Question: warming impacts faster

Err AFF---climate models underestimate warming’s effects.

David Spratt 23 is research director for the Melbourne-based Breakthrough National Centre for Climate Restoration and coauthor of the book Climate Code Red: The Case for Emergency Action (Scribe, 2008). He published “What Lies Beneath: The Underestimation of Existential Climate Risk” with Ian Dunlop in 2018. The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, “Faster than forecast, climate impacts trigger tipping points in the Earth system,” 4-19-2023, https://thebulletin.org/2023/04/faster-than-forecast-climate-impacts-trigger-tipping-points-in-the-earth-system/, DOA: 10-2-24, lmc

warming  impacts have been  faster  and more extreme positive feedbacks  are not fully accounted for in models when it comes to ice sheet collapse sea level rise and extreme weather the IPCC have been conservative even 1-degree Celsius risks triggering tipping points Arctic warmed four times faster and climate models underestimate amplification Permafrost emissions and feedback loops are not accounted for thermal maximum for photosynthesis had been exceeded the carbon absorbed by plants will decline whilst carbon released will rise


Question: underestimation of existential climate risk

Err AFF---climate models underestimate warming’s effects.

David Spratt 23 is research director for the Melbourne-based Breakthrough National Centre for Climate Restoration and coauthor of the book Climate Code Red: The Case for Emergency Action (Scribe, 2008). He published “What Lies Beneath: The Underestimation of Existential Climate Risk” with Ian Dunlop in 2018. The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, “Faster than forecast, climate impacts trigger tipping points in the Earth system,” 4-19-2023, https://thebulletin.org/2023/04/faster-than-forecast-climate-impacts-trigger-tipping-points-in-the-earth-system/, DOA: 10-2-24, lmc

warming  impacts have been  faster  and more extreme positive feedbacks  are not fully accounted for in models when it comes to ice sheet collapse sea level rise and extreme weather the IPCC have been conservative even 1-degree Celsius risks triggering tipping points Arctic warmed four times faster and climate models underestimate amplification Permafrost emissions and feedback loops are not accounted for thermal maximum for photosynthesis had been exceeded the carbon absorbed by plants will decline whilst carbon released will rise


Question: Price signals key to sustainability

Price signals are key to sustainability.

Brian Albrecht 24. (Chief Economist at the International Center for Law & Economics. “I Read the Degrowth Paper, So You Don’t Have To.” 1/4/24. https://www.economicforces.xyz/p/i-read-the-degrowth-paper-so-you) Roy

claim that we need to reduce GDP to reduce resource use That’s not true Ag energy use emissions even 'offshored' emissions US relies on profit to encourage innovation means fewer resources are used Market incentives is the only reliable way way forward lies in harnessing market incentives to balance growth and ecological needs addressing via taxation have to be central to the path forward


Question: brian albrecht 24

Price signals are key to sustainability.

Brian Albrecht 24. (Chief Economist at the International Center for Law & Economics. “I Read the Degrowth Paper, So You Don’t Have To.” 1/4/24. https://www.economicforces.xyz/p/i-read-the-degrowth-paper-so-you) Roy

claim that we need to reduce GDP to reduce resource use That’s not true Ag energy use emissions even 'offshored' emissions US relies on profit to encourage innovation means fewer resources are used Market incentives is the only reliable way way forward lies in harnessing market incentives to balance growth and ecological needs addressing via taxation have to be central to the path forward


Question: market incentives sustainability

Price signals are key to sustainability.

Brian Albrecht 24. (Chief Economist at the International Center for Law & Economics. “I Read the Degrowth Paper, So You Don’t Have To.” 1/4/24. https://www.economicforces.xyz/p/i-read-the-degrowth-paper-so-you) Roy

claim that we need to reduce GDP to reduce resource use That’s not true Ag energy use emissions even 'offshored' emissions US relies on profit to encourage innovation means fewer resources are used Market incentives is the only reliable way way forward lies in harnessing market incentives to balance growth and ecological needs addressing via taxation have to be central to the path forward


Question: economic forces degrowth

Price signals are key to sustainability.

Brian Albrecht 24. (Chief Economist at the International Center for Law & Economics. “I Read the Degrowth Paper, So You Don’t Have To.” 1/4/24. https://www.economicforces.xyz/p/i-read-the-degrowth-paper-so-you) Roy

claim that we need to reduce GDP to reduce resource use That’s not true Ag energy use emissions even 'offshored' emissions US relies on profit to encourage innovation means fewer resources are used Market incentives is the only reliable way way forward lies in harnessing market incentives to balance growth and ecological needs addressing via taxation have to be central to the path forward


Question: market incentives balance growth

Price signals are key to sustainability.

Brian Albrecht 24. (Chief Economist at the International Center for Law & Economics. “I Read the Degrowth Paper, So You Don’t Have To.” 1/4/24. https://www.economicforces.xyz/p/i-read-the-degrowth-paper-so-you) Roy

claim that we need to reduce GDP to reduce resource use That’s not true Ag energy use emissions even 'offshored' emissions US relies on profit to encourage innovation means fewer resources are used Market incentives is the only reliable way way forward lies in harnessing market incentives to balance growth and ecological needs addressing via taxation have to be central to the path forward


Question: taxation is central to sustainability

Price signals are key to sustainability.

Brian Albrecht 24. (Chief Economist at the International Center for Law & Economics. “I Read the Degrowth Paper, So You Don’t Have To.” 1/4/24. https://www.economicforces.xyz/p/i-read-the-degrowth-paper-so-you) Roy

claim that we need to reduce GDP to reduce resource use That’s not true Ag energy use emissions even 'offshored' emissions US relies on profit to encourage innovation means fewer resources are used Market incentives is the only reliable way way forward lies in harnessing market incentives to balance growth and ecological needs addressing via taxation have to be central to the path forward


Question: Breaking PQD doesn’t solve

Breaking the PQD doesn’t solve.

Ian Millhiser, 7-17-2023, freelance journalist interviewing professors from the Boyd School of Law @ UNLV, “Quick Take: On War, the Constitution, and the Separation of Powers,” UNLV News Center, https://www.vox.com/scotus/23791610/supreme-court-major-questions-doctrine-nebraska-biden-student-loans-gorsuch-barrett

the Court seized housing policy , decided which workers must be vaccinated stripped the EPA of its power to fight climate and rewritten student loans it has been wielded by Republican justices to invalidate policies created by a Democrat


Question: Millhiser UNLV News

Breaking the PQD doesn’t solve.

Ian Millhiser, 7-17-2023, freelance journalist interviewing professors from the Boyd School of Law @ UNLV, “Quick Take: On War, the Constitution, and the Separation of Powers,” UNLV News Center, https://www.vox.com/scotus/23791610/supreme-court-major-questions-doctrine-nebraska-biden-student-loans-gorsuch-barrett

the Court seized housing policy , decided which workers must be vaccinated stripped the EPA of its power to fight climate and rewritten student loans it has been wielded by Republican justices to invalidate policies created by a Democrat


Question: Ian Millhiser

Breaking the PQD doesn’t solve.

Ian Millhiser, 7-17-2023, freelance journalist interviewing professors from the Boyd School of Law @ UNLV, “Quick Take: On War, the Constitution, and the Separation of Powers,” UNLV News Center, https://www.vox.com/scotus/23791610/supreme-court-major-questions-doctrine-nebraska-biden-student-loans-gorsuch-barrett

the Court seized housing policy , decided which workers must be vaccinated stripped the EPA of its power to fight climate and rewritten student loans it has been wielded by Republican justices to invalidate policies created by a Democrat


Question: PQD doesn't solve

Breaking the PQD doesn’t solve.

Ian Millhiser, 7-17-2023, freelance journalist interviewing professors from the Boyd School of Law @ UNLV, “Quick Take: On War, the Constitution, and the Separation of Powers,” UNLV News Center, https://www.vox.com/scotus/23791610/supreme-court-major-questions-doctrine-nebraska-biden-student-loans-gorsuch-barrett

the Court seized housing policy , decided which workers must be vaccinated stripped the EPA of its power to fight climate and rewritten student loans it has been wielded by Republican justices to invalidate policies created by a Democrat


Question: major questions doctrine fails

Breaking the PQD doesn’t solve.

Ian Millhiser, 7-17-2023, freelance journalist interviewing professors from the Boyd School of Law @ UNLV, “Quick Take: On War, the Constitution, and the Separation of Powers,” UNLV News Center, https://www.vox.com/scotus/23791610/supreme-court-major-questions-doctrine-nebraska-biden-student-loans-gorsuch-barrett

the Court seized housing policy , decided which workers must be vaccinated stripped the EPA of its power to fight climate and rewritten student loans it has been wielded by Republican justices to invalidate policies created by a Democrat


Question: student loans invalidated

Breaking the PQD doesn’t solve.

Ian Millhiser, 7-17-2023, freelance journalist interviewing professors from the Boyd School of Law @ UNLV, “Quick Take: On War, the Constitution, and the Separation of Powers,” UNLV News Center, https://www.vox.com/scotus/23791610/supreme-court-major-questions-doctrine-nebraska-biden-student-loans-gorsuch-barrett

the Court seized housing policy , decided which workers must be vaccinated stripped the EPA of its power to fight climate and rewritten student loans it has been wielded by Republican justices to invalidate policies created by a Democrat


Question: housing policy seized

Breaking the PQD doesn’t solve.

