Question: international mining standards

US critical energy mineral reform - domestic and imports – is key

Odell ’23 Scott D. Odell 2023 is a visiting assistant professor at George Washington Uni- versity and a visiting scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Environmental Solutions Initiative., “Cooperate Internationally, Reduce Demand,” May/June 2023, https://www.eli.org/sites/default/files/files-pdf/TheDebate-May-June-2023.pdf

The United States wil l have to import large amounts of natural resources Congress must reform the General Mining Law. But also pay attention to pressures mining places on communities and the environment beyond its borders The success will depend on U.S. policy While strengthening its own socioenvironmental regulations the United States should also take a leading role in establishing international mining standards single-minded efforts to replace fossil-fuel energy with metals -dependent energy will replace climate change with a new crisis: ac- cumulated social and environmental harms from ubiquitous empty mine facilities in communities around the world.


Question: US mineral imports needed

US critical energy mineral reform - domestic and imports – is key

Odell ’23 Scott D. Odell 2023 is a visiting assistant professor at George Washington Uni- versity and a visiting scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Environmental Solutions Initiative., “Cooperate Internationally, Reduce Demand,” May/June 2023, https://www.eli.org/sites/default/files/files-pdf/TheDebate-May-June-2023.pdf

The United States wil l have to import large amounts of natural resources Congress must reform the General Mining Law. But also pay attention to pressures mining places on communities and the environment beyond its borders The success will depend on U.S. policy While strengthening its own socioenvironmental regulations the United States should also take a leading role in establishing international mining standards single-minded efforts to replace fossil-fuel energy with metals -dependent energy will replace climate change with a new crisis: ac- cumulated social and environmental harms from ubiquitous empty mine facilities in communities around the world.


Question: reform general mining law

US critical energy mineral reform - domestic and imports – is key

Odell ’23 Scott D. Odell 2023 is a visiting assistant professor at George Washington Uni- versity and a visiting scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Environmental Solutions Initiative., “Cooperate Internationally, Reduce Demand,” May/June 2023, https://www.eli.org/sites/default/files/files-pdf/TheDebate-May-June-2023.pdf

The United States wil l have to import large amounts of natural resources Congress must reform the General Mining Law. But also pay attention to pressures mining places on communities and the environment beyond its borders The success will depend on U.S. policy While strengthening its own socioenvironmental regulations the United States should also take a leading role in establishing international mining standards single-minded efforts to replace fossil-fuel energy with metals -dependent energy will replace climate change with a new crisis: ac- cumulated social and environmental harms from ubiquitous empty mine facilities in communities around the world.


Question: fossil fuels to metals

US critical energy mineral reform - domestic and imports – is key

Odell ’23 Scott D. Odell 2023 is a visiting assistant professor at George Washington Uni- versity and a visiting scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Environmental Solutions Initiative., “Cooperate Internationally, Reduce Demand,” May/June 2023, https://www.eli.org/sites/default/files/files-pdf/TheDebate-May-June-2023.pdf

The United States wil l have to import large amounts of natural resources Congress must reform the General Mining Law. But also pay attention to pressures mining places on communities and the environment beyond its borders The success will depend on U.S. policy While strengthening its own socioenvironmental regulations the United States should also take a leading role in establishing international mining standards single-minded efforts to replace fossil-fuel energy with metals -dependent energy will replace climate change with a new crisis: ac- cumulated social and environmental harms from ubiquitous empty mine facilities in communities around the world.


Question: US role in mining

US critical energy mineral reform - domestic and imports – is key

Odell ’23 Scott D. Odell 2023 is a visiting assistant professor at George Washington Uni- versity and a visiting scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Environmental Solutions Initiative., “Cooperate Internationally, Reduce Demand,” May/June 2023, https://www.eli.org/sites/default/files/files-pdf/TheDebate-May-June-2023.pdf

The United States wil l have to import large amounts of natural resources Congress must reform the General Mining Law. But also pay attention to pressures mining places on communities and the environment beyond its borders The success will depend on U.S. policy While strengthening its own socioenvironmental regulations the United States should also take a leading role in establishing international mining standards single-minded efforts to replace fossil-fuel energy with metals -dependent energy will replace climate change with a new crisis: ac- cumulated social and environmental harms from ubiquitous empty mine facilities in communities around the world.


Question: MBIs broad definition literature

Literature. Experts purposefully use broad definitions of MBIs to encompass the scope of literature. The topic is MBIs vs Command and Control. Not Cap and trade vs just trade.

Stavins ’01 [Robert; November; A.J. Meyer Professor of Energy and Economic Development, PhD in economics from Harvard, MS in agricultural economics from Cornell, Director of Graduate Studies for the Doctoral Programs in Public Policy and in Political Economy and Government, Cochair of the MPP/MBA and MPA/ID/MBA Joint Degree Programs, Director of the Harvard Environmental Economics Program and the Harvard Project on Climate Agreements, Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research, a University Fellow of Resources for the Future, former Chair of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Economics Advisory Board, and a member of the editorial councils of scholarly periodicals; Resources for the Future, “Experience with Market-Based Environmental Policy Instruments,” Discussion Paper 01–58]

market-based policy instruments. I define broadly charge systems tradable permits market friction reductions subsidy reductions By defining m b i broadly, I cast a large net consequence review is extensive . But this should not leave the impression m b i have come anywhere close to replacing conventional, command-and-control approach


Question: Stavins 01

Literature. Experts purposefully use broad definitions of MBIs to encompass the scope of literature. The topic is MBIs vs Command and Control. Not Cap and trade vs just trade.

Stavins ’01 [Robert; November; A.J. Meyer Professor of Energy and Economic Development, PhD in economics from Harvard, MS in agricultural economics from Cornell, Director of Graduate Studies for the Doctoral Programs in Public Policy and in Political Economy and Government, Cochair of the MPP/MBA and MPA/ID/MBA Joint Degree Programs, Director of the Harvard Environmental Economics Program and the Harvard Project on Climate Agreements, Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research, a University Fellow of Resources for the Future, former Chair of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Economics Advisory Board, and a member of the editorial councils of scholarly periodicals; Resources for the Future, “Experience with Market-Based Environmental Policy Instruments,” Discussion Paper 01–58]

market-based policy instruments. I define broadly charge systems tradable permits market friction reductions subsidy reductions By defining m b i broadly, I cast a large net consequence review is extensive . But this should not leave the impression m b i have come anywhere close to replacing conventional, command-and-control approach


Question: MBIs vs command and control

Literature. Experts purposefully use broad definitions of MBIs to encompass the scope of literature. The topic is MBIs vs Command and Control. Not Cap and trade vs just trade.

Stavins ’01 [Robert; November; A.J. Meyer Professor of Energy and Economic Development, PhD in economics from Harvard, MS in agricultural economics from Cornell, Director of Graduate Studies for the Doctoral Programs in Public Policy and in Political Economy and Government, Cochair of the MPP/MBA and MPA/ID/MBA Joint Degree Programs, Director of the Harvard Environmental Economics Program and the Harvard Project on Climate Agreements, Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research, a University Fellow of Resources for the Future, former Chair of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Economics Advisory Board, and a member of the editorial councils of scholarly periodicals; Resources for the Future, “Experience with Market-Based Environmental Policy Instruments,” Discussion Paper 01–58]

market-based policy instruments. I define broadly charge systems tradable permits market friction reductions subsidy reductions By defining m b i broadly, I cast a large net consequence review is extensive . But this should not leave the impression m b i have come anywhere close to replacing conventional, command-and-control approach


Question: Market-based policy instruments defined broadly

Literature. Experts purposefully use broad definitions of MBIs to encompass the scope of literature. The topic is MBIs vs Command and Control. Not Cap and trade vs just trade.

Stavins ’01 [Robert; November; A.J. Meyer Professor of Energy and Economic Development, PhD in economics from Harvard, MS in agricultural economics from Cornell, Director of Graduate Studies for the Doctoral Programs in Public Policy and in Political Economy and Government, Cochair of the MPP/MBA and MPA/ID/MBA Joint Degree Programs, Director of the Harvard Environmental Economics Program and the Harvard Project on Climate Agreements, Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research, a University Fellow of Resources for the Future, former Chair of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Economics Advisory Board, and a member of the editorial councils of scholarly periodicals; Resources for the Future, “Experience with Market-Based Environmental Policy Instruments,” Discussion Paper 01–58]

market-based policy instruments. I define broadly charge systems tradable permits market friction reductions subsidy reductions By defining m b i broadly, I cast a large net consequence review is extensive . But this should not leave the impression m b i have come anywhere close to replacing conventional, command-and-control approach


Question: MBIs not replacing command and control

Literature. Experts purposefully use broad definitions of MBIs to encompass the scope of literature. The topic is MBIs vs Command and Control. Not Cap and trade vs just trade.

Stavins ’01 [Robert; November; A.J. Meyer Professor of Energy and Economic Development, PhD in economics from Harvard, MS in agricultural economics from Cornell, Director of Graduate Studies for the Doctoral Programs in Public Policy and in Political Economy and Government, Cochair of the MPP/MBA and MPA/ID/MBA Joint Degree Programs, Director of the Harvard Environmental Economics Program and the Harvard Project on Climate Agreements, Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research, a University Fellow of Resources for the Future, former Chair of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Economics Advisory Board, and a member of the editorial councils of scholarly periodicals; Resources for the Future, “Experience with Market-Based Environmental Policy Instruments,” Discussion Paper 01–58]

market-based policy instruments. I define broadly charge systems tradable permits market friction reductions subsidy reductions By defining m b i broadly, I cast a large net consequence review is extensive . But this should not leave the impression m b i have come anywhere close to replacing conventional, command-and-control approach


Question: Stavins market based instruments

Literature. Experts purposefully use broad definitions of MBIs to encompass the scope of literature. The topic is MBIs vs Command and Control. Not Cap and trade vs just trade.

