Question: Degrowth paradigm shift

Reducing consumption fails – degrowth is locked in

Hubert Buch-Hansen ‘18, Professor of business at Copenhagen School of Business, “The Prerequisites for a Degrowth Paradigm Shift: Insights from Critical Political Economy,” Ecological Economics, Vol. 146

degrowth is nowhere near enjoying the support it needs The number of organisations that have embraced degrowth is modest are united in belief growth is desirable political elites vehemently oppose implementation international organisations are “ programmed” to facilitate accumulation advocates of degrowth are grassroots, small fractions of left-wing parties academics degrowth has only modest resources advocates do not possess instruments that enable decision-makers degrowth remains unknown to most most would not find a smaller economic system appealing degrowth triggers negative feelings in people when they hear it . Even if the majority wanted a break with the current system, it is far from given that degrowth is what they would demand wars keep happening governments gain politically from war, even if the war makes no sense Ukraine may lie in the Russian economy growth has been sputtering — and Putin needed a distraction . Similar arguments have been made about Falkland in 1982 nations almost always rally around their leaders  no matter how foolish the war the “war on terror” took Bush’s approval to dizzying heights Putin’s ratings have soared since Ukraine Even under a full-out attack against its basic assumptions unleashed in the financial crisis , neoliberalism proved resilient beyond its architects’ wildest dreams.  Its capacity to absorb, coopt and recast guarantee its survival socialist government of Zapatero tried to salvage the social-democratic legacies disaster of the cajas intensified In Romania, local policymakers further radicalized despite challenges, neoliberalism is alive and kicking as tech accrue humans learn humans manipulate the environment around them gains’ in politics are easily undone progress is a myth. no examples of humans showing intelligence or will to voluntarily restructure societies in the measure required for degrowth , let alone at the speed to avert ecological collapse no democratic state survive without growth over medium and long terms result is popular blowba mistake to think degrowth is feasible because it is desirable ev suggests it is unfeasible degrowth reflects pseudo-religious faith in humans' willingness and ability to convert ecological worldview to adjust institutions economic crises led to environmental consequences degrowth offers no guarantee that enviro impacts will decline Less affluent economies use less tech substantially increase resource demands would entirely offset benefits of lower levels of consumption Growing demand raised resource productivity Reversing will not result in lower enviro impacts Lowering demand for resources result in less-productive resource use drive societies toward less-productive tech The end of growth do more harm to the planet than good During times of rapid social transitions , social norms lag creating , social conflict, negative impacts on wellbeing changing social structures establish misalignments wide-ranging organisational change negative effects on people’s health and mortality wellbeing highest in periods of economic stability potential for social conflict inherent in social change transition phase marked by chaos power-ridden struggles underm conditions necessary for satisfaction of basic needs very difficult to imagine a change people value intrinsically motivated activities over consumption political events indicate times of negative or stagnant growth breeding ground for populist movements habitus produces common-sense reinforced day-to-day growth imperative serving as pensée unique appears to provide solutions  for all issues social genesis is invisible , and  appears natural those receiving an  “acceptance of domination” during crisis opt for authoritarian defense historically replacing  democratic rule by  authoritarian use of force rightwing movements provide a solution using  military power , closing borders , and leaving victims of  climate change


Question: degrowth not feasible

Reducing consumption fails – degrowth is locked in

Hubert Buch-Hansen ‘18, Professor of business at Copenhagen School of Business, “The Prerequisites for a Degrowth Paradigm Shift: Insights from Critical Political Economy,” Ecological Economics, Vol. 146

degrowth is nowhere near enjoying the support it needs The number of organisations that have embraced degrowth is modest are united in belief growth is desirable political elites vehemently oppose implementation international organisations are “ programmed” to facilitate accumulation advocates of degrowth are grassroots, small fractions of left-wing parties academics degrowth has only modest resources advocates do not possess instruments that enable decision-makers degrowth remains unknown to most most would not find a smaller economic system appealing degrowth triggers negative feelings in people when they hear it . Even if the majority wanted a break with the current system, it is far from given that degrowth is what they would demand wars keep happening governments gain politically from war, even if the war makes no sense Ukraine may lie in the Russian economy growth has been sputtering — and Putin needed a distraction . Similar arguments have been made about Falkland in 1982 nations almost always rally around their leaders  no matter how foolish the war the “war on terror” took Bush’s approval to dizzying heights Putin’s ratings have soared since Ukraine Even under a full-out attack against its basic assumptions unleashed in the financial crisis , neoliberalism proved resilient beyond its architects’ wildest dreams.  Its capacity to absorb, coopt and recast guarantee its survival socialist government of Zapatero tried to salvage the social-democratic legacies disaster of the cajas intensified In Romania, local policymakers further radicalized despite challenges, neoliberalism is alive and kicking as tech accrue humans learn humans manipulate the environment around them gains’ in politics are easily undone progress is a myth. no examples of humans showing intelligence or will to voluntarily restructure societies in the measure required for degrowth , let alone at the speed to avert ecological collapse no democratic state survive without growth over medium and long terms result is popular blowba mistake to think degrowth is feasible because it is desirable ev suggests it is unfeasible degrowth reflects pseudo-religious faith in humans' willingness and ability to convert ecological worldview to adjust institutions economic crises led to environmental consequences degrowth offers no guarantee that enviro impacts will decline Less affluent economies use less tech substantially increase resource demands would entirely offset benefits of lower levels of consumption Growing demand raised resource productivity Reversing will not result in lower enviro impacts Lowering demand for resources result in less-productive resource use drive societies toward less-productive tech The end of growth do more harm to the planet than good During times of rapid social transitions , social norms lag creating , social conflict, negative impacts on wellbeing changing social structures establish misalignments wide-ranging organisational change negative effects on people’s health and mortality wellbeing highest in periods of economic stability potential for social conflict inherent in social change transition phase marked by chaos power-ridden struggles underm conditions necessary for satisfaction of basic needs very difficult to imagine a change people value intrinsically motivated activities over consumption political events indicate times of negative or stagnant growth breeding ground for populist movements habitus produces common-sense reinforced day-to-day growth imperative serving as pensée unique appears to provide solutions  for all issues social genesis is invisible , and  appears natural those receiving an  “acceptance of domination” during crisis opt for authoritarian defense historically replacing  democratic rule by  authoritarian use of force rightwing movements provide a solution using  military power , closing borders , and leaving victims of  climate change


Question: degrowth pseudo-religious faith

Reducing consumption fails – degrowth is locked in

Hubert Buch-Hansen ‘18, Professor of business at Copenhagen School of Business, “The Prerequisites for a Degrowth Paradigm Shift: Insights from Critical Political Economy,” Ecological Economics, Vol. 146

degrowth is nowhere near enjoying the support it needs The number of organisations that have embraced degrowth is modest are united in belief growth is desirable political elites vehemently oppose implementation international organisations are “ programmed” to facilitate accumulation advocates of degrowth are grassroots, small fractions of left-wing parties academics degrowth has only modest resources advocates do not possess instruments that enable decision-makers degrowth remains unknown to most most would not find a smaller economic system appealing degrowth triggers negative feelings in people when they hear it . Even if the majority wanted a break with the current system, it is far from given that degrowth is what they would demand wars keep happening governments gain politically from war, even if the war makes no sense Ukraine may lie in the Russian economy growth has been sputtering — and Putin needed a distraction . Similar arguments have been made about Falkland in 1982 nations almost always rally around their leaders  no matter how foolish the war the “war on terror” took Bush’s approval to dizzying heights Putin’s ratings have soared since Ukraine Even under a full-out attack against its basic assumptions unleashed in the financial crisis , neoliberalism proved resilient beyond its architects’ wildest dreams.  Its capacity to absorb, coopt and recast guarantee its survival socialist government of Zapatero tried to salvage the social-democratic legacies disaster of the cajas intensified In Romania, local policymakers further radicalized despite challenges, neoliberalism is alive and kicking as tech accrue humans learn humans manipulate the environment around them gains’ in politics are easily undone progress is a myth. no examples of humans showing intelligence or will to voluntarily restructure societies in the measure required for degrowth , let alone at the speed to avert ecological collapse no democratic state survive without growth over medium and long terms result is popular blowba mistake to think degrowth is feasible because it is desirable ev suggests it is unfeasible degrowth reflects pseudo-religious faith in humans' willingness and ability to convert ecological worldview to adjust institutions economic crises led to environmental consequences degrowth offers no guarantee that enviro impacts will decline Less affluent economies use less tech substantially increase resource demands would entirely offset benefits of lower levels of consumption Growing demand raised resource productivity Reversing will not result in lower enviro impacts Lowering demand for resources result in less-productive resource use drive societies toward less-productive tech The end of growth do more harm to the planet than good During times of rapid social transitions , social norms lag creating , social conflict, negative impacts on wellbeing changing social structures establish misalignments wide-ranging organisational change negative effects on people’s health and mortality wellbeing highest in periods of economic stability potential for social conflict inherent in social change transition phase marked by chaos power-ridden struggles underm conditions necessary for satisfaction of basic needs very difficult to imagine a change people value intrinsically motivated activities over consumption political events indicate times of negative or stagnant growth breeding ground for populist movements habitus produces common-sense reinforced day-to-day growth imperative serving as pensée unique appears to provide solutions  for all issues social genesis is invisible , and  appears natural those receiving an  “acceptance of domination” during crisis opt for authoritarian defense historically replacing  democratic rule by  authoritarian use of force rightwing movements provide a solution using  military power , closing borders , and leaving victims of  climate change


