Question: natural hazard events extinction

Unchecked disasters cause extinction.

Anders Sandberg 18. Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford. 02/26/2018. “Human Extinction from Natural Hazard Events.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Natural Hazard Science. oxfordre.com, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199389407.013.293.

disasters reduce resiliency can  interact  and  accumulate pushing to where coping capacity  is  diminished systems become  coupled  because they require support from each other food, energy, finance and comm s  are  global failures cascade clear ev natural events could cause extinction place in  a vulnerable situation during which other risks could lead to extinction


Question: coping capacity diminished

Unchecked disasters cause extinction.

Anders Sandberg 18. Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford. 02/26/2018. “Human Extinction from Natural Hazard Events.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Natural Hazard Science. oxfordre.com, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199389407.013.293.

disasters reduce resiliency can  interact  and  accumulate pushing to where coping capacity  is  diminished systems become  coupled  because they require support from each other food, energy, finance and comm s  are  global failures cascade clear ev natural events could cause extinction place in  a vulnerable situation during which other risks could lead to extinction


Question: failures cascade extinction

Unchecked disasters cause extinction.

Anders Sandberg 18. Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford. 02/26/2018. “Human Extinction from Natural Hazard Events.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Natural Hazard Science. oxfordre.com, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199389407.013.293.

disasters reduce resiliency can  interact  and  accumulate pushing to where coping capacity  is  diminished systems become  coupled  because they require support from each other food, energy, finance and comm s  are  global failures cascade clear ev natural events could cause extinction place in  a vulnerable situation during which other risks could lead to extinction


Question: natural events cause extinction

Unchecked disasters cause extinction.

Anders Sandberg 18. Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford. 02/26/2018. “Human Extinction from Natural Hazard Events.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Natural Hazard Science. oxfordre.com, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199389407.013.293.

disasters reduce resiliency can  interact  and  accumulate pushing to where coping capacity  is  diminished systems become  coupled  because they require support from each other food, energy, finance and comm s  are  global failures cascade clear ev natural events could cause extinction place in  a vulnerable situation during which other risks could lead to extinction


Question: All other options worse inequality

All other options are worse for inequality. NEG evidence is too generalizing.

Andrea Baranzini et al. 16. **Professor of Economics, Director, Geneva School of Business Administration, Switzerland. **Jeroen van den Bergh, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies Research Professor at Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, deputy director for Research of its Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, and professor of Environmental and Resource Economics at VU University Amsterdam. **Stefano Carattini, Assistant Professor in the Department of Economics at Georgia State University, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies. **Richard Howarth, Professor of Environmental Studies at Dartmouth College; Co-Chair, PhD Program in Ecology, Evolution, Environment & Society. **Emilio Padilla, Department of Applied Economics, Univ. Autónoma de Barcelona. **Jordi Roca, Univ. Autónoma de Barcelona. Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment Working Paper No. 224. Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy Working Paper No. 253. February 2016. https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Working-Paper-224-Baranzini-et-al.pdf

argument that it will be inequitable too generalized statement Distributional effects strongly depend on design carbon pricing compensate low income households critique presumes comparable scenario is status quo neglects distributional impacts of climate change or other instruments raise costs and thus prices, assessing distributional effects difficult task involves six elements all


Question: Baranzini et al 16

All other options are worse for inequality. NEG evidence is too generalizing.

Andrea Baranzini et al. 16. **Professor of Economics, Director, Geneva School of Business Administration, Switzerland. **Jeroen van den Bergh, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies Research Professor at Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, deputy director for Research of its Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, and professor of Environmental and Resource Economics at VU University Amsterdam. **Stefano Carattini, Assistant Professor in the Department of Economics at Georgia State University, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies. **Richard Howarth, Professor of Environmental Studies at Dartmouth College; Co-Chair, PhD Program in Ecology, Evolution, Environment & Society. **Emilio Padilla, Department of Applied Economics, Univ. Autónoma de Barcelona. **Jordi Roca, Univ. Autónoma de Barcelona. Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment Working Paper No. 224. Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy Working Paper No. 253. February 2016. https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Working-Paper-224-Baranzini-et-al.pdf

argument that it will be inequitable too generalized statement Distributional effects strongly depend on design carbon pricing compensate low income households critique presumes comparable scenario is status quo neglects distributional impacts of climate change or other instruments raise costs and thus prices, assessing distributional effects difficult task involves six elements all


Question: Andrea Baranzini

All other options are worse for inequality. NEG evidence is too generalizing.

Andrea Baranzini et al. 16. **Professor of Economics, Director, Geneva School of Business Administration, Switzerland. **Jeroen van den Bergh, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies Research Professor at Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, deputy director for Research of its Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, and professor of Environmental and Resource Economics at VU University Amsterdam. **Stefano Carattini, Assistant Professor in the Department of Economics at Georgia State University, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies. **Richard Howarth, Professor of Environmental Studies at Dartmouth College; Co-Chair, PhD Program in Ecology, Evolution, Environment & Society. **Emilio Padilla, Department of Applied Economics, Univ. Autónoma de Barcelona. **Jordi Roca, Univ. Autónoma de Barcelona. Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment Working Paper No. 224. Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy Working Paper No. 253. February 2016. https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Working-Paper-224-Baranzini-et-al.pdf

argument that it will be inequitable too generalized statement Distributional effects strongly depend on design carbon pricing compensate low income households critique presumes comparable scenario is status quo neglects distributional impacts of climate change or other instruments raise costs and thus prices, assessing distributional effects difficult task involves six elements all


Question: climate change inequality

All other options are worse for inequality. NEG evidence is too generalizing.

Andrea Baranzini et al. 16. **Professor of Economics, Director, Geneva School of Business Administration, Switzerland. **Jeroen van den Bergh, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies Research Professor at Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, deputy director for Research of its Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, and professor of Environmental and Resource Economics at VU University Amsterdam. **Stefano Carattini, Assistant Professor in the Department of Economics at Georgia State University, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies. **Richard Howarth, Professor of Environmental Studies at Dartmouth College; Co-Chair, PhD Program in Ecology, Evolution, Environment & Society. **Emilio Padilla, Department of Applied Economics, Univ. Autónoma de Barcelona. **Jordi Roca, Univ. Autónoma de Barcelona. Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment Working Paper No. 224. Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy Working Paper No. 253. February 2016. https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Working-Paper-224-Baranzini-et-al.pdf

argument that it will be inequitable too generalized statement Distributional effects strongly depend on design carbon pricing compensate low income households critique presumes comparable scenario is status quo neglects distributional impacts of climate change or other instruments raise costs and thus prices, assessing distributional effects difficult task involves six elements all


Question: Carbon pricing compensate low income

All other options are worse for inequality. NEG evidence is too generalizing.

Andrea Baranzini et al. 16. **Professor of Economics, Director, Geneva School of Business Administration, Switzerland. **Jeroen van den Bergh, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies Research Professor at Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, deputy director for Research of its Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, and professor of Environmental and Resource Economics at VU University Amsterdam. **Stefano Carattini, Assistant Professor in the Department of Economics at Georgia State University, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies. **Richard Howarth, Professor of Environmental Studies at Dartmouth College; Co-Chair, PhD Program in Ecology, Evolution, Environment & Society. **Emilio Padilla, Department of Applied Economics, Univ. Autónoma de Barcelona. **Jordi Roca, Univ. Autónoma de Barcelona. Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment Working Paper No. 224. Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy Working Paper No. 253. February 2016. https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Working-Paper-224-Baranzini-et-al.pdf

argument that it will be inequitable too generalized statement Distributional effects strongly depend on design carbon pricing compensate low income households critique presumes comparable scenario is status quo neglects distributional impacts of climate change or other instruments raise costs and thus prices, assessing distributional effects difficult task involves six elements all


Question: critique presumes comparable scenario

All other options are worse for inequality. NEG evidence is too generalizing.

Andrea Baranzini et al. 16. **Professor of Economics, Director, Geneva School of Business Administration, Switzerland. **Jeroen van den Bergh, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies Research Professor at Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, deputy director for Research of its Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, and professor of Environmental and Resource Economics at VU University Amsterdam. **Stefano Carattini, Assistant Professor in the Department of Economics at Georgia State University, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies. **Richard Howarth, Professor of Environmental Studies at Dartmouth College; Co-Chair, PhD Program in Ecology, Evolution, Environment & Society. **Emilio Padilla, Department of Applied Economics, Univ. Autónoma de Barcelona. **Jordi Roca, Univ. Autónoma de Barcelona. Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment Working Paper No. 224. Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy Working Paper No. 253. February 2016. https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Working-Paper-224-Baranzini-et-al.pdf

argument that it will be inequitable too generalized statement Distributional effects strongly depend on design carbon pricing compensate low income households critique presumes comparable scenario is status quo neglects distributional impacts of climate change or other instruments raise costs and thus prices, assessing distributional effects difficult task involves six elements all


Question: climate voters priced in

c---Climate voters are priced in for Harris and everyone else cares more about roads than climate change.

Gelles 8-20 [David Gelles, reporter on the New York Times climate team, University of California, Berkeley Master's degree, Journalism, 8-20-204 https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/20/climate/kamala-harris-climate-change-politics.html]

climate change remains low priority  behind roads Harris yet to lay out climate policy Nevertheless , climate- voters have flocked to her As v p she vote to pass I R A As senator, she sponsor G N D That is enough  Most voters have not heard about the I R A Even climate groups understand to everyday voters , climate is not a winning issue


Question: Gelles 8-20

c---Climate voters are priced in for Harris and everyone else cares more about roads than climate change.

