Question: No war from decline

No war from decline.

Walt ’20 [Stephen; May 13; Professor of International Relations at Harvard University; " Will a Global Depression Trigger Another World War?" https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/05/13/coronavirus-pandemic-depression-economy-world-war/]

I do not think econ impact war if depressions cause war, the re would be more U S suffered 40 yet 20 wars , most unrelated to econ No matter condition leaders will not go to war unless quickly , cheaply , and with success motivation for is security, not gain depression are one factor and rarely significant


Question: Walt 2020

No war from decline.

Walt ’20 [Stephen; May 13; Professor of International Relations at Harvard University; " Will a Global Depression Trigger Another World War?" https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/05/13/coronavirus-pandemic-depression-economy-world-war/]

I do not think econ impact war if depressions cause war, the re would be more U S suffered 40 yet 20 wars , most unrelated to econ No matter condition leaders will not go to war unless quickly , cheaply , and with success motivation for is security, not gain depression are one factor and rarely significant


Question: Stephen Walt

No war from decline.

Walt ’20 [Stephen; May 13; Professor of International Relations at Harvard University; " Will a Global Depression Trigger Another World War?" https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/05/13/coronavirus-pandemic-depression-economy-world-war/]

I do not think econ impact war if depressions cause war, the re would be more U S suffered 40 yet 20 wars , most unrelated to econ No matter condition leaders will not go to war unless quickly , cheaply , and with success motivation for is security, not gain depression are one factor and rarely significant


Question: econ impact war

No war from decline.

Walt ’20 [Stephen; May 13; Professor of International Relations at Harvard University; " Will a Global Depression Trigger Another World War?" https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/05/13/coronavirus-pandemic-depression-economy-world-war/]

I do not think econ impact war if depressions cause war, the re would be more U S suffered 40 yet 20 wars , most unrelated to econ No matter condition leaders will not go to war unless quickly , cheaply , and with success motivation for is security, not gain depression are one factor and rarely significant


Question: Depressions don't cause wars

No war from decline.

Walt ’20 [Stephen; May 13; Professor of International Relations at Harvard University; " Will a Global Depression Trigger Another World War?" https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/05/13/coronavirus-pandemic-depression-economy-world-war/]

I do not think econ impact war if depressions cause war, the re would be more U S suffered 40 yet 20 wars , most unrelated to econ No matter condition leaders will not go to war unless quickly , cheaply , and with success motivation for is security, not gain depression are one factor and rarely significant


Question: motivations for war security

No war from decline.

Walt ’20 [Stephen; May 13; Professor of International Relations at Harvard University; " Will a Global Depression Trigger Another World War?" https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/05/13/coronavirus-pandemic-depression-economy-world-war/]

I do not think econ impact war if depressions cause war, the re would be more U S suffered 40 yet 20 wars , most unrelated to econ No matter condition leaders will not go to war unless quickly , cheaply , and with success motivation for is security, not gain depression are one factor and rarely significant


Question: Distributed energy resources VERs

Distributed energy resources (DERs) like EVs and rooftop solar are here, but they’re currently unable to aggregate into virtual power plants (or virtual energy resources (VERs)). That blocks their participation in wholesale electricity markets.

Eisen 24 – Professor of Law and Austin Owen Research Fellow at The University of Richmond School of Law.
Joel B. Eisen, Felix Mormann, and Heather Payne, “Virtual Energy”, University of Illinois Law Review (Forthcoming), Last Revised February 9, 2024, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4386321

failings of the U.S. electric system can all be traced back to an outdated regulatory framework and nineteenth-century business models that prevent virtual energy resource aggregations incentive s have promoted massive deployment of rooftop solar e v s and battery s prolif of DERs marks an evolutionary stage to virtual energy DERs are the caterpillar to virtual energy’s butterfly To unleash the full potential DERs must pass through the chrysalis of aggregation to become VERs VERs include community solar or grid-level storage that pool output and by virtue of aggregation substitute for power plants substitution-through-aggregation is the defining attribute of “virtual energy” A virtual power plant could provide services at large scale through connections with wholesale markets operated by RTOs the combined resource uses shared high voltage transmission to reach the market any VER is virtual the aggregated resource is visible and easier to integrate only aggregation and transformation to VERs unlocks full potential both the tech to aggregate and mechanisms to accommodate market participation are well established Today there are more distributed energy than ever the I R A will accelerate deployment further Once interconnected and aggregated VERs increase resilience and efficiency prolif of VERs through deployment of new and aggregation of existing resources would give ability to provide generation capacity output and ancillary services Solar wind batteries are all quickly moving down the cost curve


Question: Eisen 24

Distributed energy resources (DERs) like EVs and rooftop solar are here, but they’re currently unable to aggregate into virtual power plants (or virtual energy resources (VERs)). That blocks their participation in wholesale electricity markets.

Eisen 24 – Professor of Law and Austin Owen Research Fellow at The University of Richmond School of Law.
Joel B. Eisen, Felix Mormann, and Heather Payne, “Virtual Energy”, University of Illinois Law Review (Forthcoming), Last Revised February 9, 2024, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4386321

failings of the U.S. electric system can all be traced back to an outdated regulatory framework and nineteenth-century business models that prevent virtual energy resource aggregations incentive s have promoted massive deployment of rooftop solar e v s and battery s prolif of DERs marks an evolutionary stage to virtual energy DERs are the caterpillar to virtual energy’s butterfly To unleash the full potential DERs must pass through the chrysalis of aggregation to become VERs VERs include community solar or grid-level storage that pool output and by virtue of aggregation substitute for power plants substitution-through-aggregation is the defining attribute of “virtual energy” A virtual power plant could provide services at large scale through connections with wholesale markets operated by RTOs the combined resource uses shared high voltage transmission to reach the market any VER is virtual the aggregated resource is visible and easier to integrate only aggregation and transformation to VERs unlocks full potential both the tech to aggregate and mechanisms to accommodate market participation are well established Today there are more distributed energy than ever the I R A will accelerate deployment further Once interconnected and aggregated VERs increase resilience and efficiency prolif of VERs through deployment of new and aggregation of existing resources would give ability to provide generation capacity output and ancillary services Solar wind batteries are all quickly moving down the cost curve


Question: virtual energy resources

Distributed energy resources (DERs) like EVs and rooftop solar are here, but they’re currently unable to aggregate into virtual power plants (or virtual energy resources (VERs)). That blocks their participation in wholesale electricity markets.

Eisen 24 – Professor of Law and Austin Owen Research Fellow at The University of Richmond School of Law.
Joel B. Eisen, Felix Mormann, and Heather Payne, “Virtual Energy”, University of Illinois Law Review (Forthcoming), Last Revised February 9, 2024, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4386321

failings of the U.S. electric system can all be traced back to an outdated regulatory framework and nineteenth-century business models that prevent virtual energy resource aggregations incentive s have promoted massive deployment of rooftop solar e v s and battery s prolif of DERs marks an evolutionary stage to virtual energy DERs are the caterpillar to virtual energy’s butterfly To unleash the full potential DERs must pass through the chrysalis of aggregation to become VERs VERs include community solar or grid-level storage that pool output and by virtue of aggregation substitute for power plants substitution-through-aggregation is the defining attribute of “virtual energy” A virtual power plant could provide services at large scale through connections with wholesale markets operated by RTOs the combined resource uses shared high voltage transmission to reach the market any VER is virtual the aggregated resource is visible and easier to integrate only aggregation and transformation to VERs unlocks full potential both the tech to aggregate and mechanisms to accommodate market participation are well established Today there are more distributed energy than ever the I R A will accelerate deployment further Once interconnected and aggregated VERs increase resilience and efficiency prolif of VERs through deployment of new and aggregation of existing resources would give ability to provide generation capacity output and ancillary services Solar wind batteries are all quickly moving down the cost curve


Question: DERs aggregate into virtual power plants

Distributed energy resources (DERs) like EVs and rooftop solar are here, but they’re currently unable to aggregate into virtual power plants (or virtual energy resources (VERs)). That blocks their participation in wholesale electricity markets.

Eisen 24 – Professor of Law and Austin Owen Research Fellow at The University of Richmond School of Law.
Joel B. Eisen, Felix Mormann, and Heather Payne, “Virtual Energy”, University of Illinois Law Review (Forthcoming), Last Revised February 9, 2024, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4386321

failings of the U.S. electric system can all be traced back to an outdated regulatory framework and nineteenth-century business models that prevent virtual energy resource aggregations incentive s have promoted massive deployment of rooftop solar e v s and battery s prolif of DERs marks an evolutionary stage to virtual energy DERs are the caterpillar to virtual energy’s butterfly To unleash the full potential DERs must pass through the chrysalis of aggregation to become VERs VERs include community solar or grid-level storage that pool output and by virtue of aggregation substitute for power plants substitution-through-aggregation is the defining attribute of “virtual energy” A virtual power plant could provide services at large scale through connections with wholesale markets operated by RTOs the combined resource uses shared high voltage transmission to reach the market any VER is virtual the aggregated resource is visible and easier to integrate only aggregation and transformation to VERs unlocks full potential both the tech to aggregate and mechanisms to accommodate market participation are well established Today there are more distributed energy than ever the I R A will accelerate deployment further Once interconnected and aggregated VERs increase resilience and efficiency prolif of VERs through deployment of new and aggregation of existing resources would give ability to provide generation capacity output and ancillary services Solar wind batteries are all quickly moving down the cost curve


Question: virtual energy resource aggregations

Distributed energy resources (DERs) like EVs and rooftop solar are here, but they’re currently unable to aggregate into virtual power plants (or virtual energy resources (VERs)). That blocks their participation in wholesale electricity markets.

