Question: financial actors decide socio-technical system

Do both. Financial policy attacks the core of capitalist production.

Jérôme DEYRIS Post-doctoral researcher @ SciencesPo Centre for European Studies and Comparative Politics ‘23 From price stability to climate stabilization?: the political economy of green central banking. Economics and Finance. Université de Nanterre - Paris X, 2023 p. 31-34

neoclassical economics adopts a ‘real view’ instead of a ‘ money view’ failing to take seriously  that capitalist economies are a monetary production economy environmental economics focus on ‘real’ variables to assess decarbonization through fiscal regulatory measures this should not lead to dogmatic rejection of financial policies with climate objectives capitalist economies as monetary production leads to the strategic importance  of finance finance is ‘the headquarters of the capitalist system financial actors decide the socio-technical system , once finance is seen as the starting point of capitalist development, it appears crucial in future decarbonizing pathways


Question: neoclassical economics real view

Do both. Financial policy attacks the core of capitalist production.

Jérôme DEYRIS Post-doctoral researcher @ SciencesPo Centre for European Studies and Comparative Politics ‘23 From price stability to climate stabilization?: the political economy of green central banking. Economics and Finance. Université de Nanterre - Paris X, 2023 p. 31-34

neoclassical economics adopts a ‘real view’ instead of a ‘ money view’ failing to take seriously  that capitalist economies are a monetary production economy environmental economics focus on ‘real’ variables to assess decarbonization through fiscal regulatory measures this should not lead to dogmatic rejection of financial policies with climate objectives capitalist economies as monetary production leads to the strategic importance  of finance finance is ‘the headquarters of the capitalist system financial actors decide the socio-technical system , once finance is seen as the starting point of capitalist development, it appears crucial in future decarbonizing pathways


Question: climate stabilization

Do both. Financial policy attacks the core of capitalist production.

Jérôme DEYRIS Post-doctoral researcher @ SciencesPo Centre for European Studies and Comparative Politics ‘23 From price stability to climate stabilization?: the political economy of green central banking. Economics and Finance. Université de Nanterre - Paris X, 2023 p. 31-34

neoclassical economics adopts a ‘real view’ instead of a ‘ money view’ failing to take seriously  that capitalist economies are a monetary production economy environmental economics focus on ‘real’ variables to assess decarbonization through fiscal regulatory measures this should not lead to dogmatic rejection of financial policies with climate objectives capitalist economies as monetary production leads to the strategic importance  of finance finance is ‘the headquarters of the capitalist system financial actors decide the socio-technical system , once finance is seen as the starting point of capitalist development, it appears crucial in future decarbonizing pathways


Question: finance headquarters of capitalist system

Do both. Financial policy attacks the core of capitalist production.

Jérôme DEYRIS Post-doctoral researcher @ SciencesPo Centre for European Studies and Comparative Politics ‘23 From price stability to climate stabilization?: the political economy of green central banking. Economics and Finance. Université de Nanterre - Paris X, 2023 p. 31-34

neoclassical economics adopts a ‘real view’ instead of a ‘ money view’ failing to take seriously  that capitalist economies are a monetary production economy environmental economics focus on ‘real’ variables to assess decarbonization through fiscal regulatory measures this should not lead to dogmatic rejection of financial policies with climate objectives capitalist economies as monetary production leads to the strategic importance  of finance finance is ‘the headquarters of the capitalist system financial actors decide the socio-technical system , once finance is seen as the starting point of capitalist development, it appears crucial in future decarbonizing pathways


Question: Trump wins DA capped

Trump wins---at best, the DA’s capped at 50%.

Fung ‘9-28 [Katherine; September 28; senior writer; Newsweek, “Donald Trump's Very Good Week,” https://www.newsweek.com/donald-trump-good-week-polls-early-voting-swing-states-1960430]

Trump had strong week election remains a toss-up Trump is maintaining advantage in battleground s N C Georgia and Arizona A shift in his favor not uncommon Trump has history over performing He is ahead of 2016 and 2020 the greatest he's ever been in." 48 percent lean Republican 45 lean Dem The environment suggests election is Trump's Harris has higher unfavorable rating more Republicans vote in-person a promising indicator for GOP the economy tumbled consumer confidence slid most important voting issue the economy GOP retains six -point edge Trump have the upper hand


Question: fung newsweek

Trump wins---at best, the DA’s capped at 50%.

Fung ‘9-28 [Katherine; September 28; senior writer; Newsweek, “Donald Trump's Very Good Week,” https://www.newsweek.com/donald-trump-good-week-polls-early-voting-swing-states-1960430]

Trump had strong week election remains a toss-up Trump is maintaining advantage in battleground s N C Georgia and Arizona A shift in his favor not uncommon Trump has history over performing He is ahead of 2016 and 2020 the greatest he's ever been in." 48 percent lean Republican 45 lean Dem The environment suggests election is Trump's Harris has higher unfavorable rating more Republicans vote in-person a promising indicator for GOP the economy tumbled consumer confidence slid most important voting issue the economy GOP retains six -point edge Trump have the upper hand


Question: Trump advantage battlegrounds

Trump wins---at best, the DA’s capped at 50%.

Fung ‘9-28 [Katherine; September 28; senior writer; Newsweek, “Donald Trump's Very Good Week,” https://www.newsweek.com/donald-trump-good-week-polls-early-voting-swing-states-1960430]

Trump had strong week election remains a toss-up Trump is maintaining advantage in battleground s N C Georgia and Arizona A shift in his favor not uncommon Trump has history over performing He is ahead of 2016 and 2020 the greatest he's ever been in." 48 percent lean Republican 45 lean Dem The environment suggests election is Trump's Harris has higher unfavorable rating more Republicans vote in-person a promising indicator for GOP the economy tumbled consumer confidence slid most important voting issue the economy GOP retains six -point edge Trump have the upper hand


Question: trump strong week

Trump wins---at best, the DA’s capped at 50%.

Fung ‘9-28 [Katherine; September 28; senior writer; Newsweek, “Donald Trump's Very Good Week,” https://www.newsweek.com/donald-trump-good-week-polls-early-voting-swing-states-1960430]

Trump had strong week election remains a toss-up Trump is maintaining advantage in battleground s N C Georgia and Arizona A shift in his favor not uncommon Trump has history over performing He is ahead of 2016 and 2020 the greatest he's ever been in." 48 percent lean Republican 45 lean Dem The environment suggests election is Trump's Harris has higher unfavorable rating more Republicans vote in-person a promising indicator for GOP the economy tumbled consumer confidence slid most important voting issue the economy GOP retains six -point edge Trump have the upper hand


Question: Harris unfavorable rating

Trump wins---at best, the DA’s capped at 50%.

Fung ‘9-28 [Katherine; September 28; senior writer; Newsweek, “Donald Trump's Very Good Week,” https://www.newsweek.com/donald-trump-good-week-polls-early-voting-swing-states-1960430]

Trump had strong week election remains a toss-up Trump is maintaining advantage in battleground s N C Georgia and Arizona A shift in his favor not uncommon Trump has history over performing He is ahead of 2016 and 2020 the greatest he's ever been in." 48 percent lean Republican 45 lean Dem The environment suggests election is Trump's Harris has higher unfavorable rating more Republicans vote in-person a promising indicator for GOP the economy tumbled consumer confidence slid most important voting issue the economy GOP retains six -point edge Trump have the upper hand


Question: trump ahead of 2016

Trump wins---at best, the DA’s capped at 50%.

Fung ‘9-28 [Katherine; September 28; senior writer; Newsweek, “Donald Trump's Very Good Week,” https://www.newsweek.com/donald-trump-good-week-polls-early-voting-swing-states-1960430]

Trump had strong week election remains a toss-up Trump is maintaining advantage in battleground s N C Georgia and Arizona A shift in his favor not uncommon Trump has history over performing He is ahead of 2016 and 2020 the greatest he's ever been in." 48 percent lean Republican 45 lean Dem The environment suggests election is Trump's Harris has higher unfavorable rating more Republicans vote in-person a promising indicator for GOP the economy tumbled consumer confidence slid most important voting issue the economy GOP retains six -point edge Trump have the upper hand


Question: consumer confidence slid

Trump wins---at best, the DA’s capped at 50%.

Fung ‘9-28 [Katherine; September 28; senior writer; Newsweek, “Donald Trump's Very Good Week,” https://www.newsweek.com/donald-trump-good-week-polls-early-voting-swing-states-1960430]

Trump had strong week election remains a toss-up Trump is maintaining advantage in battleground s N C Georgia and Arizona A shift in his favor not uncommon Trump has history over performing He is ahead of 2016 and 2020 the greatest he's ever been in." 48 percent lean Republican 45 lean Dem The environment suggests election is Trump's Harris has higher unfavorable rating more Republicans vote in-person a promising indicator for GOP the economy tumbled consumer confidence slid most important voting issue the economy GOP retains six -point edge Trump have the upper hand


Question: Pennsylvania close win for Harris

Pennsylvania will be a close win for Harris – both sides have advantages

Levy, 24 [Marc Levy, covers politics and state government in Pennsylvania for The Associated Press, 9-8-24, abc news, “Little debate that Pennsylvania is key as Harris and Trump prep for Philly showdown”, https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/debate-pennsylvania-key-harris-trump-prep-philly-showdown-113494404, accessed on 9-13-24, wsumg]

Trump and Harris Pennsylvania is critical to their chances of winning swing state sided with the winner by just tens of thousands of votes. Polling suggests Pennsylvania will be close in November stakes high for Harris: No Democrat has won the White House without Pennsylvania since 1948 Republicans looking to blunt Trump’s unpopularity by criticizing the Biden administration's handling of the economy. Harris looking to reassemble the coalition students, Black voters and women Harris hope will do better with women and Black voters more optimistic about Harris' chances to win Pennsylvania than he was with Biden Republicans have reason to be optimistic, too No. 2 gas-producing state, even Democrats acknowledge that Harris' prior support for a fracking ban could prove costly Democratic advantage in the state's voter registration rolls shrunk since 2008 voters tell us it’s the economy More voters than usual may not be locked into a decision


Question: Levy 2024

Pennsylvania will be a close win for Harris – both sides have advantages

Levy, 24 [Marc Levy, covers politics and state government in Pennsylvania for The Associated Press, 9-8-24, abc news, “Little debate that Pennsylvania is key as Harris and Trump prep for Philly showdown”, https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/debate-pennsylvania-key-harris-trump-prep-philly-showdown-113494404, accessed on 9-13-24, wsumg]

