Question: Jeffrey R. Di Leo

The 1AC’s sonic method is an effect of the repetition economy. The remix and repeat of performances have become a method of social control through the emphasis on neoliberal consumption and accumulation under the subjectivity of the collector.

Di Leo 18, Dean of the School of Arts and Sciences @ UHouston-Victoria. (Jeffrey R. 2018, “Late Capitalism on Vinyl: Neoliberalism, Biopolitics, and Music,” CR: The New Centennial Review 18, no. 2, doi:10.14321/crnewcentrevi.18.2.0107,)

music is trapped and preserved Recording has always been a means of social control allows power to not just “enact its legitimacy” but also to stockpile memory of its power revolutionized through recording but also music goes to essence of Western technology’s transition from representation to repetition coupled with the stockpiling of power through the revolution in recording music is transformed into a unique type of commodity to become a stockpileable consumer product talk less about content and expression than biopolitical economy of music heralded by stockpiling more about consumption of music and the industry that emerges music became an industry, and its consumption ceased to be collective Music announces the entry of the sign into the general economy we can see music become a commodity that would be overturned by “repetition,” first repetition was money Recorded music contains use-time was being stockpiled, while in fact what was being stockpiled was coded noise with a specific ritual function, or use-time” people must devote their time to producing the means to buy recordings losing not only their own time, but also the time required to use other people’s time Stockpiling becomes a substitute, for use . People buy more records than they can listen to. They stockpile what they want to find the time to hear. repetitive distribution also fosters an ideal of health, or life people no longer talk They hear noises of the commodities dreams of sociality and transcendence dwell purity silencing drives and reducing it to silence they have nothing more to say because it no longer has a meaningful discourse because spectacle is now only one form of repetition among others prelude to a cold social silence history of noise control says much about political order Dylan Public Enemy no more or less political than any other music Homo musicus merges with Homo economicus destruction of old codes and the emptying of its meaning stockpiling allows new type of satisfaction or pleasure pleasure of stockpiling Thus replicated man” can produce pleasure at will by simply spinning some vinyl or just collecting it describes the growth of this industry characterized b neoliberal thought namely statistical methods but also on technology changes what economics means those who resist neoliberalism but collect records like animal rights advocate who enjoys good steak starting point to consider the resurgence of records and resiliency of neoliberalism


Question: repetition economy social control

The 1AC’s sonic method is an effect of the repetition economy. The remix and repeat of performances have become a method of social control through the emphasis on neoliberal consumption and accumulation under the subjectivity of the collector.

Di Leo 18, Dean of the School of Arts and Sciences @ UHouston-Victoria. (Jeffrey R. 2018, “Late Capitalism on Vinyl: Neoliberalism, Biopolitics, and Music,” CR: The New Centennial Review 18, no. 2, doi:10.14321/crnewcentrevi.18.2.0107,)

music is trapped and preserved Recording has always been a means of social control allows power to not just “enact its legitimacy” but also to stockpile memory of its power revolutionized through recording but also music goes to essence of Western technology’s transition from representation to repetition coupled with the stockpiling of power through the revolution in recording music is transformed into a unique type of commodity to become a stockpileable consumer product talk less about content and expression than biopolitical economy of music heralded by stockpiling more about consumption of music and the industry that emerges music became an industry, and its consumption ceased to be collective Music announces the entry of the sign into the general economy we can see music become a commodity that would be overturned by “repetition,” first repetition was money Recorded music contains use-time was being stockpiled, while in fact what was being stockpiled was coded noise with a specific ritual function, or use-time” people must devote their time to producing the means to buy recordings losing not only their own time, but also the time required to use other people’s time Stockpiling becomes a substitute, for use . People buy more records than they can listen to. They stockpile what they want to find the time to hear. repetitive distribution also fosters an ideal of health, or life people no longer talk They hear noises of the commodities dreams of sociality and transcendence dwell purity silencing drives and reducing it to silence they have nothing more to say because it no longer has a meaningful discourse because spectacle is now only one form of repetition among others prelude to a cold social silence history of noise control says much about political order Dylan Public Enemy no more or less political than any other music Homo musicus merges with Homo economicus destruction of old codes and the emptying of its meaning stockpiling allows new type of satisfaction or pleasure pleasure of stockpiling Thus replicated man” can produce pleasure at will by simply spinning some vinyl or just collecting it describes the growth of this industry characterized b neoliberal thought namely statistical methods but also on technology changes what economics means those who resist neoliberalism but collect records like animal rights advocate who enjoys good steak starting point to consider the resurgence of records and resiliency of neoliberalism


Question: neoliberal consumption

The 1AC’s sonic method is an effect of the repetition economy. The remix and repeat of performances have become a method of social control through the emphasis on neoliberal consumption and accumulation under the subjectivity of the collector.

Di Leo 18, Dean of the School of Arts and Sciences @ UHouston-Victoria. (Jeffrey R. 2018, “Late Capitalism on Vinyl: Neoliberalism, Biopolitics, and Music,” CR: The New Centennial Review 18, no. 2, doi:10.14321/crnewcentrevi.18.2.0107,)

music is trapped and preserved Recording has always been a means of social control allows power to not just “enact its legitimacy” but also to stockpile memory of its power revolutionized through recording but also music goes to essence of Western technology’s transition from representation to repetition coupled with the stockpiling of power through the revolution in recording music is transformed into a unique type of commodity to become a stockpileable consumer product talk less about content and expression than biopolitical economy of music heralded by stockpiling more about consumption of music and the industry that emerges music became an industry, and its consumption ceased to be collective Music announces the entry of the sign into the general economy we can see music become a commodity that would be overturned by “repetition,” first repetition was money Recorded music contains use-time was being stockpiled, while in fact what was being stockpiled was coded noise with a specific ritual function, or use-time” people must devote their time to producing the means to buy recordings losing not only their own time, but also the time required to use other people’s time Stockpiling becomes a substitute, for use . People buy more records than they can listen to. They stockpile what they want to find the time to hear. repetitive distribution also fosters an ideal of health, or life people no longer talk They hear noises of the commodities dreams of sociality and transcendence dwell purity silencing drives and reducing it to silence they have nothing more to say because it no longer has a meaningful discourse because spectacle is now only one form of repetition among others prelude to a cold social silence history of noise control says much about political order Dylan Public Enemy no more or less political than any other music Homo musicus merges with Homo economicus destruction of old codes and the emptying of its meaning stockpiling allows new type of satisfaction or pleasure pleasure of stockpiling Thus replicated man” can produce pleasure at will by simply spinning some vinyl or just collecting it describes the growth of this industry characterized b neoliberal thought namely statistical methods but also on technology changes what economics means those who resist neoliberalism but collect records like animal rights advocate who enjoys good steak starting point to consider the resurgence of records and resiliency of neoliberalism


Question: music stockpiling of power

The 1AC’s sonic method is an effect of the repetition economy. The remix and repeat of performances have become a method of social control through the emphasis on neoliberal consumption and accumulation under the subjectivity of the collector.

Di Leo 18, Dean of the School of Arts and Sciences @ UHouston-Victoria. (Jeffrey R. 2018, “Late Capitalism on Vinyl: Neoliberalism, Biopolitics, and Music,” CR: The New Centennial Review 18, no. 2, doi:10.14321/crnewcentrevi.18.2.0107,)

music is trapped and preserved Recording has always been a means of social control allows power to not just “enact its legitimacy” but also to stockpile memory of its power revolutionized through recording but also music goes to essence of Western technology’s transition from representation to repetition coupled with the stockpiling of power through the revolution in recording music is transformed into a unique type of commodity to become a stockpileable consumer product talk less about content and expression than biopolitical economy of music heralded by stockpiling more about consumption of music and the industry that emerges music became an industry, and its consumption ceased to be collective Music announces the entry of the sign into the general economy we can see music become a commodity that would be overturned by “repetition,” first repetition was money Recorded music contains use-time was being stockpiled, while in fact what was being stockpiled was coded noise with a specific ritual function, or use-time” people must devote their time to producing the means to buy recordings losing not only their own time, but also the time required to use other people’s time Stockpiling becomes a substitute, for use . People buy more records than they can listen to. They stockpile what they want to find the time to hear. repetitive distribution also fosters an ideal of health, or life people no longer talk They hear noises of the commodities dreams of sociality and transcendence dwell purity silencing drives and reducing it to silence they have nothing more to say because it no longer has a meaningful discourse because spectacle is now only one form of repetition among others prelude to a cold social silence history of noise control says much about political order Dylan Public Enemy no more or less political than any other music Homo musicus merges with Homo economicus destruction of old codes and the emptying of its meaning stockpiling allows new type of satisfaction or pleasure pleasure of stockpiling Thus replicated man” can produce pleasure at will by simply spinning some vinyl or just collecting it describes the growth of this industry characterized b neoliberal thought namely statistical methods but also on technology changes what economics means those who resist neoliberalism but collect records like animal rights advocate who enjoys good steak starting point to consider the resurgence of records and resiliency of neoliberalism


Question: music transformed into commodity

The 1AC’s sonic method is an effect of the repetition economy. The remix and repeat of performances have become a method of social control through the emphasis on neoliberal consumption and accumulation under the subjectivity of the collector.

