of relationship between resource and violent conflict, have little support from the large-N literature .”


Question: Alternative instruments fail rebound effect

2. Alternative instruments fail due to the rebound effect.

Jeroen C.J.M. van den Bergh and Wouter W.J. Botzen. 24. van den Bergh is a ICREA Research Professor at Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, is the deputy director for Research of its Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, is the professor of Environmental and Resource Economics at VU University Amsterdam, and earned a master's degree in Econometrics and Operations Research from Tilburg University and a doctorate in economics from VU University Amsterdam. Botzen is full Professor of Economics of Global Environmental Change at the Utrecht University School of Economics, is the Professor of Economics of Climate Change and Natural Disasters and the Head at the Department of Environmental Economics at the Institute for Environmental Studies at VU University Amsterdam, is a senior research fellow at the Risk Management and Decision Processes Center at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, and earned his PhD from the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration at VU University Amsterdam and his MSc Economics from the University of Maastricht. “Assessing Criticisms of Carbon Pricing”. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, 2024, 18: 1–70. https://doi.org/10.1561/101.00000172

cumulative cost effects due to system-wide pricing cause threshold effects rebound includes more intense use of energy-efficient tech and spending money savings on high-carbon goods Pricing energy proportionally controls both channels increased emissions due to rebound compensated through a higher carbon price  Alternative instruments score badly subsidies make adoption or purchase more affordable, which spill over to more intense use or spending close coupling between energy consumption and GDP is due to rebound study finds economy-wide rebound be 50% or higher meaning policy effectiveness is more than halved if unaddressed.


Question: van den bergh and botzen 24

2. Alternative instruments fail due to the rebound effect.

Jeroen C.J.M. van den Bergh and Wouter W.J. Botzen. 24. van den Bergh is a ICREA Research Professor at Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, is the deputy director for Research of its Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, is the professor of Environmental and Resource Economics at VU University Amsterdam, and earned a master's degree in Econometrics and Operations Research from Tilburg University and a doctorate in economics from VU University Amsterdam. Botzen is full Professor of Economics of Global Environmental Change at the Utrecht University School of Economics, is the Professor of Economics of Climate Change and Natural Disasters and the Head at the Department of Environmental Economics at the Institute for Environmental Studies at VU University Amsterdam, is a senior research fellow at the Risk Management and Decision Processes Center at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, and earned his PhD from the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration at VU University Amsterdam and his MSc Economics from the University of Maastricht. “Assessing Criticisms of Carbon Pricing”. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, 2024, 18: 1–70. https://doi.org/10.1561/101.00000172

cumulative cost effects due to system-wide pricing cause threshold effects rebound includes more intense use of energy-efficient tech and spending money savings on high-carbon goods Pricing energy proportionally controls both channels increased emissions due to rebound compensated through a higher carbon price  Alternative instruments score badly subsidies make adoption or purchase more affordable, which spill over to more intense use or spending close coupling between energy consumption and GDP is due to rebound study finds economy-wide rebound be 50% or higher meaning policy effectiveness is more than halved if unaddressed.


Question: alternative instruments fail

2. Alternative instruments fail due to the rebound effect.

Jeroen C.J.M. van den Bergh and Wouter W.J. Botzen. 24. van den Bergh is a ICREA Research Professor at Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, is the deputy director for Research of its Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, is the professor of Environmental and Resource Economics at VU University Amsterdam, and earned a master's degree in Econometrics and Operations Research from Tilburg University and a doctorate in economics from VU University Amsterdam. Botzen is full Professor of Economics of Global Environmental Change at the Utrecht University School of Economics, is the Professor of Economics of Climate Change and Natural Disasters and the Head at the Department of Environmental Economics at the Institute for Environmental Studies at VU University Amsterdam, is a senior research fellow at the Risk Management and Decision Processes Center at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, and earned his PhD from the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration at VU University Amsterdam and his MSc Economics from the University of Maastricht. “Assessing Criticisms of Carbon Pricing”. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, 2024, 18: 1–70. https://doi.org/10.1561/101.00000172

cumulative cost effects due to system-wide pricing cause threshold effects rebound includes more intense use of energy-efficient tech and spending money savings on high-carbon goods Pricing energy proportionally controls both channels increased emissions due to rebound compensated through a higher carbon price  Alternative instruments score badly subsidies make adoption or purchase more affordable, which spill over to more intense use or spending close coupling between energy consumption and GDP is due to rebound study finds economy-wide rebound be 50% or higher meaning policy effectiveness is more than halved if unaddressed.


Question: rebound effect

2. Alternative instruments fail due to the rebound effect.

Jeroen C.J.M. van den Bergh and Wouter W.J. Botzen. 24. van den Bergh is a ICREA Research Professor at Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, is the deputy director for Research of its Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, is the professor of Environmental and Resource Economics at VU University Amsterdam, and earned a master's degree in Econometrics and Operations Research from Tilburg University and a doctorate in economics from VU University Amsterdam. Botzen is full Professor of Economics of Global Environmental Change at the Utrecht University School of Economics, is the Professor of Economics of Climate Change and Natural Disasters and the Head at the Department of Environmental Economics at the Institute for Environmental Studies at VU University Amsterdam, is a senior research fellow at the Risk Management and Decision Processes Center at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, and earned his PhD from the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration at VU University Amsterdam and his MSc Economics from the University of Maastricht. “Assessing Criticisms of Carbon Pricing”. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, 2024, 18: 1–70. https://doi.org/10.1561/101.00000172

cumulative cost effects due to system-wide pricing cause threshold effects rebound includes more intense use of energy-efficient tech and spending money savings on high-carbon goods Pricing energy proportionally controls both channels increased emissions due to rebound compensated through a higher carbon price  Alternative instruments score badly subsidies make adoption or purchase more affordable, which spill over to more intense use or spending close coupling between energy consumption and GDP is due to rebound study finds economy-wide rebound be 50% or higher meaning policy effectiveness is more than halved if unaddressed.


Question: carbon pricing criticisms

2. Alternative instruments fail due to the rebound effect.

Jeroen C.J.M. van den Bergh and Wouter W.J. Botzen. 24. van den Bergh is a ICREA Research Professor at Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, is the deputy director for Research of its Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, is the professor of Environmental and Resource Economics at VU University Amsterdam, and earned a master's degree in Econometrics and Operations Research from Tilburg University and a doctorate in economics from VU University Amsterdam. Botzen is full Professor of Economics of Global Environmental Change at the Utrecht University School of Economics, is the Professor of Economics of Climate Change and Natural Disasters and the Head at the Department of Environmental Economics at the Institute for Environmental Studies at VU University Amsterdam, is a senior research fellow at the Risk Management and Decision Processes Center at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, and earned his PhD from the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration at VU University Amsterdam and his MSc Economics from the University of Maastricht. “Assessing Criticisms of Carbon Pricing”. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, 2024, 18: 1–70. https://doi.org/10.1561/101.00000172

cumulative cost effects due to system-wide pricing cause threshold effects rebound includes more intense use of energy-efficient tech and spending money savings on high-carbon goods Pricing energy proportionally controls both channels increased emissions due to rebound compensated through a higher carbon price  Alternative instruments score badly subsidies make adoption or purchase more affordable, which spill over to more intense use or spending close coupling between energy consumption and GDP is due to rebound study finds economy-wide rebound be 50% or higher meaning policy effectiveness is more than halved if unaddressed.


Question: rebound effect halves policy effectiveness

2. Alternative instruments fail due to the rebound effect.

Jeroen C.J.M. van den Bergh and Wouter W.J. Botzen. 24. van den Bergh is a ICREA Research Professor at Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, is the deputy director for Research of its Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, is the professor of Environmental and Resource Economics at VU University Amsterdam, and earned a master's degree in Econometrics and Operations Research from Tilburg University and a doctorate in economics from VU University Amsterdam. Botzen is full Professor of Economics of Global Environmental Change at the Utrecht University School of Economics, is the Professor of Economics of Climate Change and Natural Disasters and the Head at the Department of Environmental Economics at the Institute for Environmental Studies at VU University Amsterdam, is a senior research fellow at the Risk Management and Decision Processes Center at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, and earned his PhD from the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration at VU University Amsterdam and his MSc Economics from the University of Maastricht. “Assessing Criticisms of Carbon Pricing”. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, 2024, 18: 1–70. https://doi.org/10.1561/101.00000172

cumulative cost effects due to system-wide pricing cause threshold effects rebound includes more intense use of energy-efficient tech and spending money savings on high-carbon goods Pricing energy proportionally controls both channels increased emissions due to rebound compensated through a higher carbon price  Alternative instruments score badly subsidies make adoption or purchase more affordable, which spill over to more intense use or spending close coupling between energy consumption and GDP is due to rebound study finds economy-wide rebound be 50% or higher meaning policy effectiveness is more than halved if unaddressed.


Question: subsidies make adoption more affordable

2. Alternative instruments fail due to the rebound effect.

Jeroen C.J.M. van den Bergh and Wouter W.J. Botzen. 24. van den Bergh is a ICREA Research Professor at Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, is the deputy director for Research of its Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, is the professor of Environmental and Resource Economics at VU University Amsterdam, and earned a master's degree in Econometrics and Operations Research from Tilburg University and a doctorate in economics from VU University Amsterdam. Botzen is full Professor of Economics of Global Environmental Change at the Utrecht University School of Economics, is the Professor of Economics of Climate Change and Natural Disasters and the Head at the Department of Environmental Economics at the Institute for Environmental Studies at VU University Amsterdam, is a senior research fellow at the Risk Management and Decision Processes Center at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, and earned his PhD from the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration at VU University Amsterdam and his MSc Economics from the University of Maastricht. “Assessing Criticisms of Carbon Pricing”. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, 2024, 18: 1–70. https://doi.org/10.1561/101.00000172

cumulative cost effects due to system-wide pricing cause threshold effects rebound includes more intense use of energy-efficient tech and spending money savings on high-carbon goods Pricing energy proportionally controls both channels increased emissions due to rebound compensated through a higher carbon price  Alternative instruments score badly subsidies make adoption or purchase more affordable, which spill over to more intense use or spending close coupling between energy consumption and GDP is due to rebound study finds economy-wide rebound be 50% or higher meaning policy effectiveness is more than halved if unaddressed.