Ian Millhiser, 7-17-2023, freelance journalist interviewing professors from the Boyd School of Law @ UNLV, “Quick Take: On War, the Constitution, and the Separation of Powers,” UNLV News Center, https://www.vox.com/scotus/23791610/supreme-court-major-questions-doctrine-nebraska-biden-student-loans-gorsuch-barrett

the Court seized housing policy , decided which workers must be vaccinated stripped the EPA of its power to fight climate and rewritten student loans it has been wielded by Republican justices to invalidate policies created by a Democrat


Question: Speculative fabulation and colonialism

Speculative fabulation draws a map out of colonialism by rejecting the idea that the colonial project is inevitable and unending, and by imagining a future beyond settler futurity. Narratives like the 6th world center Indigenous cosmologies as the guideposts for new models of relationality outside of hierarchicalized and extractive violence

Cornum 17,[Lou Cornum is a diasporic Diné writer, (2017, April 18). The Space NDN’s Star Map. The New Inquiry. https://thenewinquiry.com/the-space-ndns-star-map/] AO

The 6th World, extends Diné creation story into outer space, where humanity’s future is possible through ancestral corn crops indigenous futurism. movement is about speaking back to SF genre, which has used indigenous subjects as foils to stories of white space explorers to conquer a profound deconstruction of how we imagine time, progress, who is worthy of future seeks to challenge notions of advanced tech and advanced civilizations settler colonial governments continue to demand from Earth, indigenous peoples seek sovereign space and freedom to heal from apocalyptic processes. by imagining different ways of relating to progress and civilization does not care for speed as sustainability, progress as balance, not power but relation Becker shot Mars scenes in Monument Valley, sacred territori of the Diné Martian backdrop offer symbol of dynamic sacredness. These distant lands are connected how to apply knowledge of the worlds toward non-destructive ends. Nobody knows better than inhabitants constantly divvied up between l nation-states Indigenous futurist narratives seeks new models of interaction must extend understanding of how Earth relates to the cosmos multiplying connections linking us to beginning of universe and expansion entails unraveling intricate relations that make up existence. reveals ways of relating to land beyond property


Question: Cornum 17

Speculative fabulation draws a map out of colonialism by rejecting the idea that the colonial project is inevitable and unending, and by imagining a future beyond settler futurity. Narratives like the 6th world center Indigenous cosmologies as the guideposts for new models of relationality outside of hierarchicalized and extractive violence

Cornum 17,[Lou Cornum is a diasporic Diné writer, (2017, April 18). The Space NDN’s Star Map. The New Inquiry. https://thenewinquiry.com/the-space-ndns-star-map/] AO

The 6th World, extends Diné creation story into outer space, where humanity’s future is possible through ancestral corn crops indigenous futurism. movement is about speaking back to SF genre, which has used indigenous subjects as foils to stories of white space explorers to conquer a profound deconstruction of how we imagine time, progress, who is worthy of future seeks to challenge notions of advanced tech and advanced civilizations settler colonial governments continue to demand from Earth, indigenous peoples seek sovereign space and freedom to heal from apocalyptic processes. by imagining different ways of relating to progress and civilization does not care for speed as sustainability, progress as balance, not power but relation Becker shot Mars scenes in Monument Valley, sacred territori of the Diné Martian backdrop offer symbol of dynamic sacredness. These distant lands are connected how to apply knowledge of the worlds toward non-destructive ends. Nobody knows better than inhabitants constantly divvied up between l nation-states Indigenous futurist narratives seeks new models of interaction must extend understanding of how Earth relates to the cosmos multiplying connections linking us to beginning of universe and expansion entails unraveling intricate relations that make up existence. reveals ways of relating to land beyond property


Question: Lou Cornum Diné writer

Speculative fabulation draws a map out of colonialism by rejecting the idea that the colonial project is inevitable and unending, and by imagining a future beyond settler futurity. Narratives like the 6th world center Indigenous cosmologies as the guideposts for new models of relationality outside of hierarchicalized and extractive violence

Cornum 17,[Lou Cornum is a diasporic Diné writer, (2017, April 18). The Space NDN’s Star Map. The New Inquiry. https://thenewinquiry.com/the-space-ndns-star-map/] AO

The 6th World, extends Diné creation story into outer space, where humanity’s future is possible through ancestral corn crops indigenous futurism. movement is about speaking back to SF genre, which has used indigenous subjects as foils to stories of white space explorers to conquer a profound deconstruction of how we imagine time, progress, who is worthy of future seeks to challenge notions of advanced tech and advanced civilizations settler colonial governments continue to demand from Earth, indigenous peoples seek sovereign space and freedom to heal from apocalyptic processes. by imagining different ways of relating to progress and civilization does not care for speed as sustainability, progress as balance, not power but relation Becker shot Mars scenes in Monument Valley, sacred territori of the Diné Martian backdrop offer symbol of dynamic sacredness. These distant lands are connected how to apply knowledge of the worlds toward non-destructive ends. Nobody knows better than inhabitants constantly divvied up between l nation-states Indigenous futurist narratives seeks new models of interaction must extend understanding of how Earth relates to the cosmos multiplying connections linking us to beginning of universe and expansion entails unraveling intricate relations that make up existence. reveals ways of relating to land beyond property


Question: colonial project not inevitable

Speculative fabulation draws a map out of colonialism by rejecting the idea that the colonial project is inevitable and unending, and by imagining a future beyond settler futurity. Narratives like the 6th world center Indigenous cosmologies as the guideposts for new models of relationality outside of hierarchicalized and extractive violence

Cornum 17,[Lou Cornum is a diasporic Diné writer, (2017, April 18). The Space NDN’s Star Map. The New Inquiry. https://thenewinquiry.com/the-space-ndns-star-map/] AO

The 6th World, extends Diné creation story into outer space, where humanity’s future is possible through ancestral corn crops indigenous futurism. movement is about speaking back to SF genre, which has used indigenous subjects as foils to stories of white space explorers to conquer a profound deconstruction of how we imagine time, progress, who is worthy of future seeks to challenge notions of advanced tech and advanced civilizations settler colonial governments continue to demand from Earth, indigenous peoples seek sovereign space and freedom to heal from apocalyptic processes. by imagining different ways of relating to progress and civilization does not care for speed as sustainability, progress as balance, not power but relation Becker shot Mars scenes in Monument Valley, sacred territori of the Diné Martian backdrop offer symbol of dynamic sacredness. These distant lands are connected how to apply knowledge of the worlds toward non-destructive ends. Nobody knows better than inhabitants constantly divvied up between l nation-states Indigenous futurist narratives seeks new models of interaction must extend understanding of how Earth relates to the cosmos multiplying connections linking us to beginning of universe and expansion entails unraveling intricate relations that make up existence. reveals ways of relating to land beyond property


Question: rejecting colonial project

Speculative fabulation draws a map out of colonialism by rejecting the idea that the colonial project is inevitable and unending, and by imagining a future beyond settler futurity. Narratives like the 6th world center Indigenous cosmologies as the guideposts for new models of relationality outside of hierarchicalized and extractive violence

Cornum 17,[Lou Cornum is a diasporic Diné writer, (2017, April 18). The Space NDN’s Star Map. The New Inquiry. https://thenewinquiry.com/the-space-ndns-star-map/] AO

The 6th World, extends Diné creation story into outer space, where humanity’s future is possible through ancestral corn crops indigenous futurism. movement is about speaking back to SF genre, which has used indigenous subjects as foils to stories of white space explorers to conquer a profound deconstruction of how we imagine time, progress, who is worthy of future seeks to challenge notions of advanced tech and advanced civilizations settler colonial governments continue to demand from Earth, indigenous peoples seek sovereign space and freedom to heal from apocalyptic processes. by imagining different ways of relating to progress and civilization does not care for speed as sustainability, progress as balance, not power but relation Becker shot Mars scenes in Monument Valley, sacred territori of the Diné Martian backdrop offer symbol of dynamic sacredness. These distant lands are connected how to apply knowledge of the worlds toward non-destructive ends. Nobody knows better than inhabitants constantly divvied up between l nation-states Indigenous futurist narratives seeks new models of interaction must extend understanding of how Earth relates to the cosmos multiplying connections linking us to beginning of universe and expansion entails unraveling intricate relations that make up existence. reveals ways of relating to land beyond property


Question: Indigenous cosmologies guideposts

Speculative fabulation draws a map out of colonialism by rejecting the idea that the colonial project is inevitable and unending, and by imagining a future beyond settler futurity. Narratives like the 6th world center Indigenous cosmologies as the guideposts for new models of relationality outside of hierarchicalized and extractive violence

Cornum 17,[Lou Cornum is a diasporic Diné writer, (2017, April 18). The Space NDN’s Star Map. The New Inquiry. https://thenewinquiry.com/the-space-ndns-star-map/] AO

The 6th World, extends Diné creation story into outer space, where humanity’s future is possible through ancestral corn crops indigenous futurism. movement is about speaking back to SF genre, which has used indigenous subjects as foils to stories of white space explorers to conquer a profound deconstruction of how we imagine time, progress, who is worthy of future seeks to challenge notions of advanced tech and advanced civilizations settler colonial governments continue to demand from Earth, indigenous peoples seek sovereign space and freedom to heal from apocalyptic processes. by imagining different ways of relating to progress and civilization does not care for speed as sustainability, progress as balance, not power but relation Becker shot Mars scenes in Monument Valley, sacred territori of the Diné Martian backdrop offer symbol of dynamic sacredness. These distant lands are connected how to apply knowledge of the worlds toward non-destructive ends. Nobody knows better than inhabitants constantly divvied up between l nation-states Indigenous futurist narratives seeks new models of interaction must extend understanding of how Earth relates to the cosmos multiplying connections linking us to beginning of universe and expansion entails unraveling intricate relations that make up existence. reveals ways of relating to land beyond property


Question: 6th world center Indigenous

Speculative fabulation draws a map out of colonialism by rejecting the idea that the colonial project is inevitable and unending, and by imagining a future beyond settler futurity. Narratives like the 6th world center Indigenous cosmologies as the guideposts for new models of relationality outside of hierarchicalized and extractive violence

Cornum 17,[Lou Cornum is a diasporic Diné writer, (2017, April 18). The Space NDN’s Star Map. The New Inquiry. https://thenewinquiry.com/the-space-ndns-star-map/] AO

The 6th World, extends Diné creation story into outer space, where humanity’s future is possible through ancestral corn crops indigenous futurism. movement is about speaking back to SF genre, which has used indigenous subjects as foils to stories of white space explorers to conquer a profound deconstruction of how we imagine time, progress, who is worthy of future seeks to challenge notions of advanced tech and advanced civilizations settler colonial governments continue to demand from Earth, indigenous peoples seek sovereign space and freedom to heal from apocalyptic processes. by imagining different ways of relating to progress and civilization does not care for speed as sustainability, progress as balance, not power but relation Becker shot Mars scenes in Monument Valley, sacred territori of the Diné Martian backdrop offer symbol of dynamic sacredness. These distant lands are connected how to apply knowledge of the worlds toward non-destructive ends. Nobody knows better than inhabitants constantly divvied up between l nation-states Indigenous futurist narratives seeks new models of interaction must extend understanding of how Earth relates to the cosmos multiplying connections linking us to beginning of universe and expansion entails unraveling intricate relations that make up existence. reveals ways of relating to land beyond property


