Question: semiocapitalism and higher education

Their reliance on performativity strengthens the operations of semiocapitalism -- learning communities like higher educational institutions and the debate community specifically construct and shape desire in capitalism through communication.

Peters 2019 [Michael A. "Affective capitalism, higher education and the constitution of the social body Althusser, Deleuze, and Negri on Spinoza and Marxism." (2019): 465-473.]

the discursive regimes that operate in and through subjects: the ‘fascisms in our heads’ Joy and the ‘ valorisation of the sad passions’ as Deleuze calls them goes right to the heart of the encounter of solidarity to determine our alliances, how we form the social body and the struggle against oppression. . Our knowledge is of the wave and ourselves producing a ‘common notion’ and a new social body from this interaction, which in itself contributes to active joy. The project, for Deleuze and Guattari , is to historicize desire and locate it in a social field, as desiring-production It is these readings and their intersecting threads that have initiated a Left dialogue on immaterial labour and its role in economic postmodernisation to help explain how value is produced from affective and cognitive activities It calls for a discussion of the different visions of the social body especially in relation to learning communities, the constitution of knowledge cultures, the logic of peer production and the possibilities for new collective subjects through the ethic of sharing and collaboration in an era of openness.


Question: learning communities shape desire

Their reliance on performativity strengthens the operations of semiocapitalism -- learning communities like higher educational institutions and the debate community specifically construct and shape desire in capitalism through communication.

Peters 2019 [Michael A. "Affective capitalism, higher education and the constitution of the social body Althusser, Deleuze, and Negri on Spinoza and Marxism." (2019): 465-473.]

the discursive regimes that operate in and through subjects: the ‘fascisms in our heads’ Joy and the ‘ valorisation of the sad passions’ as Deleuze calls them goes right to the heart of the encounter of solidarity to determine our alliances, how we form the social body and the struggle against oppression. . Our knowledge is of the wave and ourselves producing a ‘common notion’ and a new social body from this interaction, which in itself contributes to active joy. The project, for Deleuze and Guattari , is to historicize desire and locate it in a social field, as desiring-production It is these readings and their intersecting threads that have initiated a Left dialogue on immaterial labour and its role in economic postmodernisation to help explain how value is produced from affective and cognitive activities It calls for a discussion of the different visions of the social body especially in relation to learning communities, the constitution of knowledge cultures, the logic of peer production and the possibilities for new collective subjects through the ethic of sharing and collaboration in an era of openness.


Question: affective capitalism higher education

Their reliance on performativity strengthens the operations of semiocapitalism -- learning communities like higher educational institutions and the debate community specifically construct and shape desire in capitalism through communication.

Peters 2019 [Michael A. "Affective capitalism, higher education and the constitution of the social body Althusser, Deleuze, and Negri on Spinoza and Marxism." (2019): 465-473.]

the discursive regimes that operate in and through subjects: the ‘fascisms in our heads’ Joy and the ‘ valorisation of the sad passions’ as Deleuze calls them goes right to the heart of the encounter of solidarity to determine our alliances, how we form the social body and the struggle against oppression. . Our knowledge is of the wave and ourselves producing a ‘common notion’ and a new social body from this interaction, which in itself contributes to active joy. The project, for Deleuze and Guattari , is to historicize desire and locate it in a social field, as desiring-production It is these readings and their intersecting threads that have initiated a Left dialogue on immaterial labour and its role in economic postmodernisation to help explain how value is produced from affective and cognitive activities It calls for a discussion of the different visions of the social body especially in relation to learning communities, the constitution of knowledge cultures, the logic of peer production and the possibilities for new collective subjects through the ethic of sharing and collaboration in an era of openness.


Question: constitution of the social body

Their reliance on performativity strengthens the operations of semiocapitalism -- learning communities like higher educational institutions and the debate community specifically construct and shape desire in capitalism through communication.

Peters 2019 [Michael A. "Affective capitalism, higher education and the constitution of the social body Althusser, Deleuze, and Negri on Spinoza and Marxism." (2019): 465-473.]

the discursive regimes that operate in and through subjects: the ‘fascisms in our heads’ Joy and the ‘ valorisation of the sad passions’ as Deleuze calls them goes right to the heart of the encounter of solidarity to determine our alliances, how we form the social body and the struggle against oppression. . Our knowledge is of the wave and ourselves producing a ‘common notion’ and a new social body from this interaction, which in itself contributes to active joy. The project, for Deleuze and Guattari , is to historicize desire and locate it in a social field, as desiring-production It is these readings and their intersecting threads that have initiated a Left dialogue on immaterial labour and its role in economic postmodernisation to help explain how value is produced from affective and cognitive activities It calls for a discussion of the different visions of the social body especially in relation to learning communities, the constitution of knowledge cultures, the logic of peer production and the possibilities for new collective subjects through the ethic of sharing and collaboration in an era of openness.


Question: discursive regimes subjects

Their reliance on performativity strengthens the operations of semiocapitalism -- learning communities like higher educational institutions and the debate community specifically construct and shape desire in capitalism through communication.

Peters 2019 [Michael A. "Affective capitalism, higher education and the constitution of the social body Althusser, Deleuze, and Negri on Spinoza and Marxism." (2019): 465-473.]

the discursive regimes that operate in and through subjects: the ‘fascisms in our heads’ Joy and the ‘ valorisation of the sad passions’ as Deleuze calls them goes right to the heart of the encounter of solidarity to determine our alliances, how we form the social body and the struggle against oppression. . Our knowledge is of the wave and ourselves producing a ‘common notion’ and a new social body from this interaction, which in itself contributes to active joy. The project, for Deleuze and Guattari , is to historicize desire and locate it in a social field, as desiring-production It is these readings and their intersecting threads that have initiated a Left dialogue on immaterial labour and its role in economic postmodernisation to help explain how value is produced from affective and cognitive activities It calls for a discussion of the different visions of the social body especially in relation to learning communities, the constitution of knowledge cultures, the logic of peer production and the possibilities for new collective subjects through the ethic of sharing and collaboration in an era of openness.


Question: desire in a social field

Their reliance on performativity strengthens the operations of semiocapitalism -- learning communities like higher educational institutions and the debate community specifically construct and shape desire in capitalism through communication.

Peters 2019 [Michael A. "Affective capitalism, higher education and the constitution of the social body Althusser, Deleuze, and Negri on Spinoza and Marxism." (2019): 465-473.]

the discursive regimes that operate in and through subjects: the ‘fascisms in our heads’ Joy and the ‘ valorisation of the sad passions’ as Deleuze calls them goes right to the heart of the encounter of solidarity to determine our alliances, how we form the social body and the struggle against oppression. . Our knowledge is of the wave and ourselves producing a ‘common notion’ and a new social body from this interaction, which in itself contributes to active joy. The project, for Deleuze and Guattari , is to historicize desire and locate it in a social field, as desiring-production It is these readings and their intersecting threads that have initiated a Left dialogue on immaterial labour and its role in economic postmodernisation to help explain how value is produced from affective and cognitive activities It calls for a discussion of the different visions of the social body especially in relation to learning communities, the constitution of knowledge cultures, the logic of peer production and the possibilities for new collective subjects through the ethic of sharing and collaboration in an era of openness.


Question: utilitarianism driving fear of death

utilitarianism driving fear of death explains the long history of violence.

Thomas Nail 20. Thomas Nail is a distinguished Scholar and Professor of Philosophy at the University of Denver. “Introduction” in Lucretius II: An Ethics of Motion. Edinburgh University Press. 2020. ISBN: 978 1 4744 6665 3.

privileging life, accumulation , conservation, and utility destroys everything it associates with death Hence a long history of ecocide , indigenous genocide , slavery , patriarchy , forced migration , and  biopolitics the basic ontological and ethical diagnostic is The fear of death  motivates all metaphysical values because we think death is negativity fears becoming ‘nothing’ , and invented ideas to escape This fear of death is connected  to deep-seated hatred of women, racial others, the poor, animals, nature, queer desires


Question: Nail 2020

utilitarianism driving fear of death explains the long history of violence.

Thomas Nail 20. Thomas Nail is a distinguished Scholar and Professor of Philosophy at the University of Denver. “Introduction” in Lucretius II: An Ethics of Motion. Edinburgh University Press. 2020. ISBN: 978 1 4744 6665 3.

privileging life, accumulation , conservation, and utility destroys everything it associates with death Hence a long history of ecocide , indigenous genocide , slavery , patriarchy , forced migration , and  biopolitics the basic ontological and ethical diagnostic is The fear of death  motivates all metaphysical values because we think death is negativity fears becoming ‘nothing’ , and invented ideas to escape This fear of death is connected  to deep-seated hatred of women, racial others, the poor, animals, nature, queer desires


Question: Thomas Nail Lucretius

utilitarianism driving fear of death explains the long history of violence.

Thomas Nail 20. Thomas Nail is a distinguished Scholar and Professor of Philosophy at the University of Denver. “Introduction” in Lucretius II: An Ethics of Motion. Edinburgh University Press. 2020. ISBN: 978 1 4744 6665 3.

privileging life, accumulation , conservation, and utility destroys everything it associates with death Hence a long history of ecocide , indigenous genocide , slavery , patriarchy , forced migration , and  biopolitics the basic ontological and ethical diagnostic is The fear of death  motivates all metaphysical values because we think death is negativity fears becoming ‘nothing’ , and invented ideas to escape This fear of death is connected  to deep-seated hatred of women, racial others, the poor, animals, nature, queer desires


Question: fear of death motivates metaphysics

utilitarianism driving fear of death explains the long history of violence.