Question: Can't spend infinite money

AND you can’t spend infinite money.

Talgo 21 – Socialism Research Fellow the Heartland Instittue, Talgo taught U.S. history and American government for five years in Bluffton, South Carolina. He served on the Town of Bluffton Accommodations Tax Committee and was elected precinct delegate for his voting district.

MMT is ludicrous deficit spending  is a  hindrance to economic growth  that impoverishes despite what MMT claim printing money will cause inflation the claim ignores dark history of monetization  leading  to hyperinflation in  Austria, Hungary, Poland, and Weimar Germany The same occurred in Brazil, Venezuela and Zimbabwe


Question: Talgo 21

AND you can’t spend infinite money.

Talgo 21 – Socialism Research Fellow the Heartland Instittue, Talgo taught U.S. history and American government for five years in Bluffton, South Carolina. He served on the Town of Bluffton Accommodations Tax Committee and was elected precinct delegate for his voting district.

MMT is ludicrous deficit spending  is a  hindrance to economic growth  that impoverishes despite what MMT claim printing money will cause inflation the claim ignores dark history of monetization  leading  to hyperinflation in  Austria, Hungary, Poland, and Weimar Germany The same occurred in Brazil, Venezuela and Zimbabwe


Question: MMT is ludicrous

AND you can’t spend infinite money.

Talgo 21 – Socialism Research Fellow the Heartland Instittue, Talgo taught U.S. history and American government for five years in Bluffton, South Carolina. He served on the Town of Bluffton Accommodations Tax Committee and was elected precinct delegate for his voting district.

MMT is ludicrous deficit spending  is a  hindrance to economic growth  that impoverishes despite what MMT claim printing money will cause inflation the claim ignores dark history of monetization  leading  to hyperinflation in  Austria, Hungary, Poland, and Weimar Germany The same occurred in Brazil, Venezuela and Zimbabwe


Question: MMT causes inflation

AND you can’t spend infinite money.

Talgo 21 – Socialism Research Fellow the Heartland Instittue, Talgo taught U.S. history and American government for five years in Bluffton, South Carolina. He served on the Town of Bluffton Accommodations Tax Committee and was elected precinct delegate for his voting district.

MMT is ludicrous deficit spending  is a  hindrance to economic growth  that impoverishes despite what MMT claim printing money will cause inflation the claim ignores dark history of monetization  leading  to hyperinflation in  Austria, Hungary, Poland, and Weimar Germany The same occurred in Brazil, Venezuela and Zimbabwe


Question: Deficit spending hinders growth

AND you can’t spend infinite money.

Talgo 21 – Socialism Research Fellow the Heartland Instittue, Talgo taught U.S. history and American government for five years in Bluffton, South Carolina. He served on the Town of Bluffton Accommodations Tax Committee and was elected precinct delegate for his voting district.

MMT is ludicrous deficit spending  is a  hindrance to economic growth  that impoverishes despite what MMT claim printing money will cause inflation the claim ignores dark history of monetization  leading  to hyperinflation in  Austria, Hungary, Poland, and Weimar Germany The same occurred in Brazil, Venezuela and Zimbabwe


Question: printing money will cause inflation

AND you can’t spend infinite money.

Talgo 21 – Socialism Research Fellow the Heartland Instittue, Talgo taught U.S. history and American government for five years in Bluffton, South Carolina. He served on the Town of Bluffton Accommodations Tax Committee and was elected precinct delegate for his voting district.

MMT is ludicrous deficit spending  is a  hindrance to economic growth  that impoverishes despite what MMT claim printing money will cause inflation the claim ignores dark history of monetization  leading  to hyperinflation in  Austria, Hungary, Poland, and Weimar Germany The same occurred in Brazil, Venezuela and Zimbabwe


Question: MMT hyperinflation

AND you can’t spend infinite money.

Talgo 21 – Socialism Research Fellow the Heartland Instittue, Talgo taught U.S. history and American government for five years in Bluffton, South Carolina. He served on the Town of Bluffton Accommodations Tax Committee and was elected precinct delegate for his voting district.

MMT is ludicrous deficit spending  is a  hindrance to economic growth  that impoverishes despite what MMT claim printing money will cause inflation the claim ignores dark history of monetization  leading  to hyperinflation in  Austria, Hungary, Poland, and Weimar Germany The same occurred in Brazil, Venezuela and Zimbabwe


Question: dark history of monetization

AND you can’t spend infinite money.

Talgo 21 – Socialism Research Fellow the Heartland Instittue, Talgo taught U.S. history and American government for five years in Bluffton, South Carolina. He served on the Town of Bluffton Accommodations Tax Committee and was elected precinct delegate for his voting district.

MMT is ludicrous deficit spending  is a  hindrance to economic growth  that impoverishes despite what MMT claim printing money will cause inflation the claim ignores dark history of monetization  leading  to hyperinflation in  Austria, Hungary, Poland, and Weimar Germany The same occurred in Brazil, Venezuela and Zimbabwe


Question: Trump guts pandemic preparedness

Trump 2.0 guts global pandemic preparedness.

Tollefson 3-6, *senior US correspondent, B.A. from the University of Wyoming, Knight Science Journalism Fellowship at MIT **M.A. from the London School of Economics and Political Science ***B.S. from Brown University, biomedical sciences reporter ****M.A. from Columbia University. (*Jeff **Natasha Gilbert ***Max Kozlov ****Mariana Lenharo, 3-6-2024, “Trump versus Biden: what the rematch could mean for three key science issues,” Nature, https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-00657-w)

The U S role in global health is at stake Trump pulled the U S out of WHO Biden has done a lot to undo that will likely see a slip back if Trump were elected again


Question: Tollefson pandemic preparedness

Trump 2.0 guts global pandemic preparedness.

Tollefson 3-6, *senior US correspondent, B.A. from the University of Wyoming, Knight Science Journalism Fellowship at MIT **M.A. from the London School of Economics and Political Science ***B.S. from Brown University, biomedical sciences reporter ****M.A. from Columbia University. (*Jeff **Natasha Gilbert ***Max Kozlov ****Mariana Lenharo, 3-6-2024, “Trump versus Biden: what the rematch could mean for three key science issues,” Nature, https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-00657-w)

The U S role in global health is at stake Trump pulled the U S out of WHO Biden has done a lot to undo that will likely see a slip back if Trump were elected again


Question: Jeff Tollefson

Trump 2.0 guts global pandemic preparedness.

Tollefson 3-6, *senior US correspondent, B.A. from the University of Wyoming, Knight Science Journalism Fellowship at MIT **M.A. from the London School of Economics and Political Science ***B.S. from Brown University, biomedical sciences reporter ****M.A. from Columbia University. (*Jeff **Natasha Gilbert ***Max Kozlov ****Mariana Lenharo, 3-6-2024, “Trump versus Biden: what the rematch could mean for three key science issues,” Nature, https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-00657-w)

The U S role in global health is at stake Trump pulled the U S out of WHO Biden has done a lot to undo that will likely see a slip back if Trump were elected again


Question: Trump pull out of WHO

Trump 2.0 guts global pandemic preparedness.

Tollefson 3-6, *senior US correspondent, B.A. from the University of Wyoming, Knight Science Journalism Fellowship at MIT **M.A. from the London School of Economics and Political Science ***B.S. from Brown University, biomedical sciences reporter ****M.A. from Columbia University. (*Jeff **Natasha Gilbert ***Max Kozlov ****Mariana Lenharo, 3-6-2024, “Trump versus Biden: what the rematch could mean for three key science issues,” Nature, https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-00657-w)

The U S role in global health is at stake Trump pulled the U S out of WHO Biden has done a lot to undo that will likely see a slip back if Trump were elected again


Question: Trump 2.0 global health

Trump 2.0 guts global pandemic preparedness.

Tollefson 3-6, *senior US correspondent, B.A. from the University of Wyoming, Knight Science Journalism Fellowship at MIT **M.A. from the London School of Economics and Political Science ***B.S. from Brown University, biomedical sciences reporter ****M.A. from Columbia University. (*Jeff **Natasha Gilbert ***Max Kozlov ****Mariana Lenharo, 3-6-2024, “Trump versus Biden: what the rematch could mean for three key science issues,” Nature, https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-00657-w)

The U S role in global health is at stake Trump pulled the U S out of WHO Biden has done a lot to undo that will likely see a slip back if Trump were elected again


Question: environmental injustice through state engagement

Challenging environmental injustice through state engagement is key – that includes action through the court

NoiseCat 16 (Julian Brave - enrolled member of the Canim Lake Band Tsq'escen in British Columbia where he was nominated to run for Chief in 2014 AND a graduate of Columbia University and the University of Oxford, “The Indigenous Revolution,” 11/24/16, https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/11/standing-rock-dakota-access-pipeline-obama/)

Movements working to reshape environmental policy will be of importance to indigenous people. the “Keep It in the Ground” movement can weaken and undermine companies seeking to exploit fossil fuels on indigenous lands.  Regulations that dismantle financial instruments and policies that profit from natural resource speculation could divert and damage returns on capital flows. indigenous nations that use their unique standing to advocate for viable alternatives to unjust systems will gain supporters. As long as indigenous people make this argument, we are positioned to win policies, court decisions, and international agreements that protect and enlarge our sovereignty and jurisdiction. Longstanding alliances with progressive parties and politicians are key to our success. Native people have worked elected officials like Bernie Sanders to advance bills like the Save Oak Flat Act, which aimed to stop an international mining conglomerate


Question: NoiseCat 16

Challenging environmental injustice through state engagement is key – that includes action through the court