Gelles 8-20 [David Gelles, reporter on the New York Times climate team, University of California, Berkeley Master's degree, Journalism, 8-20-204 https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/20/climate/kamala-harris-climate-change-politics.html]

climate change remains low priority  behind roads Harris yet to lay out climate policy Nevertheless , climate- voters have flocked to her As v p she vote to pass I R A As senator, she sponsor G N D That is enough  Most voters have not heard about the I R A Even climate groups understand to everyday voters , climate is not a winning issue


Question: Harris climate change low priority

c---Climate voters are priced in for Harris and everyone else cares more about roads than climate change.

Gelles 8-20 [David Gelles, reporter on the New York Times climate team, University of California, Berkeley Master's degree, Journalism, 8-20-204 https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/20/climate/kamala-harris-climate-change-politics.html]

climate change remains low priority  behind roads Harris yet to lay out climate policy Nevertheless , climate- voters have flocked to her As v p she vote to pass I R A As senator, she sponsor G N D That is enough  Most voters have not heard about the I R A Even climate groups understand to everyday voters , climate is not a winning issue


Question: most voters dont care about climate

c---Climate voters are priced in for Harris and everyone else cares more about roads than climate change.

Gelles 8-20 [David Gelles, reporter on the New York Times climate team, University of California, Berkeley Master's degree, Journalism, 8-20-204 https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/20/climate/kamala-harris-climate-change-politics.html]

climate change remains low priority  behind roads Harris yet to lay out climate policy Nevertheless , climate- voters have flocked to her As v p she vote to pass I R A As senator, she sponsor G N D That is enough  Most voters have not heard about the I R A Even climate groups understand to everyday voters , climate is not a winning issue


Question: climate change remains low priority

c---Climate voters are priced in for Harris and everyone else cares more about roads than climate change.

Gelles 8-20 [David Gelles, reporter on the New York Times climate team, University of California, Berkeley Master's degree, Journalism, 8-20-204 https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/20/climate/kamala-harris-climate-change-politics.html]

climate change remains low priority  behind roads Harris yet to lay out climate policy Nevertheless , climate- voters have flocked to her As v p she vote to pass I R A As senator, she sponsor G N D That is enough  Most voters have not heard about the I R A Even climate groups understand to everyday voters , climate is not a winning issue


Question: Unchecked climate change causes extinction

Unchecked climate change causes extinction.

Dr. Trond A. Undheim 24, PhD, Research Scholar, Stanford University, "An Interdisciplinary Review of Systemic Risk Factors Leading Up to Existential Risks," Progress in Disaster Science, Vol. 22, April 2024, ScienceDirect.

Climate change existential risk impacts wider  ecological risks scenarios harmonize across disciplines wide range of models , all  quantitative a trigger for  other risks increase conflict disease spread Climate migration exacerbate  vulnerabilities including  economic  damage , loss of land , water  and  food  insecurity destroy crops irrevocably  undermine ability to recover from cataclysm, such as  nuc war goes beyond carbon cycle  and encompasses  land use water availability , ocean acid ozone depletion , biosphere


Question: Trond A. Undheim

Unchecked climate change causes extinction.

Dr. Trond A. Undheim 24, PhD, Research Scholar, Stanford University, "An Interdisciplinary Review of Systemic Risk Factors Leading Up to Existential Risks," Progress in Disaster Science, Vol. 22, April 2024, ScienceDirect.

Climate change existential risk impacts wider  ecological risks scenarios harmonize across disciplines wide range of models , all  quantitative a trigger for  other risks increase conflict disease spread Climate migration exacerbate  vulnerabilities including  economic  damage , loss of land , water  and  food  insecurity destroy crops irrevocably  undermine ability to recover from cataclysm, such as  nuc war goes beyond carbon cycle  and encompasses  land use water availability , ocean acid ozone depletion , biosphere


Question: climate change existential risk

Unchecked climate change causes extinction.

Dr. Trond A. Undheim 24, PhD, Research Scholar, Stanford University, "An Interdisciplinary Review of Systemic Risk Factors Leading Up to Existential Risks," Progress in Disaster Science, Vol. 22, April 2024, ScienceDirect.

Climate change existential risk impacts wider  ecological risks scenarios harmonize across disciplines wide range of models , all  quantitative a trigger for  other risks increase conflict disease spread Climate migration exacerbate  vulnerabilities including  economic  damage , loss of land , water  and  food  insecurity destroy crops irrevocably  undermine ability to recover from cataclysm, such as  nuc war goes beyond carbon cycle  and encompasses  land use water availability , ocean acid ozone depletion , biosphere


Question: climate change causes extinction

Unchecked climate change causes extinction.

Dr. Trond A. Undheim 24, PhD, Research Scholar, Stanford University, "An Interdisciplinary Review of Systemic Risk Factors Leading Up to Existential Risks," Progress in Disaster Science, Vol. 22, April 2024, ScienceDirect.

Climate change existential risk impacts wider  ecological risks scenarios harmonize across disciplines wide range of models , all  quantitative a trigger for  other risks increase conflict disease spread Climate migration exacerbate  vulnerabilities including  economic  damage , loss of land , water  and  food  insecurity destroy crops irrevocably  undermine ability to recover from cataclysm, such as  nuc war goes beyond carbon cycle  and encompasses  land use water availability , ocean acid ozone depletion , biosphere


Question: climate change systemic risk

Unchecked climate change causes extinction.

Dr. Trond A. Undheim 24, PhD, Research Scholar, Stanford University, "An Interdisciplinary Review of Systemic Risk Factors Leading Up to Existential Risks," Progress in Disaster Science, Vol. 22, April 2024, ScienceDirect.

Climate change existential risk impacts wider  ecological risks scenarios harmonize across disciplines wide range of models , all  quantitative a trigger for  other risks increase conflict disease spread Climate migration exacerbate  vulnerabilities including  economic  damage , loss of land , water  and  food  insecurity destroy crops irrevocably  undermine ability to recover from cataclysm, such as  nuc war goes beyond carbon cycle  and encompasses  land use water availability , ocean acid ozone depletion , biosphere


Question: climate change trigger for other risks

Unchecked climate change causes extinction.

Dr. Trond A. Undheim 24, PhD, Research Scholar, Stanford University, "An Interdisciplinary Review of Systemic Risk Factors Leading Up to Existential Risks," Progress in Disaster Science, Vol. 22, April 2024, ScienceDirect.

Climate change existential risk impacts wider  ecological risks scenarios harmonize across disciplines wide range of models , all  quantitative a trigger for  other risks increase conflict disease spread Climate migration exacerbate  vulnerabilities including  economic  damage , loss of land , water  and  food  insecurity destroy crops irrevocably  undermine ability to recover from cataclysm, such as  nuc war goes beyond carbon cycle  and encompasses  land use water availability , ocean acid ozone depletion , biosphere


Question: loss of land

Unchecked climate change causes extinction.

Dr. Trond A. Undheim 24, PhD, Research Scholar, Stanford University, "An Interdisciplinary Review of Systemic Risk Factors Leading Up to Existential Risks," Progress in Disaster Science, Vol. 22, April 2024, ScienceDirect.

Climate change existential risk impacts wider  ecological risks scenarios harmonize across disciplines wide range of models , all  quantitative a trigger for  other risks increase conflict disease spread Climate migration exacerbate  vulnerabilities including  economic  damage , loss of land , water  and  food  insecurity destroy crops irrevocably  undermine ability to recover from cataclysm, such as  nuc war goes beyond carbon cycle  and encompasses  land use water availability , ocean acid ozone depletion , biosphere


Question: Undheim 24 climate change

Unchecked climate change causes extinction.

Dr. Trond A. Undheim 24, PhD, Research Scholar, Stanford University, "An Interdisciplinary Review of Systemic Risk Factors Leading Up to Existential Risks," Progress in Disaster Science, Vol. 22, April 2024, ScienceDirect.

Climate change existential risk impacts wider  ecological risks scenarios harmonize across disciplines wide range of models , all  quantitative a trigger for  other risks increase conflict disease spread Climate migration exacerbate  vulnerabilities including  economic  damage , loss of land , water  and  food  insecurity destroy crops irrevocably  undermine ability to recover from cataclysm, such as  nuc war goes beyond carbon cycle  and encompasses  land use water availability , ocean acid ozone depletion , biosphere


Question: US not on track

The U.S. is not on track to meet emission reduction goals. A carbon tax ensures cuts before critical thresholds are passed.

Patnaik & Kennedy 21

pricing is the most efficient way to  mitigate climate change fee grows over time reduce  40 percent by 2030 revenue offset costs border adjustments ensures similar  costs discourages  relocating not only protects jobs also reduces leakage possibility of tariffs encourage countries to improve practices lack of  price created uncertainty  companies cannot plan future decisions without guidance from the federal government firms set price below minimum federal price ensure access to markets continues to delay then imports subject to tax risk grows carbon price prepare  transitions strengthening competitiveness force companies toward low-carbon tech Global shift is inevitable sooner U.S. begin the more competitive they will be


Question: patnaik and kennedy 21

The U.S. is not on track to meet emission reduction goals. A carbon tax ensures cuts before critical thresholds are passed.

Patnaik & Kennedy 21

pricing is the most efficient way to  mitigate climate change fee grows over time reduce  40 percent by 2030 revenue offset costs border adjustments ensures similar  costs discourages  relocating not only protects jobs also reduces leakage possibility of tariffs encourage countries to improve practices lack of  price created uncertainty  companies cannot plan future decisions without guidance from the federal government firms set price below minimum federal price ensure access to markets continues to delay then imports subject to tax risk grows carbon price prepare  transitions strengthening competitiveness force companies toward low-carbon tech Global shift is inevitable sooner U.S. begin the more competitive they will be


Question: carbon tax emission reduction goals

The U.S. is not on track to meet emission reduction goals. A carbon tax ensures cuts before critical thresholds are passed.