Thomas Nail 20. Thomas Nail is a distinguished Scholar and Professor of Philosophy at the University of Denver. “Introduction” in Lucretius II: An Ethics of Motion. Edinburgh University Press. 2020. ISBN: 978 1 4744 6665 3.

privileging life, accumulation , conservation, and utility destroys everything it associates with death Hence a long history of ecocide , indigenous genocide , slavery , patriarchy , forced migration , and  biopolitics the basic ontological and ethical diagnostic is The fear of death  motivates all metaphysical values because we think death is negativity fears becoming ‘nothing’ , and invented ideas to escape This fear of death is connected  to deep-seated hatred of women, racial others, the poor, animals, nature, queer desires


Question: utilitarianism destroys everything

utilitarianism driving fear of death explains the long history of violence.

Thomas Nail 20. Thomas Nail is a distinguished Scholar and Professor of Philosophy at the University of Denver. “Introduction” in Lucretius II: An Ethics of Motion. Edinburgh University Press. 2020. ISBN: 978 1 4744 6665 3.

privileging life, accumulation , conservation, and utility destroys everything it associates with death Hence a long history of ecocide , indigenous genocide , slavery , patriarchy , forced migration , and  biopolitics the basic ontological and ethical diagnostic is The fear of death  motivates all metaphysical values because we think death is negativity fears becoming ‘nothing’ , and invented ideas to escape This fear of death is connected  to deep-seated hatred of women, racial others, the poor, animals, nature, queer desires


Question: utilitarianism causes violence

utilitarianism driving fear of death explains the long history of violence.

Thomas Nail 20. Thomas Nail is a distinguished Scholar and Professor of Philosophy at the University of Denver. “Introduction” in Lucretius II: An Ethics of Motion. Edinburgh University Press. 2020. ISBN: 978 1 4744 6665 3.

privileging life, accumulation , conservation, and utility destroys everything it associates with death Hence a long history of ecocide , indigenous genocide , slavery , patriarchy , forced migration , and  biopolitics the basic ontological and ethical diagnostic is The fear of death  motivates all metaphysical values because we think death is negativity fears becoming ‘nothing’ , and invented ideas to escape This fear of death is connected  to deep-seated hatred of women, racial others, the poor, animals, nature, queer desires


Question: hatred of women and death

utilitarianism driving fear of death explains the long history of violence.

Thomas Nail 20. Thomas Nail is a distinguished Scholar and Professor of Philosophy at the University of Denver. “Introduction” in Lucretius II: An Ethics of Motion. Edinburgh University Press. 2020. ISBN: 978 1 4744 6665 3.

privileging life, accumulation , conservation, and utility destroys everything it associates with death Hence a long history of ecocide , indigenous genocide , slavery , patriarchy , forced migration , and  biopolitics the basic ontological and ethical diagnostic is The fear of death  motivates all metaphysical values because we think death is negativity fears becoming ‘nothing’ , and invented ideas to escape This fear of death is connected  to deep-seated hatred of women, racial others, the poor, animals, nature, queer desires


Question: Trade does not guarantee peace

Great powers evidently don’t consider trade when making war.

Lester and Tai 24, *J.D., former associate director of Cato’s Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, **former United States Trade Representative (*Simon Lester, **Katherine Tai, February 11, 2024, “Katherine Tai on Trade and Peace,” International Economics Law and Policy Blog, https://ielp.worldtradelaw.net/trade-and-peace/)

peace is more necessary for prosperity than prosperity for peace just trading I don't think is enough to guarantee peace Putin's decision to invade Ukraine was not economic that was made despite repercussions which were predictable in terms of energy and food we can all agree trade does not guarantee it


Question: Lester and Tai 24

Great powers evidently don’t consider trade when making war.

Lester and Tai 24, *J.D., former associate director of Cato’s Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, **former United States Trade Representative (*Simon Lester, **Katherine Tai, February 11, 2024, “Katherine Tai on Trade and Peace,” International Economics Law and Policy Blog, https://ielp.worldtradelaw.net/trade-and-peace/)

peace is more necessary for prosperity than prosperity for peace just trading I don't think is enough to guarantee peace Putin's decision to invade Ukraine was not economic that was made despite repercussions which were predictable in terms of energy and food we can all agree trade does not guarantee it


Question: Katherine Tai on trade and peace

Great powers evidently don’t consider trade when making war.

Lester and Tai 24, *J.D., former associate director of Cato’s Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, **former United States Trade Representative (*Simon Lester, **Katherine Tai, February 11, 2024, “Katherine Tai on Trade and Peace,” International Economics Law and Policy Blog, https://ielp.worldtradelaw.net/trade-and-peace/)

peace is more necessary for prosperity than prosperity for peace just trading I don't think is enough to guarantee peace Putin's decision to invade Ukraine was not economic that was made despite repercussions which were predictable in terms of energy and food we can all agree trade does not guarantee it


Question: Trade secondary to geopolitical considerations

Great powers evidently don’t consider trade when making war.

Lester and Tai 24, *J.D., former associate director of Cato’s Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, **former United States Trade Representative (*Simon Lester, **Katherine Tai, February 11, 2024, “Katherine Tai on Trade and Peace,” International Economics Law and Policy Blog, https://ielp.worldtradelaw.net/trade-and-peace/)

peace is more necessary for prosperity than prosperity for peace just trading I don't think is enough to guarantee peace Putin's decision to invade Ukraine was not economic that was made despite repercussions which were predictable in terms of energy and food we can all agree trade does not guarantee it


Question: Putin's decision to invade Ukraine

Great powers evidently don’t consider trade when making war.

Lester and Tai 24, *J.D., former associate director of Cato’s Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, **former United States Trade Representative (*Simon Lester, **Katherine Tai, February 11, 2024, “Katherine Tai on Trade and Peace,” International Economics Law and Policy Blog, https://ielp.worldtradelaw.net/trade-and-peace/)

peace is more necessary for prosperity than prosperity for peace just trading I don't think is enough to guarantee peace Putin's decision to invade Ukraine was not economic that was made despite repercussions which were predictable in terms of energy and food we can all agree trade does not guarantee it


Question: trade is not enough peace

Great powers evidently don’t consider trade when making war.

Lester and Tai 24, *J.D., former associate director of Cato’s Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, **former United States Trade Representative (*Simon Lester, **Katherine Tai, February 11, 2024, “Katherine Tai on Trade and Peace,” International Economics Law and Policy Blog, https://ielp.worldtradelaw.net/trade-and-peace/)

peace is more necessary for prosperity than prosperity for peace just trading I don't think is enough to guarantee peace Putin's decision to invade Ukraine was not economic that was made despite repercussions which were predictable in terms of energy and food we can all agree trade does not guarantee it


Question: GOP fight climate bill

The GOP will fight tooth and nail against any climate bill – it’ll take a lot to get clean energy policies through

Tamborrino & Siegel 23 [Kelsey Tamborrino and Josh Siegel, "Big winners from Biden's climate law: Republicans who voted against it," POLITICO, 1-23-2023, https://www.politico.com/news/2023/01/23/red-states-are-winning-big-from-dems-climate-law-00078420, Bittner]

They didn’t vote for it, don’t like it and work to undermine climate law a balancing act for the GOP: Tout the jobs but not the bill clean power failed to sway a single vote people fought tooth and nail against the bill Republicans moved to slash funding of the agency charged with implementing climate law’s incentives Trump urged GOP to target “billions spent on climate extremism”  in the fight over the debt limit


Question: Tamborrino & Siegel 23

The GOP will fight tooth and nail against any climate bill – it’ll take a lot to get clean energy policies through

Tamborrino & Siegel 23 [Kelsey Tamborrino and Josh Siegel, "Big winners from Biden's climate law: Republicans who voted against it," POLITICO, 1-23-2023, https://www.politico.com/news/2023/01/23/red-states-are-winning-big-from-dems-climate-law-00078420, Bittner]

They didn’t vote for it, don’t like it and work to undermine climate law a balancing act for the GOP: Tout the jobs but not the bill clean power failed to sway a single vote people fought tooth and nail against the bill Republicans moved to slash funding of the agency charged with implementing climate law’s incentives Trump urged GOP to target “billions spent on climate extremism”  in the fight over the debt limit


Question: Republicans undermine climate law

The GOP will fight tooth and nail against any climate bill – it’ll take a lot to get clean energy policies through

Tamborrino & Siegel 23 [Kelsey Tamborrino and Josh Siegel, "Big winners from Biden's climate law: Republicans who voted against it," POLITICO, 1-23-2023, https://www.politico.com/news/2023/01/23/red-states-are-winning-big-from-dems-climate-law-00078420, Bittner]

They didn’t vote for it, don’t like it and work to undermine climate law a balancing act for the GOP: Tout the jobs but not the bill clean power failed to sway a single vote people fought tooth and nail against the bill Republicans moved to slash funding of the agency charged with implementing climate law’s incentives Trump urged GOP to target “billions spent on climate extremism”  in the fight over the debt limit


Question: GOP slash climate funding

The GOP will fight tooth and nail against any climate bill – it’ll take a lot to get clean energy policies through

Tamborrino & Siegel 23 [Kelsey Tamborrino and Josh Siegel, "Big winners from Biden's climate law: Republicans who voted against it," POLITICO, 1-23-2023, https://www.politico.com/news/2023/01/23/red-states-are-winning-big-from-dems-climate-law-00078420, Bittner]

They didn’t vote for it, don’t like it and work to undermine climate law a balancing act for the GOP: Tout the jobs but not the bill clean power failed to sway a single vote people fought tooth and nail against the bill Republicans moved to slash funding of the agency charged with implementing climate law’s incentives Trump urged GOP to target “billions spent on climate extremism”  in the fight over the debt limit


Question: Republicans against climate policies

The GOP will fight tooth and nail against any climate bill – it’ll take a lot to get clean energy policies through

Tamborrino & Siegel 23 [Kelsey Tamborrino and Josh Siegel, "Big winners from Biden's climate law: Republicans who voted against it," POLITICO, 1-23-2023, https://www.politico.com/news/2023/01/23/red-states-are-winning-big-from-dems-climate-law-00078420, Bittner]

