Question: bioenergy climate damage

Bioenergy pushes us past the tipping points to be able to stop warming. Extinction.

Sterman et al. 22, *Professor of Management, and the current director of the MIT System Dynamics Group at the MIT. **Emeritus professor of international environmental policy and founding director of the Center for International Environment and Resource Policy at Fletcher. ***Founding director of the Climate Change Initiative, co-directs the Rist Institute for Sustainability and Energy, is a professor of Environmental Science at the University of Massachusetts Lowell. ****Senior modeler for Climate Interactive, has a PhD and PE license in environmental engineering. (*John Sterman, **William Moomaw, ***Juliette N. Rooney-Varga, ****Lori Siegel, 2022, “Does wood bioenergy help or harm the climate?”, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 78(3), Pgs. 128–138, https://doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2022.2062933)

wood bioenergy increases carbon accelerating global warming Even temporarily elevated levels cause irreversible climate damage excess carbon from wood begins warming immediately ice sheets melt faster sea level rises wildfires more likely permafrost thaws storms intensify more than if wood had not been burned excess warming from wood increases the chances of going beyond tipping points that lead to runaway climate change The consequences are devastating Sea levels rise exposing millions yields of crops would fall Droughts, wildfires, and intense storms more frequent and extreme Warming push the Earth beyond tipping points that lead to irreversible harm


Question: bioenergy harms climate

Bioenergy pushes us past the tipping points to be able to stop warming. Extinction.

Sterman et al. 22, *Professor of Management, and the current director of the MIT System Dynamics Group at the MIT. **Emeritus professor of international environmental policy and founding director of the Center for International Environment and Resource Policy at Fletcher. ***Founding director of the Climate Change Initiative, co-directs the Rist Institute for Sustainability and Energy, is a professor of Environmental Science at the University of Massachusetts Lowell. ****Senior modeler for Climate Interactive, has a PhD and PE license in environmental engineering. (*John Sterman, **William Moomaw, ***Juliette N. Rooney-Varga, ****Lori Siegel, 2022, “Does wood bioenergy help or harm the climate?”, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 78(3), Pgs. 128–138, https://doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2022.2062933)

wood bioenergy increases carbon accelerating global warming Even temporarily elevated levels cause irreversible climate damage excess carbon from wood begins warming immediately ice sheets melt faster sea level rises wildfires more likely permafrost thaws storms intensify more than if wood had not been burned excess warming from wood increases the chances of going beyond tipping points that lead to runaway climate change The consequences are devastating Sea levels rise exposing millions yields of crops would fall Droughts, wildfires, and intense storms more frequent and extreme Warming push the Earth beyond tipping points that lead to irreversible harm


Question: climate tipping points bioenergy

Bioenergy pushes us past the tipping points to be able to stop warming. Extinction.

Sterman et al. 22, *Professor of Management, and the current director of the MIT System Dynamics Group at the MIT. **Emeritus professor of international environmental policy and founding director of the Center for International Environment and Resource Policy at Fletcher. ***Founding director of the Climate Change Initiative, co-directs the Rist Institute for Sustainability and Energy, is a professor of Environmental Science at the University of Massachusetts Lowell. ****Senior modeler for Climate Interactive, has a PhD and PE license in environmental engineering. (*John Sterman, **William Moomaw, ***Juliette N. Rooney-Varga, ****Lori Siegel, 2022, “Does wood bioenergy help or harm the climate?”, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 78(3), Pgs. 128–138, https://doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2022.2062933)

wood bioenergy increases carbon accelerating global warming Even temporarily elevated levels cause irreversible climate damage excess carbon from wood begins warming immediately ice sheets melt faster sea level rises wildfires more likely permafrost thaws storms intensify more than if wood had not been burned excess warming from wood increases the chances of going beyond tipping points that lead to runaway climate change The consequences are devastating Sea levels rise exposing millions yields of crops would fall Droughts, wildfires, and intense storms more frequent and extreme Warming push the Earth beyond tipping points that lead to irreversible harm


Question: bioenergy extinction

Bioenergy pushes us past the tipping points to be able to stop warming. Extinction.