NoiseCat 16 (Julian Brave - enrolled member of the Canim Lake Band Tsq'escen in British Columbia where he was nominated to run for Chief in 2014 AND a graduate of Columbia University and the University of Oxford, “The Indigenous Revolution,” 11/24/16, https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/11/standing-rock-dakota-access-pipeline-obama/)

Movements working to reshape environmental policy will be of importance to indigenous people. the “Keep It in the Ground” movement can weaken and undermine companies seeking to exploit fossil fuels on indigenous lands.  Regulations that dismantle financial instruments and policies that profit from natural resource speculation could divert and damage returns on capital flows. indigenous nations that use their unique standing to advocate for viable alternatives to unjust systems will gain supporters. As long as indigenous people make this argument, we are positioned to win policies, court decisions, and international agreements that protect and enlarge our sovereignty and jurisdiction. Longstanding alliances with progressive parties and politicians are key to our success. Native people have worked elected officials like Bernie Sanders to advance bills like the Save Oak Flat Act, which aimed to stop an international mining conglomerate


Question: Julian Brave NoiseCat

Challenging environmental injustice through state engagement is key – that includes action through the court

NoiseCat 16 (Julian Brave - enrolled member of the Canim Lake Band Tsq'escen in British Columbia where he was nominated to run for Chief in 2014 AND a graduate of Columbia University and the University of Oxford, “The Indigenous Revolution,” 11/24/16, https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/11/standing-rock-dakota-access-pipeline-obama/)

Movements working to reshape environmental policy will be of importance to indigenous people. the “Keep It in the Ground” movement can weaken and undermine companies seeking to exploit fossil fuels on indigenous lands.  Regulations that dismantle financial instruments and policies that profit from natural resource speculation could divert and damage returns on capital flows. indigenous nations that use their unique standing to advocate for viable alternatives to unjust systems will gain supporters. As long as indigenous people make this argument, we are positioned to win policies, court decisions, and international agreements that protect and enlarge our sovereignty and jurisdiction. Longstanding alliances with progressive parties and politicians are key to our success. Native people have worked elected officials like Bernie Sanders to advance bills like the Save Oak Flat Act, which aimed to stop an international mining conglomerate


Question: indigenous people environmental policy

Challenging environmental injustice through state engagement is key – that includes action through the court

NoiseCat 16 (Julian Brave - enrolled member of the Canim Lake Band Tsq'escen in British Columbia where he was nominated to run for Chief in 2014 AND a graduate of Columbia University and the University of Oxford, “The Indigenous Revolution,” 11/24/16, https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/11/standing-rock-dakota-access-pipeline-obama/)

Movements working to reshape environmental policy will be of importance to indigenous people. the “Keep It in the Ground” movement can weaken and undermine companies seeking to exploit fossil fuels on indigenous lands.  Regulations that dismantle financial instruments and policies that profit from natural resource speculation could divert and damage returns on capital flows. indigenous nations that use their unique standing to advocate for viable alternatives to unjust systems will gain supporters. As long as indigenous people make this argument, we are positioned to win policies, court decisions, and international agreements that protect and enlarge our sovereignty and jurisdiction. Longstanding alliances with progressive parties and politicians are key to our success. Native people have worked elected officials like Bernie Sanders to advance bills like the Save Oak Flat Act, which aimed to stop an international mining conglomerate


Question: Keep It in the Ground movement

Challenging environmental injustice through state engagement is key – that includes action through the court

NoiseCat 16 (Julian Brave - enrolled member of the Canim Lake Band Tsq'escen in British Columbia where he was nominated to run for Chief in 2014 AND a graduate of Columbia University and the University of Oxford, “The Indigenous Revolution,” 11/24/16, https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/11/standing-rock-dakota-access-pipeline-obama/)

Movements working to reshape environmental policy will be of importance to indigenous people. the “Keep It in the Ground” movement can weaken and undermine companies seeking to exploit fossil fuels on indigenous lands.  Regulations that dismantle financial instruments and policies that profit from natural resource speculation could divert and damage returns on capital flows. indigenous nations that use their unique standing to advocate for viable alternatives to unjust systems will gain supporters. As long as indigenous people make this argument, we are positioned to win policies, court decisions, and international agreements that protect and enlarge our sovereignty and jurisdiction. Longstanding alliances with progressive parties and politicians are key to our success. Native people have worked elected officials like Bernie Sanders to advance bills like the Save Oak Flat Act, which aimed to stop an international mining conglomerate


Question: standing rock

Challenging environmental injustice through state engagement is key – that includes action through the court

NoiseCat 16 (Julian Brave - enrolled member of the Canim Lake Band Tsq'escen in British Columbia where he was nominated to run for Chief in 2014 AND a graduate of Columbia University and the University of Oxford, “The Indigenous Revolution,” 11/24/16, https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/11/standing-rock-dakota-access-pipeline-obama/)

Movements working to reshape environmental policy will be of importance to indigenous people. the “Keep It in the Ground” movement can weaken and undermine companies seeking to exploit fossil fuels on indigenous lands.  Regulations that dismantle financial instruments and policies that profit from natural resource speculation could divert and damage returns on capital flows. indigenous nations that use their unique standing to advocate for viable alternatives to unjust systems will gain supporters. As long as indigenous people make this argument, we are positioned to win policies, court decisions, and international agreements that protect and enlarge our sovereignty and jurisdiction. Longstanding alliances with progressive parties and politicians are key to our success. Native people have worked elected officials like Bernie Sanders to advance bills like the Save Oak Flat Act, which aimed to stop an international mining conglomerate


Question: indigenous sovereignty and jurisdiction

Challenging environmental injustice through state engagement is key – that includes action through the court

NoiseCat 16 (Julian Brave - enrolled member of the Canim Lake Band Tsq'escen in British Columbia where he was nominated to run for Chief in 2014 AND a graduate of Columbia University and the University of Oxford, “The Indigenous Revolution,” 11/24/16, https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/11/standing-rock-dakota-access-pipeline-obama/)

Movements working to reshape environmental policy will be of importance to indigenous people. the “Keep It in the Ground” movement can weaken and undermine companies seeking to exploit fossil fuels on indigenous lands.  Regulations that dismantle financial instruments and policies that profit from natural resource speculation could divert and damage returns on capital flows. indigenous nations that use their unique standing to advocate for viable alternatives to unjust systems will gain supporters. As long as indigenous people make this argument, we are positioned to win policies, court decisions, and international agreements that protect and enlarge our sovereignty and jurisdiction. Longstanding alliances with progressive parties and politicians are key to our success. Native people have worked elected officials like Bernie Sanders to advance bills like the Save Oak Flat Act, which aimed to stop an international mining conglomerate


Question: environmental policy indigenous people

Challenging environmental injustice through state engagement is key – that includes action through the court

NoiseCat 16 (Julian Brave - enrolled member of the Canim Lake Band Tsq'escen in British Columbia where he was nominated to run for Chief in 2014 AND a graduate of Columbia University and the University of Oxford, “The Indigenous Revolution,” 11/24/16, https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/11/standing-rock-dakota-access-pipeline-obama/)

Movements working to reshape environmental policy will be of importance to indigenous people. the “Keep It in the Ground” movement can weaken and undermine companies seeking to exploit fossil fuels on indigenous lands.  Regulations that dismantle financial instruments and policies that profit from natural resource speculation could divert and damage returns on capital flows. indigenous nations that use their unique standing to advocate for viable alternatives to unjust systems will gain supporters. As long as indigenous people make this argument, we are positioned to win policies, court decisions, and international agreements that protect and enlarge our sovereignty and jurisdiction. Longstanding alliances with progressive parties and politicians are key to our success. Native people have worked elected officials like Bernie Sanders to advance bills like the Save Oak Flat Act, which aimed to stop an international mining conglomerate


Question: Topic specific solvency advocacy checks

Topic specific solvency advocacy checks – proves they exclude core topic research and predictable neg ground – that’s the 1NC solvency ev – heres more

Wiseman and Osofsky 16 [Hannah J. Wiseman** and Hari M. Osofsky* ** Attorneys' Title Professor, Florida State University College of Law. J.D., Yale Law School, A.B., Dartmouth College. * Professor, University of Minnesota Law School; Faculty Director, Energy Transition Lab; Director, Joint Degree Program in Law, Science & Technology; Faculty Member, Conservation Biology Graduate Program; Adjunct Professor, Department of Geography, Environment and Society; and Fellow, Institute on the Environment Ecology Law Quarterly, “Regional Energy Governance and U.S. Carbon Emissions”, lexis]

states may combine individual emission goals into one multistate plan States would then collaborate states could establish a multistate cap existing state plans include regional carbon trading, such as the RGGI Rehighlighting Below China’s leadership has prioritized growth of green energy Clean energy investment rose 40 percent year-on-year to $890 billion in 2023, laser focus led China to dominate clean energy position China as the global supplier on which other countries rely continued flooding the market with below-market-cost products China controls 80 percent of solar supply chain the “new three” sectors , China commands 80 percent of battery cells and 60 percen t of EV market putting China in a prime position to leverage advantages against the U.S.


Question: Wiseman and Osofsky 16

Topic specific solvency advocacy checks – proves they exclude core topic research and predictable neg ground – that’s the 1NC solvency ev – heres more

Wiseman and Osofsky 16 [Hannah J. Wiseman** and Hari M. Osofsky* ** Attorneys' Title Professor, Florida State University College of Law. J.D., Yale Law School, A.B., Dartmouth College. * Professor, University of Minnesota Law School; Faculty Director, Energy Transition Lab; Director, Joint Degree Program in Law, Science & Technology; Faculty Member, Conservation Biology Graduate Program; Adjunct Professor, Department of Geography, Environment and Society; and Fellow, Institute on the Environment Ecology Law Quarterly, “Regional Energy Governance and U.S. Carbon Emissions”, lexis]

states may combine individual emission goals into one multistate plan States would then collaborate states could establish a multistate cap existing state plans include regional carbon trading, such as the RGGI Rehighlighting Below China’s leadership has prioritized growth of green energy Clean energy investment rose 40 percent year-on-year to $890 billion in 2023, laser focus led China to dominate clean energy position China as the global supplier on which other countries rely continued flooding the market with below-market-cost products China controls 80 percent of solar supply chain the “new three” sectors , China commands 80 percent of battery cells and 60 percen t of EV market putting China in a prime position to leverage advantages against the U.S.