Trump and Harris Pennsylvania is critical to their chances of winning swing state sided with the winner by just tens of thousands of votes. Polling suggests Pennsylvania will be close in November stakes high for Harris: No Democrat has won the White House without Pennsylvania since 1948 Republicans looking to blunt Trump’s unpopularity by criticizing the Biden administration's handling of the economy. Harris looking to reassemble the coalition students, Black voters and women Harris hope will do better with women and Black voters more optimistic about Harris' chances to win Pennsylvania than he was with Biden Republicans have reason to be optimistic, too No. 2 gas-producing state, even Democrats acknowledge that Harris' prior support for a fracking ban could prove costly Democratic advantage in the state's voter registration rolls shrunk since 2008 voters tell us it’s the economy More voters than usual may not be locked into a decision


Question: Harris trump pennsylvania

Pennsylvania will be a close win for Harris – both sides have advantages

Levy, 24 [Marc Levy, covers politics and state government in Pennsylvania for The Associated Press, 9-8-24, abc news, “Little debate that Pennsylvania is key as Harris and Trump prep for Philly showdown”, https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/debate-pennsylvania-key-harris-trump-prep-philly-showdown-113494404, accessed on 9-13-24, wsumg]

Trump and Harris Pennsylvania is critical to their chances of winning swing state sided with the winner by just tens of thousands of votes. Polling suggests Pennsylvania will be close in November stakes high for Harris: No Democrat has won the White House without Pennsylvania since 1948 Republicans looking to blunt Trump’s unpopularity by criticizing the Biden administration's handling of the economy. Harris looking to reassemble the coalition students, Black voters and women Harris hope will do better with women and Black voters more optimistic about Harris' chances to win Pennsylvania than he was with Biden Republicans have reason to be optimistic, too No. 2 gas-producing state, even Democrats acknowledge that Harris' prior support for a fracking ban could prove costly Democratic advantage in the state's voter registration rolls shrunk since 2008 voters tell us it’s the economy More voters than usual may not be locked into a decision


Question: Pennsylvania key to winning election

Pennsylvania will be a close win for Harris – both sides have advantages

Levy, 24 [Marc Levy, covers politics and state government in Pennsylvania for The Associated Press, 9-8-24, abc news, “Little debate that Pennsylvania is key as Harris and Trump prep for Philly showdown”, https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/debate-pennsylvania-key-harris-trump-prep-philly-showdown-113494404, accessed on 9-13-24, wsumg]

Trump and Harris Pennsylvania is critical to their chances of winning swing state sided with the winner by just tens of thousands of votes. Polling suggests Pennsylvania will be close in November stakes high for Harris: No Democrat has won the White House without Pennsylvania since 1948 Republicans looking to blunt Trump’s unpopularity by criticizing the Biden administration's handling of the economy. Harris looking to reassemble the coalition students, Black voters and women Harris hope will do better with women and Black voters more optimistic about Harris' chances to win Pennsylvania than he was with Biden Republicans have reason to be optimistic, too No. 2 gas-producing state, even Democrats acknowledge that Harris' prior support for a fracking ban could prove costly Democratic advantage in the state's voter registration rolls shrunk since 2008 voters tell us it’s the economy More voters than usual may not be locked into a decision


Question: Harris advantages in Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania will be a close win for Harris – both sides have advantages

Levy, 24 [Marc Levy, covers politics and state government in Pennsylvania for The Associated Press, 9-8-24, abc news, “Little debate that Pennsylvania is key as Harris and Trump prep for Philly showdown”, https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/debate-pennsylvania-key-harris-trump-prep-philly-showdown-113494404, accessed on 9-13-24, wsumg]

Trump and Harris Pennsylvania is critical to their chances of winning swing state sided with the winner by just tens of thousands of votes. Polling suggests Pennsylvania will be close in November stakes high for Harris: No Democrat has won the White House without Pennsylvania since 1948 Republicans looking to blunt Trump’s unpopularity by criticizing the Biden administration's handling of the economy. Harris looking to reassemble the coalition students, Black voters and women Harris hope will do better with women and Black voters more optimistic about Harris' chances to win Pennsylvania than he was with Biden Republicans have reason to be optimistic, too No. 2 gas-producing state, even Democrats acknowledge that Harris' prior support for a fracking ban could prove costly Democratic advantage in the state's voter registration rolls shrunk since 2008 voters tell us it’s the economy More voters than usual may not be locked into a decision


Question: Trump unpopularity criticism

Pennsylvania will be a close win for Harris – both sides have advantages

Levy, 24 [Marc Levy, covers politics and state government in Pennsylvania for The Associated Press, 9-8-24, abc news, “Little debate that Pennsylvania is key as Harris and Trump prep for Philly showdown”, https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/debate-pennsylvania-key-harris-trump-prep-philly-showdown-113494404, accessed on 9-13-24, wsumg]

Trump and Harris Pennsylvania is critical to their chances of winning swing state sided with the winner by just tens of thousands of votes. Polling suggests Pennsylvania will be close in November stakes high for Harris: No Democrat has won the White House without Pennsylvania since 1948 Republicans looking to blunt Trump’s unpopularity by criticizing the Biden administration's handling of the economy. Harris looking to reassemble the coalition students, Black voters and women Harris hope will do better with women and Black voters more optimistic about Harris' chances to win Pennsylvania than he was with Biden Republicans have reason to be optimistic, too No. 2 gas-producing state, even Democrats acknowledge that Harris' prior support for a fracking ban could prove costly Democratic advantage in the state's voter registration rolls shrunk since 2008 voters tell us it’s the economy More voters than usual may not be locked into a decision


Question: Harris reassemble coalition

Pennsylvania will be a close win for Harris – both sides have advantages

Levy, 24 [Marc Levy, covers politics and state government in Pennsylvania for The Associated Press, 9-8-24, abc news, “Little debate that Pennsylvania is key as Harris and Trump prep for Philly showdown”, https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/debate-pennsylvania-key-harris-trump-prep-philly-showdown-113494404, accessed on 9-13-24, wsumg]

Trump and Harris Pennsylvania is critical to their chances of winning swing state sided with the winner by just tens of thousands of votes. Polling suggests Pennsylvania will be close in November stakes high for Harris: No Democrat has won the White House without Pennsylvania since 1948 Republicans looking to blunt Trump’s unpopularity by criticizing the Biden administration's handling of the economy. Harris looking to reassemble the coalition students, Black voters and women Harris hope will do better with women and Black voters more optimistic about Harris' chances to win Pennsylvania than he was with Biden Republicans have reason to be optimistic, too No. 2 gas-producing state, even Democrats acknowledge that Harris' prior support for a fracking ban could prove costly Democratic advantage in the state's voter registration rolls shrunk since 2008 voters tell us it’s the economy More voters than usual may not be locked into a decision


Question: Fracking ban costly

Pennsylvania will be a close win for Harris – both sides have advantages

Levy, 24 [Marc Levy, covers politics and state government in Pennsylvania for The Associated Press, 9-8-24, abc news, “Little debate that Pennsylvania is key as Harris and Trump prep for Philly showdown”, https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/debate-pennsylvania-key-harris-trump-prep-philly-showdown-113494404, accessed on 9-13-24, wsumg]

Trump and Harris Pennsylvania is critical to their chances of winning swing state sided with the winner by just tens of thousands of votes. Polling suggests Pennsylvania will be close in November stakes high for Harris: No Democrat has won the White House without Pennsylvania since 1948 Republicans looking to blunt Trump’s unpopularity by criticizing the Biden administration's handling of the economy. Harris looking to reassemble the coalition students, Black voters and women Harris hope will do better with women and Black voters more optimistic about Harris' chances to win Pennsylvania than he was with Biden Republicans have reason to be optimistic, too No. 2 gas-producing state, even Democrats acknowledge that Harris' prior support for a fracking ban could prove costly Democratic advantage in the state's voter registration rolls shrunk since 2008 voters tell us it’s the economy More voters than usual may not be locked into a decision


Question: carbon lock-in is inevitable

6. Without the AFF, carbon lock-in is inevitable.

Jérôme DEYRIS Post-doctoral researcher @ SciencesPo Centre for European Studies and Comparative Politics ‘23 From price stability to climate stabilization?: the political economy of green central banking. Economics and Finance. Université de Nanterre - Paris X, 2023 p. 227-228

financial policies , because they target investments tackle  carbon before it is built This facilitates the political transition by avoiding further carbon lock-in act against creation of new stranded assets countries whose financial actors have strong offshore financial power benefit from policy levers to curb global emissions financial policies are a lever for climate justice


Question: Jerome Deyris

6. Without the AFF, carbon lock-in is inevitable.

Jérôme DEYRIS Post-doctoral researcher @ SciencesPo Centre for European Studies and Comparative Politics ‘23 From price stability to climate stabilization?: the political economy of green central banking. Economics and Finance. Université de Nanterre - Paris X, 2023 p. 227-228

financial policies , because they target investments tackle  carbon before it is built This facilitates the political transition by avoiding further carbon lock-in act against creation of new stranded assets countries whose financial actors have strong offshore financial power benefit from policy levers to curb global emissions financial policies are a lever for climate justice


Question: financial policies carbon lock-in

6. Without the AFF, carbon lock-in is inevitable.

Jérôme DEYRIS Post-doctoral researcher @ SciencesPo Centre for European Studies and Comparative Politics ‘23 From price stability to climate stabilization?: the political economy of green central banking. Economics and Finance. Université de Nanterre - Paris X, 2023 p. 227-228

financial policies , because they target investments tackle  carbon before it is built This facilitates the political transition by avoiding further carbon lock-in act against creation of new stranded assets countries whose financial actors have strong offshore financial power benefit from policy levers to curb global emissions financial policies are a lever for climate justice


Question: climate stabilization

6. Without the AFF, carbon lock-in is inevitable.

Jérôme DEYRIS Post-doctoral researcher @ SciencesPo Centre for European Studies and Comparative Politics ‘23 From price stability to climate stabilization?: the political economy of green central banking. Economics and Finance. Université de Nanterre - Paris X, 2023 p. 227-228

financial policies , because they target investments tackle  carbon before it is built This facilitates the political transition by avoiding further carbon lock-in act against creation of new stranded assets countries whose financial actors have strong offshore financial power benefit from policy levers to curb global emissions financial policies are a lever for climate justice


Question: avoid carbon lock-in

6. Without the AFF, carbon lock-in is inevitable.

Jérôme DEYRIS Post-doctoral researcher @ SciencesPo Centre for European Studies and Comparative Politics ‘23 From price stability to climate stabilization?: the political economy of green central banking. Economics and Finance. Université de Nanterre - Paris X, 2023 p. 227-228

financial policies , because they target investments tackle  carbon before it is built This facilitates the political transition by avoiding further carbon lock-in act against creation of new stranded assets countries whose financial actors have strong offshore financial power benefit from policy levers to curb global emissions financial policies are a lever for climate justice


Question: financial policies climate justice

6. Without the AFF, carbon lock-in is inevitable.

Jérôme DEYRIS Post-doctoral researcher @ SciencesPo Centre for European Studies and Comparative Politics ‘23 From price stability to climate stabilization?: the political economy of green central banking. Economics and Finance. Université de Nanterre - Paris X, 2023 p. 227-228

financial policies , because they target investments tackle  carbon before it is built This facilitates the political transition by avoiding further carbon lock-in act against creation of new stranded assets countries whose financial actors have strong offshore financial power benefit from policy levers to curb global emissions financial policies are a lever for climate justice


Question: Tax cuts macroeconomy

Tax cuts and immigration won’t effect the macroeconomy.