Di Leo 18, Dean of the School of Arts and Sciences @ UHouston-Victoria. (Jeffrey R. 2018, “Late Capitalism on Vinyl: Neoliberalism, Biopolitics, and Music,” CR: The New Centennial Review 18, no. 2, doi:10.14321/crnewcentrevi.18.2.0107,)

music is trapped and preserved Recording has always been a means of social control allows power to not just “enact its legitimacy” but also to stockpile memory of its power revolutionized through recording but also music goes to essence of Western technology’s transition from representation to repetition coupled with the stockpiling of power through the revolution in recording music is transformed into a unique type of commodity to become a stockpileable consumer product talk less about content and expression than biopolitical economy of music heralded by stockpiling more about consumption of music and the industry that emerges music became an industry, and its consumption ceased to be collective Music announces the entry of the sign into the general economy we can see music become a commodity that would be overturned by “repetition,” first repetition was money Recorded music contains use-time was being stockpiled, while in fact what was being stockpiled was coded noise with a specific ritual function, or use-time” people must devote their time to producing the means to buy recordings losing not only their own time, but also the time required to use other people’s time Stockpiling becomes a substitute, for use . People buy more records than they can listen to. They stockpile what they want to find the time to hear. repetitive distribution also fosters an ideal of health, or life people no longer talk They hear noises of the commodities dreams of sociality and transcendence dwell purity silencing drives and reducing it to silence they have nothing more to say because it no longer has a meaningful discourse because spectacle is now only one form of repetition among others prelude to a cold social silence history of noise control says much about political order Dylan Public Enemy no more or less political than any other music Homo musicus merges with Homo economicus destruction of old codes and the emptying of its meaning stockpiling allows new type of satisfaction or pleasure pleasure of stockpiling Thus replicated man” can produce pleasure at will by simply spinning some vinyl or just collecting it describes the growth of this industry characterized b neoliberal thought namely statistical methods but also on technology changes what economics means those who resist neoliberalism but collect records like animal rights advocate who enjoys good steak starting point to consider the resurgence of records and resiliency of neoliberalism


Question: music biopolitical economy

The 1AC’s sonic method is an effect of the repetition economy. The remix and repeat of performances have become a method of social control through the emphasis on neoliberal consumption and accumulation under the subjectivity of the collector.

Di Leo 18, Dean of the School of Arts and Sciences @ UHouston-Victoria. (Jeffrey R. 2018, “Late Capitalism on Vinyl: Neoliberalism, Biopolitics, and Music,” CR: The New Centennial Review 18, no. 2, doi:10.14321/crnewcentrevi.18.2.0107,)

music is trapped and preserved Recording has always been a means of social control allows power to not just “enact its legitimacy” but also to stockpile memory of its power revolutionized through recording but also music goes to essence of Western technology’s transition from representation to repetition coupled with the stockpiling of power through the revolution in recording music is transformed into a unique type of commodity to become a stockpileable consumer product talk less about content and expression than biopolitical economy of music heralded by stockpiling more about consumption of music and the industry that emerges music became an industry, and its consumption ceased to be collective Music announces the entry of the sign into the general economy we can see music become a commodity that would be overturned by “repetition,” first repetition was money Recorded music contains use-time was being stockpiled, while in fact what was being stockpiled was coded noise with a specific ritual function, or use-time” people must devote their time to producing the means to buy recordings losing not only their own time, but also the time required to use other people’s time Stockpiling becomes a substitute, for use . People buy more records than they can listen to. They stockpile what they want to find the time to hear. repetitive distribution also fosters an ideal of health, or life people no longer talk They hear noises of the commodities dreams of sociality and transcendence dwell purity silencing drives and reducing it to silence they have nothing more to say because it no longer has a meaningful discourse because spectacle is now only one form of repetition among others prelude to a cold social silence history of noise control says much about political order Dylan Public Enemy no more or less political than any other music Homo musicus merges with Homo economicus destruction of old codes and the emptying of its meaning stockpiling allows new type of satisfaction or pleasure pleasure of stockpiling Thus replicated man” can produce pleasure at will by simply spinning some vinyl or just collecting it describes the growth of this industry characterized b neoliberal thought namely statistical methods but also on technology changes what economics means those who resist neoliberalism but collect records like animal rights advocate who enjoys good steak starting point to consider the resurgence of records and resiliency of neoliberalism


Question: No civil war

4. No civil war---they mistake polarization with escalation

Richard Hanania 20 (Richard Hanania is a research fellow at Defense Priorities, and a postdoctoral research fellow at the Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies at Columbia University, 10/29/20, accessed 9/4/21, “Americans hate each other. But we aren’t headed for civil war.”, https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/civil-war-united-states-unlikely-violence/2020/10/29/3a143936-0f0f-11eb-8074-0e943a91bf08_story.html)AGabay

logic underlying these predictions is Americans divided misunderstanding of political violence societal cleavages exist What distinguishes countries that descend into war is lack of capacity to put down rebellion In 2006 study that examined 172 countries small military establishment and rough  terrain had a consistent effect Wealth and military power explain why , U S civil  war remain metaphor g d p highest in world and military wiping out  challenges riots can happen as long as  leaders lack the will to respond But as soon as authorities perceive serious enough problem they move quickly Those predicting civil war identified serious problems in America polarization and distrust not disintegration


Question: Hanania 2020

4. No civil war---they mistake polarization with escalation

Richard Hanania 20 (Richard Hanania is a research fellow at Defense Priorities, and a postdoctoral research fellow at the Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies at Columbia University, 10/29/20, accessed 9/4/21, “Americans hate each other. But we aren’t headed for civil war.”, https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/civil-war-united-states-unlikely-violence/2020/10/29/3a143936-0f0f-11eb-8074-0e943a91bf08_story.html)AGabay

logic underlying these predictions is Americans divided misunderstanding of political violence societal cleavages exist What distinguishes countries that descend into war is lack of capacity to put down rebellion In 2006 study that examined 172 countries small military establishment and rough  terrain had a consistent effect Wealth and military power explain why , U S civil  war remain metaphor g d p highest in world and military wiping out  challenges riots can happen as long as  leaders lack the will to respond But as soon as authorities perceive serious enough problem they move quickly Those predicting civil war identified serious problems in America polarization and distrust not disintegration


Question: richard hanania defense priorities

4. No civil war---they mistake polarization with escalation

Richard Hanania 20 (Richard Hanania is a research fellow at Defense Priorities, and a postdoctoral research fellow at the Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies at Columbia University, 10/29/20, accessed 9/4/21, “Americans hate each other. But we aren’t headed for civil war.”, https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/civil-war-united-states-unlikely-violence/2020/10/29/3a143936-0f0f-11eb-8074-0e943a91bf08_story.html)AGabay

logic underlying these predictions is Americans divided misunderstanding of political violence societal cleavages exist What distinguishes countries that descend into war is lack of capacity to put down rebellion In 2006 study that examined 172 countries small military establishment and rough  terrain had a consistent effect Wealth and military power explain why , U S civil  war remain metaphor g d p highest in world and military wiping out  challenges riots can happen as long as  leaders lack the will to respond But as soon as authorities perceive serious enough problem they move quickly Those predicting civil war identified serious problems in America polarization and distrust not disintegration


Question: Americans hate each other civil war

4. No civil war---they mistake polarization with escalation

Richard Hanania 20 (Richard Hanania is a research fellow at Defense Priorities, and a postdoctoral research fellow at the Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies at Columbia University, 10/29/20, accessed 9/4/21, “Americans hate each other. But we aren’t headed for civil war.”, https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/civil-war-united-states-unlikely-violence/2020/10/29/3a143936-0f0f-11eb-8074-0e943a91bf08_story.html)AGabay

logic underlying these predictions is Americans divided misunderstanding of political violence societal cleavages exist What distinguishes countries that descend into war is lack of capacity to put down rebellion In 2006 study that examined 172 countries small military establishment and rough  terrain had a consistent effect Wealth and military power explain why , U S civil  war remain metaphor g d p highest in world and military wiping out  challenges riots can happen as long as  leaders lack the will to respond But as soon as authorities perceive serious enough problem they move quickly Those predicting civil war identified serious problems in America polarization and distrust not disintegration


Question: US civil war unlikely

4. No civil war---they mistake polarization with escalation

Richard Hanania 20 (Richard Hanania is a research fellow at Defense Priorities, and a postdoctoral research fellow at the Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies at Columbia University, 10/29/20, accessed 9/4/21, “Americans hate each other. But we aren’t headed for civil war.”, https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/civil-war-united-states-unlikely-violence/2020/10/29/3a143936-0f0f-11eb-8074-0e943a91bf08_story.html)AGabay

logic underlying these predictions is Americans divided misunderstanding of political violence societal cleavages exist What distinguishes countries that descend into war is lack of capacity to put down rebellion In 2006 study that examined 172 countries small military establishment and rough  terrain had a consistent effect Wealth and military power explain why , U S civil  war remain metaphor g d p highest in world and military wiping out  challenges riots can happen as long as  leaders lack the will to respond But as soon as authorities perceive serious enough problem they move quickly Those predicting civil war identified serious problems in America polarization and distrust not disintegration


Question: polarization not disintegration

4. No civil war---they mistake polarization with escalation

Richard Hanania 20 (Richard Hanania is a research fellow at Defense Priorities, and a postdoctoral research fellow at the Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies at Columbia University, 10/29/20, accessed 9/4/21, “Americans hate each other. But we aren’t headed for civil war.”, https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/civil-war-united-states-unlikely-violence/2020/10/29/3a143936-0f0f-11eb-8074-0e943a91bf08_story.html)AGabay

logic underlying these predictions is Americans divided misunderstanding of political violence societal cleavages exist What distinguishes countries that descend into war is lack of capacity to put down rebellion In 2006 study that examined 172 countries small military establishment and rough  terrain had a consistent effect Wealth and military power explain why , U S civil  war remain metaphor g d p highest in world and military wiping out  challenges riots can happen as long as  leaders lack the will to respond But as soon as authorities perceive serious enough problem they move quickly Those predicting civil war identified serious problems in America polarization and distrust not disintegration


Question: political violence societal cleavages

4. No civil war---they mistake polarization with escalation

Richard Hanania 20 (Richard Hanania is a research fellow at Defense Priorities, and a postdoctoral research fellow at the Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies at Columbia University, 10/29/20, accessed 9/4/21, “Americans hate each other. But we aren’t headed for civil war.”, https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/civil-war-united-states-unlikely-violence/2020/10/29/3a143936-0f0f-11eb-8074-0e943a91bf08_story.html)AGabay

logic underlying these predictions is Americans divided misunderstanding of political violence societal cleavages exist What distinguishes countries that descend into war is lack of capacity to put down rebellion In 2006 study that examined 172 countries small military establishment and rough  terrain had a consistent effect Wealth and military power explain why , U S civil  war remain metaphor g d p highest in world and military wiping out  challenges riots can happen as long as  leaders lack the will to respond But as soon as authorities perceive serious enough problem they move quickly Those predicting civil war identified serious problems in America polarization and distrust not disintegration


Question: Energy colonialism sanctions genocide

That is energy colonialism – claims to its inevitability sanction genocide.