Question: regional energy governance

Topic specific solvency advocacy checks – proves they exclude core topic research and predictable neg ground – that’s the 1NC solvency ev – heres more

Wiseman and Osofsky 16 [Hannah J. Wiseman** and Hari M. Osofsky* ** Attorneys' Title Professor, Florida State University College of Law. J.D., Yale Law School, A.B., Dartmouth College. * Professor, University of Minnesota Law School; Faculty Director, Energy Transition Lab; Director, Joint Degree Program in Law, Science & Technology; Faculty Member, Conservation Biology Graduate Program; Adjunct Professor, Department of Geography, Environment and Society; and Fellow, Institute on the Environment Ecology Law Quarterly, “Regional Energy Governance and U.S. Carbon Emissions”, lexis]

states may combine individual emission goals into one multistate plan States would then collaborate states could establish a multistate cap existing state plans include regional carbon trading, such as the RGGI Rehighlighting Below China’s leadership has prioritized growth of green energy Clean energy investment rose 40 percent year-on-year to $890 billion in 2023, laser focus led China to dominate clean energy position China as the global supplier on which other countries rely continued flooding the market with below-market-cost products China controls 80 percent of solar supply chain the “new three” sectors , China commands 80 percent of battery cells and 60 percen t of EV market putting China in a prime position to leverage advantages against the U.S.


Question: Excludes core topic research

Topic specific solvency advocacy checks – proves they exclude core topic research and predictable neg ground – that’s the 1NC solvency ev – heres more

Wiseman and Osofsky 16 [Hannah J. Wiseman** and Hari M. Osofsky* ** Attorneys' Title Professor, Florida State University College of Law. J.D., Yale Law School, A.B., Dartmouth College. * Professor, University of Minnesota Law School; Faculty Director, Energy Transition Lab; Director, Joint Degree Program in Law, Science & Technology; Faculty Member, Conservation Biology Graduate Program; Adjunct Professor, Department of Geography, Environment and Society; and Fellow, Institute on the Environment Ecology Law Quarterly, “Regional Energy Governance and U.S. Carbon Emissions”, lexis]

states may combine individual emission goals into one multistate plan States would then collaborate states could establish a multistate cap existing state plans include regional carbon trading, such as the RGGI Rehighlighting Below China’s leadership has prioritized growth of green energy Clean energy investment rose 40 percent year-on-year to $890 billion in 2023, laser focus led China to dominate clean energy position China as the global supplier on which other countries rely continued flooding the market with below-market-cost products China controls 80 percent of solar supply chain the “new three” sectors , China commands 80 percent of battery cells and 60 percen t of EV market putting China in a prime position to leverage advantages against the U.S.


Question: state carbon emissions

Topic specific solvency advocacy checks – proves they exclude core topic research and predictable neg ground – that’s the 1NC solvency ev – heres more

Wiseman and Osofsky 16 [Hannah J. Wiseman** and Hari M. Osofsky* ** Attorneys' Title Professor, Florida State University College of Law. J.D., Yale Law School, A.B., Dartmouth College. * Professor, University of Minnesota Law School; Faculty Director, Energy Transition Lab; Director, Joint Degree Program in Law, Science & Technology; Faculty Member, Conservation Biology Graduate Program; Adjunct Professor, Department of Geography, Environment and Society; and Fellow, Institute on the Environment Ecology Law Quarterly, “Regional Energy Governance and U.S. Carbon Emissions”, lexis]

states may combine individual emission goals into one multistate plan States would then collaborate states could establish a multistate cap existing state plans include regional carbon trading, such as the RGGI Rehighlighting Below China’s leadership has prioritized growth of green energy Clean energy investment rose 40 percent year-on-year to $890 billion in 2023, laser focus led China to dominate clean energy position China as the global supplier on which other countries rely continued flooding the market with below-market-cost products China controls 80 percent of solar supply chain the “new three” sectors , China commands 80 percent of battery cells and 60 percen t of EV market putting China in a prime position to leverage advantages against the U.S.


Question: states multistate plan

Topic specific solvency advocacy checks – proves they exclude core topic research and predictable neg ground – that’s the 1NC solvency ev – heres more

Wiseman and Osofsky 16 [Hannah J. Wiseman** and Hari M. Osofsky* ** Attorneys' Title Professor, Florida State University College of Law. J.D., Yale Law School, A.B., Dartmouth College. * Professor, University of Minnesota Law School; Faculty Director, Energy Transition Lab; Director, Joint Degree Program in Law, Science & Technology; Faculty Member, Conservation Biology Graduate Program; Adjunct Professor, Department of Geography, Environment and Society; and Fellow, Institute on the Environment Ecology Law Quarterly, “Regional Energy Governance and U.S. Carbon Emissions”, lexis]

states may combine individual emission goals into one multistate plan States would then collaborate states could establish a multistate cap existing state plans include regional carbon trading, such as the RGGI Rehighlighting Below China’s leadership has prioritized growth of green energy Clean energy investment rose 40 percent year-on-year to $890 billion in 2023, laser focus led China to dominate clean energy position China as the global supplier on which other countries rely continued flooding the market with below-market-cost products China controls 80 percent of solar supply chain the “new three” sectors , China commands 80 percent of battery cells and 60 percen t of EV market putting China in a prime position to leverage advantages against the U.S.


Question: China green energy leadership

Topic specific solvency advocacy checks – proves they exclude core topic research and predictable neg ground – that’s the 1NC solvency ev – heres more

Wiseman and Osofsky 16 [Hannah J. Wiseman** and Hari M. Osofsky* ** Attorneys' Title Professor, Florida State University College of Law. J.D., Yale Law School, A.B., Dartmouth College. * Professor, University of Minnesota Law School; Faculty Director, Energy Transition Lab; Director, Joint Degree Program in Law, Science & Technology; Faculty Member, Conservation Biology Graduate Program; Adjunct Professor, Department of Geography, Environment and Society; and Fellow, Institute on the Environment Ecology Law Quarterly, “Regional Energy Governance and U.S. Carbon Emissions”, lexis]

states may combine individual emission goals into one multistate plan States would then collaborate states could establish a multistate cap existing state plans include regional carbon trading, such as the RGGI Rehighlighting Below China’s leadership has prioritized growth of green energy Clean energy investment rose 40 percent year-on-year to $890 billion in 2023, laser focus led China to dominate clean energy position China as the global supplier on which other countries rely continued flooding the market with below-market-cost products China controls 80 percent of solar supply chain the “new three” sectors , China commands 80 percent of battery cells and 60 percen t of EV market putting China in a prime position to leverage advantages against the U.S.


Question: China dominates clean energy

Topic specific solvency advocacy checks – proves they exclude core topic research and predictable neg ground – that’s the 1NC solvency ev – heres more

Wiseman and Osofsky 16 [Hannah J. Wiseman** and Hari M. Osofsky* ** Attorneys' Title Professor, Florida State University College of Law. J.D., Yale Law School, A.B., Dartmouth College. * Professor, University of Minnesota Law School; Faculty Director, Energy Transition Lab; Director, Joint Degree Program in Law, Science & Technology; Faculty Member, Conservation Biology Graduate Program; Adjunct Professor, Department of Geography, Environment and Society; and Fellow, Institute on the Environment Ecology Law Quarterly, “Regional Energy Governance and U.S. Carbon Emissions”, lexis]

states may combine individual emission goals into one multistate plan States would then collaborate states could establish a multistate cap existing state plans include regional carbon trading, such as the RGGI Rehighlighting Below China’s leadership has prioritized growth of green energy Clean energy investment rose 40 percent year-on-year to $890 billion in 2023, laser focus led China to dominate clean energy position China as the global supplier on which other countries rely continued flooding the market with below-market-cost products China controls 80 percent of solar supply chain the “new three” sectors , China commands 80 percent of battery cells and 60 percen t of EV market putting China in a prime position to leverage advantages against the U.S.


Question: Empirical reflection moral judgements

1. Only empirical reflection can produce moral judgements.

Gertler 18, Provost for Academic Affairs and Commonwealth Professor in the Corcoran Department of Philosophy at the University of Virginia. (Brie, 2018, “Self-Knowledge and Rational Agency: A Defense of Empiricism,” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Volume XCVI, Number 1, https://doi.org/10.1111/phpr.12288)

empiricist has internalist options for epistemic position her beliefs conform to evidence this conformance derive from introspection detached have weaker evidence between beliefs and evidence empiricist can explain transparency as a way of determining believes or intends attitudes are sensitive to reasons fundamental difference between the two lie in how each reasons affect their attitudes


Question: Gertler 18

1. Only empirical reflection can produce moral judgements.

Gertler 18, Provost for Academic Affairs and Commonwealth Professor in the Corcoran Department of Philosophy at the University of Virginia. (Brie, 2018, “Self-Knowledge and Rational Agency: A Defense of Empiricism,” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Volume XCVI, Number 1, https://doi.org/10.1111/phpr.12288)

empiricist has internalist options for epistemic position her beliefs conform to evidence this conformance derive from introspection detached have weaker evidence between beliefs and evidence empiricist can explain transparency as a way of determining believes or intends attitudes are sensitive to reasons fundamental difference between the two lie in how each reasons affect their attitudes