Question: settler futurity

Speculative fabulation draws a map out of colonialism by rejecting the idea that the colonial project is inevitable and unending, and by imagining a future beyond settler futurity. Narratives like the 6th world center Indigenous cosmologies as the guideposts for new models of relationality outside of hierarchicalized and extractive violence

Cornum 17,[Lou Cornum is a diasporic Diné writer, (2017, April 18). The Space NDN’s Star Map. The New Inquiry. https://thenewinquiry.com/the-space-ndns-star-map/] AO

The 6th World, extends Diné creation story into outer space, where humanity’s future is possible through ancestral corn crops indigenous futurism. movement is about speaking back to SF genre, which has used indigenous subjects as foils to stories of white space explorers to conquer a profound deconstruction of how we imagine time, progress, who is worthy of future seeks to challenge notions of advanced tech and advanced civilizations settler colonial governments continue to demand from Earth, indigenous peoples seek sovereign space and freedom to heal from apocalyptic processes. by imagining different ways of relating to progress and civilization does not care for speed as sustainability, progress as balance, not power but relation Becker shot Mars scenes in Monument Valley, sacred territori of the Diné Martian backdrop offer symbol of dynamic sacredness. These distant lands are connected how to apply knowledge of the worlds toward non-destructive ends. Nobody knows better than inhabitants constantly divvied up between l nation-states Indigenous futurist narratives seeks new models of interaction must extend understanding of how Earth relates to the cosmos multiplying connections linking us to beginning of universe and expansion entails unraveling intricate relations that make up existence. reveals ways of relating to land beyond property


Question: No international extraction

2---NO INTERNATIONAL EXTRACTION---No offshoring post CAT & most extraction is in the Global North and would stay that way

Yale Environment360 2011 [E360 Digest, "Study Of Co2 ‘Supply Line’ Urges Carbon Price At Point Of Extraction," Yale Environment 360 Published at the Yale School of the Environment, 10-18-2011, https://e360.yale.edu/digest/study_of_co2_supply_line_urges_carbon_price_at_point_of_extraction, Bittner]

study quantifying global emissions based on energy production suggests cing carbon at point of extraction simplify efforts to curb emissions extraction is highly concentrated, with seven nations accounting for more than two-thirds enacting carbon pricing at point of extraction prevent relocation of industries , fossil fuel resources are geographically fixed


Question: Yale Environment360 2011

2---NO INTERNATIONAL EXTRACTION---No offshoring post CAT & most extraction is in the Global North and would stay that way

Yale Environment360 2011 [E360 Digest, "Study Of Co2 ‘Supply Line’ Urges Carbon Price At Point Of Extraction," Yale Environment 360 Published at the Yale School of the Environment, 10-18-2011, https://e360.yale.edu/digest/study_of_co2_supply_line_urges_carbon_price_at_point_of_extraction, Bittner]

study quantifying global emissions based on energy production suggests cing carbon at point of extraction simplify efforts to curb emissions extraction is highly concentrated, with seven nations accounting for more than two-thirds enacting carbon pricing at point of extraction prevent relocation of industries , fossil fuel resources are geographically fixed


Question: carbon price at extraction

2---NO INTERNATIONAL EXTRACTION---No offshoring post CAT & most extraction is in the Global North and would stay that way

Yale Environment360 2011 [E360 Digest, "Study Of Co2 ‘Supply Line’ Urges Carbon Price At Point Of Extraction," Yale Environment 360 Published at the Yale School of the Environment, 10-18-2011, https://e360.yale.edu/digest/study_of_co2_supply_line_urges_carbon_price_at_point_of_extraction, Bittner]

study quantifying global emissions based on energy production suggests cing carbon at point of extraction simplify efforts to curb emissions extraction is highly concentrated, with seven nations accounting for more than two-thirds enacting carbon pricing at point of extraction prevent relocation of industries , fossil fuel resources are geographically fixed


Question: carbon pricing at extraction

2---NO INTERNATIONAL EXTRACTION---No offshoring post CAT & most extraction is in the Global North and would stay that way

Yale Environment360 2011 [E360 Digest, "Study Of Co2 ‘Supply Line’ Urges Carbon Price At Point Of Extraction," Yale Environment 360 Published at the Yale School of the Environment, 10-18-2011, https://e360.yale.edu/digest/study_of_co2_supply_line_urges_carbon_price_at_point_of_extraction, Bittner]

study quantifying global emissions based on energy production suggests cing carbon at point of extraction simplify efforts to curb emissions extraction is highly concentrated, with seven nations accounting for more than two-thirds enacting carbon pricing at point of extraction prevent relocation of industries , fossil fuel resources are geographically fixed


Question: extraction in the global north

2---NO INTERNATIONAL EXTRACTION---No offshoring post CAT & most extraction is in the Global North and would stay that way

Yale Environment360 2011 [E360 Digest, "Study Of Co2 ‘Supply Line’ Urges Carbon Price At Point Of Extraction," Yale Environment 360 Published at the Yale School of the Environment, 10-18-2011, https://e360.yale.edu/digest/study_of_co2_supply_line_urges_carbon_price_at_point_of_extraction, Bittner]

study quantifying global emissions based on energy production suggests cing carbon at point of extraction simplify efforts to curb emissions extraction is highly concentrated, with seven nations accounting for more than two-thirds enacting carbon pricing at point of extraction prevent relocation of industries , fossil fuel resources are geographically fixed


Question: carbon price at extraction good

2---NO INTERNATIONAL EXTRACTION---No offshoring post CAT & most extraction is in the Global North and would stay that way

Yale Environment360 2011 [E360 Digest, "Study Of Co2 ‘Supply Line’ Urges Carbon Price At Point Of Extraction," Yale Environment 360 Published at the Yale School of the Environment, 10-18-2011, https://e360.yale.edu/digest/study_of_co2_supply_line_urges_carbon_price_at_point_of_extraction, Bittner]

study quantifying global emissions based on energy production suggests cing carbon at point of extraction simplify efforts to curb emissions extraction is highly concentrated, with seven nations accounting for more than two-thirds enacting carbon pricing at point of extraction prevent relocation of industries , fossil fuel resources are geographically fixed


Question: used in context by advocates

It's used in context of the resolution by advocates.

Stashwick 23, Sasha Stashwick, 5-9-2023, Carbon180, ["Now is the time to lean in on federal procurement of carbon removal", https://carbon180.org/blog/now-is-the-time-to-lean-in-on-federal-procurement-of-carbon-removal/, accessed 9-11-2024]rrf

Climate advocates are clearer than ever that action to slash pollution we must complement with programs to remove legacy carbon from the atmosphere For fifteen years, I’ve advocated for clean energy policy , most recently focused on decarbonizing the US industrial sector


Question: stashwick 23

It's used in context of the resolution by advocates.

Stashwick 23, Sasha Stashwick, 5-9-2023, Carbon180, ["Now is the time to lean in on federal procurement of carbon removal", https://carbon180.org/blog/now-is-the-time-to-lean-in-on-federal-procurement-of-carbon-removal/, accessed 9-11-2024]rrf

Climate advocates are clearer than ever that action to slash pollution we must complement with programs to remove legacy carbon from the atmosphere For fifteen years, I’ve advocated for clean energy policy , most recently focused on decarbonizing the US industrial sector


Question: climate advocates carbon removal

It's used in context of the resolution by advocates.

Stashwick 23, Sasha Stashwick, 5-9-2023, Carbon180, ["Now is the time to lean in on federal procurement of carbon removal", https://carbon180.org/blog/now-is-the-time-to-lean-in-on-federal-procurement-of-carbon-removal/, accessed 9-11-2024]rrf

Climate advocates are clearer than ever that action to slash pollution we must complement with programs to remove legacy carbon from the atmosphere For fifteen years, I’ve advocated for clean energy policy , most recently focused on decarbonizing the US industrial sector


Question: federal procurement carbon removal

It's used in context of the resolution by advocates.

Stashwick 23, Sasha Stashwick, 5-9-2023, Carbon180, ["Now is the time to lean in on federal procurement of carbon removal", https://carbon180.org/blog/now-is-the-time-to-lean-in-on-federal-procurement-of-carbon-removal/, accessed 9-11-2024]rrf

Climate advocates are clearer than ever that action to slash pollution we must complement with programs to remove legacy carbon from the atmosphere For fifteen years, I’ve advocated for clean energy policy , most recently focused on decarbonizing the US industrial sector


Question: slash pollution complement carbon removal

It's used in context of the resolution by advocates.

Stashwick 23, Sasha Stashwick, 5-9-2023, Carbon180, ["Now is the time to lean in on federal procurement of carbon removal", https://carbon180.org/blog/now-is-the-time-to-lean-in-on-federal-procurement-of-carbon-removal/, accessed 9-11-2024]rrf

Climate advocates are clearer than ever that action to slash pollution we must complement with programs to remove legacy carbon from the atmosphere For fifteen years, I’ve advocated for clean energy policy , most recently focused on decarbonizing the US industrial sector


Question: advocated clean energy policy

It's used in context of the resolution by advocates.

Stashwick 23, Sasha Stashwick, 5-9-2023, Carbon180, ["Now is the time to lean in on federal procurement of carbon removal", https://carbon180.org/blog/now-is-the-time-to-lean-in-on-federal-procurement-of-carbon-removal/, accessed 9-11-2024]rrf

Climate advocates are clearer than ever that action to slash pollution we must complement with programs to remove legacy carbon from the atmosphere For fifteen years, I’ve advocated for clean energy policy , most recently focused on decarbonizing the US industrial sector


Question: Firms depend on energy costs

Firms depend on energy costs for expectations.

Hensel ’24 [Jannik, Giacomo Mangiante, Luca Moretti; April; PhD in Economics University of Zurich; Research Fellow at the Central Bank of Italy, PhD in Economics, University of Lausanne; PhD in Economics, University of Zurich; Journal of Monetary Economics, “Carbon pricing and inflation expectations: Evidence from France,” vol. 147]

carbon shock triggers sizable increase in firms’ expectations persistence observed is higher Energy costs particularly salient so they rely on them to form expectations about future aggregate prices


Question: Hensel 24

Firms depend on energy costs for expectations.