Stavins ’01 [Robert; November; A.J. Meyer Professor of Energy and Economic Development, PhD in economics from Harvard, MS in agricultural economics from Cornell, Director of Graduate Studies for the Doctoral Programs in Public Policy and in Political Economy and Government, Cochair of the MPP/MBA and MPA/ID/MBA Joint Degree Programs, Director of the Harvard Environmental Economics Program and the Harvard Project on Climate Agreements, Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research, a University Fellow of Resources for the Future, former Chair of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Economics Advisory Board, and a member of the editorial councils of scholarly periodicals; Resources for the Future, “Experience with Market-Based Environmental Policy Instruments,” Discussion Paper 01–58]

market-based policy instruments. I define broadly charge systems tradable permits market friction reductions subsidy reductions By defining m b i broadly, I cast a large net consequence review is extensive . But this should not leave the impression m b i have come anywhere close to replacing conventional, command-and-control approach


Question: Oceans resilient fossil records

Oceans resilient – fossil records prove

Fleming 16 (Johnnie, “Ocean May Be More Resilient to Climate Change Than We Expected,” May 20, )

ocean life . managed to survive millions of years of changing climates and disasters recent study looked at  85 million years of fossil records and found that the ocean ecosystem hasn’t changed much The new equilibrium persisted for  45 million years , despite major changes


Question: Fleming 16

Oceans resilient – fossil records prove

Fleming 16 (Johnnie, “Ocean May Be More Resilient to Climate Change Than We Expected,” May 20, )

ocean life . managed to survive millions of years of changing climates and disasters recent study looked at  85 million years of fossil records and found that the ocean ecosystem hasn’t changed much The new equilibrium persisted for  45 million years , despite major changes


Question: ocean resilient to climate change

Oceans resilient – fossil records prove

Fleming 16 (Johnnie, “Ocean May Be More Resilient to Climate Change Than We Expected,” May 20, )

ocean life . managed to survive millions of years of changing climates and disasters recent study looked at  85 million years of fossil records and found that the ocean ecosystem hasn’t changed much The new equilibrium persisted for  45 million years , despite major changes


Question: ocean life survive climate change

Oceans resilient – fossil records prove

Fleming 16 (Johnnie, “Ocean May Be More Resilient to Climate Change Than We Expected,” May 20, )

ocean life . managed to survive millions of years of changing climates and disasters recent study looked at  85 million years of fossil records and found that the ocean ecosystem hasn’t changed much The new equilibrium persisted for  45 million years , despite major changes


Question: ocean ecosystem hasn't changed

Oceans resilient – fossil records prove

Fleming 16 (Johnnie, “Ocean May Be More Resilient to Climate Change Than We Expected,” May 20, )

ocean life . managed to survive millions of years of changing climates and disasters recent study looked at  85 million years of fossil records and found that the ocean ecosystem hasn’t changed much The new equilibrium persisted for  45 million years , despite major changes


Question: fossil records prove ocean resilience

Oceans resilient – fossil records prove

Fleming 16 (Johnnie, “Ocean May Be More Resilient to Climate Change Than We Expected,” May 20, )

ocean life . managed to survive millions of years of changing climates and disasters recent study looked at  85 million years of fossil records and found that the ocean ecosystem hasn’t changed much The new equilibrium persisted for  45 million years , despite major changes


Question: ocean life millions of years

Oceans resilient – fossil records prove

Fleming 16 (Johnnie, “Ocean May Be More Resilient to Climate Change Than We Expected,” May 20, )

ocean life . managed to survive millions of years of changing climates and disasters recent study looked at  85 million years of fossil records and found that the ocean ecosystem hasn’t changed much The new equilibrium persisted for  45 million years , despite major changes


Question: ocean ecosystem new equilibrium

Oceans resilient – fossil records prove

Fleming 16 (Johnnie, “Ocean May Be More Resilient to Climate Change Than We Expected,” May 20, )

ocean life . managed to survive millions of years of changing climates and disasters recent study looked at  85 million years of fossil records and found that the ocean ecosystem hasn’t changed much The new equilibrium persisted for  45 million years , despite major changes


Question: Nuclear world war 3 follows

4---Nuclear World War 3 follows

Laitman 17. Michael Laitman, Aug 25 2017. NewsMax “There Will Be No Winners in the Second Civil War” https://www.newsmax.com/MichaelLaitman/america-civil-war-newt-gingrich-don-lemon/2017/08/25/id/809867/ ///mosuQ

civil war in America will not end in America China, Russia, No Ko Iran destroy whatever the war doesn’t, America will become history, and a world war , with multiple nuclear powers , will follow


Question: Laitman 17

4---Nuclear World War 3 follows

Laitman 17. Michael Laitman, Aug 25 2017. NewsMax “There Will Be No Winners in the Second Civil War” https://www.newsmax.com/MichaelLaitman/america-civil-war-newt-gingrich-don-lemon/2017/08/25/id/809867/ ///mosuQ

civil war in America will not end in America China, Russia, No Ko Iran destroy whatever the war doesn’t, America will become history, and a world war , with multiple nuclear powers , will follow


Question: Michael Laitman

4---Nuclear World War 3 follows

Laitman 17. Michael Laitman, Aug 25 2017. NewsMax “There Will Be No Winners in the Second Civil War” https://www.newsmax.com/MichaelLaitman/america-civil-war-newt-gingrich-don-lemon/2017/08/25/id/809867/ ///mosuQ

civil war in America will not end in America China, Russia, No Ko Iran destroy whatever the war doesn’t, America will become history, and a world war , with multiple nuclear powers , will follow


Question: US civil war goes nuclear

4---Nuclear World War 3 follows

Laitman 17. Michael Laitman, Aug 25 2017. NewsMax “There Will Be No Winners in the Second Civil War” https://www.newsmax.com/MichaelLaitman/america-civil-war-newt-gingrich-don-lemon/2017/08/25/id/809867/ ///mosuQ

civil war in America will not end in America China, Russia, No Ko Iran destroy whatever the war doesn’t, America will become history, and a world war , with multiple nuclear powers , will follow


Question: Civil war nuclear war

4---Nuclear World War 3 follows

Laitman 17. Michael Laitman, Aug 25 2017. NewsMax “There Will Be No Winners in the Second Civil War” https://www.newsmax.com/MichaelLaitman/america-civil-war-newt-gingrich-don-lemon/2017/08/25/id/809867/ ///mosuQ

civil war in America will not end in America China, Russia, No Ko Iran destroy whatever the war doesn’t, America will become history, and a world war , with multiple nuclear powers , will follow


Question: America becomes history

4---Nuclear World War 3 follows

Laitman 17. Michael Laitman, Aug 25 2017. NewsMax “There Will Be No Winners in the Second Civil War” https://www.newsmax.com/MichaelLaitman/america-civil-war-newt-gingrich-don-lemon/2017/08/25/id/809867/ ///mosuQ

civil war in America will not end in America China, Russia, No Ko Iran destroy whatever the war doesn’t, America will become history, and a world war , with multiple nuclear powers , will follow


Question: multiple nuclear powers

4---Nuclear World War 3 follows

Laitman 17. Michael Laitman, Aug 25 2017. NewsMax “There Will Be No Winners in the Second Civil War” https://www.newsmax.com/MichaelLaitman/america-civil-war-newt-gingrich-don-lemon/2017/08/25/id/809867/ ///mosuQ

civil war in America will not end in America China, Russia, No Ko Iran destroy whatever the war doesn’t, America will become history, and a world war , with multiple nuclear powers , will follow


Question: civil war in america

4---Nuclear World War 3 follows

Laitman 17. Michael Laitman, Aug 25 2017. NewsMax “There Will Be No Winners in the Second Civil War” https://www.newsmax.com/MichaelLaitman/america-civil-war-newt-gingrich-don-lemon/2017/08/25/id/809867/ ///mosuQ

civil war in America will not end in America China, Russia, No Ko Iran destroy whatever the war doesn’t, America will become history, and a world war , with multiple nuclear powers , will follow


Question: DeMarcus calls to replace policies

The conclusion of DeMarcus is calls to replace those policies. It’s a reason why pragmatism is necessary.

1NC DeMarcus 21 [DeMarcus A. Jenkins;. (2021). Unspoken Grammar of Place: Anti-Blackness as a Spatial Imaginary in Education. Journal of School Leadership, (), –. doi:10.1177/1052684621992768 //cohn]

Anti-Blackness is the immovable junction that sutures social and spatial logic in education non-Blacks project terror onto Black bodies .  Thus, Blacks become both the terrorized and the alleged source of terror. Black students experience school discipline as a form of expressly anti-Black symbolic violence Black bodies, hairstyles, ways of dress and comportment, and language symbolize danger these modes of being qualify them for suspicion, surveillance, or removal Terror is spatialized in classrooms experienced in the routinized practices and structures that perform the labor of terror terror is not only found in the shocking and the terrible , but also experienced in the mundane and quotidian For Black people inhabiting school spaces everydayness of terror is lived in the witnessing of pain endured by their Black peers. forcing students to observe other Black bodies being forcibly removed from the community constant rejection of Black language, traditions, music preferences, and other cultural forms the obliteration of Black names and identities classrooms have become spaces where they are killed by anti-Black violence and live in a constant state of terror. The murdering that Black youth face in education is “spirit murder,” leaders must actively reimagine to resist manifestations and imaginations of anti-Blackness. To begin, schools must eradicate disciplinary policies and replace those policies


Question: anti-blackness spatial imaginary

The conclusion of DeMarcus is calls to replace those policies. It’s a reason why pragmatism is necessary.

1NC DeMarcus 21 [DeMarcus A. Jenkins;. (2021). Unspoken Grammar of Place: Anti-Blackness as a Spatial Imaginary in Education. Journal of School Leadership, (), –. doi:10.1177/1052684621992768 //cohn]

Anti-Blackness is the immovable junction that sutures social and spatial logic in education non-Blacks project terror onto Black bodies .  Thus, Blacks become both the terrorized and the alleged source of terror. Black students experience school discipline as a form of expressly anti-Black symbolic violence Black bodies, hairstyles, ways of dress and comportment, and language symbolize danger these modes of being qualify them for suspicion, surveillance, or removal Terror is spatialized in classrooms experienced in the routinized practices and structures that perform the labor of terror terror is not only found in the shocking and the terrible , but also experienced in the mundane and quotidian For Black people inhabiting school spaces everydayness of terror is lived in the witnessing of pain endured by their Black peers. forcing students to observe other Black bodies being forcibly removed from the community constant rejection of Black language, traditions, music preferences, and other cultural forms the obliteration of Black names and identities classrooms have become spaces where they are killed by anti-Black violence and live in a constant state of terror. The murdering that Black youth face in education is “spirit murder,” leaders must actively reimagine to resist manifestations and imaginations of anti-Blackness. To begin, schools must eradicate disciplinary policies and replace those policies


Question: DeMarcus 21

The conclusion of DeMarcus is calls to replace those policies. It’s a reason why pragmatism is necessary.