Mickey D. Levy 24, chief US economist of Berenberg Capital Markets, 12/19/24, “An Evenhanded Analysis of Trump’s Economic Policies,” https://www.hoover.org/research/evenhanded-analysis-trumps-economic-policies

tax cuts is likely to be extended campaign tax proposals that increase deficits are unlikely Tax legislation to include deficit-saving measures Trump will coordinate tariffs an offset to deficit increases result could be deficit-neutral Trump’s immigrants rhetoric will meet difficult realities actual number is unlikely to be “massive,” econ impacts will not be large logistics, costs, and legal barriers of deporting immigrants pose obstacles


Question: Mickey Levy

Tax cuts and immigration won’t effect the macroeconomy.

Mickey D. Levy 24, chief US economist of Berenberg Capital Markets, 12/19/24, “An Evenhanded Analysis of Trump’s Economic Policies,” https://www.hoover.org/research/evenhanded-analysis-trumps-economic-policies

tax cuts is likely to be extended campaign tax proposals that increase deficits are unlikely Tax legislation to include deficit-saving measures Trump will coordinate tariffs an offset to deficit increases result could be deficit-neutral Trump’s immigrants rhetoric will meet difficult realities actual number is unlikely to be “massive,” econ impacts will not be large logistics, costs, and legal barriers of deporting immigrants pose obstacles


Question: Trump's economic policies

Tax cuts and immigration won’t effect the macroeconomy.

Mickey D. Levy 24, chief US economist of Berenberg Capital Markets, 12/19/24, “An Evenhanded Analysis of Trump’s Economic Policies,” https://www.hoover.org/research/evenhanded-analysis-trumps-economic-policies

tax cuts is likely to be extended campaign tax proposals that increase deficits are unlikely Tax legislation to include deficit-saving measures Trump will coordinate tariffs an offset to deficit increases result could be deficit-neutral Trump’s immigrants rhetoric will meet difficult realities actual number is unlikely to be “massive,” econ impacts will not be large logistics, costs, and legal barriers of deporting immigrants pose obstacles


Question: Levy 24

Tax cuts and immigration won’t effect the macroeconomy.

Mickey D. Levy 24, chief US economist of Berenberg Capital Markets, 12/19/24, “An Evenhanded Analysis of Trump’s Economic Policies,” https://www.hoover.org/research/evenhanded-analysis-trumps-economic-policies

tax cuts is likely to be extended campaign tax proposals that increase deficits are unlikely Tax legislation to include deficit-saving measures Trump will coordinate tariffs an offset to deficit increases result could be deficit-neutral Trump’s immigrants rhetoric will meet difficult realities actual number is unlikely to be “massive,” econ impacts will not be large logistics, costs, and legal barriers of deporting immigrants pose obstacles


Question: immigration won't effect the macroeconomy

Tax cuts and immigration won’t effect the macroeconomy.

Mickey D. Levy 24, chief US economist of Berenberg Capital Markets, 12/19/24, “An Evenhanded Analysis of Trump’s Economic Policies,” https://www.hoover.org/research/evenhanded-analysis-trumps-economic-policies

tax cuts is likely to be extended campaign tax proposals that increase deficits are unlikely Tax legislation to include deficit-saving measures Trump will coordinate tariffs an offset to deficit increases result could be deficit-neutral Trump’s immigrants rhetoric will meet difficult realities actual number is unlikely to be “massive,” econ impacts will not be large logistics, costs, and legal barriers of deporting immigrants pose obstacles


Question: tax cuts won't increase deficits

Tax cuts and immigration won’t effect the macroeconomy.

Mickey D. Levy 24, chief US economist of Berenberg Capital Markets, 12/19/24, “An Evenhanded Analysis of Trump’s Economic Policies,” https://www.hoover.org/research/evenhanded-analysis-trumps-economic-policies

tax cuts is likely to be extended campaign tax proposals that increase deficits are unlikely Tax legislation to include deficit-saving measures Trump will coordinate tariffs an offset to deficit increases result could be deficit-neutral Trump’s immigrants rhetoric will meet difficult realities actual number is unlikely to be “massive,” econ impacts will not be large logistics, costs, and legal barriers of deporting immigrants pose obstacles


Question: Trump deficit neutral

Tax cuts and immigration won’t effect the macroeconomy.

Mickey D. Levy 24, chief US economist of Berenberg Capital Markets, 12/19/24, “An Evenhanded Analysis of Trump’s Economic Policies,” https://www.hoover.org/research/evenhanded-analysis-trumps-economic-policies

tax cuts is likely to be extended campaign tax proposals that increase deficits are unlikely Tax legislation to include deficit-saving measures Trump will coordinate tariffs an offset to deficit increases result could be deficit-neutral Trump’s immigrants rhetoric will meet difficult realities actual number is unlikely to be “massive,” econ impacts will not be large logistics, costs, and legal barriers of deporting immigrants pose obstacles


Question: Salt marshes fail

4. Salt marshes fail.

Smeaton and Garrett 24, *Lecturer in Physical Geography, University of St Andrews, **Lecturer, Physical Geography, University of York (*Craig Smeaton, **Ed Garrett, May 23, 2024, “Saltmarshes do store carbon, but their climate impact may have been overestimated,” The Conversation, https://theconversation.com/saltmarshes-do-store-carbon-but-their-climate-impact-may-have-been-overestimated-230352)

saltmarshes reducing carbon has been overestimated each saltmarsh traps 245 grams However, this is based on carbon-rich saltmarshes These areas grow quickly saltmarshes in cooler and less sunny only trap 111 grams much lower than the global average


Question: Smeaton and Garrett 24

4. Salt marshes fail.

Smeaton and Garrett 24, *Lecturer in Physical Geography, University of St Andrews, **Lecturer, Physical Geography, University of York (*Craig Smeaton, **Ed Garrett, May 23, 2024, “Saltmarshes do store carbon, but their climate impact may have been overestimated,” The Conversation, https://theconversation.com/saltmarshes-do-store-carbon-but-their-climate-impact-may-have-been-overestimated-230352)

saltmarshes reducing carbon has been overestimated each saltmarsh traps 245 grams However, this is based on carbon-rich saltmarshes These areas grow quickly saltmarshes in cooler and less sunny only trap 111 grams much lower than the global average


Question: Saltmarshes carbon overestimated

4. Salt marshes fail.

Smeaton and Garrett 24, *Lecturer in Physical Geography, University of St Andrews, **Lecturer, Physical Geography, University of York (*Craig Smeaton, **Ed Garrett, May 23, 2024, “Saltmarshes do store carbon, but their climate impact may have been overestimated,” The Conversation, https://theconversation.com/saltmarshes-do-store-carbon-but-their-climate-impact-may-have-been-overestimated-230352)

saltmarshes reducing carbon has been overestimated each saltmarsh traps 245 grams However, this is based on carbon-rich saltmarshes These areas grow quickly saltmarshes in cooler and less sunny only trap 111 grams much lower than the global average


Question: saltmarshes trap carbon

4. Salt marshes fail.

Smeaton and Garrett 24, *Lecturer in Physical Geography, University of St Andrews, **Lecturer, Physical Geography, University of York (*Craig Smeaton, **Ed Garrett, May 23, 2024, “Saltmarshes do store carbon, but their climate impact may have been overestimated,” The Conversation, https://theconversation.com/saltmarshes-do-store-carbon-but-their-climate-impact-may-have-been-overestimated-230352)

saltmarshes reducing carbon has been overestimated each saltmarsh traps 245 grams However, this is based on carbon-rich saltmarshes These areas grow quickly saltmarshes in cooler and less sunny only trap 111 grams much lower than the global average


Question: saltmarshes climate impact overestimated

4. Salt marshes fail.

Smeaton and Garrett 24, *Lecturer in Physical Geography, University of St Andrews, **Lecturer, Physical Geography, University of York (*Craig Smeaton, **Ed Garrett, May 23, 2024, “Saltmarshes do store carbon, but their climate impact may have been overestimated,” The Conversation, https://theconversation.com/saltmarshes-do-store-carbon-but-their-climate-impact-may-have-been-overestimated-230352)

saltmarshes reducing carbon has been overestimated each saltmarsh traps 245 grams However, this is based on carbon-rich saltmarshes These areas grow quickly saltmarshes in cooler and less sunny only trap 111 grams much lower than the global average


Question: carbon trapping saltmarshes

4. Salt marshes fail.

Smeaton and Garrett 24, *Lecturer in Physical Geography, University of St Andrews, **Lecturer, Physical Geography, University of York (*Craig Smeaton, **Ed Garrett, May 23, 2024, “Saltmarshes do store carbon, but their climate impact may have been overestimated,” The Conversation, https://theconversation.com/saltmarshes-do-store-carbon-but-their-climate-impact-may-have-been-overestimated-230352)

saltmarshes reducing carbon has been overestimated each saltmarsh traps 245 grams However, this is based on carbon-rich saltmarshes These areas grow quickly saltmarshes in cooler and less sunny only trap 111 grams much lower than the global average