Question: Brie Gertler

1. Only empirical reflection can produce moral judgements.

Gertler 18, Provost for Academic Affairs and Commonwealth Professor in the Corcoran Department of Philosophy at the University of Virginia. (Brie, 2018, “Self-Knowledge and Rational Agency: A Defense of Empiricism,” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Volume XCVI, Number 1, https://doi.org/10.1111/phpr.12288)

empiricist has internalist options for epistemic position her beliefs conform to evidence this conformance derive from introspection detached have weaker evidence between beliefs and evidence empiricist can explain transparency as a way of determining believes or intends attitudes are sensitive to reasons fundamental difference between the two lie in how each reasons affect their attitudes


Question: Empiricist internalist options

1. Only empirical reflection can produce moral judgements.

Gertler 18, Provost for Academic Affairs and Commonwealth Professor in the Corcoran Department of Philosophy at the University of Virginia. (Brie, 2018, “Self-Knowledge and Rational Agency: A Defense of Empiricism,” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Volume XCVI, Number 1, https://doi.org/10.1111/phpr.12288)

empiricist has internalist options for epistemic position her beliefs conform to evidence this conformance derive from introspection detached have weaker evidence between beliefs and evidence empiricist can explain transparency as a way of determining believes or intends attitudes are sensitive to reasons fundamental difference between the two lie in how each reasons affect their attitudes


Question: beliefs conform to evidence

1. Only empirical reflection can produce moral judgements.

Gertler 18, Provost for Academic Affairs and Commonwealth Professor in the Corcoran Department of Philosophy at the University of Virginia. (Brie, 2018, “Self-Knowledge and Rational Agency: A Defense of Empiricism,” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Volume XCVI, Number 1, https://doi.org/10.1111/phpr.12288)

empiricist has internalist options for epistemic position her beliefs conform to evidence this conformance derive from introspection detached have weaker evidence between beliefs and evidence empiricist can explain transparency as a way of determining believes or intends attitudes are sensitive to reasons fundamental difference between the two lie in how each reasons affect their attitudes


Question: introspection and transparency

1. Only empirical reflection can produce moral judgements.

Gertler 18, Provost for Academic Affairs and Commonwealth Professor in the Corcoran Department of Philosophy at the University of Virginia. (Brie, 2018, “Self-Knowledge and Rational Agency: A Defense of Empiricism,” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Volume XCVI, Number 1, https://doi.org/10.1111/phpr.12288)

empiricist has internalist options for epistemic position her beliefs conform to evidence this conformance derive from introspection detached have weaker evidence between beliefs and evidence empiricist can explain transparency as a way of determining believes or intends attitudes are sensitive to reasons fundamental difference between the two lie in how each reasons affect their attitudes


Question: rational agency empiricism

1. Only empirical reflection can produce moral judgements.

Gertler 18, Provost for Academic Affairs and Commonwealth Professor in the Corcoran Department of Philosophy at the University of Virginia. (Brie, 2018, “Self-Knowledge and Rational Agency: A Defense of Empiricism,” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Volume XCVI, Number 1, https://doi.org/10.1111/phpr.12288)

empiricist has internalist options for epistemic position her beliefs conform to evidence this conformance derive from introspection detached have weaker evidence between beliefs and evidence empiricist can explain transparency as a way of determining believes or intends attitudes are sensitive to reasons fundamental difference between the two lie in how each reasons affect their attitudes


Question: RFS penalties Clean Air Act

The RFS does not itself statutorily require penalties of any kind for violation. Instead, the EPA has authority to assign civil penalties pursuant to the Clean Air Act.

40 CFR Section 80 – 40 CFR § 80.1463 - What penalties apply under the RFS program?, https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/40/80.1463

Any person who is liable is subject to a civil penalty as specified in the Clean Air Act


Question: 40 CFR Section 80

The RFS does not itself statutorily require penalties of any kind for violation. Instead, the EPA has authority to assign civil penalties pursuant to the Clean Air Act.

40 CFR Section 80 – 40 CFR § 80.1463 - What penalties apply under the RFS program?, https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/40/80.1463

Any person who is liable is subject to a civil penalty as specified in the Clean Air Act


Question: RFS penalties

The RFS does not itself statutorily require penalties of any kind for violation. Instead, the EPA has authority to assign civil penalties pursuant to the Clean Air Act.

40 CFR Section 80 – 40 CFR § 80.1463 - What penalties apply under the RFS program?, https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/40/80.1463

Any person who is liable is subject to a civil penalty as specified in the Clean Air Act


Question: EPA has authority to assign civil penalties

The RFS does not itself statutorily require penalties of any kind for violation. Instead, the EPA has authority to assign civil penalties pursuant to the Clean Air Act.

40 CFR Section 80 – 40 CFR § 80.1463 - What penalties apply under the RFS program?, https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/40/80.1463

Any person who is liable is subject to a civil penalty as specified in the Clean Air Act


Question: Clean Air Act RFS penalties

The RFS does not itself statutorily require penalties of any kind for violation. Instead, the EPA has authority to assign civil penalties pursuant to the Clean Air Act.

40 CFR Section 80 – 40 CFR § 80.1463 - What penalties apply under the RFS program?, https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/40/80.1463

Any person who is liable is subject to a civil penalty as specified in the Clean Air Act


Question: civil penalty under RFS program

The RFS does not itself statutorily require penalties of any kind for violation. Instead, the EPA has authority to assign civil penalties pursuant to the Clean Air Act.

40 CFR Section 80 – 40 CFR § 80.1463 - What penalties apply under the RFS program?, https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/40/80.1463

Any person who is liable is subject to a civil penalty as specified in the Clean Air Act


Question: Compacts cornerstone of energy policy

Compacts have been the cornerstone of energy policy.

Kevin J. Heron 85  (J.D., 1983, The National Law Center, George Washington University; B.S. in Economics, 1980, Villanova University; Staff Attorney, Pacific Legal Foundation. “The Interstate Compact in Transition: From Cooperative State Action to Congressionally Coerced Agreements” Fall 1985 https://scholarship.law.stjohns.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2049&context=lawreview)//conway

1930's, compacts with  relative  frequency assume national significance . The Compact for Parolees had a nationwide membership . the Oil Compact , essentially the precursor  to energy conservation efforts participation by all states


Question: Heron 85

Compacts have been the cornerstone of energy policy.

Kevin J. Heron 85  (J.D., 1983, The National Law Center, George Washington University; B.S. in Economics, 1980, Villanova University; Staff Attorney, Pacific Legal Foundation. “The Interstate Compact in Transition: From Cooperative State Action to Congressionally Coerced Agreements” Fall 1985 https://scholarship.law.stjohns.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2049&context=lawreview)//conway

1930's, compacts with  relative  frequency assume national significance . The Compact for Parolees had a nationwide membership . the Oil Compact , essentially the precursor  to energy conservation efforts participation by all states


Question: Kevin Heron

Compacts have been the cornerstone of energy policy.

Kevin J. Heron 85  (J.D., 1983, The National Law Center, George Washington University; B.S. in Economics, 1980, Villanova University; Staff Attorney, Pacific Legal Foundation. “The Interstate Compact in Transition: From Cooperative State Action to Congressionally Coerced Agreements” Fall 1985 https://scholarship.law.stjohns.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2049&context=lawreview)//conway

1930's, compacts with  relative  frequency assume national significance . The Compact for Parolees had a nationwide membership . the Oil Compact , essentially the precursor  to energy conservation efforts participation by all states


Question: Compacts national significance

Compacts have been the cornerstone of energy policy.

Kevin J. Heron 85  (J.D., 1983, The National Law Center, George Washington University; B.S. in Economics, 1980, Villanova University; Staff Attorney, Pacific Legal Foundation. “The Interstate Compact in Transition: From Cooperative State Action to Congressionally Coerced Agreements” Fall 1985 https://scholarship.law.stjohns.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2049&context=lawreview)//conway

1930's, compacts with  relative  frequency assume national significance . The Compact for Parolees had a nationwide membership . the Oil Compact , essentially the precursor  to energy conservation efforts participation by all states


Question: compact for parolees

Compacts have been the cornerstone of energy policy.

Kevin J. Heron 85  (J.D., 1983, The National Law Center, George Washington University; B.S. in Economics, 1980, Villanova University; Staff Attorney, Pacific Legal Foundation. “The Interstate Compact in Transition: From Cooperative State Action to Congressionally Coerced Agreements” Fall 1985 https://scholarship.law.stjohns.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2049&context=lawreview)//conway

1930's, compacts with  relative  frequency assume national significance . The Compact for Parolees had a nationwide membership . the Oil Compact , essentially the precursor  to energy conservation efforts participation by all states


Question: oil compact

Compacts have been the cornerstone of energy policy.

Kevin J. Heron 85  (J.D., 1983, The National Law Center, George Washington University; B.S. in Economics, 1980, Villanova University; Staff Attorney, Pacific Legal Foundation. “The Interstate Compact in Transition: From Cooperative State Action to Congressionally Coerced Agreements” Fall 1985 https://scholarship.law.stjohns.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2049&context=lawreview)//conway

1930's, compacts with  relative  frequency assume national significance . The Compact for Parolees had a nationwide membership . the Oil Compact , essentially the precursor  to energy conservation efforts participation by all states


Question: compacts energy policy

Compacts have been the cornerstone of energy policy.

