Question: Harris energy stances voters

Especially because Harris is moderating her energy stances now. That’s successfully working on voters who care about fossil fuels.

Siegel and Wolman 24 – reporters, POLITICO

Harris issued a statement she would not ban fracking she tempered her positions as Biden’s No. 2 scrutiny from Trump cast his opponent as an ultra lib Harris’ U-turn represents a move to the center in a sprint to win Pennsylvania


Question: politico

Especially because Harris is moderating her energy stances now. That’s successfully working on voters who care about fossil fuels.

Siegel and Wolman 24 – reporters, POLITICO

Harris issued a statement she would not ban fracking she tempered her positions as Biden’s No. 2 scrutiny from Trump cast his opponent as an ultra lib Harris’ U-turn represents a move to the center in a sprint to win Pennsylvania


Question: zero empirical basis for psychoanalysis

There is zero empirical basis for psychoanalysis

Dr. Joel Paris 17, Professor, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, and Research Associate, Department of Psychiatry, Jewish General Hospital. "Is Psychoanalysis Still Relevant to Psychiatry?" https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5459228/

psychoanalysts link their model with neuro research proposal met mixed reception Neuroscientists see links as lying in cognitive science ignored this idea . neuropsychoanalysis is being used to justify models , without attempting to find something new or develop  an integration of perspectives neuroplasticity findings have not been confirmed their ideas based on anecdotes rather than clinical trials , have had little impact in medicine . This underscores difficulty of reconciling psychoanalysis with empirical testing Psychoanalysis failed to operationalize hypotheses test them with empirical methods , or remove constructs psychoanalysis resembles the humanities Lacan eccentric practice resembled a cult leader recruitment of academics  with no training in science could lead to isolation of the discipline


Question: Dr. Joel Paris 17

There is zero empirical basis for psychoanalysis

Dr. Joel Paris 17, Professor, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, and Research Associate, Department of Psychiatry, Jewish General Hospital. "Is Psychoanalysis Still Relevant to Psychiatry?" https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5459228/

psychoanalysts link their model with neuro research proposal met mixed reception Neuroscientists see links as lying in cognitive science ignored this idea . neuropsychoanalysis is being used to justify models , without attempting to find something new or develop  an integration of perspectives neuroplasticity findings have not been confirmed their ideas based on anecdotes rather than clinical trials , have had little impact in medicine . This underscores difficulty of reconciling psychoanalysis with empirical testing Psychoanalysis failed to operationalize hypotheses test them with empirical methods , or remove constructs psychoanalysis resembles the humanities Lacan eccentric practice resembled a cult leader recruitment of academics  with no training in science could lead to isolation of the discipline


Question: psychoanalysis neuroscience

There is zero empirical basis for psychoanalysis

Dr. Joel Paris 17, Professor, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, and Research Associate, Department of Psychiatry, Jewish General Hospital. "Is Psychoanalysis Still Relevant to Psychiatry?" https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5459228/

psychoanalysts link their model with neuro research proposal met mixed reception Neuroscientists see links as lying in cognitive science ignored this idea . neuropsychoanalysis is being used to justify models , without attempting to find something new or develop  an integration of perspectives neuroplasticity findings have not been confirmed their ideas based on anecdotes rather than clinical trials , have had little impact in medicine . This underscores difficulty of reconciling psychoanalysis with empirical testing Psychoanalysis failed to operationalize hypotheses test them with empirical methods , or remove constructs psychoanalysis resembles the humanities Lacan eccentric practice resembled a cult leader recruitment of academics  with no training in science could lead to isolation of the discipline


Question: psychoanalysis no scientific basis

There is zero empirical basis for psychoanalysis

Dr. Joel Paris 17, Professor, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, and Research Associate, Department of Psychiatry, Jewish General Hospital. "Is Psychoanalysis Still Relevant to Psychiatry?" https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5459228/

psychoanalysts link their model with neuro research proposal met mixed reception Neuroscientists see links as lying in cognitive science ignored this idea . neuropsychoanalysis is being used to justify models , without attempting to find something new or develop  an integration of perspectives neuroplasticity findings have not been confirmed their ideas based on anecdotes rather than clinical trials , have had little impact in medicine . This underscores difficulty of reconciling psychoanalysis with empirical testing Psychoanalysis failed to operationalize hypotheses test them with empirical methods , or remove constructs psychoanalysis resembles the humanities Lacan eccentric practice resembled a cult leader recruitment of academics  with no training in science could lead to isolation of the discipline


Question: psychoanalysis not empirical

There is zero empirical basis for psychoanalysis

Dr. Joel Paris 17, Professor, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, and Research Associate, Department of Psychiatry, Jewish General Hospital. "Is Psychoanalysis Still Relevant to Psychiatry?" https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5459228/

psychoanalysts link their model with neuro research proposal met mixed reception Neuroscientists see links as lying in cognitive science ignored this idea . neuropsychoanalysis is being used to justify models , without attempting to find something new or develop  an integration of perspectives neuroplasticity findings have not been confirmed their ideas based on anecdotes rather than clinical trials , have had little impact in medicine . This underscores difficulty of reconciling psychoanalysis with empirical testing Psychoanalysis failed to operationalize hypotheses test them with empirical methods , or remove constructs psychoanalysis resembles the humanities Lacan eccentric practice resembled a cult leader recruitment of academics  with no training in science could lead to isolation of the discipline


Question: psychoanalysis lacks empirical support

There is zero empirical basis for psychoanalysis

Dr. Joel Paris 17, Professor, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, and Research Associate, Department of Psychiatry, Jewish General Hospital. "Is Psychoanalysis Still Relevant to Psychiatry?" https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5459228/

psychoanalysts link their model with neuro research proposal met mixed reception Neuroscientists see links as lying in cognitive science ignored this idea . neuropsychoanalysis is being used to justify models , without attempting to find something new or develop  an integration of perspectives neuroplasticity findings have not been confirmed their ideas based on anecdotes rather than clinical trials , have had little impact in medicine . This underscores difficulty of reconciling psychoanalysis with empirical testing Psychoanalysis failed to operationalize hypotheses test them with empirical methods , or remove constructs psychoanalysis resembles the humanities Lacan eccentric practice resembled a cult leader recruitment of academics  with no training in science could lead to isolation of the discipline


Question: psychoanalysis and neuro research

There is zero empirical basis for psychoanalysis

Dr. Joel Paris 17, Professor, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, and Research Associate, Department of Psychiatry, Jewish General Hospital. "Is Psychoanalysis Still Relevant to Psychiatry?" https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5459228/

psychoanalysts link their model with neuro research proposal met mixed reception Neuroscientists see links as lying in cognitive science ignored this idea . neuropsychoanalysis is being used to justify models , without attempting to find something new or develop  an integration of perspectives neuroplasticity findings have not been confirmed their ideas based on anecdotes rather than clinical trials , have had little impact in medicine . This underscores difficulty of reconciling psychoanalysis with empirical testing Psychoanalysis failed to operationalize hypotheses test them with empirical methods , or remove constructs psychoanalysis resembles the humanities Lacan eccentric practice resembled a cult leader recruitment of academics  with no training in science could lead to isolation of the discipline


Question: psychoanalysis failed empirical methods

There is zero empirical basis for psychoanalysis

Dr. Joel Paris 17, Professor, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, and Research Associate, Department of Psychiatry, Jewish General Hospital. "Is Psychoanalysis Still Relevant to Psychiatry?" https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5459228/

psychoanalysts link their model with neuro research proposal met mixed reception Neuroscientists see links as lying in cognitive science ignored this idea . neuropsychoanalysis is being used to justify models , without attempting to find something new or develop  an integration of perspectives neuroplasticity findings have not been confirmed their ideas based on anecdotes rather than clinical trials , have had little impact in medicine . This underscores difficulty of reconciling psychoanalysis with empirical testing Psychoanalysis failed to operationalize hypotheses test them with empirical methods , or remove constructs psychoanalysis resembles the humanities Lacan eccentric practice resembled a cult leader recruitment of academics  with no training in science could lead to isolation of the discipline


Question: Clean energy standard AFF's

FIRST. Clean energy standard AFF’s. They can specify the type source of energy.

Constellation, 2024, "What are renewable energy certificates?", https://www.constellation.com/energy-101/energy-innovation/renewable-energy-certificates-explained.html, da 8/31/24, +=

REC make renewable energy tradeable certificate includes type of fuel used


Question: Constellation 2024

FIRST. Clean energy standard AFF’s. They can specify the type source of energy.

Constellation, 2024, "What are renewable energy certificates?", https://www.constellation.com/energy-101/energy-innovation/renewable-energy-certificates-explained.html, da 8/31/24, +=

REC make renewable energy tradeable certificate includes type of fuel used


Question: REC tradeable certificate

FIRST. Clean energy standard AFF’s. They can specify the type source of energy.

Constellation, 2024, "What are renewable energy certificates?", https://www.constellation.com/energy-101/energy-innovation/renewable-energy-certificates-explained.html, da 8/31/24, +=

REC make renewable energy tradeable certificate includes type of fuel used


Question: type source of energy

FIRST. Clean energy standard AFF’s. They can specify the type source of energy.

Constellation, 2024, "What are renewable energy certificates?", https://www.constellation.com/energy-101/energy-innovation/renewable-energy-certificates-explained.html, da 8/31/24, +=

REC make renewable energy tradeable certificate includes type of fuel used


Question: renewable energy certificates

FIRST. Clean energy standard AFF’s. They can specify the type source of energy.

Constellation, 2024, "What are renewable energy certificates?", https://www.constellation.com/energy-101/energy-innovation/renewable-energy-certificates-explained.html, da 8/31/24, +=

REC make renewable energy tradeable certificate includes type of fuel used


Question: Clean energy standard advantage

FIRST. Clean energy standard AFF’s. They can specify the type source of energy.