Question: no support for degrowth

Reducing consumption fails – degrowth is locked in

Hubert Buch-Hansen ‘18, Professor of business at Copenhagen School of Business, “The Prerequisites for a Degrowth Paradigm Shift: Insights from Critical Political Economy,” Ecological Economics, Vol. 146

degrowth is nowhere near enjoying the support it needs The number of organisations that have embraced degrowth is modest are united in belief growth is desirable political elites vehemently oppose implementation international organisations are “ programmed” to facilitate accumulation advocates of degrowth are grassroots, small fractions of left-wing parties academics degrowth has only modest resources advocates do not possess instruments that enable decision-makers degrowth remains unknown to most most would not find a smaller economic system appealing degrowth triggers negative feelings in people when they hear it . Even if the majority wanted a break with the current system, it is far from given that degrowth is what they would demand wars keep happening governments gain politically from war, even if the war makes no sense Ukraine may lie in the Russian economy growth has been sputtering — and Putin needed a distraction . Similar arguments have been made about Falkland in 1982 nations almost always rally around their leaders  no matter how foolish the war the “war on terror” took Bush’s approval to dizzying heights Putin’s ratings have soared since Ukraine Even under a full-out attack against its basic assumptions unleashed in the financial crisis , neoliberalism proved resilient beyond its architects’ wildest dreams.  Its capacity to absorb, coopt and recast guarantee its survival socialist government of Zapatero tried to salvage the social-democratic legacies disaster of the cajas intensified In Romania, local policymakers further radicalized despite challenges, neoliberalism is alive and kicking as tech accrue humans learn humans manipulate the environment around them gains’ in politics are easily undone progress is a myth. no examples of humans showing intelligence or will to voluntarily restructure societies in the measure required for degrowth , let alone at the speed to avert ecological collapse no democratic state survive without growth over medium and long terms result is popular blowba mistake to think degrowth is feasible because it is desirable ev suggests it is unfeasible degrowth reflects pseudo-religious faith in humans' willingness and ability to convert ecological worldview to adjust institutions economic crises led to environmental consequences degrowth offers no guarantee that enviro impacts will decline Less affluent economies use less tech substantially increase resource demands would entirely offset benefits of lower levels of consumption Growing demand raised resource productivity Reversing will not result in lower enviro impacts Lowering demand for resources result in less-productive resource use drive societies toward less-productive tech The end of growth do more harm to the planet than good During times of rapid social transitions , social norms lag creating , social conflict, negative impacts on wellbeing changing social structures establish misalignments wide-ranging organisational change negative effects on people’s health and mortality wellbeing highest in periods of economic stability potential for social conflict inherent in social change transition phase marked by chaos power-ridden struggles underm conditions necessary for satisfaction of basic needs very difficult to imagine a change people value intrinsically motivated activities over consumption political events indicate times of negative or stagnant growth breeding ground for populist movements habitus produces common-sense reinforced day-to-day growth imperative serving as pensée unique appears to provide solutions  for all issues social genesis is invisible , and  appears natural those receiving an  “acceptance of domination” during crisis opt for authoritarian defense historically replacing  democratic rule by  authoritarian use of force rightwing movements provide a solution using  military power , closing borders , and leaving victims of  climate change


Question: Liberalism excludes disabled people

The affirmative participation Liberalism systematically ensures that disabled people are excluded from participation within society and affirms liberalism. This perpetuates exclusionary ideas of disability. Ensures perm fails.

Pothier & Devlin 06, * Dianne graduated and received several academic awards from Dalhousie Law School. She clerked with Justice R.G. Brian Dickson of the Supreme Court of Canada, then served as Senior Advisory Counsel to the Chair of the Canada Labour Relations Board. She became a faculty member of Dalhousie Law School in 1986. Dianne was regarded as Canada’s leading legal scholar and activist on disability and the law. She received the Frances Fish Women Lawyers’ Achievement Award, the CBA President’s Award, and the Bertha Wilson Honour Society. ** Richard Devlin is a Professor of Law at the Schulich School of Law, Dalhousie University. In 2005, he was appointed a Dalhousie University Research Professor, and this position was renewed in 2010. His areas of teaching include Contracts, Jurisprudence, Legal Ethics and Graduate Studies. He has published widely in various journals, nationally and internationally. . (*Dianne **Richard, Jan 11, “Critical Disability Theory: Essays in Philosophy, Politics, Policy and law ,” UBC Press, Critical Disability Theory: Essays in P) Pg 9-12 ( edited for ableist language) //AF

starting point for liberalism is disability is about misfortune or bad luck If the starting point is misfortune engagement must be prevention society, develop that certain kinds of lives are not worth living appreciation of disability sends a very powerful message to disabled people misfortune is to buy into a framework of pity rather than inclusion misfortune is to create a hierarchy of difference In a utopian society liberalism would seek to abolish disability, on the basis that human beings are not meant to "suffer Equality is not about charity charitable approach focus on bare survival rather than on participation and susceptible to budgetary restraint disability demands coming to terms with difference to ignore disability is to engender exclusion a set of stairs is an barrier for a wheelchair user. Getting in is the first step. Formal equality is inadequate for persons with disabilities ableist norms ignore difference


Question: Pothier & Devlin 06

The affirmative participation Liberalism systematically ensures that disabled people are excluded from participation within society and affirms liberalism. This perpetuates exclusionary ideas of disability. Ensures perm fails.

Pothier & Devlin 06, * Dianne graduated and received several academic awards from Dalhousie Law School. She clerked with Justice R.G. Brian Dickson of the Supreme Court of Canada, then served as Senior Advisory Counsel to the Chair of the Canada Labour Relations Board. She became a faculty member of Dalhousie Law School in 1986. Dianne was regarded as Canada’s leading legal scholar and activist on disability and the law. She received the Frances Fish Women Lawyers’ Achievement Award, the CBA President’s Award, and the Bertha Wilson Honour Society. ** Richard Devlin is a Professor of Law at the Schulich School of Law, Dalhousie University. In 2005, he was appointed a Dalhousie University Research Professor, and this position was renewed in 2010. His areas of teaching include Contracts, Jurisprudence, Legal Ethics and Graduate Studies. He has published widely in various journals, nationally and internationally. . (*Dianne **Richard, Jan 11, “Critical Disability Theory: Essays in Philosophy, Politics, Policy and law ,” UBC Press, Critical Disability Theory: Essays in P) Pg 9-12 ( edited for ableist language) //AF

starting point for liberalism is disability is about misfortune or bad luck If the starting point is misfortune engagement must be prevention society, develop that certain kinds of lives are not worth living appreciation of disability sends a very powerful message to disabled people misfortune is to buy into a framework of pity rather than inclusion misfortune is to create a hierarchy of difference In a utopian society liberalism would seek to abolish disability, on the basis that human beings are not meant to "suffer Equality is not about charity charitable approach focus on bare survival rather than on participation and susceptible to budgetary restraint disability demands coming to terms with difference to ignore disability is to engender exclusion a set of stairs is an barrier for a wheelchair user. Getting in is the first step. Formal equality is inadequate for persons with disabilities ableist norms ignore difference


Question: exclusionary ideas of disability

The affirmative participation Liberalism systematically ensures that disabled people are excluded from participation within society and affirms liberalism. This perpetuates exclusionary ideas of disability. Ensures perm fails.

Pothier & Devlin 06, * Dianne graduated and received several academic awards from Dalhousie Law School. She clerked with Justice R.G. Brian Dickson of the Supreme Court of Canada, then served as Senior Advisory Counsel to the Chair of the Canada Labour Relations Board. She became a faculty member of Dalhousie Law School in 1986. Dianne was regarded as Canada’s leading legal scholar and activist on disability and the law. She received the Frances Fish Women Lawyers’ Achievement Award, the CBA President’s Award, and the Bertha Wilson Honour Society. ** Richard Devlin is a Professor of Law at the Schulich School of Law, Dalhousie University. In 2005, he was appointed a Dalhousie University Research Professor, and this position was renewed in 2010. His areas of teaching include Contracts, Jurisprudence, Legal Ethics and Graduate Studies. He has published widely in various journals, nationally and internationally. . (*Dianne **Richard, Jan 11, “Critical Disability Theory: Essays in Philosophy, Politics, Policy and law ,” UBC Press, Critical Disability Theory: Essays in P) Pg 9-12 ( edited for ableist language) //AF

starting point for liberalism is disability is about misfortune or bad luck If the starting point is misfortune engagement must be prevention society, develop that certain kinds of lives are not worth living appreciation of disability sends a very powerful message to disabled people misfortune is to buy into a framework of pity rather than inclusion misfortune is to create a hierarchy of difference In a utopian society liberalism would seek to abolish disability, on the basis that human beings are not meant to "suffer Equality is not about charity charitable approach focus on bare survival rather than on participation and susceptible to budgetary restraint disability demands coming to terms with difference to ignore disability is to engender exclusion a set of stairs is an barrier for a wheelchair user. Getting in is the first step. Formal equality is inadequate for persons with disabilities ableist norms ignore difference


Question: Liberalism perpetuates exclusionary ideas

The affirmative participation Liberalism systematically ensures that disabled people are excluded from participation within society and affirms liberalism. This perpetuates exclusionary ideas of disability. Ensures perm fails.

Pothier & Devlin 06, * Dianne graduated and received several academic awards from Dalhousie Law School. She clerked with Justice R.G. Brian Dickson of the Supreme Court of Canada, then served as Senior Advisory Counsel to the Chair of the Canada Labour Relations Board. She became a faculty member of Dalhousie Law School in 1986. Dianne was regarded as Canada’s leading legal scholar and activist on disability and the law. She received the Frances Fish Women Lawyers’ Achievement Award, the CBA President’s Award, and the Bertha Wilson Honour Society. ** Richard Devlin is a Professor of Law at the Schulich School of Law, Dalhousie University. In 2005, he was appointed a Dalhousie University Research Professor, and this position was renewed in 2010. His areas of teaching include Contracts, Jurisprudence, Legal Ethics and Graduate Studies. He has published widely in various journals, nationally and internationally. . (*Dianne **Richard, Jan 11, “Critical Disability Theory: Essays in Philosophy, Politics, Policy and law ,” UBC Press, Critical Disability Theory: Essays in P) Pg 9-12 ( edited for ableist language) //AF

starting point for liberalism is disability is about misfortune or bad luck If the starting point is misfortune engagement must be prevention society, develop that certain kinds of lives are not worth living appreciation of disability sends a very powerful message to disabled people misfortune is to buy into a framework of pity rather than inclusion misfortune is to create a hierarchy of difference In a utopian society liberalism would seek to abolish disability, on the basis that human beings are not meant to "suffer Equality is not about charity charitable approach focus on bare survival rather than on participation and susceptible to budgetary restraint disability demands coming to terms with difference to ignore disability is to engender exclusion a set of stairs is an barrier for a wheelchair user. Getting in is the first step. Formal equality is inadequate for persons with disabilities ableist norms ignore difference


Question: liberalism disability misfortune

The affirmative participation Liberalism systematically ensures that disabled people are excluded from participation within society and affirms liberalism. This perpetuates exclusionary ideas of disability. Ensures perm fails.