Hensel ’24 [Jannik, Giacomo Mangiante, Luca Moretti; April; PhD in Economics University of Zurich; Research Fellow at the Central Bank of Italy, PhD in Economics, University of Lausanne; PhD in Economics, University of Zurich; Journal of Monetary Economics, “Carbon pricing and inflation expectations: Evidence from France,” vol. 147]

carbon shock triggers sizable increase in firms’ expectations persistence observed is higher Energy costs particularly salient so they rely on them to form expectations about future aggregate prices


Question: Carbon pricing and inflation expectations

Firms depend on energy costs for expectations.

Hensel ’24 [Jannik, Giacomo Mangiante, Luca Moretti; April; PhD in Economics University of Zurich; Research Fellow at the Central Bank of Italy, PhD in Economics, University of Lausanne; PhD in Economics, University of Zurich; Journal of Monetary Economics, “Carbon pricing and inflation expectations: Evidence from France,” vol. 147]

carbon shock triggers sizable increase in firms’ expectations persistence observed is higher Energy costs particularly salient so they rely on them to form expectations about future aggregate prices


Question: energy costs expectations

Firms depend on energy costs for expectations.

Hensel ’24 [Jannik, Giacomo Mangiante, Luca Moretti; April; PhD in Economics University of Zurich; Research Fellow at the Central Bank of Italy, PhD in Economics, University of Lausanne; PhD in Economics, University of Zurich; Journal of Monetary Economics, “Carbon pricing and inflation expectations: Evidence from France,” vol. 147]

carbon shock triggers sizable increase in firms’ expectations persistence observed is higher Energy costs particularly salient so they rely on them to form expectations about future aggregate prices


Question: firms expectations aggregate prices

Firms depend on energy costs for expectations.

Hensel ’24 [Jannik, Giacomo Mangiante, Luca Moretti; April; PhD in Economics University of Zurich; Research Fellow at the Central Bank of Italy, PhD in Economics, University of Lausanne; PhD in Economics, University of Zurich; Journal of Monetary Economics, “Carbon pricing and inflation expectations: Evidence from France,” vol. 147]

carbon shock triggers sizable increase in firms’ expectations persistence observed is higher Energy costs particularly salient so they rely on them to form expectations about future aggregate prices


Question: AI risk outweighs

AI risk outweighs.

Dr. David Denkenberger 20, PhD in Engineering, Assistant Professor at Tennessee State University, with Alexei Turchin, advisory board member at the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, contributor at the Science for Life Extension Foundation, “Classification of Global Catastrophic Risks Connected with Artificial Intelligence”, https://philpapers.org/rec/TURCOG-2

probability and seriousness of AI failures increase with time AI is extremely powerful  and unpredictable millions of times more powerful than nuclear weapons existence could create multiple global risks most we can't currently imagine The sheer number of failure modes suggests there are more


Question: Denkenberger and Turchin

AI risk outweighs.

Dr. David Denkenberger 20, PhD in Engineering, Assistant Professor at Tennessee State University, with Alexei Turchin, advisory board member at the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, contributor at the Science for Life Extension Foundation, “Classification of Global Catastrophic Risks Connected with Artificial Intelligence”, https://philpapers.org/rec/TURCOG-2

probability and seriousness of AI failures increase with time AI is extremely powerful  and unpredictable millions of times more powerful than nuclear weapons existence could create multiple global risks most we can't currently imagine The sheer number of failure modes suggests there are more


Question: AI failure modes

AI risk outweighs.

Dr. David Denkenberger 20, PhD in Engineering, Assistant Professor at Tennessee State University, with Alexei Turchin, advisory board member at the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, contributor at the Science for Life Extension Foundation, “Classification of Global Catastrophic Risks Connected with Artificial Intelligence”, https://philpapers.org/rec/TURCOG-2

probability and seriousness of AI failures increase with time AI is extremely powerful  and unpredictable millions of times more powerful than nuclear weapons existence could create multiple global risks most we can't currently imagine The sheer number of failure modes suggests there are more


Question: AI risk more serious with time

AI risk outweighs.

Dr. David Denkenberger 20, PhD in Engineering, Assistant Professor at Tennessee State University, with Alexei Turchin, advisory board member at the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, contributor at the Science for Life Extension Foundation, “Classification of Global Catastrophic Risks Connected with Artificial Intelligence”, https://philpapers.org/rec/TURCOG-2

probability and seriousness of AI failures increase with time AI is extremely powerful  and unpredictable millions of times more powerful than nuclear weapons existence could create multiple global risks most we can't currently imagine The sheer number of failure modes suggests there are more


Question: AI more powerful than nukes

AI risk outweighs.

Dr. David Denkenberger 20, PhD in Engineering, Assistant Professor at Tennessee State University, with Alexei Turchin, advisory board member at the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, contributor at the Science for Life Extension Foundation, “Classification of Global Catastrophic Risks Connected with Artificial Intelligence”, https://philpapers.org/rec/TURCOG-2

probability and seriousness of AI failures increase with time AI is extremely powerful  and unpredictable millions of times more powerful than nuclear weapons existence could create multiple global risks most we can't currently imagine The sheer number of failure modes suggests there are more


Question: AI unpredictable and dangerous

AI risk outweighs.

Dr. David Denkenberger 20, PhD in Engineering, Assistant Professor at Tennessee State University, with Alexei Turchin, advisory board member at the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, contributor at the Science for Life Extension Foundation, “Classification of Global Catastrophic Risks Connected with Artificial Intelligence”, https://philpapers.org/rec/TURCOG-2

probability and seriousness of AI failures increase with time AI is extremely powerful  and unpredictable millions of times more powerful than nuclear weapons existence could create multiple global risks most we can't currently imagine The sheer number of failure modes suggests there are more


Question: Denkenberger AI risk outweighs

AI risk outweighs.

Dr. David Denkenberger 20, PhD in Engineering, Assistant Professor at Tennessee State University, with Alexei Turchin, advisory board member at the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, contributor at the Science for Life Extension Foundation, “Classification of Global Catastrophic Risks Connected with Artificial Intelligence”, https://philpapers.org/rec/TURCOG-2

probability and seriousness of AI failures increase with time AI is extremely powerful  and unpredictable millions of times more powerful than nuclear weapons existence could create multiple global risks most we can't currently imagine The sheer number of failure modes suggests there are more


Question: Carbon tariffs divide allied approaches

Carbon tariffs divide allied approaches to Ukraine.

Young & Bakst ‘23 [Ryan Young is a senior economist at the Competitive Enterprise Institute; Daren Bakst is Director of the Competitive Enterprise Institute's Center for Energy and Environment and a Senior Fellow. "Carbon tariffs will hurt trade, national interests, and consumers", Washington Examiner - Political News and Conservative Analysis About Congress, the President, and the Federal Government https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/2579058/carbon-tariffs-will-hurt-trade-national-interests-and-consumers/ published 7-25-2023, accessed 1-11-2025]

there’s the timing . Squabbling raises tensions among allies at time of fear of Ukraine Liberal countries need to form alliances tariff give free countries excuse to fight among themselves instead of showing united front against Putin Biden’s Pause To Be Lifted Trump has pledged to end the “pause as one of his first acts and has promised to speed up permitting the pause in the rearview mirror ” by 2025 pause looks like little more than a speed bump it was limited to few projects the planning stages ; it didn’t affect large terminals Biden will not change export policy at all . this will have been a blip It depends on the election


Question: Young & Bakst ‘23

Carbon tariffs divide allied approaches to Ukraine.

Young & Bakst ‘23 [Ryan Young is a senior economist at the Competitive Enterprise Institute; Daren Bakst is Director of the Competitive Enterprise Institute's Center for Energy and Environment and a Senior Fellow. "Carbon tariffs will hurt trade, national interests, and consumers", Washington Examiner - Political News and Conservative Analysis About Congress, the President, and the Federal Government https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/2579058/carbon-tariffs-will-hurt-trade-national-interests-and-consumers/ published 7-25-2023, accessed 1-11-2025]

there’s the timing . Squabbling raises tensions among allies at time of fear of Ukraine Liberal countries need to form alliances tariff give free countries excuse to fight among themselves instead of showing united front against Putin Biden’s Pause To Be Lifted Trump has pledged to end the “pause as one of his first acts and has promised to speed up permitting the pause in the rearview mirror ” by 2025 pause looks like little more than a speed bump it was limited to few projects the planning stages ; it didn’t affect large terminals Biden will not change export policy at all . this will have been a blip It depends on the election


Question: Carbon tariffs hurt trade

Carbon tariffs divide allied approaches to Ukraine.

Young & Bakst ‘23 [Ryan Young is a senior economist at the Competitive Enterprise Institute; Daren Bakst is Director of the Competitive Enterprise Institute's Center for Energy and Environment and a Senior Fellow. "Carbon tariffs will hurt trade, national interests, and consumers", Washington Examiner - Political News and Conservative Analysis About Congress, the President, and the Federal Government https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/2579058/carbon-tariffs-will-hurt-trade-national-interests-and-consumers/ published 7-25-2023, accessed 1-11-2025]

there’s the timing . Squabbling raises tensions among allies at time of fear of Ukraine Liberal countries need to form alliances tariff give free countries excuse to fight among themselves instead of showing united front against Putin Biden’s Pause To Be Lifted Trump has pledged to end the “pause as one of his first acts and has promised to speed up permitting the pause in the rearview mirror ” by 2025 pause looks like little more than a speed bump it was limited to few projects the planning stages ; it didn’t affect large terminals Biden will not change export policy at all . this will have been a blip It depends on the election


Question: allies squabbling over tariffs

Carbon tariffs divide allied approaches to Ukraine.

Young & Bakst ‘23 [Ryan Young is a senior economist at the Competitive Enterprise Institute; Daren Bakst is Director of the Competitive Enterprise Institute's Center for Energy and Environment and a Senior Fellow. "Carbon tariffs will hurt trade, national interests, and consumers", Washington Examiner - Political News and Conservative Analysis About Congress, the President, and the Federal Government https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/2579058/carbon-tariffs-will-hurt-trade-national-interests-and-consumers/ published 7-25-2023, accessed 1-11-2025]

there’s the timing . Squabbling raises tensions among allies at time of fear of Ukraine Liberal countries need to form alliances tariff give free countries excuse to fight among themselves instead of showing united front against Putin Biden’s Pause To Be Lifted Trump has pledged to end the “pause as one of his first acts and has promised to speed up permitting the pause in the rearview mirror ” by 2025 pause looks like little more than a speed bump it was limited to few projects the planning stages ; it didn’t affect large terminals Biden will not change export policy at all . this will have been a blip It depends on the election


Question: tariffs give free countries excuse to fight

Carbon tariffs divide allied approaches to Ukraine.