Constellation, 2024, "What are renewable energy certificates?", https://www.constellation.com/energy-101/energy-innovation/renewable-energy-certificates-explained.html, da 8/31/24, +=

REC make renewable energy tradeable certificate includes type of fuel used


Question: Alt fails causes transition wars

13. The ALT fails AND causes transition wars.

Calnitsky ’21 [David; August 8; Assistant Professor in the Department of Sociology at Western University; Critical Sociology, “The Policy Road to Socialism,” Sage Online]

Drawing on a thousand years of data not one had collapsed with GDP higher than Argentina A smashed state is likely to result in tyranny there has never a working class that wanted one rev involves colossal risks people have a lot to lose all working classes have been reformist democracy has never emerged in the wake of social collapse, it is hard to imagine success without incremental transformation the only way to avoid blunders


Question: Calnitsky transition wars

13. The ALT fails AND causes transition wars.

Calnitsky ’21 [David; August 8; Assistant Professor in the Department of Sociology at Western University; Critical Sociology, “The Policy Road to Socialism,” Sage Online]

Drawing on a thousand years of data not one had collapsed with GDP higher than Argentina A smashed state is likely to result in tyranny there has never a working class that wanted one rev involves colossal risks people have a lot to lose all working classes have been reformist democracy has never emerged in the wake of social collapse, it is hard to imagine success without incremental transformation the only way to avoid blunders


Question: Calnitsky 21

13. The ALT fails AND causes transition wars.

Calnitsky ’21 [David; August 8; Assistant Professor in the Department of Sociology at Western University; Critical Sociology, “The Policy Road to Socialism,” Sage Online]

Drawing on a thousand years of data not one had collapsed with GDP higher than Argentina A smashed state is likely to result in tyranny there has never a working class that wanted one rev involves colossal risks people have a lot to lose all working classes have been reformist democracy has never emerged in the wake of social collapse, it is hard to imagine success without incremental transformation the only way to avoid blunders


Question: democracy never emerges social collapse

13. The ALT fails AND causes transition wars.

Calnitsky ’21 [David; August 8; Assistant Professor in the Department of Sociology at Western University; Critical Sociology, “The Policy Road to Socialism,” Sage Online]

Drawing on a thousand years of data not one had collapsed with GDP higher than Argentina A smashed state is likely to result in tyranny there has never a working class that wanted one rev involves colossal risks people have a lot to lose all working classes have been reformist democracy has never emerged in the wake of social collapse, it is hard to imagine success without incremental transformation the only way to avoid blunders


Question: no working class wants tyranny

13. The ALT fails AND causes transition wars.

Calnitsky ’21 [David; August 8; Assistant Professor in the Department of Sociology at Western University; Critical Sociology, “The Policy Road to Socialism,” Sage Online]

Drawing on a thousand years of data not one had collapsed with GDP higher than Argentina A smashed state is likely to result in tyranny there has never a working class that wanted one rev involves colossal risks people have a lot to lose all working classes have been reformist democracy has never emerged in the wake of social collapse, it is hard to imagine success without incremental transformation the only way to avoid blunders


Question: policy road to socialism

13. The ALT fails AND causes transition wars.

Calnitsky ’21 [David; August 8; Assistant Professor in the Department of Sociology at Western University; Critical Sociology, “The Policy Road to Socialism,” Sage Online]

Drawing on a thousand years of data not one had collapsed with GDP higher than Argentina A smashed state is likely to result in tyranny there has never a working class that wanted one rev involves colossal risks people have a lot to lose all working classes have been reformist democracy has never emerged in the wake of social collapse, it is hard to imagine success without incremental transformation the only way to avoid blunders


Question: incremental transformation avoids blunders

13. The ALT fails AND causes transition wars.

Calnitsky ’21 [David; August 8; Assistant Professor in the Department of Sociology at Western University; Critical Sociology, “The Policy Road to Socialism,” Sage Online]

Drawing on a thousand years of data not one had collapsed with GDP higher than Argentina A smashed state is likely to result in tyranny there has never a working class that wanted one rev involves colossal risks people have a lot to lose all working classes have been reformist democracy has never emerged in the wake of social collapse, it is hard to imagine success without incremental transformation the only way to avoid blunders


Question: AI data centers greenhouse gases

The data centers driving the AI revolution obtain nearly 75% of their energy from carbon-based sources.

Tremayne-Pengelly 24 (Alexandra Tremayne-Pengelly covers general news and the business of arts and culture for the Observer. She is a graduate of McGill University and the Columbia School of Journalism; “A.I. Data Centers Are Emitting Nearly as Much Greenhouse Gases As Commercial Airlines”; 12/17/24; https://observer.com/2024/12/ai-data-center-carbon-emission/; Sedhai)

A.I.’s hunger for powerful data centers has exacerbated electricity resources and triggered increase in energy demand according to 78 percent of U.S. data centers Fossil fuel accounted for 56 percent of the energy 16 percent came from coal


Question: tremayne-pengelly 24

The data centers driving the AI revolution obtain nearly 75% of their energy from carbon-based sources.

Tremayne-Pengelly 24 (Alexandra Tremayne-Pengelly covers general news and the business of arts and culture for the Observer. She is a graduate of McGill University and the Columbia School of Journalism; “A.I. Data Centers Are Emitting Nearly as Much Greenhouse Gases As Commercial Airlines”; 12/17/24; https://observer.com/2024/12/ai-data-center-carbon-emission/; Sedhai)

A.I.’s hunger for powerful data centers has exacerbated electricity resources and triggered increase in energy demand according to 78 percent of U.S. data centers Fossil fuel accounted for 56 percent of the energy 16 percent came from coal


Question: Alexandra Tremayne-Pengelly

The data centers driving the AI revolution obtain nearly 75% of their energy from carbon-based sources.

Tremayne-Pengelly 24 (Alexandra Tremayne-Pengelly covers general news and the business of arts and culture for the Observer. She is a graduate of McGill University and the Columbia School of Journalism; “A.I. Data Centers Are Emitting Nearly as Much Greenhouse Gases As Commercial Airlines”; 12/17/24; https://observer.com/2024/12/ai-data-center-carbon-emission/; Sedhai)

A.I.’s hunger for powerful data centers has exacerbated electricity resources and triggered increase in energy demand according to 78 percent of U.S. data centers Fossil fuel accounted for 56 percent of the energy 16 percent came from coal


Question: AI data centers energy sources

The data centers driving the AI revolution obtain nearly 75% of their energy from carbon-based sources.

Tremayne-Pengelly 24 (Alexandra Tremayne-Pengelly covers general news and the business of arts and culture for the Observer. She is a graduate of McGill University and the Columbia School of Journalism; “A.I. Data Centers Are Emitting Nearly as Much Greenhouse Gases As Commercial Airlines”; 12/17/24; https://observer.com/2024/12/ai-data-center-carbon-emission/; Sedhai)

A.I.’s hunger for powerful data centers has exacerbated electricity resources and triggered increase in energy demand according to 78 percent of U.S. data centers Fossil fuel accounted for 56 percent of the energy 16 percent came from coal


Question: data centers 75 percent carbon

The data centers driving the AI revolution obtain nearly 75% of their energy from carbon-based sources.

Tremayne-Pengelly 24 (Alexandra Tremayne-Pengelly covers general news and the business of arts and culture for the Observer. She is a graduate of McGill University and the Columbia School of Journalism; “A.I. Data Centers Are Emitting Nearly as Much Greenhouse Gases As Commercial Airlines”; 12/17/24; https://observer.com/2024/12/ai-data-center-carbon-emission/; Sedhai)

A.I.’s hunger for powerful data centers has exacerbated electricity resources and triggered increase in energy demand according to 78 percent of U.S. data centers Fossil fuel accounted for 56 percent of the energy 16 percent came from coal


Question: AI exacerbates electricity resources

The data centers driving the AI revolution obtain nearly 75% of their energy from carbon-based sources.

Tremayne-Pengelly 24 (Alexandra Tremayne-Pengelly covers general news and the business of arts and culture for the Observer. She is a graduate of McGill University and the Columbia School of Journalism; “A.I. Data Centers Are Emitting Nearly as Much Greenhouse Gases As Commercial Airlines”; 12/17/24; https://observer.com/2024/12/ai-data-center-carbon-emission/; Sedhai)

A.I.’s hunger for powerful data centers has exacerbated electricity resources and triggered increase in energy demand according to 78 percent of U.S. data centers Fossil fuel accounted for 56 percent of the energy 16 percent came from coal


Question: fossil fuels for AI

The data centers driving the AI revolution obtain nearly 75% of their energy from carbon-based sources.

Tremayne-Pengelly 24 (Alexandra Tremayne-Pengelly covers general news and the business of arts and culture for the Observer. She is a graduate of McGill University and the Columbia School of Journalism; “A.I. Data Centers Are Emitting Nearly as Much Greenhouse Gases As Commercial Airlines”; 12/17/24; https://observer.com/2024/12/ai-data-center-carbon-emission/; Sedhai)

A.I.’s hunger for powerful data centers has exacerbated electricity resources and triggered increase in energy demand according to 78 percent of U.S. data centers Fossil fuel accounted for 56 percent of the energy 16 percent came from coal


Question: no impact marine life

No impact, a litany of alt causes, and their ev cherry-picks worst-case-scenario studies

Webster 16 (Ben, Environmental Editor for the London Times, “Scientists are ‘exaggerating carbon threat to reefs and marine life’”, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/the-times/scientists-are-exaggerating-carbon-threat-to-reefs-and-marine-life/news-story/d41370fc3ecbcbacaf18b1cff0cb2e4a)

Claims that emissions are making the oceans more acidic  have been exaggerated inherent bias in favour of more calamitous predictions excluded research showing that marine creatures are not damaged many  studies had used flawed methods , subjecting creatures to  sudden increases that would  never be experienced in real life . it was levels far beyond what would ever be reached even if we burnt every molecule of carbon this had distracted attention from urgent threats such as  agricultural pollution , overfishing  and  tourism journals tend to publish doom and gloom stories The  bias was partly the result of pressure on scientists to produce eye-catching work half  of the studies found that raised levels of CO2 had little or no impact on marine life


Question: webster 16

No impact, a litany of alt causes, and their ev cherry-picks worst-case-scenario studies

Webster 16 (Ben, Environmental Editor for the London Times, “Scientists are ‘exaggerating carbon threat to reefs and marine life’”, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/the-times/scientists-are-exaggerating-carbon-threat-to-reefs-and-marine-life/news-story/d41370fc3ecbcbacaf18b1cff0cb2e4a)

Claims that emissions are making the oceans more acidic  have been exaggerated inherent bias in favour of more calamitous predictions excluded research showing that marine creatures are not damaged many  studies had used flawed methods , subjecting creatures to  sudden increases that would  never be experienced in real life . it was levels far beyond what would ever be reached even if we burnt every molecule of carbon this had distracted attention from urgent threats such as  agricultural pollution , overfishing  and  tourism journals tend to publish doom and gloom stories The  bias was partly the result of pressure on scientists to produce eye-catching work half  of the studies found that raised levels of CO2 had little or no impact on marine life