1NC DeMarcus 21 [DeMarcus A. Jenkins;. (2021). Unspoken Grammar of Place: Anti-Blackness as a Spatial Imaginary in Education. Journal of School Leadership, (), –. doi:10.1177/1052684621992768 //cohn]

Anti-Blackness is the immovable junction that sutures social and spatial logic in education non-Blacks project terror onto Black bodies .  Thus, Blacks become both the terrorized and the alleged source of terror. Black students experience school discipline as a form of expressly anti-Black symbolic violence Black bodies, hairstyles, ways of dress and comportment, and language symbolize danger these modes of being qualify them for suspicion, surveillance, or removal Terror is spatialized in classrooms experienced in the routinized practices and structures that perform the labor of terror terror is not only found in the shocking and the terrible , but also experienced in the mundane and quotidian For Black people inhabiting school spaces everydayness of terror is lived in the witnessing of pain endured by their Black peers. forcing students to observe other Black bodies being forcibly removed from the community constant rejection of Black language, traditions, music preferences, and other cultural forms the obliteration of Black names and identities classrooms have become spaces where they are killed by anti-Black violence and live in a constant state of terror. The murdering that Black youth face in education is “spirit murder,” leaders must actively reimagine to resist manifestations and imaginations of anti-Blackness. To begin, schools must eradicate disciplinary policies and replace those policies


Question: unspoken grammar of place

The conclusion of DeMarcus is calls to replace those policies. It’s a reason why pragmatism is necessary.

1NC DeMarcus 21 [DeMarcus A. Jenkins;. (2021). Unspoken Grammar of Place: Anti-Blackness as a Spatial Imaginary in Education. Journal of School Leadership, (), –. doi:10.1177/1052684621992768 //cohn]

Anti-Blackness is the immovable junction that sutures social and spatial logic in education non-Blacks project terror onto Black bodies .  Thus, Blacks become both the terrorized and the alleged source of terror. Black students experience school discipline as a form of expressly anti-Black symbolic violence Black bodies, hairstyles, ways of dress and comportment, and language symbolize danger these modes of being qualify them for suspicion, surveillance, or removal Terror is spatialized in classrooms experienced in the routinized practices and structures that perform the labor of terror terror is not only found in the shocking and the terrible , but also experienced in the mundane and quotidian For Black people inhabiting school spaces everydayness of terror is lived in the witnessing of pain endured by their Black peers. forcing students to observe other Black bodies being forcibly removed from the community constant rejection of Black language, traditions, music preferences, and other cultural forms the obliteration of Black names and identities classrooms have become spaces where they are killed by anti-Black violence and live in a constant state of terror. The murdering that Black youth face in education is “spirit murder,” leaders must actively reimagine to resist manifestations and imaginations of anti-Blackness. To begin, schools must eradicate disciplinary policies and replace those policies


Question: anti-blackness in schools

The conclusion of DeMarcus is calls to replace those policies. It’s a reason why pragmatism is necessary.

1NC DeMarcus 21 [DeMarcus A. Jenkins;. (2021). Unspoken Grammar of Place: Anti-Blackness as a Spatial Imaginary in Education. Journal of School Leadership, (), –. doi:10.1177/1052684621992768 //cohn]

Anti-Blackness is the immovable junction that sutures social and spatial logic in education non-Blacks project terror onto Black bodies .  Thus, Blacks become both the terrorized and the alleged source of terror. Black students experience school discipline as a form of expressly anti-Black symbolic violence Black bodies, hairstyles, ways of dress and comportment, and language symbolize danger these modes of being qualify them for suspicion, surveillance, or removal Terror is spatialized in classrooms experienced in the routinized practices and structures that perform the labor of terror terror is not only found in the shocking and the terrible , but also experienced in the mundane and quotidian For Black people inhabiting school spaces everydayness of terror is lived in the witnessing of pain endured by their Black peers. forcing students to observe other Black bodies being forcibly removed from the community constant rejection of Black language, traditions, music preferences, and other cultural forms the obliteration of Black names and identities classrooms have become spaces where they are killed by anti-Black violence and live in a constant state of terror. The murdering that Black youth face in education is “spirit murder,” leaders must actively reimagine to resist manifestations and imaginations of anti-Blackness. To begin, schools must eradicate disciplinary policies and replace those policies


Question: discipline symbolic violence

The conclusion of DeMarcus is calls to replace those policies. It’s a reason why pragmatism is necessary.

1NC DeMarcus 21 [DeMarcus A. Jenkins;. (2021). Unspoken Grammar of Place: Anti-Blackness as a Spatial Imaginary in Education. Journal of School Leadership, (), –. doi:10.1177/1052684621992768 //cohn]

Anti-Blackness is the immovable junction that sutures social and spatial logic in education non-Blacks project terror onto Black bodies .  Thus, Blacks become both the terrorized and the alleged source of terror. Black students experience school discipline as a form of expressly anti-Black symbolic violence Black bodies, hairstyles, ways of dress and comportment, and language symbolize danger these modes of being qualify them for suspicion, surveillance, or removal Terror is spatialized in classrooms experienced in the routinized practices and structures that perform the labor of terror terror is not only found in the shocking and the terrible , but also experienced in the mundane and quotidian For Black people inhabiting school spaces everydayness of terror is lived in the witnessing of pain endured by their Black peers. forcing students to observe other Black bodies being forcibly removed from the community constant rejection of Black language, traditions, music preferences, and other cultural forms the obliteration of Black names and identities classrooms have become spaces where they are killed by anti-Black violence and live in a constant state of terror. The murdering that Black youth face in education is “spirit murder,” leaders must actively reimagine to resist manifestations and imaginations of anti-Blackness. To begin, schools must eradicate disciplinary policies and replace those policies


Question: replace disciplinary policies

The conclusion of DeMarcus is calls to replace those policies. It’s a reason why pragmatism is necessary.

1NC DeMarcus 21 [DeMarcus A. Jenkins;. (2021). Unspoken Grammar of Place: Anti-Blackness as a Spatial Imaginary in Education. Journal of School Leadership, (), –. doi:10.1177/1052684621992768 //cohn]

Anti-Blackness is the immovable junction that sutures social and spatial logic in education non-Blacks project terror onto Black bodies .  Thus, Blacks become both the terrorized and the alleged source of terror. Black students experience school discipline as a form of expressly anti-Black symbolic violence Black bodies, hairstyles, ways of dress and comportment, and language symbolize danger these modes of being qualify them for suspicion, surveillance, or removal Terror is spatialized in classrooms experienced in the routinized practices and structures that perform the labor of terror terror is not only found in the shocking and the terrible , but also experienced in the mundane and quotidian For Black people inhabiting school spaces everydayness of terror is lived in the witnessing of pain endured by their Black peers. forcing students to observe other Black bodies being forcibly removed from the community constant rejection of Black language, traditions, music preferences, and other cultural forms the obliteration of Black names and identities classrooms have become spaces where they are killed by anti-Black violence and live in a constant state of terror. The murdering that Black youth face in education is “spirit murder,” leaders must actively reimagine to resist manifestations and imaginations of anti-Blackness. To begin, schools must eradicate disciplinary policies and replace those policies


Question: no trade impact

No trade impact.

Victoria Pistikou et al. 21, Assistant Professor, International Political Economy, Democritus University of Thrace; Eftychia Tsanana, Lecturer, Economics, University of Macedonia; Thomas Poufinas, Faculty Member, Economics, Democritus University of Thrace, "A Financial Analysis Approach on The Impact of Economic Interdependence on Interstate Conflicts," Theoretical Economics Letters, Vol. 11, No. 5, 09/03/2021, Sci-Hub.

interdependence does not decrease interstate conflict empirical results show they cannot rely  solely  on trade according to  other studies trade difficult  to have a impact study use three dyads India-Pakistan , Russia-Ukraine  and  Yemen-Saudi countries increase defense expenses


Question: Pistikou et al

No trade impact.

Victoria Pistikou et al. 21, Assistant Professor, International Political Economy, Democritus University of Thrace; Eftychia Tsanana, Lecturer, Economics, University of Macedonia; Thomas Poufinas, Faculty Member, Economics, Democritus University of Thrace, "A Financial Analysis Approach on The Impact of Economic Interdependence on Interstate Conflicts," Theoretical Economics Letters, Vol. 11, No. 5, 09/03/2021, Sci-Hub.

interdependence does not decrease interstate conflict empirical results show they cannot rely  solely  on trade according to  other studies trade difficult  to have a impact study use three dyads India-Pakistan , Russia-Ukraine  and  Yemen-Saudi countries increase defense expenses


Question: Victoria Pistikou 21

No trade impact.

Victoria Pistikou et al. 21, Assistant Professor, International Political Economy, Democritus University of Thrace; Eftychia Tsanana, Lecturer, Economics, University of Macedonia; Thomas Poufinas, Faculty Member, Economics, Democritus University of Thrace, "A Financial Analysis Approach on The Impact of Economic Interdependence on Interstate Conflicts," Theoretical Economics Letters, Vol. 11, No. 5, 09/03/2021, Sci-Hub.

interdependence does not decrease interstate conflict empirical results show they cannot rely  solely  on trade according to  other studies trade difficult  to have a impact study use three dyads India-Pakistan , Russia-Ukraine  and  Yemen-Saudi countries increase defense expenses


Question: economic interdependence conflict

No trade impact.

Victoria Pistikou et al. 21, Assistant Professor, International Political Economy, Democritus University of Thrace; Eftychia Tsanana, Lecturer, Economics, University of Macedonia; Thomas Poufinas, Faculty Member, Economics, Democritus University of Thrace, "A Financial Analysis Approach on The Impact of Economic Interdependence on Interstate Conflicts," Theoretical Economics Letters, Vol. 11, No. 5, 09/03/2021, Sci-Hub.

interdependence does not decrease interstate conflict empirical results show they cannot rely  solely  on trade according to  other studies trade difficult  to have a impact study use three dyads India-Pakistan , Russia-Ukraine  and  Yemen-Saudi countries increase defense expenses


Question: trade does not decrease conflict

No trade impact.