Kevin J. Heron 85  (J.D., 1983, The National Law Center, George Washington University; B.S. in Economics, 1980, Villanova University; Staff Attorney, Pacific Legal Foundation. “The Interstate Compact in Transition: From Cooperative State Action to Congressionally Coerced Agreements” Fall 1985 https://scholarship.law.stjohns.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2049&context=lawreview)//conway

1930's, compacts with  relative  frequency assume national significance . The Compact for Parolees had a nationwide membership . the Oil Compact , essentially the precursor  to energy conservation efforts participation by all states


Question: AND, shatters law’s commodity form

AND, shatters law’s commodity form

Fornasari 24 [Riccardo Fornasari, temporary teaching and research associate at Paris Nanterre University, former post-doc researcher at University of Bologna, PhD private law, University of Bologna and University of Paris Nanterre, LLM Dickson Poon School of Law, King’s College London, “The legal form of climate change litigation,” Journal of Law and Political Economy, forthcoming 2024, https://hal.science/hal-04431595/]

huge difference  between regulations  redistribut resources and directly contrast with accumulation does not make a system anticapitalist However it is an anomaly plaintiff asks for monetary compensation loss is evaluated in terms of exchange value may be decisions that do not favor the powerful but legal form is based on commodity form because of this cannot usually have anti-systemic applications neoliberal constitutional law structures the State anti-systemic when p laintiffs do not claim reparation but force to comply with climate mitigation has a specific outcome, irrespective of economic effects demand is radically alien to the commodity form concerns the whole capitalist cycle of production and directly challenges accumulation when argument is framed through the individual risk of individualization from mobilization of rights is reversed no correspondence between legal personality and rights protected , which exceed the individual Even though mediated through law's language a non-reformist reform


Question: Fornasari 24

AND, shatters law’s commodity form

Fornasari 24 [Riccardo Fornasari, temporary teaching and research associate at Paris Nanterre University, former post-doc researcher at University of Bologna, PhD private law, University of Bologna and University of Paris Nanterre, LLM Dickson Poon School of Law, King’s College London, “The legal form of climate change litigation,” Journal of Law and Political Economy, forthcoming 2024, https://hal.science/hal-04431595/]

huge difference  between regulations  redistribut resources and directly contrast with accumulation does not make a system anticapitalist However it is an anomaly plaintiff asks for monetary compensation loss is evaluated in terms of exchange value may be decisions that do not favor the powerful but legal form is based on commodity form because of this cannot usually have anti-systemic applications neoliberal constitutional law structures the State anti-systemic when p laintiffs do not claim reparation but force to comply with climate mitigation has a specific outcome, irrespective of economic effects demand is radically alien to the commodity form concerns the whole capitalist cycle of production and directly challenges accumulation when argument is framed through the individual risk of individualization from mobilization of rights is reversed no correspondence between legal personality and rights protected , which exceed the individual Even though mediated through law's language a non-reformist reform


Question: Riccardo Fornasari climate change litigation

AND, shatters law’s commodity form

Fornasari 24 [Riccardo Fornasari, temporary teaching and research associate at Paris Nanterre University, former post-doc researcher at University of Bologna, PhD private law, University of Bologna and University of Paris Nanterre, LLM Dickson Poon School of Law, King’s College London, “The legal form of climate change litigation,” Journal of Law and Political Economy, forthcoming 2024, https://hal.science/hal-04431595/]

huge difference  between regulations  redistribut resources and directly contrast with accumulation does not make a system anticapitalist However it is an anomaly plaintiff asks for monetary compensation loss is evaluated in terms of exchange value may be decisions that do not favor the powerful but legal form is based on commodity form because of this cannot usually have anti-systemic applications neoliberal constitutional law structures the State anti-systemic when p laintiffs do not claim reparation but force to comply with climate mitigation has a specific outcome, irrespective of economic effects demand is radically alien to the commodity form concerns the whole capitalist cycle of production and directly challenges accumulation when argument is framed through the individual risk of individualization from mobilization of rights is reversed no correspondence between legal personality and rights protected , which exceed the individual Even though mediated through law's language a non-reformist reform


Question: climate mitigation demand

AND, shatters law’s commodity form

Fornasari 24 [Riccardo Fornasari, temporary teaching and research associate at Paris Nanterre University, former post-doc researcher at University of Bologna, PhD private law, University of Bologna and University of Paris Nanterre, LLM Dickson Poon School of Law, King’s College London, “The legal form of climate change litigation,” Journal of Law and Political Economy, forthcoming 2024, https://hal.science/hal-04431595/]

huge difference  between regulations  redistribut resources and directly contrast with accumulation does not make a system anticapitalist However it is an anomaly plaintiff asks for monetary compensation loss is evaluated in terms of exchange value may be decisions that do not favor the powerful but legal form is based on commodity form because of this cannot usually have anti-systemic applications neoliberal constitutional law structures the State anti-systemic when p laintiffs do not claim reparation but force to comply with climate mitigation has a specific outcome, irrespective of economic effects demand is radically alien to the commodity form concerns the whole capitalist cycle of production and directly challenges accumulation when argument is framed through the individual risk of individualization from mobilization of rights is reversed no correspondence between legal personality and rights protected , which exceed the individual Even though mediated through law's language a non-reformist reform


Question: anti-systemic applications

AND, shatters law’s commodity form

Fornasari 24 [Riccardo Fornasari, temporary teaching and research associate at Paris Nanterre University, former post-doc researcher at University of Bologna, PhD private law, University of Bologna and University of Paris Nanterre, LLM Dickson Poon School of Law, King’s College London, “The legal form of climate change litigation,” Journal of Law and Political Economy, forthcoming 2024, https://hal.science/hal-04431595/]

huge difference  between regulations  redistribut resources and directly contrast with accumulation does not make a system anticapitalist However it is an anomaly plaintiff asks for monetary compensation loss is evaluated in terms of exchange value may be decisions that do not favor the powerful but legal form is based on commodity form because of this cannot usually have anti-systemic applications neoliberal constitutional law structures the State anti-systemic when p laintiffs do not claim reparation but force to comply with climate mitigation has a specific outcome, irrespective of economic effects demand is radically alien to the commodity form concerns the whole capitalist cycle of production and directly challenges accumulation when argument is framed through the individual risk of individualization from mobilization of rights is reversed no correspondence between legal personality and rights protected , which exceed the individual Even though mediated through law's language a non-reformist reform


Question: legal form commodity form

AND, shatters law’s commodity form

Fornasari 24 [Riccardo Fornasari, temporary teaching and research associate at Paris Nanterre University, former post-doc researcher at University of Bologna, PhD private law, University of Bologna and University of Paris Nanterre, LLM Dickson Poon School of Law, King’s College London, “The legal form of climate change litigation,” Journal of Law and Political Economy, forthcoming 2024, https://hal.science/hal-04431595/]

huge difference  between regulations  redistribut resources and directly contrast with accumulation does not make a system anticapitalist However it is an anomaly plaintiff asks for monetary compensation loss is evaluated in terms of exchange value may be decisions that do not favor the powerful but legal form is based on commodity form because of this cannot usually have anti-systemic applications neoliberal constitutional law structures the State anti-systemic when p laintiffs do not claim reparation but force to comply with climate mitigation has a specific outcome, irrespective of economic effects demand is radically alien to the commodity form concerns the whole capitalist cycle of production and directly challenges accumulation when argument is framed through the individual risk of individualization from mobilization of rights is reversed no correspondence between legal personality and rights protected , which exceed the individual Even though mediated through law's language a non-reformist reform


Question: challenges accumulation

AND, shatters law’s commodity form

Fornasari 24 [Riccardo Fornasari, temporary teaching and research associate at Paris Nanterre University, former post-doc researcher at University of Bologna, PhD private law, University of Bologna and University of Paris Nanterre, LLM Dickson Poon School of Law, King’s College London, “The legal form of climate change litigation,” Journal of Law and Political Economy, forthcoming 2024, https://hal.science/hal-04431595/]

huge difference  between regulations  redistribut resources and directly contrast with accumulation does not make a system anticapitalist However it is an anomaly plaintiff asks for monetary compensation loss is evaluated in terms of exchange value may be decisions that do not favor the powerful but legal form is based on commodity form because of this cannot usually have anti-systemic applications neoliberal constitutional law structures the State anti-systemic when p laintiffs do not claim reparation but force to comply with climate mitigation has a specific outcome, irrespective of economic effects demand is radically alien to the commodity form concerns the whole capitalist cycle of production and directly challenges accumulation when argument is framed through the individual risk of individualization from mobilization of rights is reversed no correspondence between legal personality and rights protected , which exceed the individual Even though mediated through law's language a non-reformist reform


Question: Trade is an authoritarian weapon

Trade is an authoritarian geopolitical weapon. Severing dependence is essential to preserving global democratic resilience.

Alkebsi et al. ’24 [Abdulwahab Alkebsi; Managing Director for Programs at CIPE; Jeff Lightfoot, John Kay; Center for International Private Enterprise; April 2024; “Navigating Global Interdependence: Enhancing Economic Resilience in the Transatlantic Space”; https://www.cipe.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Navigating-Global-Interdependence.pdf; PT]

Authoritarian regimes turning to econ strategies as coercion against democracies expanding influence exploiting markets to advance strategic interests vast resources of Russia and China with positioning in the global econ enabled econ power as weapon must recognize the severity of this take action to safeguard econ sovereignty no longer just freedom also econ independence and stability Lithuania faced pressure from China Japan So Ko Australia similar experiences when Russia invaded turned Europe’s dependence  into an econ weapon to divide NATO Ukraine underscored danger of overreliance on authoritarian s we should not make the same mistakes with China growing dependence on solar  wind e v s where China dominates risks replacing one set of energy dependencies  makes it paramount governments engage proactively in econ resilience trade embargoes compromise economic stability trade flows unsettle global econ order trend among authoritarian s to leverage econ clout as weapon exert influence extract concessions


Question: Alkebsi et al. 24

Trade is an authoritarian geopolitical weapon. Severing dependence is essential to preserving global democratic resilience.

Alkebsi et al. ’24 [Abdulwahab Alkebsi; Managing Director for Programs at CIPE; Jeff Lightfoot, John Kay; Center for International Private Enterprise; April 2024; “Navigating Global Interdependence: Enhancing Economic Resilience in the Transatlantic Space”; https://www.cipe.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Navigating-Global-Interdependence.pdf; PT]

Authoritarian regimes turning to econ strategies as coercion against democracies expanding influence exploiting markets to advance strategic interests vast resources of Russia and China with positioning in the global econ enabled econ power as weapon must recognize the severity of this take action to safeguard econ sovereignty no longer just freedom also econ independence and stability Lithuania faced pressure from China Japan So Ko Australia similar experiences when Russia invaded turned Europe’s dependence  into an econ weapon to divide NATO Ukraine underscored danger of overreliance on authoritarian s we should not make the same mistakes with China growing dependence on solar  wind e v s where China dominates risks replacing one set of energy dependencies  makes it paramount governments engage proactively in econ resilience trade embargoes compromise economic stability trade flows unsettle global econ order trend among authoritarian s to leverage econ clout as weapon exert influence extract concessions


Question: Economic resilience in the transatlantic space

Trade is an authoritarian geopolitical weapon. Severing dependence is essential to preserving global democratic resilience.