Question: exaggerating carbon threat to reefs

No impact, a litany of alt causes, and their ev cherry-picks worst-case-scenario studies

Webster 16 (Ben, Environmental Editor for the London Times, “Scientists are ‘exaggerating carbon threat to reefs and marine life’”, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/the-times/scientists-are-exaggerating-carbon-threat-to-reefs-and-marine-life/news-story/d41370fc3ecbcbacaf18b1cff0cb2e4a)

Claims that emissions are making the oceans more acidic  have been exaggerated inherent bias in favour of more calamitous predictions excluded research showing that marine creatures are not damaged many  studies had used flawed methods , subjecting creatures to  sudden increases that would  never be experienced in real life . it was levels far beyond what would ever be reached even if we burnt every molecule of carbon this had distracted attention from urgent threats such as  agricultural pollution , overfishing  and  tourism journals tend to publish doom and gloom stories The  bias was partly the result of pressure on scientists to produce eye-catching work half  of the studies found that raised levels of CO2 had little or no impact on marine life


Question: marine life CO2 impact

No impact, a litany of alt causes, and their ev cherry-picks worst-case-scenario studies

Webster 16 (Ben, Environmental Editor for the London Times, “Scientists are ‘exaggerating carbon threat to reefs and marine life’”, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/the-times/scientists-are-exaggerating-carbon-threat-to-reefs-and-marine-life/news-story/d41370fc3ecbcbacaf18b1cff0cb2e4a)

Claims that emissions are making the oceans more acidic  have been exaggerated inherent bias in favour of more calamitous predictions excluded research showing that marine creatures are not damaged many  studies had used flawed methods , subjecting creatures to  sudden increases that would  never be experienced in real life . it was levels far beyond what would ever be reached even if we burnt every molecule of carbon this had distracted attention from urgent threats such as  agricultural pollution , overfishing  and  tourism journals tend to publish doom and gloom stories The  bias was partly the result of pressure on scientists to produce eye-catching work half  of the studies found that raised levels of CO2 had little or no impact on marine life


Question: ocean acidification exaggerated

No impact, a litany of alt causes, and their ev cherry-picks worst-case-scenario studies

Webster 16 (Ben, Environmental Editor for the London Times, “Scientists are ‘exaggerating carbon threat to reefs and marine life’”, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/the-times/scientists-are-exaggerating-carbon-threat-to-reefs-and-marine-life/news-story/d41370fc3ecbcbacaf18b1cff0cb2e4a)

Claims that emissions are making the oceans more acidic  have been exaggerated inherent bias in favour of more calamitous predictions excluded research showing that marine creatures are not damaged many  studies had used flawed methods , subjecting creatures to  sudden increases that would  never be experienced in real life . it was levels far beyond what would ever be reached even if we burnt every molecule of carbon this had distracted attention from urgent threats such as  agricultural pollution , overfishing  and  tourism journals tend to publish doom and gloom stories The  bias was partly the result of pressure on scientists to produce eye-catching work half  of the studies found that raised levels of CO2 had little or no impact on marine life


Question: environmental editor for the london times

No impact, a litany of alt causes, and their ev cherry-picks worst-case-scenario studies

Webster 16 (Ben, Environmental Editor for the London Times, “Scientists are ‘exaggerating carbon threat to reefs and marine life’”, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/the-times/scientists-are-exaggerating-carbon-threat-to-reefs-and-marine-life/news-story/d41370fc3ecbcbacaf18b1cff0cb2e4a)

Claims that emissions are making the oceans more acidic  have been exaggerated inherent bias in favour of more calamitous predictions excluded research showing that marine creatures are not damaged many  studies had used flawed methods , subjecting creatures to  sudden increases that would  never be experienced in real life . it was levels far beyond what would ever be reached even if we burnt every molecule of carbon this had distracted attention from urgent threats such as  agricultural pollution , overfishing  and  tourism journals tend to publish doom and gloom stories The  bias was partly the result of pressure on scientists to produce eye-catching work half  of the studies found that raised levels of CO2 had little or no impact on marine life


Question: agricultural pollution marine life

No impact, a litany of alt causes, and their ev cherry-picks worst-case-scenario studies

Webster 16 (Ben, Environmental Editor for the London Times, “Scientists are ‘exaggerating carbon threat to reefs and marine life’”, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/the-times/scientists-are-exaggerating-carbon-threat-to-reefs-and-marine-life/news-story/d41370fc3ecbcbacaf18b1cff0cb2e4a)

Claims that emissions are making the oceans more acidic  have been exaggerated inherent bias in favour of more calamitous predictions excluded research showing that marine creatures are not damaged many  studies had used flawed methods , subjecting creatures to  sudden increases that would  never be experienced in real life . it was levels far beyond what would ever be reached even if we burnt every molecule of carbon this had distracted attention from urgent threats such as  agricultural pollution , overfishing  and  tourism journals tend to publish doom and gloom stories The  bias was partly the result of pressure on scientists to produce eye-catching work half  of the studies found that raised levels of CO2 had little or no impact on marine life


Question: flawed methods marine studies

No impact, a litany of alt causes, and their ev cherry-picks worst-case-scenario studies

Webster 16 (Ben, Environmental Editor for the London Times, “Scientists are ‘exaggerating carbon threat to reefs and marine life’”, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/the-times/scientists-are-exaggerating-carbon-threat-to-reefs-and-marine-life/news-story/d41370fc3ecbcbacaf18b1cff0cb2e4a)

Claims that emissions are making the oceans more acidic  have been exaggerated inherent bias in favour of more calamitous predictions excluded research showing that marine creatures are not damaged many  studies had used flawed methods , subjecting creatures to  sudden increases that would  never be experienced in real life . it was levels far beyond what would ever be reached even if we burnt every molecule of carbon this had distracted attention from urgent threats such as  agricultural pollution , overfishing  and  tourism journals tend to publish doom and gloom stories The  bias was partly the result of pressure on scientists to produce eye-catching work half  of the studies found that raised levels of CO2 had little or no impact on marine life


Question: International system explains conflict

The structure of the international system explains conflict.

Michael Beckley 18. Professor of political science at Tufts. Unrivaled: Why America Will Remain the World’s Sole Superpower. Cornell University Press.

world politics is a game of thrones sixteen cases when a rising power challenged Twelve ended in carnage the pattern is clear hegemonic rivalry sparked a catastrophic war unipolarity put this on hold wars still occur but none have the global scope or generational length of a hegemonic rivalry proxy wars killed millions and pushed to the brink of nuc Armageddon World War III and extinction were nontrivial possibilities Since the U S has not faced a rival the world has been more peaceful than ever Interstate wars have disappeared civil wars declined by 30 percent the economy has quadrupled Did humans suddenly become 20 times less violent Of course not the dramatic decline is better explained by geopolitics than sociology collapse of the Soviet Union opened the world to democracy commerce , and peacekeeping dampened conﬂict Faced with overwhelming U.S. military might countries decided to work within the American order war is unthinkable


Question: Michael Beckley 18

The structure of the international system explains conflict.

Michael Beckley 18. Professor of political science at Tufts. Unrivaled: Why America Will Remain the World’s Sole Superpower. Cornell University Press.

world politics is a game of thrones sixteen cases when a rising power challenged Twelve ended in carnage the pattern is clear hegemonic rivalry sparked a catastrophic war unipolarity put this on hold wars still occur but none have the global scope or generational length of a hegemonic rivalry proxy wars killed millions and pushed to the brink of nuc Armageddon World War III and extinction were nontrivial possibilities Since the U S has not faced a rival the world has been more peaceful than ever Interstate wars have disappeared civil wars declined by 30 percent the economy has quadrupled Did humans suddenly become 20 times less violent Of course not the dramatic decline is better explained by geopolitics than sociology collapse of the Soviet Union opened the world to democracy commerce , and peacekeeping dampened conﬂict Faced with overwhelming U.S. military might countries decided to work within the American order war is unthinkable


Question: Beckley world politics

The structure of the international system explains conflict.

Michael Beckley 18. Professor of political science at Tufts. Unrivaled: Why America Will Remain the World’s Sole Superpower. Cornell University Press.

world politics is a game of thrones sixteen cases when a rising power challenged Twelve ended in carnage the pattern is clear hegemonic rivalry sparked a catastrophic war unipolarity put this on hold wars still occur but none have the global scope or generational length of a hegemonic rivalry proxy wars killed millions and pushed to the brink of nuc Armageddon World War III and extinction were nontrivial possibilities Since the U S has not faced a rival the world has been more peaceful than ever Interstate wars have disappeared civil wars declined by 30 percent the economy has quadrupled Did humans suddenly become 20 times less violent Of course not the dramatic decline is better explained by geopolitics than sociology collapse of the Soviet Union opened the world to democracy commerce , and peacekeeping dampened conﬂict Faced with overwhelming U.S. military might countries decided to work within the American order war is unthinkable


Question: world politics is a game

The structure of the international system explains conflict.

Michael Beckley 18. Professor of political science at Tufts. Unrivaled: Why America Will Remain the World’s Sole Superpower. Cornell University Press.

world politics is a game of thrones sixteen cases when a rising power challenged Twelve ended in carnage the pattern is clear hegemonic rivalry sparked a catastrophic war unipolarity put this on hold wars still occur but none have the global scope or generational length of a hegemonic rivalry proxy wars killed millions and pushed to the brink of nuc Armageddon World War III and extinction were nontrivial possibilities Since the U S has not faced a rival the world has been more peaceful than ever Interstate wars have disappeared civil wars declined by 30 percent the economy has quadrupled Did humans suddenly become 20 times less violent Of course not the dramatic decline is better explained by geopolitics than sociology collapse of the Soviet Union opened the world to democracy commerce , and peacekeeping dampened conﬂict Faced with overwhelming U.S. military might countries decided to work within the American order war is unthinkable


Question: unipolarity prevents hegemonic rivalry

The structure of the international system explains conflict.