They didn’t vote for it, don’t like it and work to undermine climate law a balancing act for the GOP: Tout the jobs but not the bill clean power failed to sway a single vote people fought tooth and nail against the bill Republicans moved to slash funding of the agency charged with implementing climate law’s incentives Trump urged GOP to target “billions spent on climate extremism”  in the fight over the debt limit


Question: clean energy policies

The GOP will fight tooth and nail against any climate bill – it’ll take a lot to get clean energy policies through

Tamborrino & Siegel 23 [Kelsey Tamborrino and Josh Siegel, "Big winners from Biden's climate law: Republicans who voted against it," POLITICO, 1-23-2023, https://www.politico.com/news/2023/01/23/red-states-are-winning-big-from-dems-climate-law-00078420, Bittner]

They didn’t vote for it, don’t like it and work to undermine climate law a balancing act for the GOP: Tout the jobs but not the bill clean power failed to sway a single vote people fought tooth and nail against the bill Republicans moved to slash funding of the agency charged with implementing climate law’s incentives Trump urged GOP to target “billions spent on climate extremism”  in the fight over the debt limit


Question: Trump climate extremism

The GOP will fight tooth and nail against any climate bill – it’ll take a lot to get clean energy policies through

Tamborrino & Siegel 23 [Kelsey Tamborrino and Josh Siegel, "Big winners from Biden's climate law: Republicans who voted against it," POLITICO, 1-23-2023, https://www.politico.com/news/2023/01/23/red-states-are-winning-big-from-dems-climate-law-00078420, Bittner]

They didn’t vote for it, don’t like it and work to undermine climate law a balancing act for the GOP: Tout the jobs but not the bill clean power failed to sway a single vote people fought tooth and nail against the bill Republicans moved to slash funding of the agency charged with implementing climate law’s incentives Trump urged GOP to target “billions spent on climate extremism”  in the fight over the debt limit


Question: CCS locks in fossil fuel

CCS locks in fossil fuel infrastructure.

Asayama '21 – Social Systems Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan (Shinichiro Asayama; "The Oxymoron of Carbon Dioxide Removal: Escaping Carbon Lock-In and yet Perpetuating the Fossil Status Quo?"; Frontiers in Climate, Vol. 3, Sec. Carbon Dioxide Removal; 07-11-2021; https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.673515)

CCS presented as a “bridging tech appeal was to allow continued use of fossil fuels cost of renewable generation has fallen dramatically the  cheapest in many places progress in CCS stalled and not been deployed adding CCS deepen lock-in building infrastructure for capturing transporting  and  storing as socio-technical system requires  large capital investments with  long lead-times This increases infrastructural inertia for decades and  make difficult transition


Question: Asayama 2021

CCS locks in fossil fuel infrastructure.

Asayama '21 – Social Systems Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan (Shinichiro Asayama; "The Oxymoron of Carbon Dioxide Removal: Escaping Carbon Lock-In and yet Perpetuating the Fossil Status Quo?"; Frontiers in Climate, Vol. 3, Sec. Carbon Dioxide Removal; 07-11-2021; https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.673515)

CCS presented as a “bridging tech appeal was to allow continued use of fossil fuels cost of renewable generation has fallen dramatically the  cheapest in many places progress in CCS stalled and not been deployed adding CCS deepen lock-in building infrastructure for capturing transporting  and  storing as socio-technical system requires  large capital investments with  long lead-times This increases infrastructural inertia for decades and  make difficult transition


Question: carbon capture infrastructure

CCS locks in fossil fuel infrastructure.

Asayama '21 – Social Systems Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan (Shinichiro Asayama; "The Oxymoron of Carbon Dioxide Removal: Escaping Carbon Lock-In and yet Perpetuating the Fossil Status Quo?"; Frontiers in Climate, Vol. 3, Sec. Carbon Dioxide Removal; 07-11-2021; https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.673515)

CCS presented as a “bridging tech appeal was to allow continued use of fossil fuels cost of renewable generation has fallen dramatically the  cheapest in many places progress in CCS stalled and not been deployed adding CCS deepen lock-in building infrastructure for capturing transporting  and  storing as socio-technical system requires  large capital investments with  long lead-times This increases infrastructural inertia for decades and  make difficult transition


Question: CCS bridge technology

CCS locks in fossil fuel infrastructure.

Asayama '21 – Social Systems Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan (Shinichiro Asayama; "The Oxymoron of Carbon Dioxide Removal: Escaping Carbon Lock-In and yet Perpetuating the Fossil Status Quo?"; Frontiers in Climate, Vol. 3, Sec. Carbon Dioxide Removal; 07-11-2021; https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.673515)

CCS presented as a “bridging tech appeal was to allow continued use of fossil fuels cost of renewable generation has fallen dramatically the  cheapest in many places progress in CCS stalled and not been deployed adding CCS deepen lock-in building infrastructure for capturing transporting  and  storing as socio-technical system requires  large capital investments with  long lead-times This increases infrastructural inertia for decades and  make difficult transition


Question: carbon lock in

CCS locks in fossil fuel infrastructure.

Asayama '21 – Social Systems Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan (Shinichiro Asayama; "The Oxymoron of Carbon Dioxide Removal: Escaping Carbon Lock-In and yet Perpetuating the Fossil Status Quo?"; Frontiers in Climate, Vol. 3, Sec. Carbon Dioxide Removal; 07-11-2021; https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.673515)

CCS presented as a “bridging tech appeal was to allow continued use of fossil fuels cost of renewable generation has fallen dramatically the  cheapest in many places progress in CCS stalled and not been deployed adding CCS deepen lock-in building infrastructure for capturing transporting  and  storing as socio-technical system requires  large capital investments with  long lead-times This increases infrastructural inertia for decades and  make difficult transition


Question: CCS perpetuates fossil fuels

CCS locks in fossil fuel infrastructure.

Asayama '21 – Social Systems Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan (Shinichiro Asayama; "The Oxymoron of Carbon Dioxide Removal: Escaping Carbon Lock-In and yet Perpetuating the Fossil Status Quo?"; Frontiers in Climate, Vol. 3, Sec. Carbon Dioxide Removal; 07-11-2021; https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.673515)

CCS presented as a “bridging tech appeal was to allow continued use of fossil fuels cost of renewable generation has fallen dramatically the  cheapest in many places progress in CCS stalled and not been deployed adding CCS deepen lock-in building infrastructure for capturing transporting  and  storing as socio-technical system requires  large capital investments with  long lead-times This increases infrastructural inertia for decades and  make difficult transition


Question: carbon capture and storage

CCS locks in fossil fuel infrastructure.

Asayama '21 – Social Systems Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan (Shinichiro Asayama; "The Oxymoron of Carbon Dioxide Removal: Escaping Carbon Lock-In and yet Perpetuating the Fossil Status Quo?"; Frontiers in Climate, Vol. 3, Sec. Carbon Dioxide Removal; 07-11-2021; https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.673515)

CCS presented as a “bridging tech appeal was to allow continued use of fossil fuels cost of renewable generation has fallen dramatically the  cheapest in many places progress in CCS stalled and not been deployed adding CCS deepen lock-in building infrastructure for capturing transporting  and  storing as socio-technical system requires  large capital investments with  long lead-times This increases infrastructural inertia for decades and  make difficult transition


Question: Regulatory capture

11. REGULATORY CAPTURE.

Eric Helleiner 13, Professor of Political Science and Faculty of Arts Chair in International Political Economy, University of Waterloo, “Subprime catalyst: Financial regulatory reform and the strengthening of US carbon market governance,” Regulation & Governance, Volume 7, 2013, pp. 496-511

lightly regulated markets encourage commodification that is lining the pockets of bankers and investors this problem is compounded by corporate “capture design is very vulnerable  to lobbying goods traded are politically constructed the financial industry has been particularly influential shaping carbon market governance to favor its interests weak oversight dilutes environmental integrity environmental goals will be heavily influenced by the content of their regulatory oversight


Question: Helleiner 13

11. REGULATORY CAPTURE.

Eric Helleiner 13, Professor of Political Science and Faculty of Arts Chair in International Political Economy, University of Waterloo, “Subprime catalyst: Financial regulatory reform and the strengthening of US carbon market governance,” Regulation & Governance, Volume 7, 2013, pp. 496-511

lightly regulated markets encourage commodification that is lining the pockets of bankers and investors this problem is compounded by corporate “capture design is very vulnerable  to lobbying goods traded are politically constructed the financial industry has been particularly influential shaping carbon market governance to favor its interests weak oversight dilutes environmental integrity environmental goals will be heavily influenced by the content of their regulatory oversight


Question: Eric Helleiner regulatory capture

11. REGULATORY CAPTURE.

Eric Helleiner 13, Professor of Political Science and Faculty of Arts Chair in International Political Economy, University of Waterloo, “Subprime catalyst: Financial regulatory reform and the strengthening of US carbon market governance,” Regulation & Governance, Volume 7, 2013, pp. 496-511

lightly regulated markets encourage commodification that is lining the pockets of bankers and investors this problem is compounded by corporate “capture design is very vulnerable  to lobbying goods traded are politically constructed the financial industry has been particularly influential shaping carbon market governance to favor its interests weak oversight dilutes environmental integrity environmental goals will be heavily influenced by the content of their regulatory oversight


Question: markets encourage commodification

11. REGULATORY CAPTURE.

Eric Helleiner 13, Professor of Political Science and Faculty of Arts Chair in International Political Economy, University of Waterloo, “Subprime catalyst: Financial regulatory reform and the strengthening of US carbon market governance,” Regulation & Governance, Volume 7, 2013, pp. 496-511

lightly regulated markets encourage commodification that is lining the pockets of bankers and investors this problem is compounded by corporate “capture design is very vulnerable  to lobbying goods traded are politically constructed the financial industry has been particularly influential shaping carbon market governance to favor its interests weak oversight dilutes environmental integrity environmental goals will be heavily influenced by the content of their regulatory oversight