Alkebsi et al. ’24 [Abdulwahab Alkebsi; Managing Director for Programs at CIPE; Jeff Lightfoot, John Kay; Center for International Private Enterprise; April 2024; “Navigating Global Interdependence: Enhancing Economic Resilience in the Transatlantic Space”; https://www.cipe.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Navigating-Global-Interdependence.pdf; PT]

Authoritarian regimes turning to econ strategies as coercion against democracies expanding influence exploiting markets to advance strategic interests vast resources of Russia and China with positioning in the global econ enabled econ power as weapon must recognize the severity of this take action to safeguard econ sovereignty no longer just freedom also econ independence and stability Lithuania faced pressure from China Japan So Ko Australia similar experiences when Russia invaded turned Europe’s dependence  into an econ weapon to divide NATO Ukraine underscored danger of overreliance on authoritarian s we should not make the same mistakes with China growing dependence on solar  wind e v s where China dominates risks replacing one set of energy dependencies  makes it paramount governments engage proactively in econ resilience trade embargoes compromise economic stability trade flows unsettle global econ order trend among authoritarian s to leverage econ clout as weapon exert influence extract concessions


Question: authoritarian regimes econ coercion

Trade is an authoritarian geopolitical weapon. Severing dependence is essential to preserving global democratic resilience.

Alkebsi et al. ’24 [Abdulwahab Alkebsi; Managing Director for Programs at CIPE; Jeff Lightfoot, John Kay; Center for International Private Enterprise; April 2024; “Navigating Global Interdependence: Enhancing Economic Resilience in the Transatlantic Space”; https://www.cipe.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Navigating-Global-Interdependence.pdf; PT]

Authoritarian regimes turning to econ strategies as coercion against democracies expanding influence exploiting markets to advance strategic interests vast resources of Russia and China with positioning in the global econ enabled econ power as weapon must recognize the severity of this take action to safeguard econ sovereignty no longer just freedom also econ independence and stability Lithuania faced pressure from China Japan So Ko Australia similar experiences when Russia invaded turned Europe’s dependence  into an econ weapon to divide NATO Ukraine underscored danger of overreliance on authoritarian s we should not make the same mistakes with China growing dependence on solar  wind e v s where China dominates risks replacing one set of energy dependencies  makes it paramount governments engage proactively in econ resilience trade embargoes compromise economic stability trade flows unsettle global econ order trend among authoritarian s to leverage econ clout as weapon exert influence extract concessions


Question: weaponize trade

Trade is an authoritarian geopolitical weapon. Severing dependence is essential to preserving global democratic resilience.

Alkebsi et al. ’24 [Abdulwahab Alkebsi; Managing Director for Programs at CIPE; Jeff Lightfoot, John Kay; Center for International Private Enterprise; April 2024; “Navigating Global Interdependence: Enhancing Economic Resilience in the Transatlantic Space”; https://www.cipe.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Navigating-Global-Interdependence.pdf; PT]

Authoritarian regimes turning to econ strategies as coercion against democracies expanding influence exploiting markets to advance strategic interests vast resources of Russia and China with positioning in the global econ enabled econ power as weapon must recognize the severity of this take action to safeguard econ sovereignty no longer just freedom also econ independence and stability Lithuania faced pressure from China Japan So Ko Australia similar experiences when Russia invaded turned Europe’s dependence  into an econ weapon to divide NATO Ukraine underscored danger of overreliance on authoritarian s we should not make the same mistakes with China growing dependence on solar  wind e v s where China dominates risks replacing one set of energy dependencies  makes it paramount governments engage proactively in econ resilience trade embargoes compromise economic stability trade flows unsettle global econ order trend among authoritarian s to leverage econ clout as weapon exert influence extract concessions


Question: trade dependence risks

Trade is an authoritarian geopolitical weapon. Severing dependence is essential to preserving global democratic resilience.

Alkebsi et al. ’24 [Abdulwahab Alkebsi; Managing Director for Programs at CIPE; Jeff Lightfoot, John Kay; Center for International Private Enterprise; April 2024; “Navigating Global Interdependence: Enhancing Economic Resilience in the Transatlantic Space”; https://www.cipe.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Navigating-Global-Interdependence.pdf; PT]

Authoritarian regimes turning to econ strategies as coercion against democracies expanding influence exploiting markets to advance strategic interests vast resources of Russia and China with positioning in the global econ enabled econ power as weapon must recognize the severity of this take action to safeguard econ sovereignty no longer just freedom also econ independence and stability Lithuania faced pressure from China Japan So Ko Australia similar experiences when Russia invaded turned Europe’s dependence  into an econ weapon to divide NATO Ukraine underscored danger of overreliance on authoritarian s we should not make the same mistakes with China growing dependence on solar  wind e v s where China dominates risks replacing one set of energy dependencies  makes it paramount governments engage proactively in econ resilience trade embargoes compromise economic stability trade flows unsettle global econ order trend among authoritarian s to leverage econ clout as weapon exert influence extract concessions


Question: economic stability trade embargoes

Trade is an authoritarian geopolitical weapon. Severing dependence is essential to preserving global democratic resilience.

Alkebsi et al. ’24 [Abdulwahab Alkebsi; Managing Director for Programs at CIPE; Jeff Lightfoot, John Kay; Center for International Private Enterprise; April 2024; “Navigating Global Interdependence: Enhancing Economic Resilience in the Transatlantic Space”; https://www.cipe.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Navigating-Global-Interdependence.pdf; PT]

Authoritarian regimes turning to econ strategies as coercion against democracies expanding influence exploiting markets to advance strategic interests vast resources of Russia and China with positioning in the global econ enabled econ power as weapon must recognize the severity of this take action to safeguard econ sovereignty no longer just freedom also econ independence and stability Lithuania faced pressure from China Japan So Ko Australia similar experiences when Russia invaded turned Europe’s dependence  into an econ weapon to divide NATO Ukraine underscored danger of overreliance on authoritarian s we should not make the same mistakes with China growing dependence on solar  wind e v s where China dominates risks replacing one set of energy dependencies  makes it paramount governments engage proactively in econ resilience trade embargoes compromise economic stability trade flows unsettle global econ order trend among authoritarian s to leverage econ clout as weapon exert influence extract concessions


Question: China dominates solar wind

Trade is an authoritarian geopolitical weapon. Severing dependence is essential to preserving global democratic resilience.

Alkebsi et al. ’24 [Abdulwahab Alkebsi; Managing Director for Programs at CIPE; Jeff Lightfoot, John Kay; Center for International Private Enterprise; April 2024; “Navigating Global Interdependence: Enhancing Economic Resilience in the Transatlantic Space”; https://www.cipe.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Navigating-Global-Interdependence.pdf; PT]

Authoritarian regimes turning to econ strategies as coercion against democracies expanding influence exploiting markets to advance strategic interests vast resources of Russia and China with positioning in the global econ enabled econ power as weapon must recognize the severity of this take action to safeguard econ sovereignty no longer just freedom also econ independence and stability Lithuania faced pressure from China Japan So Ko Australia similar experiences when Russia invaded turned Europe’s dependence  into an econ weapon to divide NATO Ukraine underscored danger of overreliance on authoritarian s we should not make the same mistakes with China growing dependence on solar  wind e v s where China dominates risks replacing one set of energy dependencies  makes it paramount governments engage proactively in econ resilience trade embargoes compromise economic stability trade flows unsettle global econ order trend among authoritarian s to leverage econ clout as weapon exert influence extract concessions


Question: Restrictive economy violence

Instead of a restrictive economy, we think generally. ‘Solutions’ that follow status quo temporal registers of calculating and charting “effective” courses are conditioned inside of circuits of violence.

Shannon Winnubst 6. [Professor of Philosophy at Southwestern University. “Introduction: The Seduction of Freedom.” Queering freedom. 2006. P5-6.  ISBN: 0-253-21830-6]//dawn

thinking conditioned only with in closed economies, violence and politics are racialized Race functions as a category and racism is the system if systems are not reducible to closed economies need to reorient to different thinking that excavate closed economies of domination cannot conceive of any problem without reducing it to narrow reason This renders us captive to presuppositions which assume that solutions must follow the same temporal register resistance comes through freeing ourselves from closed economies and demarcated useful ends if we do not think in this general economy we will be subordinated to the catastrophic expressions of excess We have a choice not from calculating it will not derive from reason It may involve recuperating senses of freedom To think generally sens freedom as "a dangerous breaking loose


Question: Shannon Winnubst 6

Instead of a restrictive economy, we think generally. ‘Solutions’ that follow status quo temporal registers of calculating and charting “effective” courses are conditioned inside of circuits of violence.

Shannon Winnubst 6. [Professor of Philosophy at Southwestern University. “Introduction: The Seduction of Freedom.” Queering freedom. 2006. P5-6.  ISBN: 0-253-21830-6]//dawn

thinking conditioned only with in closed economies, violence and politics are racialized Race functions as a category and racism is the system if systems are not reducible to closed economies need to reorient to different thinking that excavate closed economies of domination cannot conceive of any problem without reducing it to narrow reason This renders us captive to presuppositions which assume that solutions must follow the same temporal register resistance comes through freeing ourselves from closed economies and demarcated useful ends if we do not think in this general economy we will be subordinated to the catastrophic expressions of excess We have a choice not from calculating it will not derive from reason It may involve recuperating senses of freedom To think generally sens freedom as "a dangerous breaking loose


Question: Queering freedom

Instead of a restrictive economy, we think generally. ‘Solutions’ that follow status quo temporal registers of calculating and charting “effective” courses are conditioned inside of circuits of violence.