Michael Beckley 18. Professor of political science at Tufts. Unrivaled: Why America Will Remain the World’s Sole Superpower. Cornell University Press.

world politics is a game of thrones sixteen cases when a rising power challenged Twelve ended in carnage the pattern is clear hegemonic rivalry sparked a catastrophic war unipolarity put this on hold wars still occur but none have the global scope or generational length of a hegemonic rivalry proxy wars killed millions and pushed to the brink of nuc Armageddon World War III and extinction were nontrivial possibilities Since the U S has not faced a rival the world has been more peaceful than ever Interstate wars have disappeared civil wars declined by 30 percent the economy has quadrupled Did humans suddenly become 20 times less violent Of course not the dramatic decline is better explained by geopolitics than sociology collapse of the Soviet Union opened the world to democracy commerce , and peacekeeping dampened conﬂict Faced with overwhelming U.S. military might countries decided to work within the American order war is unthinkable


Question: US hegemony good

The structure of the international system explains conflict.

Michael Beckley 18. Professor of political science at Tufts. Unrivaled: Why America Will Remain the World’s Sole Superpower. Cornell University Press.

world politics is a game of thrones sixteen cases when a rising power challenged Twelve ended in carnage the pattern is clear hegemonic rivalry sparked a catastrophic war unipolarity put this on hold wars still occur but none have the global scope or generational length of a hegemonic rivalry proxy wars killed millions and pushed to the brink of nuc Armageddon World War III and extinction were nontrivial possibilities Since the U S has not faced a rival the world has been more peaceful than ever Interstate wars have disappeared civil wars declined by 30 percent the economy has quadrupled Did humans suddenly become 20 times less violent Of course not the dramatic decline is better explained by geopolitics than sociology collapse of the Soviet Union opened the world to democracy commerce , and peacekeeping dampened conﬂict Faced with overwhelming U.S. military might countries decided to work within the American order war is unthinkable


Question: US power prevents war

The structure of the international system explains conflict.

Michael Beckley 18. Professor of political science at Tufts. Unrivaled: Why America Will Remain the World’s Sole Superpower. Cornell University Press.

world politics is a game of thrones sixteen cases when a rising power challenged Twelve ended in carnage the pattern is clear hegemonic rivalry sparked a catastrophic war unipolarity put this on hold wars still occur but none have the global scope or generational length of a hegemonic rivalry proxy wars killed millions and pushed to the brink of nuc Armageddon World War III and extinction were nontrivial possibilities Since the U S has not faced a rival the world has been more peaceful than ever Interstate wars have disappeared civil wars declined by 30 percent the economy has quadrupled Did humans suddenly become 20 times less violent Of course not the dramatic decline is better explained by geopolitics than sociology collapse of the Soviet Union opened the world to democracy commerce , and peacekeeping dampened conﬂict Faced with overwhelming U.S. military might countries decided to work within the American order war is unthinkable


Question: Green paradox inelasticity

*Green paradox--Inelasticity and public backlash deck solvency and increase emissions.

Johnston 16—Professor of Law at the University of Virginia, an economist, and an Adjunct Scholar at the Cato Institute [Jason, “Why Cap and Trade Doesn’t Work,” Cato Institute, 18 Mar 2016, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/why-cap-trade-doesnt-work, accessed 11 Aug 2016]

demand for carbon-intensive things is highly inelastic higher prices don’t reduce the number of miles people drive or electricity use higher prices severely punish poor households if CO2 emissions did not fall the pressure to increase taxes would be enormous if producers of coal, oil, and natural gas expect higher future carbon taxes they have an incentive to produce as much as possible now this could increase emissions


Question: Jason Johnston Cato Institute

*Green paradox--Inelasticity and public backlash deck solvency and increase emissions.

Johnston 16—Professor of Law at the University of Virginia, an economist, and an Adjunct Scholar at the Cato Institute [Jason, “Why Cap and Trade Doesn’t Work,” Cato Institute, 18 Mar 2016, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/why-cap-trade-doesnt-work, accessed 11 Aug 2016]

demand for carbon-intensive things is highly inelastic higher prices don’t reduce the number of miles people drive or electricity use higher prices severely punish poor households if CO2 emissions did not fall the pressure to increase taxes would be enormous if producers of coal, oil, and natural gas expect higher future carbon taxes they have an incentive to produce as much as possible now this could increase emissions


Question: Johnston 16

*Green paradox--Inelasticity and public backlash deck solvency and increase emissions.

Johnston 16—Professor of Law at the University of Virginia, an economist, and an Adjunct Scholar at the Cato Institute [Jason, “Why Cap and Trade Doesn’t Work,” Cato Institute, 18 Mar 2016, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/why-cap-trade-doesnt-work, accessed 11 Aug 2016]

demand for carbon-intensive things is highly inelastic higher prices don’t reduce the number of miles people drive or electricity use higher prices severely punish poor households if CO2 emissions did not fall the pressure to increase taxes would be enormous if producers of coal, oil, and natural gas expect higher future carbon taxes they have an incentive to produce as much as possible now this could increase emissions


Question: Green Paradox emissions

*Green paradox--Inelasticity and public backlash deck solvency and increase emissions.

Johnston 16—Professor of Law at the University of Virginia, an economist, and an Adjunct Scholar at the Cato Institute [Jason, “Why Cap and Trade Doesn’t Work,” Cato Institute, 18 Mar 2016, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/why-cap-trade-doesnt-work, accessed 11 Aug 2016]

demand for carbon-intensive things is highly inelastic higher prices don’t reduce the number of miles people drive or electricity use higher prices severely punish poor households if CO2 emissions did not fall the pressure to increase taxes would be enormous if producers of coal, oil, and natural gas expect higher future carbon taxes they have an incentive to produce as much as possible now this could increase emissions


Question: carbon intensive things inelastic

*Green paradox--Inelasticity and public backlash deck solvency and increase emissions.

Johnston 16—Professor of Law at the University of Virginia, an economist, and an Adjunct Scholar at the Cato Institute [Jason, “Why Cap and Trade Doesn’t Work,” Cato Institute, 18 Mar 2016, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/why-cap-trade-doesnt-work, accessed 11 Aug 2016]

demand for carbon-intensive things is highly inelastic higher prices don’t reduce the number of miles people drive or electricity use higher prices severely punish poor households if CO2 emissions did not fall the pressure to increase taxes would be enormous if producers of coal, oil, and natural gas expect higher future carbon taxes they have an incentive to produce as much as possible now this could increase emissions


Question: incentive to produce emissions now

*Green paradox--Inelasticity and public backlash deck solvency and increase emissions.

Johnston 16—Professor of Law at the University of Virginia, an economist, and an Adjunct Scholar at the Cato Institute [Jason, “Why Cap and Trade Doesn’t Work,” Cato Institute, 18 Mar 2016, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/why-cap-trade-doesnt-work, accessed 11 Aug 2016]

demand for carbon-intensive things is highly inelastic higher prices don’t reduce the number of miles people drive or electricity use higher prices severely punish poor households if CO2 emissions did not fall the pressure to increase taxes would be enormous if producers of coal, oil, and natural gas expect higher future carbon taxes they have an incentive to produce as much as possible now this could increase emissions


Question: higher prices punish poor

*Green paradox--Inelasticity and public backlash deck solvency and increase emissions.

Johnston 16—Professor of Law at the University of Virginia, an economist, and an Adjunct Scholar at the Cato Institute [Jason, “Why Cap and Trade Doesn’t Work,” Cato Institute, 18 Mar 2016, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/why-cap-trade-doesnt-work, accessed 11 Aug 2016]

demand for carbon-intensive things is highly inelastic higher prices don’t reduce the number of miles people drive or electricity use higher prices severely punish poor households if CO2 emissions did not fall the pressure to increase taxes would be enormous if producers of coal, oil, and natural gas expect higher future carbon taxes they have an incentive to produce as much as possible now this could increase emissions


Question: Not a definition Tomain

This is NOT a definition---Tomain’s consciously, arbitrarily, over-limiting because he’s not intending to define what the term means generally, but outlining his particular preferred vision for policy---for example, why should all Affs have to advocate natural gas as a transition fuel?---the proof is when he says his actual “definition” is clarified in two full chapters of his book (which, FYI, does NOT use the phrase “clean energy policy”, just rants for a while about his preferences)

Tomain 12 [Joseph P. Tomain, Dean Emeritus and the Wilbert & Helen Ziegler Professor of Law, University of Cincinnati College of Law, “The Politics of Clean Energy: Moving Beyond the Beltway,” San Diego Journal of Climate and Energy Law, 3(1), 2012, https://digital.sandiego.edu/jcel/vol3/iss1/10/]

For the purposes of this article Of course, this is neither nuanced nor comprehensive It is intentionally ambiguous, for example, about nuclear power For a more detailed and comprehensive description of clean energy policy, see chs. 3–4


Question: Tomain 12

This is NOT a definition---Tomain’s consciously, arbitrarily, over-limiting because he’s not intending to define what the term means generally, but outlining his particular preferred vision for policy---for example, why should all Affs have to advocate natural gas as a transition fuel?---the proof is when he says his actual “definition” is clarified in two full chapters of his book (which, FYI, does NOT use the phrase “clean energy policy”, just rants for a while about his preferences)

Tomain 12 [Joseph P. Tomain, Dean Emeritus and the Wilbert & Helen Ziegler Professor of Law, University of Cincinnati College of Law, “The Politics of Clean Energy: Moving Beyond the Beltway,” San Diego Journal of Climate and Energy Law, 3(1), 2012, https://digital.sandiego.edu/jcel/vol3/iss1/10/]

For the purposes of this article Of course, this is neither nuanced nor comprehensive It is intentionally ambiguous, for example, about nuclear power For a more detailed and comprehensive description of clean energy policy, see chs. 3–4


Question: Tomain clean energy policy

This is NOT a definition---Tomain’s consciously, arbitrarily, over-limiting because he’s not intending to define what the term means generally, but outlining his particular preferred vision for policy---for example, why should all Affs have to advocate natural gas as a transition fuel?---the proof is when he says his actual “definition” is clarified in two full chapters of his book (which, FYI, does NOT use the phrase “clean energy policy”, just rants for a while about his preferences)

Tomain 12 [Joseph P. Tomain, Dean Emeritus and the Wilbert & Helen Ziegler Professor of Law, University of Cincinnati College of Law, “The Politics of Clean Energy: Moving Beyond the Beltway,” San Diego Journal of Climate and Energy Law, 3(1), 2012, https://digital.sandiego.edu/jcel/vol3/iss1/10/]

For the purposes of this article Of course, this is neither nuanced nor comprehensive It is intentionally ambiguous, for example, about nuclear power For a more detailed and comprehensive description of clean energy policy, see chs. 3–4