Victoria Pistikou et al. 21, Assistant Professor, International Political Economy, Democritus University of Thrace; Eftychia Tsanana, Lecturer, Economics, University of Macedonia; Thomas Poufinas, Faculty Member, Economics, Democritus University of Thrace, "A Financial Analysis Approach on The Impact of Economic Interdependence on Interstate Conflicts," Theoretical Economics Letters, Vol. 11, No. 5, 09/03/2021, Sci-Hub.

interdependence does not decrease interstate conflict empirical results show they cannot rely  solely  on trade according to  other studies trade difficult  to have a impact study use three dyads India-Pakistan , Russia-Ukraine  and  Yemen-Saudi countries increase defense expenses


Question: interstate conflict

No trade impact.

Victoria Pistikou et al. 21, Assistant Professor, International Political Economy, Democritus University of Thrace; Eftychia Tsanana, Lecturer, Economics, University of Macedonia; Thomas Poufinas, Faculty Member, Economics, Democritus University of Thrace, "A Financial Analysis Approach on The Impact of Economic Interdependence on Interstate Conflicts," Theoretical Economics Letters, Vol. 11, No. 5, 09/03/2021, Sci-Hub.

interdependence does not decrease interstate conflict empirical results show they cannot rely  solely  on trade according to  other studies trade difficult  to have a impact study use three dyads India-Pakistan , Russia-Ukraine  and  Yemen-Saudi countries increase defense expenses


Question: trade no impact

No trade impact.

Victoria Pistikou et al. 21, Assistant Professor, International Political Economy, Democritus University of Thrace; Eftychia Tsanana, Lecturer, Economics, University of Macedonia; Thomas Poufinas, Faculty Member, Economics, Democritus University of Thrace, "A Financial Analysis Approach on The Impact of Economic Interdependence on Interstate Conflicts," Theoretical Economics Letters, Vol. 11, No. 5, 09/03/2021, Sci-Hub.

interdependence does not decrease interstate conflict empirical results show they cannot rely  solely  on trade according to  other studies trade difficult  to have a impact study use three dyads India-Pakistan , Russia-Ukraine  and  Yemen-Saudi countries increase defense expenses


Question: Islamophobia positions Islam as inferior

These practices are not neutral – they are part of a process of Islamophobia in which the Islamic tradition is positioned as inferior and violent while Western epistemologies are represented as “truth”.

Tamdgidi, M. (2015). ISLAM : From phobia to understanding. (Vol. VIII). Ahead Publishing House .

Non-Western epistemologies are considered inferior and excluded from the global conversation Islamic philosophy portrayed as inferior the logical consequence is that they should be repressed Muslims can be part of the discussion as long as they stop thinking as Muslims Any Muslim that think these questions from within Islamic tradition is suspicious of fundamentalism Today experts in the West talks with authority about Islam, with no knowledge of the Islamic tradition stereotypes and lies reported over and over believed as Truth


Question: Tamdgidi 2015

These practices are not neutral – they are part of a process of Islamophobia in which the Islamic tradition is positioned as inferior and violent while Western epistemologies are represented as “truth”.

Tamdgidi, M. (2015). ISLAM : From phobia to understanding. (Vol. VIII). Ahead Publishing House .

Non-Western epistemologies are considered inferior and excluded from the global conversation Islamic philosophy portrayed as inferior the logical consequence is that they should be repressed Muslims can be part of the discussion as long as they stop thinking as Muslims Any Muslim that think these questions from within Islamic tradition is suspicious of fundamentalism Today experts in the West talks with authority about Islam, with no knowledge of the Islamic tradition stereotypes and lies reported over and over believed as Truth


Question: islamic tradition inferior

These practices are not neutral – they are part of a process of Islamophobia in which the Islamic tradition is positioned as inferior and violent while Western epistemologies are represented as “truth”.

Tamdgidi, M. (2015). ISLAM : From phobia to understanding. (Vol. VIII). Ahead Publishing House .

Non-Western epistemologies are considered inferior and excluded from the global conversation Islamic philosophy portrayed as inferior the logical consequence is that they should be repressed Muslims can be part of the discussion as long as they stop thinking as Muslims Any Muslim that think these questions from within Islamic tradition is suspicious of fundamentalism Today experts in the West talks with authority about Islam, with no knowledge of the Islamic tradition stereotypes and lies reported over and over believed as Truth


Question: non-western epistemologies excluded

These practices are not neutral – they are part of a process of Islamophobia in which the Islamic tradition is positioned as inferior and violent while Western epistemologies are represented as “truth”.

Tamdgidi, M. (2015). ISLAM : From phobia to understanding. (Vol. VIII). Ahead Publishing House .

Non-Western epistemologies are considered inferior and excluded from the global conversation Islamic philosophy portrayed as inferior the logical consequence is that they should be repressed Muslims can be part of the discussion as long as they stop thinking as Muslims Any Muslim that think these questions from within Islamic tradition is suspicious of fundamentalism Today experts in the West talks with authority about Islam, with no knowledge of the Islamic tradition stereotypes and lies reported over and over believed as Truth


Question: Muslims can't think as Muslims

These practices are not neutral – they are part of a process of Islamophobia in which the Islamic tradition is positioned as inferior and violent while Western epistemologies are represented as “truth”.

Tamdgidi, M. (2015). ISLAM : From phobia to understanding. (Vol. VIII). Ahead Publishing House .

Non-Western epistemologies are considered inferior and excluded from the global conversation Islamic philosophy portrayed as inferior the logical consequence is that they should be repressed Muslims can be part of the discussion as long as they stop thinking as Muslims Any Muslim that think these questions from within Islamic tradition is suspicious of fundamentalism Today experts in the West talks with authority about Islam, with no knowledge of the Islamic tradition stereotypes and lies reported over and over believed as Truth


Question: islamic philosophy portrayed as inferior

These practices are not neutral – they are part of a process of Islamophobia in which the Islamic tradition is positioned as inferior and violent while Western epistemologies are represented as “truth”.

Tamdgidi, M. (2015). ISLAM : From phobia to understanding. (Vol. VIII). Ahead Publishing House .

Non-Western epistemologies are considered inferior and excluded from the global conversation Islamic philosophy portrayed as inferior the logical consequence is that they should be repressed Muslims can be part of the discussion as long as they stop thinking as Muslims Any Muslim that think these questions from within Islamic tradition is suspicious of fundamentalism Today experts in the West talks with authority about Islam, with no knowledge of the Islamic tradition stereotypes and lies reported over and over believed as Truth


Question: Trade offices states cant monitor

[5] TRADE OFFICES---states cant monitor exports.

Baasch ’16 [Ryan and Saikrishna Prakash; 2016; Law Clerk to Judge Karen LeCraft Henderson; James Monroe Distinguished Professor of Law, University of Virginia School of Law; Michigan Law Review, “Congress and the Reconstruction of Foreign Affairs Federalism,” vol. 115]

state trade offices ." pale in comparison to the resources of the State Department Even if we concede states trade through their tiny offices few would suppose Idaho could possibly supply the knowledge necessary The gulf between the fed compared to states is beyond question states institutions would take decades


Question: Baasch 2016

[5] TRADE OFFICES---states cant monitor exports.

Baasch ’16 [Ryan and Saikrishna Prakash; 2016; Law Clerk to Judge Karen LeCraft Henderson; James Monroe Distinguished Professor of Law, University of Virginia School of Law; Michigan Law Review, “Congress and the Reconstruction of Foreign Affairs Federalism,” vol. 115]

state trade offices ." pale in comparison to the resources of the State Department Even if we concede states trade through their tiny offices few would suppose Idaho could possibly supply the knowledge necessary The gulf between the fed compared to states is beyond question states institutions would take decades


Question: State trade offices pale

[5] TRADE OFFICES---states cant monitor exports.

Baasch ’16 [Ryan and Saikrishna Prakash; 2016; Law Clerk to Judge Karen LeCraft Henderson; James Monroe Distinguished Professor of Law, University of Virginia School of Law; Michigan Law Review, “Congress and the Reconstruction of Foreign Affairs Federalism,” vol. 115]

state trade offices ." pale in comparison to the resources of the State Department Even if we concede states trade through their tiny offices few would suppose Idaho could possibly supply the knowledge necessary The gulf between the fed compared to states is beyond question states institutions would take decades


Question: State Department resources

[5] TRADE OFFICES---states cant monitor exports.

Baasch ’16 [Ryan and Saikrishna Prakash; 2016; Law Clerk to Judge Karen LeCraft Henderson; James Monroe Distinguished Professor of Law, University of Virginia School of Law; Michigan Law Review, “Congress and the Reconstruction of Foreign Affairs Federalism,” vol. 115]

state trade offices ." pale in comparison to the resources of the State Department Even if we concede states trade through their tiny offices few would suppose Idaho could possibly supply the knowledge necessary The gulf between the fed compared to states is beyond question states institutions would take decades


Question: states institutions would take decades

[5] TRADE OFFICES---states cant monitor exports.

Baasch ’16 [Ryan and Saikrishna Prakash; 2016; Law Clerk to Judge Karen LeCraft Henderson; James Monroe Distinguished Professor of Law, University of Virginia School of Law; Michigan Law Review, “Congress and the Reconstruction of Foreign Affairs Federalism,” vol. 115]

state trade offices ." pale in comparison to the resources of the State Department Even if we concede states trade through their tiny offices few would suppose Idaho could possibly supply the knowledge necessary The gulf between the fed compared to states is beyond question states institutions would take decades


Question: Idaho knowledge trade

[5] TRADE OFFICES---states cant monitor exports.