Patnaik & Kennedy 21

pricing is the most efficient way to  mitigate climate change fee grows over time reduce  40 percent by 2030 revenue offset costs border adjustments ensures similar  costs discourages  relocating not only protects jobs also reduces leakage possibility of tariffs encourage countries to improve practices lack of  price created uncertainty  companies cannot plan future decisions without guidance from the federal government firms set price below minimum federal price ensure access to markets continues to delay then imports subject to tax risk grows carbon price prepare  transitions strengthening competitiveness force companies toward low-carbon tech Global shift is inevitable sooner U.S. begin the more competitive they will be


Question: carbon tax ensures cuts

The U.S. is not on track to meet emission reduction goals. A carbon tax ensures cuts before critical thresholds are passed.

Patnaik & Kennedy 21

pricing is the most efficient way to  mitigate climate change fee grows over time reduce  40 percent by 2030 revenue offset costs border adjustments ensures similar  costs discourages  relocating not only protects jobs also reduces leakage possibility of tariffs encourage countries to improve practices lack of  price created uncertainty  companies cannot plan future decisions without guidance from the federal government firms set price below minimum federal price ensure access to markets continues to delay then imports subject to tax risk grows carbon price prepare  transitions strengthening competitiveness force companies toward low-carbon tech Global shift is inevitable sooner U.S. begin the more competitive they will be


Question: pricing mitigates climate change

The U.S. is not on track to meet emission reduction goals. A carbon tax ensures cuts before critical thresholds are passed.

Patnaik & Kennedy 21

pricing is the most efficient way to  mitigate climate change fee grows over time reduce  40 percent by 2030 revenue offset costs border adjustments ensures similar  costs discourages  relocating not only protects jobs also reduces leakage possibility of tariffs encourage countries to improve practices lack of  price created uncertainty  companies cannot plan future decisions without guidance from the federal government firms set price below minimum federal price ensure access to markets continues to delay then imports subject to tax risk grows carbon price prepare  transitions strengthening competitiveness force companies toward low-carbon tech Global shift is inevitable sooner U.S. begin the more competitive they will be


Question: border adjustments reduce leakage

The U.S. is not on track to meet emission reduction goals. A carbon tax ensures cuts before critical thresholds are passed.

Patnaik & Kennedy 21

pricing is the most efficient way to  mitigate climate change fee grows over time reduce  40 percent by 2030 revenue offset costs border adjustments ensures similar  costs discourages  relocating not only protects jobs also reduces leakage possibility of tariffs encourage countries to improve practices lack of  price created uncertainty  companies cannot plan future decisions without guidance from the federal government firms set price below minimum federal price ensure access to markets continues to delay then imports subject to tax risk grows carbon price prepare  transitions strengthening competitiveness force companies toward low-carbon tech Global shift is inevitable sooner U.S. begin the more competitive they will be


Question: global shift inevitable

The U.S. is not on track to meet emission reduction goals. A carbon tax ensures cuts before critical thresholds are passed.

Patnaik & Kennedy 21

pricing is the most efficient way to  mitigate climate change fee grows over time reduce  40 percent by 2030 revenue offset costs border adjustments ensures similar  costs discourages  relocating not only protects jobs also reduces leakage possibility of tariffs encourage countries to improve practices lack of  price created uncertainty  companies cannot plan future decisions without guidance from the federal government firms set price below minimum federal price ensure access to markets continues to delay then imports subject to tax risk grows carbon price prepare  transitions strengthening competitiveness force companies toward low-carbon tech Global shift is inevitable sooner U.S. begin the more competitive they will be


Question: "Should" means must

b) Should

Justice Summers 1994 Oklahoma Supreme Court, “Kelsey v. Dollarsaver Food Warehouse of Durant”, November 8, http://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/DeliverDocument.asp?CiteID=20287#marker3fn13, accessed 9/3/24, HMc

contexts mandate construction of "should" as more than desirability " should" would mean " must " denotes law is immediately effective opposed to in the future


Question: Summers 1994 "should" means must

b) Should

Justice Summers 1994 Oklahoma Supreme Court, “Kelsey v. Dollarsaver Food Warehouse of Durant”, November 8, http://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/DeliverDocument.asp?CiteID=20287#marker3fn13, accessed 9/3/24, HMc

contexts mandate construction of "should" as more than desirability " should" would mean " must " denotes law is immediately effective opposed to in the future


Question: Justice Summers

b) Should

Justice Summers 1994 Oklahoma Supreme Court, “Kelsey v. Dollarsaver Food Warehouse of Durant”, November 8, http://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/DeliverDocument.asp?CiteID=20287#marker3fn13, accessed 9/3/24, HMc

contexts mandate construction of "should" as more than desirability " should" would mean " must " denotes law is immediately effective opposed to in the future


Question: "Should" means must now

b) Should

Justice Summers 1994 Oklahoma Supreme Court, “Kelsey v. Dollarsaver Food Warehouse of Durant”, November 8, http://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/DeliverDocument.asp?CiteID=20287#marker3fn13, accessed 9/3/24, HMc

contexts mandate construction of "should" as more than desirability " should" would mean " must " denotes law is immediately effective opposed to in the future


Question: "should" means must

b) Should

Justice Summers 1994 Oklahoma Supreme Court, “Kelsey v. Dollarsaver Food Warehouse of Durant”, November 8, http://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/DeliverDocument.asp?CiteID=20287#marker3fn13, accessed 9/3/24, HMc

contexts mandate construction of "should" as more than desirability " should" would mean " must " denotes law is immediately effective opposed to in the future


Question: "should" immediately effective

b) Should

Justice Summers 1994 Oklahoma Supreme Court, “Kelsey v. Dollarsaver Food Warehouse of Durant”, November 8, http://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/DeliverDocument.asp?CiteID=20287#marker3fn13, accessed 9/3/24, HMc

contexts mandate construction of "should" as more than desirability " should" would mean " must " denotes law is immediately effective opposed to in the future


Question: Biden did the plan

Biden did the plan.

Galer & Williams '22 – Partner Corporate & Securities, Global Energy, Projects & Infrastructure; Partner Projects & Infrastructure (Nathan B. Galer & Mark C. Williams; "Buy Clean: Biden's Executive Order on Catalyzing Clean Energy through Federal Procurement"; Mayer Brown; 03-22-2022; https://www.mayerbrown.com/es/insights/publications/2022/03/buy-clean-bidens-executive-order-on-catalyzing-clean-energy-through-federal-procurement; NC)

Biden EO required Federal suppliers includ the social cost  of g h g in procurement decisions give preference  to bids with a lower social cost procurement are certain to change Biden is taking advantage of expansive authority measures  do not require congress Clean Energy  EO create a large market for clean energy


Question: Galer and Williams '22

Biden did the plan.

Galer & Williams '22 – Partner Corporate & Securities, Global Energy, Projects & Infrastructure; Partner Projects & Infrastructure (Nathan B. Galer & Mark C. Williams; "Buy Clean: Biden's Executive Order on Catalyzing Clean Energy through Federal Procurement"; Mayer Brown; 03-22-2022; https://www.mayerbrown.com/es/insights/publications/2022/03/buy-clean-bidens-executive-order-on-catalyzing-clean-energy-through-federal-procurement; NC)

Biden EO required Federal suppliers includ the social cost  of g h g in procurement decisions give preference  to bids with a lower social cost procurement are certain to change Biden is taking advantage of expansive authority measures  do not require congress Clean Energy  EO create a large market for clean energy


Question: Biden clean energy EO

Biden did the plan.

Galer & Williams '22 – Partner Corporate & Securities, Global Energy, Projects & Infrastructure; Partner Projects & Infrastructure (Nathan B. Galer & Mark C. Williams; "Buy Clean: Biden's Executive Order on Catalyzing Clean Energy through Federal Procurement"; Mayer Brown; 03-22-2022; https://www.mayerbrown.com/es/insights/publications/2022/03/buy-clean-bidens-executive-order-on-catalyzing-clean-energy-through-federal-procurement; NC)

Biden EO required Federal suppliers includ the social cost  of g h g in procurement decisions give preference  to bids with a lower social cost procurement are certain to change Biden is taking advantage of expansive authority measures  do not require congress Clean Energy  EO create a large market for clean energy


Question: social cost of ghg

Biden did the plan.

Galer & Williams '22 – Partner Corporate & Securities, Global Energy, Projects & Infrastructure; Partner Projects & Infrastructure (Nathan B. Galer & Mark C. Williams; "Buy Clean: Biden's Executive Order on Catalyzing Clean Energy through Federal Procurement"; Mayer Brown; 03-22-2022; https://www.mayerbrown.com/es/insights/publications/2022/03/buy-clean-bidens-executive-order-on-catalyzing-clean-energy-through-federal-procurement; NC)

Biden EO required Federal suppliers includ the social cost  of g h g in procurement decisions give preference  to bids with a lower social cost procurement are certain to change Biden is taking advantage of expansive authority measures  do not require congress Clean Energy  EO create a large market for clean energy


Question: federal procurement decisions

Biden did the plan.