Pothier & Devlin 06, * Dianne graduated and received several academic awards from Dalhousie Law School. She clerked with Justice R.G. Brian Dickson of the Supreme Court of Canada, then served as Senior Advisory Counsel to the Chair of the Canada Labour Relations Board. She became a faculty member of Dalhousie Law School in 1986. Dianne was regarded as Canada’s leading legal scholar and activist on disability and the law. She received the Frances Fish Women Lawyers’ Achievement Award, the CBA President’s Award, and the Bertha Wilson Honour Society. ** Richard Devlin is a Professor of Law at the Schulich School of Law, Dalhousie University. In 2005, he was appointed a Dalhousie University Research Professor, and this position was renewed in 2010. His areas of teaching include Contracts, Jurisprudence, Legal Ethics and Graduate Studies. He has published widely in various journals, nationally and internationally. . (*Dianne **Richard, Jan 11, “Critical Disability Theory: Essays in Philosophy, Politics, Policy and law ,” UBC Press, Critical Disability Theory: Essays in P) Pg 9-12 ( edited for ableist language) //AF

starting point for liberalism is disability is about misfortune or bad luck If the starting point is misfortune engagement must be prevention society, develop that certain kinds of lives are not worth living appreciation of disability sends a very powerful message to disabled people misfortune is to buy into a framework of pity rather than inclusion misfortune is to create a hierarchy of difference In a utopian society liberalism would seek to abolish disability, on the basis that human beings are not meant to "suffer Equality is not about charity charitable approach focus on bare survival rather than on participation and susceptible to budgetary restraint disability demands coming to terms with difference to ignore disability is to engender exclusion a set of stairs is an barrier for a wheelchair user. Getting in is the first step. Formal equality is inadequate for persons with disabilities ableist norms ignore difference


Question: Formal equality inadequate disabilities

The affirmative participation Liberalism systematically ensures that disabled people are excluded from participation within society and affirms liberalism. This perpetuates exclusionary ideas of disability. Ensures perm fails.

Pothier & Devlin 06, * Dianne graduated and received several academic awards from Dalhousie Law School. She clerked with Justice R.G. Brian Dickson of the Supreme Court of Canada, then served as Senior Advisory Counsel to the Chair of the Canada Labour Relations Board. She became a faculty member of Dalhousie Law School in 1986. Dianne was regarded as Canada’s leading legal scholar and activist on disability and the law. She received the Frances Fish Women Lawyers’ Achievement Award, the CBA President’s Award, and the Bertha Wilson Honour Society. ** Richard Devlin is a Professor of Law at the Schulich School of Law, Dalhousie University. In 2005, he was appointed a Dalhousie University Research Professor, and this position was renewed in 2010. His areas of teaching include Contracts, Jurisprudence, Legal Ethics and Graduate Studies. He has published widely in various journals, nationally and internationally. . (*Dianne **Richard, Jan 11, “Critical Disability Theory: Essays in Philosophy, Politics, Policy and law ,” UBC Press, Critical Disability Theory: Essays in P) Pg 9-12 ( edited for ableist language) //AF

starting point for liberalism is disability is about misfortune or bad luck If the starting point is misfortune engagement must be prevention society, develop that certain kinds of lives are not worth living appreciation of disability sends a very powerful message to disabled people misfortune is to buy into a framework of pity rather than inclusion misfortune is to create a hierarchy of difference In a utopian society liberalism would seek to abolish disability, on the basis that human beings are not meant to "suffer Equality is not about charity charitable approach focus on bare survival rather than on participation and susceptible to budgetary restraint disability demands coming to terms with difference to ignore disability is to engender exclusion a set of stairs is an barrier for a wheelchair user. Getting in is the first step. Formal equality is inadequate for persons with disabilities ableist norms ignore difference


Question: disability demands coming to terms

The affirmative participation Liberalism systematically ensures that disabled people are excluded from participation within society and affirms liberalism. This perpetuates exclusionary ideas of disability. Ensures perm fails.

Pothier & Devlin 06, * Dianne graduated and received several academic awards from Dalhousie Law School. She clerked with Justice R.G. Brian Dickson of the Supreme Court of Canada, then served as Senior Advisory Counsel to the Chair of the Canada Labour Relations Board. She became a faculty member of Dalhousie Law School in 1986. Dianne was regarded as Canada’s leading legal scholar and activist on disability and the law. She received the Frances Fish Women Lawyers’ Achievement Award, the CBA President’s Award, and the Bertha Wilson Honour Society. ** Richard Devlin is a Professor of Law at the Schulich School of Law, Dalhousie University. In 2005, he was appointed a Dalhousie University Research Professor, and this position was renewed in 2010. His areas of teaching include Contracts, Jurisprudence, Legal Ethics and Graduate Studies. He has published widely in various journals, nationally and internationally. . (*Dianne **Richard, Jan 11, “Critical Disability Theory: Essays in Philosophy, Politics, Policy and law ,” UBC Press, Critical Disability Theory: Essays in P) Pg 9-12 ( edited for ableist language) //AF

starting point for liberalism is disability is about misfortune or bad luck If the starting point is misfortune engagement must be prevention society, develop that certain kinds of lives are not worth living appreciation of disability sends a very powerful message to disabled people misfortune is to buy into a framework of pity rather than inclusion misfortune is to create a hierarchy of difference In a utopian society liberalism would seek to abolish disability, on the basis that human beings are not meant to "suffer Equality is not about charity charitable approach focus on bare survival rather than on participation and susceptible to budgetary restraint disability demands coming to terms with difference to ignore disability is to engender exclusion a set of stairs is an barrier for a wheelchair user. Getting in is the first step. Formal equality is inadequate for persons with disabilities ableist norms ignore difference


Question: utopian society liberalism abolish disability

The affirmative participation Liberalism systematically ensures that disabled people are excluded from participation within society and affirms liberalism. This perpetuates exclusionary ideas of disability. Ensures perm fails.

Pothier & Devlin 06, * Dianne graduated and received several academic awards from Dalhousie Law School. She clerked with Justice R.G. Brian Dickson of the Supreme Court of Canada, then served as Senior Advisory Counsel to the Chair of the Canada Labour Relations Board. She became a faculty member of Dalhousie Law School in 1986. Dianne was regarded as Canada’s leading legal scholar and activist on disability and the law. She received the Frances Fish Women Lawyers’ Achievement Award, the CBA President’s Award, and the Bertha Wilson Honour Society. ** Richard Devlin is a Professor of Law at the Schulich School of Law, Dalhousie University. In 2005, he was appointed a Dalhousie University Research Professor, and this position was renewed in 2010. His areas of teaching include Contracts, Jurisprudence, Legal Ethics and Graduate Studies. He has published widely in various journals, nationally and internationally. . (*Dianne **Richard, Jan 11, “Critical Disability Theory: Essays in Philosophy, Politics, Policy and law ,” UBC Press, Critical Disability Theory: Essays in P) Pg 9-12 ( edited for ableist language) //AF

starting point for liberalism is disability is about misfortune or bad luck If the starting point is misfortune engagement must be prevention society, develop that certain kinds of lives are not worth living appreciation of disability sends a very powerful message to disabled people misfortune is to buy into a framework of pity rather than inclusion misfortune is to create a hierarchy of difference In a utopian society liberalism would seek to abolish disability, on the basis that human beings are not meant to "suffer Equality is not about charity charitable approach focus on bare survival rather than on participation and susceptible to budgetary restraint disability demands coming to terms with difference to ignore disability is to engender exclusion a set of stairs is an barrier for a wheelchair user. Getting in is the first step. Formal equality is inadequate for persons with disabilities ableist norms ignore difference


Question: Radical negation devolves into neoliberalism

If they win radical negation of prohibitions is both possible and necessary, then that means they devolve into oppressive neoliberalism—turns the case

Landa, 15—The Open University (Ishay, “Bataille: The Master, the Slave, and Consumption”, Critical Sociology 2015, Vol. 41(7-8) 1087–1102, dml) [French translation provided in brackets]

Bataille was obsessed with fighting prohibitions absolute negation tends to move in a circular fashion , and ends up negating itself this ultra-anarchism leads to an affirmation of present institutions what would be the sense in destroying them if other institutions would be just as bad such norms and taboos become indispensable for without them all the exuberance of the act of rebellion fizzles out . An obsolete taboo is like a damp squib Sovereignty recommends itself as an act of total freedom , completely autonomous. It is supposed to provide a trance which obliterates society Such aloofness appears illusory , once its obligation to shock the system ] is computed. Sovereignty appears to owe its existence to that very mass society which it aims to negate the sovereign is seen to react rather than act within a Nietzschean framework few travesties are as bad as ressentiment to the extent that transgression can help to combat institutions, it is by no means clear that its impact would be progressive, rather than conservative or reactionary . The purely formalistic nature of ‘negation’ can cut both ways , in the cause of social repression and dispossession a society without prohibitions is neither conceivable nor desirable . The point is rather to abolish bad institutions , change and reform ambivalent ones , and create new practices and institutions Was not the demand to be admitted into existing institutions a fundamental progressive social demand , which was obtained only after prolonged and bitter historical struggles with Bataille institutions themselves become suspect Such theories can prove surprisingly serviceable to capitalism : if the fight is against ‘institutions’, isn’t there something to be said for neo-liberalism following an attack which was Bataillean the welfare state is in a sorry condition , whereas corporations are stronger than ever Bataille’s contradictory politics overtly embraces radicalism but remains paradoxically affirmative of the present political constellation


Question: Ishay Landa 15

If they win radical negation of prohibitions is both possible and necessary, then that means they devolve into oppressive neoliberalism—turns the case

