Question: Fang 2022

A carbon tax with dividends targeted at communities disproportionately impacted by fossil fuel production and pollution is key to ensuring a clean energy transition that does reproduce modes of sacrifice that are inevitable in the status quo AND its key to open up spaces of resilience against the unsustainability of clean energy.

Fang ’22 (Clara Fang is Senior Fellow at Citizens’ Climate International and co-leader of the Detroit chapter of Citizens’ Climate Lobby, an international organization that builds political will for climate solutions, “OPINION: Can a carbon tax support environmental justice?”, Planet Detroit Opinion Piece, January 2022, https://planetdetroit.org/2022/01/opinion-can-a-carbon-tax-support-environmental-justice/, [SG])

communities of color suffered the impacts of pollution while white-led environmental organizations did little to help. Unless climate solutions center communities historically overburdened, the people hit hardest by climate change will not benefit carbon tax bills bear little resemblance to old problematic ones and support environmental justice goals tax on energy companies would increase until emissions are reduced 90 percent by 2050 calls for the revenue to be distributed in dividend checks enough to offset rising energy costs use revenue to fund energy efficiency for lower-income households, job training, and remedy the impact of fossil fuel development taxes on air pollutants like SO2, NOx and PM2.5 emitted within one mile of in conjunction with other clean energy incentives and control standards accelerate the transition to zero emissions Similar policies used successfully to curb sulfur emissions and tobacco use . Opposition to carbon pricing attributed to badly written policies utilizing e t s or “cap and trade,


Question: Clara Fang carbon tax

A carbon tax with dividends targeted at communities disproportionately impacted by fossil fuel production and pollution is key to ensuring a clean energy transition that does reproduce modes of sacrifice that are inevitable in the status quo AND its key to open up spaces of resilience against the unsustainability of clean energy.

Fang ’22 (Clara Fang is Senior Fellow at Citizens’ Climate International and co-leader of the Detroit chapter of Citizens’ Climate Lobby, an international organization that builds political will for climate solutions, “OPINION: Can a carbon tax support environmental justice?”, Planet Detroit Opinion Piece, January 2022, https://planetdetroit.org/2022/01/opinion-can-a-carbon-tax-support-environmental-justice/, [SG])

communities of color suffered the impacts of pollution while white-led environmental organizations did little to help. Unless climate solutions center communities historically overburdened, the people hit hardest by climate change will not benefit carbon tax bills bear little resemblance to old problematic ones and support environmental justice goals tax on energy companies would increase until emissions are reduced 90 percent by 2050 calls for the revenue to be distributed in dividend checks enough to offset rising energy costs use revenue to fund energy efficiency for lower-income households, job training, and remedy the impact of fossil fuel development taxes on air pollutants like SO2, NOx and PM2.5 emitted within one mile of in conjunction with other clean energy incentives and control standards accelerate the transition to zero emissions Similar policies used successfully to curb sulfur emissions and tobacco use . Opposition to carbon pricing attributed to badly written policies utilizing e t s or “cap and trade,


Question: carbon tax support environmental justice

A carbon tax with dividends targeted at communities disproportionately impacted by fossil fuel production and pollution is key to ensuring a clean energy transition that does reproduce modes of sacrifice that are inevitable in the status quo AND its key to open up spaces of resilience against the unsustainability of clean energy.

Fang ’22 (Clara Fang is Senior Fellow at Citizens’ Climate International and co-leader of the Detroit chapter of Citizens’ Climate Lobby, an international organization that builds political will for climate solutions, “OPINION: Can a carbon tax support environmental justice?”, Planet Detroit Opinion Piece, January 2022, https://planetdetroit.org/2022/01/opinion-can-a-carbon-tax-support-environmental-justice/, [SG])

communities of color suffered the impacts of pollution while white-led environmental organizations did little to help. Unless climate solutions center communities historically overburdened, the people hit hardest by climate change will not benefit carbon tax bills bear little resemblance to old problematic ones and support environmental justice goals tax on energy companies would increase until emissions are reduced 90 percent by 2050 calls for the revenue to be distributed in dividend checks enough to offset rising energy costs use revenue to fund energy efficiency for lower-income households, job training, and remedy the impact of fossil fuel development taxes on air pollutants like SO2, NOx and PM2.5 emitted within one mile of in conjunction with other clean energy incentives and control standards accelerate the transition to zero emissions Similar policies used successfully to curb sulfur emissions and tobacco use . Opposition to carbon pricing attributed to badly written policies utilizing e t s or “cap and trade,


Question: climate solutions center communities

A carbon tax with dividends targeted at communities disproportionately impacted by fossil fuel production and pollution is key to ensuring a clean energy transition that does reproduce modes of sacrifice that are inevitable in the status quo AND its key to open up spaces of resilience against the unsustainability of clean energy.

Fang ’22 (Clara Fang is Senior Fellow at Citizens’ Climate International and co-leader of the Detroit chapter of Citizens’ Climate Lobby, an international organization that builds political will for climate solutions, “OPINION: Can a carbon tax support environmental justice?”, Planet Detroit Opinion Piece, January 2022, https://planetdetroit.org/2022/01/opinion-can-a-carbon-tax-support-environmental-justice/, [SG])

communities of color suffered the impacts of pollution while white-led environmental organizations did little to help. Unless climate solutions center communities historically overburdened, the people hit hardest by climate change will not benefit carbon tax bills bear little resemblance to old problematic ones and support environmental justice goals tax on energy companies would increase until emissions are reduced 90 percent by 2050 calls for the revenue to be distributed in dividend checks enough to offset rising energy costs use revenue to fund energy efficiency for lower-income households, job training, and remedy the impact of fossil fuel development taxes on air pollutants like SO2, NOx and PM2.5 emitted within one mile of in conjunction with other clean energy incentives and control standards accelerate the transition to zero emissions Similar policies used successfully to curb sulfur emissions and tobacco use . Opposition to carbon pricing attributed to badly written policies utilizing e t s or “cap and trade,


Question: environmental justice carbon tax

A carbon tax with dividends targeted at communities disproportionately impacted by fossil fuel production and pollution is key to ensuring a clean energy transition that does reproduce modes of sacrifice that are inevitable in the status quo AND its key to open up spaces of resilience against the unsustainability of clean energy.

Fang ’22 (Clara Fang is Senior Fellow at Citizens’ Climate International and co-leader of the Detroit chapter of Citizens’ Climate Lobby, an international organization that builds political will for climate solutions, “OPINION: Can a carbon tax support environmental justice?”, Planet Detroit Opinion Piece, January 2022, https://planetdetroit.org/2022/01/opinion-can-a-carbon-tax-support-environmental-justice/, [SG])

communities of color suffered the impacts of pollution while white-led environmental organizations did little to help. Unless climate solutions center communities historically overburdened, the people hit hardest by climate change will not benefit carbon tax bills bear little resemblance to old problematic ones and support environmental justice goals tax on energy companies would increase until emissions are reduced 90 percent by 2050 calls for the revenue to be distributed in dividend checks enough to offset rising energy costs use revenue to fund energy efficiency for lower-income households, job training, and remedy the impact of fossil fuel development taxes on air pollutants like SO2, NOx and PM2.5 emitted within one mile of in conjunction with other clean energy incentives and control standards accelerate the transition to zero emissions Similar policies used successfully to curb sulfur emissions and tobacco use . Opposition to carbon pricing attributed to badly written policies utilizing e t s or “cap and trade,


Question: carbon tax and pollution

A carbon tax with dividends targeted at communities disproportionately impacted by fossil fuel production and pollution is key to ensuring a clean energy transition that does reproduce modes of sacrifice that are inevitable in the status quo AND its key to open up spaces of resilience against the unsustainability of clean energy.

Fang ’22 (Clara Fang is Senior Fellow at Citizens’ Climate International and co-leader of the Detroit chapter of Citizens’ Climate Lobby, an international organization that builds political will for climate solutions, “OPINION: Can a carbon tax support environmental justice?”, Planet Detroit Opinion Piece, January 2022, https://planetdetroit.org/2022/01/opinion-can-a-carbon-tax-support-environmental-justice/, [SG])

communities of color suffered the impacts of pollution while white-led environmental organizations did little to help. Unless climate solutions center communities historically overburdened, the people hit hardest by climate change will not benefit carbon tax bills bear little resemblance to old problematic ones and support environmental justice goals tax on energy companies would increase until emissions are reduced 90 percent by 2050 calls for the revenue to be distributed in dividend checks enough to offset rising energy costs use revenue to fund energy efficiency for lower-income households, job training, and remedy the impact of fossil fuel development taxes on air pollutants like SO2, NOx and PM2.5 emitted within one mile of in conjunction with other clean energy incentives and control standards accelerate the transition to zero emissions Similar policies used successfully to curb sulfur emissions and tobacco use . Opposition to carbon pricing attributed to badly written policies utilizing e t s or “cap and trade,


Question: Audience costs dissuade repeal

2. Audience costs of breaking promises dissuade repeal.

Sterk 03 [Stewart E. Sterk (H. Bert and Ruth Mack Professor of Real Estate Law, Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University; Director, Center for Real Estate Law & Policy, Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University; J.D., Columbia University), 2003, “Retrenchment on Entrenchment,” George Washington Law Review, Vol. 71, p. 231-254, https://larc.cardozo.yu.edu/faculty-articles/408, accessed 8-12-2024; njn]

the subsequent legislature will recognize that to repudiate will reduce its ability to make commitments If the government repudiates commitments , parties will be less likely to rely on commitments this permitted states to sell moral obligation that has no binding obligation


Question: Sterk 03

2. Audience costs of breaking promises dissuade repeal.

Sterk 03 [Stewart E. Sterk (H. Bert and Ruth Mack Professor of Real Estate Law, Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University; Director, Center for Real Estate Law & Policy, Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University; J.D., Columbia University), 2003, “Retrenchment on Entrenchment,” George Washington Law Review, Vol. 71, p. 231-254, https://larc.cardozo.yu.edu/faculty-articles/408, accessed 8-12-2024; njn]

the subsequent legislature will recognize that to repudiate will reduce its ability to make commitments If the government repudiates commitments , parties will be less likely to rely on commitments this permitted states to sell moral obligation that has no binding obligation