Galer & Williams '22 – Partner Corporate & Securities, Global Energy, Projects & Infrastructure; Partner Projects & Infrastructure (Nathan B. Galer & Mark C. Williams; "Buy Clean: Biden's Executive Order on Catalyzing Clean Energy through Federal Procurement"; Mayer Brown; 03-22-2022; https://www.mayerbrown.com/es/insights/publications/2022/03/buy-clean-bidens-executive-order-on-catalyzing-clean-energy-through-federal-procurement; NC)

Biden EO required Federal suppliers includ the social cost  of g h g in procurement decisions give preference  to bids with a lower social cost procurement are certain to change Biden is taking advantage of expansive authority measures  do not require congress Clean Energy  EO create a large market for clean energy


Question: Biden executive order clean energy

Biden did the plan.

Galer & Williams '22 – Partner Corporate & Securities, Global Energy, Projects & Infrastructure; Partner Projects & Infrastructure (Nathan B. Galer & Mark C. Williams; "Buy Clean: Biden's Executive Order on Catalyzing Clean Energy through Federal Procurement"; Mayer Brown; 03-22-2022; https://www.mayerbrown.com/es/insights/publications/2022/03/buy-clean-bidens-executive-order-on-catalyzing-clean-energy-through-federal-procurement; NC)

Biden EO required Federal suppliers includ the social cost  of g h g in procurement decisions give preference  to bids with a lower social cost procurement are certain to change Biden is taking advantage of expansive authority measures  do not require congress Clean Energy  EO create a large market for clean energy


Question: Overproduction destabilizes gulf producers

Over-production destabilizes Gulf producers---forces Pakistan to default on debt.

Rodrigo Campos & Libby George 12-2, emerging markets correspondent for Reuters; emerging markets correspondent for Reuters, former Pulitzer Prize finalist, “Trump's Low Oil Price Promise Is a Risk and a Boon for Emerging Markets,” U.S. News and World Report, 12-2-24, https://www.usnews.com/news/top-news/articles/2024-12-02/trumps-low-oil-price-promise-is-a-risk-and-a-boon-for-emerging-markets

Trump promised " drill, baby, drill " to halve energy costs , that sends shivers through emerging market s about earnings Trump cannot control prices The U S has limited influence over OPEC But oil oversupply led investors to hedge You will have very specific problems Balance sheets at OPEC would take the hit But the Kingdom , is insulated Following price crashes Saudi sought to diversify however , a drop could force it to scale back weaker balance sheets could have knock-on effects Egypt and Pakistan - debt-laden would take a hit if Gulf producers closed their checkbooks while weathering a decline could delay the transition from fossil fuels


Question: Campos and George

Over-production destabilizes Gulf producers---forces Pakistan to default on debt.

Rodrigo Campos & Libby George 12-2, emerging markets correspondent for Reuters; emerging markets correspondent for Reuters, former Pulitzer Prize finalist, “Trump's Low Oil Price Promise Is a Risk and a Boon for Emerging Markets,” U.S. News and World Report, 12-2-24, https://www.usnews.com/news/top-news/articles/2024-12-02/trumps-low-oil-price-promise-is-a-risk-and-a-boon-for-emerging-markets

Trump promised " drill, baby, drill " to halve energy costs , that sends shivers through emerging market s about earnings Trump cannot control prices The U S has limited influence over OPEC But oil oversupply led investors to hedge You will have very specific problems Balance sheets at OPEC would take the hit But the Kingdom , is insulated Following price crashes Saudi sought to diversify however , a drop could force it to scale back weaker balance sheets could have knock-on effects Egypt and Pakistan - debt-laden would take a hit if Gulf producers closed their checkbooks while weathering a decline could delay the transition from fossil fuels


Question: Oil oversupply problems

Over-production destabilizes Gulf producers---forces Pakistan to default on debt.

Rodrigo Campos & Libby George 12-2, emerging markets correspondent for Reuters; emerging markets correspondent for Reuters, former Pulitzer Prize finalist, “Trump's Low Oil Price Promise Is a Risk and a Boon for Emerging Markets,” U.S. News and World Report, 12-2-24, https://www.usnews.com/news/top-news/articles/2024-12-02/trumps-low-oil-price-promise-is-a-risk-and-a-boon-for-emerging-markets

Trump promised " drill, baby, drill " to halve energy costs , that sends shivers through emerging market s about earnings Trump cannot control prices The U S has limited influence over OPEC But oil oversupply led investors to hedge You will have very specific problems Balance sheets at OPEC would take the hit But the Kingdom , is insulated Following price crashes Saudi sought to diversify however , a drop could force it to scale back weaker balance sheets could have knock-on effects Egypt and Pakistan - debt-laden would take a hit if Gulf producers closed their checkbooks while weathering a decline could delay the transition from fossil fuels


Question: Trump oil prices

Over-production destabilizes Gulf producers---forces Pakistan to default on debt.

Rodrigo Campos & Libby George 12-2, emerging markets correspondent for Reuters; emerging markets correspondent for Reuters, former Pulitzer Prize finalist, “Trump's Low Oil Price Promise Is a Risk and a Boon for Emerging Markets,” U.S. News and World Report, 12-2-24, https://www.usnews.com/news/top-news/articles/2024-12-02/trumps-low-oil-price-promise-is-a-risk-and-a-boon-for-emerging-markets

Trump promised " drill, baby, drill " to halve energy costs , that sends shivers through emerging market s about earnings Trump cannot control prices The U S has limited influence over OPEC But oil oversupply led investors to hedge You will have very specific problems Balance sheets at OPEC would take the hit But the Kingdom , is insulated Following price crashes Saudi sought to diversify however , a drop could force it to scale back weaker balance sheets could have knock-on effects Egypt and Pakistan - debt-laden would take a hit if Gulf producers closed their checkbooks while weathering a decline could delay the transition from fossil fuels


Question: Gulf producers weaker balance sheets

Over-production destabilizes Gulf producers---forces Pakistan to default on debt.

Rodrigo Campos & Libby George 12-2, emerging markets correspondent for Reuters; emerging markets correspondent for Reuters, former Pulitzer Prize finalist, “Trump's Low Oil Price Promise Is a Risk and a Boon for Emerging Markets,” U.S. News and World Report, 12-2-24, https://www.usnews.com/news/top-news/articles/2024-12-02/trumps-low-oil-price-promise-is-a-risk-and-a-boon-for-emerging-markets

Trump promised " drill, baby, drill " to halve energy costs , that sends shivers through emerging market s about earnings Trump cannot control prices The U S has limited influence over OPEC But oil oversupply led investors to hedge You will have very specific problems Balance sheets at OPEC would take the hit But the Kingdom , is insulated Following price crashes Saudi sought to diversify however , a drop could force it to scale back weaker balance sheets could have knock-on effects Egypt and Pakistan - debt-laden would take a hit if Gulf producers closed their checkbooks while weathering a decline could delay the transition from fossil fuels


Question: oil prices pakistan debt

Over-production destabilizes Gulf producers---forces Pakistan to default on debt.

Rodrigo Campos & Libby George 12-2, emerging markets correspondent for Reuters; emerging markets correspondent for Reuters, former Pulitzer Prize finalist, “Trump's Low Oil Price Promise Is a Risk and a Boon for Emerging Markets,” U.S. News and World Report, 12-2-24, https://www.usnews.com/news/top-news/articles/2024-12-02/trumps-low-oil-price-promise-is-a-risk-and-a-boon-for-emerging-markets

Trump promised " drill, baby, drill " to halve energy costs , that sends shivers through emerging market s about earnings Trump cannot control prices The U S has limited influence over OPEC But oil oversupply led investors to hedge You will have very specific problems Balance sheets at OPEC would take the hit But the Kingdom , is insulated Following price crashes Saudi sought to diversify however , a drop could force it to scale back weaker balance sheets could have knock-on effects Egypt and Pakistan - debt-laden would take a hit if Gulf producers closed their checkbooks while weathering a decline could delay the transition from fossil fuels


Question: Pakistan defaults debt

Over-production destabilizes Gulf producers---forces Pakistan to default on debt.

Rodrigo Campos & Libby George 12-2, emerging markets correspondent for Reuters; emerging markets correspondent for Reuters, former Pulitzer Prize finalist, “Trump's Low Oil Price Promise Is a Risk and a Boon for Emerging Markets,” U.S. News and World Report, 12-2-24, https://www.usnews.com/news/top-news/articles/2024-12-02/trumps-low-oil-price-promise-is-a-risk-and-a-boon-for-emerging-markets

Trump promised " drill, baby, drill " to halve energy costs , that sends shivers through emerging market s about earnings Trump cannot control prices The U S has limited influence over OPEC But oil oversupply led investors to hedge You will have very specific problems Balance sheets at OPEC would take the hit But the Kingdom , is insulated Following price crashes Saudi sought to diversify however , a drop could force it to scale back weaker balance sheets could have knock-on effects Egypt and Pakistan - debt-laden would take a hit if Gulf producers closed their checkbooks while weathering a decline could delay the transition from fossil fuels


Question: drill baby drill

Over-production destabilizes Gulf producers---forces Pakistan to default on debt.