Question: carbon market governance

11. REGULATORY CAPTURE.

Eric Helleiner 13, Professor of Political Science and Faculty of Arts Chair in International Political Economy, University of Waterloo, “Subprime catalyst: Financial regulatory reform and the strengthening of US carbon market governance,” Regulation & Governance, Volume 7, 2013, pp. 496-511

lightly regulated markets encourage commodification that is lining the pockets of bankers and investors this problem is compounded by corporate “capture design is very vulnerable  to lobbying goods traded are politically constructed the financial industry has been particularly influential shaping carbon market governance to favor its interests weak oversight dilutes environmental integrity environmental goals will be heavily influenced by the content of their regulatory oversight


Question: lobbying shapes design

11. REGULATORY CAPTURE.

Eric Helleiner 13, Professor of Political Science and Faculty of Arts Chair in International Political Economy, University of Waterloo, “Subprime catalyst: Financial regulatory reform and the strengthening of US carbon market governance,” Regulation & Governance, Volume 7, 2013, pp. 496-511

lightly regulated markets encourage commodification that is lining the pockets of bankers and investors this problem is compounded by corporate “capture design is very vulnerable  to lobbying goods traded are politically constructed the financial industry has been particularly influential shaping carbon market governance to favor its interests weak oversight dilutes environmental integrity environmental goals will be heavily influenced by the content of their regulatory oversight


Question: weak oversight dilutes environmental integrity

11. REGULATORY CAPTURE.

Eric Helleiner 13, Professor of Political Science and Faculty of Arts Chair in International Political Economy, University of Waterloo, “Subprime catalyst: Financial regulatory reform and the strengthening of US carbon market governance,” Regulation & Governance, Volume 7, 2013, pp. 496-511

lightly regulated markets encourage commodification that is lining the pockets of bankers and investors this problem is compounded by corporate “capture design is very vulnerable  to lobbying goods traded are politically constructed the financial industry has been particularly influential shaping carbon market governance to favor its interests weak oversight dilutes environmental integrity environmental goals will be heavily influenced by the content of their regulatory oversight


Question: Trump invades Mexico existential

Trump invades Mexico---that’s existential

De Loera-Brust 23 – former special assistant to the U.S. secretary of state

Bomb Mexico proposals are the most harmful ideas ever entertained the Mexico relationship involves daily coop on water c t trade Trump fantasized about military force on Mexican soil starting a war in Mexico is not impossible The proposal should be taken as the real threat to security that it is. Mexico strongly opposes it coop already hangs by a thread There is no doubt any plausible leader would refuse permission we could end up fighting the Mexican gov consequences are hard to overemphasize the Mexican war was the deadliest foreign conflict in U.S. history Guerrilla activity plague U.S. forces weak nations can inflict real damage Even if the gov stayed out we’d be left with counterinsurgency a remake of Iraq proximity means any conflict would instantly create impacts at home cartels would fight back inflict violence on American streets migration would fuel xenophobic massacres wars are a Pandora’s box Mexico is the U S most important relationship Millions depend on trade As we challenge pandemics and great-power competition the U S desperately needs Mexico ability to near shore critical industries and climate require coop


Question: De Loera-Brust 23

Trump invades Mexico---that’s existential

De Loera-Brust 23 – former special assistant to the U.S. secretary of state

Bomb Mexico proposals are the most harmful ideas ever entertained the Mexico relationship involves daily coop on water c t trade Trump fantasized about military force on Mexican soil starting a war in Mexico is not impossible The proposal should be taken as the real threat to security that it is. Mexico strongly opposes it coop already hangs by a thread There is no doubt any plausible leader would refuse permission we could end up fighting the Mexican gov consequences are hard to overemphasize the Mexican war was the deadliest foreign conflict in U.S. history Guerrilla activity plague U.S. forces weak nations can inflict real damage Even if the gov stayed out we’d be left with counterinsurgency a remake of Iraq proximity means any conflict would instantly create impacts at home cartels would fight back inflict violence on American streets migration would fuel xenophobic massacres wars are a Pandora’s box Mexico is the U S most important relationship Millions depend on trade As we challenge pandemics and great-power competition the U S desperately needs Mexico ability to near shore critical industries and climate require coop


Question: Trump Mexico war

Trump invades Mexico---that’s existential

De Loera-Brust 23 – former special assistant to the U.S. secretary of state

Bomb Mexico proposals are the most harmful ideas ever entertained the Mexico relationship involves daily coop on water c t trade Trump fantasized about military force on Mexican soil starting a war in Mexico is not impossible The proposal should be taken as the real threat to security that it is. Mexico strongly opposes it coop already hangs by a thread There is no doubt any plausible leader would refuse permission we could end up fighting the Mexican gov consequences are hard to overemphasize the Mexican war was the deadliest foreign conflict in U.S. history Guerrilla activity plague U.S. forces weak nations can inflict real damage Even if the gov stayed out we’d be left with counterinsurgency a remake of Iraq proximity means any conflict would instantly create impacts at home cartels would fight back inflict violence on American streets migration would fuel xenophobic massacres wars are a Pandora’s box Mexico is the U S most important relationship Millions depend on trade As we challenge pandemics and great-power competition the U S desperately needs Mexico ability to near shore critical industries and climate require coop


Question: war in Mexico

Trump invades Mexico---that’s existential

De Loera-Brust 23 – former special assistant to the U.S. secretary of state

Bomb Mexico proposals are the most harmful ideas ever entertained the Mexico relationship involves daily coop on water c t trade Trump fantasized about military force on Mexican soil starting a war in Mexico is not impossible The proposal should be taken as the real threat to security that it is. Mexico strongly opposes it coop already hangs by a thread There is no doubt any plausible leader would refuse permission we could end up fighting the Mexican gov consequences are hard to overemphasize the Mexican war was the deadliest foreign conflict in U.S. history Guerrilla activity plague U.S. forces weak nations can inflict real damage Even if the gov stayed out we’d be left with counterinsurgency a remake of Iraq proximity means any conflict would instantly create impacts at home cartels would fight back inflict violence on American streets migration would fuel xenophobic massacres wars are a Pandora’s box Mexico is the U S most important relationship Millions depend on trade As we challenge pandemics and great-power competition the U S desperately needs Mexico ability to near shore critical industries and climate require coop


Question: Mexico most important relationship

Trump invades Mexico---that’s existential

De Loera-Brust 23 – former special assistant to the U.S. secretary of state

Bomb Mexico proposals are the most harmful ideas ever entertained the Mexico relationship involves daily coop on water c t trade Trump fantasized about military force on Mexican soil starting a war in Mexico is not impossible The proposal should be taken as the real threat to security that it is. Mexico strongly opposes it coop already hangs by a thread There is no doubt any plausible leader would refuse permission we could end up fighting the Mexican gov consequences are hard to overemphasize the Mexican war was the deadliest foreign conflict in U.S. history Guerrilla activity plague U.S. forces weak nations can inflict real damage Even if the gov stayed out we’d be left with counterinsurgency a remake of Iraq proximity means any conflict would instantly create impacts at home cartels would fight back inflict violence on American streets migration would fuel xenophobic massacres wars are a Pandora’s box Mexico is the U S most important relationship Millions depend on trade As we challenge pandemics and great-power competition the U S desperately needs Mexico ability to near shore critical industries and climate require coop


Question: Trump military force on Mexican soil

Trump invades Mexico---that’s existential

De Loera-Brust 23 – former special assistant to the U.S. secretary of state

Bomb Mexico proposals are the most harmful ideas ever entertained the Mexico relationship involves daily coop on water c t trade Trump fantasized about military force on Mexican soil starting a war in Mexico is not impossible The proposal should be taken as the real threat to security that it is. Mexico strongly opposes it coop already hangs by a thread There is no doubt any plausible leader would refuse permission we could end up fighting the Mexican gov consequences are hard to overemphasize the Mexican war was the deadliest foreign conflict in U.S. history Guerrilla activity plague U.S. forces weak nations can inflict real damage Even if the gov stayed out we’d be left with counterinsurgency a remake of Iraq proximity means any conflict would instantly create impacts at home cartels would fight back inflict violence on American streets migration would fuel xenophobic massacres wars are a Pandora’s box Mexico is the U S most important relationship Millions depend on trade As we challenge pandemics and great-power competition the U S desperately needs Mexico ability to near shore critical industries and climate require coop


Question: Trump cartels violence

Trump invades Mexico---that’s existential

De Loera-Brust 23 – former special assistant to the U.S. secretary of state

Bomb Mexico proposals are the most harmful ideas ever entertained the Mexico relationship involves daily coop on water c t trade Trump fantasized about military force on Mexican soil starting a war in Mexico is not impossible The proposal should be taken as the real threat to security that it is. Mexico strongly opposes it coop already hangs by a thread There is no doubt any plausible leader would refuse permission we could end up fighting the Mexican gov consequences are hard to overemphasize the Mexican war was the deadliest foreign conflict in U.S. history Guerrilla activity plague U.S. forces weak nations can inflict real damage Even if the gov stayed out we’d be left with counterinsurgency a remake of Iraq proximity means any conflict would instantly create impacts at home cartels would fight back inflict violence on American streets migration would fuel xenophobic massacres wars are a Pandora’s box Mexico is the U S most important relationship Millions depend on trade As we challenge pandemics and great-power competition the U S desperately needs Mexico ability to near shore critical industries and climate require coop


Question: Trump migration xenophobia

Trump invades Mexico---that’s existential

De Loera-Brust 23 – former special assistant to the U.S. secretary of state

Bomb Mexico proposals are the most harmful ideas ever entertained the Mexico relationship involves daily coop on water c t trade Trump fantasized about military force on Mexican soil starting a war in Mexico is not impossible The proposal should be taken as the real threat to security that it is. Mexico strongly opposes it coop already hangs by a thread There is no doubt any plausible leader would refuse permission we could end up fighting the Mexican gov consequences are hard to overemphasize the Mexican war was the deadliest foreign conflict in U.S. history Guerrilla activity plague U.S. forces weak nations can inflict real damage Even if the gov stayed out we’d be left with counterinsurgency a remake of Iraq proximity means any conflict would instantly create impacts at home cartels would fight back inflict violence on American streets migration would fuel xenophobic massacres wars are a Pandora’s box Mexico is the U S most important relationship Millions depend on trade As we challenge pandemics and great-power competition the U S desperately needs Mexico ability to near shore critical industries and climate require coop


Question: No energy wars

No energy wars---barriers and payoffs check.