Question: Tomain's preferred vision

This is NOT a definition---Tomain’s consciously, arbitrarily, over-limiting because he’s not intending to define what the term means generally, but outlining his particular preferred vision for policy---for example, why should all Affs have to advocate natural gas as a transition fuel?---the proof is when he says his actual “definition” is clarified in two full chapters of his book (which, FYI, does NOT use the phrase “clean energy policy”, just rants for a while about his preferences)

Tomain 12 [Joseph P. Tomain, Dean Emeritus and the Wilbert & Helen Ziegler Professor of Law, University of Cincinnati College of Law, “The Politics of Clean Energy: Moving Beyond the Beltway,” San Diego Journal of Climate and Energy Law, 3(1), 2012, https://digital.sandiego.edu/jcel/vol3/iss1/10/]

For the purposes of this article Of course, this is neither nuanced nor comprehensive It is intentionally ambiguous, for example, about nuclear power For a more detailed and comprehensive description of clean energy policy, see chs. 3–4


Question: clean energy policy definition

This is NOT a definition---Tomain’s consciously, arbitrarily, over-limiting because he’s not intending to define what the term means generally, but outlining his particular preferred vision for policy---for example, why should all Affs have to advocate natural gas as a transition fuel?---the proof is when he says his actual “definition” is clarified in two full chapters of his book (which, FYI, does NOT use the phrase “clean energy policy”, just rants for a while about his preferences)

Tomain 12 [Joseph P. Tomain, Dean Emeritus and the Wilbert & Helen Ziegler Professor of Law, University of Cincinnati College of Law, “The Politics of Clean Energy: Moving Beyond the Beltway,” San Diego Journal of Climate and Energy Law, 3(1), 2012, https://digital.sandiego.edu/jcel/vol3/iss1/10/]

For the purposes of this article Of course, this is neither nuanced nor comprehensive It is intentionally ambiguous, for example, about nuclear power For a more detailed and comprehensive description of clean energy policy, see chs. 3–4


Question: natural gas transition fuel

This is NOT a definition---Tomain’s consciously, arbitrarily, over-limiting because he’s not intending to define what the term means generally, but outlining his particular preferred vision for policy---for example, why should all Affs have to advocate natural gas as a transition fuel?---the proof is when he says his actual “definition” is clarified in two full chapters of his book (which, FYI, does NOT use the phrase “clean energy policy”, just rants for a while about his preferences)

Tomain 12 [Joseph P. Tomain, Dean Emeritus and the Wilbert & Helen Ziegler Professor of Law, University of Cincinnati College of Law, “The Politics of Clean Energy: Moving Beyond the Beltway,” San Diego Journal of Climate and Energy Law, 3(1), 2012, https://digital.sandiego.edu/jcel/vol3/iss1/10/]

For the purposes of this article Of course, this is neither nuanced nor comprehensive It is intentionally ambiguous, for example, about nuclear power For a more detailed and comprehensive description of clean energy policy, see chs. 3–4


Question: politics of clean energy

This is NOT a definition---Tomain’s consciously, arbitrarily, over-limiting because he’s not intending to define what the term means generally, but outlining his particular preferred vision for policy---for example, why should all Affs have to advocate natural gas as a transition fuel?---the proof is when he says his actual “definition” is clarified in two full chapters of his book (which, FYI, does NOT use the phrase “clean energy policy”, just rants for a while about his preferences)

Tomain 12 [Joseph P. Tomain, Dean Emeritus and the Wilbert & Helen Ziegler Professor of Law, University of Cincinnati College of Law, “The Politics of Clean Energy: Moving Beyond the Beltway,” San Diego Journal of Climate and Energy Law, 3(1), 2012, https://digital.sandiego.edu/jcel/vol3/iss1/10/]

For the purposes of this article Of course, this is neither nuanced nor comprehensive It is intentionally ambiguous, for example, about nuclear power For a more detailed and comprehensive description of clean energy policy, see chs. 3–4


Question: Momentum now for border adjustment

There’s momentum now. Border-adjusteded tax compels follow through.

Bistline 24

approach reliant on subsidies has received mixed response tensions unlikely to disappear CBAM drive  change in other countries U.S. influences climate policy abroad through credibility in negotiations and reducing costs of low-carbon tech


Question: Bistline 24

There’s momentum now. Border-adjusteded tax compels follow through.

Bistline 24

approach reliant on subsidies has received mixed response tensions unlikely to disappear CBAM drive  change in other countries U.S. influences climate policy abroad through credibility in negotiations and reducing costs of low-carbon tech


Question: US influences climate policy abroad

There’s momentum now. Border-adjusteded tax compels follow through.

Bistline 24

approach reliant on subsidies has received mixed response tensions unlikely to disappear CBAM drive  change in other countries U.S. influences climate policy abroad through credibility in negotiations and reducing costs of low-carbon tech


Question: CBAM drives change

There’s momentum now. Border-adjusteded tax compels follow through.

Bistline 24

approach reliant on subsidies has received mixed response tensions unlikely to disappear CBAM drive  change in other countries U.S. influences climate policy abroad through credibility in negotiations and reducing costs of low-carbon tech


Question: Border adjusted tax compels

There’s momentum now. Border-adjusteded tax compels follow through.

Bistline 24

approach reliant on subsidies has received mixed response tensions unlikely to disappear CBAM drive  change in other countries U.S. influences climate policy abroad through credibility in negotiations and reducing costs of low-carbon tech


Question: US credibility climate policy

There’s momentum now. Border-adjusteded tax compels follow through.

Bistline 24

approach reliant on subsidies has received mixed response tensions unlikely to disappear CBAM drive  change in other countries U.S. influences climate policy abroad through credibility in negotiations and reducing costs of low-carbon tech


Question: Existential to oil

It's existential to oil.

Bogmans et al. 23 (Christian Bogmans is an economist in the IMF's Research Department (Commodities Unit). Andrea Pescatori is Chief of the Commodities Unit in the Research Department of the IMF and associate editor of the Journal of Money Credit and Banking. Ervin Prifti is a Senior Economist with the Research Department of the International Monetary Fund working on issues of food security and agricultural commodity markets. “The Impact of Climate Policy on Oil and Gas Investment” 6/30/23 https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2023/06/30/The-Impact-of-Climate-Policy-on-Oil-and-Gas-Investment-Evidence-from-Firm-Level-Data-535491)//conway

moving away from fossil fuels is compli- cated by energy investment and decisions This poses a transition risk for most oil companies existential downside risk a substantial fall in revenues and value of assets exposure to climate policy leads to reduction in investment with a typical shock in uncertainty upstream fell 6.5 percent as a result of a strengthening pledges and announcements.


Question: Bogmans et al 23

It's existential to oil.

Bogmans et al. 23 (Christian Bogmans is an economist in the IMF's Research Department (Commodities Unit). Andrea Pescatori is Chief of the Commodities Unit in the Research Department of the IMF and associate editor of the Journal of Money Credit and Banking. Ervin Prifti is a Senior Economist with the Research Department of the International Monetary Fund working on issues of food security and agricultural commodity markets. “The Impact of Climate Policy on Oil and Gas Investment” 6/30/23 https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2023/06/30/The-Impact-of-Climate-Policy-on-Oil-and-Gas-Investment-Evidence-from-Firm-Level-Data-535491)//conway

moving away from fossil fuels is compli- cated by energy investment and decisions This poses a transition risk for most oil companies existential downside risk a substantial fall in revenues and value of assets exposure to climate policy leads to reduction in investment with a typical shock in uncertainty upstream fell 6.5 percent as a result of a strengthening pledges and announcements.


Question: IMF climate policy oil

It's existential to oil.

Bogmans et al. 23 (Christian Bogmans is an economist in the IMF's Research Department (Commodities Unit). Andrea Pescatori is Chief of the Commodities Unit in the Research Department of the IMF and associate editor of the Journal of Money Credit and Banking. Ervin Prifti is a Senior Economist with the Research Department of the International Monetary Fund working on issues of food security and agricultural commodity markets. “The Impact of Climate Policy on Oil and Gas Investment” 6/30/23 https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2023/06/30/The-Impact-of-Climate-Policy-on-Oil-and-Gas-Investment-Evidence-from-Firm-Level-Data-535491)//conway

moving away from fossil fuels is compli- cated by energy investment and decisions This poses a transition risk for most oil companies existential downside risk a substantial fall in revenues and value of assets exposure to climate policy leads to reduction in investment with a typical shock in uncertainty upstream fell 6.5 percent as a result of a strengthening pledges and announcements.


Question: Moving away from fossil fuels risk

It's existential to oil.

Bogmans et al. 23 (Christian Bogmans is an economist in the IMF's Research Department (Commodities Unit). Andrea Pescatori is Chief of the Commodities Unit in the Research Department of the IMF and associate editor of the Journal of Money Credit and Banking. Ervin Prifti is a Senior Economist with the Research Department of the International Monetary Fund working on issues of food security and agricultural commodity markets. “The Impact of Climate Policy on Oil and Gas Investment” 6/30/23 https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2023/06/30/The-Impact-of-Climate-Policy-on-Oil-and-Gas-Investment-Evidence-from-Firm-Level-Data-535491)//conway

moving away from fossil fuels is compli- cated by energy investment and decisions This poses a transition risk for most oil companies existential downside risk a substantial fall in revenues and value of assets exposure to climate policy leads to reduction in investment with a typical shock in uncertainty upstream fell 6.5 percent as a result of a strengthening pledges and announcements.


Question: oil companies existential downside risk

It's existential to oil.

Bogmans et al. 23 (Christian Bogmans is an economist in the IMF's Research Department (Commodities Unit). Andrea Pescatori is Chief of the Commodities Unit in the Research Department of the IMF and associate editor of the Journal of Money Credit and Banking. Ervin Prifti is a Senior Economist with the Research Department of the International Monetary Fund working on issues of food security and agricultural commodity markets. “The Impact of Climate Policy on Oil and Gas Investment” 6/30/23 https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2023/06/30/The-Impact-of-Climate-Policy-on-Oil-and-Gas-Investment-Evidence-from-Firm-Level-Data-535491)//conway

moving away from fossil fuels is compli- cated by energy investment and decisions This poses a transition risk for most oil companies existential downside risk a substantial fall in revenues and value of assets exposure to climate policy leads to reduction in investment with a typical shock in uncertainty upstream fell 6.5 percent as a result of a strengthening pledges and announcements.