Rodrigo Campos & Libby George 12-2, emerging markets correspondent for Reuters; emerging markets correspondent for Reuters, former Pulitzer Prize finalist, “Trump's Low Oil Price Promise Is a Risk and a Boon for Emerging Markets,” U.S. News and World Report, 12-2-24, https://www.usnews.com/news/top-news/articles/2024-12-02/trumps-low-oil-price-promise-is-a-risk-and-a-boon-for-emerging-markets

Trump promised " drill, baby, drill " to halve energy costs , that sends shivers through emerging market s about earnings Trump cannot control prices The U S has limited influence over OPEC But oil oversupply led investors to hedge You will have very specific problems Balance sheets at OPEC would take the hit But the Kingdom , is insulated Following price crashes Saudi sought to diversify however , a drop could force it to scale back weaker balance sheets could have knock-on effects Egypt and Pakistan - debt-laden would take a hit if Gulf producers closed their checkbooks while weathering a decline could delay the transition from fossil fuels


Question: IRA kickstarted U.S. climate leadership

The IRA kickstarted U.S. climate leadership, but further policy is critical to cement geopolitical influence.

Dawes 24

IRA opens new opportunities for leadership Clean energy key  for competition Countries lead by example ability to drive negotiations prevalent in climate leadership embrace of green  policy opens new  leadership that  enable the U S to play a key role in decarbonization U S lagged China in climate


Question: Dawes 24

The IRA kickstarted U.S. climate leadership, but further policy is critical to cement geopolitical influence.

Dawes 24

IRA opens new opportunities for leadership Clean energy key  for competition Countries lead by example ability to drive negotiations prevalent in climate leadership embrace of green  policy opens new  leadership that  enable the U S to play a key role in decarbonization U S lagged China in climate


Question: IRA opens new opportunities

The IRA kickstarted U.S. climate leadership, but further policy is critical to cement geopolitical influence.

Dawes 24

IRA opens new opportunities for leadership Clean energy key  for competition Countries lead by example ability to drive negotiations prevalent in climate leadership embrace of green  policy opens new  leadership that  enable the U S to play a key role in decarbonization U S lagged China in climate


Question: Clean energy key for competition

The IRA kickstarted U.S. climate leadership, but further policy is critical to cement geopolitical influence.

Dawes 24

IRA opens new opportunities for leadership Clean energy key  for competition Countries lead by example ability to drive negotiations prevalent in climate leadership embrace of green  policy opens new  leadership that  enable the U S to play a key role in decarbonization U S lagged China in climate


Question: U.S. lagged China climate

The IRA kickstarted U.S. climate leadership, but further policy is critical to cement geopolitical influence.

Dawes 24

IRA opens new opportunities for leadership Clean energy key  for competition Countries lead by example ability to drive negotiations prevalent in climate leadership embrace of green  policy opens new  leadership that  enable the U S to play a key role in decarbonization U S lagged China in climate


Question: US climate leadership

The IRA kickstarted U.S. climate leadership, but further policy is critical to cement geopolitical influence.

Dawes 24

IRA opens new opportunities for leadership Clean energy key  for competition Countries lead by example ability to drive negotiations prevalent in climate leadership embrace of green  policy opens new  leadership that  enable the U S to play a key role in decarbonization U S lagged China in climate


Question: US decarbonization

The IRA kickstarted U.S. climate leadership, but further policy is critical to cement geopolitical influence.

Dawes 24

IRA opens new opportunities for leadership Clean energy key  for competition Countries lead by example ability to drive negotiations prevalent in climate leadership embrace of green  policy opens new  leadership that  enable the U S to play a key role in decarbonization U S lagged China in climate


Question: AI innovation requires energy

AI innovation requires heaps of energy—REs just can’t keep up.

Mills  ’24 [Mark P. Mills, Distinguished Senior Fellow, Texas Public Policy Foundation and Faculty Fellow, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, ”The ‘Energy Transition’ Won’t Happen,” CITY JOURNAL, 5—23—24, https://www.city-journal.org/article/the-energy-transition-wont-happen, accessed 8-13-24]

innovation is followed by epic increase in energy consumption. electric car in every garage would double electricity demands especially true for AI every chip uses as much electricity as three electric vehicles appetite for chips is unlimited demand for power three times as great adding AI to Google boosts energy tenfold. transition aspirations and realities of AI are in conflict There aren’t ways to meet scale without more nat gas AI-infused datacenters shatter decoupling of growth from energy use an hour of video is greater than share of fuel consumed by a ten-mile bus ride There’s no evidence this will change energy use is result of gains in computing efficiency An “energy transition” would only restrict energy supplies the U.S. does have resource capacity to supply energy


Question: Mills 2024

AI innovation requires heaps of energy—REs just can’t keep up.

Mills  ’24 [Mark P. Mills, Distinguished Senior Fellow, Texas Public Policy Foundation and Faculty Fellow, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, ”The ‘Energy Transition’ Won’t Happen,” CITY JOURNAL, 5—23—24, https://www.city-journal.org/article/the-energy-transition-wont-happen, accessed 8-13-24]

innovation is followed by epic increase in energy consumption. electric car in every garage would double electricity demands especially true for AI every chip uses as much electricity as three electric vehicles appetite for chips is unlimited demand for power three times as great adding AI to Google boosts energy tenfold. transition aspirations and realities of AI are in conflict There aren’t ways to meet scale without more nat gas AI-infused datacenters shatter decoupling of growth from energy use an hour of video is greater than share of fuel consumed by a ten-mile bus ride There’s no evidence this will change energy use is result of gains in computing efficiency An “energy transition” would only restrict energy supplies the U.S. does have resource capacity to supply energy


Question: AI energy consumption

AI innovation requires heaps of energy—REs just can’t keep up.

Mills  ’24 [Mark P. Mills, Distinguished Senior Fellow, Texas Public Policy Foundation and Faculty Fellow, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, ”The ‘Energy Transition’ Won’t Happen,” CITY JOURNAL, 5—23—24, https://www.city-journal.org/article/the-energy-transition-wont-happen, accessed 8-13-24]

innovation is followed by epic increase in energy consumption. electric car in every garage would double electricity demands especially true for AI every chip uses as much electricity as three electric vehicles appetite for chips is unlimited demand for power three times as great adding AI to Google boosts energy tenfold. transition aspirations and realities of AI are in conflict There aren’t ways to meet scale without more nat gas AI-infused datacenters shatter decoupling of growth from energy use an hour of video is greater than share of fuel consumed by a ten-mile bus ride There’s no evidence this will change energy use is result of gains in computing efficiency An “energy transition” would only restrict energy supplies the U.S. does have resource capacity to supply energy


Question: AI energy transition conflict

AI innovation requires heaps of energy—REs just can’t keep up.

Mills  ’24 [Mark P. Mills, Distinguished Senior Fellow, Texas Public Policy Foundation and Faculty Fellow, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, ”The ‘Energy Transition’ Won’t Happen,” CITY JOURNAL, 5—23—24, https://www.city-journal.org/article/the-energy-transition-wont-happen, accessed 8-13-24]

innovation is followed by epic increase in energy consumption. electric car in every garage would double electricity demands especially true for AI every chip uses as much electricity as three electric vehicles appetite for chips is unlimited demand for power three times as great adding AI to Google boosts energy tenfold. transition aspirations and realities of AI are in conflict There aren’t ways to meet scale without more nat gas AI-infused datacenters shatter decoupling of growth from energy use an hour of video is greater than share of fuel consumed by a ten-mile bus ride There’s no evidence this will change energy use is result of gains in computing efficiency An “energy transition” would only restrict energy supplies the U.S. does have resource capacity to supply energy


Question: AI data centers energy use

AI innovation requires heaps of energy—REs just can’t keep up.

Mills  ’24 [Mark P. Mills, Distinguished Senior Fellow, Texas Public Policy Foundation and Faculty Fellow, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, ”The ‘Energy Transition’ Won’t Happen,” CITY JOURNAL, 5—23—24, https://www.city-journal.org/article/the-energy-transition-wont-happen, accessed 8-13-24]

innovation is followed by epic increase in energy consumption. electric car in every garage would double electricity demands especially true for AI every chip uses as much electricity as three electric vehicles appetite for chips is unlimited demand for power three times as great adding AI to Google boosts energy tenfold. transition aspirations and realities of AI are in conflict There aren’t ways to meet scale without more nat gas AI-infused datacenters shatter decoupling of growth from energy use an hour of video is greater than share of fuel consumed by a ten-mile bus ride There’s no evidence this will change energy use is result of gains in computing efficiency An “energy transition” would only restrict energy supplies the U.S. does have resource capacity to supply energy


Question: renewable energy can't meet AI demands

AI innovation requires heaps of energy—REs just can’t keep up.

Mills  ’24 [Mark P. Mills, Distinguished Senior Fellow, Texas Public Policy Foundation and Faculty Fellow, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, ”The ‘Energy Transition’ Won’t Happen,” CITY JOURNAL, 5—23—24, https://www.city-journal.org/article/the-energy-transition-wont-happen, accessed 8-13-24]

innovation is followed by epic increase in energy consumption. electric car in every garage would double electricity demands especially true for AI every chip uses as much electricity as three electric vehicles appetite for chips is unlimited demand for power three times as great adding AI to Google boosts energy tenfold. transition aspirations and realities of AI are in conflict There aren’t ways to meet scale without more nat gas AI-infused datacenters shatter decoupling of growth from energy use an hour of video is greater than share of fuel consumed by a ten-mile bus ride There’s no evidence this will change energy use is result of gains in computing efficiency An “energy transition” would only restrict energy supplies the U.S. does have resource capacity to supply energy


Question: energy transition won't happen

AI innovation requires heaps of energy—REs just can’t keep up.