Question: saltmarshes less carbon

4. Salt marshes fail.

Smeaton and Garrett 24, *Lecturer in Physical Geography, University of St Andrews, **Lecturer, Physical Geography, University of York (*Craig Smeaton, **Ed Garrett, May 23, 2024, “Saltmarshes do store carbon, but their climate impact may have been overestimated,” The Conversation, https://theconversation.com/saltmarshes-do-store-carbon-but-their-climate-impact-may-have-been-overestimated-230352)

saltmarshes reducing carbon has been overestimated each saltmarsh traps 245 grams However, this is based on carbon-rich saltmarshes These areas grow quickly saltmarshes in cooler and less sunny only trap 111 grams much lower than the global average


Question: Harris momentum dead

Harris’ momentum is dead

Irwin 10-17 [Lauren Irwin, breaking news reporter for The Hill, MA Walter Cronkite School of Journalism at Arizona State University, “Trump tops Harris in Nate Silver’s model weeks out from election,” The Hill, 10-17-2024, https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4939442-trump-harris-nate-silver-model/]

Trump lead in Silver’s prediction model a toss-up good chance the lead will continue to shift back and forth Harris was high on momentum But leveled off , with Trump gaining ground in battleground states


Question: Irwin 10-17

Harris’ momentum is dead

Irwin 10-17 [Lauren Irwin, breaking news reporter for The Hill, MA Walter Cronkite School of Journalism at Arizona State University, “Trump tops Harris in Nate Silver’s model weeks out from election,” The Hill, 10-17-2024, https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4939442-trump-harris-nate-silver-model/]

Trump lead in Silver’s prediction model a toss-up good chance the lead will continue to shift back and forth Harris was high on momentum But leveled off , with Trump gaining ground in battleground states


Question: Trump tops Harris

Harris’ momentum is dead

Irwin 10-17 [Lauren Irwin, breaking news reporter for The Hill, MA Walter Cronkite School of Journalism at Arizona State University, “Trump tops Harris in Nate Silver’s model weeks out from election,” The Hill, 10-17-2024, https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4939442-trump-harris-nate-silver-model/]

Trump lead in Silver’s prediction model a toss-up good chance the lead will continue to shift back and forth Harris was high on momentum But leveled off , with Trump gaining ground in battleground states


Question: Harris leveled off in polls

Harris’ momentum is dead

Irwin 10-17 [Lauren Irwin, breaking news reporter for The Hill, MA Walter Cronkite School of Journalism at Arizona State University, “Trump tops Harris in Nate Silver’s model weeks out from election,” The Hill, 10-17-2024, https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4939442-trump-harris-nate-silver-model/]

Trump lead in Silver’s prediction model a toss-up good chance the lead will continue to shift back and forth Harris was high on momentum But leveled off , with Trump gaining ground in battleground states


Question: Trump gaining on Harris

Harris’ momentum is dead

Irwin 10-17 [Lauren Irwin, breaking news reporter for The Hill, MA Walter Cronkite School of Journalism at Arizona State University, “Trump tops Harris in Nate Silver’s model weeks out from election,” The Hill, 10-17-2024, https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4939442-trump-harris-nate-silver-model/]

Trump lead in Silver’s prediction model a toss-up good chance the lead will continue to shift back and forth Harris was high on momentum But leveled off , with Trump gaining ground in battleground states


Question: Nate Silver Trump

Harris’ momentum is dead

Irwin 10-17 [Lauren Irwin, breaking news reporter for The Hill, MA Walter Cronkite School of Journalism at Arizona State University, “Trump tops Harris in Nate Silver’s model weeks out from election,” The Hill, 10-17-2024, https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4939442-trump-harris-nate-silver-model/]

Trump lead in Silver’s prediction model a toss-up good chance the lead will continue to shift back and forth Harris was high on momentum But leveled off , with Trump gaining ground in battleground states


Question: Harris momentum stalled

Harris’ momentum is dead

Irwin 10-17 [Lauren Irwin, breaking news reporter for The Hill, MA Walter Cronkite School of Journalism at Arizona State University, “Trump tops Harris in Nate Silver’s model weeks out from election,” The Hill, 10-17-2024, https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4939442-trump-harris-nate-silver-model/]

Trump lead in Silver’s prediction model a toss-up good chance the lead will continue to shift back and forth Harris was high on momentum But leveled off , with Trump gaining ground in battleground states


Question: tons of alt causes

Tons of alt causes.

Dareen ’24 [Seher and Shariq Khan; August 15; Journalists at Reuters; Reuters, “Slowing global jet fuel consumption adds to oil demand concern,” https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/slowing-global-jet-fuel-consumption-adds-oil-demand-concern-2024-08-14/]

Jet demand dropped sharply Weaker activity worsen trade cut air freight trade slowdown O P E C cut demand forecast IEA trimmed its estimate cited  weak China tech outage grounded flights impacted demand macro conditions are deteriorating quickly broader demand remain soft,"


Question: Dareen 24

Tons of alt causes.

Dareen ’24 [Seher and Shariq Khan; August 15; Journalists at Reuters; Reuters, “Slowing global jet fuel consumption adds to oil demand concern,” https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/slowing-global-jet-fuel-consumption-adds-oil-demand-concern-2024-08-14/]

Jet demand dropped sharply Weaker activity worsen trade cut air freight trade slowdown O P E C cut demand forecast IEA trimmed its estimate cited  weak China tech outage grounded flights impacted demand macro conditions are deteriorating quickly broader demand remain soft,"


Question: jet fuel demand

Tons of alt causes.

Dareen ’24 [Seher and Shariq Khan; August 15; Journalists at Reuters; Reuters, “Slowing global jet fuel consumption adds to oil demand concern,” https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/slowing-global-jet-fuel-consumption-adds-oil-demand-concern-2024-08-14/]

Jet demand dropped sharply Weaker activity worsen trade cut air freight trade slowdown O P E C cut demand forecast IEA trimmed its estimate cited  weak China tech outage grounded flights impacted demand macro conditions are deteriorating quickly broader demand remain soft,"


Question: oil demand concern

Tons of alt causes.

Dareen ’24 [Seher and Shariq Khan; August 15; Journalists at Reuters; Reuters, “Slowing global jet fuel consumption adds to oil demand concern,” https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/slowing-global-jet-fuel-consumption-adds-oil-demand-concern-2024-08-14/]

Jet demand dropped sharply Weaker activity worsen trade cut air freight trade slowdown O P E C cut demand forecast IEA trimmed its estimate cited  weak China tech outage grounded flights impacted demand macro conditions are deteriorating quickly broader demand remain soft,"


Question: macro conditions deteriorating

Tons of alt causes.

Dareen ’24 [Seher and Shariq Khan; August 15; Journalists at Reuters; Reuters, “Slowing global jet fuel consumption adds to oil demand concern,” https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/slowing-global-jet-fuel-consumption-adds-oil-demand-concern-2024-08-14/]

Jet demand dropped sharply Weaker activity worsen trade cut air freight trade slowdown O P E C cut demand forecast IEA trimmed its estimate cited  weak China tech outage grounded flights impacted demand macro conditions are deteriorating quickly broader demand remain soft,"


Question: air freight trade slowdown

Tons of alt causes.

Dareen ’24 [Seher and Shariq Khan; August 15; Journalists at Reuters; Reuters, “Slowing global jet fuel consumption adds to oil demand concern,” https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/slowing-global-jet-fuel-consumption-adds-oil-demand-concern-2024-08-14/]

Jet demand dropped sharply Weaker activity worsen trade cut air freight trade slowdown O P E C cut demand forecast IEA trimmed its estimate cited  weak China tech outage grounded flights impacted demand macro conditions are deteriorating quickly broader demand remain soft,"


Question: OPEC cut demand forecast

Tons of alt causes.

Dareen ’24 [Seher and Shariq Khan; August 15; Journalists at Reuters; Reuters, “Slowing global jet fuel consumption adds to oil demand concern,” https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/slowing-global-jet-fuel-consumption-adds-oil-demand-concern-2024-08-14/]

Jet demand dropped sharply Weaker activity worsen trade cut air freight trade slowdown O P E C cut demand forecast IEA trimmed its estimate cited  weak China tech outage grounded flights impacted demand macro conditions are deteriorating quickly broader demand remain soft,"


Question: Ecofascists spread propaganda

Ecofascists use disinformation to spread their propaganda.

Knights 20 [Sam Knights is a writer, actor, and climate activist. He is the coeditor of This Is Not a Drill: An Extinction Rebellion Handbook. 11-16-20, The Climate Movement Must Be Ready To Challenge Rising Right-Wing Environmentalism, Jacobin, https://jacobin.com/2020/11/climate-change-right-wing-environmentalism-alt-right-eco-fascism, JKS]

t he alt-right is made up of climate deniers” and “eco-fascists Right-wing leaders understand the world is increasingly divided. Different messages work on different people and can be tailored to subcultures It is a strategic advantage if your ideology is adaptable and ambiguous enough to accommodate as many people as possible. Right-wing activists have mobilized their networks to spread disinformation There are fears that this brand of conspiracism has become widespre Could the same thing happen to climate activists? is it already happening?


Question: Knights 20

Ecofascists use disinformation to spread their propaganda.

Knights 20 [Sam Knights is a writer, actor, and climate activist. He is the coeditor of This Is Not a Drill: An Extinction Rebellion Handbook. 11-16-20, The Climate Movement Must Be Ready To Challenge Rising Right-Wing Environmentalism, Jacobin, https://jacobin.com/2020/11/climate-change-right-wing-environmentalism-alt-right-eco-fascism, JKS]

t he alt-right is made up of climate deniers” and “eco-fascists Right-wing leaders understand the world is increasingly divided. Different messages work on different people and can be tailored to subcultures It is a strategic advantage if your ideology is adaptable and ambiguous enough to accommodate as many people as possible. Right-wing activists have mobilized their networks to spread disinformation There are fears that this brand of conspiracism has become widespre Could the same thing happen to climate activists? is it already happening?


Question: Sam Knights Jacobin

Ecofascists use disinformation to spread their propaganda.

Knights 20 [Sam Knights is a writer, actor, and climate activist. He is the coeditor of This Is Not a Drill: An Extinction Rebellion Handbook. 11-16-20, The Climate Movement Must Be Ready To Challenge Rising Right-Wing Environmentalism, Jacobin, https://jacobin.com/2020/11/climate-change-right-wing-environmentalism-alt-right-eco-fascism, JKS]

t he alt-right is made up of climate deniers” and “eco-fascists Right-wing leaders understand the world is increasingly divided. Different messages work on different people and can be tailored to subcultures It is a strategic advantage if your ideology is adaptable and ambiguous enough to accommodate as many people as possible. Right-wing activists have mobilized their networks to spread disinformation There are fears that this brand of conspiracism has become widespre Could the same thing happen to climate activists? is it already happening?