Question: Climate policy impact oil investment

It's existential to oil.

Bogmans et al. 23 (Christian Bogmans is an economist in the IMF's Research Department (Commodities Unit). Andrea Pescatori is Chief of the Commodities Unit in the Research Department of the IMF and associate editor of the Journal of Money Credit and Banking. Ervin Prifti is a Senior Economist with the Research Department of the International Monetary Fund working on issues of food security and agricultural commodity markets. “The Impact of Climate Policy on Oil and Gas Investment” 6/30/23 https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2023/06/30/The-Impact-of-Climate-Policy-on-Oil-and-Gas-Investment-Evidence-from-Firm-Level-Data-535491)//conway

moving away from fossil fuels is compli- cated by energy investment and decisions This poses a transition risk for most oil companies existential downside risk a substantial fall in revenues and value of assets exposure to climate policy leads to reduction in investment with a typical shock in uncertainty upstream fell 6.5 percent as a result of a strengthening pledges and announcements.


Question: Climate policy reduces oil investment

It's existential to oil.

Bogmans et al. 23 (Christian Bogmans is an economist in the IMF's Research Department (Commodities Unit). Andrea Pescatori is Chief of the Commodities Unit in the Research Department of the IMF and associate editor of the Journal of Money Credit and Banking. Ervin Prifti is a Senior Economist with the Research Department of the International Monetary Fund working on issues of food security and agricultural commodity markets. “The Impact of Climate Policy on Oil and Gas Investment” 6/30/23 https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2023/06/30/The-Impact-of-Climate-Policy-on-Oil-and-Gas-Investment-Evidence-from-Firm-Level-Data-535491)//conway

moving away from fossil fuels is compli- cated by energy investment and decisions This poses a transition risk for most oil companies existential downside risk a substantial fall in revenues and value of assets exposure to climate policy leads to reduction in investment with a typical shock in uncertainty upstream fell 6.5 percent as a result of a strengthening pledges and announcements.


Question: climate policy and oil and gas

It's existential to oil.

Bogmans et al. 23 (Christian Bogmans is an economist in the IMF's Research Department (Commodities Unit). Andrea Pescatori is Chief of the Commodities Unit in the Research Department of the IMF and associate editor of the Journal of Money Credit and Banking. Ervin Prifti is a Senior Economist with the Research Department of the International Monetary Fund working on issues of food security and agricultural commodity markets. “The Impact of Climate Policy on Oil and Gas Investment” 6/30/23 https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2023/06/30/The-Impact-of-Climate-Policy-on-Oil-and-Gas-Investment-Evidence-from-Firm-Level-Data-535491)//conway

moving away from fossil fuels is compli- cated by energy investment and decisions This poses a transition risk for most oil companies existential downside risk a substantial fall in revenues and value of assets exposure to climate policy leads to reduction in investment with a typical shock in uncertainty upstream fell 6.5 percent as a result of a strengthening pledges and announcements.


Question: RPS stabilizes natural gas

No link -- RPS stabilizes natural gas generation

Avraam et al. 2021 [Charalampos Avraam, Department of Civil and Systems Engineering, Johns Hopkins University; John E.T. Bistline, Electric Power Research Institute; Maxwell Brown, National Renewable Energy Laboratory; Kathleen Vaillancourt, Esmia Consultants; Sauleh Siddiqui, Department of Environmental Science, American University, “North American natural gas market and infrastructure developments under different mechanisms of renewable policy coordination” Energy Policy, January 2021; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421520305723#sec6]

greater RPS coordination allows regions with low renewables to exploit the credits of their neighbors allowing for greater investment in gas-fired generation  on aggregate natural gas is coordination assumptions Decrease in short-term consumption results in decrease of prices However, decrease in prices  renders natural gas competitive for a longer period of time  compared to other power tech thus increases consumption in the long-term RPS reduce the price increase investment in plants and mitigate the impact of RPS on natural gas consumption results reveal tradeoff between lower consumption but greater trade of natural gas


Question: Avraam et al 2021

No link -- RPS stabilizes natural gas generation

Avraam et al. 2021 [Charalampos Avraam, Department of Civil and Systems Engineering, Johns Hopkins University; John E.T. Bistline, Electric Power Research Institute; Maxwell Brown, National Renewable Energy Laboratory; Kathleen Vaillancourt, Esmia Consultants; Sauleh Siddiqui, Department of Environmental Science, American University, “North American natural gas market and infrastructure developments under different mechanisms of renewable policy coordination” Energy Policy, January 2021; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421520305723#sec6]

greater RPS coordination allows regions with low renewables to exploit the credits of their neighbors allowing for greater investment in gas-fired generation  on aggregate natural gas is coordination assumptions Decrease in short-term consumption results in decrease of prices However, decrease in prices  renders natural gas competitive for a longer period of time  compared to other power tech thus increases consumption in the long-term RPS reduce the price increase investment in plants and mitigate the impact of RPS on natural gas consumption results reveal tradeoff between lower consumption but greater trade of natural gas


Question: natural gas market coordination

No link -- RPS stabilizes natural gas generation

Avraam et al. 2021 [Charalampos Avraam, Department of Civil and Systems Engineering, Johns Hopkins University; John E.T. Bistline, Electric Power Research Institute; Maxwell Brown, National Renewable Energy Laboratory; Kathleen Vaillancourt, Esmia Consultants; Sauleh Siddiqui, Department of Environmental Science, American University, “North American natural gas market and infrastructure developments under different mechanisms of renewable policy coordination” Energy Policy, January 2021; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421520305723#sec6]

greater RPS coordination allows regions with low renewables to exploit the credits of their neighbors allowing for greater investment in gas-fired generation  on aggregate natural gas is coordination assumptions Decrease in short-term consumption results in decrease of prices However, decrease in prices  renders natural gas competitive for a longer period of time  compared to other power tech thus increases consumption in the long-term RPS reduce the price increase investment in plants and mitigate the impact of RPS on natural gas consumption results reveal tradeoff between lower consumption but greater trade of natural gas


Question: RPS lower natural gas consumption

No link -- RPS stabilizes natural gas generation

Avraam et al. 2021 [Charalampos Avraam, Department of Civil and Systems Engineering, Johns Hopkins University; John E.T. Bistline, Electric Power Research Institute; Maxwell Brown, National Renewable Energy Laboratory; Kathleen Vaillancourt, Esmia Consultants; Sauleh Siddiqui, Department of Environmental Science, American University, “North American natural gas market and infrastructure developments under different mechanisms of renewable policy coordination” Energy Policy, January 2021; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421520305723#sec6]

greater RPS coordination allows regions with low renewables to exploit the credits of their neighbors allowing for greater investment in gas-fired generation  on aggregate natural gas is coordination assumptions Decrease in short-term consumption results in decrease of prices However, decrease in prices  renders natural gas competitive for a longer period of time  compared to other power tech thus increases consumption in the long-term RPS reduce the price increase investment in plants and mitigate the impact of RPS on natural gas consumption results reveal tradeoff between lower consumption but greater trade of natural gas


Question: Renewable policy coordination

No link -- RPS stabilizes natural gas generation

Avraam et al. 2021 [Charalampos Avraam, Department of Civil and Systems Engineering, Johns Hopkins University; John E.T. Bistline, Electric Power Research Institute; Maxwell Brown, National Renewable Energy Laboratory; Kathleen Vaillancourt, Esmia Consultants; Sauleh Siddiqui, Department of Environmental Science, American University, “North American natural gas market and infrastructure developments under different mechanisms of renewable policy coordination” Energy Policy, January 2021; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421520305723#sec6]

greater RPS coordination allows regions with low renewables to exploit the credits of their neighbors allowing for greater investment in gas-fired generation  on aggregate natural gas is coordination assumptions Decrease in short-term consumption results in decrease of prices However, decrease in prices  renders natural gas competitive for a longer period of time  compared to other power tech thus increases consumption in the long-term RPS reduce the price increase investment in plants and mitigate the impact of RPS on natural gas consumption results reveal tradeoff between lower consumption but greater trade of natural gas


Question: natural gas competitive longer

No link -- RPS stabilizes natural gas generation

Avraam et al. 2021 [Charalampos Avraam, Department of Civil and Systems Engineering, Johns Hopkins University; John E.T. Bistline, Electric Power Research Institute; Maxwell Brown, National Renewable Energy Laboratory; Kathleen Vaillancourt, Esmia Consultants; Sauleh Siddiqui, Department of Environmental Science, American University, “North American natural gas market and infrastructure developments under different mechanisms of renewable policy coordination” Energy Policy, January 2021; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421520305723#sec6]

greater RPS coordination allows regions with low renewables to exploit the credits of their neighbors allowing for greater investment in gas-fired generation  on aggregate natural gas is coordination assumptions Decrease in short-term consumption results in decrease of prices However, decrease in prices  renders natural gas competitive for a longer period of time  compared to other power tech thus increases consumption in the long-term RPS reduce the price increase investment in plants and mitigate the impact of RPS on natural gas consumption results reveal tradeoff between lower consumption but greater trade of natural gas


Question: decrease in short-term consumption

No link -- RPS stabilizes natural gas generation

Avraam et al. 2021 [Charalampos Avraam, Department of Civil and Systems Engineering, Johns Hopkins University; John E.T. Bistline, Electric Power Research Institute; Maxwell Brown, National Renewable Energy Laboratory; Kathleen Vaillancourt, Esmia Consultants; Sauleh Siddiqui, Department of Environmental Science, American University, “North American natural gas market and infrastructure developments under different mechanisms of renewable policy coordination” Energy Policy, January 2021; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421520305723#sec6]

greater RPS coordination allows regions with low renewables to exploit the credits of their neighbors allowing for greater investment in gas-fired generation  on aggregate natural gas is coordination assumptions Decrease in short-term consumption results in decrease of prices However, decrease in prices  renders natural gas competitive for a longer period of time  compared to other power tech thus increases consumption in the long-term RPS reduce the price increase investment in plants and mitigate the impact of RPS on natural gas consumption results reveal tradeoff between lower consumption but greater trade of natural gas


Question: Proven by court jurisprudence

That’s proven by past court jurisprudence

Peskoe 17 – Senior Fellow in Electricity Law at Harvard Law School’s Environmental Policy Initiative