Eisen 24 – Professor of Law and Austin Owen Research Fellow at The University of Richmond School of Law.
Joel B. Eisen, Felix Mormann, and Heather Payne, “Virtual Energy”, University of Illinois Law Review (Forthcoming), Last Revised February 9, 2024, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4386321

failings of the U.S. electric system can all be traced back to an outdated regulatory framework and nineteenth-century business models that prevent virtual energy resource aggregations incentive s have promoted massive deployment of rooftop solar e v s and battery s prolif of DERs marks an evolutionary stage to virtual energy DERs are the caterpillar to virtual energy’s butterfly To unleash the full potential DERs must pass through the chrysalis of aggregation to become VERs VERs include community solar or grid-level storage that pool output and by virtue of aggregation substitute for power plants substitution-through-aggregation is the defining attribute of “virtual energy” A virtual power plant could provide services at large scale through connections with wholesale markets operated by RTOs the combined resource uses shared high voltage transmission to reach the market any VER is virtual the aggregated resource is visible and easier to integrate only aggregation and transformation to VERs unlocks full potential both the tech to aggregate and mechanisms to accommodate market participation are well established Today there are more distributed energy than ever the I R A will accelerate deployment further Once interconnected and aggregated VERs increase resilience and efficiency prolif of VERs through deployment of new and aggregation of existing resources would give ability to provide generation capacity output and ancillary services Solar wind batteries are all quickly moving down the cost curve


Question: rooftop solar electricity markets

Distributed energy resources (DERs) like EVs and rooftop solar are here, but they’re currently unable to aggregate into virtual power plants (or virtual energy resources (VERs)). That blocks their participation in wholesale electricity markets.

Eisen 24 – Professor of Law and Austin Owen Research Fellow at The University of Richmond School of Law.
Joel B. Eisen, Felix Mormann, and Heather Payne, “Virtual Energy”, University of Illinois Law Review (Forthcoming), Last Revised February 9, 2024, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4386321

failings of the U.S. electric system can all be traced back to an outdated regulatory framework and nineteenth-century business models that prevent virtual energy resource aggregations incentive s have promoted massive deployment of rooftop solar e v s and battery s prolif of DERs marks an evolutionary stage to virtual energy DERs are the caterpillar to virtual energy’s butterfly To unleash the full potential DERs must pass through the chrysalis of aggregation to become VERs VERs include community solar or grid-level storage that pool output and by virtue of aggregation substitute for power plants substitution-through-aggregation is the defining attribute of “virtual energy” A virtual power plant could provide services at large scale through connections with wholesale markets operated by RTOs the combined resource uses shared high voltage transmission to reach the market any VER is virtual the aggregated resource is visible and easier to integrate only aggregation and transformation to VERs unlocks full potential both the tech to aggregate and mechanisms to accommodate market participation are well established Today there are more distributed energy than ever the I R A will accelerate deployment further Once interconnected and aggregated VERs increase resilience and efficiency prolif of VERs through deployment of new and aggregation of existing resources would give ability to provide generation capacity output and ancillary services Solar wind batteries are all quickly moving down the cost curve


Question: VERs increase resilience and efficiency

Distributed energy resources (DERs) like EVs and rooftop solar are here, but they’re currently unable to aggregate into virtual power plants (or virtual energy resources (VERs)). That blocks their participation in wholesale electricity markets.

Eisen 24 – Professor of Law and Austin Owen Research Fellow at The University of Richmond School of Law.
Joel B. Eisen, Felix Mormann, and Heather Payne, “Virtual Energy”, University of Illinois Law Review (Forthcoming), Last Revised February 9, 2024, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4386321

failings of the U.S. electric system can all be traced back to an outdated regulatory framework and nineteenth-century business models that prevent virtual energy resource aggregations incentive s have promoted massive deployment of rooftop solar e v s and battery s prolif of DERs marks an evolutionary stage to virtual energy DERs are the caterpillar to virtual energy’s butterfly To unleash the full potential DERs must pass through the chrysalis of aggregation to become VERs VERs include community solar or grid-level storage that pool output and by virtue of aggregation substitute for power plants substitution-through-aggregation is the defining attribute of “virtual energy” A virtual power plant could provide services at large scale through connections with wholesale markets operated by RTOs the combined resource uses shared high voltage transmission to reach the market any VER is virtual the aggregated resource is visible and easier to integrate only aggregation and transformation to VERs unlocks full potential both the tech to aggregate and mechanisms to accommodate market participation are well established Today there are more distributed energy than ever the I R A will accelerate deployment further Once interconnected and aggregated VERs increase resilience and efficiency prolif of VERs through deployment of new and aggregation of existing resources would give ability to provide generation capacity output and ancillary services Solar wind batteries are all quickly moving down the cost curve


Question: AFF aligns risk across market

AFF aligns risk across the market causes cascasing failures worse than case

Katz 23, Analyst for the Manhattan Institute and senior advisor at the United States Department of the Treasury (Dan Katz, November 16, 2023, “Financial Regulators: Seers Who Cannot See,” City Journal, https://www.city-journal.org/article/financial-regulators-seers-who-cannot-see)

The assumption behind climate regulation is technocrats can anticipate risks This is farcical regulation is governed by assumptions about asset classes’ riskiness that will prove incorrect technocrats standards for risk miss basic truth prescriptiveness of regulation tends to intensify instability . Systems with diversity show resilience in crisis regulators worsen systemic vulnerability . When a shock comes banks will share vulnerability unleashing a cascade


Question: Katz 23

AFF aligns risk across the market causes cascasing failures worse than case

Katz 23, Analyst for the Manhattan Institute and senior advisor at the United States Department of the Treasury (Dan Katz, November 16, 2023, “Financial Regulators: Seers Who Cannot See,” City Journal, https://www.city-journal.org/article/financial-regulators-seers-who-cannot-see)

The assumption behind climate regulation is technocrats can anticipate risks This is farcical regulation is governed by assumptions about asset classes’ riskiness that will prove incorrect technocrats standards for risk miss basic truth prescriptiveness of regulation tends to intensify instability . Systems with diversity show resilience in crisis regulators worsen systemic vulnerability . When a shock comes banks will share vulnerability unleashing a cascade


Question: Dan Katz Treasury

AFF aligns risk across the market causes cascasing failures worse than case

Katz 23, Analyst for the Manhattan Institute and senior advisor at the United States Department of the Treasury (Dan Katz, November 16, 2023, “Financial Regulators: Seers Who Cannot See,” City Journal, https://www.city-journal.org/article/financial-regulators-seers-who-cannot-see)

The assumption behind climate regulation is technocrats can anticipate risks This is farcical regulation is governed by assumptions about asset classes’ riskiness that will prove incorrect technocrats standards for risk miss basic truth prescriptiveness of regulation tends to intensify instability . Systems with diversity show resilience in crisis regulators worsen systemic vulnerability . When a shock comes banks will share vulnerability unleashing a cascade


Question: climate regulation technocrats

AFF aligns risk across the market causes cascasing failures worse than case

Katz 23, Analyst for the Manhattan Institute and senior advisor at the United States Department of the Treasury (Dan Katz, November 16, 2023, “Financial Regulators: Seers Who Cannot See,” City Journal, https://www.city-journal.org/article/financial-regulators-seers-who-cannot-see)

The assumption behind climate regulation is technocrats can anticipate risks This is farcical regulation is governed by assumptions about asset classes’ riskiness that will prove incorrect technocrats standards for risk miss basic truth prescriptiveness of regulation tends to intensify instability . Systems with diversity show resilience in crisis regulators worsen systemic vulnerability . When a shock comes banks will share vulnerability unleashing a cascade


Question: cascading failures worse

AFF aligns risk across the market causes cascasing failures worse than case

Katz 23, Analyst for the Manhattan Institute and senior advisor at the United States Department of the Treasury (Dan Katz, November 16, 2023, “Financial Regulators: Seers Who Cannot See,” City Journal, https://www.city-journal.org/article/financial-regulators-seers-who-cannot-see)

The assumption behind climate regulation is technocrats can anticipate risks This is farcical regulation is governed by assumptions about asset classes’ riskiness that will prove incorrect technocrats standards for risk miss basic truth prescriptiveness of regulation tends to intensify instability . Systems with diversity show resilience in crisis regulators worsen systemic vulnerability . When a shock comes banks will share vulnerability unleashing a cascade


Question: Financial regulators seers

AFF aligns risk across the market causes cascasing failures worse than case

Katz 23, Analyst for the Manhattan Institute and senior advisor at the United States Department of the Treasury (Dan Katz, November 16, 2023, “Financial Regulators: Seers Who Cannot See,” City Journal, https://www.city-journal.org/article/financial-regulators-seers-who-cannot-see)

The assumption behind climate regulation is technocrats can anticipate risks This is farcical regulation is governed by assumptions about asset classes’ riskiness that will prove incorrect technocrats standards for risk miss basic truth prescriptiveness of regulation tends to intensify instability . Systems with diversity show resilience in crisis regulators worsen systemic vulnerability . When a shock comes banks will share vulnerability unleashing a cascade


Question: diversity shows resilience in crisis

AFF aligns risk across the market causes cascasing failures worse than case

Katz 23, Analyst for the Manhattan Institute and senior advisor at the United States Department of the Treasury (Dan Katz, November 16, 2023, “Financial Regulators: Seers Who Cannot See,” City Journal, https://www.city-journal.org/article/financial-regulators-seers-who-cannot-see)

The assumption behind climate regulation is technocrats can anticipate risks This is farcical regulation is governed by assumptions about asset classes’ riskiness that will prove incorrect technocrats standards for risk miss basic truth prescriptiveness of regulation tends to intensify instability . Systems with diversity show resilience in crisis regulators worsen systemic vulnerability . When a shock comes banks will share vulnerability unleashing a cascade


Question: intensify instability

AFF aligns risk across the market causes cascasing failures worse than case

Katz 23, Analyst for the Manhattan Institute and senior advisor at the United States Department of the Treasury (Dan Katz, November 16, 2023, “Financial Regulators: Seers Who Cannot See,” City Journal, https://www.city-journal.org/article/financial-regulators-seers-who-cannot-see)

The assumption behind climate regulation is technocrats can anticipate risks This is farcical regulation is governed by assumptions about asset classes’ riskiness that will prove incorrect technocrats standards for risk miss basic truth prescriptiveness of regulation tends to intensify instability . Systems with diversity show resilience in crisis regulators worsen systemic vulnerability . When a shock comes banks will share vulnerability unleashing a cascade