Landa, 15—The Open University (Ishay, “Bataille: The Master, the Slave, and Consumption”, Critical Sociology 2015, Vol. 41(7-8) 1087–1102, dml) [French translation provided in brackets]

Bataille was obsessed with fighting prohibitions absolute negation tends to move in a circular fashion , and ends up negating itself this ultra-anarchism leads to an affirmation of present institutions what would be the sense in destroying them if other institutions would be just as bad such norms and taboos become indispensable for without them all the exuberance of the act of rebellion fizzles out . An obsolete taboo is like a damp squib Sovereignty recommends itself as an act of total freedom , completely autonomous. It is supposed to provide a trance which obliterates society Such aloofness appears illusory , once its obligation to shock the system ] is computed. Sovereignty appears to owe its existence to that very mass society which it aims to negate the sovereign is seen to react rather than act within a Nietzschean framework few travesties are as bad as ressentiment to the extent that transgression can help to combat institutions, it is by no means clear that its impact would be progressive, rather than conservative or reactionary . The purely formalistic nature of ‘negation’ can cut both ways , in the cause of social repression and dispossession a society without prohibitions is neither conceivable nor desirable . The point is rather to abolish bad institutions , change and reform ambivalent ones , and create new practices and institutions Was not the demand to be admitted into existing institutions a fundamental progressive social demand , which was obtained only after prolonged and bitter historical struggles with Bataille institutions themselves become suspect Such theories can prove surprisingly serviceable to capitalism : if the fight is against ‘institutions’, isn’t there something to be said for neo-liberalism following an attack which was Bataillean the welfare state is in a sorry condition , whereas corporations are stronger than ever Bataille’s contradictory politics overtly embraces radicalism but remains paradoxically affirmative of the present political constellation


Question: Bataille negation turns case

If they win radical negation of prohibitions is both possible and necessary, then that means they devolve into oppressive neoliberalism—turns the case

Landa, 15—The Open University (Ishay, “Bataille: The Master, the Slave, and Consumption”, Critical Sociology 2015, Vol. 41(7-8) 1087–1102, dml) [French translation provided in brackets]

Bataille was obsessed with fighting prohibitions absolute negation tends to move in a circular fashion , and ends up negating itself this ultra-anarchism leads to an affirmation of present institutions what would be the sense in destroying them if other institutions would be just as bad such norms and taboos become indispensable for without them all the exuberance of the act of rebellion fizzles out . An obsolete taboo is like a damp squib Sovereignty recommends itself as an act of total freedom , completely autonomous. It is supposed to provide a trance which obliterates society Such aloofness appears illusory , once its obligation to shock the system ] is computed. Sovereignty appears to owe its existence to that very mass society which it aims to negate the sovereign is seen to react rather than act within a Nietzschean framework few travesties are as bad as ressentiment to the extent that transgression can help to combat institutions, it is by no means clear that its impact would be progressive, rather than conservative or reactionary . The purely formalistic nature of ‘negation’ can cut both ways , in the cause of social repression and dispossession a society without prohibitions is neither conceivable nor desirable . The point is rather to abolish bad institutions , change and reform ambivalent ones , and create new practices and institutions Was not the demand to be admitted into existing institutions a fundamental progressive social demand , which was obtained only after prolonged and bitter historical struggles with Bataille institutions themselves become suspect Such theories can prove surprisingly serviceable to capitalism : if the fight is against ‘institutions’, isn’t there something to be said for neo-liberalism following an attack which was Bataillean the welfare state is in a sorry condition , whereas corporations are stronger than ever Bataille’s contradictory politics overtly embraces radicalism but remains paradoxically affirmative of the present political constellation


Question: absolute negation tends to move in circular fashion

If they win radical negation of prohibitions is both possible and necessary, then that means they devolve into oppressive neoliberalism—turns the case

Landa, 15—The Open University (Ishay, “Bataille: The Master, the Slave, and Consumption”, Critical Sociology 2015, Vol. 41(7-8) 1087–1102, dml) [French translation provided in brackets]

Bataille was obsessed with fighting prohibitions absolute negation tends to move in a circular fashion , and ends up negating itself this ultra-anarchism leads to an affirmation of present institutions what would be the sense in destroying them if other institutions would be just as bad such norms and taboos become indispensable for without them all the exuberance of the act of rebellion fizzles out . An obsolete taboo is like a damp squib Sovereignty recommends itself as an act of total freedom , completely autonomous. It is supposed to provide a trance which obliterates society Such aloofness appears illusory , once its obligation to shock the system ] is computed. Sovereignty appears to owe its existence to that very mass society which it aims to negate the sovereign is seen to react rather than act within a Nietzschean framework few travesties are as bad as ressentiment to the extent that transgression can help to combat institutions, it is by no means clear that its impact would be progressive, rather than conservative or reactionary . The purely formalistic nature of ‘negation’ can cut both ways , in the cause of social repression and dispossession a society without prohibitions is neither conceivable nor desirable . The point is rather to abolish bad institutions , change and reform ambivalent ones , and create new practices and institutions Was not the demand to be admitted into existing institutions a fundamental progressive social demand , which was obtained only after prolonged and bitter historical struggles with Bataille institutions themselves become suspect Such theories can prove surprisingly serviceable to capitalism : if the fight is against ‘institutions’, isn’t there something to be said for neo-liberalism following an attack which was Bataillean the welfare state is in a sorry condition , whereas corporations are stronger than ever Bataille’s contradictory politics overtly embraces radicalism but remains paradoxically affirmative of the present political constellation


Question: institutions become suspect

If they win radical negation of prohibitions is both possible and necessary, then that means they devolve into oppressive neoliberalism—turns the case

Landa, 15—The Open University (Ishay, “Bataille: The Master, the Slave, and Consumption”, Critical Sociology 2015, Vol. 41(7-8) 1087–1102, dml) [French translation provided in brackets]

Bataille was obsessed with fighting prohibitions absolute negation tends to move in a circular fashion , and ends up negating itself this ultra-anarchism leads to an affirmation of present institutions what would be the sense in destroying them if other institutions would be just as bad such norms and taboos become indispensable for without them all the exuberance of the act of rebellion fizzles out . An obsolete taboo is like a damp squib Sovereignty recommends itself as an act of total freedom , completely autonomous. It is supposed to provide a trance which obliterates society Such aloofness appears illusory , once its obligation to shock the system ] is computed. Sovereignty appears to owe its existence to that very mass society which it aims to negate the sovereign is seen to react rather than act within a Nietzschean framework few travesties are as bad as ressentiment to the extent that transgression can help to combat institutions, it is by no means clear that its impact would be progressive, rather than conservative or reactionary . The purely formalistic nature of ‘negation’ can cut both ways , in the cause of social repression and dispossession a society without prohibitions is neither conceivable nor desirable . The point is rather to abolish bad institutions , change and reform ambivalent ones , and create new practices and institutions Was not the demand to be admitted into existing institutions a fundamental progressive social demand , which was obtained only after prolonged and bitter historical struggles with Bataille institutions themselves become suspect Such theories can prove surprisingly serviceable to capitalism : if the fight is against ‘institutions’, isn’t there something to be said for neo-liberalism following an attack which was Bataillean the welfare state is in a sorry condition , whereas corporations are stronger than ever Bataille’s contradictory politics overtly embraces radicalism but remains paradoxically affirmative of the present political constellation


Question: society without prohibitions undesirable

If they win radical negation of prohibitions is both possible and necessary, then that means they devolve into oppressive neoliberalism—turns the case

Landa, 15—The Open University (Ishay, “Bataille: The Master, the Slave, and Consumption”, Critical Sociology 2015, Vol. 41(7-8) 1087–1102, dml) [French translation provided in brackets]

Bataille was obsessed with fighting prohibitions absolute negation tends to move in a circular fashion , and ends up negating itself this ultra-anarchism leads to an affirmation of present institutions what would be the sense in destroying them if other institutions would be just as bad such norms and taboos become indispensable for without them all the exuberance of the act of rebellion fizzles out . An obsolete taboo is like a damp squib Sovereignty recommends itself as an act of total freedom , completely autonomous. It is supposed to provide a trance which obliterates society Such aloofness appears illusory , once its obligation to shock the system ] is computed. Sovereignty appears to owe its existence to that very mass society which it aims to negate the sovereign is seen to react rather than act within a Nietzschean framework few travesties are as bad as ressentiment to the extent that transgression can help to combat institutions, it is by no means clear that its impact would be progressive, rather than conservative or reactionary . The purely formalistic nature of ‘negation’ can cut both ways , in the cause of social repression and dispossession a society without prohibitions is neither conceivable nor desirable . The point is rather to abolish bad institutions , change and reform ambivalent ones , and create new practices and institutions Was not the demand to be admitted into existing institutions a fundamental progressive social demand , which was obtained only after prolonged and bitter historical struggles with Bataille institutions themselves become suspect Such theories can prove surprisingly serviceable to capitalism : if the fight is against ‘institutions’, isn’t there something to be said for neo-liberalism following an attack which was Bataillean the welfare state is in a sorry condition , whereas corporations are stronger than ever Bataille’s contradictory politics overtly embraces radicalism but remains paradoxically affirmative of the present political constellation


Question: Bataille institutions serviceable to capitalism

If they win radical negation of prohibitions is both possible and necessary, then that means they devolve into oppressive neoliberalism—turns the case

Landa, 15—The Open University (Ishay, “Bataille: The Master, the Slave, and Consumption”, Critical Sociology 2015, Vol. 41(7-8) 1087–1102, dml) [French translation provided in brackets]