There is an important distinction The payments in Hughes were based explicitly on the PJM price RGGI requires generators to retire an allowance for CO2 A generator includes the allowance in the offer it submits The price generated thus includes the allowance RGGI does not “adjust” a FERC rate


Question: Peskoe 17

That’s proven by past court jurisprudence

Peskoe 17 – Senior Fellow in Electricity Law at Harvard Law School’s Environmental Policy Initiative

There is an important distinction The payments in Hughes were based explicitly on the PJM price RGGI requires generators to retire an allowance for CO2 A generator includes the allowance in the offer it submits The price generated thus includes the allowance RGGI does not “adjust” a FERC rate


Question: Peskoe Harvard Law School

That’s proven by past court jurisprudence

Peskoe 17 – Senior Fellow in Electricity Law at Harvard Law School’s Environmental Policy Initiative

There is an important distinction The payments in Hughes were based explicitly on the PJM price RGGI requires generators to retire an allowance for CO2 A generator includes the allowance in the offer it submits The price generated thus includes the allowance RGGI does not “adjust” a FERC rate


Question: RGGI does not adjust a FERC rate

That’s proven by past court jurisprudence

Peskoe 17 – Senior Fellow in Electricity Law at Harvard Law School’s Environmental Policy Initiative

There is an important distinction The payments in Hughes were based explicitly on the PJM price RGGI requires generators to retire an allowance for CO2 A generator includes the allowance in the offer it submits The price generated thus includes the allowance RGGI does not “adjust” a FERC rate


Question: payments in Hughes

That’s proven by past court jurisprudence

Peskoe 17 – Senior Fellow in Electricity Law at Harvard Law School’s Environmental Policy Initiative

There is an important distinction The payments in Hughes were based explicitly on the PJM price RGGI requires generators to retire an allowance for CO2 A generator includes the allowance in the offer it submits The price generated thus includes the allowance RGGI does not “adjust” a FERC rate


Question: RGGI CO2 allowance

That’s proven by past court jurisprudence

Peskoe 17 – Senior Fellow in Electricity Law at Harvard Law School’s Environmental Policy Initiative

There is an important distinction The payments in Hughes were based explicitly on the PJM price RGGI requires generators to retire an allowance for CO2 A generator includes the allowance in the offer it submits The price generated thus includes the allowance RGGI does not “adjust” a FERC rate


Question: That's proven by past court jurisprudence

That’s proven by past court jurisprudence

Peskoe 17 – Senior Fellow in Electricity Law at Harvard Law School’s Environmental Policy Initiative

There is an important distinction The payments in Hughes were based explicitly on the PJM price RGGI requires generators to retire an allowance for CO2 A generator includes the allowance in the offer it submits The price generated thus includes the allowance RGGI does not “adjust” a FERC rate


Question: US climate credibility

No international follow on – the US has zero climate credibility. China does not believe they will stay on course – if they win that trump win it definitely proves that

Freedman 21 (Andrew Freedman, Senior Climate Reporter @ Axios and author of the daily Axios Generate newsletter covering climate science and policy, extreme weather and the energy transition, "The U.S. credibility chasm on climate change", Axios, 4/19/21, https://www.axios.com/2021/04/19/us-climate-change-credibility-paris-targets, ghs-eo)

biggest hurdle in commitments a is America's on-again , off-again history .S. helped spearhead talks on the Paris only to leave that agreement ountries question the word of the Biden administration when it says the U.S. is fully committed Chinese leaders don't see the U.S. as being in a strong position it's unknown whether new emissions targets will actually happen considering the lack of an enforcement mechanism to punish countries


Question: Freedman 21 climate

No international follow on – the US has zero climate credibility. China does not believe they will stay on course – if they win that trump win it definitely proves that

Freedman 21 (Andrew Freedman, Senior Climate Reporter @ Axios and author of the daily Axios Generate newsletter covering climate science and policy, extreme weather and the energy transition, "The U.S. credibility chasm on climate change", Axios, 4/19/21, https://www.axios.com/2021/04/19/us-climate-change-credibility-paris-targets, ghs-eo)

biggest hurdle in commitments a is America's on-again , off-again history .S. helped spearhead talks on the Paris only to leave that agreement ountries question the word of the Biden administration when it says the U.S. is fully committed Chinese leaders don't see the U.S. as being in a strong position it's unknown whether new emissions targets will actually happen considering the lack of an enforcement mechanism to punish countries


Question: Andrew Freedman Axios

No international follow on – the US has zero climate credibility. China does not believe they will stay on course – if they win that trump win it definitely proves that

Freedman 21 (Andrew Freedman, Senior Climate Reporter @ Axios and author of the daily Axios Generate newsletter covering climate science and policy, extreme weather and the energy transition, "The U.S. credibility chasm on climate change", Axios, 4/19/21, https://www.axios.com/2021/04/19/us-climate-change-credibility-paris-targets, ghs-eo)

biggest hurdle in commitments a is America's on-again , off-again history .S. helped spearhead talks on the Paris only to leave that agreement ountries question the word of the Biden administration when it says the U.S. is fully committed Chinese leaders don't see the U.S. as being in a strong position it's unknown whether new emissions targets will actually happen considering the lack of an enforcement mechanism to punish countries


Question: US on again off again history

No international follow on – the US has zero climate credibility. China does not believe they will stay on course – if they win that trump win it definitely proves that

Freedman 21 (Andrew Freedman, Senior Climate Reporter @ Axios and author of the daily Axios Generate newsletter covering climate science and policy, extreme weather and the energy transition, "The U.S. credibility chasm on climate change", Axios, 4/19/21, https://www.axios.com/2021/04/19/us-climate-change-credibility-paris-targets, ghs-eo)

biggest hurdle in commitments a is America's on-again , off-again history .S. helped spearhead talks on the Paris only to leave that agreement ountries question the word of the Biden administration when it says the U.S. is fully committed Chinese leaders don't see the U.S. as being in a strong position it's unknown whether new emissions targets will actually happen considering the lack of an enforcement mechanism to punish countries


Question: China doubts US climate

No international follow on – the US has zero climate credibility. China does not believe they will stay on course – if they win that trump win it definitely proves that

Freedman 21 (Andrew Freedman, Senior Climate Reporter @ Axios and author of the daily Axios Generate newsletter covering climate science and policy, extreme weather and the energy transition, "The U.S. credibility chasm on climate change", Axios, 4/19/21, https://www.axios.com/2021/04/19/us-climate-change-credibility-paris-targets, ghs-eo)

biggest hurdle in commitments a is America's on-again , off-again history .S. helped spearhead talks on the Paris only to leave that agreement ountries question the word of the Biden administration when it says the U.S. is fully committed Chinese leaders don't see the U.S. as being in a strong position it's unknown whether new emissions targets will actually happen considering the lack of an enforcement mechanism to punish countries


Question: US lacks enforcement mechanism

No international follow on – the US has zero climate credibility. China does not believe they will stay on course – if they win that trump win it definitely proves that

Freedman 21 (Andrew Freedman, Senior Climate Reporter @ Axios and author of the daily Axios Generate newsletter covering climate science and policy, extreme weather and the energy transition, "The U.S. credibility chasm on climate change", Axios, 4/19/21, https://www.axios.com/2021/04/19/us-climate-change-credibility-paris-targets, ghs-eo)

biggest hurdle in commitments a is America's on-again , off-again history .S. helped spearhead talks on the Paris only to leave that agreement ountries question the word of the Biden administration when it says the U.S. is fully committed Chinese leaders don't see the U.S. as being in a strong position it's unknown whether new emissions targets will actually happen considering the lack of an enforcement mechanism to punish countries


Question: More suffering

More.

Turchin 17 [Alexey; July; author and studies life science extension at his think tank. He studies existential risk, “Classification of Global Catastrophic Risks Connected with Artificial Intelligence,”)Mini map of s-risks, https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/Ns2J5xxzqhMnAE7CC/mini-map-of-s-risks]

Infinite suffering - qualia of the infinite pain Infinitely growing eternal sufferings, created by constant upgrade of the suffering’s subject created by malevolent superintelligence


Question: Turchin 17

More.

Turchin 17 [Alexey; July; author and studies life science extension at his think tank. He studies existential risk, “Classification of Global Catastrophic Risks Connected with Artificial Intelligence,”)Mini map of s-risks, https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/Ns2J5xxzqhMnAE7CC/mini-map-of-s-risks]

Infinite suffering - qualia of the infinite pain Infinitely growing eternal sufferings, created by constant upgrade of the suffering’s subject created by malevolent superintelligence


Question: Alexey Turchin

More.

Turchin 17 [Alexey; July; author and studies life science extension at his think tank. He studies existential risk, “Classification of Global Catastrophic Risks Connected with Artificial Intelligence,”)Mini map of s-risks, https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/Ns2J5xxzqhMnAE7CC/mini-map-of-s-risks]

Infinite suffering - qualia of the infinite pain Infinitely growing eternal sufferings, created by constant upgrade of the suffering’s subject created by malevolent superintelligence


Question: infinite suffering

More.

Turchin 17 [Alexey; July; author and studies life science extension at his think tank. He studies existential risk, “Classification of Global Catastrophic Risks Connected with Artificial Intelligence,”)Mini map of s-risks, https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/Ns2J5xxzqhMnAE7CC/mini-map-of-s-risks]

Infinite suffering - qualia of the infinite pain Infinitely growing eternal sufferings, created by constant upgrade of the suffering’s subject created by malevolent superintelligence


Question: eternal suffering

More.

Turchin 17 [Alexey; July; author and studies life science extension at his think tank. He studies existential risk, “Classification of Global Catastrophic Risks Connected with Artificial Intelligence,”)Mini map of s-risks, https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/Ns2J5xxzqhMnAE7CC/mini-map-of-s-risks]

Infinite suffering - qualia of the infinite pain Infinitely growing eternal sufferings, created by constant upgrade of the suffering’s subject created by malevolent superintelligence


Question: malevolent superintelligence

More.