Mills  ’24 [Mark P. Mills, Distinguished Senior Fellow, Texas Public Policy Foundation and Faculty Fellow, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, ”The ‘Energy Transition’ Won’t Happen,” CITY JOURNAL, 5—23—24, https://www.city-journal.org/article/the-energy-transition-wont-happen, accessed 8-13-24]

innovation is followed by epic increase in energy consumption. electric car in every garage would double electricity demands especially true for AI every chip uses as much electricity as three electric vehicles appetite for chips is unlimited demand for power three times as great adding AI to Google boosts energy tenfold. transition aspirations and realities of AI are in conflict There aren’t ways to meet scale without more nat gas AI-infused datacenters shatter decoupling of growth from energy use an hour of video is greater than share of fuel consumed by a ten-mile bus ride There’s no evidence this will change energy use is result of gains in computing efficiency An “energy transition” would only restrict energy supplies the U.S. does have resource capacity to supply energy


Question: ballot is better debate

And, the role of the ballot is to vote for whoever does the better debating over the resolutional question —this does not limit argumentative styles, but tying those to topical advocacy ensures clash which is the only vehicle for education debate provides

Poscher 16 [Director at the Institute for Staatswissenschaft and Philosophy of Law at the University of Freiburg (Ralf, “Why We Argue About the Law: An Agonistic Account of Legal Disagreement”, Metaphilosophy of Law, Tomasz Gizbert-Studnicki/Adam Dyrda/Pawel Banas (eds.), Hart Publishing)]

Only if reasoning is exposed to contrary arguments can we test its merits . We must go through the “labor of the negative” group polarization can be countered by disagreement opposing positions profit from the negative tarrying with it entering into an exchange can test and improve our position We might not know what we believe until we have developed argument  to discuss with someone who opposes might be the most helpful way of corroborating our adversary is motivated to find a flaw objectives could not be achieved by a non‐argumentative procedure Pure argumentative procedures not geared towards a decision undercut the incentive structure That debates are about winning or losing helps keep the participants engaged If the judges were to flip a coin there would be little incentive  The fulcrum lie in an overlapping common ground of materials , accepted practices two athletes in the same contest  follow the same rules but different styles they are engaged in the same process these allow for disagreements without abandoning talking about the same concept Such a semantic collapses only when we lack sufficient overlap the capitalist system would like citizens not demanding their government redistribute wealth capitalists love to see people turn to each other This is due of anti-state rhetoric The state is not just prisons or the military the right hate the EPA and public education Because they don’t want to educate the working class and clean up industry When the left embraces anarcho-liberal notions of being outside government it cuts itself off from important democratic resources The state should be an arena of class struggle When the left turns its back on social democratic features it risks playing the hand of the right movements should attack government until they comply As we enter climate change, it’s important to be aware of existing legal mechanisms with which we can contain capital it is important to think about bureaucracies that are part of complex systems students are not making demands of the EPA It’s because there’s an anti-state ethos and romanticization of the local this doesn’t recognize how global political economy works . ignoring government is the dominant worldview among the US left the fossil fuel industry is the most powerful force the world has ever seen what could rebuff them? The state We should use government to levy astronomical fines contradictions of the state is an old story anti-statist common sense is a fantasy of empowerment The neoliberal project is anti-statist rhetoric They sell the idea that people need to be liberated We need to restructure the state. capitalism has failed mired in economic stagnation extreme inequality mass unemployment poverty, hunger, and a planetary ecological “death spiral.” fascism is on the march, along with patriarchy, racism, imperialism, and war. Stagnation of investment punctuated by bubbles which inevitably burst , The capture of surplus value is leading to an unprecedented amassing of financial wealth at the center of the world economy In every region of the world, inequality has increased sharply health care, housing, education, and clean water and air are out of reach Overuse of antibiotics is leading to superbugs racially segregated schools are pipelines for prisons or the military. constituting a new Jim Crow Racial divides are now widening across the planet.  Violence against women and expropriation of their labor are integral to capitalist society . Elections are increasingly prey to “dark money” from the billionaire class. War has become perpetual and threatens to escalate into a global thermonuclear exchange Torture and assassinations have been reinstituted A new Cold War and nuclear arms race is in the making racist barriers against immigration continue to be erected poverty across the globe is so severe that one can refer to a “planet of slums.” from climate change to ocean acidification to widespread pollution species exterminations” resulting from climate change are compounding biodiversity loss. half of all species will be facing extinction by the end of the century. the world is close to a Hothouse in which climate change will be locked in and irreversible. corporations continue to intervene in climate negotiations to ensure that any agreements are defanged. threatening the future of humanity. the costs of war, depletion of resources, waste of lives, and disruption of the environment far exceed any benefits that capitalism offers base building and dual power best forwarded through organizing allow this movement to solidify into a revolutionary socialist tendency revolution is not currently possible. dual power responds By building institutions which can meet people’s needs, we offer relief from capitalism. in order to mobilize the base we need to have already done the work of building a communist party.  It is not enough to meet needs. we must build institutions of dual power We must refuse covert front organizing and instead have a public face as a communist party. membership is formally unified around a party line determined by democratic decision making. holding party members accountable , unifying action and for educating They empower communities to theorize through communist theory while organizing to fight for their liberation. formal structures allow individual locals to have a voice in open debate, but also a unified strategy party organizing allows for organizers to be held accountable with unity working together to sharpen strategies and to help correct chauvinist ideas accountability is crucial . imperialist and colonial ideal frequently infect leftist organizing formal procedure allows us to address these organizations ought to adopt recruitment education in communist theory and praxis, and militant party cadres capable of defending institutions from state terror. a unified national party will be the long term goal


Question: poscher 16

And, the role of the ballot is to vote for whoever does the better debating over the resolutional question —this does not limit argumentative styles, but tying those to topical advocacy ensures clash which is the only vehicle for education debate provides

Poscher 16 [Director at the Institute for Staatswissenschaft and Philosophy of Law at the University of Freiburg (Ralf, “Why We Argue About the Law: An Agonistic Account of Legal Disagreement”, Metaphilosophy of Law, Tomasz Gizbert-Studnicki/Adam Dyrda/Pawel Banas (eds.), Hart Publishing)]

Only if reasoning is exposed to contrary arguments can we test its merits . We must go through the “labor of the negative” group polarization can be countered by disagreement opposing positions profit from the negative tarrying with it entering into an exchange can test and improve our position We might not know what we believe until we have developed argument  to discuss with someone who opposes might be the most helpful way of corroborating our adversary is motivated to find a flaw objectives could not be achieved by a non‐argumentative procedure Pure argumentative procedures not geared towards a decision undercut the incentive structure That debates are about winning or losing helps keep the participants engaged If the judges were to flip a coin there would be little incentive  The fulcrum lie in an overlapping common ground of materials , accepted practices two athletes in the same contest  follow the same rules but different styles they are engaged in the same process these allow for disagreements without abandoning talking about the same concept Such a semantic collapses only when we lack sufficient overlap the capitalist system would like citizens not demanding their government redistribute wealth capitalists love to see people turn to each other This is due of anti-state rhetoric The state is not just prisons or the military the right hate the EPA and public education Because they don’t want to educate the working class and clean up industry When the left embraces anarcho-liberal notions of being outside government it cuts itself off from important democratic resources The state should be an arena of class struggle When the left turns its back on social democratic features it risks playing the hand of the right movements should attack government until they comply As we enter climate change, it’s important to be aware of existing legal mechanisms with which we can contain capital it is important to think about bureaucracies that are part of complex systems students are not making demands of the EPA It’s because there’s an anti-state ethos and romanticization of the local this doesn’t recognize how global political economy works . ignoring government is the dominant worldview among the US left the fossil fuel industry is the most powerful force the world has ever seen what could rebuff them? The state We should use government to levy astronomical fines contradictions of the state is an old story anti-statist common sense is a fantasy of empowerment The neoliberal project is anti-statist rhetoric They sell the idea that people need to be liberated We need to restructure the state. capitalism has failed mired in economic stagnation extreme inequality mass unemployment poverty, hunger, and a planetary ecological “death spiral.” fascism is on the march, along with patriarchy, racism, imperialism, and war. Stagnation of investment punctuated by bubbles which inevitably burst , The capture of surplus value is leading to an unprecedented amassing of financial wealth at the center of the world economy In every region of the world, inequality has increased sharply health care, housing, education, and clean water and air are out of reach Overuse of antibiotics is leading to superbugs racially segregated schools are pipelines for prisons or the military. constituting a new Jim Crow Racial divides are now widening across the planet.  Violence against women and expropriation of their labor are integral to capitalist society . Elections are increasingly prey to “dark money” from the billionaire class. War has become perpetual and threatens to escalate into a global thermonuclear exchange Torture and assassinations have been reinstituted A new Cold War and nuclear arms race is in the making racist barriers against immigration continue to be erected poverty across the globe is so severe that one can refer to a “planet of slums.” from climate change to ocean acidification to widespread pollution species exterminations” resulting from climate change are compounding biodiversity loss. half of all species will be facing extinction by the end of the century. the world is close to a Hothouse in which climate change will be locked in and irreversible. corporations continue to intervene in climate negotiations to ensure that any agreements are defanged. threatening the future of humanity. the costs of war, depletion of resources, waste of lives, and disruption of the environment far exceed any benefits that capitalism offers base building and dual power best forwarded through organizing allow this movement to solidify into a revolutionary socialist tendency revolution is not currently possible. dual power responds By building institutions which can meet people’s needs, we offer relief from capitalism. in order to mobilize the base we need to have already done the work of building a communist party.  It is not enough to meet needs. we must build institutions of dual power We must refuse covert front organizing and instead have a public face as a communist party. membership is formally unified around a party line determined by democratic decision making. holding party members accountable , unifying action and for educating They empower communities to theorize through communist theory while organizing to fight for their liberation. formal structures allow individual locals to have a voice in open debate, but also a unified strategy party organizing allows for organizers to be held accountable with unity working together to sharpen strategies and to help correct chauvinist ideas accountability is crucial . imperialist and colonial ideal frequently infect leftist organizing formal procedure allows us to address these organizations ought to adopt recruitment education in communist theory and praxis, and militant party cadres capable of defending institutions from state terror. a unified national party will be the long term goal