Sterman et al. 22, *Professor of Management, and the current director of the MIT System Dynamics Group at the MIT. **Emeritus professor of international environmental policy and founding director of the Center for International Environment and Resource Policy at Fletcher. ***Founding director of the Climate Change Initiative, co-directs the Rist Institute for Sustainability and Energy, is a professor of Environmental Science at the University of Massachusetts Lowell. ****Senior modeler for Climate Interactive, has a PhD and PE license in environmental engineering. (*John Sterman, **William Moomaw, ***Juliette N. Rooney-Varga, ****Lori Siegel, 2022, “Does wood bioenergy help or harm the climate?”, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 78(3), Pgs. 128–138, https://doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2022.2062933)

wood bioenergy increases carbon accelerating global warming Even temporarily elevated levels cause irreversible climate damage excess carbon from wood begins warming immediately ice sheets melt faster sea level rises wildfires more likely permafrost thaws storms intensify more than if wood had not been burned excess warming from wood increases the chances of going beyond tipping points that lead to runaway climate change The consequences are devastating Sea levels rise exposing millions yields of crops would fall Droughts, wildfires, and intense storms more frequent and extreme Warming push the Earth beyond tipping points that lead to irreversible harm


Question: Refuse the will to forget

Refuse the “will to forget” subaltern memories, expunging the infinite generations of loss.

Myles Lennon 20. Dean's Assistant Professor of Environment and Society and Anthropology at Brown University; Ph.D in Anthropology and Forestry & Environmental Studies from Yale University; B.A. in Development Studies from Brown University. “Postcarbon Amnesia: Toward a Recognition of Racial Grief in Renewable Energy Futures,” 22 January 2020, https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243919900556, DOA: 8/1/2024, seiji

clean energy reproduce free market exploitation tech brought to market through carbon-intensive plastic and marine containers poor p o c assemble them for poverty wages and expose to toxins we always defer intent on offering a utopic alternative a repressive dynamic to  ignore batteries from lithium mining steal indigenous resources Solar extraction plastics and mining aluminum create e-waste when decommissioned produced in exploitative conditions utopic postcarbon future made through an elision of pain reproductive of colonial hierarchy the postcarbon moment necessitates eradication of carbon markets a “ will to forget” erase memories of colonial subordination the past can’t be expunged extractive carbon practices undergird tomorrow’s renewable energy the wounds of racial grief can’t be healed through utopic tech


Question: Lennon 2020

Refuse the “will to forget” subaltern memories, expunging the infinite generations of loss.

Myles Lennon 20. Dean's Assistant Professor of Environment and Society and Anthropology at Brown University; Ph.D in Anthropology and Forestry & Environmental Studies from Yale University; B.A. in Development Studies from Brown University. “Postcarbon Amnesia: Toward a Recognition of Racial Grief in Renewable Energy Futures,” 22 January 2020, https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243919900556, DOA: 8/1/2024, seiji

clean energy reproduce free market exploitation tech brought to market through carbon-intensive plastic and marine containers poor p o c assemble them for poverty wages and expose to toxins we always defer intent on offering a utopic alternative a repressive dynamic to  ignore batteries from lithium mining steal indigenous resources Solar extraction plastics and mining aluminum create e-waste when decommissioned produced in exploitative conditions utopic postcarbon future made through an elision of pain reproductive of colonial hierarchy the postcarbon moment necessitates eradication of carbon markets a “ will to forget” erase memories of colonial subordination the past can’t be expunged extractive carbon practices undergird tomorrow’s renewable energy the wounds of racial grief can’t be healed through utopic tech


Question: Myles Lennon

Refuse the “will to forget” subaltern memories, expunging the infinite generations of loss.