Young & Bakst ‘23 [Ryan Young is a senior economist at the Competitive Enterprise Institute; Daren Bakst is Director of the Competitive Enterprise Institute's Center for Energy and Environment and a Senior Fellow. "Carbon tariffs will hurt trade, national interests, and consumers", Washington Examiner - Political News and Conservative Analysis About Congress, the President, and the Federal Government https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/2579058/carbon-tariffs-will-hurt-trade-national-interests-and-consumers/ published 7-25-2023, accessed 1-11-2025]

there’s the timing . Squabbling raises tensions among allies at time of fear of Ukraine Liberal countries need to form alliances tariff give free countries excuse to fight among themselves instead of showing united front against Putin Biden’s Pause To Be Lifted Trump has pledged to end the “pause as one of his first acts and has promised to speed up permitting the pause in the rearview mirror ” by 2025 pause looks like little more than a speed bump it was limited to few projects the planning stages ; it didn’t affect large terminals Biden will not change export policy at all . this will have been a blip It depends on the election


Question: carbon tariffs Ukraine tensions

Carbon tariffs divide allied approaches to Ukraine.

Young & Bakst ‘23 [Ryan Young is a senior economist at the Competitive Enterprise Institute; Daren Bakst is Director of the Competitive Enterprise Institute's Center for Energy and Environment and a Senior Fellow. "Carbon tariffs will hurt trade, national interests, and consumers", Washington Examiner - Political News and Conservative Analysis About Congress, the President, and the Federal Government https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/2579058/carbon-tariffs-will-hurt-trade-national-interests-and-consumers/ published 7-25-2023, accessed 1-11-2025]

there’s the timing . Squabbling raises tensions among allies at time of fear of Ukraine Liberal countries need to form alliances tariff give free countries excuse to fight among themselves instead of showing united front against Putin Biden’s Pause To Be Lifted Trump has pledged to end the “pause as one of his first acts and has promised to speed up permitting the pause in the rearview mirror ” by 2025 pause looks like little more than a speed bump it was limited to few projects the planning stages ; it didn’t affect large terminals Biden will not change export policy at all . this will have been a blip It depends on the election


Question: hurts trade, national interests, consumers

Carbon tariffs divide allied approaches to Ukraine.

Young & Bakst ‘23 [Ryan Young is a senior economist at the Competitive Enterprise Institute; Daren Bakst is Director of the Competitive Enterprise Institute's Center for Energy and Environment and a Senior Fellow. "Carbon tariffs will hurt trade, national interests, and consumers", Washington Examiner - Political News and Conservative Analysis About Congress, the President, and the Federal Government https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/2579058/carbon-tariffs-will-hurt-trade-national-interests-and-consumers/ published 7-25-2023, accessed 1-11-2025]

there’s the timing . Squabbling raises tensions among allies at time of fear of Ukraine Liberal countries need to form alliances tariff give free countries excuse to fight among themselves instead of showing united front against Putin Biden’s Pause To Be Lifted Trump has pledged to end the “pause as one of his first acts and has promised to speed up permitting the pause in the rearview mirror ” by 2025 pause looks like little more than a speed bump it was limited to few projects the planning stages ; it didn’t affect large terminals Biden will not change export policy at all . this will have been a blip It depends on the election


Question: Should not immediate

Should’s not immediate

Dictionary.com 10 – (“Definition: Should”, dictionary.com, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/should)

should used to express condition See also shall intend to I shall go later


Question: dictionary.com definition

Should’s not immediate

Dictionary.com 10 – (“Definition: Should”, dictionary.com, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/should)

should used to express condition See also shall intend to I shall go later


Question: dictionary.com 10

Should’s not immediate

Dictionary.com 10 – (“Definition: Should”, dictionary.com, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/should)

should used to express condition See also shall intend to I shall go later


Question: definition of should

Should’s not immediate

Dictionary.com 10 – (“Definition: Should”, dictionary.com, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/should)

should used to express condition See also shall intend to I shall go later


Question: express condition

Should’s not immediate

Dictionary.com 10 – (“Definition: Should”, dictionary.com, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/should)

should used to express condition See also shall intend to I shall go later


Question: should definition

Should’s not immediate

Dictionary.com 10 – (“Definition: Should”, dictionary.com, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/should)

should used to express condition See also shall intend to I shall go later


Question: criticize chinese subjugation

These instances of Chinese subjugation must be criticized---being ‘tough on China’ doesn’t support anti-Asian hate or uphold the Yellow Peril.

Hung ’21 [Ho-fung; March 25; professor, Political Economy, Sociology Department and School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University; China File, “Abandoning Criticism of China’s Government Isn’t the Right Way to End Anti-Asian Racism in the U.S.,” https://www.chinafile.com/reporting-opinion/viewpoint/abandoning-criticism-of-chinas-government-isnt-right-way-end-anti-asian]

Chinese government dug its heels into rivalry bring up racism to delegitimize America implied was that criticism of Chinese bore responsibility for anti-Asian hatred many leaders expressed worry escalating conflicts fan violence against Asians Entangling fight against racism with debate about China won’t improve position it’s dangerous to suggest U.S. should forfeit stance on security and h r because we fear a backlash suggestions reinforce conflation of Chinese state and Chinese This reproduces Beijing’s position that criticism of regime is tantamount to attacks on Chinese people ,” and notion all people of Chinese descent owe loyalty to China foundation of racism is homogenizing lumps Asian s and Chinese regime , into one mass . To fight racism , we have to dismantle this not reinforce it our fight racism should not prevent us from speaking against Beijing’s threats to Taiwan key is to resist stereotype of homogenous Asia anti-Sinoist opinions in Taiwan grew created parties that championed anti-Sinoism identity began with resinicization Taiwanese suffered discrimination marginalization appropriations supplanted Taiwanese identity with Chinese culture speakers stigmatized local expressions punished Taiwanese share history of oppression solidarity in frustration from oppression community resonated to protect belonging


Question: Hung 21

These instances of Chinese subjugation must be criticized---being ‘tough on China’ doesn’t support anti-Asian hate or uphold the Yellow Peril.

Hung ’21 [Ho-fung; March 25; professor, Political Economy, Sociology Department and School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University; China File, “Abandoning Criticism of China’s Government Isn’t the Right Way to End Anti-Asian Racism in the U.S.,” https://www.chinafile.com/reporting-opinion/viewpoint/abandoning-criticism-of-chinas-government-isnt-right-way-end-anti-asian]

Chinese government dug its heels into rivalry bring up racism to delegitimize America implied was that criticism of Chinese bore responsibility for anti-Asian hatred many leaders expressed worry escalating conflicts fan violence against Asians Entangling fight against racism with debate about China won’t improve position it’s dangerous to suggest U.S. should forfeit stance on security and h r because we fear a backlash suggestions reinforce conflation of Chinese state and Chinese This reproduces Beijing’s position that criticism of regime is tantamount to attacks on Chinese people ,” and notion all people of Chinese descent owe loyalty to China foundation of racism is homogenizing lumps Asian s and Chinese regime , into one mass . To fight racism , we have to dismantle this not reinforce it our fight racism should not prevent us from speaking against Beijing’s threats to Taiwan key is to resist stereotype of homogenous Asia anti-Sinoist opinions in Taiwan grew created parties that championed anti-Sinoism identity began with resinicization Taiwanese suffered discrimination marginalization appropriations supplanted Taiwanese identity with Chinese culture speakers stigmatized local expressions punished Taiwanese share history of oppression solidarity in frustration from oppression community resonated to protect belonging


Question: Abandoning Criticism of China

These instances of Chinese subjugation must be criticized---being ‘tough on China’ doesn’t support anti-Asian hate or uphold the Yellow Peril.

Hung ’21 [Ho-fung; March 25; professor, Political Economy, Sociology Department and School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University; China File, “Abandoning Criticism of China’s Government Isn’t the Right Way to End Anti-Asian Racism in the U.S.,” https://www.chinafile.com/reporting-opinion/viewpoint/abandoning-criticism-of-chinas-government-isnt-right-way-end-anti-asian]

Chinese government dug its heels into rivalry bring up racism to delegitimize America implied was that criticism of Chinese bore responsibility for anti-Asian hatred many leaders expressed worry escalating conflicts fan violence against Asians Entangling fight against racism with debate about China won’t improve position it’s dangerous to suggest U.S. should forfeit stance on security and h r because we fear a backlash suggestions reinforce conflation of Chinese state and Chinese This reproduces Beijing’s position that criticism of regime is tantamount to attacks on Chinese people ,” and notion all people of Chinese descent owe loyalty to China foundation of racism is homogenizing lumps Asian s and Chinese regime , into one mass . To fight racism , we have to dismantle this not reinforce it our fight racism should not prevent us from speaking against Beijing’s threats to Taiwan key is to resist stereotype of homogenous Asia anti-Sinoist opinions in Taiwan grew created parties that championed anti-Sinoism identity began with resinicization Taiwanese suffered discrimination marginalization appropriations supplanted Taiwanese identity with Chinese culture speakers stigmatized local expressions punished Taiwanese share history of oppression solidarity in frustration from oppression community resonated to protect belonging


Question: anti-asian hate

These instances of Chinese subjugation must be criticized---being ‘tough on China’ doesn’t support anti-Asian hate or uphold the Yellow Peril.

Hung ’21 [Ho-fung; March 25; professor, Political Economy, Sociology Department and School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University; China File, “Abandoning Criticism of China’s Government Isn’t the Right Way to End Anti-Asian Racism in the U.S.,” https://www.chinafile.com/reporting-opinion/viewpoint/abandoning-criticism-of-chinas-government-isnt-right-way-end-anti-asian]

Chinese government dug its heels into rivalry bring up racism to delegitimize America implied was that criticism of Chinese bore responsibility for anti-Asian hatred many leaders expressed worry escalating conflicts fan violence against Asians Entangling fight against racism with debate about China won’t improve position it’s dangerous to suggest U.S. should forfeit stance on security and h r because we fear a backlash suggestions reinforce conflation of Chinese state and Chinese This reproduces Beijing’s position that criticism of regime is tantamount to attacks on Chinese people ,” and notion all people of Chinese descent owe loyalty to China foundation of racism is homogenizing lumps Asian s and Chinese regime , into one mass . To fight racism , we have to dismantle this not reinforce it our fight racism should not prevent us from speaking against Beijing’s threats to Taiwan key is to resist stereotype of homogenous Asia anti-Sinoist opinions in Taiwan grew created parties that championed anti-Sinoism identity began with resinicization Taiwanese suffered discrimination marginalization appropriations supplanted Taiwanese identity with Chinese culture speakers stigmatized local expressions punished Taiwanese share history of oppression solidarity in frustration from oppression community resonated to protect belonging


Question: anti-sinoism opinions

These instances of Chinese subjugation must be criticized---being ‘tough on China’ doesn’t support anti-Asian hate or uphold the Yellow Peril.