Bataille was obsessed with fighting prohibitions absolute negation tends to move in a circular fashion , and ends up negating itself this ultra-anarchism leads to an affirmation of present institutions what would be the sense in destroying them if other institutions would be just as bad such norms and taboos become indispensable for without them all the exuberance of the act of rebellion fizzles out . An obsolete taboo is like a damp squib Sovereignty recommends itself as an act of total freedom , completely autonomous. It is supposed to provide a trance which obliterates society Such aloofness appears illusory , once its obligation to shock the system ] is computed. Sovereignty appears to owe its existence to that very mass society which it aims to negate the sovereign is seen to react rather than act within a Nietzschean framework few travesties are as bad as ressentiment to the extent that transgression can help to combat institutions, it is by no means clear that its impact would be progressive, rather than conservative or reactionary . The purely formalistic nature of ‘negation’ can cut both ways , in the cause of social repression and dispossession a society without prohibitions is neither conceivable nor desirable . The point is rather to abolish bad institutions , change and reform ambivalent ones , and create new practices and institutions Was not the demand to be admitted into existing institutions a fundamental progressive social demand , which was obtained only after prolonged and bitter historical struggles with Bataille institutions themselves become suspect Such theories can prove surprisingly serviceable to capitalism : if the fight is against ‘institutions’, isn’t there something to be said for neo-liberalism following an attack which was Bataillean the welfare state is in a sorry condition , whereas corporations are stronger than ever Bataille’s contradictory politics overtly embraces radicalism but remains paradoxically affirmative of the present political constellation


Question: radicalism paradoxically affirmative

If they win radical negation of prohibitions is both possible and necessary, then that means they devolve into oppressive neoliberalism—turns the case

Landa, 15—The Open University (Ishay, “Bataille: The Master, the Slave, and Consumption”, Critical Sociology 2015, Vol. 41(7-8) 1087–1102, dml) [French translation provided in brackets]

Bataille was obsessed with fighting prohibitions absolute negation tends to move in a circular fashion , and ends up negating itself this ultra-anarchism leads to an affirmation of present institutions what would be the sense in destroying them if other institutions would be just as bad such norms and taboos become indispensable for without them all the exuberance of the act of rebellion fizzles out . An obsolete taboo is like a damp squib Sovereignty recommends itself as an act of total freedom , completely autonomous. It is supposed to provide a trance which obliterates society Such aloofness appears illusory , once its obligation to shock the system ] is computed. Sovereignty appears to owe its existence to that very mass society which it aims to negate the sovereign is seen to react rather than act within a Nietzschean framework few travesties are as bad as ressentiment to the extent that transgression can help to combat institutions, it is by no means clear that its impact would be progressive, rather than conservative or reactionary . The purely formalistic nature of ‘negation’ can cut both ways , in the cause of social repression and dispossession a society without prohibitions is neither conceivable nor desirable . The point is rather to abolish bad institutions , change and reform ambivalent ones , and create new practices and institutions Was not the demand to be admitted into existing institutions a fundamental progressive social demand , which was obtained only after prolonged and bitter historical struggles with Bataille institutions themselves become suspect Such theories can prove surprisingly serviceable to capitalism : if the fight is against ‘institutions’, isn’t there something to be said for neo-liberalism following an attack which was Bataillean the welfare state is in a sorry condition , whereas corporations are stronger than ever Bataille’s contradictory politics overtly embraces radicalism but remains paradoxically affirmative of the present political constellation


Question: No global spillover

No global spillover – Only engagement through international forums like the IMO solves!

Kallis ’15 [Giorgos; Feb; ICREA Research Professor at ICTA; “The Degrowth Alternative,” https://greattransition.org/publication/the-degrowth-alternatives]

engagement with governance absent from the discussions within degrowth global interdependence impossible for a country to undertake degrowth on its own entail substantial penalties from capital flight undermine the ability to pursue a quiet contraction on its own if a single country were to downscale global reduction of prices would follow


Question: Kallis 15

No global spillover – Only engagement through international forums like the IMO solves!

Kallis ’15 [Giorgos; Feb; ICREA Research Professor at ICTA; “The Degrowth Alternative,” https://greattransition.org/publication/the-degrowth-alternatives]

engagement with governance absent from the discussions within degrowth global interdependence impossible for a country to undertake degrowth on its own entail substantial penalties from capital flight undermine the ability to pursue a quiet contraction on its own if a single country were to downscale global reduction of prices would follow


Question: Giorgos Kallis degrowth

No global spillover – Only engagement through international forums like the IMO solves!

Kallis ’15 [Giorgos; Feb; ICREA Research Professor at ICTA; “The Degrowth Alternative,” https://greattransition.org/publication/the-degrowth-alternatives]

engagement with governance absent from the discussions within degrowth global interdependence impossible for a country to undertake degrowth on its own entail substantial penalties from capital flight undermine the ability to pursue a quiet contraction on its own if a single country were to downscale global reduction of prices would follow


Question: degrowth global interdependence

No global spillover – Only engagement through international forums like the IMO solves!

Kallis ’15 [Giorgos; Feb; ICREA Research Professor at ICTA; “The Degrowth Alternative,” https://greattransition.org/publication/the-degrowth-alternatives]

engagement with governance absent from the discussions within degrowth global interdependence impossible for a country to undertake degrowth on its own entail substantial penalties from capital flight undermine the ability to pursue a quiet contraction on its own if a single country were to downscale global reduction of prices would follow


Question: global spillover degrowth

No global spillover – Only engagement through international forums like the IMO solves!

Kallis ’15 [Giorgos; Feb; ICREA Research Professor at ICTA; “The Degrowth Alternative,” https://greattransition.org/publication/the-degrowth-alternatives]

engagement with governance absent from the discussions within degrowth global interdependence impossible for a country to undertake degrowth on its own entail substantial penalties from capital flight undermine the ability to pursue a quiet contraction on its own if a single country were to downscale global reduction of prices would follow


Question: IMO solves degrowth

No global spillover – Only engagement through international forums like the IMO solves!

Kallis ’15 [Giorgos; Feb; ICREA Research Professor at ICTA; “The Degrowth Alternative,” https://greattransition.org/publication/the-degrowth-alternatives]

engagement with governance absent from the discussions within degrowth global interdependence impossible for a country to undertake degrowth on its own entail substantial penalties from capital flight undermine the ability to pursue a quiet contraction on its own if a single country were to downscale global reduction of prices would follow


Question: degrowth international forums

No global spillover – Only engagement through international forums like the IMO solves!

Kallis ’15 [Giorgos; Feb; ICREA Research Professor at ICTA; “The Degrowth Alternative,” https://greattransition.org/publication/the-degrowth-alternatives]

engagement with governance absent from the discussions within degrowth global interdependence impossible for a country to undertake degrowth on its own entail substantial penalties from capital flight undermine the ability to pursue a quiet contraction on its own if a single country were to downscale global reduction of prices would follow


Question: Pharma innovation is high now

Pharma Innovation is high now.

S&P Global 2/3 (Standards and Poor Global is an American company focusing on stock market information and American innovation.; “Pharmaceutical Industry 2025 Credit Outlook Is Stable as Healthy Revenue Growth Mitigates Pressures.” Spglobal.com, 2025, www.spglobal.com/ratings/en/research/articles/250203-pharmaceutical-industry-2025-credit-outlook-is-stable-as-healthy-revenue-growth-mitigates-pressures-13394024. Accessed 9 Feb. 2025.)Rinehart.

Pharma's Revenue Growth Will Remain Healthy Through 2027 due to advances new products antibody drug combination products We expect 8% annually


Question: S&P Global pharma innovation

Pharma Innovation is high now.

S&P Global 2/3 (Standards and Poor Global is an American company focusing on stock market information and American innovation.; “Pharmaceutical Industry 2025 Credit Outlook Is Stable as Healthy Revenue Growth Mitigates Pressures.” Spglobal.com, 2025, www.spglobal.com/ratings/en/research/articles/250203-pharmaceutical-industry-2025-credit-outlook-is-stable-as-healthy-revenue-growth-mitigates-pressures-13394024. Accessed 9 Feb. 2025.)Rinehart.

Pharma's Revenue Growth Will Remain Healthy Through 2027 due to advances new products antibody drug combination products We expect 8% annually


Question: pharmaceutical industry 2025

Pharma Innovation is high now.

S&P Global 2/3 (Standards and Poor Global is an American company focusing on stock market information and American innovation.; “Pharmaceutical Industry 2025 Credit Outlook Is Stable as Healthy Revenue Growth Mitigates Pressures.” Spglobal.com, 2025, www.spglobal.com/ratings/en/research/articles/250203-pharmaceutical-industry-2025-credit-outlook-is-stable-as-healthy-revenue-growth-mitigates-pressures-13394024. Accessed 9 Feb. 2025.)Rinehart.

Pharma's Revenue Growth Will Remain Healthy Through 2027 due to advances new products antibody drug combination products We expect 8% annually


Question: pharma revenue growth healthy

Pharma Innovation is high now.

S&P Global 2/3 (Standards and Poor Global is an American company focusing on stock market information and American innovation.; “Pharmaceutical Industry 2025 Credit Outlook Is Stable as Healthy Revenue Growth Mitigates Pressures.” Spglobal.com, 2025, www.spglobal.com/ratings/en/research/articles/250203-pharmaceutical-industry-2025-credit-outlook-is-stable-as-healthy-revenue-growth-mitigates-pressures-13394024. Accessed 9 Feb. 2025.)Rinehart.

Pharma's Revenue Growth Will Remain Healthy Through 2027 due to advances new products antibody drug combination products We expect 8% annually


Question: antibody drug combination products

Pharma Innovation is high now.

S&P Global 2/3 (Standards and Poor Global is an American company focusing on stock market information and American innovation.; “Pharmaceutical Industry 2025 Credit Outlook Is Stable as Healthy Revenue Growth Mitigates Pressures.” Spglobal.com, 2025, www.spglobal.com/ratings/en/research/articles/250203-pharmaceutical-industry-2025-credit-outlook-is-stable-as-healthy-revenue-growth-mitigates-pressures-13394024. Accessed 9 Feb. 2025.)Rinehart.

Pharma's Revenue Growth Will Remain Healthy Through 2027 due to advances new products antibody drug combination products We expect 8% annually


Question: pharma innovation now

Pharma Innovation is high now.