Question: Structural violence causes extinction

Structural violence spills up and causes extinction

Szentes 8

“invisible wars” manifested in oppression , racial and Other discrimination and degradation of environment generate social as well as international tensions paving the way for “visible” wars the  prerequisites of lasting peace involve not only demilitarisation , but a systematic and gradual elimination of the roots of violence the structural bases of oppression peace cannot exist if reduced to a period only after or before war no ecological balance can be ensured , unless inequalities are reduced . we live in permanent crisis selfish behaviour paves the way for the final catastrophe human society cannot survive unless intra-society and international inequalities are eliminated


Question: Szentes 8

Structural violence spills up and causes extinction

Szentes 8

“invisible wars” manifested in oppression , racial and Other discrimination and degradation of environment generate social as well as international tensions paving the way for “visible” wars the  prerequisites of lasting peace involve not only demilitarisation , but a systematic and gradual elimination of the roots of violence the structural bases of oppression peace cannot exist if reduced to a period only after or before war no ecological balance can be ensured , unless inequalities are reduced . we live in permanent crisis selfish behaviour paves the way for the final catastrophe human society cannot survive unless intra-society and international inequalities are eliminated


Question: invisible wars

Structural violence spills up and causes extinction

Szentes 8

“invisible wars” manifested in oppression , racial and Other discrimination and degradation of environment generate social as well as international tensions paving the way for “visible” wars the  prerequisites of lasting peace involve not only demilitarisation , but a systematic and gradual elimination of the roots of violence the structural bases of oppression peace cannot exist if reduced to a period only after or before war no ecological balance can be ensured , unless inequalities are reduced . we live in permanent crisis selfish behaviour paves the way for the final catastrophe human society cannot survive unless intra-society and international inequalities are eliminated


Question: oppression causes visible wars

Structural violence spills up and causes extinction

Szentes 8

“invisible wars” manifested in oppression , racial and Other discrimination and degradation of environment generate social as well as international tensions paving the way for “visible” wars the  prerequisites of lasting peace involve not only demilitarisation , but a systematic and gradual elimination of the roots of violence the structural bases of oppression peace cannot exist if reduced to a period only after or before war no ecological balance can be ensured , unless inequalities are reduced . we live in permanent crisis selfish behaviour paves the way for the final catastrophe human society cannot survive unless intra-society and international inequalities are eliminated


Question: structural violence extinction

Structural violence spills up and causes extinction

Szentes 8

“invisible wars” manifested in oppression , racial and Other discrimination and degradation of environment generate social as well as international tensions paving the way for “visible” wars the  prerequisites of lasting peace involve not only demilitarisation , but a systematic and gradual elimination of the roots of violence the structural bases of oppression peace cannot exist if reduced to a period only after or before war no ecological balance can be ensured , unless inequalities are reduced . we live in permanent crisis selfish behaviour paves the way for the final catastrophe human society cannot survive unless intra-society and international inequalities are eliminated


Question: inequality causes extinction

Structural violence spills up and causes extinction

Szentes 8

“invisible wars” manifested in oppression , racial and Other discrimination and degradation of environment generate social as well as international tensions paving the way for “visible” wars the  prerequisites of lasting peace involve not only demilitarisation , but a systematic and gradual elimination of the roots of violence the structural bases of oppression peace cannot exist if reduced to a period only after or before war no ecological balance can be ensured , unless inequalities are reduced . we live in permanent crisis selfish behaviour paves the way for the final catastrophe human society cannot survive unless intra-society and international inequalities are eliminated


Question: eliminate roots of violence

Structural violence spills up and causes extinction

Szentes 8

“invisible wars” manifested in oppression , racial and Other discrimination and degradation of environment generate social as well as international tensions paving the way for “visible” wars the  prerequisites of lasting peace involve not only demilitarisation , but a systematic and gradual elimination of the roots of violence the structural bases of oppression peace cannot exist if reduced to a period only after or before war no ecological balance can be ensured , unless inequalities are reduced . we live in permanent crisis selfish behaviour paves the way for the final catastrophe human society cannot survive unless intra-society and international inequalities are eliminated


Question: Mineral shortages doom green agenda

Mineral shortages doom the green agenda

AFP  ’24 [staff, “International Energy Agency Warns of Key Energy Mineral Shortage Risk,” AGENCE FRANCE PRESSE, 5—17—24, https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/international-energy-agency-warns-of-key-energy-mineral-shortage-risk/110200125, accessed 8-19-24]

drop in prices masking looming shortage will deter investment needed to meet demand set to soar found only limited progress in diversifying supplies key issue given snarling supply chains and tensions creating risk to access


Question: AFP 24

Mineral shortages doom the green agenda

AFP  ’24 [staff, “International Energy Agency Warns of Key Energy Mineral Shortage Risk,” AGENCE FRANCE PRESSE, 5—17—24, https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/international-energy-agency-warns-of-key-energy-mineral-shortage-risk/110200125, accessed 8-19-24]

drop in prices masking looming shortage will deter investment needed to meet demand set to soar found only limited progress in diversifying supplies key issue given snarling supply chains and tensions creating risk to access


Question: mineral shortage IEA

Mineral shortages doom the green agenda

AFP  ’24 [staff, “International Energy Agency Warns of Key Energy Mineral Shortage Risk,” AGENCE FRANCE PRESSE, 5—17—24, https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/international-energy-agency-warns-of-key-energy-mineral-shortage-risk/110200125, accessed 8-19-24]

drop in prices masking looming shortage will deter investment needed to meet demand set to soar found only limited progress in diversifying supplies key issue given snarling supply chains and tensions creating risk to access


Question: green tech mineral shortage

Mineral shortages doom the green agenda

AFP  ’24 [staff, “International Energy Agency Warns of Key Energy Mineral Shortage Risk,” AGENCE FRANCE PRESSE, 5—17—24, https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/international-energy-agency-warns-of-key-energy-mineral-shortage-risk/110200125, accessed 8-19-24]

drop in prices masking looming shortage will deter investment needed to meet demand set to soar found only limited progress in diversifying supplies key issue given snarling supply chains and tensions creating risk to access


Question: drop in prices masking shortage

Mineral shortages doom the green agenda

AFP  ’24 [staff, “International Energy Agency Warns of Key Energy Mineral Shortage Risk,” AGENCE FRANCE PRESSE, 5—17—24, https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/international-energy-agency-warns-of-key-energy-mineral-shortage-risk/110200125, accessed 8-19-24]

drop in prices masking looming shortage will deter investment needed to meet demand set to soar found only limited progress in diversifying supplies key issue given snarling supply chains and tensions creating risk to access


Question: diversifying supplies limited progress

Mineral shortages doom the green agenda

AFP  ’24 [staff, “International Energy Agency Warns of Key Energy Mineral Shortage Risk,” AGENCE FRANCE PRESSE, 5—17—24, https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/international-energy-agency-warns-of-key-energy-mineral-shortage-risk/110200125, accessed 8-19-24]

drop in prices masking looming shortage will deter investment needed to meet demand set to soar found only limited progress in diversifying supplies key issue given snarling supply chains and tensions creating risk to access


Question: snarling supply chains risk

Mineral shortages doom the green agenda

AFP  ’24 [staff, “International Energy Agency Warns of Key Energy Mineral Shortage Risk,” AGENCE FRANCE PRESSE, 5—17—24, https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/international-energy-agency-warns-of-key-energy-mineral-shortage-risk/110200125, accessed 8-19-24]

drop in prices masking looming shortage will deter investment needed to meet demand set to soar found only limited progress in diversifying supplies key issue given snarling supply chains and tensions creating risk to access


Question: IRS overstretched by plan

The plan overstretches the IRS

Kreutzer 21 [Tax Notes contributing editor Marie Sapirie interviews David Kreutzer, an economist at the Institute for Energy Research, https://www.forbes.com/sites/taxnotes/2021/08/13/the-case-against-a-carbon-tax/?sh=12fb16ae18ba]

c t s introduce complexity and admin burdens oil refiners producers the mine All that introduces admin complexity Any tax has admin costs Economists ignore actually getting them implemented adjustment would be very, very difficult to set up if you're bringing in a car how much tax did they have


Question: Kreutzer 21

The plan overstretches the IRS

Kreutzer 21 [Tax Notes contributing editor Marie Sapirie interviews David Kreutzer, an economist at the Institute for Energy Research, https://www.forbes.com/sites/taxnotes/2021/08/13/the-case-against-a-carbon-tax/?sh=12fb16ae18ba]

c t s introduce complexity and admin burdens oil refiners producers the mine All that introduces admin complexity Any tax has admin costs Economists ignore actually getting them implemented adjustment would be very, very difficult to set up if you're bringing in a car how much tax did they have


Question: Marie Sapirie

The plan overstretches the IRS

Kreutzer 21 [Tax Notes contributing editor Marie Sapirie interviews David Kreutzer, an economist at the Institute for Energy Research, https://www.forbes.com/sites/taxnotes/2021/08/13/the-case-against-a-carbon-tax/?sh=12fb16ae18ba]

c t s introduce complexity and admin burdens oil refiners producers the mine All that introduces admin complexity Any tax has admin costs Economists ignore actually getting them implemented adjustment would be very, very difficult to set up if you're bringing in a car how much tax did they have


Question: Carbon tax complexity

The plan overstretches the IRS

Kreutzer 21 [Tax Notes contributing editor Marie Sapirie interviews David Kreutzer, an economist at the Institute for Energy Research, https://www.forbes.com/sites/taxnotes/2021/08/13/the-case-against-a-carbon-tax/?sh=12fb16ae18ba]

c t s introduce complexity and admin burdens oil refiners producers the mine All that introduces admin complexity Any tax has admin costs Economists ignore actually getting them implemented adjustment would be very, very difficult to set up if you're bringing in a car how much tax did they have


Question: Administrative burden

The plan overstretches the IRS

Kreutzer 21 [Tax Notes contributing editor Marie Sapirie interviews David Kreutzer, an economist at the Institute for Energy Research, https://www.forbes.com/sites/taxnotes/2021/08/13/the-case-against-a-carbon-tax/?sh=12fb16ae18ba]

c t s introduce complexity and admin burdens oil refiners producers the mine All that introduces admin complexity Any tax has admin costs Economists ignore actually getting them implemented adjustment would be very, very difficult to set up if you're bringing in a car how much tax did they have