Baasch ’16 [Ryan and Saikrishna Prakash; 2016; Law Clerk to Judge Karen LeCraft Henderson; James Monroe Distinguished Professor of Law, University of Virginia School of Law; Michigan Law Review, “Congress and the Reconstruction of Foreign Affairs Federalism,” vol. 115]

state trade offices ." pale in comparison to the resources of the State Department Even if we concede states trade through their tiny offices few would suppose Idaho could possibly supply the knowledge necessary The gulf between the fed compared to states is beyond question states institutions would take decades


Question: Congress and the Reconstruction of Foreign Affairs Federalism

[5] TRADE OFFICES---states cant monitor exports.

Baasch ’16 [Ryan and Saikrishna Prakash; 2016; Law Clerk to Judge Karen LeCraft Henderson; James Monroe Distinguished Professor of Law, University of Virginia School of Law; Michigan Law Review, “Congress and the Reconstruction of Foreign Affairs Federalism,” vol. 115]

state trade offices ." pale in comparison to the resources of the State Department Even if we concede states trade through their tiny offices few would suppose Idaho could possibly supply the knowledge necessary The gulf between the fed compared to states is beyond question states institutions would take decades


Question: Trump will end US order

Trump will end the U.S.-led order. The second term will make the first look like a “garden party.”

Drezner 23 – Professor of International Politics at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University.

Trump scrambled the network of alliances the U S had built Trump blasted allies for not contributing He threatened to exit sacrosanct agreements Trump bent over backward to ingratiate himself with Putin Xi and Kim Biden’s victory ended this bizarre behavior Biden proved willing to mobilize the CHIPS Act and I R A far ambitious Biden has been more adept at attracting allies Japan South Korea and AUKUS cemented cooperation adversaries are holding out hope for Trump’s return in 2025 Putin is unlikely to change tactics in Ukraine until after the election Putin knows Trump will help him Trump plans to scour intelligence agencies to remove officials he vilified there will no longer be adults in the room If Trump is reelected he will feel unconstrained A second Trump term would make the first one look like a party


Question: Drezner 23

Trump will end the U.S.-led order. The second term will make the first look like a “garden party.”

Drezner 23 – Professor of International Politics at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University.

Trump scrambled the network of alliances the U S had built Trump blasted allies for not contributing He threatened to exit sacrosanct agreements Trump bent over backward to ingratiate himself with Putin Xi and Kim Biden’s victory ended this bizarre behavior Biden proved willing to mobilize the CHIPS Act and I R A far ambitious Biden has been more adept at attracting allies Japan South Korea and AUKUS cemented cooperation adversaries are holding out hope for Trump’s return in 2025 Putin is unlikely to change tactics in Ukraine until after the election Putin knows Trump will help him Trump plans to scour intelligence agencies to remove officials he vilified there will no longer be adults in the room If Trump is reelected he will feel unconstrained A second Trump term would make the first one look like a party


Question: Trump second term worse

Trump will end the U.S.-led order. The second term will make the first look like a “garden party.”

Drezner 23 – Professor of International Politics at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University.

Trump scrambled the network of alliances the U S had built Trump blasted allies for not contributing He threatened to exit sacrosanct agreements Trump bent over backward to ingratiate himself with Putin Xi and Kim Biden’s victory ended this bizarre behavior Biden proved willing to mobilize the CHIPS Act and I R A far ambitious Biden has been more adept at attracting allies Japan South Korea and AUKUS cemented cooperation adversaries are holding out hope for Trump’s return in 2025 Putin is unlikely to change tactics in Ukraine until after the election Putin knows Trump will help him Trump plans to scour intelligence agencies to remove officials he vilified there will no longer be adults in the room If Trump is reelected he will feel unconstrained A second Trump term would make the first one look like a party


Question: Trump foreign policy

Trump will end the U.S.-led order. The second term will make the first look like a “garden party.”

Drezner 23 – Professor of International Politics at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University.

Trump scrambled the network of alliances the U S had built Trump blasted allies for not contributing He threatened to exit sacrosanct agreements Trump bent over backward to ingratiate himself with Putin Xi and Kim Biden’s victory ended this bizarre behavior Biden proved willing to mobilize the CHIPS Act and I R A far ambitious Biden has been more adept at attracting allies Japan South Korea and AUKUS cemented cooperation adversaries are holding out hope for Trump’s return in 2025 Putin is unlikely to change tactics in Ukraine until after the election Putin knows Trump will help him Trump plans to scour intelligence agencies to remove officials he vilified there will no longer be adults in the room If Trump is reelected he will feel unconstrained A second Trump term would make the first one look like a party


Question: Trump unconstrained

Trump will end the U.S.-led order. The second term will make the first look like a “garden party.”

Drezner 23 – Professor of International Politics at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University.

Trump scrambled the network of alliances the U S had built Trump blasted allies for not contributing He threatened to exit sacrosanct agreements Trump bent over backward to ingratiate himself with Putin Xi and Kim Biden’s victory ended this bizarre behavior Biden proved willing to mobilize the CHIPS Act and I R A far ambitious Biden has been more adept at attracting allies Japan South Korea and AUKUS cemented cooperation adversaries are holding out hope for Trump’s return in 2025 Putin is unlikely to change tactics in Ukraine until after the election Putin knows Trump will help him Trump plans to scour intelligence agencies to remove officials he vilified there will no longer be adults in the room If Trump is reelected he will feel unconstrained A second Trump term would make the first one look like a party


Question: Biden alliances

Trump will end the U.S.-led order. The second term will make the first look like a “garden party.”

Drezner 23 – Professor of International Politics at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University.

Trump scrambled the network of alliances the U S had built Trump blasted allies for not contributing He threatened to exit sacrosanct agreements Trump bent over backward to ingratiate himself with Putin Xi and Kim Biden’s victory ended this bizarre behavior Biden proved willing to mobilize the CHIPS Act and I R A far ambitious Biden has been more adept at attracting allies Japan South Korea and AUKUS cemented cooperation adversaries are holding out hope for Trump’s return in 2025 Putin is unlikely to change tactics in Ukraine until after the election Putin knows Trump will help him Trump plans to scour intelligence agencies to remove officials he vilified there will no longer be adults in the room If Trump is reelected he will feel unconstrained A second Trump term would make the first one look like a party


Question: Trump Putin

Trump will end the U.S.-led order. The second term will make the first look like a “garden party.”

Drezner 23 – Professor of International Politics at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University.

Trump scrambled the network of alliances the U S had built Trump blasted allies for not contributing He threatened to exit sacrosanct agreements Trump bent over backward to ingratiate himself with Putin Xi and Kim Biden’s victory ended this bizarre behavior Biden proved willing to mobilize the CHIPS Act and I R A far ambitious Biden has been more adept at attracting allies Japan South Korea and AUKUS cemented cooperation adversaries are holding out hope for Trump’s return in 2025 Putin is unlikely to change tactics in Ukraine until after the election Putin knows Trump will help him Trump plans to scour intelligence agencies to remove officials he vilified there will no longer be adults in the room If Trump is reelected he will feel unconstrained A second Trump term would make the first one look like a party


Question: Trump end US alliances

Trump will end the U.S.-led order. The second term will make the first look like a “garden party.”

Drezner 23 – Professor of International Politics at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University.

Trump scrambled the network of alliances the U S had built Trump blasted allies for not contributing He threatened to exit sacrosanct agreements Trump bent over backward to ingratiate himself with Putin Xi and Kim Biden’s victory ended this bizarre behavior Biden proved willing to mobilize the CHIPS Act and I R A far ambitious Biden has been more adept at attracting allies Japan South Korea and AUKUS cemented cooperation adversaries are holding out hope for Trump’s return in 2025 Putin is unlikely to change tactics in Ukraine until after the election Putin knows Trump will help him Trump plans to scour intelligence agencies to remove officials he vilified there will no longer be adults in the room If Trump is reelected he will feel unconstrained A second Trump term would make the first one look like a party


Question: climate change requires pragmatism

Climate change requires pragmatism. Proposing and rejoining specific climate policies in debate provides students the problem-solving and critical thinking to unlock alternative futures.

Harvey, 20

Mobilizing can’t lead to change on its own no matter how ethically appealing cannot draw a line from protests to mothballed coal plants People need food places to sleep clothes to wear and this is the source of emissions will take time and major infusions to replace energy sources PRAGMATISM good climate strategy requires detailed understanding of means and ends There is no alternative to systems emit carbon and going after them climate change is rooted in relatively narrow band finite decision-makers those often ignored by climate activist s While activists were protesting pipeline little impact on oil consumption missing forum set building standards across the U S citizens are absent at forums where climate decisions are made next step figure out how they operate how to apply pressure on them These are questions one needs to make a difference They are the map to a serious solution


Question: Harvey 20

Climate change requires pragmatism. Proposing and rejoining specific climate policies in debate provides students the problem-solving and critical thinking to unlock alternative futures.

Harvey, 20

Mobilizing can’t lead to change on its own no matter how ethically appealing cannot draw a line from protests to mothballed coal plants People need food places to sleep clothes to wear and this is the source of emissions will take time and major infusions to replace energy sources PRAGMATISM good climate strategy requires detailed understanding of means and ends There is no alternative to systems emit carbon and going after them climate change is rooted in relatively narrow band finite decision-makers those often ignored by climate activist s While activists were protesting pipeline little impact on oil consumption missing forum set building standards across the U S citizens are absent at forums where climate decisions are made next step figure out how they operate how to apply pressure on them These are questions one needs to make a difference They are the map to a serious solution


Question: climate change activism bad

Climate change requires pragmatism. Proposing and rejoining specific climate policies in debate provides students the problem-solving and critical thinking to unlock alternative futures.

Harvey, 20

Mobilizing can’t lead to change on its own no matter how ethically appealing cannot draw a line from protests to mothballed coal plants People need food places to sleep clothes to wear and this is the source of emissions will take time and major infusions to replace energy sources PRAGMATISM good climate strategy requires detailed understanding of means and ends There is no alternative to systems emit carbon and going after them climate change is rooted in relatively narrow band finite decision-makers those often ignored by climate activist s While activists were protesting pipeline little impact on oil consumption missing forum set building standards across the U S citizens are absent at forums where climate decisions are made next step figure out how they operate how to apply pressure on them These are questions one needs to make a difference They are the map to a serious solution


Question: climate change requires solutions

Climate change requires pragmatism. Proposing and rejoining specific climate policies in debate provides students the problem-solving and critical thinking to unlock alternative futures.