Meierding 20 (, E. L (2020) The Oil Wars Myth [Project Muse]. Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/10.1353/book.84316. Emily Meierding is Associate Professor of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School. Her research has also examined international resource cooperation, oil prices and political instability, energy sanctions, states’ cultivation of international influence, and the linkages between climate change and armed conflict. She received her Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Chicago. Before joining NPS, she taught or researched at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (Geneva, Switzerland) and the Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC) at Stanford University. Her work has appeared in Security Studies, Comparative Politics, the Journal of Global Security Studies, the International Studies Review, Energy Research & Social Sciences, and Foreign Policy.)-rahulpenu

oil wars do not pay invasion occupation international and investment obstacles limits resources and revenue constrict payoffs production transportation sales and raising costs payoffs disappear entirely states reluctant to fight for oil severe militarized interstate conflicts driven by desire to  obtain resources are implausible for producer s or consumer s these conflicts do not pay


Question: Meierding 2020

No energy wars---barriers and payoffs check.

Meierding 20 (, E. L (2020) The Oil Wars Myth [Project Muse]. Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/10.1353/book.84316. Emily Meierding is Associate Professor of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School. Her research has also examined international resource cooperation, oil prices and political instability, energy sanctions, states’ cultivation of international influence, and the linkages between climate change and armed conflict. She received her Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Chicago. Before joining NPS, she taught or researched at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (Geneva, Switzerland) and the Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC) at Stanford University. Her work has appeared in Security Studies, Comparative Politics, the Journal of Global Security Studies, the International Studies Review, Energy Research & Social Sciences, and Foreign Policy.)-rahulpenu

oil wars do not pay invasion occupation international and investment obstacles limits resources and revenue constrict payoffs production transportation sales and raising costs payoffs disappear entirely states reluctant to fight for oil severe militarized interstate conflicts driven by desire to  obtain resources are implausible for producer s or consumer s these conflicts do not pay


Question: oil wars do not pay

No energy wars---barriers and payoffs check.

Meierding 20 (, E. L (2020) The Oil Wars Myth [Project Muse]. Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/10.1353/book.84316. Emily Meierding is Associate Professor of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School. Her research has also examined international resource cooperation, oil prices and political instability, energy sanctions, states’ cultivation of international influence, and the linkages between climate change and armed conflict. She received her Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Chicago. Before joining NPS, she taught or researched at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (Geneva, Switzerland) and the Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC) at Stanford University. Her work has appeared in Security Studies, Comparative Politics, the Journal of Global Security Studies, the International Studies Review, Energy Research & Social Sciences, and Foreign Policy.)-rahulpenu

oil wars do not pay invasion occupation international and investment obstacles limits resources and revenue constrict payoffs production transportation sales and raising costs payoffs disappear entirely states reluctant to fight for oil severe militarized interstate conflicts driven by desire to  obtain resources are implausible for producer s or consumer s these conflicts do not pay


Question: oil wars myth

No energy wars---barriers and payoffs check.

Meierding 20 (, E. L (2020) The Oil Wars Myth [Project Muse]. Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/10.1353/book.84316. Emily Meierding is Associate Professor of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School. Her research has also examined international resource cooperation, oil prices and political instability, energy sanctions, states’ cultivation of international influence, and the linkages between climate change and armed conflict. She received her Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Chicago. Before joining NPS, she taught or researched at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (Geneva, Switzerland) and the Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC) at Stanford University. Her work has appeared in Security Studies, Comparative Politics, the Journal of Global Security Studies, the International Studies Review, Energy Research & Social Sciences, and Foreign Policy.)-rahulpenu

oil wars do not pay invasion occupation international and investment obstacles limits resources and revenue constrict payoffs production transportation sales and raising costs payoffs disappear entirely states reluctant to fight for oil severe militarized interstate conflicts driven by desire to  obtain resources are implausible for producer s or consumer s these conflicts do not pay


Question: invasion and occupation obstacles

No energy wars---barriers and payoffs check.

Meierding 20 (, E. L (2020) The Oil Wars Myth [Project Muse]. Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/10.1353/book.84316. Emily Meierding is Associate Professor of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School. Her research has also examined international resource cooperation, oil prices and political instability, energy sanctions, states’ cultivation of international influence, and the linkages between climate change and armed conflict. She received her Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Chicago. Before joining NPS, she taught or researched at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (Geneva, Switzerland) and the Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC) at Stanford University. Her work has appeared in Security Studies, Comparative Politics, the Journal of Global Security Studies, the International Studies Review, Energy Research & Social Sciences, and Foreign Policy.)-rahulpenu

oil wars do not pay invasion occupation international and investment obstacles limits resources and revenue constrict payoffs production transportation sales and raising costs payoffs disappear entirely states reluctant to fight for oil severe militarized interstate conflicts driven by desire to  obtain resources are implausible for producer s or consumer s these conflicts do not pay


Question: states reluctant to fight for oil

No energy wars---barriers and payoffs check.

Meierding 20 (, E. L (2020) The Oil Wars Myth [Project Muse]. Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/10.1353/book.84316. Emily Meierding is Associate Professor of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School. Her research has also examined international resource cooperation, oil prices and political instability, energy sanctions, states’ cultivation of international influence, and the linkages between climate change and armed conflict. She received her Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Chicago. Before joining NPS, she taught or researched at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (Geneva, Switzerland) and the Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC) at Stanford University. Her work has appeared in Security Studies, Comparative Politics, the Journal of Global Security Studies, the International Studies Review, Energy Research & Social Sciences, and Foreign Policy.)-rahulpenu

oil wars do not pay invasion occupation international and investment obstacles limits resources and revenue constrict payoffs production transportation sales and raising costs payoffs disappear entirely states reluctant to fight for oil severe militarized interstate conflicts driven by desire to  obtain resources are implausible for producer s or consumer s these conflicts do not pay


Question: conflicts do not pay

No energy wars---barriers and payoffs check.

Meierding 20 (, E. L (2020) The Oil Wars Myth [Project Muse]. Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/10.1353/book.84316. Emily Meierding is Associate Professor of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School. Her research has also examined international resource cooperation, oil prices and political instability, energy sanctions, states’ cultivation of international influence, and the linkages between climate change and armed conflict. She received her Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Chicago. Before joining NPS, she taught or researched at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (Geneva, Switzerland) and the Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC) at Stanford University. Her work has appeared in Security Studies, Comparative Politics, the Journal of Global Security Studies, the International Studies Review, Energy Research & Social Sciences, and Foreign Policy.)-rahulpenu

oil wars do not pay invasion occupation international and investment obstacles limits resources and revenue constrict payoffs production transportation sales and raising costs payoffs disappear entirely states reluctant to fight for oil severe militarized interstate conflicts driven by desire to  obtain resources are implausible for producer s or consumer s these conflicts do not pay


Question: militarized conflicts implausible

No energy wars---barriers and payoffs check.

Meierding 20 (, E. L (2020) The Oil Wars Myth [Project Muse]. Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/10.1353/book.84316. Emily Meierding is Associate Professor of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School. Her research has also examined international resource cooperation, oil prices and political instability, energy sanctions, states’ cultivation of international influence, and the linkages between climate change and armed conflict. She received her Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Chicago. Before joining NPS, she taught or researched at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (Geneva, Switzerland) and the Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC) at Stanford University. Her work has appeared in Security Studies, Comparative Politics, the Journal of Global Security Studies, the International Studies Review, Energy Research & Social Sciences, and Foreign Policy.)-rahulpenu

oil wars do not pay invasion occupation international and investment obstacles limits resources and revenue constrict payoffs production transportation sales and raising costs payoffs disappear entirely states reluctant to fight for oil severe militarized interstate conflicts driven by desire to  obtain resources are implausible for producer s or consumer s these conflicts do not pay


Question: Decarbonization debates coordinate anti-colonial climate action

Our model solves --- decarbonization debates are necessary to coordinate anti-colonial approaches to climate change

Whyte 2020 (Kyle Whyte, Too late for indigenous climate justice: Ecological and relational tipping points, WIREs Climate Change Special Issue, https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.603. kcv.)

. A focus on averting some ecological tipping point is a major concern because the needed relational qualities for coordinated response are missing If the rise in global average temperature is inseparable from relational qualities of coordinated action, then it's likely to be too late to stop dangerous climate change we are looking at a future where we have commitments to kin relationships but the slow onset of achieving these relationships forecloses the global capacity to avoid climate disruptions possible futures that do not sacrifice indigenous consent, trust, accountability Urgency must be aimed at addressing ecological and relational tipping points together


Question: Whyte 2020

Our model solves --- decarbonization debates are necessary to coordinate anti-colonial approaches to climate change

Whyte 2020 (Kyle Whyte, Too late for indigenous climate justice: Ecological and relational tipping points, WIREs Climate Change Special Issue, https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.603. kcv.)

. A focus on averting some ecological tipping point is a major concern because the needed relational qualities for coordinated response are missing If the rise in global average temperature is inseparable from relational qualities of coordinated action, then it's likely to be too late to stop dangerous climate change we are looking at a future where we have commitments to kin relationships but the slow onset of achieving these relationships forecloses the global capacity to avoid climate disruptions possible futures that do not sacrifice indigenous consent, trust, accountability Urgency must be aimed at addressing ecological and relational tipping points together


Question: Kyle Whyte

Our model solves --- decarbonization debates are necessary to coordinate anti-colonial approaches to climate change

Whyte 2020 (Kyle Whyte, Too late for indigenous climate justice: Ecological and relational tipping points, WIREs Climate Change Special Issue, https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.603. kcv.)