Question: Stewart E Sterk

2. Audience costs of breaking promises dissuade repeal.

Sterk 03 [Stewart E. Sterk (H. Bert and Ruth Mack Professor of Real Estate Law, Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University; Director, Center for Real Estate Law & Policy, Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University; J.D., Columbia University), 2003, “Retrenchment on Entrenchment,” George Washington Law Review, Vol. 71, p. 231-254, https://larc.cardozo.yu.edu/faculty-articles/408, accessed 8-12-2024; njn]

the subsequent legislature will recognize that to repudiate will reduce its ability to make commitments If the government repudiates commitments , parties will be less likely to rely on commitments this permitted states to sell moral obligation that has no binding obligation


Question: breaking promises audience costs

2. Audience costs of breaking promises dissuade repeal.

Sterk 03 [Stewart E. Sterk (H. Bert and Ruth Mack Professor of Real Estate Law, Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University; Director, Center for Real Estate Law & Policy, Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University; J.D., Columbia University), 2003, “Retrenchment on Entrenchment,” George Washington Law Review, Vol. 71, p. 231-254, https://larc.cardozo.yu.edu/faculty-articles/408, accessed 8-12-2024; njn]

the subsequent legislature will recognize that to repudiate will reduce its ability to make commitments If the government repudiates commitments , parties will be less likely to rely on commitments this permitted states to sell moral obligation that has no binding obligation


Question: reduce ability to make commitments

2. Audience costs of breaking promises dissuade repeal.

Sterk 03 [Stewart E. Sterk (H. Bert and Ruth Mack Professor of Real Estate Law, Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University; Director, Center for Real Estate Law & Policy, Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University; J.D., Columbia University), 2003, “Retrenchment on Entrenchment,” George Washington Law Review, Vol. 71, p. 231-254, https://larc.cardozo.yu.edu/faculty-articles/408, accessed 8-12-2024; njn]

the subsequent legislature will recognize that to repudiate will reduce its ability to make commitments If the government repudiates commitments , parties will be less likely to rely on commitments this permitted states to sell moral obligation that has no binding obligation


Question: repudiate reduce commitment ability

2. Audience costs of breaking promises dissuade repeal.

Sterk 03 [Stewart E. Sterk (H. Bert and Ruth Mack Professor of Real Estate Law, Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University; Director, Center for Real Estate Law & Policy, Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University; J.D., Columbia University), 2003, “Retrenchment on Entrenchment,” George Washington Law Review, Vol. 71, p. 231-254, https://larc.cardozo.yu.edu/faculty-articles/408, accessed 8-12-2024; njn]

the subsequent legislature will recognize that to repudiate will reduce its ability to make commitments If the government repudiates commitments , parties will be less likely to rely on commitments this permitted states to sell moral obligation that has no binding obligation


Question: VER on wholesale market theoretical

Getting a VER on the wholesale market is entirely theoretical---counterplan is the key first step.

Eisen – AFF SOLVENCY ADVOCATE et al 24 [Joel B. Eisen, Professor of Law, University of Richmond School of Law Felix Mormann, Professor of Law, Dean’s Research Chair, Texas A&M University School of Law; Professor of Engineering, Texas A&M College of Engineering Heather E. Payne, Professor of Law, Seton Hall University School of Law, “VIRTUAL ENERGY”, University of Illinois Law Review, pp. 107-162 (2024), https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4386321]

extensive opportunities for virtual energy production not exist at present creating them present many issues to be sorted out where VER serve everyone would require regulatory means for overseeing sales only exists in theoretical realm


Question: Eisen et al 24

Getting a VER on the wholesale market is entirely theoretical---counterplan is the key first step.

Eisen – AFF SOLVENCY ADVOCATE et al 24 [Joel B. Eisen, Professor of Law, University of Richmond School of Law Felix Mormann, Professor of Law, Dean’s Research Chair, Texas A&M University School of Law; Professor of Engineering, Texas A&M College of Engineering Heather E. Payne, Professor of Law, Seton Hall University School of Law, “VIRTUAL ENERGY”, University of Illinois Law Review, pp. 107-162 (2024), https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4386321]

extensive opportunities for virtual energy production not exist at present creating them present many issues to be sorted out where VER serve everyone would require regulatory means for overseeing sales only exists in theoretical realm


Question: Eisen virtual energy

Getting a VER on the wholesale market is entirely theoretical---counterplan is the key first step.

Eisen – AFF SOLVENCY ADVOCATE et al 24 [Joel B. Eisen, Professor of Law, University of Richmond School of Law Felix Mormann, Professor of Law, Dean’s Research Chair, Texas A&M University School of Law; Professor of Engineering, Texas A&M College of Engineering Heather E. Payne, Professor of Law, Seton Hall University School of Law, “VIRTUAL ENERGY”, University of Illinois Law Review, pp. 107-162 (2024), https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4386321]

extensive opportunities for virtual energy production not exist at present creating them present many issues to be sorted out where VER serve everyone would require regulatory means for overseeing sales only exists in theoretical realm


Question: virtual energy production opportunities

Getting a VER on the wholesale market is entirely theoretical---counterplan is the key first step.

Eisen – AFF SOLVENCY ADVOCATE et al 24 [Joel B. Eisen, Professor of Law, University of Richmond School of Law Felix Mormann, Professor of Law, Dean’s Research Chair, Texas A&M University School of Law; Professor of Engineering, Texas A&M College of Engineering Heather E. Payne, Professor of Law, Seton Hall University School of Law, “VIRTUAL ENERGY”, University of Illinois Law Review, pp. 107-162 (2024), https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4386321]

extensive opportunities for virtual energy production not exist at present creating them present many issues to be sorted out where VER serve everyone would require regulatory means for overseeing sales only exists in theoretical realm


Question: VER regulatory means theoretical

Getting a VER on the wholesale market is entirely theoretical---counterplan is the key first step.

Eisen – AFF SOLVENCY ADVOCATE et al 24 [Joel B. Eisen, Professor of Law, University of Richmond School of Law Felix Mormann, Professor of Law, Dean’s Research Chair, Texas A&M University School of Law; Professor of Engineering, Texas A&M College of Engineering Heather E. Payne, Professor of Law, Seton Hall University School of Law, “VIRTUAL ENERGY”, University of Illinois Law Review, pp. 107-162 (2024), https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4386321]

extensive opportunities for virtual energy production not exist at present creating them present many issues to be sorted out where VER serve everyone would require regulatory means for overseeing sales only exists in theoretical realm


Question: virtual energy production

Getting a VER on the wholesale market is entirely theoretical---counterplan is the key first step.

Eisen – AFF SOLVENCY ADVOCATE et al 24 [Joel B. Eisen, Professor of Law, University of Richmond School of Law Felix Mormann, Professor of Law, Dean’s Research Chair, Texas A&M University School of Law; Professor of Engineering, Texas A&M College of Engineering Heather E. Payne, Professor of Law, Seton Hall University School of Law, “VIRTUAL ENERGY”, University of Illinois Law Review, pp. 107-162 (2024), https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4386321]

extensive opportunities for virtual energy production not exist at present creating them present many issues to be sorted out where VER serve everyone would require regulatory means for overseeing sales only exists in theoretical realm


Question: Virtual energy issues

Getting a VER on the wholesale market is entirely theoretical---counterplan is the key first step.

Eisen – AFF SOLVENCY ADVOCATE et al 24 [Joel B. Eisen, Professor of Law, University of Richmond School of Law Felix Mormann, Professor of Law, Dean’s Research Chair, Texas A&M University School of Law; Professor of Engineering, Texas A&M College of Engineering Heather E. Payne, Professor of Law, Seton Hall University School of Law, “VIRTUAL ENERGY”, University of Illinois Law Review, pp. 107-162 (2024), https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4386321]

extensive opportunities for virtual energy production not exist at present creating them present many issues to be sorted out where VER serve everyone would require regulatory means for overseeing sales only exists in theoretical realm


Question: virtual energy only theoretical

Getting a VER on the wholesale market is entirely theoretical---counterplan is the key first step.

Eisen – AFF SOLVENCY ADVOCATE et al 24 [Joel B. Eisen, Professor of Law, University of Richmond School of Law Felix Mormann, Professor of Law, Dean’s Research Chair, Texas A&M University School of Law; Professor of Engineering, Texas A&M College of Engineering Heather E. Payne, Professor of Law, Seton Hall University School of Law, “VIRTUAL ENERGY”, University of Illinois Law Review, pp. 107-162 (2024), https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4386321]

extensive opportunities for virtual energy production not exist at present creating them present many issues to be sorted out where VER serve everyone would require regulatory means for overseeing sales only exists in theoretical realm


Question: subsidy removal is no better

B---subsidy removal is no better---it includes anything that indirectly aids fossil fuels.

Osaka 21, reporter @ Grist. (Shannon, 1-28-2021, "Biden is canceling fossil fuel subsidies. But he can't end them all.," Grist, https://grist.org/politics/biden-is-eliminating-fossil-fuel-subsidies-but-he-cant-end-them-all/)

not everyone agrees on what counts as a fossil subsidy and what doesn’t Subsidies aren’t checks from the government They take tax breaks loopholes or anything that gives a industry a leg up . That doesn’t account for subsidies to bring down gas prices and utility bills or the 2 billion spent investing in oil overseas


Question: Osaka 21

B---subsidy removal is no better---it includes anything that indirectly aids fossil fuels.

Osaka 21, reporter @ Grist. (Shannon, 1-28-2021, "Biden is canceling fossil fuel subsidies. But he can't end them all.," Grist, https://grist.org/politics/biden-is-eliminating-fossil-fuel-subsidies-but-he-cant-end-them-all/)

not everyone agrees on what counts as a fossil subsidy and what doesn’t Subsidies aren’t checks from the government They take tax breaks loopholes or anything that gives a industry a leg up . That doesn’t account for subsidies to bring down gas prices and utility bills or the 2 billion spent investing in oil overseas


Question: Shannon Osaka

B---subsidy removal is no better---it includes anything that indirectly aids fossil fuels.

Osaka 21, reporter @ Grist. (Shannon, 1-28-2021, "Biden is canceling fossil fuel subsidies. But he can't end them all.," Grist, https://grist.org/politics/biden-is-eliminating-fossil-fuel-subsidies-but-he-cant-end-them-all/)

not everyone agrees on what counts as a fossil subsidy and what doesn’t Subsidies aren’t checks from the government They take tax breaks loopholes or anything that gives a industry a leg up . That doesn’t account for subsidies to bring down gas prices and utility bills or the 2 billion spent investing in oil overseas


Question: fossil fuel subsidies definition

B---subsidy removal is no better---it includes anything that indirectly aids fossil fuels.