Shannon Winnubst 6. [Professor of Philosophy at Southwestern University. “Introduction: The Seduction of Freedom.” Queering freedom. 2006. P5-6.  ISBN: 0-253-21830-6]//dawn

thinking conditioned only with in closed economies, violence and politics are racialized Race functions as a category and racism is the system if systems are not reducible to closed economies need to reorient to different thinking that excavate closed economies of domination cannot conceive of any problem without reducing it to narrow reason This renders us captive to presuppositions which assume that solutions must follow the same temporal register resistance comes through freeing ourselves from closed economies and demarcated useful ends if we do not think in this general economy we will be subordinated to the catastrophic expressions of excess We have a choice not from calculating it will not derive from reason It may involve recuperating senses of freedom To think generally sens freedom as "a dangerous breaking loose


Question: closed economies of domination

Instead of a restrictive economy, we think generally. ‘Solutions’ that follow status quo temporal registers of calculating and charting “effective” courses are conditioned inside of circuits of violence.

Shannon Winnubst 6. [Professor of Philosophy at Southwestern University. “Introduction: The Seduction of Freedom.” Queering freedom. 2006. P5-6.  ISBN: 0-253-21830-6]//dawn

thinking conditioned only with in closed economies, violence and politics are racialized Race functions as a category and racism is the system if systems are not reducible to closed economies need to reorient to different thinking that excavate closed economies of domination cannot conceive of any problem without reducing it to narrow reason This renders us captive to presuppositions which assume that solutions must follow the same temporal register resistance comes through freeing ourselves from closed economies and demarcated useful ends if we do not think in this general economy we will be subordinated to the catastrophic expressions of excess We have a choice not from calculating it will not derive from reason It may involve recuperating senses of freedom To think generally sens freedom as "a dangerous breaking loose


Question: violence and politics are racialized

Instead of a restrictive economy, we think generally. ‘Solutions’ that follow status quo temporal registers of calculating and charting “effective” courses are conditioned inside of circuits of violence.

Shannon Winnubst 6. [Professor of Philosophy at Southwestern University. “Introduction: The Seduction of Freedom.” Queering freedom. 2006. P5-6.  ISBN: 0-253-21830-6]//dawn

thinking conditioned only with in closed economies, violence and politics are racialized Race functions as a category and racism is the system if systems are not reducible to closed economies need to reorient to different thinking that excavate closed economies of domination cannot conceive of any problem without reducing it to narrow reason This renders us captive to presuppositions which assume that solutions must follow the same temporal register resistance comes through freeing ourselves from closed economies and demarcated useful ends if we do not think in this general economy we will be subordinated to the catastrophic expressions of excess We have a choice not from calculating it will not derive from reason It may involve recuperating senses of freedom To think generally sens freedom as "a dangerous breaking loose


Question: thinking conditioned only within closed economies

Instead of a restrictive economy, we think generally. ‘Solutions’ that follow status quo temporal registers of calculating and charting “effective” courses are conditioned inside of circuits of violence.

Shannon Winnubst 6. [Professor of Philosophy at Southwestern University. “Introduction: The Seduction of Freedom.” Queering freedom. 2006. P5-6.  ISBN: 0-253-21830-6]//dawn

thinking conditioned only with in closed economies, violence and politics are racialized Race functions as a category and racism is the system if systems are not reducible to closed economies need to reorient to different thinking that excavate closed economies of domination cannot conceive of any problem without reducing it to narrow reason This renders us captive to presuppositions which assume that solutions must follow the same temporal register resistance comes through freeing ourselves from closed economies and demarcated useful ends if we do not think in this general economy we will be subordinated to the catastrophic expressions of excess We have a choice not from calculating it will not derive from reason It may involve recuperating senses of freedom To think generally sens freedom as "a dangerous breaking loose


Question: the seduction of freedom

Instead of a restrictive economy, we think generally. ‘Solutions’ that follow status quo temporal registers of calculating and charting “effective” courses are conditioned inside of circuits of violence.

Shannon Winnubst 6. [Professor of Philosophy at Southwestern University. “Introduction: The Seduction of Freedom.” Queering freedom. 2006. P5-6.  ISBN: 0-253-21830-6]//dawn

thinking conditioned only with in closed economies, violence and politics are racialized Race functions as a category and racism is the system if systems are not reducible to closed economies need to reorient to different thinking that excavate closed economies of domination cannot conceive of any problem without reducing it to narrow reason This renders us captive to presuppositions which assume that solutions must follow the same temporal register resistance comes through freeing ourselves from closed economies and demarcated useful ends if we do not think in this general economy we will be subordinated to the catastrophic expressions of excess We have a choice not from calculating it will not derive from reason It may involve recuperating senses of freedom To think generally sens freedom as "a dangerous breaking loose


Question: no biod internal

No BioD internal. Alt causes outweigh warming.

Caro 22, *PhD, Professor in the School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol. *PhD Student, VU Amsterdam. *Department of FWC Biology, Colorado State University. *PhD, Professor, Ecology and Evolution, Princeton. (Tim, Zeke Rowe, Joel Berger, Philippa Wholey, Andrew Dobson, “An inconvenient misconception: Climate change is not the principal driver of biodiversity loss,” Conservation Letters, https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12868)

threats to biod are seen through single lens of climate change dwarfing habitat loss ag overexploitation pollution and invasive species there is an assumption climate change is the most important We strongly reject this We examined causes of extinctions since 1900 In every case , habitat loss exceeds climate by three or more


Question: Caro 22 biodiversity loss

No BioD internal. Alt causes outweigh warming.

Caro 22, *PhD, Professor in the School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol. *PhD Student, VU Amsterdam. *Department of FWC Biology, Colorado State University. *PhD, Professor, Ecology and Evolution, Princeton. (Tim, Zeke Rowe, Joel Berger, Philippa Wholey, Andrew Dobson, “An inconvenient misconception: Climate change is not the principal driver of biodiversity loss,” Conservation Letters, https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12868)

threats to biod are seen through single lens of climate change dwarfing habitat loss ag overexploitation pollution and invasive species there is an assumption climate change is the most important We strongly reject this We examined causes of extinctions since 1900 In every case , habitat loss exceeds climate by three or more


Question: habitat loss outweighs climate change

No BioD internal. Alt causes outweigh warming.

Caro 22, *PhD, Professor in the School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol. *PhD Student, VU Amsterdam. *Department of FWC Biology, Colorado State University. *PhD, Professor, Ecology and Evolution, Princeton. (Tim, Zeke Rowe, Joel Berger, Philippa Wholey, Andrew Dobson, “An inconvenient misconception: Climate change is not the principal driver of biodiversity loss,” Conservation Letters, https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12868)

threats to biod are seen through single lens of climate change dwarfing habitat loss ag overexploitation pollution and invasive species there is an assumption climate change is the most important We strongly reject this We examined causes of extinctions since 1900 In every case , habitat loss exceeds climate by three or more


Question: climate change is not principal driver

No BioD internal. Alt causes outweigh warming.

Caro 22, *PhD, Professor in the School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol. *PhD Student, VU Amsterdam. *Department of FWC Biology, Colorado State University. *PhD, Professor, Ecology and Evolution, Princeton. (Tim, Zeke Rowe, Joel Berger, Philippa Wholey, Andrew Dobson, “An inconvenient misconception: Climate change is not the principal driver of biodiversity loss,” Conservation Letters, https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12868)

threats to biod are seen through single lens of climate change dwarfing habitat loss ag overexploitation pollution and invasive species there is an assumption climate change is the most important We strongly reject this We examined causes of extinctions since 1900 In every case , habitat loss exceeds climate by three or more


Question: habitat loss exceeds climate

No BioD internal. Alt causes outweigh warming.

Caro 22, *PhD, Professor in the School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol. *PhD Student, VU Amsterdam. *Department of FWC Biology, Colorado State University. *PhD, Professor, Ecology and Evolution, Princeton. (Tim, Zeke Rowe, Joel Berger, Philippa Wholey, Andrew Dobson, “An inconvenient misconception: Climate change is not the principal driver of biodiversity loss,” Conservation Letters, https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12868)

threats to biod are seen through single lens of climate change dwarfing habitat loss ag overexploitation pollution and invasive species there is an assumption climate change is the most important We strongly reject this We examined causes of extinctions since 1900 In every case , habitat loss exceeds climate by three or more


Question: threats to biodiversity loss

No BioD internal. Alt causes outweigh warming.

Caro 22, *PhD, Professor in the School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol. *PhD Student, VU Amsterdam. *Department of FWC Biology, Colorado State University. *PhD, Professor, Ecology and Evolution, Princeton. (Tim, Zeke Rowe, Joel Berger, Philippa Wholey, Andrew Dobson, “An inconvenient misconception: Climate change is not the principal driver of biodiversity loss,” Conservation Letters, https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12868)

threats to biod are seen through single lens of climate change dwarfing habitat loss ag overexploitation pollution and invasive species there is an assumption climate change is the most important We strongly reject this We examined causes of extinctions since 1900 In every case , habitat loss exceeds climate by three or more


Question: climate change single lens

No BioD internal. Alt causes outweigh warming.

Caro 22, *PhD, Professor in the School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol. *PhD Student, VU Amsterdam. *Department of FWC Biology, Colorado State University. *PhD, Professor, Ecology and Evolution, Princeton. (Tim, Zeke Rowe, Joel Berger, Philippa Wholey, Andrew Dobson, “An inconvenient misconception: Climate change is not the principal driver of biodiversity loss,” Conservation Letters, https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12868)

threats to biod are seen through single lens of climate change dwarfing habitat loss ag overexploitation pollution and invasive species there is an assumption climate change is the most important We strongly reject this We examined causes of extinctions since 1900 In every case , habitat loss exceeds climate by three or more