Harvey, 20

Mobilizing can’t lead to change on its own no matter how ethically appealing cannot draw a line from protests to mothballed coal plants People need food places to sleep clothes to wear and this is the source of emissions will take time and major infusions to replace energy sources PRAGMATISM good climate strategy requires detailed understanding of means and ends There is no alternative to systems emit carbon and going after them climate change is rooted in relatively narrow band finite decision-makers those often ignored by climate activist s While activists were protesting pipeline little impact on oil consumption missing forum set building standards across the U S citizens are absent at forums where climate decisions are made next step figure out how they operate how to apply pressure on them These are questions one needs to make a difference They are the map to a serious solution


Question: PRAGMATISM good climate strategy

Climate change requires pragmatism. Proposing and rejoining specific climate policies in debate provides students the problem-solving and critical thinking to unlock alternative futures.

Harvey, 20

Mobilizing can’t lead to change on its own no matter how ethically appealing cannot draw a line from protests to mothballed coal plants People need food places to sleep clothes to wear and this is the source of emissions will take time and major infusions to replace energy sources PRAGMATISM good climate strategy requires detailed understanding of means and ends There is no alternative to systems emit carbon and going after them climate change is rooted in relatively narrow band finite decision-makers those often ignored by climate activist s While activists were protesting pipeline little impact on oil consumption missing forum set building standards across the U S citizens are absent at forums where climate decisions are made next step figure out how they operate how to apply pressure on them These are questions one needs to make a difference They are the map to a serious solution


Question: detailed understanding of means and ends

Climate change requires pragmatism. Proposing and rejoining specific climate policies in debate provides students the problem-solving and critical thinking to unlock alternative futures.

Harvey, 20

Mobilizing can’t lead to change on its own no matter how ethically appealing cannot draw a line from protests to mothballed coal plants People need food places to sleep clothes to wear and this is the source of emissions will take time and major infusions to replace energy sources PRAGMATISM good climate strategy requires detailed understanding of means and ends There is no alternative to systems emit carbon and going after them climate change is rooted in relatively narrow band finite decision-makers those often ignored by climate activist s While activists were protesting pipeline little impact on oil consumption missing forum set building standards across the U S citizens are absent at forums where climate decisions are made next step figure out how they operate how to apply pressure on them These are questions one needs to make a difference They are the map to a serious solution


Question: finite decision-makers climate change

Climate change requires pragmatism. Proposing and rejoining specific climate policies in debate provides students the problem-solving and critical thinking to unlock alternative futures.

Harvey, 20

Mobilizing can’t lead to change on its own no matter how ethically appealing cannot draw a line from protests to mothballed coal plants People need food places to sleep clothes to wear and this is the source of emissions will take time and major infusions to replace energy sources PRAGMATISM good climate strategy requires detailed understanding of means and ends There is no alternative to systems emit carbon and going after them climate change is rooted in relatively narrow band finite decision-makers those often ignored by climate activist s While activists were protesting pipeline little impact on oil consumption missing forum set building standards across the U S citizens are absent at forums where climate decisions are made next step figure out how they operate how to apply pressure on them These are questions one needs to make a difference They are the map to a serious solution


Question: Alt causes war

2---Alt causes war, and any real oil wars didn’t escalate.

Meierding ‘20 [Emily; assistant professor of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California, Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Chicago,

the historical record indicates countries fought 180 oil wars a closer look reveals that none merits the oil war ” label countries fought for other  reasons , including regional hegemony , domestic politics, national pride , or other assets Oil was an uncommon trigger and never caused major conflicts oil spats were brief nonfatal and n ever escalated


Question: Meierding 20

2---Alt causes war, and any real oil wars didn’t escalate.

Meierding ‘20 [Emily; assistant professor of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California, Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Chicago,

the historical record indicates countries fought 180 oil wars a closer look reveals that none merits the oil war ” label countries fought for other  reasons , including regional hegemony , domestic politics, national pride , or other assets Oil was an uncommon trigger and never caused major conflicts oil spats were brief nonfatal and n ever escalated


Question: Emily Meierding oil wars

2---Alt causes war, and any real oil wars didn’t escalate.

Meierding ‘20 [Emily; assistant professor of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California, Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Chicago,

the historical record indicates countries fought 180 oil wars a closer look reveals that none merits the oil war ” label countries fought for other  reasons , including regional hegemony , domestic politics, national pride , or other assets Oil was an uncommon trigger and never caused major conflicts oil spats were brief nonfatal and n ever escalated


Question: oil wars didn't escalate

2---Alt causes war, and any real oil wars didn’t escalate.

Meierding ‘20 [Emily; assistant professor of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California, Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Chicago,

the historical record indicates countries fought 180 oil wars a closer look reveals that none merits the oil war ” label countries fought for other  reasons , including regional hegemony , domestic politics, national pride , or other assets Oil was an uncommon trigger and never caused major conflicts oil spats were brief nonfatal and n ever escalated


Question: oil wars uncommon trigger

2---Alt causes war, and any real oil wars didn’t escalate.

Meierding ‘20 [Emily; assistant professor of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California, Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Chicago,

the historical record indicates countries fought 180 oil wars a closer look reveals that none merits the oil war ” label countries fought for other  reasons , including regional hegemony , domestic politics, national pride , or other assets Oil was an uncommon trigger and never caused major conflicts oil spats were brief nonfatal and n ever escalated


Question: countries fought for other reasons

2---Alt causes war, and any real oil wars didn’t escalate.

Meierding ‘20 [Emily; assistant professor of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California, Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Chicago,

the historical record indicates countries fought 180 oil wars a closer look reveals that none merits the oil war ” label countries fought for other  reasons , including regional hegemony , domestic politics, national pride , or other assets Oil was an uncommon trigger and never caused major conflicts oil spats were brief nonfatal and n ever escalated


Question: oil spats were brief nonfatal

2---Alt causes war, and any real oil wars didn’t escalate.

Meierding ‘20 [Emily; assistant professor of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California, Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Chicago,

the historical record indicates countries fought 180 oil wars a closer look reveals that none merits the oil war ” label countries fought for other  reasons , including regional hegemony , domestic politics, national pride , or other assets Oil was an uncommon trigger and never caused major conflicts oil spats were brief nonfatal and n ever escalated


Question: oil never caused major conflicts

2---Alt causes war, and any real oil wars didn’t escalate.

Meierding ‘20 [Emily; assistant professor of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California, Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Chicago,

the historical record indicates countries fought 180 oil wars a closer look reveals that none merits the oil war ” label countries fought for other  reasons , including regional hegemony , domestic politics, national pride , or other assets Oil was an uncommon trigger and never caused major conflicts oil spats were brief nonfatal and n ever escalated


Question: Backlash ensures it

Backlash ensures it

Alexander 22 (Dr. Samuel Alexander, lecturer at the University of Melbourne, Australia, co-director of the Simplicity Institute and a research fellow with the Melbourne Sustainable Society Institute; and Brendan Gleeson, Emeritus Professor at the School of Regulation and Global Governance, The Australian National University; “Collective Sufficiency: Degrowth as a Political Project;” Chapter 5 in Post-Capitalist Futures: Paradigms, Politics, and Prospects, Palgrave MacMillan, https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-16-6530-1; Go Green!) [language modified]

degrowth is disconnected from realism political and social unpalatability In a time of rising authoritarianism and reaction likely to be fiercely opposed by those clinging so unpalatable it would be political suicide


Question: Alexander 22

Backlash ensures it

Alexander 22 (Dr. Samuel Alexander, lecturer at the University of Melbourne, Australia, co-director of the Simplicity Institute and a research fellow with the Melbourne Sustainable Society Institute; and Brendan Gleeson, Emeritus Professor at the School of Regulation and Global Governance, The Australian National University; “Collective Sufficiency: Degrowth as a Political Project;” Chapter 5 in Post-Capitalist Futures: Paradigms, Politics, and Prospects, Palgrave MacMillan, https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-16-6530-1; Go Green!) [language modified]

degrowth is disconnected from realism political and social unpalatability In a time of rising authoritarianism and reaction likely to be fiercely opposed by those clinging so unpalatable it would be political suicide


Question: degrowth political suicide

Backlash ensures it

Alexander 22 (Dr. Samuel Alexander, lecturer at the University of Melbourne, Australia, co-director of the Simplicity Institute and a research fellow with the Melbourne Sustainable Society Institute; and Brendan Gleeson, Emeritus Professor at the School of Regulation and Global Governance, The Australian National University; “Collective Sufficiency: Degrowth as a Political Project;” Chapter 5 in Post-Capitalist Futures: Paradigms, Politics, and Prospects, Palgrave MacMillan, https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-16-6530-1; Go Green!) [language modified]

degrowth is disconnected from realism political and social unpalatability In a time of rising authoritarianism and reaction likely to be fiercely opposed by those clinging so unpalatable it would be political suicide


Question: fiercely opposed degrowth

Backlash ensures it

Alexander 22 (Dr. Samuel Alexander, lecturer at the University of Melbourne, Australia, co-director of the Simplicity Institute and a research fellow with the Melbourne Sustainable Society Institute; and Brendan Gleeson, Emeritus Professor at the School of Regulation and Global Governance, The Australian National University; “Collective Sufficiency: Degrowth as a Political Project;” Chapter 5 in Post-Capitalist Futures: Paradigms, Politics, and Prospects, Palgrave MacMillan, https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-16-6530-1; Go Green!) [language modified]

degrowth is disconnected from realism political and social unpalatability In a time of rising authoritarianism and reaction likely to be fiercely opposed by those clinging so unpalatable it would be political suicide


Question: degrowth unpalatable

Backlash ensures it

Alexander 22 (Dr. Samuel Alexander, lecturer at the University of Melbourne, Australia, co-director of the Simplicity Institute and a research fellow with the Melbourne Sustainable Society Institute; and Brendan Gleeson, Emeritus Professor at the School of Regulation and Global Governance, The Australian National University; “Collective Sufficiency: Degrowth as a Political Project;” Chapter 5 in Post-Capitalist Futures: Paradigms, Politics, and Prospects, Palgrave MacMillan, https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-16-6530-1; Go Green!) [language modified]

degrowth is disconnected from realism political and social unpalatability In a time of rising authoritarianism and reaction likely to be fiercely opposed by those clinging so unpalatable it would be political suicide