Question: alt-right climate deniers

Ecofascists use disinformation to spread their propaganda.

Knights 20 [Sam Knights is a writer, actor, and climate activist. He is the coeditor of This Is Not a Drill: An Extinction Rebellion Handbook. 11-16-20, The Climate Movement Must Be Ready To Challenge Rising Right-Wing Environmentalism, Jacobin, https://jacobin.com/2020/11/climate-change-right-wing-environmentalism-alt-right-eco-fascism, JKS]

t he alt-right is made up of climate deniers” and “eco-fascists Right-wing leaders understand the world is increasingly divided. Different messages work on different people and can be tailored to subcultures It is a strategic advantage if your ideology is adaptable and ambiguous enough to accommodate as many people as possible. Right-wing activists have mobilized their networks to spread disinformation There are fears that this brand of conspiracism has become widespre Could the same thing happen to climate activists? is it already happening?


Question: right wing disinformation

Ecofascists use disinformation to spread their propaganda.

Knights 20 [Sam Knights is a writer, actor, and climate activist. He is the coeditor of This Is Not a Drill: An Extinction Rebellion Handbook. 11-16-20, The Climate Movement Must Be Ready To Challenge Rising Right-Wing Environmentalism, Jacobin, https://jacobin.com/2020/11/climate-change-right-wing-environmentalism-alt-right-eco-fascism, JKS]

t he alt-right is made up of climate deniers” and “eco-fascists Right-wing leaders understand the world is increasingly divided. Different messages work on different people and can be tailored to subcultures It is a strategic advantage if your ideology is adaptable and ambiguous enough to accommodate as many people as possible. Right-wing activists have mobilized their networks to spread disinformation There are fears that this brand of conspiracism has become widespre Could the same thing happen to climate activists? is it already happening?


Question: eco-fascism climate change

Ecofascists use disinformation to spread their propaganda.

Knights 20 [Sam Knights is a writer, actor, and climate activist. He is the coeditor of This Is Not a Drill: An Extinction Rebellion Handbook. 11-16-20, The Climate Movement Must Be Ready To Challenge Rising Right-Wing Environmentalism, Jacobin, https://jacobin.com/2020/11/climate-change-right-wing-environmentalism-alt-right-eco-fascism, JKS]

t he alt-right is made up of climate deniers” and “eco-fascists Right-wing leaders understand the world is increasingly divided. Different messages work on different people and can be tailored to subcultures It is a strategic advantage if your ideology is adaptable and ambiguous enough to accommodate as many people as possible. Right-wing activists have mobilized their networks to spread disinformation There are fears that this brand of conspiracism has become widespre Could the same thing happen to climate activists? is it already happening?


Question: right wing environmentalism

Ecofascists use disinformation to spread their propaganda.

Knights 20 [Sam Knights is a writer, actor, and climate activist. He is the coeditor of This Is Not a Drill: An Extinction Rebellion Handbook. 11-16-20, The Climate Movement Must Be Ready To Challenge Rising Right-Wing Environmentalism, Jacobin, https://jacobin.com/2020/11/climate-change-right-wing-environmentalism-alt-right-eco-fascism, JKS]

t he alt-right is made up of climate deniers” and “eco-fascists Right-wing leaders understand the world is increasingly divided. Different messages work on different people and can be tailored to subcultures It is a strategic advantage if your ideology is adaptable and ambiguous enough to accommodate as many people as possible. Right-wing activists have mobilized their networks to spread disinformation There are fears that this brand of conspiracism has become widespre Could the same thing happen to climate activists? is it already happening?


Question: law has emancipatory potential

The law has emancipatory potential despite its repressive history. Rejecting it dooms radical social change.

McCann and Lovell, 18—Gordon Hirabayashi Professor for the Advancement of Citizenship at the University of Washington AND professor of political science, department chair, and the Harry Bridges Endowed Chair in Labor Studies at the University of Washington (Michael and George, “Toward a Radical Politics of Rights: Lessons about Legal Leveraging and Its Limitations,” From the Streets to the State: Changing the World by Taking Power, Chapter 7, 139-141, dml)

activists are forced into legal engagement by the omnipresence of law Although often a tool of repression legal norms and institutions can also be resources for social transformation long-run revolutionary transformation requires intermediate steps on the terrain of law If the law is evidently unjust it will contribute nothing to hegemony law may disguise power but at the same time may curb that and check its intrusions legal mobilization involves oppressed groups mobilizing liberal principles against illiberal repressive control activists can use the liberal principle to counter property- and contract-based capitalism challenging unequal distribution and exploitation succumbing to anti-legalism cedes control over organization rule and legitimation to dominant forces there has been a convergence around rights claims by campaigns for a minimum wage and sick pay immigrant rights and support LBGTQ rights B L M and other causes reliance on litigation has varied but none discount them struggles against apartheid for indigenous sovereignty housing health-care education and income appeal to legal rights and rely on courts deconstruction yields only more fragmentation affect cannot formulate a coherent basis for political judgment with affective intensity as his ultimate value Massumi cannot coherently critique oppressive political structures ( such as Nazism the masses opted to embrace such regimes for the intensity they provide Affective intensity lacks structure by definition without coherent structures, the legal, political, and cultural conditions necessary for the meaningful exercise of freedom are unlikely to emerge – and if they do, they are unlikely to be sustainable The radical devaluation of reflective consciousness produces a freedom that signifies nothing This marks the demise of identity itself affect theorists elevate raw process over social subjugation the neurobiological equivalent of Rousseau’s primitive origin of society obstacles stand in the way of affective emancipation: from constraints of evolution to the biological programming of the amygdala itself purity of affective intensity keep it free of social significance affect can never be symbolized, which means it can never be cognized they want to eat their cake and have it too metaphors all suffer from the lack of explanatory power . If we cannot know what affects are we cannot control their flow and impact claims to radicalism are made irrespective of careful capacity to analyze the state As subversive lifestyles pose as surrogates for activism they reinscribe subordinates as spectacles Speech acts are not inherently radical intellectuals who restrict interventions to speech acts may claim the title of radical however If intellectuals need only declare themselves militant rather than organize politics is supplanted constructions of resistance as artistic expression problematize political agency Since such radicalism rarely leaves the campus it transpires within the enclaves of academe It constitutes a flight from forms of politics in which relevance was gauged by the intellectual's intervention in collective struggle with others


Question: rejecting law dooms social change

The law has emancipatory potential despite its repressive history. Rejecting it dooms radical social change.

McCann and Lovell, 18—Gordon Hirabayashi Professor for the Advancement of Citizenship at the University of Washington AND professor of political science, department chair, and the Harry Bridges Endowed Chair in Labor Studies at the University of Washington (Michael and George, “Toward a Radical Politics of Rights: Lessons about Legal Leveraging and Its Limitations,” From the Streets to the State: Changing the World by Taking Power, Chapter 7, 139-141, dml)

activists are forced into legal engagement by the omnipresence of law Although often a tool of repression legal norms and institutions can also be resources for social transformation long-run revolutionary transformation requires intermediate steps on the terrain of law If the law is evidently unjust it will contribute nothing to hegemony law may disguise power but at the same time may curb that and check its intrusions legal mobilization involves oppressed groups mobilizing liberal principles against illiberal repressive control activists can use the liberal principle to counter property- and contract-based capitalism challenging unequal distribution and exploitation succumbing to anti-legalism cedes control over organization rule and legitimation to dominant forces there has been a convergence around rights claims by campaigns for a minimum wage and sick pay immigrant rights and support LBGTQ rights B L M and other causes reliance on litigation has varied but none discount them struggles against apartheid for indigenous sovereignty housing health-care education and income appeal to legal rights and rely on courts deconstruction yields only more fragmentation affect cannot formulate a coherent basis for political judgment with affective intensity as his ultimate value Massumi cannot coherently critique oppressive political structures ( such as Nazism the masses opted to embrace such regimes for the intensity they provide Affective intensity lacks structure by definition without coherent structures, the legal, political, and cultural conditions necessary for the meaningful exercise of freedom are unlikely to emerge – and if they do, they are unlikely to be sustainable The radical devaluation of reflective consciousness produces a freedom that signifies nothing This marks the demise of identity itself affect theorists elevate raw process over social subjugation the neurobiological equivalent of Rousseau’s primitive origin of society obstacles stand in the way of affective emancipation: from constraints of evolution to the biological programming of the amygdala itself purity of affective intensity keep it free of social significance affect can never be symbolized, which means it can never be cognized they want to eat their cake and have it too metaphors all suffer from the lack of explanatory power . If we cannot know what affects are we cannot control their flow and impact claims to radicalism are made irrespective of careful capacity to analyze the state As subversive lifestyles pose as surrogates for activism they reinscribe subordinates as spectacles Speech acts are not inherently radical intellectuals who restrict interventions to speech acts may claim the title of radical however If intellectuals need only declare themselves militant rather than organize politics is supplanted constructions of resistance as artistic expression problematize political agency Since such radicalism rarely leaves the campus it transpires within the enclaves of academe It constitutes a flight from forms of politics in which relevance was gauged by the intellectual's intervention in collective struggle with others


Question: McCann and Lovell

The law has emancipatory potential despite its repressive history. Rejecting it dooms radical social change.