Question: tax implementation

The plan overstretches the IRS

Kreutzer 21 [Tax Notes contributing editor Marie Sapirie interviews David Kreutzer, an economist at the Institute for Energy Research, https://www.forbes.com/sites/taxnotes/2021/08/13/the-case-against-a-carbon-tax/?sh=12fb16ae18ba]

c t s introduce complexity and admin burdens oil refiners producers the mine All that introduces admin complexity Any tax has admin costs Economists ignore actually getting them implemented adjustment would be very, very difficult to set up if you're bringing in a car how much tax did they have


Question: admin costs

The plan overstretches the IRS

Kreutzer 21 [Tax Notes contributing editor Marie Sapirie interviews David Kreutzer, an economist at the Institute for Energy Research, https://www.forbes.com/sites/taxnotes/2021/08/13/the-case-against-a-carbon-tax/?sh=12fb16ae18ba]

c t s introduce complexity and admin burdens oil refiners producers the mine All that introduces admin complexity Any tax has admin costs Economists ignore actually getting them implemented adjustment would be very, very difficult to set up if you're bringing in a car how much tax did they have


Question: Calculation problems confound effectiveness

Calculation problems confound effectiveness

Beaumont-Smith  ’24 [Gabriella Beaumont-Smith, Policy Analyst, Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, Cato Institute, “Are Carbon Border Adjustments a Dream Climate Policy or Protectionist Nightmare?” POLICY ANALYSIS n. 978, Cato Institute, 7—30—24, p. 5]

measuring emissions is not straightforward no standard method multitude of standards different scopes not readily observable must expend significant resources major implications for efficacy , small businesses at a disadvantage EU have already been vocal about the complexity


Question: Beaumont-Smith Cato Institute

Calculation problems confound effectiveness

Beaumont-Smith  ’24 [Gabriella Beaumont-Smith, Policy Analyst, Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, Cato Institute, “Are Carbon Border Adjustments a Dream Climate Policy or Protectionist Nightmare?” POLICY ANALYSIS n. 978, Cato Institute, 7—30—24, p. 5]

measuring emissions is not straightforward no standard method multitude of standards different scopes not readily observable must expend significant resources major implications for efficacy , small businesses at a disadvantage EU have already been vocal about the complexity


Question: Gabriella Beaumont-Smith

Calculation problems confound effectiveness

Beaumont-Smith  ’24 [Gabriella Beaumont-Smith, Policy Analyst, Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, Cato Institute, “Are Carbon Border Adjustments a Dream Climate Policy or Protectionist Nightmare?” POLICY ANALYSIS n. 978, Cato Institute, 7—30—24, p. 5]

measuring emissions is not straightforward no standard method multitude of standards different scopes not readily observable must expend significant resources major implications for efficacy , small businesses at a disadvantage EU have already been vocal about the complexity


Question: measuring emissions not straightforward

Calculation problems confound effectiveness

Beaumont-Smith  ’24 [Gabriella Beaumont-Smith, Policy Analyst, Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, Cato Institute, “Are Carbon Border Adjustments a Dream Climate Policy or Protectionist Nightmare?” POLICY ANALYSIS n. 978, Cato Institute, 7—30—24, p. 5]

measuring emissions is not straightforward no standard method multitude of standards different scopes not readily observable must expend significant resources major implications for efficacy , small businesses at a disadvantage EU have already been vocal about the complexity


Question: carbon border adjustments nightmare

Calculation problems confound effectiveness

Beaumont-Smith  ’24 [Gabriella Beaumont-Smith, Policy Analyst, Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, Cato Institute, “Are Carbon Border Adjustments a Dream Climate Policy or Protectionist Nightmare?” POLICY ANALYSIS n. 978, Cato Institute, 7—30—24, p. 5]

measuring emissions is not straightforward no standard method multitude of standards different scopes not readily observable must expend significant resources major implications for efficacy , small businesses at a disadvantage EU have already been vocal about the complexity


Question: no standard method emissions

Calculation problems confound effectiveness

Beaumont-Smith  ’24 [Gabriella Beaumont-Smith, Policy Analyst, Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, Cato Institute, “Are Carbon Border Adjustments a Dream Climate Policy or Protectionist Nightmare?” POLICY ANALYSIS n. 978, Cato Institute, 7—30—24, p. 5]

measuring emissions is not straightforward no standard method multitude of standards different scopes not readily observable must expend significant resources major implications for efficacy , small businesses at a disadvantage EU have already been vocal about the complexity


Question: small businesses disadvantage CBAs

Calculation problems confound effectiveness

Beaumont-Smith  ’24 [Gabriella Beaumont-Smith, Policy Analyst, Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, Cato Institute, “Are Carbon Border Adjustments a Dream Climate Policy or Protectionist Nightmare?” POLICY ANALYSIS n. 978, Cato Institute, 7—30—24, p. 5]

measuring emissions is not straightforward no standard method multitude of standards different scopes not readily observable must expend significant resources major implications for efficacy , small businesses at a disadvantage EU have already been vocal about the complexity


Question: military readiness nuclear war

Cuts to military readiness leads to nuclear war, nuclear terror, and arms racing.

Brands ’18 [Hal; January 16; Professor of Global Affairs at Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies, Senior Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments; American Grand Strategy in the Age of Trump, “Does America Have Enough Hard Power?” Ch. 6]

America committed to primacy in every document the U S maintained peerless power-projection in Europe Asia , the East dominance constituted the backbone of strategy to perpetuat the unipolar order . They suppress rogue states , nuclear prolif and terror Washington preserve overmatch versus challenges to the system norms reflect power great powers are seeking heg developing modernization emphasizing nuclear conventional and special forces Iran develop A2/AD tech allowed actors to contest superiority spread of a sat cyber air defense and precision-strike had a leveling effect challenges multiplied The U S confronts rogue states jihadist and great-power competition


Question: Brands 2018

Cuts to military readiness leads to nuclear war, nuclear terror, and arms racing.

Brands ’18 [Hal; January 16; Professor of Global Affairs at Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies, Senior Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments; American Grand Strategy in the Age of Trump, “Does America Have Enough Hard Power?” Ch. 6]

America committed to primacy in every document the U S maintained peerless power-projection in Europe Asia , the East dominance constituted the backbone of strategy to perpetuat the unipolar order . They suppress rogue states , nuclear prolif and terror Washington preserve overmatch versus challenges to the system norms reflect power great powers are seeking heg developing modernization emphasizing nuclear conventional and special forces Iran develop A2/AD tech allowed actors to contest superiority spread of a sat cyber air defense and precision-strike had a leveling effect challenges multiplied The U S confronts rogue states jihadist and great-power competition


Question: Hal Brands

Cuts to military readiness leads to nuclear war, nuclear terror, and arms racing.

Brands ’18 [Hal; January 16; Professor of Global Affairs at Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies, Senior Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments; American Grand Strategy in the Age of Trump, “Does America Have Enough Hard Power?” Ch. 6]

America committed to primacy in every document the U S maintained peerless power-projection in Europe Asia , the East dominance constituted the backbone of strategy to perpetuat the unipolar order . They suppress rogue states , nuclear prolif and terror Washington preserve overmatch versus challenges to the system norms reflect power great powers are seeking heg developing modernization emphasizing nuclear conventional and special forces Iran develop A2/AD tech allowed actors to contest superiority spread of a sat cyber air defense and precision-strike had a leveling effect challenges multiplied The U S confronts rogue states jihadist and great-power competition


Question: military cuts arms racing

Cuts to military readiness leads to nuclear war, nuclear terror, and arms racing.

Brands ’18 [Hal; January 16; Professor of Global Affairs at Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies, Senior Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments; American Grand Strategy in the Age of Trump, “Does America Have Enough Hard Power?” Ch. 6]

America committed to primacy in every document the U S maintained peerless power-projection in Europe Asia , the East dominance constituted the backbone of strategy to perpetuat the unipolar order . They suppress rogue states , nuclear prolif and terror Washington preserve overmatch versus challenges to the system norms reflect power great powers are seeking heg developing modernization emphasizing nuclear conventional and special forces Iran develop A2/AD tech allowed actors to contest superiority spread of a sat cyber air defense and precision-strike had a leveling effect challenges multiplied The U S confronts rogue states jihadist and great-power competition


Question: military readiness causes nuclear terror

Cuts to military readiness leads to nuclear war, nuclear terror, and arms racing.

Brands ’18 [Hal; January 16; Professor of Global Affairs at Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies, Senior Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments; American Grand Strategy in the Age of Trump, “Does America Have Enough Hard Power?” Ch. 6]

America committed to primacy in every document the U S maintained peerless power-projection in Europe Asia , the East dominance constituted the backbone of strategy to perpetuat the unipolar order . They suppress rogue states , nuclear prolif and terror Washington preserve overmatch versus challenges to the system norms reflect power great powers are seeking heg developing modernization emphasizing nuclear conventional and special forces Iran develop A2/AD tech allowed actors to contest superiority spread of a sat cyber air defense and precision-strike had a leveling effect challenges multiplied The U S confronts rogue states jihadist and great-power competition


Question: US primacy

Cuts to military readiness leads to nuclear war, nuclear terror, and arms racing.

Brands ’18 [Hal; January 16; Professor of Global Affairs at Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies, Senior Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments; American Grand Strategy in the Age of Trump, “Does America Have Enough Hard Power?” Ch. 6]

America committed to primacy in every document the U S maintained peerless power-projection in Europe Asia , the East dominance constituted the backbone of strategy to perpetuat the unipolar order . They suppress rogue states , nuclear prolif and terror Washington preserve overmatch versus challenges to the system norms reflect power great powers are seeking heg developing modernization emphasizing nuclear conventional and special forces Iran develop A2/AD tech allowed actors to contest superiority spread of a sat cyber air defense and precision-strike had a leveling effect challenges multiplied The U S confronts rogue states jihadist and great-power competition


Question: America peerless power-projection

Cuts to military readiness leads to nuclear war, nuclear terror, and arms racing.