Contreras 23, *Department of Sociology, University of Granada, **Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Granada, ***Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of Gipuzkoa, ****Centre for Sámi Studies, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway (*Josefa Sánchez Contreras, **Alberto Matarán Ruiz, ***Alvaro Campos-Celador, ****Eva Maria Fjellheim, 2023, “Energy Colonialism: A Category to Analyse the Corporate Energy Transition in the Global South and North,” Land 2023, 12, 1241. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/6/1241) rose

the corporate energy transition is built on accumulation via dispossession renewable infrastructure increases the extraction of minerals but also the privatisation of land and public services renewable megaprojects exacerbates colonial relations DESERTEC proposed renewable energies in Africa to be consumed in Europe inequalities unfold through land grabbing and dispossession. biocultural destruction and dismantling of communal goods. Unequal distribution of costs and benefits is intrinsic since the negative impacts are concentrated in sacrifice zones while the profits go to distant places. This is legitimised by neoliberal discourses who promote a corporate energy transition


Question: Contreras 23

That is energy colonialism – claims to its inevitability sanction genocide.

Contreras 23, *Department of Sociology, University of Granada, **Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Granada, ***Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of Gipuzkoa, ****Centre for Sámi Studies, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway (*Josefa Sánchez Contreras, **Alberto Matarán Ruiz, ***Alvaro Campos-Celador, ****Eva Maria Fjellheim, 2023, “Energy Colonialism: A Category to Analyse the Corporate Energy Transition in the Global South and North,” Land 2023, 12, 1241. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/6/1241) rose

the corporate energy transition is built on accumulation via dispossession renewable infrastructure increases the extraction of minerals but also the privatisation of land and public services renewable megaprojects exacerbates colonial relations DESERTEC proposed renewable energies in Africa to be consumed in Europe inequalities unfold through land grabbing and dispossession. biocultural destruction and dismantling of communal goods. Unequal distribution of costs and benefits is intrinsic since the negative impacts are concentrated in sacrifice zones while the profits go to distant places. This is legitimised by neoliberal discourses who promote a corporate energy transition


Question: corporate energy transition

That is energy colonialism – claims to its inevitability sanction genocide.

Contreras 23, *Department of Sociology, University of Granada, **Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Granada, ***Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of Gipuzkoa, ****Centre for Sámi Studies, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway (*Josefa Sánchez Contreras, **Alberto Matarán Ruiz, ***Alvaro Campos-Celador, ****Eva Maria Fjellheim, 2023, “Energy Colonialism: A Category to Analyse the Corporate Energy Transition in the Global South and North,” Land 2023, 12, 1241. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/6/1241) rose

the corporate energy transition is built on accumulation via dispossession renewable infrastructure increases the extraction of minerals but also the privatisation of land and public services renewable megaprojects exacerbates colonial relations DESERTEC proposed renewable energies in Africa to be consumed in Europe inequalities unfold through land grabbing and dispossession. biocultural destruction and dismantling of communal goods. Unequal distribution of costs and benefits is intrinsic since the negative impacts are concentrated in sacrifice zones while the profits go to distant places. This is legitimised by neoliberal discourses who promote a corporate energy transition


Question: energy colonialism

That is energy colonialism – claims to its inevitability sanction genocide.

Contreras 23, *Department of Sociology, University of Granada, **Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Granada, ***Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of Gipuzkoa, ****Centre for Sámi Studies, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway (*Josefa Sánchez Contreras, **Alberto Matarán Ruiz, ***Alvaro Campos-Celador, ****Eva Maria Fjellheim, 2023, “Energy Colonialism: A Category to Analyse the Corporate Energy Transition in the Global South and North,” Land 2023, 12, 1241. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/6/1241) rose

the corporate energy transition is built on accumulation via dispossession renewable infrastructure increases the extraction of minerals but also the privatisation of land and public services renewable megaprojects exacerbates colonial relations DESERTEC proposed renewable energies in Africa to be consumed in Europe inequalities unfold through land grabbing and dispossession. biocultural destruction and dismantling of communal goods. Unequal distribution of costs and benefits is intrinsic since the negative impacts are concentrated in sacrifice zones while the profits go to distant places. This is legitimised by neoliberal discourses who promote a corporate energy transition


Question: renewable megaprojects colonial relations

That is energy colonialism – claims to its inevitability sanction genocide.

Contreras 23, *Department of Sociology, University of Granada, **Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Granada, ***Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of Gipuzkoa, ****Centre for Sámi Studies, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway (*Josefa Sánchez Contreras, **Alberto Matarán Ruiz, ***Alvaro Campos-Celador, ****Eva Maria Fjellheim, 2023, “Energy Colonialism: A Category to Analyse the Corporate Energy Transition in the Global South and North,” Land 2023, 12, 1241. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/6/1241) rose

the corporate energy transition is built on accumulation via dispossession renewable infrastructure increases the extraction of minerals but also the privatisation of land and public services renewable megaprojects exacerbates colonial relations DESERTEC proposed renewable energies in Africa to be consumed in Europe inequalities unfold through land grabbing and dispossession. biocultural destruction and dismantling of communal goods. Unequal distribution of costs and benefits is intrinsic since the negative impacts are concentrated in sacrifice zones while the profits go to distant places. This is legitimised by neoliberal discourses who promote a corporate energy transition


Question: accumulation via dispossession

That is energy colonialism – claims to its inevitability sanction genocide.

Contreras 23, *Department of Sociology, University of Granada, **Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Granada, ***Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of Gipuzkoa, ****Centre for Sámi Studies, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway (*Josefa Sánchez Contreras, **Alberto Matarán Ruiz, ***Alvaro Campos-Celador, ****Eva Maria Fjellheim, 2023, “Energy Colonialism: A Category to Analyse the Corporate Energy Transition in the Global South and North,” Land 2023, 12, 1241. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/6/1241) rose

the corporate energy transition is built on accumulation via dispossession renewable infrastructure increases the extraction of minerals but also the privatisation of land and public services renewable megaprojects exacerbates colonial relations DESERTEC proposed renewable energies in Africa to be consumed in Europe inequalities unfold through land grabbing and dispossession. biocultural destruction and dismantling of communal goods. Unequal distribution of costs and benefits is intrinsic since the negative impacts are concentrated in sacrifice zones while the profits go to distant places. This is legitimised by neoliberal discourses who promote a corporate energy transition


Question: corporate energy transition colonialism

That is energy colonialism – claims to its inevitability sanction genocide.

Contreras 23, *Department of Sociology, University of Granada, **Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Granada, ***Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of Gipuzkoa, ****Centre for Sámi Studies, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway (*Josefa Sánchez Contreras, **Alberto Matarán Ruiz, ***Alvaro Campos-Celador, ****Eva Maria Fjellheim, 2023, “Energy Colonialism: A Category to Analyse the Corporate Energy Transition in the Global South and North,” Land 2023, 12, 1241. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/6/1241) rose

the corporate energy transition is built on accumulation via dispossession renewable infrastructure increases the extraction of minerals but also the privatisation of land and public services renewable megaprojects exacerbates colonial relations DESERTEC proposed renewable energies in Africa to be consumed in Europe inequalities unfold through land grabbing and dispossession. biocultural destruction and dismantling of communal goods. Unequal distribution of costs and benefits is intrinsic since the negative impacts are concentrated in sacrifice zones while the profits go to distant places. This is legitimised by neoliberal discourses who promote a corporate energy transition


Question: Ignorance is not bliss

Ignorance is not bliss – military scholarship linearly decreases war casualties, allows self-correction which prevents heinous acts, solves civil military relations, and increases the chances America wins.

Toronto 15 [Dr. Nathan W. Toronto is an associate professor of Strategy and Security Studies at the United Arab Emirates National Defense College. His research interests include Middle East security, theories of warfare, and civil-military relations. His work has appeared in Foreign Policy Analysis and Small Wars and Insurgencies, among other outlets. His current book project asks how militaries learn. You can follow him on Twitter @NathanToronto.His views are his own, and don’t necessarily represent the position of the UAE NDC or any other agency of the UAE government]. “Nathan W. Toronto – E-International Relations.” E, 26 May 2015, https://www.e-ir.info/author/nathan-w-toronto/. ) /// truman

few scholars acknowledge role of military education civil provides intellectual architecture  for  battlefield success contributes to civil-military relations capacity for analysis cultivates excellence fix things like humanitarian aid and disaster relief Military education a ‘ force multiplier conditions for success perform tasks culture of reflection in formal legislative oversight military publicly evaluates performance officers use resources like War on the Rocks mean military learn from mistakes capacity for critical analysis effective militaries integrate school curricula design methodology’ sensible  risk mitigation strategy but incumbent advocates demonstrate the links to victory statistical probe shows this is the case fewer battle deaths country publishes more military periodicals before becoming involved in a war tends to suffer fewer battle-related combat deaths than countries with fewer calculations are encouraging military education contributes to stable c m r worth it


Question: Toronto 15

Ignorance is not bliss – military scholarship linearly decreases war casualties, allows self-correction which prevents heinous acts, solves civil military relations, and increases the chances America wins.