Turchin 17 [Alexey; July; author and studies life science extension at his think tank. He studies existential risk, “Classification of Global Catastrophic Risks Connected with Artificial Intelligence,”)Mini map of s-risks, https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/Ns2J5xxzqhMnAE7CC/mini-map-of-s-risks]

Infinite suffering - qualia of the infinite pain Infinitely growing eternal sufferings, created by constant upgrade of the suffering’s subject created by malevolent superintelligence


Question: Trump economic policy green finance impossible

3. Trump economic policy makes green finance impossible, guaranteeing bubbles.

Demarais 24 [Agathe Demarais, senior policy fellow on geoeconomics at the European Council on Foreign Relations, columnist at Foreign Policy, master’s degrees from Sciences Po Paris and Columbia University, “Why China Is Rooting for Trump,” 02-07-24, Foreign Policy, https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/02/07/china-trump-biden-us-presidential-election-2024/]

battle for influence against China for access to materials crucial for green energy transition , such as cobalt , copper and nickel Trump not help convince economies disparaged as “ shithole countries ”—to supply materials mineral-rich states fear promises have little value Trump’s disdain curbs on immigration , and rhetoric will not break the ice clean tech spared from export controls , but Trump would change this including renewable and battery tech Deprived of markets, U.S. firms have fewer revenues and forced to slash r n d Chinese businesses surpass U.S. firms developing next gen U.S. clean tech retrenchment help China influence standards


Question: Demarais 24

3. Trump economic policy makes green finance impossible, guaranteeing bubbles.

Demarais 24 [Agathe Demarais, senior policy fellow on geoeconomics at the European Council on Foreign Relations, columnist at Foreign Policy, master’s degrees from Sciences Po Paris and Columbia University, “Why China Is Rooting for Trump,” 02-07-24, Foreign Policy, https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/02/07/china-trump-biden-us-presidential-election-2024/]

battle for influence against China for access to materials crucial for green energy transition , such as cobalt , copper and nickel Trump not help convince economies disparaged as “ shithole countries ”—to supply materials mineral-rich states fear promises have little value Trump’s disdain curbs on immigration , and rhetoric will not break the ice clean tech spared from export controls , but Trump would change this including renewable and battery tech Deprived of markets, U.S. firms have fewer revenues and forced to slash r n d Chinese businesses surpass U.S. firms developing next gen U.S. clean tech retrenchment help China influence standards


Question: Agathe Demarais

3. Trump economic policy makes green finance impossible, guaranteeing bubbles.

Demarais 24 [Agathe Demarais, senior policy fellow on geoeconomics at the European Council on Foreign Relations, columnist at Foreign Policy, master’s degrees from Sciences Po Paris and Columbia University, “Why China Is Rooting for Trump,” 02-07-24, Foreign Policy, https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/02/07/china-trump-biden-us-presidential-election-2024/]

battle for influence against China for access to materials crucial for green energy transition , such as cobalt , copper and nickel Trump not help convince economies disparaged as “ shithole countries ”—to supply materials mineral-rich states fear promises have little value Trump’s disdain curbs on immigration , and rhetoric will not break the ice clean tech spared from export controls , but Trump would change this including renewable and battery tech Deprived of markets, U.S. firms have fewer revenues and forced to slash r n d Chinese businesses surpass U.S. firms developing next gen U.S. clean tech retrenchment help China influence standards


Question: Trump China green energy

3. Trump economic policy makes green finance impossible, guaranteeing bubbles.

Demarais 24 [Agathe Demarais, senior policy fellow on geoeconomics at the European Council on Foreign Relations, columnist at Foreign Policy, master’s degrees from Sciences Po Paris and Columbia University, “Why China Is Rooting for Trump,” 02-07-24, Foreign Policy, https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/02/07/china-trump-biden-us-presidential-election-2024/]

battle for influence against China for access to materials crucial for green energy transition , such as cobalt , copper and nickel Trump not help convince economies disparaged as “ shithole countries ”—to supply materials mineral-rich states fear promises have little value Trump’s disdain curbs on immigration , and rhetoric will not break the ice clean tech spared from export controls , but Trump would change this including renewable and battery tech Deprived of markets, U.S. firms have fewer revenues and forced to slash r n d Chinese businesses surpass U.S. firms developing next gen U.S. clean tech retrenchment help China influence standards


Question: Trump hurts clean tech

3. Trump economic policy makes green finance impossible, guaranteeing bubbles.

Demarais 24 [Agathe Demarais, senior policy fellow on geoeconomics at the European Council on Foreign Relations, columnist at Foreign Policy, master’s degrees from Sciences Po Paris and Columbia University, “Why China Is Rooting for Trump,” 02-07-24, Foreign Policy, https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/02/07/china-trump-biden-us-presidential-election-2024/]

battle for influence against China for access to materials crucial for green energy transition , such as cobalt , copper and nickel Trump not help convince economies disparaged as “ shithole countries ”—to supply materials mineral-rich states fear promises have little value Trump’s disdain curbs on immigration , and rhetoric will not break the ice clean tech spared from export controls , but Trump would change this including renewable and battery tech Deprived of markets, U.S. firms have fewer revenues and forced to slash r n d Chinese businesses surpass U.S. firms developing next gen U.S. clean tech retrenchment help China influence standards


Question: Trump and clean tech

3. Trump economic policy makes green finance impossible, guaranteeing bubbles.

Demarais 24 [Agathe Demarais, senior policy fellow on geoeconomics at the European Council on Foreign Relations, columnist at Foreign Policy, master’s degrees from Sciences Po Paris and Columbia University, “Why China Is Rooting for Trump,” 02-07-24, Foreign Policy, https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/02/07/china-trump-biden-us-presidential-election-2024/]

battle for influence against China for access to materials crucial for green energy transition , such as cobalt , copper and nickel Trump not help convince economies disparaged as “ shithole countries ”—to supply materials mineral-rich states fear promises have little value Trump’s disdain curbs on immigration , and rhetoric will not break the ice clean tech spared from export controls , but Trump would change this including renewable and battery tech Deprived of markets, U.S. firms have fewer revenues and forced to slash r n d Chinese businesses surpass U.S. firms developing next gen U.S. clean tech retrenchment help China influence standards


Question: Trump disparages economies

3. Trump economic policy makes green finance impossible, guaranteeing bubbles.

Demarais 24 [Agathe Demarais, senior policy fellow on geoeconomics at the European Council on Foreign Relations, columnist at Foreign Policy, master’s degrees from Sciences Po Paris and Columbia University, “Why China Is Rooting for Trump,” 02-07-24, Foreign Policy, https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/02/07/china-trump-biden-us-presidential-election-2024/]

battle for influence against China for access to materials crucial for green energy transition , such as cobalt , copper and nickel Trump not help convince economies disparaged as “ shithole countries ”—to supply materials mineral-rich states fear promises have little value Trump’s disdain curbs on immigration , and rhetoric will not break the ice clean tech spared from export controls , but Trump would change this including renewable and battery tech Deprived of markets, U.S. firms have fewer revenues and forced to slash r n d Chinese businesses surpass U.S. firms developing next gen U.S. clean tech retrenchment help China influence standards


Question: macro transformation solves necropolitics

2---Macro-level transformation is a prerequisite to solving necropolitics---micropolitics fails and turns their impact

Airewele 15 (Peyi, Professor of International Relations & Comparative Studies and Carnegie Fellow at the Department of Political Science and International Relations at Covenant University, “THE END OF POLITICS? RECLAIMING HUMANITY IN AN AGE OF BIOPOWER AND NECROPOLITICS,” Covenant University Public Lecture Series, Vol. 4, No. 2, March 2015, p. 33—35, http://covenantuniversity.edu.ng/content/download/35623/245151/file/40th+Public+Lecture.pdf)

dilemma with necropolitics is that even as we protest it We ignore how deeply we are invested in it seeking reform is a first step to recognizing complicity we must continue to mobilize debate and seek ethical leaders at a collective level we must birth new modes of life This is the ultimate challenge to necropolitics genuine commitment to protect human dignity and generate progressive social relations Despite context of violence we are surrounded by those who deploy a politics of life to challenge decay breaking free of the legacies of necropolitics creating models of the future and re-establishing a national framework for lasting change Necropolitics will not vanish focus on transformation that recognizes limitations of one individual and the capacity of the state to coopt and constrain solo idealists progressive institutions must seize on innovative ways to create socio-political change


Question: Airewele 15

2---Macro-level transformation is a prerequisite to solving necropolitics---micropolitics fails and turns their impact

Airewele 15 (Peyi, Professor of International Relations & Comparative Studies and Carnegie Fellow at the Department of Political Science and International Relations at Covenant University, “THE END OF POLITICS? RECLAIMING HUMANITY IN AN AGE OF BIOPOWER AND NECROPOLITICS,” Covenant University Public Lecture Series, Vol. 4, No. 2, March 2015, p. 33—35, http://covenantuniversity.edu.ng/content/download/35623/245151/file/40th+Public+Lecture.pdf)

dilemma with necropolitics is that even as we protest it We ignore how deeply we are invested in it seeking reform is a first step to recognizing complicity we must continue to mobilize debate and seek ethical leaders at a collective level we must birth new modes of life This is the ultimate challenge to necropolitics genuine commitment to protect human dignity and generate progressive social relations Despite context of violence we are surrounded by those who deploy a politics of life to challenge decay breaking free of the legacies of necropolitics creating models of the future and re-establishing a national framework for lasting change Necropolitics will not vanish focus on transformation that recognizes limitations of one individual and the capacity of the state to coopt and constrain solo idealists progressive institutions must seize on innovative ways to create socio-political change


Question: macro transformation required

2---Macro-level transformation is a prerequisite to solving necropolitics---micropolitics fails and turns their impact

Airewele 15 (Peyi, Professor of International Relations & Comparative Studies and Carnegie Fellow at the Department of Political Science and International Relations at Covenant University, “THE END OF POLITICS? RECLAIMING HUMANITY IN AN AGE OF BIOPOWER AND NECROPOLITICS,” Covenant University Public Lecture Series, Vol. 4, No. 2, March 2015, p. 33—35, http://covenantuniversity.edu.ng/content/download/35623/245151/file/40th+Public+Lecture.pdf)

dilemma with necropolitics is that even as we protest it We ignore how deeply we are invested in it seeking reform is a first step to recognizing complicity we must continue to mobilize debate and seek ethical leaders at a collective level we must birth new modes of life This is the ultimate challenge to necropolitics genuine commitment to protect human dignity and generate progressive social relations Despite context of violence we are surrounded by those who deploy a politics of life to challenge decay breaking free of the legacies of necropolitics creating models of the future and re-establishing a national framework for lasting change Necropolitics will not vanish focus on transformation that recognizes limitations of one individual and the capacity of the state to coopt and constrain solo idealists progressive institutions must seize on innovative ways to create socio-political change