Osaka 21, reporter @ Grist. (Shannon, 1-28-2021, "Biden is canceling fossil fuel subsidies. But he can't end them all.," Grist, https://grist.org/politics/biden-is-eliminating-fossil-fuel-subsidies-but-he-cant-end-them-all/)

not everyone agrees on what counts as a fossil subsidy and what doesn’t Subsidies aren’t checks from the government They take tax breaks loopholes or anything that gives a industry a leg up . That doesn’t account for subsidies to bring down gas prices and utility bills or the 2 billion spent investing in oil overseas


Question: what counts as fossil subsidy

B---subsidy removal is no better---it includes anything that indirectly aids fossil fuels.

Osaka 21, reporter @ Grist. (Shannon, 1-28-2021, "Biden is canceling fossil fuel subsidies. But he can't end them all.," Grist, https://grist.org/politics/biden-is-eliminating-fossil-fuel-subsidies-but-he-cant-end-them-all/)

not everyone agrees on what counts as a fossil subsidy and what doesn’t Subsidies aren’t checks from the government They take tax breaks loopholes or anything that gives a industry a leg up . That doesn’t account for subsidies to bring down gas prices and utility bills or the 2 billion spent investing in oil overseas


Question: fossil fuel subsidies indirect aids

B---subsidy removal is no better---it includes anything that indirectly aids fossil fuels.

Osaka 21, reporter @ Grist. (Shannon, 1-28-2021, "Biden is canceling fossil fuel subsidies. But he can't end them all.," Grist, https://grist.org/politics/biden-is-eliminating-fossil-fuel-subsidies-but-he-cant-end-them-all/)

not everyone agrees on what counts as a fossil subsidy and what doesn’t Subsidies aren’t checks from the government They take tax breaks loopholes or anything that gives a industry a leg up . That doesn’t account for subsidies to bring down gas prices and utility bills or the 2 billion spent investing in oil overseas


Question: Biden fossil fuel subsidies

B---subsidy removal is no better---it includes anything that indirectly aids fossil fuels.

Osaka 21, reporter @ Grist. (Shannon, 1-28-2021, "Biden is canceling fossil fuel subsidies. But he can't end them all.," Grist, https://grist.org/politics/biden-is-eliminating-fossil-fuel-subsidies-but-he-cant-end-them-all/)

not everyone agrees on what counts as a fossil subsidy and what doesn’t Subsidies aren’t checks from the government They take tax breaks loopholes or anything that gives a industry a leg up . That doesn’t account for subsidies to bring down gas prices and utility bills or the 2 billion spent investing in oil overseas


Question: fossil fuel industry leg up

B---subsidy removal is no better---it includes anything that indirectly aids fossil fuels.

Osaka 21, reporter @ Grist. (Shannon, 1-28-2021, "Biden is canceling fossil fuel subsidies. But he can't end them all.," Grist, https://grist.org/politics/biden-is-eliminating-fossil-fuel-subsidies-but-he-cant-end-them-all/)

not everyone agrees on what counts as a fossil subsidy and what doesn’t Subsidies aren’t checks from the government They take tax breaks loopholes or anything that gives a industry a leg up . That doesn’t account for subsidies to bring down gas prices and utility bills or the 2 billion spent investing in oil overseas


Question: Russian offensive Ukraine goes nuclear

A successful Russian offensive in Ukraine goes nuclear.

Mariana Budjeryn 24. Senior research associate with the Project on Managing the Atom (MTA) at the Harvard Kennedy School’s Belfer Center. Why Russia is more likely to go nuclear in Ukraine if it's winning. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 10-2-2024. https://thebulletin.org/2024/10/why-russia-is-more-likely-to-go-nuclear-in-ukraine-if-its-winning/. Accessed 10-23-2024

Fears of nuclear escalation remain real The incentives for Russia to resort to nuclear use when about to win in Ukraine would not be dissimilar from the US in 45 A winning Russia might have more to gain from a nuclear strike With victory in sight it would be mighty tempting to launch a nuc the Kremlin could terminate the war quickly with fewer casualties on conditions favorable to Russia allowing Russia to achieve significant military advantage might create greater risk of nuclear use


Question: Budjeryn 24

A successful Russian offensive in Ukraine goes nuclear.

Mariana Budjeryn 24. Senior research associate with the Project on Managing the Atom (MTA) at the Harvard Kennedy School’s Belfer Center. Why Russia is more likely to go nuclear in Ukraine if it's winning. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 10-2-2024. https://thebulletin.org/2024/10/why-russia-is-more-likely-to-go-nuclear-in-ukraine-if-its-winning/. Accessed 10-23-2024

Fears of nuclear escalation remain real The incentives for Russia to resort to nuclear use when about to win in Ukraine would not be dissimilar from the US in 45 A winning Russia might have more to gain from a nuclear strike With victory in sight it would be mighty tempting to launch a nuc the Kremlin could terminate the war quickly with fewer casualties on conditions favorable to Russia allowing Russia to achieve significant military advantage might create greater risk of nuclear use


Question: Mariana Budjeryn

A successful Russian offensive in Ukraine goes nuclear.

Mariana Budjeryn 24. Senior research associate with the Project on Managing the Atom (MTA) at the Harvard Kennedy School’s Belfer Center. Why Russia is more likely to go nuclear in Ukraine if it's winning. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 10-2-2024. https://thebulletin.org/2024/10/why-russia-is-more-likely-to-go-nuclear-in-ukraine-if-its-winning/. Accessed 10-23-2024

Fears of nuclear escalation remain real The incentives for Russia to resort to nuclear use when about to win in Ukraine would not be dissimilar from the US in 45 A winning Russia might have more to gain from a nuclear strike With victory in sight it would be mighty tempting to launch a nuc the Kremlin could terminate the war quickly with fewer casualties on conditions favorable to Russia allowing Russia to achieve significant military advantage might create greater risk of nuclear use


Question: Russia nuclear Ukraine victory

A successful Russian offensive in Ukraine goes nuclear.

Mariana Budjeryn 24. Senior research associate with the Project on Managing the Atom (MTA) at the Harvard Kennedy School’s Belfer Center. Why Russia is more likely to go nuclear in Ukraine if it's winning. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 10-2-2024. https://thebulletin.org/2024/10/why-russia-is-more-likely-to-go-nuclear-in-ukraine-if-its-winning/. Accessed 10-23-2024

Fears of nuclear escalation remain real The incentives for Russia to resort to nuclear use when about to win in Ukraine would not be dissimilar from the US in 45 A winning Russia might have more to gain from a nuclear strike With victory in sight it would be mighty tempting to launch a nuc the Kremlin could terminate the war quickly with fewer casualties on conditions favorable to Russia allowing Russia to achieve significant military advantage might create greater risk of nuclear use


Question: Russia nuclear use Ukraine

A successful Russian offensive in Ukraine goes nuclear.

Mariana Budjeryn 24. Senior research associate with the Project on Managing the Atom (MTA) at the Harvard Kennedy School’s Belfer Center. Why Russia is more likely to go nuclear in Ukraine if it's winning. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 10-2-2024. https://thebulletin.org/2024/10/why-russia-is-more-likely-to-go-nuclear-in-ukraine-if-its-winning/. Accessed 10-23-2024

Fears of nuclear escalation remain real The incentives for Russia to resort to nuclear use when about to win in Ukraine would not be dissimilar from the US in 45 A winning Russia might have more to gain from a nuclear strike With victory in sight it would be mighty tempting to launch a nuc the Kremlin could terminate the war quickly with fewer casualties on conditions favorable to Russia allowing Russia to achieve significant military advantage might create greater risk of nuclear use


Question: incentives for Russia nuclear

A successful Russian offensive in Ukraine goes nuclear.

Mariana Budjeryn 24. Senior research associate with the Project on Managing the Atom (MTA) at the Harvard Kennedy School’s Belfer Center. Why Russia is more likely to go nuclear in Ukraine if it's winning. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 10-2-2024. https://thebulletin.org/2024/10/why-russia-is-more-likely-to-go-nuclear-in-ukraine-if-its-winning/. Accessed 10-23-2024

Fears of nuclear escalation remain real The incentives for Russia to resort to nuclear use when about to win in Ukraine would not be dissimilar from the US in 45 A winning Russia might have more to gain from a nuclear strike With victory in sight it would be mighty tempting to launch a nuc the Kremlin could terminate the war quickly with fewer casualties on conditions favorable to Russia allowing Russia to achieve significant military advantage might create greater risk of nuclear use


Question: Kremlin war casualties nuclear

A successful Russian offensive in Ukraine goes nuclear.

Mariana Budjeryn 24. Senior research associate with the Project on Managing the Atom (MTA) at the Harvard Kennedy School’s Belfer Center. Why Russia is more likely to go nuclear in Ukraine if it's winning. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 10-2-2024. https://thebulletin.org/2024/10/why-russia-is-more-likely-to-go-nuclear-in-ukraine-if-its-winning/. Accessed 10-23-2024

Fears of nuclear escalation remain real The incentives for Russia to resort to nuclear use when about to win in Ukraine would not be dissimilar from the US in 45 A winning Russia might have more to gain from a nuclear strike With victory in sight it would be mighty tempting to launch a nuc the Kremlin could terminate the war quickly with fewer casualties on conditions favorable to Russia allowing Russia to achieve significant military advantage might create greater risk of nuclear use


Question: Differential BCA solves offsets

7---DIFFERENTIATED BCAS. A differentiated BCA solves offsets and any regressive tax impacts on other countries

Ozai ’22 (Ivan, Fire Lord, also tax law professor based in Canada. His scholarly work focuses on the intersection of tax law with legal theory and political philosophy, “Designing an Equitable Border Carbon Adjustment Mechanism”, Osgoode Hall Law School of York University, 2022, https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3874&context=scholarly_works, [SG])

alternative design options a differential BCA applies according levels of development a uniform BCA applies to all countries A differential BCA reduce power asymmetries and enhance bargaining efficiency constraining opportunism in the negotiation of tariff concessions to avoid favouritism or discrimination, a differential BCA based on transparent and justified criteria A uniform BCA would penalize developing countries


Question: Ozai 22

7---DIFFERENTIATED BCAS. A differentiated BCA solves offsets and any regressive tax impacts on other countries