Toronto 15 [Dr. Nathan W. Toronto is an associate professor of Strategy and Security Studies at the United Arab Emirates National Defense College. His research interests include Middle East security, theories of warfare, and civil-military relations. His work has appeared in Foreign Policy Analysis and Small Wars and Insurgencies, among other outlets. His current book project asks how militaries learn. You can follow him on Twitter @NathanToronto.His views are his own, and don’t necessarily represent the position of the UAE NDC or any other agency of the UAE government]. “Nathan W. Toronto – E-International Relations.” E, 26 May 2015, https://www.e-ir.info/author/nathan-w-toronto/. ) /// truman

few scholars acknowledge role of military education civil provides intellectual architecture  for  battlefield success contributes to civil-military relations capacity for analysis cultivates excellence fix things like humanitarian aid and disaster relief Military education a ‘ force multiplier conditions for success perform tasks culture of reflection in formal legislative oversight military publicly evaluates performance officers use resources like War on the Rocks mean military learn from mistakes capacity for critical analysis effective militaries integrate school curricula design methodology’ sensible  risk mitigation strategy but incumbent advocates demonstrate the links to victory statistical probe shows this is the case fewer battle deaths country publishes more military periodicals before becoming involved in a war tends to suffer fewer battle-related combat deaths than countries with fewer calculations are encouraging military education contributes to stable c m r worth it


Question: military scholarship decreases war casualties

Ignorance is not bliss – military scholarship linearly decreases war casualties, allows self-correction which prevents heinous acts, solves civil military relations, and increases the chances America wins.

Toronto 15 [Dr. Nathan W. Toronto is an associate professor of Strategy and Security Studies at the United Arab Emirates National Defense College. His research interests include Middle East security, theories of warfare, and civil-military relations. His work has appeared in Foreign Policy Analysis and Small Wars and Insurgencies, among other outlets. His current book project asks how militaries learn. You can follow him on Twitter @NathanToronto.His views are his own, and don’t necessarily represent the position of the UAE NDC or any other agency of the UAE government]. “Nathan W. Toronto – E-International Relations.” E, 26 May 2015, https://www.e-ir.info/author/nathan-w-toronto/. ) /// truman

few scholars acknowledge role of military education civil provides intellectual architecture  for  battlefield success contributes to civil-military relations capacity for analysis cultivates excellence fix things like humanitarian aid and disaster relief Military education a ‘ force multiplier conditions for success perform tasks culture of reflection in formal legislative oversight military publicly evaluates performance officers use resources like War on the Rocks mean military learn from mistakes capacity for critical analysis effective militaries integrate school curricula design methodology’ sensible  risk mitigation strategy but incumbent advocates demonstrate the links to victory statistical probe shows this is the case fewer battle deaths country publishes more military periodicals before becoming involved in a war tends to suffer fewer battle-related combat deaths than countries with fewer calculations are encouraging military education contributes to stable c m r worth it


Question: military self-correction prevents heinous acts

Ignorance is not bliss – military scholarship linearly decreases war casualties, allows self-correction which prevents heinous acts, solves civil military relations, and increases the chances America wins.

Toronto 15 [Dr. Nathan W. Toronto is an associate professor of Strategy and Security Studies at the United Arab Emirates National Defense College. His research interests include Middle East security, theories of warfare, and civil-military relations. His work has appeared in Foreign Policy Analysis and Small Wars and Insurgencies, among other outlets. His current book project asks how militaries learn. You can follow him on Twitter @NathanToronto.His views are his own, and don’t necessarily represent the position of the UAE NDC or any other agency of the UAE government]. “Nathan W. Toronto – E-International Relations.” E, 26 May 2015, https://www.e-ir.info/author/nathan-w-toronto/. ) /// truman

few scholars acknowledge role of military education civil provides intellectual architecture  for  battlefield success contributes to civil-military relations capacity for analysis cultivates excellence fix things like humanitarian aid and disaster relief Military education a ‘ force multiplier conditions for success perform tasks culture of reflection in formal legislative oversight military publicly evaluates performance officers use resources like War on the Rocks mean military learn from mistakes capacity for critical analysis effective militaries integrate school curricula design methodology’ sensible  risk mitigation strategy but incumbent advocates demonstrate the links to victory statistical probe shows this is the case fewer battle deaths country publishes more military periodicals before becoming involved in a war tends to suffer fewer battle-related combat deaths than countries with fewer calculations are encouraging military education contributes to stable c m r worth it


Question: military education civil military relations

Ignorance is not bliss – military scholarship linearly decreases war casualties, allows self-correction which prevents heinous acts, solves civil military relations, and increases the chances America wins.

Toronto 15 [Dr. Nathan W. Toronto is an associate professor of Strategy and Security Studies at the United Arab Emirates National Defense College. His research interests include Middle East security, theories of warfare, and civil-military relations. His work has appeared in Foreign Policy Analysis and Small Wars and Insurgencies, among other outlets. His current book project asks how militaries learn. You can follow him on Twitter @NathanToronto.His views are his own, and don’t necessarily represent the position of the UAE NDC or any other agency of the UAE government]. “Nathan W. Toronto – E-International Relations.” E, 26 May 2015, https://www.e-ir.info/author/nathan-w-toronto/. ) /// truman

few scholars acknowledge role of military education civil provides intellectual architecture  for  battlefield success contributes to civil-military relations capacity for analysis cultivates excellence fix things like humanitarian aid and disaster relief Military education a ‘ force multiplier conditions for success perform tasks culture of reflection in formal legislative oversight military publicly evaluates performance officers use resources like War on the Rocks mean military learn from mistakes capacity for critical analysis effective militaries integrate school curricula design methodology’ sensible  risk mitigation strategy but incumbent advocates demonstrate the links to victory statistical probe shows this is the case fewer battle deaths country publishes more military periodicals before becoming involved in a war tends to suffer fewer battle-related combat deaths than countries with fewer calculations are encouraging military education contributes to stable c m r worth it


Question: military increases chances America wins

Ignorance is not bliss – military scholarship linearly decreases war casualties, allows self-correction which prevents heinous acts, solves civil military relations, and increases the chances America wins.

Toronto 15 [Dr. Nathan W. Toronto is an associate professor of Strategy and Security Studies at the United Arab Emirates National Defense College. His research interests include Middle East security, theories of warfare, and civil-military relations. His work has appeared in Foreign Policy Analysis and Small Wars and Insurgencies, among other outlets. His current book project asks how militaries learn. You can follow him on Twitter @NathanToronto.His views are his own, and don’t necessarily represent the position of the UAE NDC or any other agency of the UAE government]. “Nathan W. Toronto – E-International Relations.” E, 26 May 2015, https://www.e-ir.info/author/nathan-w-toronto/. ) /// truman

few scholars acknowledge role of military education civil provides intellectual architecture  for  battlefield success contributes to civil-military relations capacity for analysis cultivates excellence fix things like humanitarian aid and disaster relief Military education a ‘ force multiplier conditions for success perform tasks culture of reflection in formal legislative oversight military publicly evaluates performance officers use resources like War on the Rocks mean military learn from mistakes capacity for critical analysis effective militaries integrate school curricula design methodology’ sensible  risk mitigation strategy but incumbent advocates demonstrate the links to victory statistical probe shows this is the case fewer battle deaths country publishes more military periodicals before becoming involved in a war tends to suffer fewer battle-related combat deaths than countries with fewer calculations are encouraging military education contributes to stable c m r worth it


Question: military education reduces battle deaths

Ignorance is not bliss – military scholarship linearly decreases war casualties, allows self-correction which prevents heinous acts, solves civil military relations, and increases the chances America wins.

Toronto 15 [Dr. Nathan W. Toronto is an associate professor of Strategy and Security Studies at the United Arab Emirates National Defense College. His research interests include Middle East security, theories of warfare, and civil-military relations. His work has appeared in Foreign Policy Analysis and Small Wars and Insurgencies, among other outlets. His current book project asks how militaries learn. You can follow him on Twitter @NathanToronto.His views are his own, and don’t necessarily represent the position of the UAE NDC or any other agency of the UAE government]. “Nathan W. Toronto – E-International Relations.” E, 26 May 2015, https://www.e-ir.info/author/nathan-w-toronto/. ) /// truman

few scholars acknowledge role of military education civil provides intellectual architecture  for  battlefield success contributes to civil-military relations capacity for analysis cultivates excellence fix things like humanitarian aid and disaster relief Military education a ‘ force multiplier conditions for success perform tasks culture of reflection in formal legislative oversight military publicly evaluates performance officers use resources like War on the Rocks mean military learn from mistakes capacity for critical analysis effective militaries integrate school curricula design methodology’ sensible  risk mitigation strategy but incumbent advocates demonstrate the links to victory statistical probe shows this is the case fewer battle deaths country publishes more military periodicals before becoming involved in a war tends to suffer fewer battle-related combat deaths than countries with fewer calculations are encouraging military education contributes to stable c m r worth it


Question: progressivity exemptions demand solve

4. PROGRESSIVITY. While SOME of the tax is passed on, exemptions AND demand reductions solve.

CCLN 23, Citizens’ Climate Lobby of Nevada, written by Jason Pramas, a climate journalist (CCLN, September 7, 2023, “When it comes to climate change, we have solutions,” Sierra Nevada Ally, https://sierranevadaally.org/2023/09/07/when-it-comes-to-climate-change-we-have-solutions/)

Polluting should not be free Fossil companies should pay a carbon fee A price would reduce carbon by 90% Companies will pass some of the cost on to customers as prices rise , demand should go down Customers find less expensive substitutes or  reduce use of fossil s A carbon fee is affordable when money collected is given as a cash back payment


Question: CCLN 23

4. PROGRESSIVITY. While SOME of the tax is passed on, exemptions AND demand reductions solve.

CCLN 23, Citizens’ Climate Lobby of Nevada, written by Jason Pramas, a climate journalist (CCLN, September 7, 2023, “When it comes to climate change, we have solutions,” Sierra Nevada Ally, https://sierranevadaally.org/2023/09/07/when-it-comes-to-climate-change-we-have-solutions/)

Polluting should not be free Fossil companies should pay a carbon fee A price would reduce carbon by 90% Companies will pass some of the cost on to customers as prices rise , demand should go down Customers find less expensive substitutes or  reduce use of fossil s A carbon fee is affordable when money collected is given as a cash back payment


Question: Citizens climate lobby

4. PROGRESSIVITY. While SOME of the tax is passed on, exemptions AND demand reductions solve.

CCLN 23, Citizens’ Climate Lobby of Nevada, written by Jason Pramas, a climate journalist (CCLN, September 7, 2023, “When it comes to climate change, we have solutions,” Sierra Nevada Ally, https://sierranevadaally.org/2023/09/07/when-it-comes-to-climate-change-we-have-solutions/)