. A focus on averting some ecological tipping point is a major concern because the needed relational qualities for coordinated response are missing If the rise in global average temperature is inseparable from relational qualities of coordinated action, then it's likely to be too late to stop dangerous climate change we are looking at a future where we have commitments to kin relationships but the slow onset of achieving these relationships forecloses the global capacity to avoid climate disruptions possible futures that do not sacrifice indigenous consent, trust, accountability Urgency must be aimed at addressing ecological and relational tipping points together


Question: Indigenous climate justice

Our model solves --- decarbonization debates are necessary to coordinate anti-colonial approaches to climate change

Whyte 2020 (Kyle Whyte, Too late for indigenous climate justice: Ecological and relational tipping points, WIREs Climate Change Special Issue, https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.603. kcv.)

. A focus on averting some ecological tipping point is a major concern because the needed relational qualities for coordinated response are missing If the rise in global average temperature is inseparable from relational qualities of coordinated action, then it's likely to be too late to stop dangerous climate change we are looking at a future where we have commitments to kin relationships but the slow onset of achieving these relationships forecloses the global capacity to avoid climate disruptions possible futures that do not sacrifice indigenous consent, trust, accountability Urgency must be aimed at addressing ecological and relational tipping points together


Question: coordinated response missing

Our model solves --- decarbonization debates are necessary to coordinate anti-colonial approaches to climate change

Whyte 2020 (Kyle Whyte, Too late for indigenous climate justice: Ecological and relational tipping points, WIREs Climate Change Special Issue, https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.603. kcv.)

. A focus on averting some ecological tipping point is a major concern because the needed relational qualities for coordinated response are missing If the rise in global average temperature is inseparable from relational qualities of coordinated action, then it's likely to be too late to stop dangerous climate change we are looking at a future where we have commitments to kin relationships but the slow onset of achieving these relationships forecloses the global capacity to avoid climate disruptions possible futures that do not sacrifice indigenous consent, trust, accountability Urgency must be aimed at addressing ecological and relational tipping points together


Question: climate change relational qualities

Our model solves --- decarbonization debates are necessary to coordinate anti-colonial approaches to climate change

Whyte 2020 (Kyle Whyte, Too late for indigenous climate justice: Ecological and relational tipping points, WIREs Climate Change Special Issue, https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.603. kcv.)

. A focus on averting some ecological tipping point is a major concern because the needed relational qualities for coordinated response are missing If the rise in global average temperature is inseparable from relational qualities of coordinated action, then it's likely to be too late to stop dangerous climate change we are looking at a future where we have commitments to kin relationships but the slow onset of achieving these relationships forecloses the global capacity to avoid climate disruptions possible futures that do not sacrifice indigenous consent, trust, accountability Urgency must be aimed at addressing ecological and relational tipping points together


Question: ecological tipping point

Our model solves --- decarbonization debates are necessary to coordinate anti-colonial approaches to climate change

Whyte 2020 (Kyle Whyte, Too late for indigenous climate justice: Ecological and relational tipping points, WIREs Climate Change Special Issue, https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.603. kcv.)

. A focus on averting some ecological tipping point is a major concern because the needed relational qualities for coordinated response are missing If the rise in global average temperature is inseparable from relational qualities of coordinated action, then it's likely to be too late to stop dangerous climate change we are looking at a future where we have commitments to kin relationships but the slow onset of achieving these relationships forecloses the global capacity to avoid climate disruptions possible futures that do not sacrifice indigenous consent, trust, accountability Urgency must be aimed at addressing ecological and relational tipping points together


Question: Protectionism causes war

Protectionism causes war. That turns and outweighs the AFF—

Lee 18 - (*Hoon Lee and **Toby J. Rider *PhD in political science, Assistant Professor @ Department of Political Science @ Texas Tech University **PhD in political science, Associate Professor @ Department of Political Science @ Texas Tech University; published January 2018, Foreign Policy Analysis, Volume 14, Issue 1, "Evaluating the Effects of Trade on Militarized Behavior in the Context of Territorial Threat," 9-5-2021) doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/fpa/orw009

trade reduce conflict both directly by decreasing militarized disputes and indirectly by reducing arms races because both states enjoy benefits of economic exchange FDI decrease new diplomatic claims to land also reduces severe militarized disputes We find many examples . Japan and Russian Entrepreneurs put pressure on governments disagreement Similar cases between Croatia Slovenia Thailand and Cambodia an interdependent relationship allows for states to credibly communicate resolve aggressive behavior risks disrupting mutually beneficial relationships


Question: Lee and Rider 18

Protectionism causes war. That turns and outweighs the AFF—

Lee 18 - (*Hoon Lee and **Toby J. Rider *PhD in political science, Assistant Professor @ Department of Political Science @ Texas Tech University **PhD in political science, Associate Professor @ Department of Political Science @ Texas Tech University; published January 2018, Foreign Policy Analysis, Volume 14, Issue 1, "Evaluating the Effects of Trade on Militarized Behavior in the Context of Territorial Threat," 9-5-2021) doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/fpa/orw009

trade reduce conflict both directly by decreasing militarized disputes and indirectly by reducing arms races because both states enjoy benefits of economic exchange FDI decrease new diplomatic claims to land also reduces severe militarized disputes We find many examples . Japan and Russian Entrepreneurs put pressure on governments disagreement Similar cases between Croatia Slovenia Thailand and Cambodia an interdependent relationship allows for states to credibly communicate resolve aggressive behavior risks disrupting mutually beneficial relationships


Question: trade reduces conflict

Protectionism causes war. That turns and outweighs the AFF—

Lee 18 - (*Hoon Lee and **Toby J. Rider *PhD in political science, Assistant Professor @ Department of Political Science @ Texas Tech University **PhD in political science, Associate Professor @ Department of Political Science @ Texas Tech University; published January 2018, Foreign Policy Analysis, Volume 14, Issue 1, "Evaluating the Effects of Trade on Militarized Behavior in the Context of Territorial Threat," 9-5-2021) doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/fpa/orw009

trade reduce conflict both directly by decreasing militarized disputes and indirectly by reducing arms races because both states enjoy benefits of economic exchange FDI decrease new diplomatic claims to land also reduces severe militarized disputes We find many examples . Japan and Russian Entrepreneurs put pressure on governments disagreement Similar cases between Croatia Slovenia Thailand and Cambodia an interdependent relationship allows for states to credibly communicate resolve aggressive behavior risks disrupting mutually beneficial relationships


Question: protectionism causes war turns aff

Protectionism causes war. That turns and outweighs the AFF—

Lee 18 - (*Hoon Lee and **Toby J. Rider *PhD in political science, Assistant Professor @ Department of Political Science @ Texas Tech University **PhD in political science, Associate Professor @ Department of Political Science @ Texas Tech University; published January 2018, Foreign Policy Analysis, Volume 14, Issue 1, "Evaluating the Effects of Trade on Militarized Behavior in the Context of Territorial Threat," 9-5-2021) doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/fpa/orw009

trade reduce conflict both directly by decreasing militarized disputes and indirectly by reducing arms races because both states enjoy benefits of economic exchange FDI decrease new diplomatic claims to land also reduces severe militarized disputes We find many examples . Japan and Russian Entrepreneurs put pressure on governments disagreement Similar cases between Croatia Slovenia Thailand and Cambodia an interdependent relationship allows for states to credibly communicate resolve aggressive behavior risks disrupting mutually beneficial relationships


Question: trade reduces militarized disputes

Protectionism causes war. That turns and outweighs the AFF—

Lee 18 - (*Hoon Lee and **Toby J. Rider *PhD in political science, Assistant Professor @ Department of Political Science @ Texas Tech University **PhD in political science, Associate Professor @ Department of Political Science @ Texas Tech University; published January 2018, Foreign Policy Analysis, Volume 14, Issue 1, "Evaluating the Effects of Trade on Militarized Behavior in the Context of Territorial Threat," 9-5-2021) doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/fpa/orw009

trade reduce conflict both directly by decreasing militarized disputes and indirectly by reducing arms races because both states enjoy benefits of economic exchange FDI decrease new diplomatic claims to land also reduces severe militarized disputes We find many examples . Japan and Russian Entrepreneurs put pressure on governments disagreement Similar cases between Croatia Slovenia Thailand and Cambodia an interdependent relationship allows for states to credibly communicate resolve aggressive behavior risks disrupting mutually beneficial relationships


Question: economic exchange reduce conflict

Protectionism causes war. That turns and outweighs the AFF—

Lee 18 - (*Hoon Lee and **Toby J. Rider *PhD in political science, Assistant Professor @ Department of Political Science @ Texas Tech University **PhD in political science, Associate Professor @ Department of Political Science @ Texas Tech University; published January 2018, Foreign Policy Analysis, Volume 14, Issue 1, "Evaluating the Effects of Trade on Militarized Behavior in the Context of Territorial Threat," 9-5-2021) doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/fpa/orw009

trade reduce conflict both directly by decreasing militarized disputes and indirectly by reducing arms races because both states enjoy benefits of economic exchange FDI decrease new diplomatic claims to land also reduces severe militarized disputes We find many examples . Japan and Russian Entrepreneurs put pressure on governments disagreement Similar cases between Croatia Slovenia Thailand and Cambodia an interdependent relationship allows for states to credibly communicate resolve aggressive behavior risks disrupting mutually beneficial relationships