Ozai ’22 (Ivan, Fire Lord, also tax law professor based in Canada. His scholarly work focuses on the intersection of tax law with legal theory and political philosophy, “Designing an Equitable Border Carbon Adjustment Mechanism”, Osgoode Hall Law School of York University, 2022, https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3874&context=scholarly_works, [SG])

alternative design options a differential BCA applies according levels of development a uniform BCA applies to all countries A differential BCA reduce power asymmetries and enhance bargaining efficiency constraining opportunism in the negotiation of tariff concessions to avoid favouritism or discrimination, a differential BCA based on transparent and justified criteria A uniform BCA would penalize developing countries


Question: Ivan Ozai

7---DIFFERENTIATED BCAS. A differentiated BCA solves offsets and any regressive tax impacts on other countries

Ozai ’22 (Ivan, Fire Lord, also tax law professor based in Canada. His scholarly work focuses on the intersection of tax law with legal theory and political philosophy, “Designing an Equitable Border Carbon Adjustment Mechanism”, Osgoode Hall Law School of York University, 2022, https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3874&context=scholarly_works, [SG])

alternative design options a differential BCA applies according levels of development a uniform BCA applies to all countries A differential BCA reduce power asymmetries and enhance bargaining efficiency constraining opportunism in the negotiation of tariff concessions to avoid favouritism or discrimination, a differential BCA based on transparent and justified criteria A uniform BCA would penalize developing countries


Question: Differentiated BCA good

7---DIFFERENTIATED BCAS. A differentiated BCA solves offsets and any regressive tax impacts on other countries

Ozai ’22 (Ivan, Fire Lord, also tax law professor based in Canada. His scholarly work focuses on the intersection of tax law with legal theory and political philosophy, “Designing an Equitable Border Carbon Adjustment Mechanism”, Osgoode Hall Law School of York University, 2022, https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3874&context=scholarly_works, [SG])

alternative design options a differential BCA applies according levels of development a uniform BCA applies to all countries A differential BCA reduce power asymmetries and enhance bargaining efficiency constraining opportunism in the negotiation of tariff concessions to avoid favouritism or discrimination, a differential BCA based on transparent and justified criteria A uniform BCA would penalize developing countries


Question: regressive tax impacts

7---DIFFERENTIATED BCAS. A differentiated BCA solves offsets and any regressive tax impacts on other countries

Ozai ’22 (Ivan, Fire Lord, also tax law professor based in Canada. His scholarly work focuses on the intersection of tax law with legal theory and political philosophy, “Designing an Equitable Border Carbon Adjustment Mechanism”, Osgoode Hall Law School of York University, 2022, https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3874&context=scholarly_works, [SG])

alternative design options a differential BCA applies according levels of development a uniform BCA applies to all countries A differential BCA reduce power asymmetries and enhance bargaining efficiency constraining opportunism in the negotiation of tariff concessions to avoid favouritism or discrimination, a differential BCA based on transparent and justified criteria A uniform BCA would penalize developing countries


Question: differential BCA development

7---DIFFERENTIATED BCAS. A differentiated BCA solves offsets and any regressive tax impacts on other countries

Ozai ’22 (Ivan, Fire Lord, also tax law professor based in Canada. His scholarly work focuses on the intersection of tax law with legal theory and political philosophy, “Designing an Equitable Border Carbon Adjustment Mechanism”, Osgoode Hall Law School of York University, 2022, https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3874&context=scholarly_works, [SG])

alternative design options a differential BCA applies according levels of development a uniform BCA applies to all countries A differential BCA reduce power asymmetries and enhance bargaining efficiency constraining opportunism in the negotiation of tariff concessions to avoid favouritism or discrimination, a differential BCA based on transparent and justified criteria A uniform BCA would penalize developing countries


Question: BCA power asymmetries

7---DIFFERENTIATED BCAS. A differentiated BCA solves offsets and any regressive tax impacts on other countries

Ozai ’22 (Ivan, Fire Lord, also tax law professor based in Canada. His scholarly work focuses on the intersection of tax law with legal theory and political philosophy, “Designing an Equitable Border Carbon Adjustment Mechanism”, Osgoode Hall Law School of York University, 2022, https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3874&context=scholarly_works, [SG])

alternative design options a differential BCA applies according levels of development a uniform BCA applies to all countries A differential BCA reduce power asymmetries and enhance bargaining efficiency constraining opportunism in the negotiation of tariff concessions to avoid favouritism or discrimination, a differential BCA based on transparent and justified criteria A uniform BCA would penalize developing countries


Question: BCA transparent criteria

7---DIFFERENTIATED BCAS. A differentiated BCA solves offsets and any regressive tax impacts on other countries

Ozai ’22 (Ivan, Fire Lord, also tax law professor based in Canada. His scholarly work focuses on the intersection of tax law with legal theory and political philosophy, “Designing an Equitable Border Carbon Adjustment Mechanism”, Osgoode Hall Law School of York University, 2022, https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3874&context=scholarly_works, [SG])

alternative design options a differential BCA applies according levels of development a uniform BCA applies to all countries A differential BCA reduce power asymmetries and enhance bargaining efficiency constraining opportunism in the negotiation of tariff concessions to avoid favouritism or discrimination, a differential BCA based on transparent and justified criteria A uniform BCA would penalize developing countries


Question: Exports solve global energy wars

Exports solve global energy wars AND shore up alliances.

Guthrie ’24 [Brett; May 29; M.A. of Public and Private Management from the Yale School of Management, B.S. in mathematical economics; The Hill, “Securing our nation means securing our LNG future,” https://thehill.com/opinion/congress-blog/4690820-securing-our-nation-means-securing-our-lng-future/]

Chinese Russia Iran terror constant threats that threaten way of life status as world’s leading energy exporter key to protecting homeland and defending allies leadership crucial to ensuring NATO security in uncertain environment U S leader with 87 percent of exports going to Europe or Asia isolate Putin LNG driven down emissions , with 40 percent lower emissions than counterparts LNG enhances security of European allies, reducing reliance on dictators


Question: Guthrie 2024

Exports solve global energy wars AND shore up alliances.

Guthrie ’24 [Brett; May 29; M.A. of Public and Private Management from the Yale School of Management, B.S. in mathematical economics; The Hill, “Securing our nation means securing our LNG future,” https://thehill.com/opinion/congress-blog/4690820-securing-our-nation-means-securing-our-lng-future/]

Chinese Russia Iran terror constant threats that threaten way of life status as world’s leading energy exporter key to protecting homeland and defending allies leadership crucial to ensuring NATO security in uncertain environment U S leader with 87 percent of exports going to Europe or Asia isolate Putin LNG driven down emissions , with 40 percent lower emissions than counterparts LNG enhances security of European allies, reducing reliance on dictators


Question: LNG exports solve energy wars

Exports solve global energy wars AND shore up alliances.

Guthrie ’24 [Brett; May 29; M.A. of Public and Private Management from the Yale School of Management, B.S. in mathematical economics; The Hill, “Securing our nation means securing our LNG future,” https://thehill.com/opinion/congress-blog/4690820-securing-our-nation-means-securing-our-lng-future/]

Chinese Russia Iran terror constant threats that threaten way of life status as world’s leading energy exporter key to protecting homeland and defending allies leadership crucial to ensuring NATO security in uncertain environment U S leader with 87 percent of exports going to Europe or Asia isolate Putin LNG driven down emissions , with 40 percent lower emissions than counterparts LNG enhances security of European allies, reducing reliance on dictators


Question: LNG exports NATO security

Exports solve global energy wars AND shore up alliances.

Guthrie ’24 [Brett; May 29; M.A. of Public and Private Management from the Yale School of Management, B.S. in mathematical economics; The Hill, “Securing our nation means securing our LNG future,” https://thehill.com/opinion/congress-blog/4690820-securing-our-nation-means-securing-our-lng-future/]

Chinese Russia Iran terror constant threats that threaten way of life status as world’s leading energy exporter key to protecting homeland and defending allies leadership crucial to ensuring NATO security in uncertain environment U S leader with 87 percent of exports going to Europe or Asia isolate Putin LNG driven down emissions , with 40 percent lower emissions than counterparts LNG enhances security of European allies, reducing reliance on dictators


Question: US energy leadership

Exports solve global energy wars AND shore up alliances.

Guthrie ’24 [Brett; May 29; M.A. of Public and Private Management from the Yale School of Management, B.S. in mathematical economics; The Hill, “Securing our nation means securing our LNG future,” https://thehill.com/opinion/congress-blog/4690820-securing-our-nation-means-securing-our-lng-future/]

Chinese Russia Iran terror constant threats that threaten way of life status as world’s leading energy exporter key to protecting homeland and defending allies leadership crucial to ensuring NATO security in uncertain environment U S leader with 87 percent of exports going to Europe or Asia isolate Putin LNG driven down emissions , with 40 percent lower emissions than counterparts LNG enhances security of European allies, reducing reliance on dictators


Question: LNG lowers emissions

Exports solve global energy wars AND shore up alliances.

Guthrie ’24 [Brett; May 29; M.A. of Public and Private Management from the Yale School of Management, B.S. in mathematical economics; The Hill, “Securing our nation means securing our LNG future,” https://thehill.com/opinion/congress-blog/4690820-securing-our-nation-means-securing-our-lng-future/]

Chinese Russia Iran terror constant threats that threaten way of life status as world’s leading energy exporter key to protecting homeland and defending allies leadership crucial to ensuring NATO security in uncertain environment U S leader with 87 percent of exports going to Europe or Asia isolate Putin LNG driven down emissions , with 40 percent lower emissions than counterparts LNG enhances security of European allies, reducing reliance on dictators


Question: US LNG exports isolate Putin

Exports solve global energy wars AND shore up alliances.

Guthrie ’24 [Brett; May 29; M.A. of Public and Private Management from the Yale School of Management, B.S. in mathematical economics; The Hill, “Securing our nation means securing our LNG future,” https://thehill.com/opinion/congress-blog/4690820-securing-our-nation-means-securing-our-lng-future/]

Chinese Russia Iran terror constant threats that threaten way of life status as world’s leading energy exporter key to protecting homeland and defending allies leadership crucial to ensuring NATO security in uncertain environment U S leader with 87 percent of exports going to Europe or Asia isolate Putin LNG driven down emissions , with 40 percent lower emissions than counterparts LNG enhances security of European allies, reducing reliance on dictators


Question: LNG reduces reliance on dictators

Exports solve global energy wars AND shore up alliances.