Polluting should not be free Fossil companies should pay a carbon fee A price would reduce carbon by 90% Companies will pass some of the cost on to customers as prices rise , demand should go down Customers find less expensive substitutes or  reduce use of fossil s A carbon fee is affordable when money collected is given as a cash back payment


Question: carbon fee affordable

4. PROGRESSIVITY. While SOME of the tax is passed on, exemptions AND demand reductions solve.

CCLN 23, Citizens’ Climate Lobby of Nevada, written by Jason Pramas, a climate journalist (CCLN, September 7, 2023, “When it comes to climate change, we have solutions,” Sierra Nevada Ally, https://sierranevadaally.org/2023/09/07/when-it-comes-to-climate-change-we-have-solutions/)

Polluting should not be free Fossil companies should pay a carbon fee A price would reduce carbon by 90% Companies will pass some of the cost on to customers as prices rise , demand should go down Customers find less expensive substitutes or  reduce use of fossil s A carbon fee is affordable when money collected is given as a cash back payment


Question: demand reductions solve

4. PROGRESSIVITY. While SOME of the tax is passed on, exemptions AND demand reductions solve.

CCLN 23, Citizens’ Climate Lobby of Nevada, written by Jason Pramas, a climate journalist (CCLN, September 7, 2023, “When it comes to climate change, we have solutions,” Sierra Nevada Ally, https://sierranevadaally.org/2023/09/07/when-it-comes-to-climate-change-we-have-solutions/)

Polluting should not be free Fossil companies should pay a carbon fee A price would reduce carbon by 90% Companies will pass some of the cost on to customers as prices rise , demand should go down Customers find less expensive substitutes or  reduce use of fossil s A carbon fee is affordable when money collected is given as a cash back payment


Question: carbon fee is progressive

4. PROGRESSIVITY. While SOME of the tax is passed on, exemptions AND demand reductions solve.

CCLN 23, Citizens’ Climate Lobby of Nevada, written by Jason Pramas, a climate journalist (CCLN, September 7, 2023, “When it comes to climate change, we have solutions,” Sierra Nevada Ally, https://sierranevadaally.org/2023/09/07/when-it-comes-to-climate-change-we-have-solutions/)

Polluting should not be free Fossil companies should pay a carbon fee A price would reduce carbon by 90% Companies will pass some of the cost on to customers as prices rise , demand should go down Customers find less expensive substitutes or  reduce use of fossil s A carbon fee is affordable when money collected is given as a cash back payment


Question: fossil companies pay carbon fee

4. PROGRESSIVITY. While SOME of the tax is passed on, exemptions AND demand reductions solve.

CCLN 23, Citizens’ Climate Lobby of Nevada, written by Jason Pramas, a climate journalist (CCLN, September 7, 2023, “When it comes to climate change, we have solutions,” Sierra Nevada Ally, https://sierranevadaally.org/2023/09/07/when-it-comes-to-climate-change-we-have-solutions/)

Polluting should not be free Fossil companies should pay a carbon fee A price would reduce carbon by 90% Companies will pass some of the cost on to customers as prices rise , demand should go down Customers find less expensive substitutes or  reduce use of fossil s A carbon fee is affordable when money collected is given as a cash back payment


Question: Extinction

Extinction

Sung Chul Jung 24. Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science and Diplomacy  @ Myongji University. “Economic slowdowns and international conflict.” 2024. Journal of Peace Research. 61(2). 180-196. https://ideas.repec.org/a/sae/joupea/v61y2024i2p180-196.html

statistical analysis shows economic slowdown  increases conflict leaders facing unrest seek diversionary conflict exploiting ideological , identities scholars attributed aggression to domestic problems Russia’s invasion of Ukraine  Crimea China’s actions  in the S C S more revisionist because economies went downhill state’s economic slowdown change balance of economic so as to favor its competitor increases troubled state’s foreign aggression risk economies pose  to international security worsening economies will drive aggressive  stance


Question: Sung Chul Jung 24

Extinction

Sung Chul Jung 24. Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science and Diplomacy  @ Myongji University. “Economic slowdowns and international conflict.” 2024. Journal of Peace Research. 61(2). 180-196. https://ideas.repec.org/a/sae/joupea/v61y2024i2p180-196.html

statistical analysis shows economic slowdown  increases conflict leaders facing unrest seek diversionary conflict exploiting ideological , identities scholars attributed aggression to domestic problems Russia’s invasion of Ukraine  Crimea China’s actions  in the S C S more revisionist because economies went downhill state’s economic slowdown change balance of economic so as to favor its competitor increases troubled state’s foreign aggression risk economies pose  to international security worsening economies will drive aggressive  stance


Question: economic slowdowns increase conflict

Extinction

Sung Chul Jung 24. Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science and Diplomacy  @ Myongji University. “Economic slowdowns and international conflict.” 2024. Journal of Peace Research. 61(2). 180-196. https://ideas.repec.org/a/sae/joupea/v61y2024i2p180-196.html

statistical analysis shows economic slowdown  increases conflict leaders facing unrest seek diversionary conflict exploiting ideological , identities scholars attributed aggression to domestic problems Russia’s invasion of Ukraine  Crimea China’s actions  in the S C S more revisionist because economies went downhill state’s economic slowdown change balance of economic so as to favor its competitor increases troubled state’s foreign aggression risk economies pose  to international security worsening economies will drive aggressive  stance


Question: diversionary conflict

Extinction

Sung Chul Jung 24. Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science and Diplomacy  @ Myongji University. “Economic slowdowns and international conflict.” 2024. Journal of Peace Research. 61(2). 180-196. https://ideas.repec.org/a/sae/joupea/v61y2024i2p180-196.html

statistical analysis shows economic slowdown  increases conflict leaders facing unrest seek diversionary conflict exploiting ideological , identities scholars attributed aggression to domestic problems Russia’s invasion of Ukraine  Crimea China’s actions  in the S C S more revisionist because economies went downhill state’s economic slowdown change balance of economic so as to favor its competitor increases troubled state’s foreign aggression risk economies pose  to international security worsening economies will drive aggressive  stance


Question: leaders unrest diversionary conflict

Extinction

Sung Chul Jung 24. Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science and Diplomacy  @ Myongji University. “Economic slowdowns and international conflict.” 2024. Journal of Peace Research. 61(2). 180-196. https://ideas.repec.org/a/sae/joupea/v61y2024i2p180-196.html

statistical analysis shows economic slowdown  increases conflict leaders facing unrest seek diversionary conflict exploiting ideological , identities scholars attributed aggression to domestic problems Russia’s invasion of Ukraine  Crimea China’s actions  in the S C S more revisionist because economies went downhill state’s economic slowdown change balance of economic so as to favor its competitor increases troubled state’s foreign aggression risk economies pose  to international security worsening economies will drive aggressive  stance


Question: economic slowdown foreign aggression risk

Extinction

Sung Chul Jung 24. Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science and Diplomacy  @ Myongji University. “Economic slowdowns and international conflict.” 2024. Journal of Peace Research. 61(2). 180-196. https://ideas.repec.org/a/sae/joupea/v61y2024i2p180-196.html

statistical analysis shows economic slowdown  increases conflict leaders facing unrest seek diversionary conflict exploiting ideological , identities scholars attributed aggression to domestic problems Russia’s invasion of Ukraine  Crimea China’s actions  in the S C S more revisionist because economies went downhill state’s economic slowdown change balance of economic so as to favor its competitor increases troubled state’s foreign aggression risk economies pose  to international security worsening economies will drive aggressive  stance


Question: state's economic slowdown

Extinction

Sung Chul Jung 24. Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science and Diplomacy  @ Myongji University. “Economic slowdowns and international conflict.” 2024. Journal of Peace Research. 61(2). 180-196. https://ideas.repec.org/a/sae/joupea/v61y2024i2p180-196.html

statistical analysis shows economic slowdown  increases conflict leaders facing unrest seek diversionary conflict exploiting ideological , identities scholars attributed aggression to domestic problems Russia’s invasion of Ukraine  Crimea China’s actions  in the S C S more revisionist because economies went downhill state’s economic slowdown change balance of economic so as to favor its competitor increases troubled state’s foreign aggression risk economies pose  to international security worsening economies will drive aggressive  stance


Question: Adopt means create a rule

‘Adopt’ means to create an official, final rule.

Ervin 20 – Sam J, a North Carolina lawyer and jurist who served on the North Carolina Supreme Court from 2015 to 2022. He previously served as a state Utilities Commissioner and as a judge of the North Carolina Court of Appeals. “Cabarrus County Board of Education v. Department of State Treasurer”, Supreme Court of North Carolina, 04-03-2020

adopt explicitly defined to take final action  to  create amend, or repeal 'adopt' has the same meaning any time 'adopt'  is used it requires an associated rule


Question: Ervin 2020

‘Adopt’ means to create an official, final rule.

Ervin 20 – Sam J, a North Carolina lawyer and jurist who served on the North Carolina Supreme Court from 2015 to 2022. He previously served as a state Utilities Commissioner and as a judge of the North Carolina Court of Appeals. “Cabarrus County Board of Education v. Department of State Treasurer”, Supreme Court of North Carolina, 04-03-2020

adopt explicitly defined to take final action  to  create amend, or repeal 'adopt' has the same meaning any time 'adopt'  is used it requires an associated rule


Question: Sam Ervin

‘Adopt’ means to create an official, final rule.

Ervin 20 – Sam J, a North Carolina lawyer and jurist who served on the North Carolina Supreme Court from 2015 to 2022. He previously served as a state Utilities Commissioner and as a judge of the North Carolina Court of Appeals. “Cabarrus County Board of Education v. Department of State Treasurer”, Supreme Court of North Carolina, 04-03-2020

adopt explicitly defined to take final action  to  create amend, or repeal 'adopt' has the same meaning any time 'adopt'  is used it requires an associated rule


Question: define adopt

‘Adopt’ means to create an official, final rule.