Brands ’18 [Hal; January 16; Professor of Global Affairs at Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies, Senior Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments; American Grand Strategy in the Age of Trump, “Does America Have Enough Hard Power?” Ch. 6]

America committed to primacy in every document the U S maintained peerless power-projection in Europe Asia , the East dominance constituted the backbone of strategy to perpetuat the unipolar order . They suppress rogue states , nuclear prolif and terror Washington preserve overmatch versus challenges to the system norms reflect power great powers are seeking heg developing modernization emphasizing nuclear conventional and special forces Iran develop A2/AD tech allowed actors to contest superiority spread of a sat cyber air defense and precision-strike had a leveling effect challenges multiplied The U S confronts rogue states jihadist and great-power competition


Question: Climate coordination stuck promises no action

Global climate coordination repeatedly gets stuck at the level of broad promises and concepts but no plans for action

RAYNER 2021 (Tim, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences “Keeping it in the ground? Assessing global governance for fossil-fuel supply reduction”, Earth System Governance 8 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esg.2020.100061 note: ableist language modified [CORNELL DBT] note://// indicates par. breaks)[AR SUMMER24]

The UNFCCC's  (improved) forum on impact of response measures’ remains a platform in which challenges can be discussed not resolved A shortcoming of intergovernmental agreements to eliminate  FFSs has been lack of clear-cut commitments, including to  precise definitions As well as non-binding commitments  have been vague and what  rules there are tend to be permissive and voluntary, rather than  mandatory needed international rules to reduce the  supply of fossil fuels are a long way from being negotiated, or reaching the agenda.


Question: Rayner 2021 global climate coordination

Global climate coordination repeatedly gets stuck at the level of broad promises and concepts but no plans for action

RAYNER 2021 (Tim, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences “Keeping it in the ground? Assessing global governance for fossil-fuel supply reduction”, Earth System Governance 8 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esg.2020.100061 note: ableist language modified [CORNELL DBT] note://// indicates par. breaks)[AR SUMMER24]

The UNFCCC's  (improved) forum on impact of response measures’ remains a platform in which challenges can be discussed not resolved A shortcoming of intergovernmental agreements to eliminate  FFSs has been lack of clear-cut commitments, including to  precise definitions As well as non-binding commitments  have been vague and what  rules there are tend to be permissive and voluntary, rather than  mandatory needed international rules to reduce the  supply of fossil fuels are a long way from being negotiated, or reaching the agenda.


Question: Tim Rayner

Global climate coordination repeatedly gets stuck at the level of broad promises and concepts but no plans for action

RAYNER 2021 (Tim, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences “Keeping it in the ground? Assessing global governance for fossil-fuel supply reduction”, Earth System Governance 8 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esg.2020.100061 note: ableist language modified [CORNELL DBT] note://// indicates par. breaks)[AR SUMMER24]

The UNFCCC's  (improved) forum on impact of response measures’ remains a platform in which challenges can be discussed not resolved A shortcoming of intergovernmental agreements to eliminate  FFSs has been lack of clear-cut commitments, including to  precise definitions As well as non-binding commitments  have been vague and what  rules there are tend to be permissive and voluntary, rather than  mandatory needed international rules to reduce the  supply of fossil fuels are a long way from being negotiated, or reaching the agenda.


Question: UNFCCC challenges discussed not resolved

Global climate coordination repeatedly gets stuck at the level of broad promises and concepts but no plans for action

RAYNER 2021 (Tim, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences “Keeping it in the ground? Assessing global governance for fossil-fuel supply reduction”, Earth System Governance 8 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esg.2020.100061 note: ableist language modified [CORNELL DBT] note://// indicates par. breaks)[AR SUMMER24]

The UNFCCC's  (improved) forum on impact of response measures’ remains a platform in which challenges can be discussed not resolved A shortcoming of intergovernmental agreements to eliminate  FFSs has been lack of clear-cut commitments, including to  precise definitions As well as non-binding commitments  have been vague and what  rules there are tend to be permissive and voluntary, rather than  mandatory needed international rules to reduce the  supply of fossil fuels are a long way from being negotiated, or reaching the agenda.


Question: no clear commitments to eliminate FFSs

Global climate coordination repeatedly gets stuck at the level of broad promises and concepts but no plans for action

RAYNER 2021 (Tim, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences “Keeping it in the ground? Assessing global governance for fossil-fuel supply reduction”, Earth System Governance 8 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esg.2020.100061 note: ableist language modified [CORNELL DBT] note://// indicates par. breaks)[AR SUMMER24]

The UNFCCC's  (improved) forum on impact of response measures’ remains a platform in which challenges can be discussed not resolved A shortcoming of intergovernmental agreements to eliminate  FFSs has been lack of clear-cut commitments, including to  precise definitions As well as non-binding commitments  have been vague and what  rules there are tend to be permissive and voluntary, rather than  mandatory needed international rules to reduce the  supply of fossil fuels are a long way from being negotiated, or reaching the agenda.


Question: international rules to reduce fossil fuel supply

Global climate coordination repeatedly gets stuck at the level of broad promises and concepts but no plans for action

RAYNER 2021 (Tim, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences “Keeping it in the ground? Assessing global governance for fossil-fuel supply reduction”, Earth System Governance 8 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esg.2020.100061 note: ableist language modified [CORNELL DBT] note://// indicates par. breaks)[AR SUMMER24]

The UNFCCC's  (improved) forum on impact of response measures’ remains a platform in which challenges can be discussed not resolved A shortcoming of intergovernmental agreements to eliminate  FFSs has been lack of clear-cut commitments, including to  precise definitions As well as non-binding commitments  have been vague and what  rules there are tend to be permissive and voluntary, rather than  mandatory needed international rules to reduce the  supply of fossil fuels are a long way from being negotiated, or reaching the agenda.


Question: Climate coordination stuck

Global climate coordination repeatedly gets stuck at the level of broad promises and concepts but no plans for action

RAYNER 2021 (Tim, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences “Keeping it in the ground? Assessing global governance for fossil-fuel supply reduction”, Earth System Governance 8 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esg.2020.100061 note: ableist language modified [CORNELL DBT] note://// indicates par. breaks)[AR SUMMER24]

The UNFCCC's  (improved) forum on impact of response measures’ remains a platform in which challenges can be discussed not resolved A shortcoming of intergovernmental agreements to eliminate  FFSs has been lack of clear-cut commitments, including to  precise definitions As well as non-binding commitments  have been vague and what  rules there are tend to be permissive and voluntary, rather than  mandatory needed international rules to reduce the  supply of fossil fuels are a long way from being negotiated, or reaching the agenda.


Question: Vague non-binding climate commitments

Global climate coordination repeatedly gets stuck at the level of broad promises and concepts but no plans for action

RAYNER 2021 (Tim, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences “Keeping it in the ground? Assessing global governance for fossil-fuel supply reduction”, Earth System Governance 8 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esg.2020.100061 note: ableist language modified [CORNELL DBT] note://// indicates par. breaks)[AR SUMMER24]

The UNFCCC's  (improved) forum on impact of response measures’ remains a platform in which challenges can be discussed not resolved A shortcoming of intergovernmental agreements to eliminate  FFSs has been lack of clear-cut commitments, including to  precise definitions As well as non-binding commitments  have been vague and what  rules there are tend to be permissive and voluntary, rather than  mandatory needed international rules to reduce the  supply of fossil fuels are a long way from being negotiated, or reaching the agenda.


Question: No global fragmentation

No global fragmentation.

Daniel Bachman 6/15, Dr. Bachman is a senior manager with Deloitte Services LP, in charge of US economic forecasting for Deloitte’s Eminence and Strategy functions. He worked as a forecaster and economic analyst at the US Commerce Department, "United States Economic Forecast," https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/economy/us-economic-forecast/united-states-outlook-analysis.html

exports have been a positive contributor to GDP forecast shows US exports growing over the five year horizon imports have fallen this trend is unlikely to continue a lot of talk about “deglobalization Global exports grew and have stabilized while trade patterns may be changing, the United States remains as fully connected as it has been


Question: Daniel Bachman Deloitte

No global fragmentation.

Daniel Bachman 6/15, Dr. Bachman is a senior manager with Deloitte Services LP, in charge of US economic forecasting for Deloitte’s Eminence and Strategy functions. He worked as a forecaster and economic analyst at the US Commerce Department, "United States Economic Forecast," https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/economy/us-economic-forecast/united-states-outlook-analysis.html

exports have been a positive contributor to GDP forecast shows US exports growing over the five year horizon imports have fallen this trend is unlikely to continue a lot of talk about “deglobalization Global exports grew and have stabilized while trade patterns may be changing, the United States remains as fully connected as it has been


Question: Bachman 6/15

No global fragmentation.

Daniel Bachman 6/15, Dr. Bachman is a senior manager with Deloitte Services LP, in charge of US economic forecasting for Deloitte’s Eminence and Strategy functions. He worked as a forecaster and economic analyst at the US Commerce Department, "United States Economic Forecast," https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/economy/us-economic-forecast/united-states-outlook-analysis.html

exports have been a positive contributor to GDP forecast shows US exports growing over the five year horizon imports have fallen this trend is unlikely to continue a lot of talk about “deglobalization Global exports grew and have stabilized while trade patterns may be changing, the United States remains as fully connected as it has been


Question: US Economic Forecast

No global fragmentation.

Daniel Bachman 6/15, Dr. Bachman is a senior manager with Deloitte Services LP, in charge of US economic forecasting for Deloitte’s Eminence and Strategy functions. He worked as a forecaster and economic analyst at the US Commerce Department, "United States Economic Forecast," https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/economy/us-economic-forecast/united-states-outlook-analysis.html

exports have been a positive contributor to GDP forecast shows US exports growing over the five year horizon imports have fallen this trend is unlikely to continue a lot of talk about “deglobalization Global exports grew and have stabilized while trade patterns may be changing, the United States remains as fully connected as it has been


Question: US exports growing

No global fragmentation.