Guthrie ’24 [Brett; May 29; M.A. of Public and Private Management from the Yale School of Management, B.S. in mathematical economics; The Hill, “Securing our nation means securing our LNG future,” https://thehill.com/opinion/congress-blog/4690820-securing-our-nation-means-securing-our-lng-future/]

Chinese Russia Iran terror constant threats that threaten way of life status as world’s leading energy exporter key to protecting homeland and defending allies leadership crucial to ensuring NATO security in uncertain environment U S leader with 87 percent of exports going to Europe or Asia isolate Putin LNG driven down emissions , with 40 percent lower emissions than counterparts LNG enhances security of European allies, reducing reliance on dictators


Question: Tax administration simple

Tax administration is simple and unlikely to provoke trade disputes.

Brian Flannery et al. 18. Visiting Fellow at Resources for the Future. Jennifer Hillman, professor at Georgetown University Law Center. Jan Mares, Senior Adviser at Resources for the Future. Matthew Porterfield, deputy director of the Harrison Institute for Public Law at the Georgetown University Law Center. “Framework Proposal for a US Upstream Greenhouse Gas Tax with WTO-Compliant Border Adjustments.” 10-2018. https://media.rff.org/documents/RFF-Rpt-Flannery-Mares-Framework-rev.pdf

upstream GHG tax should be assigned to Treasury and I R S most logical agency to administer border adjustment is Commerce policies may shift production to nations with less stringent policies , resulting in leakage To avoid battles between trading partners desirable to formulate policies compatible with WTO Border adjustments require emissions from upstream suppliers and facilities of manufacturer Framework does this using efficient administrative tool to track cumulative emissions first few energy-intensive steps account for vast majority of emissions This serves goal of reducing emissions without administrative burden To track cumulative emissions Framework includes information currently available and reported to EPA products imported assigned emissions based on average for firm’s production or national sector assuring WTO-compliance rebates do not exceed domestic tax and imports not subject to taxes in excess of like products does not take account of costs already imposed in exporting nation difficult to assess policies in many nations policies compatible with WTO will be essential to smooth transition


Question: Flannery Hillman Mares Porterfield

Tax administration is simple and unlikely to provoke trade disputes.

Brian Flannery et al. 18. Visiting Fellow at Resources for the Future. Jennifer Hillman, professor at Georgetown University Law Center. Jan Mares, Senior Adviser at Resources for the Future. Matthew Porterfield, deputy director of the Harrison Institute for Public Law at the Georgetown University Law Center. “Framework Proposal for a US Upstream Greenhouse Gas Tax with WTO-Compliant Border Adjustments.” 10-2018. https://media.rff.org/documents/RFF-Rpt-Flannery-Mares-Framework-rev.pdf

upstream GHG tax should be assigned to Treasury and I R S most logical agency to administer border adjustment is Commerce policies may shift production to nations with less stringent policies , resulting in leakage To avoid battles between trading partners desirable to formulate policies compatible with WTO Border adjustments require emissions from upstream suppliers and facilities of manufacturer Framework does this using efficient administrative tool to track cumulative emissions first few energy-intensive steps account for vast majority of emissions This serves goal of reducing emissions without administrative burden To track cumulative emissions Framework includes information currently available and reported to EPA products imported assigned emissions based on average for firm’s production or national sector assuring WTO-compliance rebates do not exceed domestic tax and imports not subject to taxes in excess of like products does not take account of costs already imposed in exporting nation difficult to assess policies in many nations policies compatible with WTO will be essential to smooth transition


Question: upstream GHG tax

Tax administration is simple and unlikely to provoke trade disputes.

Brian Flannery et al. 18. Visiting Fellow at Resources for the Future. Jennifer Hillman, professor at Georgetown University Law Center. Jan Mares, Senior Adviser at Resources for the Future. Matthew Porterfield, deputy director of the Harrison Institute for Public Law at the Georgetown University Law Center. “Framework Proposal for a US Upstream Greenhouse Gas Tax with WTO-Compliant Border Adjustments.” 10-2018. https://media.rff.org/documents/RFF-Rpt-Flannery-Mares-Framework-rev.pdf

upstream GHG tax should be assigned to Treasury and I R S most logical agency to administer border adjustment is Commerce policies may shift production to nations with less stringent policies , resulting in leakage To avoid battles between trading partners desirable to formulate policies compatible with WTO Border adjustments require emissions from upstream suppliers and facilities of manufacturer Framework does this using efficient administrative tool to track cumulative emissions first few energy-intensive steps account for vast majority of emissions This serves goal of reducing emissions without administrative burden To track cumulative emissions Framework includes information currently available and reported to EPA products imported assigned emissions based on average for firm’s production or national sector assuring WTO-compliance rebates do not exceed domestic tax and imports not subject to taxes in excess of like products does not take account of costs already imposed in exporting nation difficult to assess policies in many nations policies compatible with WTO will be essential to smooth transition


Question: WTO compatible border adjustments

Tax administration is simple and unlikely to provoke trade disputes.

Brian Flannery et al. 18. Visiting Fellow at Resources for the Future. Jennifer Hillman, professor at Georgetown University Law Center. Jan Mares, Senior Adviser at Resources for the Future. Matthew Porterfield, deputy director of the Harrison Institute for Public Law at the Georgetown University Law Center. “Framework Proposal for a US Upstream Greenhouse Gas Tax with WTO-Compliant Border Adjustments.” 10-2018. https://media.rff.org/documents/RFF-Rpt-Flannery-Mares-Framework-rev.pdf

upstream GHG tax should be assigned to Treasury and I R S most logical agency to administer border adjustment is Commerce policies may shift production to nations with less stringent policies , resulting in leakage To avoid battles between trading partners desirable to formulate policies compatible with WTO Border adjustments require emissions from upstream suppliers and facilities of manufacturer Framework does this using efficient administrative tool to track cumulative emissions first few energy-intensive steps account for vast majority of emissions This serves goal of reducing emissions without administrative burden To track cumulative emissions Framework includes information currently available and reported to EPA products imported assigned emissions based on average for firm’s production or national sector assuring WTO-compliance rebates do not exceed domestic tax and imports not subject to taxes in excess of like products does not take account of costs already imposed in exporting nation difficult to assess policies in many nations policies compatible with WTO will be essential to smooth transition


Question: avoid battles between trading partners

Tax administration is simple and unlikely to provoke trade disputes.

Brian Flannery et al. 18. Visiting Fellow at Resources for the Future. Jennifer Hillman, professor at Georgetown University Law Center. Jan Mares, Senior Adviser at Resources for the Future. Matthew Porterfield, deputy director of the Harrison Institute for Public Law at the Georgetown University Law Center. “Framework Proposal for a US Upstream Greenhouse Gas Tax with WTO-Compliant Border Adjustments.” 10-2018. https://media.rff.org/documents/RFF-Rpt-Flannery-Mares-Framework-rev.pdf

upstream GHG tax should be assigned to Treasury and I R S most logical agency to administer border adjustment is Commerce policies may shift production to nations with less stringent policies , resulting in leakage To avoid battles between trading partners desirable to formulate policies compatible with WTO Border adjustments require emissions from upstream suppliers and facilities of manufacturer Framework does this using efficient administrative tool to track cumulative emissions first few energy-intensive steps account for vast majority of emissions This serves goal of reducing emissions without administrative burden To track cumulative emissions Framework includes information currently available and reported to EPA products imported assigned emissions based on average for firm’s production or national sector assuring WTO-compliance rebates do not exceed domestic tax and imports not subject to taxes in excess of like products does not take account of costs already imposed in exporting nation difficult to assess policies in many nations policies compatible with WTO will be essential to smooth transition


Question: border adjustments emissions

Tax administration is simple and unlikely to provoke trade disputes.

Brian Flannery et al. 18. Visiting Fellow at Resources for the Future. Jennifer Hillman, professor at Georgetown University Law Center. Jan Mares, Senior Adviser at Resources for the Future. Matthew Porterfield, deputy director of the Harrison Institute for Public Law at the Georgetown University Law Center. “Framework Proposal for a US Upstream Greenhouse Gas Tax with WTO-Compliant Border Adjustments.” 10-2018. https://media.rff.org/documents/RFF-Rpt-Flannery-Mares-Framework-rev.pdf

upstream GHG tax should be assigned to Treasury and I R S most logical agency to administer border adjustment is Commerce policies may shift production to nations with less stringent policies , resulting in leakage To avoid battles between trading partners desirable to formulate policies compatible with WTO Border adjustments require emissions from upstream suppliers and facilities of manufacturer Framework does this using efficient administrative tool to track cumulative emissions first few energy-intensive steps account for vast majority of emissions This serves goal of reducing emissions without administrative burden To track cumulative emissions Framework includes information currently available and reported to EPA products imported assigned emissions based on average for firm’s production or national sector assuring WTO-compliance rebates do not exceed domestic tax and imports not subject to taxes in excess of like products does not take account of costs already imposed in exporting nation difficult to assess policies in many nations policies compatible with WTO will be essential to smooth transition


Question: Treasury and IRS

Tax administration is simple and unlikely to provoke trade disputes.

Brian Flannery et al. 18. Visiting Fellow at Resources for the Future. Jennifer Hillman, professor at Georgetown University Law Center. Jan Mares, Senior Adviser at Resources for the Future. Matthew Porterfield, deputy director of the Harrison Institute for Public Law at the Georgetown University Law Center. “Framework Proposal for a US Upstream Greenhouse Gas Tax with WTO-Compliant Border Adjustments.” 10-2018. https://media.rff.org/documents/RFF-Rpt-Flannery-Mares-Framework-rev.pdf

upstream GHG tax should be assigned to Treasury and I R S most logical agency to administer border adjustment is Commerce policies may shift production to nations with less stringent policies , resulting in leakage To avoid battles between trading partners desirable to formulate policies compatible with WTO Border adjustments require emissions from upstream suppliers and facilities of manufacturer Framework does this using efficient administrative tool to track cumulative emissions first few energy-intensive steps account for vast majority of emissions This serves goal of reducing emissions without administrative burden To track cumulative emissions Framework includes information currently available and reported to EPA products imported assigned emissions based on average for firm’s production or national sector assuring WTO-compliance rebates do not exceed domestic tax and imports not subject to taxes in excess of like products does not take account of costs already imposed in exporting nation difficult to assess policies in many nations policies compatible with WTO will be essential to smooth transition


Question: efficient administrative tools

Tax administration is simple and unlikely to provoke trade disputes.