Question: Ralf Poscher

And, the role of the ballot is to vote for whoever does the better debating over the resolutional question —this does not limit argumentative styles, but tying those to topical advocacy ensures clash which is the only vehicle for education debate provides

Poscher 16 [Director at the Institute for Staatswissenschaft and Philosophy of Law at the University of Freiburg (Ralf, “Why We Argue About the Law: An Agonistic Account of Legal Disagreement”, Metaphilosophy of Law, Tomasz Gizbert-Studnicki/Adam Dyrda/Pawel Banas (eds.), Hart Publishing)]

Only if reasoning is exposed to contrary arguments can we test its merits . We must go through the “labor of the negative” group polarization can be countered by disagreement opposing positions profit from the negative tarrying with it entering into an exchange can test and improve our position We might not know what we believe until we have developed argument  to discuss with someone who opposes might be the most helpful way of corroborating our adversary is motivated to find a flaw objectives could not be achieved by a non‐argumentative procedure Pure argumentative procedures not geared towards a decision undercut the incentive structure That debates are about winning or losing helps keep the participants engaged If the judges were to flip a coin there would be little incentive  The fulcrum lie in an overlapping common ground of materials , accepted practices two athletes in the same contest  follow the same rules but different styles they are engaged in the same process these allow for disagreements without abandoning talking about the same concept Such a semantic collapses only when we lack sufficient overlap the capitalist system would like citizens not demanding their government redistribute wealth capitalists love to see people turn to each other This is due of anti-state rhetoric The state is not just prisons or the military the right hate the EPA and public education Because they don’t want to educate the working class and clean up industry When the left embraces anarcho-liberal notions of being outside government it cuts itself off from important democratic resources The state should be an arena of class struggle When the left turns its back on social democratic features it risks playing the hand of the right movements should attack government until they comply As we enter climate change, it’s important to be aware of existing legal mechanisms with which we can contain capital it is important to think about bureaucracies that are part of complex systems students are not making demands of the EPA It’s because there’s an anti-state ethos and romanticization of the local this doesn’t recognize how global political economy works . ignoring government is the dominant worldview among the US left the fossil fuel industry is the most powerful force the world has ever seen what could rebuff them? The state We should use government to levy astronomical fines contradictions of the state is an old story anti-statist common sense is a fantasy of empowerment The neoliberal project is anti-statist rhetoric They sell the idea that people need to be liberated We need to restructure the state. capitalism has failed mired in economic stagnation extreme inequality mass unemployment poverty, hunger, and a planetary ecological “death spiral.” fascism is on the march, along with patriarchy, racism, imperialism, and war. Stagnation of investment punctuated by bubbles which inevitably burst , The capture of surplus value is leading to an unprecedented amassing of financial wealth at the center of the world economy In every region of the world, inequality has increased sharply health care, housing, education, and clean water and air are out of reach Overuse of antibiotics is leading to superbugs racially segregated schools are pipelines for prisons or the military. constituting a new Jim Crow Racial divides are now widening across the planet.  Violence against women and expropriation of their labor are integral to capitalist society . Elections are increasingly prey to “dark money” from the billionaire class. War has become perpetual and threatens to escalate into a global thermonuclear exchange Torture and assassinations have been reinstituted A new Cold War and nuclear arms race is in the making racist barriers against immigration continue to be erected poverty across the globe is so severe that one can refer to a “planet of slums.” from climate change to ocean acidification to widespread pollution species exterminations” resulting from climate change are compounding biodiversity loss. half of all species will be facing extinction by the end of the century. the world is close to a Hothouse in which climate change will be locked in and irreversible. corporations continue to intervene in climate negotiations to ensure that any agreements are defanged. threatening the future of humanity. the costs of war, depletion of resources, waste of lives, and disruption of the environment far exceed any benefits that capitalism offers base building and dual power best forwarded through organizing allow this movement to solidify into a revolutionary socialist tendency revolution is not currently possible. dual power responds By building institutions which can meet people’s needs, we offer relief from capitalism. in order to mobilize the base we need to have already done the work of building a communist party.  It is not enough to meet needs. we must build institutions of dual power We must refuse covert front organizing and instead have a public face as a communist party. membership is formally unified around a party line determined by democratic decision making. holding party members accountable , unifying action and for educating They empower communities to theorize through communist theory while organizing to fight for their liberation. formal structures allow individual locals to have a voice in open debate, but also a unified strategy party organizing allows for organizers to be held accountable with unity working together to sharpen strategies and to help correct chauvinist ideas accountability is crucial . imperialist and colonial ideal frequently infect leftist organizing formal procedure allows us to address these organizations ought to adopt recruitment education in communist theory and praxis, and militant party cadres capable of defending institutions from state terror. a unified national party will be the long term goal


Question: clash is key to debate

And, the role of the ballot is to vote for whoever does the better debating over the resolutional question —this does not limit argumentative styles, but tying those to topical advocacy ensures clash which is the only vehicle for education debate provides

Poscher 16 [Director at the Institute for Staatswissenschaft and Philosophy of Law at the University of Freiburg (Ralf, “Why We Argue About the Law: An Agonistic Account of Legal Disagreement”, Metaphilosophy of Law, Tomasz Gizbert-Studnicki/Adam Dyrda/Pawel Banas (eds.), Hart Publishing)]

Only if reasoning is exposed to contrary arguments can we test its merits . We must go through the “labor of the negative” group polarization can be countered by disagreement opposing positions profit from the negative tarrying with it entering into an exchange can test and improve our position We might not know what we believe until we have developed argument  to discuss with someone who opposes might be the most helpful way of corroborating our adversary is motivated to find a flaw objectives could not be achieved by a non‐argumentative procedure Pure argumentative procedures not geared towards a decision undercut the incentive structure That debates are about winning or losing helps keep the participants engaged If the judges were to flip a coin there would be little incentive  The fulcrum lie in an overlapping common ground of materials , accepted practices two athletes in the same contest  follow the same rules but different styles they are engaged in the same process these allow for disagreements without abandoning talking about the same concept Such a semantic collapses only when we lack sufficient overlap the capitalist system would like citizens not demanding their government redistribute wealth capitalists love to see people turn to each other This is due of anti-state rhetoric The state is not just prisons or the military the right hate the EPA and public education Because they don’t want to educate the working class and clean up industry When the left embraces anarcho-liberal notions of being outside government it cuts itself off from important democratic resources The state should be an arena of class struggle When the left turns its back on social democratic features it risks playing the hand of the right movements should attack government until they comply As we enter climate change, it’s important to be aware of existing legal mechanisms with which we can contain capital it is important to think about bureaucracies that are part of complex systems students are not making demands of the EPA It’s because there’s an anti-state ethos and romanticization of the local this doesn’t recognize how global political economy works . ignoring government is the dominant worldview among the US left the fossil fuel industry is the most powerful force the world has ever seen what could rebuff them? The state We should use government to levy astronomical fines contradictions of the state is an old story anti-statist common sense is a fantasy of empowerment The neoliberal project is anti-statist rhetoric They sell the idea that people need to be liberated We need to restructure the state. capitalism has failed mired in economic stagnation extreme inequality mass unemployment poverty, hunger, and a planetary ecological “death spiral.” fascism is on the march, along with patriarchy, racism, imperialism, and war. Stagnation of investment punctuated by bubbles which inevitably burst , The capture of surplus value is leading to an unprecedented amassing of financial wealth at the center of the world economy In every region of the world, inequality has increased sharply health care, housing, education, and clean water and air are out of reach Overuse of antibiotics is leading to superbugs racially segregated schools are pipelines for prisons or the military. constituting a new Jim Crow Racial divides are now widening across the planet.  Violence against women and expropriation of their labor are integral to capitalist society . Elections are increasingly prey to “dark money” from the billionaire class. War has become perpetual and threatens to escalate into a global thermonuclear exchange Torture and assassinations have been reinstituted A new Cold War and nuclear arms race is in the making racist barriers against immigration continue to be erected poverty across the globe is so severe that one can refer to a “planet of slums.” from climate change to ocean acidification to widespread pollution species exterminations” resulting from climate change are compounding biodiversity loss. half of all species will be facing extinction by the end of the century. the world is close to a Hothouse in which climate change will be locked in and irreversible. corporations continue to intervene in climate negotiations to ensure that any agreements are defanged. threatening the future of humanity. the costs of war, depletion of resources, waste of lives, and disruption of the environment far exceed any benefits that capitalism offers base building and dual power best forwarded through organizing allow this movement to solidify into a revolutionary socialist tendency revolution is not currently possible. dual power responds By building institutions which can meet people’s needs, we offer relief from capitalism. in order to mobilize the base we need to have already done the work of building a communist party.  It is not enough to meet needs. we must build institutions of dual power We must refuse covert front organizing and instead have a public face as a communist party. membership is formally unified around a party line determined by democratic decision making. holding party members accountable , unifying action and for educating They empower communities to theorize through communist theory while organizing to fight for their liberation. formal structures allow individual locals to have a voice in open debate, but also a unified strategy party organizing allows for organizers to be held accountable with unity working together to sharpen strategies and to help correct chauvinist ideas accountability is crucial . imperialist and colonial ideal frequently infect leftist organizing formal procedure allows us to address these organizations ought to adopt recruitment education in communist theory and praxis, and militant party cadres capable of defending institutions from state terror. a unified national party will be the long term goal