McCann and Lovell, 18—Gordon Hirabayashi Professor for the Advancement of Citizenship at the University of Washington AND professor of political science, department chair, and the Harry Bridges Endowed Chair in Labor Studies at the University of Washington (Michael and George, “Toward a Radical Politics of Rights: Lessons about Legal Leveraging and Its Limitations,” From the Streets to the State: Changing the World by Taking Power, Chapter 7, 139-141, dml)

activists are forced into legal engagement by the omnipresence of law Although often a tool of repression legal norms and institutions can also be resources for social transformation long-run revolutionary transformation requires intermediate steps on the terrain of law If the law is evidently unjust it will contribute nothing to hegemony law may disguise power but at the same time may curb that and check its intrusions legal mobilization involves oppressed groups mobilizing liberal principles against illiberal repressive control activists can use the liberal principle to counter property- and contract-based capitalism challenging unequal distribution and exploitation succumbing to anti-legalism cedes control over organization rule and legitimation to dominant forces there has been a convergence around rights claims by campaigns for a minimum wage and sick pay immigrant rights and support LBGTQ rights B L M and other causes reliance on litigation has varied but none discount them struggles against apartheid for indigenous sovereignty housing health-care education and income appeal to legal rights and rely on courts deconstruction yields only more fragmentation affect cannot formulate a coherent basis for political judgment with affective intensity as his ultimate value Massumi cannot coherently critique oppressive political structures ( such as Nazism the masses opted to embrace such regimes for the intensity they provide Affective intensity lacks structure by definition without coherent structures, the legal, political, and cultural conditions necessary for the meaningful exercise of freedom are unlikely to emerge – and if they do, they are unlikely to be sustainable The radical devaluation of reflective consciousness produces a freedom that signifies nothing This marks the demise of identity itself affect theorists elevate raw process over social subjugation the neurobiological equivalent of Rousseau’s primitive origin of society obstacles stand in the way of affective emancipation: from constraints of evolution to the biological programming of the amygdala itself purity of affective intensity keep it free of social significance affect can never be symbolized, which means it can never be cognized they want to eat their cake and have it too metaphors all suffer from the lack of explanatory power . If we cannot know what affects are we cannot control their flow and impact claims to radicalism are made irrespective of careful capacity to analyze the state As subversive lifestyles pose as surrogates for activism they reinscribe subordinates as spectacles Speech acts are not inherently radical intellectuals who restrict interventions to speech acts may claim the title of radical however If intellectuals need only declare themselves militant rather than organize politics is supplanted constructions of resistance as artistic expression problematize political agency Since such radicalism rarely leaves the campus it transpires within the enclaves of academe It constitutes a flight from forms of politics in which relevance was gauged by the intellectual's intervention in collective struggle with others


Question: radical politics of rights

The law has emancipatory potential despite its repressive history. Rejecting it dooms radical social change.

McCann and Lovell, 18—Gordon Hirabayashi Professor for the Advancement of Citizenship at the University of Washington AND professor of political science, department chair, and the Harry Bridges Endowed Chair in Labor Studies at the University of Washington (Michael and George, “Toward a Radical Politics of Rights: Lessons about Legal Leveraging and Its Limitations,” From the Streets to the State: Changing the World by Taking Power, Chapter 7, 139-141, dml)

activists are forced into legal engagement by the omnipresence of law Although often a tool of repression legal norms and institutions can also be resources for social transformation long-run revolutionary transformation requires intermediate steps on the terrain of law If the law is evidently unjust it will contribute nothing to hegemony law may disguise power but at the same time may curb that and check its intrusions legal mobilization involves oppressed groups mobilizing liberal principles against illiberal repressive control activists can use the liberal principle to counter property- and contract-based capitalism challenging unequal distribution and exploitation succumbing to anti-legalism cedes control over organization rule and legitimation to dominant forces there has been a convergence around rights claims by campaigns for a minimum wage and sick pay immigrant rights and support LBGTQ rights B L M and other causes reliance on litigation has varied but none discount them struggles against apartheid for indigenous sovereignty housing health-care education and income appeal to legal rights and rely on courts deconstruction yields only more fragmentation affect cannot formulate a coherent basis for political judgment with affective intensity as his ultimate value Massumi cannot coherently critique oppressive political structures ( such as Nazism the masses opted to embrace such regimes for the intensity they provide Affective intensity lacks structure by definition without coherent structures, the legal, political, and cultural conditions necessary for the meaningful exercise of freedom are unlikely to emerge – and if they do, they are unlikely to be sustainable The radical devaluation of reflective consciousness produces a freedom that signifies nothing This marks the demise of identity itself affect theorists elevate raw process over social subjugation the neurobiological equivalent of Rousseau’s primitive origin of society obstacles stand in the way of affective emancipation: from constraints of evolution to the biological programming of the amygdala itself purity of affective intensity keep it free of social significance affect can never be symbolized, which means it can never be cognized they want to eat their cake and have it too metaphors all suffer from the lack of explanatory power . If we cannot know what affects are we cannot control their flow and impact claims to radicalism are made irrespective of careful capacity to analyze the state As subversive lifestyles pose as surrogates for activism they reinscribe subordinates as spectacles Speech acts are not inherently radical intellectuals who restrict interventions to speech acts may claim the title of radical however If intellectuals need only declare themselves militant rather than organize politics is supplanted constructions of resistance as artistic expression problematize political agency Since such radicalism rarely leaves the campus it transpires within the enclaves of academe It constitutes a flight from forms of politics in which relevance was gauged by the intellectual's intervention in collective struggle with others


Question: law can be a resource

The law has emancipatory potential despite its repressive history. Rejecting it dooms radical social change.

McCann and Lovell, 18—Gordon Hirabayashi Professor for the Advancement of Citizenship at the University of Washington AND professor of political science, department chair, and the Harry Bridges Endowed Chair in Labor Studies at the University of Washington (Michael and George, “Toward a Radical Politics of Rights: Lessons about Legal Leveraging and Its Limitations,” From the Streets to the State: Changing the World by Taking Power, Chapter 7, 139-141, dml)

activists are forced into legal engagement by the omnipresence of law Although often a tool of repression legal norms and institutions can also be resources for social transformation long-run revolutionary transformation requires intermediate steps on the terrain of law If the law is evidently unjust it will contribute nothing to hegemony law may disguise power but at the same time may curb that and check its intrusions legal mobilization involves oppressed groups mobilizing liberal principles against illiberal repressive control activists can use the liberal principle to counter property- and contract-based capitalism challenging unequal distribution and exploitation succumbing to anti-legalism cedes control over organization rule and legitimation to dominant forces there has been a convergence around rights claims by campaigns for a minimum wage and sick pay immigrant rights and support LBGTQ rights B L M and other causes reliance on litigation has varied but none discount them struggles against apartheid for indigenous sovereignty housing health-care education and income appeal to legal rights and rely on courts deconstruction yields only more fragmentation affect cannot formulate a coherent basis for political judgment with affective intensity as his ultimate value Massumi cannot coherently critique oppressive political structures ( such as Nazism the masses opted to embrace such regimes for the intensity they provide Affective intensity lacks structure by definition without coherent structures, the legal, political, and cultural conditions necessary for the meaningful exercise of freedom are unlikely to emerge – and if they do, they are unlikely to be sustainable The radical devaluation of reflective consciousness produces a freedom that signifies nothing This marks the demise of identity itself affect theorists elevate raw process over social subjugation the neurobiological equivalent of Rousseau’s primitive origin of society obstacles stand in the way of affective emancipation: from constraints of evolution to the biological programming of the amygdala itself purity of affective intensity keep it free of social significance affect can never be symbolized, which means it can never be cognized they want to eat their cake and have it too metaphors all suffer from the lack of explanatory power . If we cannot know what affects are we cannot control their flow and impact claims to radicalism are made irrespective of careful capacity to analyze the state As subversive lifestyles pose as surrogates for activism they reinscribe subordinates as spectacles Speech acts are not inherently radical intellectuals who restrict interventions to speech acts may claim the title of radical however If intellectuals need only declare themselves militant rather than organize politics is supplanted constructions of resistance as artistic expression problematize political agency Since such radicalism rarely leaves the campus it transpires within the enclaves of academe It constitutes a flight from forms of politics in which relevance was gauged by the intellectual's intervention in collective struggle with others


Question: law transforms society

The law has emancipatory potential despite its repressive history. Rejecting it dooms radical social change.

McCann and Lovell, 18—Gordon Hirabayashi Professor for the Advancement of Citizenship at the University of Washington AND professor of political science, department chair, and the Harry Bridges Endowed Chair in Labor Studies at the University of Washington (Michael and George, “Toward a Radical Politics of Rights: Lessons about Legal Leveraging and Its Limitations,” From the Streets to the State: Changing the World by Taking Power, Chapter 7, 139-141, dml)

activists are forced into legal engagement by the omnipresence of law Although often a tool of repression legal norms and institutions can also be resources for social transformation long-run revolutionary transformation requires intermediate steps on the terrain of law If the law is evidently unjust it will contribute nothing to hegemony law may disguise power but at the same time may curb that and check its intrusions legal mobilization involves oppressed groups mobilizing liberal principles against illiberal repressive control activists can use the liberal principle to counter property- and contract-based capitalism challenging unequal distribution and exploitation succumbing to anti-legalism cedes control over organization rule and legitimation to dominant forces there has been a convergence around rights claims by campaigns for a minimum wage and sick pay immigrant rights and support LBGTQ rights B L M and other causes reliance on litigation has varied but none discount them struggles against apartheid for indigenous sovereignty housing health-care education and income appeal to legal rights and rely on courts deconstruction yields only more fragmentation affect cannot formulate a coherent basis for political judgment with affective intensity as his ultimate value Massumi cannot coherently critique oppressive political structures ( such as Nazism the masses opted to embrace such regimes for the intensity they provide Affective intensity lacks structure by definition without coherent structures, the legal, political, and cultural conditions necessary for the meaningful exercise of freedom are unlikely to emerge – and if they do, they are unlikely to be sustainable The radical devaluation of reflective consciousness produces a freedom that signifies nothing This marks the demise of identity itself affect theorists elevate raw process over social subjugation the neurobiological equivalent of Rousseau’s primitive origin of society obstacles stand in the way of affective emancipation: from constraints of evolution to the biological programming of the amygdala itself purity of affective intensity keep it free of social significance affect can never be symbolized, which means it can never be cognized they want to eat their cake and have it too metaphors all suffer from the lack of explanatory power . If we cannot know what affects are we cannot control their flow and impact claims to radicalism are made irrespective of careful capacity to analyze the state As subversive lifestyles pose as surrogates for activism they reinscribe subordinates as spectacles Speech acts are not inherently radical intellectuals who restrict interventions to speech acts may claim the title of radical however If intellectuals need only declare themselves militant rather than organize politics is supplanted constructions of resistance as artistic expression problematize political agency Since such radicalism rarely leaves the campus it transpires within the enclaves of academe It constitutes a flight from forms of politics in which relevance was gauged by the intellectual's intervention in collective struggle with others


Question: activists forced into legal engagement

The law has emancipatory potential despite its repressive history. Rejecting it dooms radical social change.