Daniel Bachman 6/15, Dr. Bachman is a senior manager with Deloitte Services LP, in charge of US economic forecasting for Deloitte’s Eminence and Strategy functions. He worked as a forecaster and economic analyst at the US Commerce Department, "United States Economic Forecast," https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/economy/us-economic-forecast/united-states-outlook-analysis.html

exports have been a positive contributor to GDP forecast shows US exports growing over the five year horizon imports have fallen this trend is unlikely to continue a lot of talk about “deglobalization Global exports grew and have stabilized while trade patterns may be changing, the United States remains as fully connected as it has been


Question: United States remains fully connected

No global fragmentation.

Daniel Bachman 6/15, Dr. Bachman is a senior manager with Deloitte Services LP, in charge of US economic forecasting for Deloitte’s Eminence and Strategy functions. He worked as a forecaster and economic analyst at the US Commerce Department, "United States Economic Forecast," https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/economy/us-economic-forecast/united-states-outlook-analysis.html

exports have been a positive contributor to GDP forecast shows US exports growing over the five year horizon imports have fallen this trend is unlikely to continue a lot of talk about “deglobalization Global exports grew and have stabilized while trade patterns may be changing, the United States remains as fully connected as it has been


Question: Deglobalization talk

No global fragmentation.

Daniel Bachman 6/15, Dr. Bachman is a senior manager with Deloitte Services LP, in charge of US economic forecasting for Deloitte’s Eminence and Strategy functions. He worked as a forecaster and economic analyst at the US Commerce Department, "United States Economic Forecast," https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/economy/us-economic-forecast/united-states-outlook-analysis.html

exports have been a positive contributor to GDP forecast shows US exports growing over the five year horizon imports have fallen this trend is unlikely to continue a lot of talk about “deglobalization Global exports grew and have stabilized while trade patterns may be changing, the United States remains as fully connected as it has been


Question: Global exports grew

No global fragmentation.

Daniel Bachman 6/15, Dr. Bachman is a senior manager with Deloitte Services LP, in charge of US economic forecasting for Deloitte’s Eminence and Strategy functions. He worked as a forecaster and economic analyst at the US Commerce Department, "United States Economic Forecast," https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/economy/us-economic-forecast/united-states-outlook-analysis.html

exports have been a positive contributor to GDP forecast shows US exports growing over the five year horizon imports have fallen this trend is unlikely to continue a lot of talk about “deglobalization Global exports grew and have stabilized while trade patterns may be changing, the United States remains as fully connected as it has been


Question: pedagogy prioritizing theory

2---pedagogy---prioritizing theory and representation over policy relevance suppresses ethical subject formation and empowers corporate -washing

Kubota et al 17 [Ryuko Kubota, Department of Language and Literacy Education, University of British Columbia; and Charlotte Miller, Department of English, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; “Re-Examining and Re-Envisioning Criticality in Language Studies: Theories and Praxis,” Critical Inquiry in Language Studies, 0:1–29, 2017, dml]

critical perspectives influence on institutional policies is minimal present only within their bubble rarely write to policymaking , or engage in activism to theorize Unless we narrow the gap will see progress only in our bubble but not in the “real world complicit with neolib truth as discursive representations risk supporting relativism , leading to an impasse when confronting denial of warming dogmatically denouncing injustices and imposing views silence students instead of inviting ethical citizens


Question: Kubota and Miller

2---pedagogy---prioritizing theory and representation over policy relevance suppresses ethical subject formation and empowers corporate -washing

Kubota et al 17 [Ryuko Kubota, Department of Language and Literacy Education, University of British Columbia; and Charlotte Miller, Department of English, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; “Re-Examining and Re-Envisioning Criticality in Language Studies: Theories and Praxis,” Critical Inquiry in Language Studies, 0:1–29, 2017, dml]

critical perspectives influence on institutional policies is minimal present only within their bubble rarely write to policymaking , or engage in activism to theorize Unless we narrow the gap will see progress only in our bubble but not in the “real world complicit with neolib truth as discursive representations risk supporting relativism , leading to an impasse when confronting denial of warming dogmatically denouncing injustices and imposing views silence students instead of inviting ethical citizens


Question: critical perspectives influence

2---pedagogy---prioritizing theory and representation over policy relevance suppresses ethical subject formation and empowers corporate -washing

Kubota et al 17 [Ryuko Kubota, Department of Language and Literacy Education, University of British Columbia; and Charlotte Miller, Department of English, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; “Re-Examining and Re-Envisioning Criticality in Language Studies: Theories and Praxis,” Critical Inquiry in Language Studies, 0:1–29, 2017, dml]

critical perspectives influence on institutional policies is minimal present only within their bubble rarely write to policymaking , or engage in activism to theorize Unless we narrow the gap will see progress only in our bubble but not in the “real world complicit with neolib truth as discursive representations risk supporting relativism , leading to an impasse when confronting denial of warming dogmatically denouncing injustices and imposing views silence students instead of inviting ethical citizens


Question: theory over policy relevance

2---pedagogy---prioritizing theory and representation over policy relevance suppresses ethical subject formation and empowers corporate -washing

Kubota et al 17 [Ryuko Kubota, Department of Language and Literacy Education, University of British Columbia; and Charlotte Miller, Department of English, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; “Re-Examining and Re-Envisioning Criticality in Language Studies: Theories and Praxis,” Critical Inquiry in Language Studies, 0:1–29, 2017, dml]

critical perspectives influence on institutional policies is minimal present only within their bubble rarely write to policymaking , or engage in activism to theorize Unless we narrow the gap will see progress only in our bubble but not in the “real world complicit with neolib truth as discursive representations risk supporting relativism , leading to an impasse when confronting denial of warming dogmatically denouncing injustices and imposing views silence students instead of inviting ethical citizens


Question: ethical subject formation

2---pedagogy---prioritizing theory and representation over policy relevance suppresses ethical subject formation and empowers corporate -washing

Kubota et al 17 [Ryuko Kubota, Department of Language and Literacy Education, University of British Columbia; and Charlotte Miller, Department of English, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; “Re-Examining and Re-Envisioning Criticality in Language Studies: Theories and Praxis,” Critical Inquiry in Language Studies, 0:1–29, 2017, dml]

critical perspectives influence on institutional policies is minimal present only within their bubble rarely write to policymaking , or engage in activism to theorize Unless we narrow the gap will see progress only in our bubble but not in the “real world complicit with neolib truth as discursive representations risk supporting relativism , leading to an impasse when confronting denial of warming dogmatically denouncing injustices and imposing views silence students instead of inviting ethical citizens


Question: corporate washing

2---pedagogy---prioritizing theory and representation over policy relevance suppresses ethical subject formation and empowers corporate -washing

Kubota et al 17 [Ryuko Kubota, Department of Language and Literacy Education, University of British Columbia; and Charlotte Miller, Department of English, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; “Re-Examining and Re-Envisioning Criticality in Language Studies: Theories and Praxis,” Critical Inquiry in Language Studies, 0:1–29, 2017, dml]

critical perspectives influence on institutional policies is minimal present only within their bubble rarely write to policymaking , or engage in activism to theorize Unless we narrow the gap will see progress only in our bubble but not in the “real world complicit with neolib truth as discursive representations risk supporting relativism , leading to an impasse when confronting denial of warming dogmatically denouncing injustices and imposing views silence students instead of inviting ethical citizens


Question: neoliberal truth

2---pedagogy---prioritizing theory and representation over policy relevance suppresses ethical subject formation and empowers corporate -washing

Kubota et al 17 [Ryuko Kubota, Department of Language and Literacy Education, University of British Columbia; and Charlotte Miller, Department of English, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; “Re-Examining and Re-Envisioning Criticality in Language Studies: Theories and Praxis,” Critical Inquiry in Language Studies, 0:1–29, 2017, dml]

critical perspectives influence on institutional policies is minimal present only within their bubble rarely write to policymaking , or engage in activism to theorize Unless we narrow the gap will see progress only in our bubble but not in the “real world complicit with neolib truth as discursive representations risk supporting relativism , leading to an impasse when confronting denial of warming dogmatically denouncing injustices and imposing views silence students instead of inviting ethical citizens


Question: dogmatically denouncing injustices

2---pedagogy---prioritizing theory and representation over policy relevance suppresses ethical subject formation and empowers corporate -washing

Kubota et al 17 [Ryuko Kubota, Department of Language and Literacy Education, University of British Columbia; and Charlotte Miller, Department of English, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; “Re-Examining and Re-Envisioning Criticality in Language Studies: Theories and Praxis,” Critical Inquiry in Language Studies, 0:1–29, 2017, dml]

critical perspectives influence on institutional policies is minimal present only within their bubble rarely write to policymaking , or engage in activism to theorize Unless we narrow the gap will see progress only in our bubble but not in the “real world complicit with neolib truth as discursive representations risk supporting relativism , leading to an impasse when confronting denial of warming dogmatically denouncing injustices and imposing views silence students instead of inviting ethical citizens


Question: Recycling solves pollution

Recycling and reuse solves pollution – clean energy and security outweigh short-term costs

Erdmann 23 (Major Tyson E. Erdmann, 03-31-2023, "Diversifying the U.S. Rare Earth Element Resource Base is Vital to National Security", US Naval War College Writing & Teaching Excellence Center, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/trecms/pdf/AD1209298.pdf [cut using OCR – pardon spelling and format weirdness!]) – MoState JG

Despite costs increased domestic extraction is best shifts control back to the U S become more self-reliant less dependent on market volatility caused by China's geopolitical conflicts security outweigh costs mitigated through recycling and reuse by themselves would fail when combined with increased domestic production and additional sourcing from allies could be effective clean mining will be marketable It is worth paying costs up front rather than setbacks later


Question: Erdmann 23

Recycling and reuse solves pollution – clean energy and security outweigh short-term costs

Erdmann 23 (Major Tyson E. Erdmann, 03-31-2023, "Diversifying the U.S. Rare Earth Element Resource Base is Vital to National Security", US Naval War College Writing & Teaching Excellence Center, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/trecms/pdf/AD1209298.pdf [cut using OCR – pardon spelling and format weirdness!]) – MoState JG