Brian Flannery et al. 18. Visiting Fellow at Resources for the Future. Jennifer Hillman, professor at Georgetown University Law Center. Jan Mares, Senior Adviser at Resources for the Future. Matthew Porterfield, deputy director of the Harrison Institute for Public Law at the Georgetown University Law Center. “Framework Proposal for a US Upstream Greenhouse Gas Tax with WTO-Compliant Border Adjustments.” 10-2018. https://media.rff.org/documents/RFF-Rpt-Flannery-Mares-Framework-rev.pdf

upstream GHG tax should be assigned to Treasury and I R S most logical agency to administer border adjustment is Commerce policies may shift production to nations with less stringent policies , resulting in leakage To avoid battles between trading partners desirable to formulate policies compatible with WTO Border adjustments require emissions from upstream suppliers and facilities of manufacturer Framework does this using efficient administrative tool to track cumulative emissions first few energy-intensive steps account for vast majority of emissions This serves goal of reducing emissions without administrative burden To track cumulative emissions Framework includes information currently available and reported to EPA products imported assigned emissions based on average for firm’s production or national sector assuring WTO-compliance rebates do not exceed domestic tax and imports not subject to taxes in excess of like products does not take account of costs already imposed in exporting nation difficult to assess policies in many nations policies compatible with WTO will be essential to smooth transition


Question: Long term semiconductor disruption is existential

Long term semiconductor disruption is existential.

Lord 22 (Ellen Lord served as the first undersecretary of defense for acquisition and sustainment. Prior to that, she was president and CEO of Textron Systems. She is currently a senior adviser of The Chertoff Group, where Mira Ricardel is a principal. Ricardel served as assistant to the president and deputy national security adviser. Prior to that, she was undersecretary of commerce for the Bureau of Industry and Security, Mira Ricardel, Former Deputy National Security Advisor of the United States, “America needs a robust, resilient supply chain for semiconductors”, Defense News, Feb. 2022, https://www.defensenews.com/opinion/commentary/2022/02/11/america-needs-a-robust-resilient-supply-chain-for-semiconductors/#:~:text=Semiconductors%20feed%20the%20defense%2C%20medical,increasingly%20poses%20an%20existential%20threat/ [SG])

Semiconductors feed defense medical industrial control China committed to  becoming dominant tech power poses an existential threat must quickly address supply chain security American soft and hard power girded by innovative technology a i machine learning quantum computing space comm s enabled by semiconductors missteps erode our technological superiority carries considerable geopolitical risks resource constraints


Question: Lord 22

Long term semiconductor disruption is existential.

Lord 22 (Ellen Lord served as the first undersecretary of defense for acquisition and sustainment. Prior to that, she was president and CEO of Textron Systems. She is currently a senior adviser of The Chertoff Group, where Mira Ricardel is a principal. Ricardel served as assistant to the president and deputy national security adviser. Prior to that, she was undersecretary of commerce for the Bureau of Industry and Security, Mira Ricardel, Former Deputy National Security Advisor of the United States, “America needs a robust, resilient supply chain for semiconductors”, Defense News, Feb. 2022, https://www.defensenews.com/opinion/commentary/2022/02/11/america-needs-a-robust-resilient-supply-chain-for-semiconductors/#:~:text=Semiconductors%20feed%20the%20defense%2C%20medical,increasingly%20poses%20an%20existential%20threat/ [SG])

Semiconductors feed defense medical industrial control China committed to  becoming dominant tech power poses an existential threat must quickly address supply chain security American soft and hard power girded by innovative technology a i machine learning quantum computing space comm s enabled by semiconductors missteps erode our technological superiority carries considerable geopolitical risks resource constraints


Question: Ellen Lord

Long term semiconductor disruption is existential.

Lord 22 (Ellen Lord served as the first undersecretary of defense for acquisition and sustainment. Prior to that, she was president and CEO of Textron Systems. She is currently a senior adviser of The Chertoff Group, where Mira Ricardel is a principal. Ricardel served as assistant to the president and deputy national security adviser. Prior to that, she was undersecretary of commerce for the Bureau of Industry and Security, Mira Ricardel, Former Deputy National Security Advisor of the United States, “America needs a robust, resilient supply chain for semiconductors”, Defense News, Feb. 2022, https://www.defensenews.com/opinion/commentary/2022/02/11/america-needs-a-robust-resilient-supply-chain-for-semiconductors/#:~:text=Semiconductors%20feed%20the%20defense%2C%20medical,increasingly%20poses%20an%20existential%20threat/ [SG])

Semiconductors feed defense medical industrial control China committed to  becoming dominant tech power poses an existential threat must quickly address supply chain security American soft and hard power girded by innovative technology a i machine learning quantum computing space comm s enabled by semiconductors missteps erode our technological superiority carries considerable geopolitical risks resource constraints


Question: Semiconductors feed defense

Long term semiconductor disruption is existential.

Lord 22 (Ellen Lord served as the first undersecretary of defense for acquisition and sustainment. Prior to that, she was president and CEO of Textron Systems. She is currently a senior adviser of The Chertoff Group, where Mira Ricardel is a principal. Ricardel served as assistant to the president and deputy national security adviser. Prior to that, she was undersecretary of commerce for the Bureau of Industry and Security, Mira Ricardel, Former Deputy National Security Advisor of the United States, “America needs a robust, resilient supply chain for semiconductors”, Defense News, Feb. 2022, https://www.defensenews.com/opinion/commentary/2022/02/11/america-needs-a-robust-resilient-supply-chain-for-semiconductors/#:~:text=Semiconductors%20feed%20the%20defense%2C%20medical,increasingly%20poses%20an%20existential%20threat/ [SG])

Semiconductors feed defense medical industrial control China committed to  becoming dominant tech power poses an existential threat must quickly address supply chain security American soft and hard power girded by innovative technology a i machine learning quantum computing space comm s enabled by semiconductors missteps erode our technological superiority carries considerable geopolitical risks resource constraints


Question: China tech power existential threat

Long term semiconductor disruption is existential.

Lord 22 (Ellen Lord served as the first undersecretary of defense for acquisition and sustainment. Prior to that, she was president and CEO of Textron Systems. She is currently a senior adviser of The Chertoff Group, where Mira Ricardel is a principal. Ricardel served as assistant to the president and deputy national security adviser. Prior to that, she was undersecretary of commerce for the Bureau of Industry and Security, Mira Ricardel, Former Deputy National Security Advisor of the United States, “America needs a robust, resilient supply chain for semiconductors”, Defense News, Feb. 2022, https://www.defensenews.com/opinion/commentary/2022/02/11/america-needs-a-robust-resilient-supply-chain-for-semiconductors/#:~:text=Semiconductors%20feed%20the%20defense%2C%20medical,increasingly%20poses%20an%20existential%20threat/ [SG])

Semiconductors feed defense medical industrial control China committed to  becoming dominant tech power poses an existential threat must quickly address supply chain security American soft and hard power girded by innovative technology a i machine learning quantum computing space comm s enabled by semiconductors missteps erode our technological superiority carries considerable geopolitical risks resource constraints


Question: semiconductor supply chain security

Long term semiconductor disruption is existential.

Lord 22 (Ellen Lord served as the first undersecretary of defense for acquisition and sustainment. Prior to that, she was president and CEO of Textron Systems. She is currently a senior adviser of The Chertoff Group, where Mira Ricardel is a principal. Ricardel served as assistant to the president and deputy national security adviser. Prior to that, she was undersecretary of commerce for the Bureau of Industry and Security, Mira Ricardel, Former Deputy National Security Advisor of the United States, “America needs a robust, resilient supply chain for semiconductors”, Defense News, Feb. 2022, https://www.defensenews.com/opinion/commentary/2022/02/11/america-needs-a-robust-resilient-supply-chain-for-semiconductors/#:~:text=Semiconductors%20feed%20the%20defense%2C%20medical,increasingly%20poses%20an%20existential%20threat/ [SG])

Semiconductors feed defense medical industrial control China committed to  becoming dominant tech power poses an existential threat must quickly address supply chain security American soft and hard power girded by innovative technology a i machine learning quantum computing space comm s enabled by semiconductors missteps erode our technological superiority carries considerable geopolitical risks resource constraints


Question: AI enabled by semiconductors

Long term semiconductor disruption is existential.

Lord 22 (Ellen Lord served as the first undersecretary of defense for acquisition and sustainment. Prior to that, she was president and CEO of Textron Systems. She is currently a senior adviser of The Chertoff Group, where Mira Ricardel is a principal. Ricardel served as assistant to the president and deputy national security adviser. Prior to that, she was undersecretary of commerce for the Bureau of Industry and Security, Mira Ricardel, Former Deputy National Security Advisor of the United States, “America needs a robust, resilient supply chain for semiconductors”, Defense News, Feb. 2022, https://www.defensenews.com/opinion/commentary/2022/02/11/america-needs-a-robust-resilient-supply-chain-for-semiconductors/#:~:text=Semiconductors%20feed%20the%20defense%2C%20medical,increasingly%20poses%20an%20existential%20threat/ [SG])

Semiconductors feed defense medical industrial control China committed to  becoming dominant tech power poses an existential threat must quickly address supply chain security American soft and hard power girded by innovative technology a i machine learning quantum computing space comm s enabled by semiconductors missteps erode our technological superiority carries considerable geopolitical risks resource constraints


Question: Russian economic collapse inevitable

6--- Short-term Russian economic collapse is inevitable.

Pierre-Marie Meunier 9/11. Served in the French armed forces as an intelligence officer, currently operations director of a communications consultancy, holds a double master’s degree in information/communication and international relations. “Russia is on a Slow Path to Bankruptcy, but How Slow?” 9/11/24. https://warontherocks.com/2024/09/russia-is-on-a-slow-path-to-bankruptcy-but-how-slow/

Russia faced with insoluble equation budget revenues are falling , tightened sanctions rising taxes falling hydrocarbon revenues inflation crises in employment foreign investment it will not emerge unscathed war economy soon run out of momentum Russia risks bankruptcy


Question: Pierre-Marie Meunier war on the rocks

6--- Short-term Russian economic collapse is inevitable.

Pierre-Marie Meunier 9/11. Served in the French armed forces as an intelligence officer, currently operations director of a communications consultancy, holds a double master’s degree in information/communication and international relations. “Russia is on a Slow Path to Bankruptcy, but How Slow?” 9/11/24. https://warontherocks.com/2024/09/russia-is-on-a-slow-path-to-bankruptcy-but-how-slow/

Russia faced with insoluble equation budget revenues are falling , tightened sanctions rising taxes falling hydrocarbon revenues inflation crises in employment foreign investment it will not emerge unscathed war economy soon run out of momentum Russia risks bankruptcy


Question: Russia slow path bankruptcy

6--- Short-term Russian economic collapse is inevitable.