Ervin 20 – Sam J, a North Carolina lawyer and jurist who served on the North Carolina Supreme Court from 2015 to 2022. He previously served as a state Utilities Commissioner and as a judge of the North Carolina Court of Appeals. “Cabarrus County Board of Education v. Department of State Treasurer”, Supreme Court of North Carolina, 04-03-2020

adopt explicitly defined to take final action  to  create amend, or repeal 'adopt' has the same meaning any time 'adopt'  is used it requires an associated rule


Question: adopt means final action

‘Adopt’ means to create an official, final rule.

Ervin 20 – Sam J, a North Carolina lawyer and jurist who served on the North Carolina Supreme Court from 2015 to 2022. He previously served as a state Utilities Commissioner and as a judge of the North Carolina Court of Appeals. “Cabarrus County Board of Education v. Department of State Treasurer”, Supreme Court of North Carolina, 04-03-2020

adopt explicitly defined to take final action  to  create amend, or repeal 'adopt' has the same meaning any time 'adopt'  is used it requires an associated rule


Question: adopt create amend repeal

‘Adopt’ means to create an official, final rule.

Ervin 20 – Sam J, a North Carolina lawyer and jurist who served on the North Carolina Supreme Court from 2015 to 2022. He previously served as a state Utilities Commissioner and as a judge of the North Carolina Court of Appeals. “Cabarrus County Board of Education v. Department of State Treasurer”, Supreme Court of North Carolina, 04-03-2020

adopt explicitly defined to take final action  to  create amend, or repeal 'adopt' has the same meaning any time 'adopt'  is used it requires an associated rule


Question: state action unconstitutional overreach

State action’s perceived as unconstitutional overreach, prompting aggressive pre-emption.

Lyons ’19 [Daniel; Summer; Professor at Boston College Law School, “State Net Neutrality,” 80 U. Pitt. L. Rev. 905, Lexis]

state reg of the Internet run afoul of the D C C prohibit state laws whose object is local protectionism even facially nondiscriminatory may run afoul state reg s create spillover effects states impose burdens that outweigh benefits. susceptible to a D C C challenge . The Internet is global attempts to regulate have extraterritorial effects . unreasonably burden interstate commerce and contravene the D C C


Question: Lyons 19

State action’s perceived as unconstitutional overreach, prompting aggressive pre-emption.

Lyons ’19 [Daniel; Summer; Professor at Boston College Law School, “State Net Neutrality,” 80 U. Pitt. L. Rev. 905, Lexis]

state reg of the Internet run afoul of the D C C prohibit state laws whose object is local protectionism even facially nondiscriminatory may run afoul state reg s create spillover effects states impose burdens that outweigh benefits. susceptible to a D C C challenge . The Internet is global attempts to regulate have extraterritorial effects . unreasonably burden interstate commerce and contravene the D C C


Question: state regulation internet DCC

State action’s perceived as unconstitutional overreach, prompting aggressive pre-emption.

Lyons ’19 [Daniel; Summer; Professor at Boston College Law School, “State Net Neutrality,” 80 U. Pitt. L. Rev. 905, Lexis]

state reg of the Internet run afoul of the D C C prohibit state laws whose object is local protectionism even facially nondiscriminatory may run afoul state reg s create spillover effects states impose burdens that outweigh benefits. susceptible to a D C C challenge . The Internet is global attempts to regulate have extraterritorial effects . unreasonably burden interstate commerce and contravene the D C C


Question: state laws local protectionism

State action’s perceived as unconstitutional overreach, prompting aggressive pre-emption.

Lyons ’19 [Daniel; Summer; Professor at Boston College Law School, “State Net Neutrality,” 80 U. Pitt. L. Rev. 905, Lexis]

state reg of the Internet run afoul of the D C C prohibit state laws whose object is local protectionism even facially nondiscriminatory may run afoul state reg s create spillover effects states impose burdens that outweigh benefits. susceptible to a D C C challenge . The Internet is global attempts to regulate have extraterritorial effects . unreasonably burden interstate commerce and contravene the D C C


Question: DCC challenge internet

State action’s perceived as unconstitutional overreach, prompting aggressive pre-emption.

Lyons ’19 [Daniel; Summer; Professor at Boston College Law School, “State Net Neutrality,” 80 U. Pitt. L. Rev. 905, Lexis]

state reg of the Internet run afoul of the D C C prohibit state laws whose object is local protectionism even facially nondiscriminatory may run afoul state reg s create spillover effects states impose burdens that outweigh benefits. susceptible to a D C C challenge . The Internet is global attempts to regulate have extraterritorial effects . unreasonably burden interstate commerce and contravene the D C C


Question: state reg extraterritorial effects

State action’s perceived as unconstitutional overreach, prompting aggressive pre-emption.

Lyons ’19 [Daniel; Summer; Professor at Boston College Law School, “State Net Neutrality,” 80 U. Pitt. L. Rev. 905, Lexis]

state reg of the Internet run afoul of the D C C prohibit state laws whose object is local protectionism even facially nondiscriminatory may run afoul state reg s create spillover effects states impose burdens that outweigh benefits. susceptible to a D C C challenge . The Internet is global attempts to regulate have extraterritorial effects . unreasonably burden interstate commerce and contravene the D C C


Question: burden interstate commerce

State action’s perceived as unconstitutional overreach, prompting aggressive pre-emption.

Lyons ’19 [Daniel; Summer; Professor at Boston College Law School, “State Net Neutrality,” 80 U. Pitt. L. Rev. 905, Lexis]

state reg of the Internet run afoul of the D C C prohibit state laws whose object is local protectionism even facially nondiscriminatory may run afoul state reg s create spillover effects states impose burdens that outweigh benefits. susceptible to a D C C challenge . The Internet is global attempts to regulate have extraterritorial effects . unreasonably burden interstate commerce and contravene the D C C


Question: Growth oriented AI good

3. Premise is wrong – growth-oriented AI will be programed to decrease environmental impacts – ensures beneficence

Dore 16 – Adam Dorr is an environmental social scientist, technology theorist, and futurist. He is currently working with Tony Seba and James Arbib at the nonprofit think tank RethinkX. UCLA PhD (Adam, Technological change and climate scenarios. Nature Clim Change 6, 638–639 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2981)

environmental problems require manipulation of the world at a scale that is prohibitively expensive costs would need to fall by factor of a million technological pathway to a million-fold reduction for megaprojects is clear machine labour lies only decades away CDR geoengineering may become feasible sooner than people imagine underscores importance technological changes that engineering and c s disciplines see over this century.


Question: Dore 16

3. Premise is wrong – growth-oriented AI will be programed to decrease environmental impacts – ensures beneficence

Dore 16 – Adam Dorr is an environmental social scientist, technology theorist, and futurist. He is currently working with Tony Seba and James Arbib at the nonprofit think tank RethinkX. UCLA PhD (Adam, Technological change and climate scenarios. Nature Clim Change 6, 638–639 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2981)

environmental problems require manipulation of the world at a scale that is prohibitively expensive costs would need to fall by factor of a million technological pathway to a million-fold reduction for megaprojects is clear machine labour lies only decades away CDR geoengineering may become feasible sooner than people imagine underscores importance technological changes that engineering and c s disciplines see over this century.


Question: Adam Dore

3. Premise is wrong – growth-oriented AI will be programed to decrease environmental impacts – ensures beneficence

Dore 16 – Adam Dorr is an environmental social scientist, technology theorist, and futurist. He is currently working with Tony Seba and James Arbib at the nonprofit think tank RethinkX. UCLA PhD (Adam, Technological change and climate scenarios. Nature Clim Change 6, 638–639 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2981)

environmental problems require manipulation of the world at a scale that is prohibitively expensive costs would need to fall by factor of a million technological pathway to a million-fold reduction for megaprojects is clear machine labour lies only decades away CDR geoengineering may become feasible sooner than people imagine underscores importance technological changes that engineering and c s disciplines see over this century.


Question: growth AI environmental impacts

3. Premise is wrong – growth-oriented AI will be programed to decrease environmental impacts – ensures beneficence

Dore 16 – Adam Dorr is an environmental social scientist, technology theorist, and futurist. He is currently working with Tony Seba and James Arbib at the nonprofit think tank RethinkX. UCLA PhD (Adam, Technological change and climate scenarios. Nature Clim Change 6, 638–639 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2981)

environmental problems require manipulation of the world at a scale that is prohibitively expensive costs would need to fall by factor of a million technological pathway to a million-fold reduction for megaprojects is clear machine labour lies only decades away CDR geoengineering may become feasible sooner than people imagine underscores importance technological changes that engineering and c s disciplines see over this century.


Question: climate change AI beneficence

3. Premise is wrong – growth-oriented AI will be programed to decrease environmental impacts – ensures beneficence

Dore 16 – Adam Dorr is an environmental social scientist, technology theorist, and futurist. He is currently working with Tony Seba and James Arbib at the nonprofit think tank RethinkX. UCLA PhD (Adam, Technological change and climate scenarios. Nature Clim Change 6, 638–639 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2981)

environmental problems require manipulation of the world at a scale that is prohibitively expensive costs would need to fall by factor of a million technological pathway to a million-fold reduction for megaprojects is clear machine labour lies only decades away CDR geoengineering may become feasible sooner than people imagine underscores importance technological changes that engineering and c s disciplines see over this century.


Question: machine labor CDR geoengineering

3. Premise is wrong – growth-oriented AI will be programed to decrease environmental impacts – ensures beneficence

Dore 16 – Adam Dorr is an environmental social scientist, technology theorist, and futurist. He is currently working with Tony Seba and James Arbib at the nonprofit think tank RethinkX. UCLA PhD (Adam, Technological change and climate scenarios. Nature Clim Change 6, 638–639 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2981)

environmental problems require manipulation of the world at a scale that is prohibitively expensive costs would need to fall by factor of a million technological pathway to a million-fold reduction for megaprojects is clear machine labour lies only decades away CDR geoengineering may become feasible sooner than people imagine underscores importance technological changes that engineering and c s disciplines see over this century.