S&P Global 2/3 (Standards and Poor Global is an American company focusing on stock market information and American innovation.; “Pharmaceutical Industry 2025 Credit Outlook Is Stable as Healthy Revenue Growth Mitigates Pressures.” Spglobal.com, 2025, www.spglobal.com/ratings/en/research/articles/250203-pharmaceutical-industry-2025-credit-outlook-is-stable-as-healthy-revenue-growth-mitigates-pressures-13394024. Accessed 9 Feb. 2025.)Rinehart.

Pharma's Revenue Growth Will Remain Healthy Through 2027 due to advances new products antibody drug combination products We expect 8% annually


Question: S&P global

Pharma Innovation is high now.

S&P Global 2/3 (Standards and Poor Global is an American company focusing on stock market information and American innovation.; “Pharmaceutical Industry 2025 Credit Outlook Is Stable as Healthy Revenue Growth Mitigates Pressures.” Spglobal.com, 2025, www.spglobal.com/ratings/en/research/articles/250203-pharmaceutical-industry-2025-credit-outlook-is-stable-as-healthy-revenue-growth-mitigates-pressures-13394024. Accessed 9 Feb. 2025.)Rinehart.

Pharma's Revenue Growth Will Remain Healthy Through 2027 due to advances new products antibody drug combination products We expect 8% annually


Question: pharma's revenue growth

Pharma Innovation is high now.

S&P Global 2/3 (Standards and Poor Global is an American company focusing on stock market information and American innovation.; “Pharmaceutical Industry 2025 Credit Outlook Is Stable as Healthy Revenue Growth Mitigates Pressures.” Spglobal.com, 2025, www.spglobal.com/ratings/en/research/articles/250203-pharmaceutical-industry-2025-credit-outlook-is-stable-as-healthy-revenue-growth-mitigates-pressures-13394024. Accessed 9 Feb. 2025.)Rinehart.

Pharma's Revenue Growth Will Remain Healthy Through 2027 due to advances new products antibody drug combination products We expect 8% annually


Question: Extinction is categorically distinct

Extinction is a categorically distinct moral side constraint---it threatens the ontological conditions for life itself. Their critique assumes a colossal swath of implied defense they must conclusively win to frame out any of our offense.

Mitchell et al 16 [Audra Mitchell is CIGI Chair in Global Governance and Ethics at the Balsillie School of International Affairs. Anthony, Associate Professor of International and Political Studies @ UNSW, Australia, 2016. Stefanie Fishel is Assistant Professor, Department of Gender and Race Studies at the University of Alabama., Simon Dalby is CIGI Chair in the Political Economy of Climate Change at the Balsillie School of International Affairs and, Daniel J. Levine is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Alabama, “Planet Politics: Manifesto from the End of IR,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 1–25]

Mass extinction is a qualitatively different phenomena that demands its own ethical categories Not only does it erase life their histories and possibilities , but it threatens the ontological conditions of life they imagine a denuded planet not the comprehensive negation mass extinction entails this fails to recognise the reality of extinction which is a matter of being and nonbeing the enormity and scale of mass extinction is so huge humans need to draw on every possible to  find ways of responding extinction is a matter of global ethics It is not simply an issue of the good life Worlds erupt from the intersection of diverse forms of being they are entangled not static, or permanent. They are permeable and fluid Concepts of violence that focus only on humans ignore the destruction which undermines the conditions of plurality that enables life to thrive


Question: Mitchell et al 16

Extinction is a categorically distinct moral side constraint---it threatens the ontological conditions for life itself. Their critique assumes a colossal swath of implied defense they must conclusively win to frame out any of our offense.

Mitchell et al 16 [Audra Mitchell is CIGI Chair in Global Governance and Ethics at the Balsillie School of International Affairs. Anthony, Associate Professor of International and Political Studies @ UNSW, Australia, 2016. Stefanie Fishel is Assistant Professor, Department of Gender and Race Studies at the University of Alabama., Simon Dalby is CIGI Chair in the Political Economy of Climate Change at the Balsillie School of International Affairs and, Daniel J. Levine is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Alabama, “Planet Politics: Manifesto from the End of IR,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 1–25]

Mass extinction is a qualitatively different phenomena that demands its own ethical categories Not only does it erase life their histories and possibilities , but it threatens the ontological conditions of life they imagine a denuded planet not the comprehensive negation mass extinction entails this fails to recognise the reality of extinction which is a matter of being and nonbeing the enormity and scale of mass extinction is so huge humans need to draw on every possible to  find ways of responding extinction is a matter of global ethics It is not simply an issue of the good life Worlds erupt from the intersection of diverse forms of being they are entangled not static, or permanent. They are permeable and fluid Concepts of violence that focus only on humans ignore the destruction which undermines the conditions of plurality that enables life to thrive


Question: Planet Politics Manifesto

Extinction is a categorically distinct moral side constraint---it threatens the ontological conditions for life itself. Their critique assumes a colossal swath of implied defense they must conclusively win to frame out any of our offense.

Mitchell et al 16 [Audra Mitchell is CIGI Chair in Global Governance and Ethics at the Balsillie School of International Affairs. Anthony, Associate Professor of International and Political Studies @ UNSW, Australia, 2016. Stefanie Fishel is Assistant Professor, Department of Gender and Race Studies at the University of Alabama., Simon Dalby is CIGI Chair in the Political Economy of Climate Change at the Balsillie School of International Affairs and, Daniel J. Levine is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Alabama, “Planet Politics: Manifesto from the End of IR,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 1–25]

Mass extinction is a qualitatively different phenomena that demands its own ethical categories Not only does it erase life their histories and possibilities , but it threatens the ontological conditions of life they imagine a denuded planet not the comprehensive negation mass extinction entails this fails to recognise the reality of extinction which is a matter of being and nonbeing the enormity and scale of mass extinction is so huge humans need to draw on every possible to  find ways of responding extinction is a matter of global ethics It is not simply an issue of the good life Worlds erupt from the intersection of diverse forms of being they are entangled not static, or permanent. They are permeable and fluid Concepts of violence that focus only on humans ignore the destruction which undermines the conditions of plurality that enables life to thrive


Question: Extinction threatens ontological conditions for life

Extinction is a categorically distinct moral side constraint---it threatens the ontological conditions for life itself. Their critique assumes a colossal swath of implied defense they must conclusively win to frame out any of our offense.

Mitchell et al 16 [Audra Mitchell is CIGI Chair in Global Governance and Ethics at the Balsillie School of International Affairs. Anthony, Associate Professor of International and Political Studies @ UNSW, Australia, 2016. Stefanie Fishel is Assistant Professor, Department of Gender and Race Studies at the University of Alabama., Simon Dalby is CIGI Chair in the Political Economy of Climate Change at the Balsillie School of International Affairs and, Daniel J. Levine is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Alabama, “Planet Politics: Manifesto from the End of IR,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 1–25]

Mass extinction is a qualitatively different phenomena that demands its own ethical categories Not only does it erase life their histories and possibilities , but it threatens the ontological conditions of life they imagine a denuded planet not the comprehensive negation mass extinction entails this fails to recognise the reality of extinction which is a matter of being and nonbeing the enormity and scale of mass extinction is so huge humans need to draw on every possible to  find ways of responding extinction is a matter of global ethics It is not simply an issue of the good life Worlds erupt from the intersection of diverse forms of being they are entangled not static, or permanent. They are permeable and fluid Concepts of violence that focus only on humans ignore the destruction which undermines the conditions of plurality that enables life to thrive


Question: mass extinction global ethics

Extinction is a categorically distinct moral side constraint---it threatens the ontological conditions for life itself. Their critique assumes a colossal swath of implied defense they must conclusively win to frame out any of our offense.

Mitchell et al 16 [Audra Mitchell is CIGI Chair in Global Governance and Ethics at the Balsillie School of International Affairs. Anthony, Associate Professor of International and Political Studies @ UNSW, Australia, 2016. Stefanie Fishel is Assistant Professor, Department of Gender and Race Studies at the University of Alabama., Simon Dalby is CIGI Chair in the Political Economy of Climate Change at the Balsillie School of International Affairs and, Daniel J. Levine is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Alabama, “Planet Politics: Manifesto from the End of IR,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 1–25]

Mass extinction is a qualitatively different phenomena that demands its own ethical categories Not only does it erase life their histories and possibilities , but it threatens the ontological conditions of life they imagine a denuded planet not the comprehensive negation mass extinction entails this fails to recognise the reality of extinction which is a matter of being and nonbeing the enormity and scale of mass extinction is so huge humans need to draw on every possible to  find ways of responding extinction is a matter of global ethics It is not simply an issue of the good life Worlds erupt from the intersection of diverse forms of being they are entangled not static, or permanent. They are permeable and fluid Concepts of violence that focus only on humans ignore the destruction which undermines the conditions of plurality that enables life to thrive


Question: ethics of extinction

Extinction is a categorically distinct moral side constraint---it threatens the ontological conditions for life itself. Their critique assumes a colossal swath of implied defense they must conclusively win to frame out any of our offense.

Mitchell et al 16 [Audra Mitchell is CIGI Chair in Global Governance and Ethics at the Balsillie School of International Affairs. Anthony, Associate Professor of International and Political Studies @ UNSW, Australia, 2016. Stefanie Fishel is Assistant Professor, Department of Gender and Race Studies at the University of Alabama., Simon Dalby is CIGI Chair in the Political Economy of Climate Change at the Balsillie School of International Affairs and, Daniel J. Levine is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Alabama, “Planet Politics: Manifesto from the End of IR,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 1–25]

Mass extinction is a qualitatively different phenomena that demands its own ethical categories Not only does it erase life their histories and possibilities , but it threatens the ontological conditions of life they imagine a denuded planet not the comprehensive negation mass extinction entails this fails to recognise the reality of extinction which is a matter of being and nonbeing the enormity and scale of mass extinction is so huge humans need to draw on every possible to  find ways of responding extinction is a matter of global ethics It is not simply an issue of the good life Worlds erupt from the intersection of diverse forms of being they are entangled not static, or permanent. They are permeable and fluid Concepts of violence that focus only on humans ignore the destruction which undermines the conditions of plurality that enables life to thrive


Question: mass extinction qualitatively different

Extinction is a categorically distinct moral side constraint---it threatens the ontological conditions for life itself. Their critique assumes a colossal swath of implied defense they must conclusively win to frame out any of our offense.