Pierre-Marie Meunier 9/11. Served in the French armed forces as an intelligence officer, currently operations director of a communications consultancy, holds a double master’s degree in information/communication and international relations. “Russia is on a Slow Path to Bankruptcy, but How Slow?” 9/11/24. https://warontherocks.com/2024/09/russia-is-on-a-slow-path-to-bankruptcy-but-how-slow/

Russia faced with insoluble equation budget revenues are falling , tightened sanctions rising taxes falling hydrocarbon revenues inflation crises in employment foreign investment it will not emerge unscathed war economy soon run out of momentum Russia risks bankruptcy


Question: Russia risks bankruptcy

6--- Short-term Russian economic collapse is inevitable.

Pierre-Marie Meunier 9/11. Served in the French armed forces as an intelligence officer, currently operations director of a communications consultancy, holds a double master’s degree in information/communication and international relations. “Russia is on a Slow Path to Bankruptcy, but How Slow?” 9/11/24. https://warontherocks.com/2024/09/russia-is-on-a-slow-path-to-bankruptcy-but-how-slow/

Russia faced with insoluble equation budget revenues are falling , tightened sanctions rising taxes falling hydrocarbon revenues inflation crises in employment foreign investment it will not emerge unscathed war economy soon run out of momentum Russia risks bankruptcy


Question: Russia insoluble economic equation

6--- Short-term Russian economic collapse is inevitable.

Pierre-Marie Meunier 9/11. Served in the French armed forces as an intelligence officer, currently operations director of a communications consultancy, holds a double master’s degree in information/communication and international relations. “Russia is on a Slow Path to Bankruptcy, but How Slow?” 9/11/24. https://warontherocks.com/2024/09/russia-is-on-a-slow-path-to-bankruptcy-but-how-slow/

Russia faced with insoluble equation budget revenues are falling , tightened sanctions rising taxes falling hydrocarbon revenues inflation crises in employment foreign investment it will not emerge unscathed war economy soon run out of momentum Russia risks bankruptcy


Question: sanctions rising taxes falling

6--- Short-term Russian economic collapse is inevitable.

Pierre-Marie Meunier 9/11. Served in the French armed forces as an intelligence officer, currently operations director of a communications consultancy, holds a double master’s degree in information/communication and international relations. “Russia is on a Slow Path to Bankruptcy, but How Slow?” 9/11/24. https://warontherocks.com/2024/09/russia-is-on-a-slow-path-to-bankruptcy-but-how-slow/

Russia faced with insoluble equation budget revenues are falling , tightened sanctions rising taxes falling hydrocarbon revenues inflation crises in employment foreign investment it will not emerge unscathed war economy soon run out of momentum Russia risks bankruptcy


Question: russian economic outlook

6--- Short-term Russian economic collapse is inevitable.

Pierre-Marie Meunier 9/11. Served in the French armed forces as an intelligence officer, currently operations director of a communications consultancy, holds a double master’s degree in information/communication and international relations. “Russia is on a Slow Path to Bankruptcy, but How Slow?” 9/11/24. https://warontherocks.com/2024/09/russia-is-on-a-slow-path-to-bankruptcy-but-how-slow/

Russia faced with insoluble equation budget revenues are falling , tightened sanctions rising taxes falling hydrocarbon revenues inflation crises in employment foreign investment it will not emerge unscathed war economy soon run out of momentum Russia risks bankruptcy


Question: warming turns agriculture

Warming turns agriculture.

Sinan Erdogan et al. 24. Erdogan, Department of Economics at Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Clinic of Economics at Azerbaijan State University of Economics. Mustafa Tevfik Kartal, Clinic of Economics at Azerbaijan State University of Economics, Adnan Kassar School of Business at Lebanese American University, and Department of Banking and Finance at European University of Lefke. Ugur Korkut Pata, Clinic of Economics at Azerbaijan State University of Economics, Adnan Kassar School of Business at Lebanese American University, Department of Banking and Finance at European University of Lefke, and Department of Economics at Osmaniye Korkut Ata University. “Does Climate Change Cause an Upsurge in Food Prices?”. Foods 2024, 13(1), 154. https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/13/1/154

climate change significant risk to global food supply decline in ag productivity and crop yields of key commodities  emissions changing reducing water supply degrading soil increasing evaporation lead to depletion of sources for food production droughts Extreme heat increase crop failures  distort life cycle of plants  lead to shortages  biggest threat to food security risk of decline in global ag yields of 60%


Question: Sinan Erdogan

Warming turns agriculture.

Sinan Erdogan et al. 24. Erdogan, Department of Economics at Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Clinic of Economics at Azerbaijan State University of Economics. Mustafa Tevfik Kartal, Clinic of Economics at Azerbaijan State University of Economics, Adnan Kassar School of Business at Lebanese American University, and Department of Banking and Finance at European University of Lefke. Ugur Korkut Pata, Clinic of Economics at Azerbaijan State University of Economics, Adnan Kassar School of Business at Lebanese American University, Department of Banking and Finance at European University of Lefke, and Department of Economics at Osmaniye Korkut Ata University. “Does Climate Change Cause an Upsurge in Food Prices?”. Foods 2024, 13(1), 154. https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/13/1/154

climate change significant risk to global food supply decline in ag productivity and crop yields of key commodities  emissions changing reducing water supply degrading soil increasing evaporation lead to depletion of sources for food production droughts Extreme heat increase crop failures  distort life cycle of plants  lead to shortages  biggest threat to food security risk of decline in global ag yields of 60%


Question: climate change food prices

Warming turns agriculture.

Sinan Erdogan et al. 24. Erdogan, Department of Economics at Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Clinic of Economics at Azerbaijan State University of Economics. Mustafa Tevfik Kartal, Clinic of Economics at Azerbaijan State University of Economics, Adnan Kassar School of Business at Lebanese American University, and Department of Banking and Finance at European University of Lefke. Ugur Korkut Pata, Clinic of Economics at Azerbaijan State University of Economics, Adnan Kassar School of Business at Lebanese American University, Department of Banking and Finance at European University of Lefke, and Department of Economics at Osmaniye Korkut Ata University. “Does Climate Change Cause an Upsurge in Food Prices?”. Foods 2024, 13(1), 154. https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/13/1/154

climate change significant risk to global food supply decline in ag productivity and crop yields of key commodities  emissions changing reducing water supply degrading soil increasing evaporation lead to depletion of sources for food production droughts Extreme heat increase crop failures  distort life cycle of plants  lead to shortages  biggest threat to food security risk of decline in global ag yields of 60%


Question: climate change agriculture

Warming turns agriculture.

Sinan Erdogan et al. 24. Erdogan, Department of Economics at Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Clinic of Economics at Azerbaijan State University of Economics. Mustafa Tevfik Kartal, Clinic of Economics at Azerbaijan State University of Economics, Adnan Kassar School of Business at Lebanese American University, and Department of Banking and Finance at European University of Lefke. Ugur Korkut Pata, Clinic of Economics at Azerbaijan State University of Economics, Adnan Kassar School of Business at Lebanese American University, Department of Banking and Finance at European University of Lefke, and Department of Economics at Osmaniye Korkut Ata University. “Does Climate Change Cause an Upsurge in Food Prices?”. Foods 2024, 13(1), 154. https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/13/1/154

climate change significant risk to global food supply decline in ag productivity and crop yields of key commodities  emissions changing reducing water supply degrading soil increasing evaporation lead to depletion of sources for food production droughts Extreme heat increase crop failures  distort life cycle of plants  lead to shortages  biggest threat to food security risk of decline in global ag yields of 60%


Question: climate change global food supply

Warming turns agriculture.

Sinan Erdogan et al. 24. Erdogan, Department of Economics at Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Clinic of Economics at Azerbaijan State University of Economics. Mustafa Tevfik Kartal, Clinic of Economics at Azerbaijan State University of Economics, Adnan Kassar School of Business at Lebanese American University, and Department of Banking and Finance at European University of Lefke. Ugur Korkut Pata, Clinic of Economics at Azerbaijan State University of Economics, Adnan Kassar School of Business at Lebanese American University, Department of Banking and Finance at European University of Lefke, and Department of Economics at Osmaniye Korkut Ata University. “Does Climate Change Cause an Upsurge in Food Prices?”. Foods 2024, 13(1), 154. https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/13/1/154

climate change significant risk to global food supply decline in ag productivity and crop yields of key commodities  emissions changing reducing water supply degrading soil increasing evaporation lead to depletion of sources for food production droughts Extreme heat increase crop failures  distort life cycle of plants  lead to shortages  biggest threat to food security risk of decline in global ag yields of 60%


Question: warming agriculture

Warming turns agriculture.

Sinan Erdogan et al. 24. Erdogan, Department of Economics at Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Clinic of Economics at Azerbaijan State University of Economics. Mustafa Tevfik Kartal, Clinic of Economics at Azerbaijan State University of Economics, Adnan Kassar School of Business at Lebanese American University, and Department of Banking and Finance at European University of Lefke. Ugur Korkut Pata, Clinic of Economics at Azerbaijan State University of Economics, Adnan Kassar School of Business at Lebanese American University, Department of Banking and Finance at European University of Lefke, and Department of Economics at Osmaniye Korkut Ata University. “Does Climate Change Cause an Upsurge in Food Prices?”. Foods 2024, 13(1), 154. https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/13/1/154

climate change significant risk to global food supply decline in ag productivity and crop yields of key commodities  emissions changing reducing water supply degrading soil increasing evaporation lead to depletion of sources for food production droughts Extreme heat increase crop failures  distort life cycle of plants  lead to shortages  biggest threat to food security risk of decline in global ag yields of 60%


Question: decline in agricultural productivity

Warming turns agriculture.

Sinan Erdogan et al. 24. Erdogan, Department of Economics at Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Clinic of Economics at Azerbaijan State University of Economics. Mustafa Tevfik Kartal, Clinic of Economics at Azerbaijan State University of Economics, Adnan Kassar School of Business at Lebanese American University, and Department of Banking and Finance at European University of Lefke. Ugur Korkut Pata, Clinic of Economics at Azerbaijan State University of Economics, Adnan Kassar School of Business at Lebanese American University, Department of Banking and Finance at European University of Lefke, and Department of Economics at Osmaniye Korkut Ata University. “Does Climate Change Cause an Upsurge in Food Prices?”. Foods 2024, 13(1), 154. https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/13/1/154

climate change significant risk to global food supply decline in ag productivity and crop yields of key commodities  emissions changing reducing water supply degrading soil increasing evaporation lead to depletion of sources for food production droughts Extreme heat increase crop failures  distort life cycle of plants  lead to shortages  biggest threat to food security risk of decline in global ag yields of 60%


Question: climate change crop failures

Warming turns agriculture.