Question: AI will solve climate change

3. Premise is wrong – growth-oriented AI will be programed to decrease environmental impacts – ensures beneficence

Dore 16 – Adam Dorr is an environmental social scientist, technology theorist, and futurist. He is currently working with Tony Seba and James Arbib at the nonprofit think tank RethinkX. UCLA PhD (Adam, Technological change and climate scenarios. Nature Clim Change 6, 638–639 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2981)

environmental problems require manipulation of the world at a scale that is prohibitively expensive costs would need to fall by factor of a million technological pathway to a million-fold reduction for megaprojects is clear machine labour lies only decades away CDR geoengineering may become feasible sooner than people imagine underscores importance technological changes that engineering and c s disciplines see over this century.


Question: GASSA is useless

GASSA is useless and solves nothing.

Mehling et al. 24 – Professor at the University of Strathclyde, former Professor at Georgetown University, Deputy Director of the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research at MIT, LLD and LLM in International Law and Environmental Law from the University of Helsinki; Professor of Climate Law and Policy at the University of Eastern Finland, PhD from the VU University Amsterdam.

few details have been disclosed on how GASSA would work it remains difficult to foresee what institutional structures would be created, and how they would be supported


Question: Mehling et al 24

GASSA is useless and solves nothing.

Mehling et al. 24 – Professor at the University of Strathclyde, former Professor at Georgetown University, Deputy Director of the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research at MIT, LLD and LLM in International Law and Environmental Law from the University of Helsinki; Professor of Climate Law and Policy at the University of Eastern Finland, PhD from the VU University Amsterdam.

few details have been disclosed on how GASSA would work it remains difficult to foresee what institutional structures would be created, and how they would be supported


Question: GASSA solves nothing

GASSA is useless and solves nothing.

Mehling et al. 24 – Professor at the University of Strathclyde, former Professor at Georgetown University, Deputy Director of the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research at MIT, LLD and LLM in International Law and Environmental Law from the University of Helsinki; Professor of Climate Law and Policy at the University of Eastern Finland, PhD from the VU University Amsterdam.

few details have been disclosed on how GASSA would work it remains difficult to foresee what institutional structures would be created, and how they would be supported


Question: GASSA would work

GASSA is useless and solves nothing.

Mehling et al. 24 – Professor at the University of Strathclyde, former Professor at Georgetown University, Deputy Director of the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research at MIT, LLD and LLM in International Law and Environmental Law from the University of Helsinki; Professor of Climate Law and Policy at the University of Eastern Finland, PhD from the VU University Amsterdam.

few details have been disclosed on how GASSA would work it remains difficult to foresee what institutional structures would be created, and how they would be supported


Question: no details GASSA

GASSA is useless and solves nothing.

Mehling et al. 24 – Professor at the University of Strathclyde, former Professor at Georgetown University, Deputy Director of the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research at MIT, LLD and LLM in International Law and Environmental Law from the University of Helsinki; Professor of Climate Law and Policy at the University of Eastern Finland, PhD from the VU University Amsterdam.

few details have been disclosed on how GASSA would work it remains difficult to foresee what institutional structures would be created, and how they would be supported


Question: GASSA institutional structures

GASSA is useless and solves nothing.

Mehling et al. 24 – Professor at the University of Strathclyde, former Professor at Georgetown University, Deputy Director of the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research at MIT, LLD and LLM in International Law and Environmental Law from the University of Helsinki; Professor of Climate Law and Policy at the University of Eastern Finland, PhD from the VU University Amsterdam.

few details have been disclosed on how GASSA would work it remains difficult to foresee what institutional structures would be created, and how they would be supported


Question: Mutual interest and public support

Mutual interest and public support.

Kim 21 [Patricia M. Kim, Ph.D. in politics from Princeton University, senior policy analyst on China at the United States Institute of Peace, “Enhancing U.S.-China Strategic Stability in an Era of Strategic Competition | Nuclear Forces and Strategic Stability: US Perspective,” 04/26/21, United States Institute of Peace, https://www.usip.org/publications/2021/04/enhancing-us-china-strategic-stability-era-strategic-competition]

mutual  intere st in stability and neither seeks conflict serves as a restraint on US-China escalation the public views  domestic  issues not war, as priorities Chinese nationalistic  sentiments  are paired  with  pacifist  tendencies war would jeopardize “national rejuvenation


Question: Kim 21

Mutual interest and public support.

Kim 21 [Patricia M. Kim, Ph.D. in politics from Princeton University, senior policy analyst on China at the United States Institute of Peace, “Enhancing U.S.-China Strategic Stability in an Era of Strategic Competition | Nuclear Forces and Strategic Stability: US Perspective,” 04/26/21, United States Institute of Peace, https://www.usip.org/publications/2021/04/enhancing-us-china-strategic-stability-era-strategic-competition]

mutual  intere st in stability and neither seeks conflict serves as a restraint on US-China escalation the public views  domestic  issues not war, as priorities Chinese nationalistic  sentiments  are paired  with  pacifist  tendencies war would jeopardize “national rejuvenation


Question: Patricia Kim

Mutual interest and public support.

Kim 21 [Patricia M. Kim, Ph.D. in politics from Princeton University, senior policy analyst on China at the United States Institute of Peace, “Enhancing U.S.-China Strategic Stability in an Era of Strategic Competition | Nuclear Forces and Strategic Stability: US Perspective,” 04/26/21, United States Institute of Peace, https://www.usip.org/publications/2021/04/enhancing-us-china-strategic-stability-era-strategic-competition]

mutual  intere st in stability and neither seeks conflict serves as a restraint on US-China escalation the public views  domestic  issues not war, as priorities Chinese nationalistic  sentiments  are paired  with  pacifist  tendencies war would jeopardize “national rejuvenation


Question: US China mutual interest

Mutual interest and public support.

Kim 21 [Patricia M. Kim, Ph.D. in politics from Princeton University, senior policy analyst on China at the United States Institute of Peace, “Enhancing U.S.-China Strategic Stability in an Era of Strategic Competition | Nuclear Forces and Strategic Stability: US Perspective,” 04/26/21, United States Institute of Peace, https://www.usip.org/publications/2021/04/enhancing-us-china-strategic-stability-era-strategic-competition]

mutual  intere st in stability and neither seeks conflict serves as a restraint on US-China escalation the public views  domestic  issues not war, as priorities Chinese nationalistic  sentiments  are paired  with  pacifist  tendencies war would jeopardize “national rejuvenation


Question: Public prioritizes domestic issues

Mutual interest and public support.

Kim 21 [Patricia M. Kim, Ph.D. in politics from Princeton University, senior policy analyst on China at the United States Institute of Peace, “Enhancing U.S.-China Strategic Stability in an Era of Strategic Competition | Nuclear Forces and Strategic Stability: US Perspective,” 04/26/21, United States Institute of Peace, https://www.usip.org/publications/2021/04/enhancing-us-china-strategic-stability-era-strategic-competition]

mutual  intere st in stability and neither seeks conflict serves as a restraint on US-China escalation the public views  domestic  issues not war, as priorities Chinese nationalistic  sentiments  are paired  with  pacifist  tendencies war would jeopardize “national rejuvenation


Question: China pacifist tendencies

Mutual interest and public support.

Kim 21 [Patricia M. Kim, Ph.D. in politics from Princeton University, senior policy analyst on China at the United States Institute of Peace, “Enhancing U.S.-China Strategic Stability in an Era of Strategic Competition | Nuclear Forces and Strategic Stability: US Perspective,” 04/26/21, United States Institute of Peace, https://www.usip.org/publications/2021/04/enhancing-us-china-strategic-stability-era-strategic-competition]

mutual  intere st in stability and neither seeks conflict serves as a restraint on US-China escalation the public views  domestic  issues not war, as priorities Chinese nationalistic  sentiments  are paired  with  pacifist  tendencies war would jeopardize “national rejuvenation


Question: US China strategic stability

Mutual interest and public support.

Kim 21 [Patricia M. Kim, Ph.D. in politics from Princeton University, senior policy analyst on China at the United States Institute of Peace, “Enhancing U.S.-China Strategic Stability in an Era of Strategic Competition | Nuclear Forces and Strategic Stability: US Perspective,” 04/26/21, United States Institute of Peace, https://www.usip.org/publications/2021/04/enhancing-us-china-strategic-stability-era-strategic-competition]

mutual  intere st in stability and neither seeks conflict serves as a restraint on US-China escalation the public views  domestic  issues not war, as priorities Chinese nationalistic  sentiments  are paired  with  pacifist  tendencies war would jeopardize “national rejuvenation


Question: Patnaik and Kennedy 21

3. The plan preserves global competitiveness – otherwise, the US loses the green transition.

Dr. Sanjay Patnaik and Kelly Kennedy 21. Director of the Center on Regulation and Markets, Bernard L. Schwartz Chair in Economic Policy Development, and Senior Fellow in Economic Studies, all Brookings; Fellow, Initiative for Sustainable Energy Policy, Johns Hopkins University; Doctorate, Harvard University. Senior research assistant, Center on Regulation and Markets, Brookings. “Why the US should establish a carbon price either through reconciliation or other legislation.” Brookings. Oct. 7, 2021. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/why-the-us-should-establish-a-carbon-price-either-through-reconciliation-or-other-legislation/.

a carbon price prepare firms for global transitions Globally shift toward low-carbon is inevitable the sooner companies transition the more competitive A carbon price will help U.S. companies lead industries that will become the lynchpin of the global economy


Question: Global competitiveness

3. The plan preserves global competitiveness – otherwise, the US loses the green transition.

Dr. Sanjay Patnaik and Kelly Kennedy 21. Director of the Center on Regulation and Markets, Bernard L. Schwartz Chair in Economic Policy Development, and Senior Fellow in Economic Studies, all Brookings; Fellow, Initiative for Sustainable Energy Policy, Johns Hopkins University; Doctorate, Harvard University. Senior research assistant, Center on Regulation and Markets, Brookings. “Why the US should establish a carbon price either through reconciliation or other legislation.” Brookings. Oct. 7, 2021. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/why-the-us-should-establish-a-carbon-price-either-through-reconciliation-or-other-legislation/.