Question: vote best debater

And, the role of the ballot is to vote for whoever does the better debating over the resolutional question —this does not limit argumentative styles, but tying those to topical advocacy ensures clash which is the only vehicle for education debate provides

Poscher 16 [Director at the Institute for Staatswissenschaft and Philosophy of Law at the University of Freiburg (Ralf, “Why We Argue About the Law: An Agonistic Account of Legal Disagreement”, Metaphilosophy of Law, Tomasz Gizbert-Studnicki/Adam Dyrda/Pawel Banas (eds.), Hart Publishing)]

Only if reasoning is exposed to contrary arguments can we test its merits . We must go through the “labor of the negative” group polarization can be countered by disagreement opposing positions profit from the negative tarrying with it entering into an exchange can test and improve our position We might not know what we believe until we have developed argument  to discuss with someone who opposes might be the most helpful way of corroborating our adversary is motivated to find a flaw objectives could not be achieved by a non‐argumentative procedure Pure argumentative procedures not geared towards a decision undercut the incentive structure That debates are about winning or losing helps keep the participants engaged If the judges were to flip a coin there would be little incentive  The fulcrum lie in an overlapping common ground of materials , accepted practices two athletes in the same contest  follow the same rules but different styles they are engaged in the same process these allow for disagreements without abandoning talking about the same concept Such a semantic collapses only when we lack sufficient overlap the capitalist system would like citizens not demanding their government redistribute wealth capitalists love to see people turn to each other This is due of anti-state rhetoric The state is not just prisons or the military the right hate the EPA and public education Because they don’t want to educate the working class and clean up industry When the left embraces anarcho-liberal notions of being outside government it cuts itself off from important democratic resources The state should be an arena of class struggle When the left turns its back on social democratic features it risks playing the hand of the right movements should attack government until they comply As we enter climate change, it’s important to be aware of existing legal mechanisms with which we can contain capital it is important to think about bureaucracies that are part of complex systems students are not making demands of the EPA It’s because there’s an anti-state ethos and romanticization of the local this doesn’t recognize how global political economy works . ignoring government is the dominant worldview among the US left the fossil fuel industry is the most powerful force the world has ever seen what could rebuff them? The state We should use government to levy astronomical fines contradictions of the state is an old story anti-statist common sense is a fantasy of empowerment The neoliberal project is anti-statist rhetoric They sell the idea that people need to be liberated We need to restructure the state. capitalism has failed mired in economic stagnation extreme inequality mass unemployment poverty, hunger, and a planetary ecological “death spiral.” fascism is on the march, along with patriarchy, racism, imperialism, and war. Stagnation of investment punctuated by bubbles which inevitably burst , The capture of surplus value is leading to an unprecedented amassing of financial wealth at the center of the world economy In every region of the world, inequality has increased sharply health care, housing, education, and clean water and air are out of reach Overuse of antibiotics is leading to superbugs racially segregated schools are pipelines for prisons or the military. constituting a new Jim Crow Racial divides are now widening across the planet.  Violence against women and expropriation of their labor are integral to capitalist society . Elections are increasingly prey to “dark money” from the billionaire class. War has become perpetual and threatens to escalate into a global thermonuclear exchange Torture and assassinations have been reinstituted A new Cold War and nuclear arms race is in the making racist barriers against immigration continue to be erected poverty across the globe is so severe that one can refer to a “planet of slums.” from climate change to ocean acidification to widespread pollution species exterminations” resulting from climate change are compounding biodiversity loss. half of all species will be facing extinction by the end of the century. the world is close to a Hothouse in which climate change will be locked in and irreversible. corporations continue to intervene in climate negotiations to ensure that any agreements are defanged. threatening the future of humanity. the costs of war, depletion of resources, waste of lives, and disruption of the environment far exceed any benefits that capitalism offers base building and dual power best forwarded through organizing allow this movement to solidify into a revolutionary socialist tendency revolution is not currently possible. dual power responds By building institutions which can meet people’s needs, we offer relief from capitalism. in order to mobilize the base we need to have already done the work of building a communist party.  It is not enough to meet needs. we must build institutions of dual power We must refuse covert front organizing and instead have a public face as a communist party. membership is formally unified around a party line determined by democratic decision making. holding party members accountable , unifying action and for educating They empower communities to theorize through communist theory while organizing to fight for their liberation. formal structures allow individual locals to have a voice in open debate, but also a unified strategy party organizing allows for organizers to be held accountable with unity working together to sharpen strategies and to help correct chauvinist ideas accountability is crucial . imperialist and colonial ideal frequently infect leftist organizing formal procedure allows us to address these organizations ought to adopt recruitment education in communist theory and praxis, and militant party cadres capable of defending institutions from state terror. a unified national party will be the long term goal


Question: ballot for better debating

And, the role of the ballot is to vote for whoever does the better debating over the resolutional question —this does not limit argumentative styles, but tying those to topical advocacy ensures clash which is the only vehicle for education debate provides

Poscher 16 [Director at the Institute for Staatswissenschaft and Philosophy of Law at the University of Freiburg (Ralf, “Why We Argue About the Law: An Agonistic Account of Legal Disagreement”, Metaphilosophy of Law, Tomasz Gizbert-Studnicki/Adam Dyrda/Pawel Banas (eds.), Hart Publishing)]

Only if reasoning is exposed to contrary arguments can we test its merits . We must go through the “labor of the negative” group polarization can be countered by disagreement opposing positions profit from the negative tarrying with it entering into an exchange can test and improve our position We might not know what we believe until we have developed argument  to discuss with someone who opposes might be the most helpful way of corroborating our adversary is motivated to find a flaw objectives could not be achieved by a non‐argumentative procedure Pure argumentative procedures not geared towards a decision undercut the incentive structure That debates are about winning or losing helps keep the participants engaged If the judges were to flip a coin there would be little incentive  The fulcrum lie in an overlapping common ground of materials , accepted practices two athletes in the same contest  follow the same rules but different styles they are engaged in the same process these allow for disagreements without abandoning talking about the same concept Such a semantic collapses only when we lack sufficient overlap the capitalist system would like citizens not demanding their government redistribute wealth capitalists love to see people turn to each other This is due of anti-state rhetoric The state is not just prisons or the military the right hate the EPA and public education Because they don’t want to educate the working class and clean up industry When the left embraces anarcho-liberal notions of being outside government it cuts itself off from important democratic resources The state should be an arena of class struggle When the left turns its back on social democratic features it risks playing the hand of the right movements should attack government until they comply As we enter climate change, it’s important to be aware of existing legal mechanisms with which we can contain capital it is important to think about bureaucracies that are part of complex systems students are not making demands of the EPA It’s because there’s an anti-state ethos and romanticization of the local this doesn’t recognize how global political economy works . ignoring government is the dominant worldview among the US left the fossil fuel industry is the most powerful force the world has ever seen what could rebuff them? The state We should use government to levy astronomical fines contradictions of the state is an old story anti-statist common sense is a fantasy of empowerment The neoliberal project is anti-statist rhetoric They sell the idea that people need to be liberated We need to restructure the state. capitalism has failed mired in economic stagnation extreme inequality mass unemployment poverty, hunger, and a planetary ecological “death spiral.” fascism is on the march, along with patriarchy, racism, imperialism, and war. Stagnation of investment punctuated by bubbles which inevitably burst , The capture of surplus value is leading to an unprecedented amassing of financial wealth at the center of the world economy In every region of the world, inequality has increased sharply health care, housing, education, and clean water and air are out of reach Overuse of antibiotics is leading to superbugs racially segregated schools are pipelines for prisons or the military. constituting a new Jim Crow Racial divides are now widening across the planet.  Violence against women and expropriation of their labor are integral to capitalist society . Elections are increasingly prey to “dark money” from the billionaire class. War has become perpetual and threatens to escalate into a global thermonuclear exchange Torture and assassinations have been reinstituted A new Cold War and nuclear arms race is in the making racist barriers against immigration continue to be erected poverty across the globe is so severe that one can refer to a “planet of slums.” from climate change to ocean acidification to widespread pollution species exterminations” resulting from climate change are compounding biodiversity loss. half of all species will be facing extinction by the end of the century. the world is close to a Hothouse in which climate change will be locked in and irreversible. corporations continue to intervene in climate negotiations to ensure that any agreements are defanged. threatening the future of humanity. the costs of war, depletion of resources, waste of lives, and disruption of the environment far exceed any benefits that capitalism offers base building and dual power best forwarded through organizing allow this movement to solidify into a revolutionary socialist tendency revolution is not currently possible. dual power responds By building institutions which can meet people’s needs, we offer relief from capitalism. in order to mobilize the base we need to have already done the work of building a communist party.  It is not enough to meet needs. we must build institutions of dual power We must refuse covert front organizing and instead have a public face as a communist party. membership is formally unified around a party line determined by democratic decision making. holding party members accountable , unifying action and for educating They empower communities to theorize through communist theory while organizing to fight for their liberation. formal structures allow individual locals to have a voice in open debate, but also a unified strategy party organizing allows for organizers to be held accountable with unity working together to sharpen strategies and to help correct chauvinist ideas accountability is crucial . imperialist and colonial ideal frequently infect leftist organizing formal procedure allows us to address these organizations ought to adopt recruitment education in communist theory and praxis, and militant party cadres capable of defending institutions from state terror. a unified national party will be the long term goal