Despite costs increased domestic extraction is best shifts control back to the U S become more self-reliant less dependent on market volatility caused by China's geopolitical conflicts security outweigh costs mitigated through recycling and reuse by themselves would fail when combined with increased domestic production and additional sourcing from allies could be effective clean mining will be marketable It is worth paying costs up front rather than setbacks later


Question: Tyson Erdmann Naval War College

Recycling and reuse solves pollution – clean energy and security outweigh short-term costs

Erdmann 23 (Major Tyson E. Erdmann, 03-31-2023, "Diversifying the U.S. Rare Earth Element Resource Base is Vital to National Security", US Naval War College Writing & Teaching Excellence Center, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/trecms/pdf/AD1209298.pdf [cut using OCR – pardon spelling and format weirdness!]) – MoState JG

Despite costs increased domestic extraction is best shifts control back to the U S become more self-reliant less dependent on market volatility caused by China's geopolitical conflicts security outweigh costs mitigated through recycling and reuse by themselves would fail when combined with increased domestic production and additional sourcing from allies could be effective clean mining will be marketable It is worth paying costs up front rather than setbacks later


Question: Clean energy outweighs short term costs

Recycling and reuse solves pollution – clean energy and security outweigh short-term costs

Erdmann 23 (Major Tyson E. Erdmann, 03-31-2023, "Diversifying the U.S. Rare Earth Element Resource Base is Vital to National Security", US Naval War College Writing & Teaching Excellence Center, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/trecms/pdf/AD1209298.pdf [cut using OCR – pardon spelling and format weirdness!]) – MoState JG

Despite costs increased domestic extraction is best shifts control back to the U S become more self-reliant less dependent on market volatility caused by China's geopolitical conflicts security outweigh costs mitigated through recycling and reuse by themselves would fail when combined with increased domestic production and additional sourcing from allies could be effective clean mining will be marketable It is worth paying costs up front rather than setbacks later


Question: Recycling and reuse clean energy

Recycling and reuse solves pollution – clean energy and security outweigh short-term costs

Erdmann 23 (Major Tyson E. Erdmann, 03-31-2023, "Diversifying the U.S. Rare Earth Element Resource Base is Vital to National Security", US Naval War College Writing & Teaching Excellence Center, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/trecms/pdf/AD1209298.pdf [cut using OCR – pardon spelling and format weirdness!]) – MoState JG

Despite costs increased domestic extraction is best shifts control back to the U S become more self-reliant less dependent on market volatility caused by China's geopolitical conflicts security outweigh costs mitigated through recycling and reuse by themselves would fail when combined with increased domestic production and additional sourcing from allies could be effective clean mining will be marketable It is worth paying costs up front rather than setbacks later


Question: US self reliant rare earth

Recycling and reuse solves pollution – clean energy and security outweigh short-term costs

Erdmann 23 (Major Tyson E. Erdmann, 03-31-2023, "Diversifying the U.S. Rare Earth Element Resource Base is Vital to National Security", US Naval War College Writing & Teaching Excellence Center, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/trecms/pdf/AD1209298.pdf [cut using OCR – pardon spelling and format weirdness!]) – MoState JG

Despite costs increased domestic extraction is best shifts control back to the U S become more self-reliant less dependent on market volatility caused by China's geopolitical conflicts security outweigh costs mitigated through recycling and reuse by themselves would fail when combined with increased domestic production and additional sourcing from allies could be effective clean mining will be marketable It is worth paying costs up front rather than setbacks later


Question: domestic extraction best

Recycling and reuse solves pollution – clean energy and security outweigh short-term costs

Erdmann 23 (Major Tyson E. Erdmann, 03-31-2023, "Diversifying the U.S. Rare Earth Element Resource Base is Vital to National Security", US Naval War College Writing & Teaching Excellence Center, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/trecms/pdf/AD1209298.pdf [cut using OCR – pardon spelling and format weirdness!]) – MoState JG

Despite costs increased domestic extraction is best shifts control back to the U S become more self-reliant less dependent on market volatility caused by China's geopolitical conflicts security outweigh costs mitigated through recycling and reuse by themselves would fail when combined with increased domestic production and additional sourcing from allies could be effective clean mining will be marketable It is worth paying costs up front rather than setbacks later


Question: market volatility caused by China

Recycling and reuse solves pollution – clean energy and security outweigh short-term costs

Erdmann 23 (Major Tyson E. Erdmann, 03-31-2023, "Diversifying the U.S. Rare Earth Element Resource Base is Vital to National Security", US Naval War College Writing & Teaching Excellence Center, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/trecms/pdf/AD1209298.pdf [cut using OCR – pardon spelling and format weirdness!]) – MoState JG

Despite costs increased domestic extraction is best shifts control back to the U S become more self-reliant less dependent on market volatility caused by China's geopolitical conflicts security outweigh costs mitigated through recycling and reuse by themselves would fail when combined with increased domestic production and additional sourcing from allies could be effective clean mining will be marketable It is worth paying costs up front rather than setbacks later


Question: Harris tied to Biden

8---And he’ll explicitly tie Harris to it.

Peter Lucas 24. Columnist at the Boston Herald. "Lucas: Kamala Harris’ biggest problem is being tied to Biden." Boston Herald. 8-19-2024. https://www.bostonherald.com/2024/08/19/lucas-kamala-harris-biggest-problem-is-being-tied-to-biden/

Harris’ problem tied to Biden’s economic policies distance is easier said than done , especially as Harris supported all of the policies the White House won’t  let her off easy Biden expects Harris to stand by him distancing would a slick Obama to pull that off. And Harris is no Obama Jean-Pierre said there was “ no daylight Harris  has been an  integral architect and  executor of the Biden admin


Question: Peter Lucas 24

8---And he’ll explicitly tie Harris to it.

Peter Lucas 24. Columnist at the Boston Herald. "Lucas: Kamala Harris’ biggest problem is being tied to Biden." Boston Herald. 8-19-2024. https://www.bostonherald.com/2024/08/19/lucas-kamala-harris-biggest-problem-is-being-tied-to-biden/

Harris’ problem tied to Biden’s economic policies distance is easier said than done , especially as Harris supported all of the policies the White House won’t  let her off easy Biden expects Harris to stand by him distancing would a slick Obama to pull that off. And Harris is no Obama Jean-Pierre said there was “ no daylight Harris  has been an  integral architect and  executor of the Biden admin


Question: Kamala Harris Biden

8---And he’ll explicitly tie Harris to it.

Peter Lucas 24. Columnist at the Boston Herald. "Lucas: Kamala Harris’ biggest problem is being tied to Biden." Boston Herald. 8-19-2024. https://www.bostonherald.com/2024/08/19/lucas-kamala-harris-biggest-problem-is-being-tied-to-biden/

Harris’ problem tied to Biden’s economic policies distance is easier said than done , especially as Harris supported all of the policies the White House won’t  let her off easy Biden expects Harris to stand by him distancing would a slick Obama to pull that off. And Harris is no Obama Jean-Pierre said there was “ no daylight Harris  has been an  integral architect and  executor of the Biden admin


Question: Harris economic policies

8---And he’ll explicitly tie Harris to it.

Peter Lucas 24. Columnist at the Boston Herald. "Lucas: Kamala Harris’ biggest problem is being tied to Biden." Boston Herald. 8-19-2024. https://www.bostonherald.com/2024/08/19/lucas-kamala-harris-biggest-problem-is-being-tied-to-biden/

Harris’ problem tied to Biden’s economic policies distance is easier said than done , especially as Harris supported all of the policies the White House won’t  let her off easy Biden expects Harris to stand by him distancing would a slick Obama to pull that off. And Harris is no Obama Jean-Pierre said there was “ no daylight Harris  has been an  integral architect and  executor of the Biden admin


Question: Harris integral architect Biden

8---And he’ll explicitly tie Harris to it.

Peter Lucas 24. Columnist at the Boston Herald. "Lucas: Kamala Harris’ biggest problem is being tied to Biden." Boston Herald. 8-19-2024. https://www.bostonherald.com/2024/08/19/lucas-kamala-harris-biggest-problem-is-being-tied-to-biden/

Harris’ problem tied to Biden’s economic policies distance is easier said than done , especially as Harris supported all of the policies the White House won’t  let her off easy Biden expects Harris to stand by him distancing would a slick Obama to pull that off. And Harris is no Obama Jean-Pierre said there was “ no daylight Harris  has been an  integral architect and  executor of the Biden admin


Question: Biden expects Harris support

8---And he’ll explicitly tie Harris to it.

Peter Lucas 24. Columnist at the Boston Herald. "Lucas: Kamala Harris’ biggest problem is being tied to Biden." Boston Herald. 8-19-2024. https://www.bostonherald.com/2024/08/19/lucas-kamala-harris-biggest-problem-is-being-tied-to-biden/

Harris’ problem tied to Biden’s economic policies distance is easier said than done , especially as Harris supported all of the policies the White House won’t  let her off easy Biden expects Harris to stand by him distancing would a slick Obama to pull that off. And Harris is no Obama Jean-Pierre said there was “ no daylight Harris  has been an  integral architect and  executor of the Biden admin


Question: no daylight Harris

8---And he’ll explicitly tie Harris to it.

Peter Lucas 24. Columnist at the Boston Herald. "Lucas: Kamala Harris’ biggest problem is being tied to Biden." Boston Herald. 8-19-2024. https://www.bostonherald.com/2024/08/19/lucas-kamala-harris-biggest-problem-is-being-tied-to-biden/

Harris’ problem tied to Biden’s economic policies distance is easier said than done , especially as Harris supported all of the policies the White House won’t  let her off easy Biden expects Harris to stand by him distancing would a slick Obama to pull that off. And Harris is no Obama Jean-Pierre said there was “ no daylight Harris  has been an  integral architect and  executor of the Biden admin


Question: Biden Harris admin

8---And he’ll explicitly tie Harris to it.