Hung ’21 [Ho-fung; March 25; professor, Political Economy, Sociology Department and School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University; China File, “Abandoning Criticism of China’s Government Isn’t the Right Way to End Anti-Asian Racism in the U.S.,” https://www.chinafile.com/reporting-opinion/viewpoint/abandoning-criticism-of-chinas-government-isnt-right-way-end-anti-asian]

Chinese government dug its heels into rivalry bring up racism to delegitimize America implied was that criticism of Chinese bore responsibility for anti-Asian hatred many leaders expressed worry escalating conflicts fan violence against Asians Entangling fight against racism with debate about China won’t improve position it’s dangerous to suggest U.S. should forfeit stance on security and h r because we fear a backlash suggestions reinforce conflation of Chinese state and Chinese This reproduces Beijing’s position that criticism of regime is tantamount to attacks on Chinese people ,” and notion all people of Chinese descent owe loyalty to China foundation of racism is homogenizing lumps Asian s and Chinese regime , into one mass . To fight racism , we have to dismantle this not reinforce it our fight racism should not prevent us from speaking against Beijing’s threats to Taiwan key is to resist stereotype of homogenous Asia anti-Sinoist opinions in Taiwan grew created parties that championed anti-Sinoism identity began with resinicization Taiwanese suffered discrimination marginalization appropriations supplanted Taiwanese identity with Chinese culture speakers stigmatized local expressions punished Taiwanese share history of oppression solidarity in frustration from oppression community resonated to protect belonging


Question: criticism of chinese

These instances of Chinese subjugation must be criticized---being ‘tough on China’ doesn’t support anti-Asian hate or uphold the Yellow Peril.

Hung ’21 [Ho-fung; March 25; professor, Political Economy, Sociology Department and School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University; China File, “Abandoning Criticism of China’s Government Isn’t the Right Way to End Anti-Asian Racism in the U.S.,” https://www.chinafile.com/reporting-opinion/viewpoint/abandoning-criticism-of-chinas-government-isnt-right-way-end-anti-asian]

Chinese government dug its heels into rivalry bring up racism to delegitimize America implied was that criticism of Chinese bore responsibility for anti-Asian hatred many leaders expressed worry escalating conflicts fan violence against Asians Entangling fight against racism with debate about China won’t improve position it’s dangerous to suggest U.S. should forfeit stance on security and h r because we fear a backlash suggestions reinforce conflation of Chinese state and Chinese This reproduces Beijing’s position that criticism of regime is tantamount to attacks on Chinese people ,” and notion all people of Chinese descent owe loyalty to China foundation of racism is homogenizing lumps Asian s and Chinese regime , into one mass . To fight racism , we have to dismantle this not reinforce it our fight racism should not prevent us from speaking against Beijing’s threats to Taiwan key is to resist stereotype of homogenous Asia anti-Sinoist opinions in Taiwan grew created parties that championed anti-Sinoism identity began with resinicization Taiwanese suffered discrimination marginalization appropriations supplanted Taiwanese identity with Chinese culture speakers stigmatized local expressions punished Taiwanese share history of oppression solidarity in frustration from oppression community resonated to protect belonging


Question: Chinafile

These instances of Chinese subjugation must be criticized---being ‘tough on China’ doesn’t support anti-Asian hate or uphold the Yellow Peril.

Hung ’21 [Ho-fung; March 25; professor, Political Economy, Sociology Department and School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University; China File, “Abandoning Criticism of China’s Government Isn’t the Right Way to End Anti-Asian Racism in the U.S.,” https://www.chinafile.com/reporting-opinion/viewpoint/abandoning-criticism-of-chinas-government-isnt-right-way-end-anti-asian]

Chinese government dug its heels into rivalry bring up racism to delegitimize America implied was that criticism of Chinese bore responsibility for anti-Asian hatred many leaders expressed worry escalating conflicts fan violence against Asians Entangling fight against racism with debate about China won’t improve position it’s dangerous to suggest U.S. should forfeit stance on security and h r because we fear a backlash suggestions reinforce conflation of Chinese state and Chinese This reproduces Beijing’s position that criticism of regime is tantamount to attacks on Chinese people ,” and notion all people of Chinese descent owe loyalty to China foundation of racism is homogenizing lumps Asian s and Chinese regime , into one mass . To fight racism , we have to dismantle this not reinforce it our fight racism should not prevent us from speaking against Beijing’s threats to Taiwan key is to resist stereotype of homogenous Asia anti-Sinoist opinions in Taiwan grew created parties that championed anti-Sinoism identity began with resinicization Taiwanese suffered discrimination marginalization appropriations supplanted Taiwanese identity with Chinese culture speakers stigmatized local expressions punished Taiwanese share history of oppression solidarity in frustration from oppression community resonated to protect belonging


Question: criticize China's government

These instances of Chinese subjugation must be criticized---being ‘tough on China’ doesn’t support anti-Asian hate or uphold the Yellow Peril.

Hung ’21 [Ho-fung; March 25; professor, Political Economy, Sociology Department and School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University; China File, “Abandoning Criticism of China’s Government Isn’t the Right Way to End Anti-Asian Racism in the U.S.,” https://www.chinafile.com/reporting-opinion/viewpoint/abandoning-criticism-of-chinas-government-isnt-right-way-end-anti-asian]

Chinese government dug its heels into rivalry bring up racism to delegitimize America implied was that criticism of Chinese bore responsibility for anti-Asian hatred many leaders expressed worry escalating conflicts fan violence against Asians Entangling fight against racism with debate about China won’t improve position it’s dangerous to suggest U.S. should forfeit stance on security and h r because we fear a backlash suggestions reinforce conflation of Chinese state and Chinese This reproduces Beijing’s position that criticism of regime is tantamount to attacks on Chinese people ,” and notion all people of Chinese descent owe loyalty to China foundation of racism is homogenizing lumps Asian s and Chinese regime , into one mass . To fight racism , we have to dismantle this not reinforce it our fight racism should not prevent us from speaking against Beijing’s threats to Taiwan key is to resist stereotype of homogenous Asia anti-Sinoist opinions in Taiwan grew created parties that championed anti-Sinoism identity began with resinicization Taiwanese suffered discrimination marginalization appropriations supplanted Taiwanese identity with Chinese culture speakers stigmatized local expressions punished Taiwanese share history of oppression solidarity in frustration from oppression community resonated to protect belonging


Question: Nuclear terror triggers war

Nuclear Terror Triggers global nuclear  War.

Morgan, 09 (Dennis Ray Morgan, professor at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (HUFS) in South Korea. 2009, Futures Volume 41, Issue 10 , "World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race", https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016328709001049)//Babcii

terrorists know about nuclear tensions figured out best way to escalate is to set off a exchange precarious hair-trigger basis web rests on Any accident unleash use likelihood of rapid escalation quite high each country would act under use them or lose them’’ once Pandora’s Box is opened it will be the signal for permission for anyone to use them emerging renewable energy tech such as s m r s face questions around feasibility and affordability and the U S has recently signed agreements with countries to explore SMR However given risks and public wariness nuclear power is not likely to play a significant role in the region’s energy transition by 2050


Question: Morgan 09

Nuclear Terror Triggers global nuclear  War.

Morgan, 09 (Dennis Ray Morgan, professor at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (HUFS) in South Korea. 2009, Futures Volume 41, Issue 10 , "World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race", https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016328709001049)//Babcii

terrorists know about nuclear tensions figured out best way to escalate is to set off a exchange precarious hair-trigger basis web rests on Any accident unleash use likelihood of rapid escalation quite high each country would act under use them or lose them’’ once Pandora’s Box is opened it will be the signal for permission for anyone to use them emerging renewable energy tech such as s m r s face questions around feasibility and affordability and the U S has recently signed agreements with countries to explore SMR However given risks and public wariness nuclear power is not likely to play a significant role in the region’s energy transition by 2050


Question: Dennis Morgan

Nuclear Terror Triggers global nuclear  War.

Morgan, 09 (Dennis Ray Morgan, professor at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (HUFS) in South Korea. 2009, Futures Volume 41, Issue 10 , "World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race", https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016328709001049)//Babcii

terrorists know about nuclear tensions figured out best way to escalate is to set off a exchange precarious hair-trigger basis web rests on Any accident unleash use likelihood of rapid escalation quite high each country would act under use them or lose them’’ once Pandora’s Box is opened it will be the signal for permission for anyone to use them emerging renewable energy tech such as s m r s face questions around feasibility and affordability and the U S has recently signed agreements with countries to explore SMR However given risks and public wariness nuclear power is not likely to play a significant role in the region’s energy transition by 2050


Question: terrorists escalate nuclear exchange

Nuclear Terror Triggers global nuclear  War.

Morgan, 09 (Dennis Ray Morgan, professor at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (HUFS) in South Korea. 2009, Futures Volume 41, Issue 10 , "World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race", https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016328709001049)//Babcii

terrorists know about nuclear tensions figured out best way to escalate is to set off a exchange precarious hair-trigger basis web rests on Any accident unleash use likelihood of rapid escalation quite high each country would act under use them or lose them’’ once Pandora’s Box is opened it will be the signal for permission for anyone to use them emerging renewable energy tech such as s m r s face questions around feasibility and affordability and the U S has recently signed agreements with countries to explore SMR However given risks and public wariness nuclear power is not likely to play a significant role in the region’s energy transition by 2050


Question: use them or lose them

Nuclear Terror Triggers global nuclear  War.