Question: Most probable existential threat

It’s the most probable existential threat

Thomas Such 21, Writer for the Glasgow Guardian, “How to Wipe Out Humanity”, The Glasgow Guardian, 2/9/2021, https://glasgowguardian.co.uk/2021/02/09/how-to-wipe-out-humanity/

a disease may wipe out humanity spreading can be done easily in globalised society a mere 40 days virus became more lethal instead of nuclear war or warming ; the real threat  to destruction of our species come from bacteria


Question: Thomas Such

It’s the most probable existential threat

Thomas Such 21, Writer for the Glasgow Guardian, “How to Wipe Out Humanity”, The Glasgow Guardian, 2/9/2021, https://glasgowguardian.co.uk/2021/02/09/how-to-wipe-out-humanity/

a disease may wipe out humanity spreading can be done easily in globalised society a mere 40 days virus became more lethal instead of nuclear war or warming ; the real threat  to destruction of our species come from bacteria


Question: disease wipes out humanity

It’s the most probable existential threat

Thomas Such 21, Writer for the Glasgow Guardian, “How to Wipe Out Humanity”, The Glasgow Guardian, 2/9/2021, https://glasgowguardian.co.uk/2021/02/09/how-to-wipe-out-humanity/

a disease may wipe out humanity spreading can be done easily in globalised society a mere 40 days virus became more lethal instead of nuclear war or warming ; the real threat  to destruction of our species come from bacteria


Question: existential threat comes from bacteria

It’s the most probable existential threat

Thomas Such 21, Writer for the Glasgow Guardian, “How to Wipe Out Humanity”, The Glasgow Guardian, 2/9/2021, https://glasgowguardian.co.uk/2021/02/09/how-to-wipe-out-humanity/

a disease may wipe out humanity spreading can be done easily in globalised society a mere 40 days virus became more lethal instead of nuclear war or warming ; the real threat  to destruction of our species come from bacteria


Question: bacteria is the real threat

It’s the most probable existential threat

Thomas Such 21, Writer for the Glasgow Guardian, “How to Wipe Out Humanity”, The Glasgow Guardian, 2/9/2021, https://glasgowguardian.co.uk/2021/02/09/how-to-wipe-out-humanity/

a disease may wipe out humanity spreading can be done easily in globalised society a mere 40 days virus became more lethal instead of nuclear war or warming ; the real threat  to destruction of our species come from bacteria


Question: real existential threat

It’s the most probable existential threat

Thomas Such 21, Writer for the Glasgow Guardian, “How to Wipe Out Humanity”, The Glasgow Guardian, 2/9/2021, https://glasgowguardian.co.uk/2021/02/09/how-to-wipe-out-humanity/

a disease may wipe out humanity spreading can be done easily in globalised society a mere 40 days virus became more lethal instead of nuclear war or warming ; the real threat  to destruction of our species come from bacteria


Question: disease spreads easily

It’s the most probable existential threat

Thomas Such 21, Writer for the Glasgow Guardian, “How to Wipe Out Humanity”, The Glasgow Guardian, 2/9/2021, https://glasgowguardian.co.uk/2021/02/09/how-to-wipe-out-humanity/

a disease may wipe out humanity spreading can be done easily in globalised society a mere 40 days virus became more lethal instead of nuclear war or warming ; the real threat  to destruction of our species come from bacteria


Question: virus more lethal

It’s the most probable existential threat

Thomas Such 21, Writer for the Glasgow Guardian, “How to Wipe Out Humanity”, The Glasgow Guardian, 2/9/2021, https://glasgowguardian.co.uk/2021/02/09/how-to-wipe-out-humanity/

a disease may wipe out humanity spreading can be done easily in globalised society a mere 40 days virus became more lethal instead of nuclear war or warming ; the real threat  to destruction of our species come from bacteria


Question: Harris wins now polls

Harris wins now. Polls, odds and predictions.

Maria Francis 10-8. "Who's ahead in the presidential race? The polls and odds have changed. What they say now." North Jersey Media Group. https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/2024/10/08/who-is-winning-presidential-election-harris-trump-polls-odds-changing-and-historian-allan-lichtman/75569637007/

538 shows Harris leading in the 48% over Trump realclearpolling shows betting odds tied between Harris and Trump Lichtman predicted Harris will win the 2024 election correctly predicted every election over the last half-century The betting favorite has only lost twice since 1866


Question: Maria Francis 10-8

Harris wins now. Polls, odds and predictions.

Maria Francis 10-8. "Who's ahead in the presidential race? The polls and odds have changed. What they say now." North Jersey Media Group. https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/2024/10/08/who-is-winning-presidential-election-harris-trump-polls-odds-changing-and-historian-allan-lichtman/75569637007/

538 shows Harris leading in the 48% over Trump realclearpolling shows betting odds tied between Harris and Trump Lichtman predicted Harris will win the 2024 election correctly predicted every election over the last half-century The betting favorite has only lost twice since 1866


Question: Harris over Trump polls

Harris wins now. Polls, odds and predictions.

Maria Francis 10-8. "Who's ahead in the presidential race? The polls and odds have changed. What they say now." North Jersey Media Group. https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/2024/10/08/who-is-winning-presidential-election-harris-trump-polls-odds-changing-and-historian-allan-lichtman/75569637007/

538 shows Harris leading in the 48% over Trump realclearpolling shows betting odds tied between Harris and Trump Lichtman predicted Harris will win the 2024 election correctly predicted every election over the last half-century The betting favorite has only lost twice since 1866


Question: 2024 election predictions

Harris wins now. Polls, odds and predictions.

Maria Francis 10-8. "Who's ahead in the presidential race? The polls and odds have changed. What they say now." North Jersey Media Group. https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/2024/10/08/who-is-winning-presidential-election-harris-trump-polls-odds-changing-and-historian-allan-lichtman/75569637007/

538 shows Harris leading in the 48% over Trump realclearpolling shows betting odds tied between Harris and Trump Lichtman predicted Harris will win the 2024 election correctly predicted every election over the last half-century The betting favorite has only lost twice since 1866


Question: Harris favored to win

Harris wins now. Polls, odds and predictions.

Maria Francis 10-8. "Who's ahead in the presidential race? The polls and odds have changed. What they say now." North Jersey Media Group. https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/2024/10/08/who-is-winning-presidential-election-harris-trump-polls-odds-changing-and-historian-allan-lichtman/75569637007/

538 shows Harris leading in the 48% over Trump realclearpolling shows betting odds tied between Harris and Trump Lichtman predicted Harris will win the 2024 election correctly predicted every election over the last half-century The betting favorite has only lost twice since 1866


Question: Lichtman predicted harris win

Harris wins now. Polls, odds and predictions.

Maria Francis 10-8. "Who's ahead in the presidential race? The polls and odds have changed. What they say now." North Jersey Media Group. https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/2024/10/08/who-is-winning-presidential-election-harris-trump-polls-odds-changing-and-historian-allan-lichtman/75569637007/

538 shows Harris leading in the 48% over Trump realclearpolling shows betting odds tied between Harris and Trump Lichtman predicted Harris will win the 2024 election correctly predicted every election over the last half-century The betting favorite has only lost twice since 1866


Question: betting odds tied

Harris wins now. Polls, odds and predictions.

Maria Francis 10-8. "Who's ahead in the presidential race? The polls and odds have changed. What they say now." North Jersey Media Group. https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/2024/10/08/who-is-winning-presidential-election-harris-trump-polls-odds-changing-and-historian-allan-lichtman/75569637007/

538 shows Harris leading in the 48% over Trump realclearpolling shows betting odds tied between Harris and Trump Lichtman predicted Harris will win the 2024 election correctly predicted every election over the last half-century The betting favorite has only lost twice since 1866


Question: Carrot not stick solves alignment

Plank 2 solves alignment with a carrot instead of a stick. Any deficit applies to the affirmative because of accounting differences.

Reinsch et. al 23, [Emily Benson is a senior fellow with the Scholl Chair in International Business at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in Washington, D.C. Joseph Majkut is the director of the Energy Security and Climate Change Program at CSIS. William A. Reinsch holds the Scholl Chair in International Business at CSIS. Federico Steinberg is a visiting fellow with the Europe, Russia, and Eurasia Program at CSIS and a senior analyst at the Royal Elcano Institute. “Analyzing the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism” https://www.csis.org/analysis/analyzing-european-unions-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism]//sripad

experts suggesting alternative system achieve  regulatory equivalence with EU ETS exempt U.S. products from CBAM even if carbon price paid importers may need to pay adjustment due to prices being higher within EU or free allocations and rebates being offered within country of production Absent carbon price , current federal standards will meet EU threshold for CBAM building alternative compliance mechanisms demonstrating equivalence fall on private sector establish voluntary carbon pricing allow importers to declare carbon costs demonstrate through procurement of renewable or other means companies affirm in transparent and verifiable way they have acquired sufficient credits to equal cost like what EU pay able to argue that regulatory equivalence exists even if voluntary Market-based instrument is defined as a tool of policing with the creation of a market a carbon tax is not a market-based mechanism The government, not the market , fixes the amount paid Middle Eastern oil exporters are negatively impacted by low prices and require sustained oil rents rents support the social welfare system of employment and transfers climate policies to reduce emissions pose a threat to oil exporters putting stress on exporters’ state budgets Mitigating use of fossil fuels will curtail demand Middle Eastern countries bear the highest mitigation costs Middle Eastern countries under the threat of an accelerated energy transition may flood the market and drive prices even lower aggravating rent losses stability in Gulf countries has been funded from oil by establishing a social contract of guaranteeing loyalty monarchies pressed by societal forces buy new loyalties and alliances low oil prices generated uncertainty and insecurity endangering current regimes and boosting conflict if Gulf states fail to implement diversification collapse will be a matter of time this meltdown will increase conflict and instability across the Mid East the Mid East might develop into World War III Pakistan might be overthrown and enter the war introducing nuc s Russia and China might be drawn into a general war nuc s would be used intentionally or by accident or miscalc making the world uninhabitable a global famine could destroy civilization clouds of smoke would spread globally destroying ozone A decade of lowered temperatures would follow


Question: Reinsch et al 23

Plank 2 solves alignment with a carrot instead of a stick. Any deficit applies to the affirmative because of accounting differences.