Question: Rising authoritarianism and degrowth

Backlash ensures it

Alexander 22 (Dr. Samuel Alexander, lecturer at the University of Melbourne, Australia, co-director of the Simplicity Institute and a research fellow with the Melbourne Sustainable Society Institute; and Brendan Gleeson, Emeritus Professor at the School of Regulation and Global Governance, The Australian National University; “Collective Sufficiency: Degrowth as a Political Project;” Chapter 5 in Post-Capitalist Futures: Paradigms, Politics, and Prospects, Palgrave MacMillan, https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-16-6530-1; Go Green!) [language modified]

degrowth is disconnected from realism political and social unpalatability In a time of rising authoritarianism and reaction likely to be fiercely opposed by those clinging so unpalatable it would be political suicide


Question: Artificial trees pull in emissions

Artificial trees scale up and pull in emissions

McFarland 16 [Matt McFarland, January 12, 2016, “Could artificial trees be part of the climate change solution?,” The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jan/12/artificial-trees-fight-climate-change]

Artificial trees are a great hope against climate change absorb carbon funding is a challenge one square kilo metre could remove 4m tons of carbon a year tech is 1,000 times as effective as trees removing carbon dioxide for 100 a tonn


Question: McFarland 16

Artificial trees scale up and pull in emissions

McFarland 16 [Matt McFarland, January 12, 2016, “Could artificial trees be part of the climate change solution?,” The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jan/12/artificial-trees-fight-climate-change]

Artificial trees are a great hope against climate change absorb carbon funding is a challenge one square kilo metre could remove 4m tons of carbon a year tech is 1,000 times as effective as trees removing carbon dioxide for 100 a tonn


Question: Matt McFarland

Artificial trees scale up and pull in emissions

McFarland 16 [Matt McFarland, January 12, 2016, “Could artificial trees be part of the climate change solution?,” The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jan/12/artificial-trees-fight-climate-change]

Artificial trees are a great hope against climate change absorb carbon funding is a challenge one square kilo metre could remove 4m tons of carbon a year tech is 1,000 times as effective as trees removing carbon dioxide for 100 a tonn


Question: artificial trees climate change solution

Artificial trees scale up and pull in emissions

McFarland 16 [Matt McFarland, January 12, 2016, “Could artificial trees be part of the climate change solution?,” The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jan/12/artificial-trees-fight-climate-change]

Artificial trees are a great hope against climate change absorb carbon funding is a challenge one square kilo metre could remove 4m tons of carbon a year tech is 1,000 times as effective as trees removing carbon dioxide for 100 a tonn


Question: artificial trees absorb carbon

Artificial trees scale up and pull in emissions

McFarland 16 [Matt McFarland, January 12, 2016, “Could artificial trees be part of the climate change solution?,” The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jan/12/artificial-trees-fight-climate-change]

Artificial trees are a great hope against climate change absorb carbon funding is a challenge one square kilo metre could remove 4m tons of carbon a year tech is 1,000 times as effective as trees removing carbon dioxide for 100 a tonn


Question: artificial trees effective CO2 removal

Artificial trees scale up and pull in emissions

McFarland 16 [Matt McFarland, January 12, 2016, “Could artificial trees be part of the climate change solution?,” The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jan/12/artificial-trees-fight-climate-change]

Artificial trees are a great hope against climate change absorb carbon funding is a challenge one square kilo metre could remove 4m tons of carbon a year tech is 1,000 times as effective as trees removing carbon dioxide for 100 a tonn


Question: Develops detailed advocacy and research skills

It develops detailed advocacy and research skills.

Dybvig ‘2k [Kristin Chisholm Dybvig, Ph.D. in Interpersonal Communication/ Research Methods from Arizona State University; Joel Iverson, Associate Professor of Communication at the University of Montana, Ph.D in Communication from Arizona State University Relations at the University of Sydney; Debate Central, “Can Cutting Cards Carve into Our Personal Lives: An Analysis of Debate Research on Personal Advocacy,” https://debate.uvm.edu/dybvigiverson1000.html]

debate provides preparation for argumentative agency the capacity to employ strategies in action research for competition is a catalyst and provide a depth of understanding Without the guidance of a topic , how many students would do research on mutilation in Africa, or U N sanctions on Iraq ? competitive debate  provides an impetus for to research beyond their front doors makes us good advocates debaters who protest sanctions were not engaged until research drew them to the topic Even if not compelled to take action, research changes opinions the topic U S F G should spurred activism college was used to rally people in support of movements researching both sides of argument created advocates debaters learn both sides so they could defend their positions against attack Learning the nature of proposals helps debaters strengthen their stance


Question: Dybvig and Iverson

It develops detailed advocacy and research skills.

Dybvig ‘2k [Kristin Chisholm Dybvig, Ph.D. in Interpersonal Communication/ Research Methods from Arizona State University; Joel Iverson, Associate Professor of Communication at the University of Montana, Ph.D in Communication from Arizona State University Relations at the University of Sydney; Debate Central, “Can Cutting Cards Carve into Our Personal Lives: An Analysis of Debate Research on Personal Advocacy,” https://debate.uvm.edu/dybvigiverson1000.html]

debate provides preparation for argumentative agency the capacity to employ strategies in action research for competition is a catalyst and provide a depth of understanding Without the guidance of a topic , how many students would do research on mutilation in Africa, or U N sanctions on Iraq ? competitive debate  provides an impetus for to research beyond their front doors makes us good advocates debaters who protest sanctions were not engaged until research drew them to the topic Even if not compelled to take action, research changes opinions the topic U S F G should spurred activism college was used to rally people in support of movements researching both sides of argument created advocates debaters learn both sides so they could defend their positions against attack Learning the nature of proposals helps debaters strengthen their stance


Question: Debate research skills

It develops detailed advocacy and research skills.

Dybvig ‘2k [Kristin Chisholm Dybvig, Ph.D. in Interpersonal Communication/ Research Methods from Arizona State University; Joel Iverson, Associate Professor of Communication at the University of Montana, Ph.D in Communication from Arizona State University Relations at the University of Sydney; Debate Central, “Can Cutting Cards Carve into Our Personal Lives: An Analysis of Debate Research on Personal Advocacy,” https://debate.uvm.edu/dybvigiverson1000.html]

debate provides preparation for argumentative agency the capacity to employ strategies in action research for competition is a catalyst and provide a depth of understanding Without the guidance of a topic , how many students would do research on mutilation in Africa, or U N sanctions on Iraq ? competitive debate  provides an impetus for to research beyond their front doors makes us good advocates debaters who protest sanctions were not engaged until research drew them to the topic Even if not compelled to take action, research changes opinions the topic U S F G should spurred activism college was used to rally people in support of movements researching both sides of argument created advocates debaters learn both sides so they could defend their positions against attack Learning the nature of proposals helps debaters strengthen their stance


Question: Debate prepares for argumentative agency

It develops detailed advocacy and research skills.

Dybvig ‘2k [Kristin Chisholm Dybvig, Ph.D. in Interpersonal Communication/ Research Methods from Arizona State University; Joel Iverson, Associate Professor of Communication at the University of Montana, Ph.D in Communication from Arizona State University Relations at the University of Sydney; Debate Central, “Can Cutting Cards Carve into Our Personal Lives: An Analysis of Debate Research on Personal Advocacy,” https://debate.uvm.edu/dybvigiverson1000.html]

debate provides preparation for argumentative agency the capacity to employ strategies in action research for competition is a catalyst and provide a depth of understanding Without the guidance of a topic , how many students would do research on mutilation in Africa, or U N sanctions on Iraq ? competitive debate  provides an impetus for to research beyond their front doors makes us good advocates debaters who protest sanctions were not engaged until research drew them to the topic Even if not compelled to take action, research changes opinions the topic U S F G should spurred activism college was used to rally people in support of movements researching both sides of argument created advocates debaters learn both sides so they could defend their positions against attack Learning the nature of proposals helps debaters strengthen their stance


Question: research beyond front doors

It develops detailed advocacy and research skills.

Dybvig ‘2k [Kristin Chisholm Dybvig, Ph.D. in Interpersonal Communication/ Research Methods from Arizona State University; Joel Iverson, Associate Professor of Communication at the University of Montana, Ph.D in Communication from Arizona State University Relations at the University of Sydney; Debate Central, “Can Cutting Cards Carve into Our Personal Lives: An Analysis of Debate Research on Personal Advocacy,” https://debate.uvm.edu/dybvigiverson1000.html]

debate provides preparation for argumentative agency the capacity to employ strategies in action research for competition is a catalyst and provide a depth of understanding Without the guidance of a topic , how many students would do research on mutilation in Africa, or U N sanctions on Iraq ? competitive debate  provides an impetus for to research beyond their front doors makes us good advocates debaters who protest sanctions were not engaged until research drew them to the topic Even if not compelled to take action, research changes opinions the topic U S F G should spurred activism college was used to rally people in support of movements researching both sides of argument created advocates debaters learn both sides so they could defend their positions against attack Learning the nature of proposals helps debaters strengthen their stance


Question: research changes opinions

It develops detailed advocacy and research skills.

Dybvig ‘2k [Kristin Chisholm Dybvig, Ph.D. in Interpersonal Communication/ Research Methods from Arizona State University; Joel Iverson, Associate Professor of Communication at the University of Montana, Ph.D in Communication from Arizona State University Relations at the University of Sydney; Debate Central, “Can Cutting Cards Carve into Our Personal Lives: An Analysis of Debate Research on Personal Advocacy,” https://debate.uvm.edu/dybvigiverson1000.html]

debate provides preparation for argumentative agency the capacity to employ strategies in action research for competition is a catalyst and provide a depth of understanding Without the guidance of a topic , how many students would do research on mutilation in Africa, or U N sanctions on Iraq ? competitive debate  provides an impetus for to research beyond their front doors makes us good advocates debaters who protest sanctions were not engaged until research drew them to the topic Even if not compelled to take action, research changes opinions the topic U S F G should spurred activism college was used to rally people in support of movements researching both sides of argument created advocates debaters learn both sides so they could defend their positions against attack Learning the nature of proposals helps debaters strengthen their stance


Question: debate makes us good advocates

It develops detailed advocacy and research skills.