Sinan Erdogan et al. 24. Erdogan, Department of Economics at Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Clinic of Economics at Azerbaijan State University of Economics. Mustafa Tevfik Kartal, Clinic of Economics at Azerbaijan State University of Economics, Adnan Kassar School of Business at Lebanese American University, and Department of Banking and Finance at European University of Lefke. Ugur Korkut Pata, Clinic of Economics at Azerbaijan State University of Economics, Adnan Kassar School of Business at Lebanese American University, Department of Banking and Finance at European University of Lefke, and Department of Economics at Osmaniye Korkut Ata University. “Does Climate Change Cause an Upsurge in Food Prices?”. Foods 2024, 13(1), 154. https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/13/1/154

climate change significant risk to global food supply decline in ag productivity and crop yields of key commodities  emissions changing reducing water supply degrading soil increasing evaporation lead to depletion of sources for food production droughts Extreme heat increase crop failures  distort life cycle of plants  lead to shortages  biggest threat to food security risk of decline in global ag yields of 60%


Question: Texans view independence as religious

4---Texans view independence as a religious movement under God---they will martyr – answers their nuke analytic

Downen 23. Robert Downen, Nov 15 2023. The Texas Tribune “Texas secessionists feel more emboldened than ever” https://www.texastribune.org/2023/11/15/texas-secession-texit/ ///mosuQ

the Movement argues that Texas is like the Kurds, the ethnic group Texans have all the same trappings: Distinct culture history philosophies demarcated territory and a claim to self rule Biedermann running for House framed Texas independence as part of a divine plan We’re going out there in the name of God accounts with ties to Russia pushed trend of an independent California on 2016 trend seemed to be driven by activists But evidence that accounts run by people based in Russia was artificially driven


Question: Downen 23

4---Texans view independence as a religious movement under God---they will martyr – answers their nuke analytic

Downen 23. Robert Downen, Nov 15 2023. The Texas Tribune “Texas secessionists feel more emboldened than ever” https://www.texastribune.org/2023/11/15/texas-secession-texit/ ///mosuQ

the Movement argues that Texas is like the Kurds, the ethnic group Texans have all the same trappings: Distinct culture history philosophies demarcated territory and a claim to self rule Biedermann running for House framed Texas independence as part of a divine plan We’re going out there in the name of God accounts with ties to Russia pushed trend of an independent California on 2016 trend seemed to be driven by activists But evidence that accounts run by people based in Russia was artificially driven


Question: Texas independence divine plan

4---Texans view independence as a religious movement under God---they will martyr – answers their nuke analytic

Downen 23. Robert Downen, Nov 15 2023. The Texas Tribune “Texas secessionists feel more emboldened than ever” https://www.texastribune.org/2023/11/15/texas-secession-texit/ ///mosuQ

the Movement argues that Texas is like the Kurds, the ethnic group Texans have all the same trappings: Distinct culture history philosophies demarcated territory and a claim to self rule Biedermann running for House framed Texas independence as part of a divine plan We’re going out there in the name of God accounts with ties to Russia pushed trend of an independent California on 2016 trend seemed to be driven by activists But evidence that accounts run by people based in Russia was artificially driven


Question: Texas secessionists

4---Texans view independence as a religious movement under God---they will martyr – answers their nuke analytic

Downen 23. Robert Downen, Nov 15 2023. The Texas Tribune “Texas secessionists feel more emboldened than ever” https://www.texastribune.org/2023/11/15/texas-secession-texit/ ///mosuQ

the Movement argues that Texas is like the Kurds, the ethnic group Texans have all the same trappings: Distinct culture history philosophies demarcated territory and a claim to self rule Biedermann running for House framed Texas independence as part of a divine plan We’re going out there in the name of God accounts with ties to Russia pushed trend of an independent California on 2016 trend seemed to be driven by activists But evidence that accounts run by people based in Russia was artificially driven


Question: Texas secessionists feel more emboldened

4---Texans view independence as a religious movement under God---they will martyr – answers their nuke analytic

Downen 23. Robert Downen, Nov 15 2023. The Texas Tribune “Texas secessionists feel more emboldened than ever” https://www.texastribune.org/2023/11/15/texas-secession-texit/ ///mosuQ

the Movement argues that Texas is like the Kurds, the ethnic group Texans have all the same trappings: Distinct culture history philosophies demarcated territory and a claim to self rule Biedermann running for House framed Texas independence as part of a divine plan We’re going out there in the name of God accounts with ties to Russia pushed trend of an independent California on 2016 trend seemed to be driven by activists But evidence that accounts run by people based in Russia was artificially driven


Question: Texas independence is like Kurds

4---Texans view independence as a religious movement under God---they will martyr – answers their nuke analytic

Downen 23. Robert Downen, Nov 15 2023. The Texas Tribune “Texas secessionists feel more emboldened than ever” https://www.texastribune.org/2023/11/15/texas-secession-texit/ ///mosuQ

the Movement argues that Texas is like the Kurds, the ethnic group Texans have all the same trappings: Distinct culture history philosophies demarcated territory and a claim to self rule Biedermann running for House framed Texas independence as part of a divine plan We’re going out there in the name of God accounts with ties to Russia pushed trend of an independent California on 2016 trend seemed to be driven by activists But evidence that accounts run by people based in Russia was artificially driven


Question: Texas independence Russia

4---Texans view independence as a religious movement under God---they will martyr – answers their nuke analytic

Downen 23. Robert Downen, Nov 15 2023. The Texas Tribune “Texas secessionists feel more emboldened than ever” https://www.texastribune.org/2023/11/15/texas-secession-texit/ ///mosuQ

the Movement argues that Texas is like the Kurds, the ethnic group Texans have all the same trappings: Distinct culture history philosophies demarcated territory and a claim to self rule Biedermann running for House framed Texas independence as part of a divine plan We’re going out there in the name of God accounts with ties to Russia pushed trend of an independent California on 2016 trend seemed to be driven by activists But evidence that accounts run by people based in Russia was artificially driven


Question: Settler colonialism is psychoanalysis

Independently, we’ll win that settler colonialism can only be explained by psychoanalysis---that means you can vote NEG on presumption because the AFF challenges the wrong structure, any link turns case because it proves they invest back in the logic of colonialism, and it’s try-or-die for the alternative---settler colonialism and terra nullius is motivated as a response to lack.

Scott Kouri & Hans Skott-Myhre ‘15 (“Catastrophe: a transversal mapping of colonialism and settler subjectivity,” Settler Colonial Studies, DOI: 10.1080/2201473X.2015.1061967 )

If we misapprehend and misconstrue, through repression and denial, key constitutive events that compose us affectively through our interactions with others, then the ways in we become subjectified are significantly impoverished abstract accounts of colonial history sanitizes the actual corporeal encounters between bodies . Settler colonialism is principally about remapping the land and deploying imperial institutions and policies that forcibly erase Indigenous presence, traditions, and life from such maps and from the land itself. Canada and the USA, as settler colonial states, were predicated on the discourse of terra nullius, empty land This absence or lack , in Freudian/Lacanian terms, constitutes the land as the feminine and is at the heart of the dialectics of desire that utilizes the anxiety of absence to generate the imaginary and the symbolic Producing a new subject within a new world required symbolically castrating the old world order If there is no terra nullius , then there is no escape into a utopic future through the murder of the father


Question: Kouri & Skott-Myhre 15

Independently, we’ll win that settler colonialism can only be explained by psychoanalysis---that means you can vote NEG on presumption because the AFF challenges the wrong structure, any link turns case because it proves they invest back in the logic of colonialism, and it’s try-or-die for the alternative---settler colonialism and terra nullius is motivated as a response to lack.

Scott Kouri & Hans Skott-Myhre ‘15 (“Catastrophe: a transversal mapping of colonialism and settler subjectivity,” Settler Colonial Studies, DOI: 10.1080/2201473X.2015.1061967 )

If we misapprehend and misconstrue, through repression and denial, key constitutive events that compose us affectively through our interactions with others, then the ways in we become subjectified are significantly impoverished abstract accounts of colonial history sanitizes the actual corporeal encounters between bodies . Settler colonialism is principally about remapping the land and deploying imperial institutions and policies that forcibly erase Indigenous presence, traditions, and life from such maps and from the land itself. Canada and the USA, as settler colonial states, were predicated on the discourse of terra nullius, empty land This absence or lack , in Freudian/Lacanian terms, constitutes the land as the feminine and is at the heart of the dialectics of desire that utilizes the anxiety of absence to generate the imaginary and the symbolic Producing a new subject within a new world required symbolically castrating the old world order If there is no terra nullius , then there is no escape into a utopic future through the murder of the father


Question: settler colonialism subjectivity

Independently, we’ll win that settler colonialism can only be explained by psychoanalysis---that means you can vote NEG on presumption because the AFF challenges the wrong structure, any link turns case because it proves they invest back in the logic of colonialism, and it’s try-or-die for the alternative---settler colonialism and terra nullius is motivated as a response to lack.

Scott Kouri & Hans Skott-Myhre ‘15 (“Catastrophe: a transversal mapping of colonialism and settler subjectivity,” Settler Colonial Studies, DOI: 10.1080/2201473X.2015.1061967 )

If we misapprehend and misconstrue, through repression and denial, key constitutive events that compose us affectively through our interactions with others, then the ways in we become subjectified are significantly impoverished abstract accounts of colonial history sanitizes the actual corporeal encounters between bodies . Settler colonialism is principally about remapping the land and deploying imperial institutions and policies that forcibly erase Indigenous presence, traditions, and life from such maps and from the land itself. Canada and the USA, as settler colonial states, were predicated on the discourse of terra nullius, empty land This absence or lack , in Freudian/Lacanian terms, constitutes the land as the feminine and is at the heart of the dialectics of desire that utilizes the anxiety of absence to generate the imaginary and the symbolic Producing a new subject within a new world required symbolically castrating the old world order If there is no terra nullius , then there is no escape into a utopic future through the murder of the father