Mitchell et al 16 [Audra Mitchell is CIGI Chair in Global Governance and Ethics at the Balsillie School of International Affairs. Anthony, Associate Professor of International and Political Studies @ UNSW, Australia, 2016. Stefanie Fishel is Assistant Professor, Department of Gender and Race Studies at the University of Alabama., Simon Dalby is CIGI Chair in the Political Economy of Climate Change at the Balsillie School of International Affairs and, Daniel J. Levine is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Alabama, “Planet Politics: Manifesto from the End of IR,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 1–25]

Mass extinction is a qualitatively different phenomena that demands its own ethical categories Not only does it erase life their histories and possibilities , but it threatens the ontological conditions of life they imagine a denuded planet not the comprehensive negation mass extinction entails this fails to recognise the reality of extinction which is a matter of being and nonbeing the enormity and scale of mass extinction is so huge humans need to draw on every possible to  find ways of responding extinction is a matter of global ethics It is not simply an issue of the good life Worlds erupt from the intersection of diverse forms of being they are entangled not static, or permanent. They are permeable and fluid Concepts of violence that focus only on humans ignore the destruction which undermines the conditions of plurality that enables life to thrive


Question: violence undermines conditions of plurality

Extinction is a categorically distinct moral side constraint---it threatens the ontological conditions for life itself. Their critique assumes a colossal swath of implied defense they must conclusively win to frame out any of our offense.

Mitchell et al 16 [Audra Mitchell is CIGI Chair in Global Governance and Ethics at the Balsillie School of International Affairs. Anthony, Associate Professor of International and Political Studies @ UNSW, Australia, 2016. Stefanie Fishel is Assistant Professor, Department of Gender and Race Studies at the University of Alabama., Simon Dalby is CIGI Chair in the Political Economy of Climate Change at the Balsillie School of International Affairs and, Daniel J. Levine is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Alabama, “Planet Politics: Manifesto from the End of IR,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 1–25]

Mass extinction is a qualitatively different phenomena that demands its own ethical categories Not only does it erase life their histories and possibilities , but it threatens the ontological conditions of life they imagine a denuded planet not the comprehensive negation mass extinction entails this fails to recognise the reality of extinction which is a matter of being and nonbeing the enormity and scale of mass extinction is so huge humans need to draw on every possible to  find ways of responding extinction is a matter of global ethics It is not simply an issue of the good life Worlds erupt from the intersection of diverse forms of being they are entangled not static, or permanent. They are permeable and fluid Concepts of violence that focus only on humans ignore the destruction which undermines the conditions of plurality that enables life to thrive


Question: reforming procurement key green solutions

Reforming procurement is key---it stimulates demand for new green solutions in defense supply chains, and it fosters public-private partnerships to accelerate innovation.

John Conger 24, Director Emeritus of the Center for Climate and Security, Senior Advisor to the Council on Strategic Risks, and Senior US Advisor to the International Military Council on Climate and Security (IMCCS), July 2024, “World Climate And Security Report 2024: Military Innovation And The Climate Challenge,” https://councilonstrategicrisks.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/WCSR-2023-24.pdf

Fostering partnerships with industry and research to accelerate innovation is essential. Collaborative projects facilitate cutting-edge solutions. Procurement departments prioritizing suppliers committed to sustainable practices can reduc carbon footprints sustainability in procurement stimulate demand for innovative decarbonization solutions procurement act as a bridge between defense entities and suppliers decarbonizing defense requires sustainable procurement


Question: John Conger 24

Reforming procurement is key---it stimulates demand for new green solutions in defense supply chains, and it fosters public-private partnerships to accelerate innovation.

John Conger 24, Director Emeritus of the Center for Climate and Security, Senior Advisor to the Council on Strategic Risks, and Senior US Advisor to the International Military Council on Climate and Security (IMCCS), July 2024, “World Climate And Security Report 2024: Military Innovation And The Climate Challenge,” https://councilonstrategicrisks.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/WCSR-2023-24.pdf

Fostering partnerships with industry and research to accelerate innovation is essential. Collaborative projects facilitate cutting-edge solutions. Procurement departments prioritizing suppliers committed to sustainable practices can reduc carbon footprints sustainability in procurement stimulate demand for innovative decarbonization solutions procurement act as a bridge between defense entities and suppliers decarbonizing defense requires sustainable procurement


Question: defense supply chains decarbonization

Reforming procurement is key---it stimulates demand for new green solutions in defense supply chains, and it fosters public-private partnerships to accelerate innovation.

John Conger 24, Director Emeritus of the Center for Climate and Security, Senior Advisor to the Council on Strategic Risks, and Senior US Advisor to the International Military Council on Climate and Security (IMCCS), July 2024, “World Climate And Security Report 2024: Military Innovation And The Climate Challenge,” https://councilonstrategicrisks.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/WCSR-2023-24.pdf

Fostering partnerships with industry and research to accelerate innovation is essential. Collaborative projects facilitate cutting-edge solutions. Procurement departments prioritizing suppliers committed to sustainable practices can reduc carbon footprints sustainability in procurement stimulate demand for innovative decarbonization solutions procurement act as a bridge between defense entities and suppliers decarbonizing defense requires sustainable procurement


Question: public-private partnerships accelerate innovation

Reforming procurement is key---it stimulates demand for new green solutions in defense supply chains, and it fosters public-private partnerships to accelerate innovation.

John Conger 24, Director Emeritus of the Center for Climate and Security, Senior Advisor to the Council on Strategic Risks, and Senior US Advisor to the International Military Council on Climate and Security (IMCCS), July 2024, “World Climate And Security Report 2024: Military Innovation And The Climate Challenge,” https://councilonstrategicrisks.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/WCSR-2023-24.pdf

Fostering partnerships with industry and research to accelerate innovation is essential. Collaborative projects facilitate cutting-edge solutions. Procurement departments prioritizing suppliers committed to sustainable practices can reduc carbon footprints sustainability in procurement stimulate demand for innovative decarbonization solutions procurement act as a bridge between defense entities and suppliers decarbonizing defense requires sustainable procurement


Question: procurement departments sustainability

Reforming procurement is key---it stimulates demand for new green solutions in defense supply chains, and it fosters public-private partnerships to accelerate innovation.

John Conger 24, Director Emeritus of the Center for Climate and Security, Senior Advisor to the Council on Strategic Risks, and Senior US Advisor to the International Military Council on Climate and Security (IMCCS), July 2024, “World Climate And Security Report 2024: Military Innovation And The Climate Challenge,” https://councilonstrategicrisks.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/WCSR-2023-24.pdf

Fostering partnerships with industry and research to accelerate innovation is essential. Collaborative projects facilitate cutting-edge solutions. Procurement departments prioritizing suppliers committed to sustainable practices can reduc carbon footprints sustainability in procurement stimulate demand for innovative decarbonization solutions procurement act as a bridge between defense entities and suppliers decarbonizing defense requires sustainable procurement


Question: sustainable practices reduce carbon footprints

Reforming procurement is key---it stimulates demand for new green solutions in defense supply chains, and it fosters public-private partnerships to accelerate innovation.

John Conger 24, Director Emeritus of the Center for Climate and Security, Senior Advisor to the Council on Strategic Risks, and Senior US Advisor to the International Military Council on Climate and Security (IMCCS), July 2024, “World Climate And Security Report 2024: Military Innovation And The Climate Challenge,” https://councilonstrategicrisks.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/WCSR-2023-24.pdf

Fostering partnerships with industry and research to accelerate innovation is essential. Collaborative projects facilitate cutting-edge solutions. Procurement departments prioritizing suppliers committed to sustainable practices can reduc carbon footprints sustainability in procurement stimulate demand for innovative decarbonization solutions procurement act as a bridge between defense entities and suppliers decarbonizing defense requires sustainable procurement


Question: stimulate demand decarbonization solutions

Reforming procurement is key---it stimulates demand for new green solutions in defense supply chains, and it fosters public-private partnerships to accelerate innovation.

John Conger 24, Director Emeritus of the Center for Climate and Security, Senior Advisor to the Council on Strategic Risks, and Senior US Advisor to the International Military Council on Climate and Security (IMCCS), July 2024, “World Climate And Security Report 2024: Military Innovation And The Climate Challenge,” https://councilonstrategicrisks.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/WCSR-2023-24.pdf

Fostering partnerships with industry and research to accelerate innovation is essential. Collaborative projects facilitate cutting-edge solutions. Procurement departments prioritizing suppliers committed to sustainable practices can reduc carbon footprints sustainability in procurement stimulate demand for innovative decarbonization solutions procurement act as a bridge between defense entities and suppliers decarbonizing defense requires sustainable procurement


Question: EPA priority regulating PFAS

The EPAs top priority is regulating PFAS.

Michael Phillis 24 (is an Associated Press reporter covering the environment with a focus on water. He is based in St. Louis. “Biden administration sets first-ever limits on ‘forever chemicals’ in drinking water” 4/10/24 https://apnews.com/article/forever-chemicals-pfas-pollution-epa-drinking-water-1c8804288413a73bb7b99fc866c8fa51)//conway

Biden finalized strict limits on forever chemicals water limit on toxic PFAS the Environmental Protection Agency not backing away significant additional health standards a priority.  the rule is the most important action the EPA has ever taken EPA estimates the rule will cost about $1.5 billion to implement each year


Question: Michael Phillis 24

The EPAs top priority is regulating PFAS.

Michael Phillis 24 (is an Associated Press reporter covering the environment with a focus on water. He is based in St. Louis. “Biden administration sets first-ever limits on ‘forever chemicals’ in drinking water” 4/10/24 https://apnews.com/article/forever-chemicals-pfas-pollution-epa-drinking-water-1c8804288413a73bb7b99fc866c8fa51)//conway

Biden finalized strict limits on forever chemicals water limit on toxic PFAS the Environmental Protection Agency not backing away significant additional health standards a priority.  the rule is the most important action the EPA has ever taken EPA estimates the rule will cost about $1.5 billion to implement each year


Question: EPA top priority forever chemicals

The EPAs top priority is regulating PFAS.