Dybvig ‘2k [Kristin Chisholm Dybvig, Ph.D. in Interpersonal Communication/ Research Methods from Arizona State University; Joel Iverson, Associate Professor of Communication at the University of Montana, Ph.D in Communication from Arizona State University Relations at the University of Sydney; Debate Central, “Can Cutting Cards Carve into Our Personal Lives: An Analysis of Debate Research on Personal Advocacy,” https://debate.uvm.edu/dybvigiverson1000.html]

debate provides preparation for argumentative agency the capacity to employ strategies in action research for competition is a catalyst and provide a depth of understanding Without the guidance of a topic , how many students would do research on mutilation in Africa, or U N sanctions on Iraq ? competitive debate  provides an impetus for to research beyond their front doors makes us good advocates debaters who protest sanctions were not engaged until research drew them to the topic Even if not compelled to take action, research changes opinions the topic U S F G should spurred activism college was used to rally people in support of movements researching both sides of argument created advocates debaters learn both sides so they could defend their positions against attack Learning the nature of proposals helps debaters strengthen their stance


Question: zoonotic disease outbreak

Zoonotic disease outbreak could kill billions – prevention is key.

Reed, Rachel 23. Interviewing Ann Linden. Reed is a writer and editor focusing on higher education and healthcare communications. Linden is the associate director of policy and research at the Brooks McCormick Jr. Animal Law and Policy Program at Harvard Law School. “COVID may not be the last zoonotic pandemic.” https://hls.harvard.edu/today/us-faces-serious-risks-of-zoonotic-disease-says-report-by-harvards-animal-law-policy-program/

Americans’ use of animals is enormous as is the resulting risk from disease spillover concludes a  major animal industries go under- or unregulated in the U.S It would be hubris to suggest practices inside the U S don’t pose a risk we use and process more animals here than almost any other country we need to focus on prevention stopping spillover before it starts there are clear patterns and throughlines drawn from animal use to outbreak the next pandemic might be far worse and sooner than we think Influenza viruses like H5N1 are important to watch for future pandemic risk an outbreak could cause a loss of human life on a scale not yet seen could stretch into the billions


Question: Reed interviewing Linden

Zoonotic disease outbreak could kill billions – prevention is key.

Reed, Rachel 23. Interviewing Ann Linden. Reed is a writer and editor focusing on higher education and healthcare communications. Linden is the associate director of policy and research at the Brooks McCormick Jr. Animal Law and Policy Program at Harvard Law School. “COVID may not be the last zoonotic pandemic.” https://hls.harvard.edu/today/us-faces-serious-risks-of-zoonotic-disease-says-report-by-harvards-animal-law-policy-program/

Americans’ use of animals is enormous as is the resulting risk from disease spillover concludes a  major animal industries go under- or unregulated in the U.S It would be hubris to suggest practices inside the U S don’t pose a risk we use and process more animals here than almost any other country we need to focus on prevention stopping spillover before it starts there are clear patterns and throughlines drawn from animal use to outbreak the next pandemic might be far worse and sooner than we think Influenza viruses like H5N1 are important to watch for future pandemic risk an outbreak could cause a loss of human life on a scale not yet seen could stretch into the billions


Question: Rachel Reed

Zoonotic disease outbreak could kill billions – prevention is key.

Reed, Rachel 23. Interviewing Ann Linden. Reed is a writer and editor focusing on higher education and healthcare communications. Linden is the associate director of policy and research at the Brooks McCormick Jr. Animal Law and Policy Program at Harvard Law School. “COVID may not be the last zoonotic pandemic.” https://hls.harvard.edu/today/us-faces-serious-risks-of-zoonotic-disease-says-report-by-harvards-animal-law-policy-program/

Americans’ use of animals is enormous as is the resulting risk from disease spillover concludes a  major animal industries go under- or unregulated in the U.S It would be hubris to suggest practices inside the U S don’t pose a risk we use and process more animals here than almost any other country we need to focus on prevention stopping spillover before it starts there are clear patterns and throughlines drawn from animal use to outbreak the next pandemic might be far worse and sooner than we think Influenza viruses like H5N1 are important to watch for future pandemic risk an outbreak could cause a loss of human life on a scale not yet seen could stretch into the billions


Question: zoonotic pandemic prevention

Zoonotic disease outbreak could kill billions – prevention is key.

Reed, Rachel 23. Interviewing Ann Linden. Reed is a writer and editor focusing on higher education and healthcare communications. Linden is the associate director of policy and research at the Brooks McCormick Jr. Animal Law and Policy Program at Harvard Law School. “COVID may not be the last zoonotic pandemic.” https://hls.harvard.edu/today/us-faces-serious-risks-of-zoonotic-disease-says-report-by-harvards-animal-law-policy-program/

Americans’ use of animals is enormous as is the resulting risk from disease spillover concludes a  major animal industries go under- or unregulated in the U.S It would be hubris to suggest practices inside the U S don’t pose a risk we use and process more animals here than almost any other country we need to focus on prevention stopping spillover before it starts there are clear patterns and throughlines drawn from animal use to outbreak the next pandemic might be far worse and sooner than we think Influenza viruses like H5N1 are important to watch for future pandemic risk an outbreak could cause a loss of human life on a scale not yet seen could stretch into the billions


Question: animal use disease spillover

Zoonotic disease outbreak could kill billions – prevention is key.

Reed, Rachel 23. Interviewing Ann Linden. Reed is a writer and editor focusing on higher education and healthcare communications. Linden is the associate director of policy and research at the Brooks McCormick Jr. Animal Law and Policy Program at Harvard Law School. “COVID may not be the last zoonotic pandemic.” https://hls.harvard.edu/today/us-faces-serious-risks-of-zoonotic-disease-says-report-by-harvards-animal-law-policy-program/

Americans’ use of animals is enormous as is the resulting risk from disease spillover concludes a  major animal industries go under- or unregulated in the U.S It would be hubris to suggest practices inside the U S don’t pose a risk we use and process more animals here than almost any other country we need to focus on prevention stopping spillover before it starts there are clear patterns and throughlines drawn from animal use to outbreak the next pandemic might be far worse and sooner than we think Influenza viruses like H5N1 are important to watch for future pandemic risk an outbreak could cause a loss of human life on a scale not yet seen could stretch into the billions


Question: next pandemic far worse

Zoonotic disease outbreak could kill billions – prevention is key.

Reed, Rachel 23. Interviewing Ann Linden. Reed is a writer and editor focusing on higher education and healthcare communications. Linden is the associate director of policy and research at the Brooks McCormick Jr. Animal Law and Policy Program at Harvard Law School. “COVID may not be the last zoonotic pandemic.” https://hls.harvard.edu/today/us-faces-serious-risks-of-zoonotic-disease-says-report-by-harvards-animal-law-policy-program/

Americans’ use of animals is enormous as is the resulting risk from disease spillover concludes a  major animal industries go under- or unregulated in the U.S It would be hubris to suggest practices inside the U S don’t pose a risk we use and process more animals here than almost any other country we need to focus on prevention stopping spillover before it starts there are clear patterns and throughlines drawn from animal use to outbreak the next pandemic might be far worse and sooner than we think Influenza viruses like H5N1 are important to watch for future pandemic risk an outbreak could cause a loss of human life on a scale not yet seen could stretch into the billions


Question: H5N1 pandemic risk

Zoonotic disease outbreak could kill billions – prevention is key.

Reed, Rachel 23. Interviewing Ann Linden. Reed is a writer and editor focusing on higher education and healthcare communications. Linden is the associate director of policy and research at the Brooks McCormick Jr. Animal Law and Policy Program at Harvard Law School. “COVID may not be the last zoonotic pandemic.” https://hls.harvard.edu/today/us-faces-serious-risks-of-zoonotic-disease-says-report-by-harvards-animal-law-policy-program/

Americans’ use of animals is enormous as is the resulting risk from disease spillover concludes a  major animal industries go under- or unregulated in the U.S It would be hubris to suggest practices inside the U S don’t pose a risk we use and process more animals here than almost any other country we need to focus on prevention stopping spillover before it starts there are clear patterns and throughlines drawn from animal use to outbreak the next pandemic might be far worse and sooner than we think Influenza viruses like H5N1 are important to watch for future pandemic risk an outbreak could cause a loss of human life on a scale not yet seen could stretch into the billions


Question: Not enough minerals oil propaganda

1NC 2: Not enough minerals is oil industry propaganda.

Russell Ruderman 23. Russell E. Ruderman is an American politician and was a Democratic member of the Hawaii Senate from 2012 to 2020 representing District 2. “Russell Ruderman: Dispelling The Disinformation On Electric Vehicles.” 10/16/23. https://www.civilbeat.org/2023/10/russell-ruderman-dispelling-the-disinformation-on-electric-vehicles/

cobalt is being phased out New techniques made lithium available from seawater newest battery use no rare minerals rapid advances lessening concerns same cannot be said about fossil fuels oil industry PR minerals in batteries recharged and used for years recycled and reused burning of oil requires more oil more mining let’s not lose sight of the big picture let’s assume we are mining rare minerals in destructive manner we must compare this to oil wells , pipelines wars spillage impacts are a thousand times greater is an easy choice learn to recognize oil industry propaganda


Question: Russell Ruderman

1NC 2: Not enough minerals is oil industry propaganda.

Russell Ruderman 23. Russell E. Ruderman is an American politician and was a Democratic member of the Hawaii Senate from 2012 to 2020 representing District 2. “Russell Ruderman: Dispelling The Disinformation On Electric Vehicles.” 10/16/23. https://www.civilbeat.org/2023/10/russell-ruderman-dispelling-the-disinformation-on-electric-vehicles/

cobalt is being phased out New techniques made lithium available from seawater newest battery use no rare minerals rapid advances lessening concerns same cannot be said about fossil fuels oil industry PR minerals in batteries recharged and used for years recycled and reused burning of oil requires more oil more mining let’s not lose sight of the big picture let’s assume we are mining rare minerals in destructive manner we must compare this to oil wells , pipelines wars spillage impacts are a thousand times greater is an easy choice learn to recognize oil industry propaganda