Morgan, 09 (Dennis Ray Morgan, professor at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (HUFS) in South Korea. 2009, Futures Volume 41, Issue 10 , "World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race", https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016328709001049)//Babcii

terrorists know about nuclear tensions figured out best way to escalate is to set off a exchange precarious hair-trigger basis web rests on Any accident unleash use likelihood of rapid escalation quite high each country would act under use them or lose them’’ once Pandora’s Box is opened it will be the signal for permission for anyone to use them emerging renewable energy tech such as s m r s face questions around feasibility and affordability and the U S has recently signed agreements with countries to explore SMR However given risks and public wariness nuclear power is not likely to play a significant role in the region’s energy transition by 2050


Question: nuclear power wariness

Nuclear Terror Triggers global nuclear  War.

Morgan, 09 (Dennis Ray Morgan, professor at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (HUFS) in South Korea. 2009, Futures Volume 41, Issue 10 , "World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race", https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016328709001049)//Babcii

terrorists know about nuclear tensions figured out best way to escalate is to set off a exchange precarious hair-trigger basis web rests on Any accident unleash use likelihood of rapid escalation quite high each country would act under use them or lose them’’ once Pandora’s Box is opened it will be the signal for permission for anyone to use them emerging renewable energy tech such as s m r s face questions around feasibility and affordability and the U S has recently signed agreements with countries to explore SMR However given risks and public wariness nuclear power is not likely to play a significant role in the region’s energy transition by 2050


Question: rapid escalation likely

Nuclear Terror Triggers global nuclear  War.

Morgan, 09 (Dennis Ray Morgan, professor at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (HUFS) in South Korea. 2009, Futures Volume 41, Issue 10 , "World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race", https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016328709001049)//Babcii

terrorists know about nuclear tensions figured out best way to escalate is to set off a exchange precarious hair-trigger basis web rests on Any accident unleash use likelihood of rapid escalation quite high each country would act under use them or lose them’’ once Pandora’s Box is opened it will be the signal for permission for anyone to use them emerging renewable energy tech such as s m r s face questions around feasibility and affordability and the U S has recently signed agreements with countries to explore SMR However given risks and public wariness nuclear power is not likely to play a significant role in the region’s energy transition by 2050


Question: No econ decline impact

No econ decline impact.

Stephen M. Walt 20. Robert and Renée Belfer professor of international relations at Harvard University. “Will a Global Depression Trigger Another World War?” 5/13/20. https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/05/13/coronavirus-pandemic-depression-economy-world-war/

not even extraordinary economic conditions impact likelihood of war the U S suffered 40 recessions 20 wars, most unrelated to the economy . if recessions were a cause of war, they would have predicted “nine out of the last five No matter what country’s economic condition might be leaders will not go to war unless reasonable probability of success . primary motivation for war is desire for security, not economic gain. Even large, lasting negative effects on the world economy not likely to affect probability of war


Question: Stephen Walt 20

No econ decline impact.

Stephen M. Walt 20. Robert and Renée Belfer professor of international relations at Harvard University. “Will a Global Depression Trigger Another World War?” 5/13/20. https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/05/13/coronavirus-pandemic-depression-economy-world-war/

not even extraordinary economic conditions impact likelihood of war the U S suffered 40 recessions 20 wars, most unrelated to the economy . if recessions were a cause of war, they would have predicted “nine out of the last five No matter what country’s economic condition might be leaders will not go to war unless reasonable probability of success . primary motivation for war is desire for security, not economic gain. Even large, lasting negative effects on the world economy not likely to affect probability of war


Question: economic conditions impact war

No econ decline impact.

Stephen M. Walt 20. Robert and Renée Belfer professor of international relations at Harvard University. “Will a Global Depression Trigger Another World War?” 5/13/20. https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/05/13/coronavirus-pandemic-depression-economy-world-war/

not even extraordinary economic conditions impact likelihood of war the U S suffered 40 recessions 20 wars, most unrelated to the economy . if recessions were a cause of war, they would have predicted “nine out of the last five No matter what country’s economic condition might be leaders will not go to war unless reasonable probability of success . primary motivation for war is desire for security, not economic gain. Even large, lasting negative effects on the world economy not likely to affect probability of war


Question: economic gain not motivation for war

No econ decline impact.

Stephen M. Walt 20. Robert and Renée Belfer professor of international relations at Harvard University. “Will a Global Depression Trigger Another World War?” 5/13/20. https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/05/13/coronavirus-pandemic-depression-economy-world-war/

not even extraordinary economic conditions impact likelihood of war the U S suffered 40 recessions 20 wars, most unrelated to the economy . if recessions were a cause of war, they would have predicted “nine out of the last five No matter what country’s economic condition might be leaders will not go to war unless reasonable probability of success . primary motivation for war is desire for security, not economic gain. Even large, lasting negative effects on the world economy not likely to affect probability of war


Question: recessions cause war

No econ decline impact.

Stephen M. Walt 20. Robert and Renée Belfer professor of international relations at Harvard University. “Will a Global Depression Trigger Another World War?” 5/13/20. https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/05/13/coronavirus-pandemic-depression-economy-world-war/

not even extraordinary economic conditions impact likelihood of war the U S suffered 40 recessions 20 wars, most unrelated to the economy . if recessions were a cause of war, they would have predicted “nine out of the last five No matter what country’s economic condition might be leaders will not go to war unless reasonable probability of success . primary motivation for war is desire for security, not economic gain. Even large, lasting negative effects on the world economy not likely to affect probability of war


Question: leaders will not go to war

No econ decline impact.

Stephen M. Walt 20. Robert and Renée Belfer professor of international relations at Harvard University. “Will a Global Depression Trigger Another World War?” 5/13/20. https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/05/13/coronavirus-pandemic-depression-economy-world-war/

not even extraordinary economic conditions impact likelihood of war the U S suffered 40 recessions 20 wars, most unrelated to the economy . if recessions were a cause of war, they would have predicted “nine out of the last five No matter what country’s economic condition might be leaders will not go to war unless reasonable probability of success . primary motivation for war is desire for security, not economic gain. Even large, lasting negative effects on the world economy not likely to affect probability of war


Question: economy not war cause

No econ decline impact.

Stephen M. Walt 20. Robert and Renée Belfer professor of international relations at Harvard University. “Will a Global Depression Trigger Another World War?” 5/13/20. https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/05/13/coronavirus-pandemic-depression-economy-world-war/

not even extraordinary economic conditions impact likelihood of war the U S suffered 40 recessions 20 wars, most unrelated to the economy . if recessions were a cause of war, they would have predicted “nine out of the last five No matter what country’s economic condition might be leaders will not go to war unless reasonable probability of success . primary motivation for war is desire for security, not economic gain. Even large, lasting negative effects on the world economy not likely to affect probability of war


Question: Reject ontology arguments

Reject ontology arguments---they generate passive subjectivity

Etoke 22, PhD, Africana Studies @ CUNY (Nathalie and Lewis Gordon, 12-28-20-2022, “What Does It Mean to Be Free?,” Boston Review, https://www.bostonreview.net/articles/what-does-it-mean-to-be-free/)

the problem when people think ontologically is they think it’s complete he reality is even under enslavement people were finding ways to live humanity and experience joy Passive subjectivity is living with white people in your head defining yourself in of white supremacy But active subjectivity you’re trying to challenge because you know you’re a human being external forces of oppression are there you’re confronting them but it doesn’t mean surrender Whereas in passive you you find yourself in paralysis ontological closure is a lie to make us think liberation not possible it’s very strange there’s a tendency in academic literature to throw Black people into category of pathological we need to get away from distorted ways of thinking about Blackness


Question: Etoke 22 ontology arguments

Reject ontology arguments---they generate passive subjectivity

Etoke 22, PhD, Africana Studies @ CUNY (Nathalie and Lewis Gordon, 12-28-20-2022, “What Does It Mean to Be Free?,” Boston Review, https://www.bostonreview.net/articles/what-does-it-mean-to-be-free/)

the problem when people think ontologically is they think it’s complete he reality is even under enslavement people were finding ways to live humanity and experience joy Passive subjectivity is living with white people in your head defining yourself in of white supremacy But active subjectivity you’re trying to challenge because you know you’re a human being external forces of oppression are there you’re confronting them but it doesn’t mean surrender Whereas in passive you you find yourself in paralysis ontological closure is a lie to make us think liberation not possible it’s very strange there’s a tendency in academic literature to throw Black people into category of pathological we need to get away from distorted ways of thinking about Blackness


Question: passive subjectivity white supremacy

Reject ontology arguments---they generate passive subjectivity

Etoke 22, PhD, Africana Studies @ CUNY (Nathalie and Lewis Gordon, 12-28-20-2022, “What Does It Mean to Be Free?,” Boston Review, https://www.bostonreview.net/articles/what-does-it-mean-to-be-free/)

the problem when people think ontologically is they think it’s complete he reality is even under enslavement people were finding ways to live humanity and experience joy Passive subjectivity is living with white people in your head defining yourself in of white supremacy But active subjectivity you’re trying to challenge because you know you’re a human being external forces of oppression are there you’re confronting them but it doesn’t mean surrender Whereas in passive you you find yourself in paralysis ontological closure is a lie to make us think liberation not possible it’s very strange there’s a tendency in academic literature to throw Black people into category of pathological we need to get away from distorted ways of thinking about Blackness


Question: ontology arguments bad

Reject ontology arguments---they generate passive subjectivity

Etoke 22, PhD, Africana Studies @ CUNY (Nathalie and Lewis Gordon, 12-28-20-2022, “What Does It Mean to Be Free?,” Boston Review, https://www.bostonreview.net/articles/what-does-it-mean-to-be-free/)

the problem when people think ontologically is they think it’s complete he reality is even under enslavement people were finding ways to live humanity and experience joy Passive subjectivity is living with white people in your head defining yourself in of white supremacy But active subjectivity you’re trying to challenge because you know you’re a human being external forces of oppression are there you’re confronting them but it doesn’t mean surrender Whereas in passive you you find yourself in paralysis ontological closure is a lie to make us think liberation not possible it’s very strange there’s a tendency in academic literature to throw Black people into category of pathological we need to get away from distorted ways of thinking about Blackness