Peter Lucas 24. Columnist at the Boston Herald. "Lucas: Kamala Harris’ biggest problem is being tied to Biden." Boston Herald. 8-19-2024. https://www.bostonherald.com/2024/08/19/lucas-kamala-harris-biggest-problem-is-being-tied-to-biden/

Harris’ problem tied to Biden’s economic policies distance is easier said than done , especially as Harris supported all of the policies the White House won’t  let her off easy Biden expects Harris to stand by him distancing would a slick Obama to pull that off. And Harris is no Obama Jean-Pierre said there was “ no daylight Harris  has been an  integral architect and  executor of the Biden admin


Question: US vulnerable to zoonotic outbreak

U.S. uniquely vulnerable to zoonotic outbreak due to animal ag.

Harvard Law School, 23. Brooks McCormick Jr. Animal Law and Policy Program at Harvard Law School media release on report authored by its researchers – no author for media release. “Zoonotic Disease Threats in the US Uncovered in Comprehensive New Report.” https://animal.law.harvard.edu/news-article/animal-markets-and-zoonotic-disease/

scale of animal use in the U S makes the country uniquely vulnerable to zoonotic outbreaks The U.S. produces more livestock than almost any other nation In 2022 more than 10 billion the largest number ever recorded USDA does not regulate on-farm production slaughterhouses inspections are cursory each inspector examining more than 600 animals per hour U.S. is one of the world’s largest producers of pigs and poultry mportant carriers of influenza viruses that are most likely to produce a large-scale pandemic Even a slight shift in the viruses’ composition could allow it to move rapidly through human populations people most vulnerable to zoonotic disease . are those who work hands-on with farmed animals disproportionately people of color and rural communities


Question: Harvard Law School 23

U.S. uniquely vulnerable to zoonotic outbreak due to animal ag.

Harvard Law School, 23. Brooks McCormick Jr. Animal Law and Policy Program at Harvard Law School media release on report authored by its researchers – no author for media release. “Zoonotic Disease Threats in the US Uncovered in Comprehensive New Report.” https://animal.law.harvard.edu/news-article/animal-markets-and-zoonotic-disease/

scale of animal use in the U S makes the country uniquely vulnerable to zoonotic outbreaks The U.S. produces more livestock than almost any other nation In 2022 more than 10 billion the largest number ever recorded USDA does not regulate on-farm production slaughterhouses inspections are cursory each inspector examining more than 600 animals per hour U.S. is one of the world’s largest producers of pigs and poultry mportant carriers of influenza viruses that are most likely to produce a large-scale pandemic Even a slight shift in the viruses’ composition could allow it to move rapidly through human populations people most vulnerable to zoonotic disease . are those who work hands-on with farmed animals disproportionately people of color and rural communities


Question: animal ag zoonotic outbreak

U.S. uniquely vulnerable to zoonotic outbreak due to animal ag.

Harvard Law School, 23. Brooks McCormick Jr. Animal Law and Policy Program at Harvard Law School media release on report authored by its researchers – no author for media release. “Zoonotic Disease Threats in the US Uncovered in Comprehensive New Report.” https://animal.law.harvard.edu/news-article/animal-markets-and-zoonotic-disease/

scale of animal use in the U S makes the country uniquely vulnerable to zoonotic outbreaks The U.S. produces more livestock than almost any other nation In 2022 more than 10 billion the largest number ever recorded USDA does not regulate on-farm production slaughterhouses inspections are cursory each inspector examining more than 600 animals per hour U.S. is one of the world’s largest producers of pigs and poultry mportant carriers of influenza viruses that are most likely to produce a large-scale pandemic Even a slight shift in the viruses’ composition could allow it to move rapidly through human populations people most vulnerable to zoonotic disease . are those who work hands-on with farmed animals disproportionately people of color and rural communities


Question: US produces more livestock

U.S. uniquely vulnerable to zoonotic outbreak due to animal ag.

Harvard Law School, 23. Brooks McCormick Jr. Animal Law and Policy Program at Harvard Law School media release on report authored by its researchers – no author for media release. “Zoonotic Disease Threats in the US Uncovered in Comprehensive New Report.” https://animal.law.harvard.edu/news-article/animal-markets-and-zoonotic-disease/

scale of animal use in the U S makes the country uniquely vulnerable to zoonotic outbreaks The U.S. produces more livestock than almost any other nation In 2022 more than 10 billion the largest number ever recorded USDA does not regulate on-farm production slaughterhouses inspections are cursory each inspector examining more than 600 animals per hour U.S. is one of the world’s largest producers of pigs and poultry mportant carriers of influenza viruses that are most likely to produce a large-scale pandemic Even a slight shift in the viruses’ composition could allow it to move rapidly through human populations people most vulnerable to zoonotic disease . are those who work hands-on with farmed animals disproportionately people of color and rural communities


Question: zoonotic outbreaks US

U.S. uniquely vulnerable to zoonotic outbreak due to animal ag.

Harvard Law School, 23. Brooks McCormick Jr. Animal Law and Policy Program at Harvard Law School media release on report authored by its researchers – no author for media release. “Zoonotic Disease Threats in the US Uncovered in Comprehensive New Report.” https://animal.law.harvard.edu/news-article/animal-markets-and-zoonotic-disease/

scale of animal use in the U S makes the country uniquely vulnerable to zoonotic outbreaks The U.S. produces more livestock than almost any other nation In 2022 more than 10 billion the largest number ever recorded USDA does not regulate on-farm production slaughterhouses inspections are cursory each inspector examining more than 600 animals per hour U.S. is one of the world’s largest producers of pigs and poultry mportant carriers of influenza viruses that are most likely to produce a large-scale pandemic Even a slight shift in the viruses’ composition could allow it to move rapidly through human populations people most vulnerable to zoonotic disease . are those who work hands-on with farmed animals disproportionately people of color and rural communities


Question: animal law Harvard

U.S. uniquely vulnerable to zoonotic outbreak due to animal ag.

Harvard Law School, 23. Brooks McCormick Jr. Animal Law and Policy Program at Harvard Law School media release on report authored by its researchers – no author for media release. “Zoonotic Disease Threats in the US Uncovered in Comprehensive New Report.” https://animal.law.harvard.edu/news-article/animal-markets-and-zoonotic-disease/

scale of animal use in the U S makes the country uniquely vulnerable to zoonotic outbreaks The U.S. produces more livestock than almost any other nation In 2022 more than 10 billion the largest number ever recorded USDA does not regulate on-farm production slaughterhouses inspections are cursory each inspector examining more than 600 animals per hour U.S. is one of the world’s largest producers of pigs and poultry mportant carriers of influenza viruses that are most likely to produce a large-scale pandemic Even a slight shift in the viruses’ composition could allow it to move rapidly through human populations people most vulnerable to zoonotic disease . are those who work hands-on with farmed animals disproportionately people of color and rural communities


Question: people of color farmed animals

U.S. uniquely vulnerable to zoonotic outbreak due to animal ag.

Harvard Law School, 23. Brooks McCormick Jr. Animal Law and Policy Program at Harvard Law School media release on report authored by its researchers – no author for media release. “Zoonotic Disease Threats in the US Uncovered in Comprehensive New Report.” https://animal.law.harvard.edu/news-article/animal-markets-and-zoonotic-disease/

scale of animal use in the U S makes the country uniquely vulnerable to zoonotic outbreaks The U.S. produces more livestock than almost any other nation In 2022 more than 10 billion the largest number ever recorded USDA does not regulate on-farm production slaughterhouses inspections are cursory each inspector examining more than 600 animals per hour U.S. is one of the world’s largest producers of pigs and poultry mportant carriers of influenza viruses that are most likely to produce a large-scale pandemic Even a slight shift in the viruses’ composition could allow it to move rapidly through human populations people most vulnerable to zoonotic disease . are those who work hands-on with farmed animals disproportionately people of color and rural communities


Question: US critical energy mineral reform

US critical energy mineral reform - domestic and imports – is key

Odell ’23 Scott D. Odell 2023 is a visiting assistant professor at George Washington Uni- versity and a visiting scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Environmental Solutions Initiative., “Cooperate Internationally, Reduce Demand,” May/June 2023, https://www.eli.org/sites/default/files/files-pdf/TheDebate-May-June-2023.pdf

The United States wil l have to import large amounts of natural resources Congress must reform the General Mining Law. But also pay attention to pressures mining places on communities and the environment beyond its borders The success will depend on U.S. policy While strengthening its own socioenvironmental regulations the United States should also take a leading role in establishing international mining standards single-minded efforts to replace fossil-fuel energy with metals -dependent energy will replace climate change with a new crisis: ac- cumulated social and environmental harms from ubiquitous empty mine facilities in communities around the world.


Question: Odell 2023

US critical energy mineral reform - domestic and imports – is key

Odell ’23 Scott D. Odell 2023 is a visiting assistant professor at George Washington Uni- versity and a visiting scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Environmental Solutions Initiative., “Cooperate Internationally, Reduce Demand,” May/June 2023, https://www.eli.org/sites/default/files/files-pdf/TheDebate-May-June-2023.pdf

The United States wil l have to import large amounts of natural resources Congress must reform the General Mining Law. But also pay attention to pressures mining places on communities and the environment beyond its borders The success will depend on U.S. policy While strengthening its own socioenvironmental regulations the United States should also take a leading role in establishing international mining standards single-minded efforts to replace fossil-fuel energy with metals -dependent energy will replace climate change with a new crisis: ac- cumulated social and environmental harms from ubiquitous empty mine facilities in communities around the world.


Question: Scott Odell mining

US critical energy mineral reform - domestic and imports – is key

Odell ’23 Scott D. Odell 2023 is a visiting assistant professor at George Washington Uni- versity and a visiting scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Environmental Solutions Initiative., “Cooperate Internationally, Reduce Demand,” May/June 2023, https://www.eli.org/sites/default/files/files-pdf/TheDebate-May-June-2023.pdf

The United States wil l have to import large amounts of natural resources Congress must reform the General Mining Law. But also pay attention to pressures mining places on communities and the environment beyond its borders The success will depend on U.S. policy While strengthening its own socioenvironmental regulations the United States should also take a leading role in establishing international mining standards single-minded efforts to replace fossil-fuel energy with metals -dependent energy will replace climate change with a new crisis: ac- cumulated social and environmental harms from ubiquitous empty mine facilities in communities around the world.