McCann and Lovell, 18—Gordon Hirabayashi Professor for the Advancement of Citizenship at the University of Washington AND professor of political science, department chair, and the Harry Bridges Endowed Chair in Labor Studies at the University of Washington (Michael and George, “Toward a Radical Politics of Rights: Lessons about Legal Leveraging and Its Limitations,” From the Streets to the State: Changing the World by Taking Power, Chapter 7, 139-141, dml)

activists are forced into legal engagement by the omnipresence of law Although often a tool of repression legal norms and institutions can also be resources for social transformation long-run revolutionary transformation requires intermediate steps on the terrain of law If the law is evidently unjust it will contribute nothing to hegemony law may disguise power but at the same time may curb that and check its intrusions legal mobilization involves oppressed groups mobilizing liberal principles against illiberal repressive control activists can use the liberal principle to counter property- and contract-based capitalism challenging unequal distribution and exploitation succumbing to anti-legalism cedes control over organization rule and legitimation to dominant forces there has been a convergence around rights claims by campaigns for a minimum wage and sick pay immigrant rights and support LBGTQ rights B L M and other causes reliance on litigation has varied but none discount them struggles against apartheid for indigenous sovereignty housing health-care education and income appeal to legal rights and rely on courts deconstruction yields only more fragmentation affect cannot formulate a coherent basis for political judgment with affective intensity as his ultimate value Massumi cannot coherently critique oppressive political structures ( such as Nazism the masses opted to embrace such regimes for the intensity they provide Affective intensity lacks structure by definition without coherent structures, the legal, political, and cultural conditions necessary for the meaningful exercise of freedom are unlikely to emerge – and if they do, they are unlikely to be sustainable The radical devaluation of reflective consciousness produces a freedom that signifies nothing This marks the demise of identity itself affect theorists elevate raw process over social subjugation the neurobiological equivalent of Rousseau’s primitive origin of society obstacles stand in the way of affective emancipation: from constraints of evolution to the biological programming of the amygdala itself purity of affective intensity keep it free of social significance affect can never be symbolized, which means it can never be cognized they want to eat their cake and have it too metaphors all suffer from the lack of explanatory power . If we cannot know what affects are we cannot control their flow and impact claims to radicalism are made irrespective of careful capacity to analyze the state As subversive lifestyles pose as surrogates for activism they reinscribe subordinates as spectacles Speech acts are not inherently radical intellectuals who restrict interventions to speech acts may claim the title of radical however If intellectuals need only declare themselves militant rather than organize politics is supplanted constructions of resistance as artistic expression problematize political agency Since such radicalism rarely leaves the campus it transpires within the enclaves of academe It constitutes a flight from forms of politics in which relevance was gauged by the intellectual's intervention in collective struggle with others


Question: legal norms social transformation

The law has emancipatory potential despite its repressive history. Rejecting it dooms radical social change.

McCann and Lovell, 18—Gordon Hirabayashi Professor for the Advancement of Citizenship at the University of Washington AND professor of political science, department chair, and the Harry Bridges Endowed Chair in Labor Studies at the University of Washington (Michael and George, “Toward a Radical Politics of Rights: Lessons about Legal Leveraging and Its Limitations,” From the Streets to the State: Changing the World by Taking Power, Chapter 7, 139-141, dml)

activists are forced into legal engagement by the omnipresence of law Although often a tool of repression legal norms and institutions can also be resources for social transformation long-run revolutionary transformation requires intermediate steps on the terrain of law If the law is evidently unjust it will contribute nothing to hegemony law may disguise power but at the same time may curb that and check its intrusions legal mobilization involves oppressed groups mobilizing liberal principles against illiberal repressive control activists can use the liberal principle to counter property- and contract-based capitalism challenging unequal distribution and exploitation succumbing to anti-legalism cedes control over organization rule and legitimation to dominant forces there has been a convergence around rights claims by campaigns for a minimum wage and sick pay immigrant rights and support LBGTQ rights B L M and other causes reliance on litigation has varied but none discount them struggles against apartheid for indigenous sovereignty housing health-care education and income appeal to legal rights and rely on courts deconstruction yields only more fragmentation affect cannot formulate a coherent basis for political judgment with affective intensity as his ultimate value Massumi cannot coherently critique oppressive political structures ( such as Nazism the masses opted to embrace such regimes for the intensity they provide Affective intensity lacks structure by definition without coherent structures, the legal, political, and cultural conditions necessary for the meaningful exercise of freedom are unlikely to emerge – and if they do, they are unlikely to be sustainable The radical devaluation of reflective consciousness produces a freedom that signifies nothing This marks the demise of identity itself affect theorists elevate raw process over social subjugation the neurobiological equivalent of Rousseau’s primitive origin of society obstacles stand in the way of affective emancipation: from constraints of evolution to the biological programming of the amygdala itself purity of affective intensity keep it free of social significance affect can never be symbolized, which means it can never be cognized they want to eat their cake and have it too metaphors all suffer from the lack of explanatory power . If we cannot know what affects are we cannot control their flow and impact claims to radicalism are made irrespective of careful capacity to analyze the state As subversive lifestyles pose as surrogates for activism they reinscribe subordinates as spectacles Speech acts are not inherently radical intellectuals who restrict interventions to speech acts may claim the title of radical however If intellectuals need only declare themselves militant rather than organize politics is supplanted constructions of resistance as artistic expression problematize political agency Since such radicalism rarely leaves the campus it transpires within the enclaves of academe It constitutes a flight from forms of politics in which relevance was gauged by the intellectual's intervention in collective struggle with others


Question: thumper no definition of collapse

Thumper – there is no definition of what an actual collapse would look like – they can label everything as a disaster -

Pamlin and Armstrong ’15 [Dennis and Stuart; February 2015; Executive Project Manager at the Global Challenges Foundation; James Martin Research Fellow at the Oxford Martin School at the University of Oxford; Global Challenges Foundation, “12 Risks that threaten human civilization,” https://www.pamlin.net/material/2017/10/10/without-us-progress-still-possible-article-in-china-daily-m9hnk]

risks threaten human civilisation There is no precise definition of a system collapse term s been used to describe a broad range of bad economic conditions parts become vulnerable when connected to a reinforcing risk that can spread and spill over in critical infrastructure a small disruption cause a non-linear effect networks are strongly coupled intensified by globalisation while governance seem inadequate a failure cascade infrastructure damage may trigger “ social collapse” far out of proportion to initial disruption secondary effects conflict or starvation cause great death collapse could spread and undermine combating ecosystem collapse loss of trade , poverty , wars Climate change and mono-cultures


Question: Pamlin and Armstrong 2015

Thumper – there is no definition of what an actual collapse would look like – they can label everything as a disaster -

Pamlin and Armstrong ’15 [Dennis and Stuart; February 2015; Executive Project Manager at the Global Challenges Foundation; James Martin Research Fellow at the Oxford Martin School at the University of Oxford; Global Challenges Foundation, “12 Risks that threaten human civilization,” https://www.pamlin.net/material/2017/10/10/without-us-progress-still-possible-article-in-china-daily-m9hnk]

risks threaten human civilisation There is no precise definition of a system collapse term s been used to describe a broad range of bad economic conditions parts become vulnerable when connected to a reinforcing risk that can spread and spill over in critical infrastructure a small disruption cause a non-linear effect networks are strongly coupled intensified by globalisation while governance seem inadequate a failure cascade infrastructure damage may trigger “ social collapse” far out of proportion to initial disruption secondary effects conflict or starvation cause great death collapse could spread and undermine combating ecosystem collapse loss of trade , poverty , wars Climate change and mono-cultures


Question: no precise definition of system collapse

Thumper – there is no definition of what an actual collapse would look like – they can label everything as a disaster -

Pamlin and Armstrong ’15 [Dennis and Stuart; February 2015; Executive Project Manager at the Global Challenges Foundation; James Martin Research Fellow at the Oxford Martin School at the University of Oxford; Global Challenges Foundation, “12 Risks that threaten human civilization,” https://www.pamlin.net/material/2017/10/10/without-us-progress-still-possible-article-in-china-daily-m9hnk]

risks threaten human civilisation There is no precise definition of a system collapse term s been used to describe a broad range of bad economic conditions parts become vulnerable when connected to a reinforcing risk that can spread and spill over in critical infrastructure a small disruption cause a non-linear effect networks are strongly coupled intensified by globalisation while governance seem inadequate a failure cascade infrastructure damage may trigger “ social collapse” far out of proportion to initial disruption secondary effects conflict or starvation cause great death collapse could spread and undermine combating ecosystem collapse loss of trade , poverty , wars Climate change and mono-cultures


Question: risks threaten human civilization

Thumper – there is no definition of what an actual collapse would look like – they can label everything as a disaster -

Pamlin and Armstrong ’15 [Dennis and Stuart; February 2015; Executive Project Manager at the Global Challenges Foundation; James Martin Research Fellow at the Oxford Martin School at the University of Oxford; Global Challenges Foundation, “12 Risks that threaten human civilization,” https://www.pamlin.net/material/2017/10/10/without-us-progress-still-possible-article-in-china-daily-m9hnk]

risks threaten human civilisation There is no precise definition of a system collapse term s been used to describe a broad range of bad economic conditions parts become vulnerable when connected to a reinforcing risk that can spread and spill over in critical infrastructure a small disruption cause a non-linear effect networks are strongly coupled intensified by globalisation while governance seem inadequate a failure cascade infrastructure damage may trigger “ social collapse” far out of proportion to initial disruption secondary effects conflict or starvation cause great death collapse could spread and undermine combating ecosystem collapse loss of trade , poverty , wars Climate change and mono-cultures


Question: collapse could spread and undermine

Thumper – there is no definition of what an actual collapse would look like – they can label everything as a disaster -

Pamlin and Armstrong ’15 [Dennis and Stuart; February 2015; Executive Project Manager at the Global Challenges Foundation; James Martin Research Fellow at the Oxford Martin School at the University of Oxford; Global Challenges Foundation, “12 Risks that threaten human civilization,” https://www.pamlin.net/material/2017/10/10/without-us-progress-still-possible-article-in-china-daily-m9hnk]

risks threaten human civilisation There is no precise definition of a system collapse term s been used to describe a broad range of bad economic conditions parts become vulnerable when connected to a reinforcing risk that can spread and spill over in critical infrastructure a small disruption cause a non-linear effect networks are strongly coupled intensified by globalisation while governance seem inadequate a failure cascade infrastructure damage may trigger “ social collapse” far out of proportion to initial disruption secondary effects conflict or starvation cause great death collapse could spread and undermine combating ecosystem collapse loss of trade , poverty , wars Climate change and mono-cultures


Question: failure cascade infrastructure damage

Thumper – there is no definition of what an actual collapse would look like – they can label everything as a disaster -