Michael Phillis 24 (is an Associated Press reporter covering the environment with a focus on water. He is based in St. Louis. “Biden administration sets first-ever limits on ‘forever chemicals’ in drinking water” 4/10/24 https://apnews.com/article/forever-chemicals-pfas-pollution-epa-drinking-water-1c8804288413a73bb7b99fc866c8fa51)//conway

Biden finalized strict limits on forever chemicals water limit on toxic PFAS the Environmental Protection Agency not backing away significant additional health standards a priority.  the rule is the most important action the EPA has ever taken EPA estimates the rule will cost about $1.5 billion to implement each year


Question: Biden limits on forever chemicals

The EPAs top priority is regulating PFAS.

Michael Phillis 24 (is an Associated Press reporter covering the environment with a focus on water. He is based in St. Louis. “Biden administration sets first-ever limits on ‘forever chemicals’ in drinking water” 4/10/24 https://apnews.com/article/forever-chemicals-pfas-pollution-epa-drinking-water-1c8804288413a73bb7b99fc866c8fa51)//conway

Biden finalized strict limits on forever chemicals water limit on toxic PFAS the Environmental Protection Agency not backing away significant additional health standards a priority.  the rule is the most important action the EPA has ever taken EPA estimates the rule will cost about $1.5 billion to implement each year


Question: EPA PFAS regulation priority

The EPAs top priority is regulating PFAS.

Michael Phillis 24 (is an Associated Press reporter covering the environment with a focus on water. He is based in St. Louis. “Biden administration sets first-ever limits on ‘forever chemicals’ in drinking water” 4/10/24 https://apnews.com/article/forever-chemicals-pfas-pollution-epa-drinking-water-1c8804288413a73bb7b99fc866c8fa51)//conway

Biden finalized strict limits on forever chemicals water limit on toxic PFAS the Environmental Protection Agency not backing away significant additional health standards a priority.  the rule is the most important action the EPA has ever taken EPA estimates the rule will cost about $1.5 billion to implement each year


Question: EPA most important action ever

The EPAs top priority is regulating PFAS.

Michael Phillis 24 (is an Associated Press reporter covering the environment with a focus on water. He is based in St. Louis. “Biden administration sets first-ever limits on ‘forever chemicals’ in drinking water” 4/10/24 https://apnews.com/article/forever-chemicals-pfas-pollution-epa-drinking-water-1c8804288413a73bb7b99fc866c8fa51)//conway

Biden finalized strict limits on forever chemicals water limit on toxic PFAS the Environmental Protection Agency not backing away significant additional health standards a priority.  the rule is the most important action the EPA has ever taken EPA estimates the rule will cost about $1.5 billion to implement each year


Question: EPA annual implementation cost

The EPAs top priority is regulating PFAS.

Michael Phillis 24 (is an Associated Press reporter covering the environment with a focus on water. He is based in St. Louis. “Biden administration sets first-ever limits on ‘forever chemicals’ in drinking water” 4/10/24 https://apnews.com/article/forever-chemicals-pfas-pollution-epa-drinking-water-1c8804288413a73bb7b99fc866c8fa51)//conway

Biden finalized strict limits on forever chemicals water limit on toxic PFAS the Environmental Protection Agency not backing away significant additional health standards a priority.  the rule is the most important action the EPA has ever taken EPA estimates the rule will cost about $1.5 billion to implement each year


Question: No ocean acidification impact

No ocean acidification impact --- it’s a joke --- pH levels just can’t change significantly and acidity increase is glacially slow

Driessen 15 (Paul, senior policy advisor with the Committee For A Constructive Tomorrow and Center for the Defense of Free Enterprise, previously worked at the Sierra Club and the Department of the Interior/US Senate, BA in geology and field ecology from Lawrence University, JD from the University of Denver College of Law, and accreditation in public relations from the Public Relations Society of America, “Climate Hype Exposed”, google books)

carbon dioxide emissions are making oceans more acidic . ridiculous exaggerated, disproven climate scares  with a new panic . Earth’s oceans  have never been acidic ; they are alkaline impossible for vast volumes of water to become acidic recent years is  a decline of about 0.034 pH it would take 700 years for oceans to become minimally acidic . impacts will not be cataclysmic


Question: Driessen 15

No ocean acidification impact --- it’s a joke --- pH levels just can’t change significantly and acidity increase is glacially slow

Driessen 15 (Paul, senior policy advisor with the Committee For A Constructive Tomorrow and Center for the Defense of Free Enterprise, previously worked at the Sierra Club and the Department of the Interior/US Senate, BA in geology and field ecology from Lawrence University, JD from the University of Denver College of Law, and accreditation in public relations from the Public Relations Society of America, “Climate Hype Exposed”, google books)

carbon dioxide emissions are making oceans more acidic . ridiculous exaggerated, disproven climate scares  with a new panic . Earth’s oceans  have never been acidic ; they are alkaline impossible for vast volumes of water to become acidic recent years is  a decline of about 0.034 pH it would take 700 years for oceans to become minimally acidic . impacts will not be cataclysmic


Question: pH levels cant change

No ocean acidification impact --- it’s a joke --- pH levels just can’t change significantly and acidity increase is glacially slow

Driessen 15 (Paul, senior policy advisor with the Committee For A Constructive Tomorrow and Center for the Defense of Free Enterprise, previously worked at the Sierra Club and the Department of the Interior/US Senate, BA in geology and field ecology from Lawrence University, JD from the University of Denver College of Law, and accreditation in public relations from the Public Relations Society of America, “Climate Hype Exposed”, google books)

carbon dioxide emissions are making oceans more acidic . ridiculous exaggerated, disproven climate scares  with a new panic . Earth’s oceans  have never been acidic ; they are alkaline impossible for vast volumes of water to become acidic recent years is  a decline of about 0.034 pH it would take 700 years for oceans to become minimally acidic . impacts will not be cataclysmic


Question: Paul Driessen

No ocean acidification impact --- it’s a joke --- pH levels just can’t change significantly and acidity increase is glacially slow

Driessen 15 (Paul, senior policy advisor with the Committee For A Constructive Tomorrow and Center for the Defense of Free Enterprise, previously worked at the Sierra Club and the Department of the Interior/US Senate, BA in geology and field ecology from Lawrence University, JD from the University of Denver College of Law, and accreditation in public relations from the Public Relations Society of America, “Climate Hype Exposed”, google books)

carbon dioxide emissions are making oceans more acidic . ridiculous exaggerated, disproven climate scares  with a new panic . Earth’s oceans  have never been acidic ; they are alkaline impossible for vast volumes of water to become acidic recent years is  a decline of about 0.034 pH it would take 700 years for oceans to become minimally acidic . impacts will not be cataclysmic


Question: oceans alkaline

No ocean acidification impact --- it’s a joke --- pH levels just can’t change significantly and acidity increase is glacially slow

Driessen 15 (Paul, senior policy advisor with the Committee For A Constructive Tomorrow and Center for the Defense of Free Enterprise, previously worked at the Sierra Club and the Department of the Interior/US Senate, BA in geology and field ecology from Lawrence University, JD from the University of Denver College of Law, and accreditation in public relations from the Public Relations Society of America, “Climate Hype Exposed”, google books)

carbon dioxide emissions are making oceans more acidic . ridiculous exaggerated, disproven climate scares  with a new panic . Earth’s oceans  have never been acidic ; they are alkaline impossible for vast volumes of water to become acidic recent years is  a decline of about 0.034 pH it would take 700 years for oceans to become minimally acidic . impacts will not be cataclysmic


Question: ocean acidification slow

No ocean acidification impact --- it’s a joke --- pH levels just can’t change significantly and acidity increase is glacially slow

Driessen 15 (Paul, senior policy advisor with the Committee For A Constructive Tomorrow and Center for the Defense of Free Enterprise, previously worked at the Sierra Club and the Department of the Interior/US Senate, BA in geology and field ecology from Lawrence University, JD from the University of Denver College of Law, and accreditation in public relations from the Public Relations Society of America, “Climate Hype Exposed”, google books)

carbon dioxide emissions are making oceans more acidic . ridiculous exaggerated, disproven climate scares  with a new panic . Earth’s oceans  have never been acidic ; they are alkaline impossible for vast volumes of water to become acidic recent years is  a decline of about 0.034 pH it would take 700 years for oceans to become minimally acidic . impacts will not be cataclysmic


Question: ocean acidification joke

No ocean acidification impact --- it’s a joke --- pH levels just can’t change significantly and acidity increase is glacially slow

Driessen 15 (Paul, senior policy advisor with the Committee For A Constructive Tomorrow and Center for the Defense of Free Enterprise, previously worked at the Sierra Club and the Department of the Interior/US Senate, BA in geology and field ecology from Lawrence University, JD from the University of Denver College of Law, and accreditation in public relations from the Public Relations Society of America, “Climate Hype Exposed”, google books)

carbon dioxide emissions are making oceans more acidic . ridiculous exaggerated, disproven climate scares  with a new panic . Earth’s oceans  have never been acidic ; they are alkaline impossible for vast volumes of water to become acidic recent years is  a decline of about 0.034 pH it would take 700 years for oceans to become minimally acidic . impacts will not be cataclysmic


Question: climate hype exposed

No ocean acidification impact --- it’s a joke --- pH levels just can’t change significantly and acidity increase is glacially slow

Driessen 15 (Paul, senior policy advisor with the Committee For A Constructive Tomorrow and Center for the Defense of Free Enterprise, previously worked at the Sierra Club and the Department of the Interior/US Senate, BA in geology and field ecology from Lawrence University, JD from the University of Denver College of Law, and accreditation in public relations from the Public Relations Society of America, “Climate Hype Exposed”, google books)

carbon dioxide emissions are making oceans more acidic . ridiculous exaggerated, disproven climate scares  with a new panic . Earth’s oceans  have never been acidic ; they are alkaline impossible for vast volumes of water to become acidic recent years is  a decline of about 0.034 pH it would take 700 years for oceans to become minimally acidic . impacts will not be cataclysmic