a carbon price prepare firms for global transitions Globally shift toward low-carbon is inevitable the sooner companies transition the more competitive A carbon price will help U.S. companies lead industries that will become the lynchpin of the global economy


Question: US loses the green transition

3. The plan preserves global competitiveness – otherwise, the US loses the green transition.

Dr. Sanjay Patnaik and Kelly Kennedy 21. Director of the Center on Regulation and Markets, Bernard L. Schwartz Chair in Economic Policy Development, and Senior Fellow in Economic Studies, all Brookings; Fellow, Initiative for Sustainable Energy Policy, Johns Hopkins University; Doctorate, Harvard University. Senior research assistant, Center on Regulation and Markets, Brookings. “Why the US should establish a carbon price either through reconciliation or other legislation.” Brookings. Oct. 7, 2021. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/why-the-us-should-establish-a-carbon-price-either-through-reconciliation-or-other-legislation/.

a carbon price prepare firms for global transitions Globally shift toward low-carbon is inevitable the sooner companies transition the more competitive A carbon price will help U.S. companies lead industries that will become the lynchpin of the global economy


Question: carbon price global transition

3. The plan preserves global competitiveness – otherwise, the US loses the green transition.

Dr. Sanjay Patnaik and Kelly Kennedy 21. Director of the Center on Regulation and Markets, Bernard L. Schwartz Chair in Economic Policy Development, and Senior Fellow in Economic Studies, all Brookings; Fellow, Initiative for Sustainable Energy Policy, Johns Hopkins University; Doctorate, Harvard University. Senior research assistant, Center on Regulation and Markets, Brookings. “Why the US should establish a carbon price either through reconciliation or other legislation.” Brookings. Oct. 7, 2021. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/why-the-us-should-establish-a-carbon-price-either-through-reconciliation-or-other-legislation/.

a carbon price prepare firms for global transitions Globally shift toward low-carbon is inevitable the sooner companies transition the more competitive A carbon price will help U.S. companies lead industries that will become the lynchpin of the global economy


Question: US companies competitiveness

3. The plan preserves global competitiveness – otherwise, the US loses the green transition.

Dr. Sanjay Patnaik and Kelly Kennedy 21. Director of the Center on Regulation and Markets, Bernard L. Schwartz Chair in Economic Policy Development, and Senior Fellow in Economic Studies, all Brookings; Fellow, Initiative for Sustainable Energy Policy, Johns Hopkins University; Doctorate, Harvard University. Senior research assistant, Center on Regulation and Markets, Brookings. “Why the US should establish a carbon price either through reconciliation or other legislation.” Brookings. Oct. 7, 2021. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/why-the-us-should-establish-a-carbon-price-either-through-reconciliation-or-other-legislation/.

a carbon price prepare firms for global transitions Globally shift toward low-carbon is inevitable the sooner companies transition the more competitive A carbon price will help U.S. companies lead industries that will become the lynchpin of the global economy


Question: Brookings carbon price

3. The plan preserves global competitiveness – otherwise, the US loses the green transition.

Dr. Sanjay Patnaik and Kelly Kennedy 21. Director of the Center on Regulation and Markets, Bernard L. Schwartz Chair in Economic Policy Development, and Senior Fellow in Economic Studies, all Brookings; Fellow, Initiative for Sustainable Energy Policy, Johns Hopkins University; Doctorate, Harvard University. Senior research assistant, Center on Regulation and Markets, Brookings. “Why the US should establish a carbon price either through reconciliation or other legislation.” Brookings. Oct. 7, 2021. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/why-the-us-should-establish-a-carbon-price-either-through-reconciliation-or-other-legislation/.

a carbon price prepare firms for global transitions Globally shift toward low-carbon is inevitable the sooner companies transition the more competitive A carbon price will help U.S. companies lead industries that will become the lynchpin of the global economy


Question: global economy lynchpin

3. The plan preserves global competitiveness – otherwise, the US loses the green transition.

Dr. Sanjay Patnaik and Kelly Kennedy 21. Director of the Center on Regulation and Markets, Bernard L. Schwartz Chair in Economic Policy Development, and Senior Fellow in Economic Studies, all Brookings; Fellow, Initiative for Sustainable Energy Policy, Johns Hopkins University; Doctorate, Harvard University. Senior research assistant, Center on Regulation and Markets, Brookings. “Why the US should establish a carbon price either through reconciliation or other legislation.” Brookings. Oct. 7, 2021. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/why-the-us-should-establish-a-carbon-price-either-through-reconciliation-or-other-legislation/.

a carbon price prepare firms for global transitions Globally shift toward low-carbon is inevitable the sooner companies transition the more competitive A carbon price will help U.S. companies lead industries that will become the lynchpin of the global economy


Question: Bayat 13

8---Their theory of power is from a resistance paradigm which exaggerates the impact of the individual and ideas and underestimates the complexity and importance of state power – this causes the AFF to pick the wrong goals and get coopted.

Asef Bayat 13. Sociology Prof @ University of Illinois. 2013. “Life As Politics: How Ordinary People Change the Middle East.” pp. 41-45.

the phrase “any act”  blocks  delineating between qualitatively diverse activities resistance writers confuse awareness with  acts that fails to capture the extremely complex interplay of conflict operating within systems of power what is the state in the “resistance” paradigm ? the strategic aim beyond “prevent[ ing ] the worst and promis [ ing ] something better”? this “decentered” notion underestimates state power although power circulates , it does so unevenly far weightier and “thicker In the state “resistance” lit leaves little room for analysis of the state and of cooptation almost any act becomes “resistance.” not necessarily challenging domination . In fact, governments encourage local initiatives confuses coping  and subversion frustrate our responsibility toward the vulnerable a savage leveling that diminishes rather than intensifies our sensitivities to injustice


Question: resistance paradigm exaggerates the individual

8---Their theory of power is from a resistance paradigm which exaggerates the impact of the individual and ideas and underestimates the complexity and importance of state power – this causes the AFF to pick the wrong goals and get coopted.

Asef Bayat 13. Sociology Prof @ University of Illinois. 2013. “Life As Politics: How Ordinary People Change the Middle East.” pp. 41-45.

the phrase “any act”  blocks  delineating between qualitatively diverse activities resistance writers confuse awareness with  acts that fails to capture the extremely complex interplay of conflict operating within systems of power what is the state in the “resistance” paradigm ? the strategic aim beyond “prevent[ ing ] the worst and promis [ ing ] something better”? this “decentered” notion underestimates state power although power circulates , it does so unevenly far weightier and “thicker In the state “resistance” lit leaves little room for analysis of the state and of cooptation almost any act becomes “resistance.” not necessarily challenging domination . In fact, governments encourage local initiatives confuses coping  and subversion frustrate our responsibility toward the vulnerable a savage leveling that diminishes rather than intensifies our sensitivities to injustice


Question: Asef Bayat

8---Their theory of power is from a resistance paradigm which exaggerates the impact of the individual and ideas and underestimates the complexity and importance of state power – this causes the AFF to pick the wrong goals and get coopted.

Asef Bayat 13. Sociology Prof @ University of Illinois. 2013. “Life As Politics: How Ordinary People Change the Middle East.” pp. 41-45.

the phrase “any act”  blocks  delineating between qualitatively diverse activities resistance writers confuse awareness with  acts that fails to capture the extremely complex interplay of conflict operating within systems of power what is the state in the “resistance” paradigm ? the strategic aim beyond “prevent[ ing ] the worst and promis [ ing ] something better”? this “decentered” notion underestimates state power although power circulates , it does so unevenly far weightier and “thicker In the state “resistance” lit leaves little room for analysis of the state and of cooptation almost any act becomes “resistance.” not necessarily challenging domination . In fact, governments encourage local initiatives confuses coping  and subversion frustrate our responsibility toward the vulnerable a savage leveling that diminishes rather than intensifies our sensitivities to injustice


Question: resistance underestimates state power

8---Their theory of power is from a resistance paradigm which exaggerates the impact of the individual and ideas and underestimates the complexity and importance of state power – this causes the AFF to pick the wrong goals and get coopted.

Asef Bayat 13. Sociology Prof @ University of Illinois. 2013. “Life As Politics: How Ordinary People Change the Middle East.” pp. 41-45.

the phrase “any act”  blocks  delineating between qualitatively diverse activities resistance writers confuse awareness with  acts that fails to capture the extremely complex interplay of conflict operating within systems of power what is the state in the “resistance” paradigm ? the strategic aim beyond “prevent[ ing ] the worst and promis [ ing ] something better”? this “decentered” notion underestimates state power although power circulates , it does so unevenly far weightier and “thicker In the state “resistance” lit leaves little room for analysis of the state and of cooptation almost any act becomes “resistance.” not necessarily challenging domination . In fact, governments encourage local initiatives confuses coping  and subversion frustrate our responsibility toward the vulnerable a savage leveling that diminishes rather than intensifies our sensitivities to injustice


Question: resistance paradigm wrong goals

8---Their theory of power is from a resistance paradigm which exaggerates the impact of the individual and ideas and underestimates the complexity and importance of state power – this causes the AFF to pick the wrong goals and get coopted.

Asef Bayat 13. Sociology Prof @ University of Illinois. 2013. “Life As Politics: How Ordinary People Change the Middle East.” pp. 41-45.

the phrase “any act”  blocks  delineating between qualitatively diverse activities resistance writers confuse awareness with  acts that fails to capture the extremely complex interplay of conflict operating within systems of power what is the state in the “resistance” paradigm ? the strategic aim beyond “prevent[ ing ] the worst and promis [ ing ] something better”? this “decentered” notion underestimates state power although power circulates , it does so unevenly far weightier and “thicker In the state “resistance” lit leaves little room for analysis of the state and of cooptation almost any act becomes “resistance.” not necessarily challenging domination . In fact, governments encourage local initiatives confuses coping  and subversion frustrate our responsibility toward the vulnerable a savage leveling that diminishes rather than intensifies our sensitivities to injustice