Pamlin and Armstrong ’15 [Dennis and Stuart; February 2015; Executive Project Manager at the Global Challenges Foundation; James Martin Research Fellow at the Oxford Martin School at the University of Oxford; Global Challenges Foundation, “12 Risks that threaten human civilization,” https://www.pamlin.net/material/2017/10/10/without-us-progress-still-possible-article-in-china-daily-m9hnk]

risks threaten human civilisation There is no precise definition of a system collapse term s been used to describe a broad range of bad economic conditions parts become vulnerable when connected to a reinforcing risk that can spread and spill over in critical infrastructure a small disruption cause a non-linear effect networks are strongly coupled intensified by globalisation while governance seem inadequate a failure cascade infrastructure damage may trigger “ social collapse” far out of proportion to initial disruption secondary effects conflict or starvation cause great death collapse could spread and undermine combating ecosystem collapse loss of trade , poverty , wars Climate change and mono-cultures


Question: system collapse broad range of conditions

Thumper – there is no definition of what an actual collapse would look like – they can label everything as a disaster -

Pamlin and Armstrong ’15 [Dennis and Stuart; February 2015; Executive Project Manager at the Global Challenges Foundation; James Martin Research Fellow at the Oxford Martin School at the University of Oxford; Global Challenges Foundation, “12 Risks that threaten human civilization,” https://www.pamlin.net/material/2017/10/10/without-us-progress-still-possible-article-in-china-daily-m9hnk]

risks threaten human civilisation There is no precise definition of a system collapse term s been used to describe a broad range of bad economic conditions parts become vulnerable when connected to a reinforcing risk that can spread and spill over in critical infrastructure a small disruption cause a non-linear effect networks are strongly coupled intensified by globalisation while governance seem inadequate a failure cascade infrastructure damage may trigger “ social collapse” far out of proportion to initial disruption secondary effects conflict or starvation cause great death collapse could spread and undermine combating ecosystem collapse loss of trade , poverty , wars Climate change and mono-cultures


Question: social collapse out of proportion

Thumper – there is no definition of what an actual collapse would look like – they can label everything as a disaster -

Pamlin and Armstrong ’15 [Dennis and Stuart; February 2015; Executive Project Manager at the Global Challenges Foundation; James Martin Research Fellow at the Oxford Martin School at the University of Oxford; Global Challenges Foundation, “12 Risks that threaten human civilization,” https://www.pamlin.net/material/2017/10/10/without-us-progress-still-possible-article-in-china-daily-m9hnk]

risks threaten human civilisation There is no precise definition of a system collapse term s been used to describe a broad range of bad economic conditions parts become vulnerable when connected to a reinforcing risk that can spread and spill over in critical infrastructure a small disruption cause a non-linear effect networks are strongly coupled intensified by globalisation while governance seem inadequate a failure cascade infrastructure damage may trigger “ social collapse” far out of proportion to initial disruption secondary effects conflict or starvation cause great death collapse could spread and undermine combating ecosystem collapse loss of trade , poverty , wars Climate change and mono-cultures


Question: MENA terror CBRN incidents

MENA-based terror is a unique vector for CBRN incidents.

Hassan Farhat et al. 24, MSc, Quality Improvement Mentor, Quality Patient Safety & Risk Management, Ambulance Service Group, Hamad Medical Corporation; Dr. Guillaume Alinier, PhD, Director, Research, Ambulance Service, Hamad Medical Corporation; Mariana Helou, MD, Clinical Assistant Professor & Clerkship Director, Emergency Room, Division Head of Emergency Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation; Ionnais Galatis, MD, Consultant, Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Medical/Hospital/Ops CBRNE Planner/Instructor, Senior Asymmetric Threats Analyst, & Research Associate, Center for Security Studies. Retired Brigadier General; Dr. Nidaa Bajow, MD, PhD, Disaster Medicine Coordinator & Disaster Medicine Training Supervisor, Disaster Medicine Unit, The Ambulance Service, Hamad Medical Corporation, "Perspectives on Preparedness for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Threats in the Middle East and North Africa Region: Application of Artificial Intelligence Techniques," Health Security, Vol. 22, No. 3, 06/17/2024 pg. 5-6.

risk of  chem bio radiological , and  nuc incidents increased studies indicated role  of  terrorist groups  in weaponising agents In MENA groups pose  significant risks and lead to  widespread emergencies it has  devastating vulnerabilities due to  cross-border risks strategically located  between  three  continents which  increases exposure to deliberate  and  accidental  CBRN incidents a  global econ power witnessed  multiple  conflicts involving  chem weapons increasing risk


Question: Hassan Farhat

MENA-based terror is a unique vector for CBRN incidents.

Hassan Farhat et al. 24, MSc, Quality Improvement Mentor, Quality Patient Safety & Risk Management, Ambulance Service Group, Hamad Medical Corporation; Dr. Guillaume Alinier, PhD, Director, Research, Ambulance Service, Hamad Medical Corporation; Mariana Helou, MD, Clinical Assistant Professor & Clerkship Director, Emergency Room, Division Head of Emergency Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation; Ionnais Galatis, MD, Consultant, Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Medical/Hospital/Ops CBRNE Planner/Instructor, Senior Asymmetric Threats Analyst, & Research Associate, Center for Security Studies. Retired Brigadier General; Dr. Nidaa Bajow, MD, PhD, Disaster Medicine Coordinator & Disaster Medicine Training Supervisor, Disaster Medicine Unit, The Ambulance Service, Hamad Medical Corporation, "Perspectives on Preparedness for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Threats in the Middle East and North Africa Region: Application of Artificial Intelligence Techniques," Health Security, Vol. 22, No. 3, 06/17/2024 pg. 5-6.

risk of  chem bio radiological , and  nuc incidents increased studies indicated role  of  terrorist groups  in weaponising agents In MENA groups pose  significant risks and lead to  widespread emergencies it has  devastating vulnerabilities due to  cross-border risks strategically located  between  three  continents which  increases exposure to deliberate  and  accidental  CBRN incidents a  global econ power witnessed  multiple  conflicts involving  chem weapons increasing risk


Question: MENA region CBRN

MENA-based terror is a unique vector for CBRN incidents.

Hassan Farhat et al. 24, MSc, Quality Improvement Mentor, Quality Patient Safety & Risk Management, Ambulance Service Group, Hamad Medical Corporation; Dr. Guillaume Alinier, PhD, Director, Research, Ambulance Service, Hamad Medical Corporation; Mariana Helou, MD, Clinical Assistant Professor & Clerkship Director, Emergency Room, Division Head of Emergency Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation; Ionnais Galatis, MD, Consultant, Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Medical/Hospital/Ops CBRNE Planner/Instructor, Senior Asymmetric Threats Analyst, & Research Associate, Center for Security Studies. Retired Brigadier General; Dr. Nidaa Bajow, MD, PhD, Disaster Medicine Coordinator & Disaster Medicine Training Supervisor, Disaster Medicine Unit, The Ambulance Service, Hamad Medical Corporation, "Perspectives on Preparedness for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Threats in the Middle East and North Africa Region: Application of Artificial Intelligence Techniques," Health Security, Vol. 22, No. 3, 06/17/2024 pg. 5-6.

risk of  chem bio radiological , and  nuc incidents increased studies indicated role  of  terrorist groups  in weaponising agents In MENA groups pose  significant risks and lead to  widespread emergencies it has  devastating vulnerabilities due to  cross-border risks strategically located  between  three  continents which  increases exposure to deliberate  and  accidental  CBRN incidents a  global econ power witnessed  multiple  conflicts involving  chem weapons increasing risk


Question: terrorist groups weaponising agents

MENA-based terror is a unique vector for CBRN incidents.

Hassan Farhat et al. 24, MSc, Quality Improvement Mentor, Quality Patient Safety & Risk Management, Ambulance Service Group, Hamad Medical Corporation; Dr. Guillaume Alinier, PhD, Director, Research, Ambulance Service, Hamad Medical Corporation; Mariana Helou, MD, Clinical Assistant Professor & Clerkship Director, Emergency Room, Division Head of Emergency Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation; Ionnais Galatis, MD, Consultant, Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Medical/Hospital/Ops CBRNE Planner/Instructor, Senior Asymmetric Threats Analyst, & Research Associate, Center for Security Studies. Retired Brigadier General; Dr. Nidaa Bajow, MD, PhD, Disaster Medicine Coordinator & Disaster Medicine Training Supervisor, Disaster Medicine Unit, The Ambulance Service, Hamad Medical Corporation, "Perspectives on Preparedness for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Threats in the Middle East and North Africa Region: Application of Artificial Intelligence Techniques," Health Security, Vol. 22, No. 3, 06/17/2024 pg. 5-6.

risk of  chem bio radiological , and  nuc incidents increased studies indicated role  of  terrorist groups  in weaponising agents In MENA groups pose  significant risks and lead to  widespread emergencies it has  devastating vulnerabilities due to  cross-border risks strategically located  between  three  continents which  increases exposure to deliberate  and  accidental  CBRN incidents a  global econ power witnessed  multiple  conflicts involving  chem weapons increasing risk


Question: CBRN threats in Middle East

MENA-based terror is a unique vector for CBRN incidents.

Hassan Farhat et al. 24, MSc, Quality Improvement Mentor, Quality Patient Safety & Risk Management, Ambulance Service Group, Hamad Medical Corporation; Dr. Guillaume Alinier, PhD, Director, Research, Ambulance Service, Hamad Medical Corporation; Mariana Helou, MD, Clinical Assistant Professor & Clerkship Director, Emergency Room, Division Head of Emergency Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation; Ionnais Galatis, MD, Consultant, Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Medical/Hospital/Ops CBRNE Planner/Instructor, Senior Asymmetric Threats Analyst, & Research Associate, Center for Security Studies. Retired Brigadier General; Dr. Nidaa Bajow, MD, PhD, Disaster Medicine Coordinator & Disaster Medicine Training Supervisor, Disaster Medicine Unit, The Ambulance Service, Hamad Medical Corporation, "Perspectives on Preparedness for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Threats in the Middle East and North Africa Region: Application of Artificial Intelligence Techniques," Health Security, Vol. 22, No. 3, 06/17/2024 pg. 5-6.

risk of  chem bio radiological , and  nuc incidents increased studies indicated role  of  terrorist groups  in weaponising agents In MENA groups pose  significant risks and lead to  widespread emergencies it has  devastating vulnerabilities due to  cross-border risks strategically located  between  three  continents which  increases exposure to deliberate  and  accidental  CBRN incidents a  global econ power witnessed  multiple  conflicts involving  chem weapons increasing risk