Reinsch et. al 23, [Emily Benson is a senior fellow with the Scholl Chair in International Business at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in Washington, D.C. Joseph Majkut is the director of the Energy Security and Climate Change Program at CSIS. William A. Reinsch holds the Scholl Chair in International Business at CSIS. Federico Steinberg is a visiting fellow with the Europe, Russia, and Eurasia Program at CSIS and a senior analyst at the Royal Elcano Institute. “Analyzing the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism” https://www.csis.org/analysis/analyzing-european-unions-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism]//sripad

experts suggesting alternative system achieve  regulatory equivalence with EU ETS exempt U.S. products from CBAM even if carbon price paid importers may need to pay adjustment due to prices being higher within EU or free allocations and rebates being offered within country of production Absent carbon price , current federal standards will meet EU threshold for CBAM building alternative compliance mechanisms demonstrating equivalence fall on private sector establish voluntary carbon pricing allow importers to declare carbon costs demonstrate through procurement of renewable or other means companies affirm in transparent and verifiable way they have acquired sufficient credits to equal cost like what EU pay able to argue that regulatory equivalence exists even if voluntary Market-based instrument is defined as a tool of policing with the creation of a market a carbon tax is not a market-based mechanism The government, not the market , fixes the amount paid Middle Eastern oil exporters are negatively impacted by low prices and require sustained oil rents rents support the social welfare system of employment and transfers climate policies to reduce emissions pose a threat to oil exporters putting stress on exporters’ state budgets Mitigating use of fossil fuels will curtail demand Middle Eastern countries bear the highest mitigation costs Middle Eastern countries under the threat of an accelerated energy transition may flood the market and drive prices even lower aggravating rent losses stability in Gulf countries has been funded from oil by establishing a social contract of guaranteeing loyalty monarchies pressed by societal forces buy new loyalties and alliances low oil prices generated uncertainty and insecurity endangering current regimes and boosting conflict if Gulf states fail to implement diversification collapse will be a matter of time this meltdown will increase conflict and instability across the Mid East the Mid East might develop into World War III Pakistan might be overthrown and enter the war introducing nuc s Russia and China might be drawn into a general war nuc s would be used intentionally or by accident or miscalc making the world uninhabitable a global famine could destroy civilization clouds of smoke would spread globally destroying ozone A decade of lowered temperatures would follow


Question: alternative system achieve regulatory equivalence

Plank 2 solves alignment with a carrot instead of a stick. Any deficit applies to the affirmative because of accounting differences.

Reinsch et. al 23, [Emily Benson is a senior fellow with the Scholl Chair in International Business at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in Washington, D.C. Joseph Majkut is the director of the Energy Security and Climate Change Program at CSIS. William A. Reinsch holds the Scholl Chair in International Business at CSIS. Federico Steinberg is a visiting fellow with the Europe, Russia, and Eurasia Program at CSIS and a senior analyst at the Royal Elcano Institute. “Analyzing the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism” https://www.csis.org/analysis/analyzing-european-unions-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism]//sripad

experts suggesting alternative system achieve  regulatory equivalence with EU ETS exempt U.S. products from CBAM even if carbon price paid importers may need to pay adjustment due to prices being higher within EU or free allocations and rebates being offered within country of production Absent carbon price , current federal standards will meet EU threshold for CBAM building alternative compliance mechanisms demonstrating equivalence fall on private sector establish voluntary carbon pricing allow importers to declare carbon costs demonstrate through procurement of renewable or other means companies affirm in transparent and verifiable way they have acquired sufficient credits to equal cost like what EU pay able to argue that regulatory equivalence exists even if voluntary Market-based instrument is defined as a tool of policing with the creation of a market a carbon tax is not a market-based mechanism The government, not the market , fixes the amount paid Middle Eastern oil exporters are negatively impacted by low prices and require sustained oil rents rents support the social welfare system of employment and transfers climate policies to reduce emissions pose a threat to oil exporters putting stress on exporters’ state budgets Mitigating use of fossil fuels will curtail demand Middle Eastern countries bear the highest mitigation costs Middle Eastern countries under the threat of an accelerated energy transition may flood the market and drive prices even lower aggravating rent losses stability in Gulf countries has been funded from oil by establishing a social contract of guaranteeing loyalty monarchies pressed by societal forces buy new loyalties and alliances low oil prices generated uncertainty and insecurity endangering current regimes and boosting conflict if Gulf states fail to implement diversification collapse will be a matter of time this meltdown will increase conflict and instability across the Mid East the Mid East might develop into World War III Pakistan might be overthrown and enter the war introducing nuc s Russia and China might be drawn into a general war nuc s would be used intentionally or by accident or miscalc making the world uninhabitable a global famine could destroy civilization clouds of smoke would spread globally destroying ozone A decade of lowered temperatures would follow


Question: EU carbon border adjustment

Plank 2 solves alignment with a carrot instead of a stick. Any deficit applies to the affirmative because of accounting differences.

Reinsch et. al 23, [Emily Benson is a senior fellow with the Scholl Chair in International Business at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in Washington, D.C. Joseph Majkut is the director of the Energy Security and Climate Change Program at CSIS. William A. Reinsch holds the Scholl Chair in International Business at CSIS. Federico Steinberg is a visiting fellow with the Europe, Russia, and Eurasia Program at CSIS and a senior analyst at the Royal Elcano Institute. “Analyzing the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism” https://www.csis.org/analysis/analyzing-european-unions-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism]//sripad

experts suggesting alternative system achieve  regulatory equivalence with EU ETS exempt U.S. products from CBAM even if carbon price paid importers may need to pay adjustment due to prices being higher within EU or free allocations and rebates being offered within country of production Absent carbon price , current federal standards will meet EU threshold for CBAM building alternative compliance mechanisms demonstrating equivalence fall on private sector establish voluntary carbon pricing allow importers to declare carbon costs demonstrate through procurement of renewable or other means companies affirm in transparent and verifiable way they have acquired sufficient credits to equal cost like what EU pay able to argue that regulatory equivalence exists even if voluntary Market-based instrument is defined as a tool of policing with the creation of a market a carbon tax is not a market-based mechanism The government, not the market , fixes the amount paid Middle Eastern oil exporters are negatively impacted by low prices and require sustained oil rents rents support the social welfare system of employment and transfers climate policies to reduce emissions pose a threat to oil exporters putting stress on exporters’ state budgets Mitigating use of fossil fuels will curtail demand Middle Eastern countries bear the highest mitigation costs Middle Eastern countries under the threat of an accelerated energy transition may flood the market and drive prices even lower aggravating rent losses stability in Gulf countries has been funded from oil by establishing a social contract of guaranteeing loyalty monarchies pressed by societal forces buy new loyalties and alliances low oil prices generated uncertainty and insecurity endangering current regimes and boosting conflict if Gulf states fail to implement diversification collapse will be a matter of time this meltdown will increase conflict and instability across the Mid East the Mid East might develop into World War III Pakistan might be overthrown and enter the war introducing nuc s Russia and China might be drawn into a general war nuc s would be used intentionally or by accident or miscalc making the world uninhabitable a global famine could destroy civilization clouds of smoke would spread globally destroying ozone A decade of lowered temperatures would follow


Question: CBAM voluntary carbon pricing

Plank 2 solves alignment with a carrot instead of a stick. Any deficit applies to the affirmative because of accounting differences.

Reinsch et. al 23, [Emily Benson is a senior fellow with the Scholl Chair in International Business at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in Washington, D.C. Joseph Majkut is the director of the Energy Security and Climate Change Program at CSIS. William A. Reinsch holds the Scholl Chair in International Business at CSIS. Federico Steinberg is a visiting fellow with the Europe, Russia, and Eurasia Program at CSIS and a senior analyst at the Royal Elcano Institute. “Analyzing the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism” https://www.csis.org/analysis/analyzing-european-unions-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism]//sripad

experts suggesting alternative system achieve  regulatory equivalence with EU ETS exempt U.S. products from CBAM even if carbon price paid importers may need to pay adjustment due to prices being higher within EU or free allocations and rebates being offered within country of production Absent carbon price , current federal standards will meet EU threshold for CBAM building alternative compliance mechanisms demonstrating equivalence fall on private sector establish voluntary carbon pricing allow importers to declare carbon costs demonstrate through procurement of renewable or other means companies affirm in transparent and verifiable way they have acquired sufficient credits to equal cost like what EU pay able to argue that regulatory equivalence exists even if voluntary Market-based instrument is defined as a tool of policing with the creation of a market a carbon tax is not a market-based mechanism The government, not the market , fixes the amount paid Middle Eastern oil exporters are negatively impacted by low prices and require sustained oil rents rents support the social welfare system of employment and transfers climate policies to reduce emissions pose a threat to oil exporters putting stress on exporters’ state budgets Mitigating use of fossil fuels will curtail demand Middle Eastern countries bear the highest mitigation costs Middle Eastern countries under the threat of an accelerated energy transition may flood the market and drive prices even lower aggravating rent losses stability in Gulf countries has been funded from oil by establishing a social contract of guaranteeing loyalty monarchies pressed by societal forces buy new loyalties and alliances low oil prices generated uncertainty and insecurity endangering current regimes and boosting conflict if Gulf states fail to implement diversification collapse will be a matter of time this meltdown will increase conflict and instability across the Mid East the Mid East might develop into World War III Pakistan might be overthrown and enter the war introducing nuc s Russia and China might be drawn into a general war nuc s would be used intentionally or by accident or miscalc making the world uninhabitable a global famine could destroy civilization clouds of smoke would spread globally destroying ozone A decade of lowered temperatures would follow