Question: ontological closure is a lie

Reject ontology arguments---they generate passive subjectivity

Etoke 22, PhD, Africana Studies @ CUNY (Nathalie and Lewis Gordon, 12-28-20-2022, “What Does It Mean to Be Free?,” Boston Review, https://www.bostonreview.net/articles/what-does-it-mean-to-be-free/)

the problem when people think ontologically is they think it’s complete he reality is even under enslavement people were finding ways to live humanity and experience joy Passive subjectivity is living with white people in your head defining yourself in of white supremacy But active subjectivity you’re trying to challenge because you know you’re a human being external forces of oppression are there you’re confronting them but it doesn’t mean surrender Whereas in passive you you find yourself in paralysis ontological closure is a lie to make us think liberation not possible it’s very strange there’s a tendency in academic literature to throw Black people into category of pathological we need to get away from distorted ways of thinking about Blackness


Question: Etoke freedom

Reject ontology arguments---they generate passive subjectivity

Etoke 22, PhD, Africana Studies @ CUNY (Nathalie and Lewis Gordon, 12-28-20-2022, “What Does It Mean to Be Free?,” Boston Review, https://www.bostonreview.net/articles/what-does-it-mean-to-be-free/)

the problem when people think ontologically is they think it’s complete he reality is even under enslavement people were finding ways to live humanity and experience joy Passive subjectivity is living with white people in your head defining yourself in of white supremacy But active subjectivity you’re trying to challenge because you know you’re a human being external forces of oppression are there you’re confronting them but it doesn’t mean surrender Whereas in passive you you find yourself in paralysis ontological closure is a lie to make us think liberation not possible it’s very strange there’s a tendency in academic literature to throw Black people into category of pathological we need to get away from distorted ways of thinking about Blackness


Question: Black people pathological category

Reject ontology arguments---they generate passive subjectivity

Etoke 22, PhD, Africana Studies @ CUNY (Nathalie and Lewis Gordon, 12-28-20-2022, “What Does It Mean to Be Free?,” Boston Review, https://www.bostonreview.net/articles/what-does-it-mean-to-be-free/)

the problem when people think ontologically is they think it’s complete he reality is even under enslavement people were finding ways to live humanity and experience joy Passive subjectivity is living with white people in your head defining yourself in of white supremacy But active subjectivity you’re trying to challenge because you know you’re a human being external forces of oppression are there you’re confronting them but it doesn’t mean surrender Whereas in passive you you find yourself in paralysis ontological closure is a lie to make us think liberation not possible it’s very strange there’s a tendency in academic literature to throw Black people into category of pathological we need to get away from distorted ways of thinking about Blackness


Question: active subjectivity challenge oppression

Reject ontology arguments---they generate passive subjectivity

Etoke 22, PhD, Africana Studies @ CUNY (Nathalie and Lewis Gordon, 12-28-20-2022, “What Does It Mean to Be Free?,” Boston Review, https://www.bostonreview.net/articles/what-does-it-mean-to-be-free/)

the problem when people think ontologically is they think it’s complete he reality is even under enslavement people were finding ways to live humanity and experience joy Passive subjectivity is living with white people in your head defining yourself in of white supremacy But active subjectivity you’re trying to challenge because you know you’re a human being external forces of oppression are there you’re confronting them but it doesn’t mean surrender Whereas in passive you you find yourself in paralysis ontological closure is a lie to make us think liberation not possible it’s very strange there’s a tendency in academic literature to throw Black people into category of pathological we need to get away from distorted ways of thinking about Blackness


Question: Capitalism is antiracist

Capitalism is antiracist.

Paul F. deLespinasse 20. Professor Emeritus of Political Science and Computer Science at Adrian College. “Capitalism no friend to racism”. https://www.gazettetimes.com/news/local/paul-f-delespinasse-capitalism-no-friend-to-racism/article_85bac3a8-805b-587d-9725-0e10f09547a8.amp.html

racism existed before capitalism in non-capitalist societies, cap can't be blamed Since buyers want the best capitalism pushes society away from racist behavior  Racist thinking should be undermined by capitalism's encouragement of voluntary associations  relations undermine stereotypes The  South was not capitalistic before the Civil War Segregation violated the basic essence of capitalism freedom of  association by  consent  Racist s are not expressions of capitalism, but its contradiction Capitalism and racism are deadly enemies


Question: Paul F. deLespinasse 20

Capitalism is antiracist.

Paul F. deLespinasse 20. Professor Emeritus of Political Science and Computer Science at Adrian College. “Capitalism no friend to racism”. https://www.gazettetimes.com/news/local/paul-f-delespinasse-capitalism-no-friend-to-racism/article_85bac3a8-805b-587d-9725-0e10f09547a8.amp.html

racism existed before capitalism in non-capitalist societies, cap can't be blamed Since buyers want the best capitalism pushes society away from racist behavior  Racist thinking should be undermined by capitalism's encouragement of voluntary associations  relations undermine stereotypes The  South was not capitalistic before the Civil War Segregation violated the basic essence of capitalism freedom of  association by  consent  Racist s are not expressions of capitalism, but its contradiction Capitalism and racism are deadly enemies


Question: capitalism no friend to racism

Capitalism is antiracist.

Paul F. deLespinasse 20. Professor Emeritus of Political Science and Computer Science at Adrian College. “Capitalism no friend to racism”. https://www.gazettetimes.com/news/local/paul-f-delespinasse-capitalism-no-friend-to-racism/article_85bac3a8-805b-587d-9725-0e10f09547a8.amp.html

racism existed before capitalism in non-capitalist societies, cap can't be blamed Since buyers want the best capitalism pushes society away from racist behavior  Racist thinking should be undermined by capitalism's encouragement of voluntary associations  relations undermine stereotypes The  South was not capitalistic before the Civil War Segregation violated the basic essence of capitalism freedom of  association by  consent  Racist s are not expressions of capitalism, but its contradiction Capitalism and racism are deadly enemies


Question: capitalism pushes society away from racism

Capitalism is antiracist.

Paul F. deLespinasse 20. Professor Emeritus of Political Science and Computer Science at Adrian College. “Capitalism no friend to racism”. https://www.gazettetimes.com/news/local/paul-f-delespinasse-capitalism-no-friend-to-racism/article_85bac3a8-805b-587d-9725-0e10f09547a8.amp.html

racism existed before capitalism in non-capitalist societies, cap can't be blamed Since buyers want the best capitalism pushes society away from racist behavior  Racist thinking should be undermined by capitalism's encouragement of voluntary associations  relations undermine stereotypes The  South was not capitalistic before the Civil War Segregation violated the basic essence of capitalism freedom of  association by  consent  Racist s are not expressions of capitalism, but its contradiction Capitalism and racism are deadly enemies


Question: racism existed before capitalism

Capitalism is antiracist.

Paul F. deLespinasse 20. Professor Emeritus of Political Science and Computer Science at Adrian College. “Capitalism no friend to racism”. https://www.gazettetimes.com/news/local/paul-f-delespinasse-capitalism-no-friend-to-racism/article_85bac3a8-805b-587d-9725-0e10f09547a8.amp.html

racism existed before capitalism in non-capitalist societies, cap can't be blamed Since buyers want the best capitalism pushes society away from racist behavior  Racist thinking should be undermined by capitalism's encouragement of voluntary associations  relations undermine stereotypes The  South was not capitalistic before the Civil War Segregation violated the basic essence of capitalism freedom of  association by  consent  Racist s are not expressions of capitalism, but its contradiction Capitalism and racism are deadly enemies


Question: racism contradictions of capitalism

Capitalism is antiracist.

Paul F. deLespinasse 20. Professor Emeritus of Political Science and Computer Science at Adrian College. “Capitalism no friend to racism”. https://www.gazettetimes.com/news/local/paul-f-delespinasse-capitalism-no-friend-to-racism/article_85bac3a8-805b-587d-9725-0e10f09547a8.amp.html

racism existed before capitalism in non-capitalist societies, cap can't be blamed Since buyers want the best capitalism pushes society away from racist behavior  Racist thinking should be undermined by capitalism's encouragement of voluntary associations  relations undermine stereotypes The  South was not capitalistic before the Civil War Segregation violated the basic essence of capitalism freedom of  association by  consent  Racist s are not expressions of capitalism, but its contradiction Capitalism and racism are deadly enemies


Question: performativity strengthens semiocapitalism

Their reliance on performativity strengthens the operations of semiocapitalism -- learning communities like higher educational institutions and the debate community specifically construct and shape desire in capitalism through communication.

Peters 2019 [Michael A. "Affective capitalism, higher education and the constitution of the social body Althusser, Deleuze, and Negri on Spinoza and Marxism." (2019): 465-473.]

the discursive regimes that operate in and through subjects: the ‘fascisms in our heads’ Joy and the ‘ valorisation of the sad passions’ as Deleuze calls them goes right to the heart of the encounter of solidarity to determine our alliances, how we form the social body and the struggle against oppression. . Our knowledge is of the wave and ourselves producing a ‘common notion’ and a new social body from this interaction, which in itself contributes to active joy. The project, for Deleuze and Guattari , is to historicize desire and locate it in a social field, as desiring-production It is these readings and their intersecting threads that have initiated a Left dialogue on immaterial labour and its role in economic postmodernisation to help explain how value is produced from affective and cognitive activities It calls for a discussion of the different visions of the social body especially in relation to learning communities, the constitution of knowledge cultures, the logic of peer production and the possibilities for new collective subjects through the ethic of sharing and collaboration in an era of openness.


Question: Peters 2019

Their reliance on performativity strengthens the operations of semiocapitalism -- learning communities like higher educational institutions and the debate community specifically construct and shape desire in capitalism through communication.

Peters 2019 [Michael A. "Affective capitalism, higher education and the constitution of the social body Althusser, Deleuze, and Negri on Spinoza and Marxism." (2019): 465-473.]

the discursive regimes that operate in and through subjects: the ‘fascisms in our heads’ Joy and the ‘ valorisation of the sad passions’ as Deleuze calls them goes right to the heart of the encounter of solidarity to determine our alliances, how we form the social body and the struggle against oppression. . Our knowledge is of the wave and ourselves producing a ‘common notion’ and a new social body from this interaction, which in itself contributes to active joy. The project, for Deleuze and Guattari , is to historicize desire and locate it in a social field, as desiring-production It is these readings and their intersecting threads that have initiated a Left dialogue on immaterial labour and its role in economic postmodernisation to help explain how value is produced from affective and cognitive activities It calls for a discussion of the different visions of the social body especially in relation to learning communities, the constitution of knowledge cultures, the logic of peer production and the possibilities for new collective subjects through the ethic of sharing and collaboration in an era of openness.