Myles Lennon 20. Dean's Assistant Professor of Environment and Society and Anthropology at Brown University; Ph.D in Anthropology and Forestry & Environmental Studies from Yale University; B.A. in Development Studies from Brown University. “Postcarbon Amnesia: Toward a Recognition of Racial Grief in Renewable Energy Futures,” 22 January 2020, https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243919900556, DOA: 8/1/2024, seiji

clean energy reproduce free market exploitation tech brought to market through carbon-intensive plastic and marine containers poor p o c assemble them for poverty wages and expose to toxins we always defer intent on offering a utopic alternative a repressive dynamic to  ignore batteries from lithium mining steal indigenous resources Solar extraction plastics and mining aluminum create e-waste when decommissioned produced in exploitative conditions utopic postcarbon future made through an elision of pain reproductive of colonial hierarchy the postcarbon moment necessitates eradication of carbon markets a “ will to forget” erase memories of colonial subordination the past can’t be expunged extractive carbon practices undergird tomorrow’s renewable energy the wounds of racial grief can’t be healed through utopic tech


Question: racial grief renewable energy

Refuse the “will to forget” subaltern memories, expunging the infinite generations of loss.

Myles Lennon 20. Dean's Assistant Professor of Environment and Society and Anthropology at Brown University; Ph.D in Anthropology and Forestry & Environmental Studies from Yale University; B.A. in Development Studies from Brown University. “Postcarbon Amnesia: Toward a Recognition of Racial Grief in Renewable Energy Futures,” 22 January 2020, https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243919900556, DOA: 8/1/2024, seiji

clean energy reproduce free market exploitation tech brought to market through carbon-intensive plastic and marine containers poor p o c assemble them for poverty wages and expose to toxins we always defer intent on offering a utopic alternative a repressive dynamic to  ignore batteries from lithium mining steal indigenous resources Solar extraction plastics and mining aluminum create e-waste when decommissioned produced in exploitative conditions utopic postcarbon future made through an elision of pain reproductive of colonial hierarchy the postcarbon moment necessitates eradication of carbon markets a “ will to forget” erase memories of colonial subordination the past can’t be expunged extractive carbon practices undergird tomorrow’s renewable energy the wounds of racial grief can’t be healed through utopic tech


Question: colonial subordination

Refuse the “will to forget” subaltern memories, expunging the infinite generations of loss.

Myles Lennon 20. Dean's Assistant Professor of Environment and Society and Anthropology at Brown University; Ph.D in Anthropology and Forestry & Environmental Studies from Yale University; B.A. in Development Studies from Brown University. “Postcarbon Amnesia: Toward a Recognition of Racial Grief in Renewable Energy Futures,” 22 January 2020, https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243919900556, DOA: 8/1/2024, seiji

clean energy reproduce free market exploitation tech brought to market through carbon-intensive plastic and marine containers poor p o c assemble them for poverty wages and expose to toxins we always defer intent on offering a utopic alternative a repressive dynamic to  ignore batteries from lithium mining steal indigenous resources Solar extraction plastics and mining aluminum create e-waste when decommissioned produced in exploitative conditions utopic postcarbon future made through an elision of pain reproductive of colonial hierarchy the postcarbon moment necessitates eradication of carbon markets a “ will to forget” erase memories of colonial subordination the past can’t be expunged extractive carbon practices undergird tomorrow’s renewable energy the wounds of racial grief can’t be healed through utopic tech


Question: post carbon amnesia

Refuse the “will to forget” subaltern memories, expunging the infinite generations of loss.

Myles Lennon 20. Dean's Assistant Professor of Environment and Society and Anthropology at Brown University; Ph.D in Anthropology and Forestry & Environmental Studies from Yale University; B.A. in Development Studies from Brown University. “Postcarbon Amnesia: Toward a Recognition of Racial Grief in Renewable Energy Futures,” 22 January 2020, https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243919900556, DOA: 8/1/2024, seiji

clean energy reproduce free market exploitation tech brought to market through carbon-intensive plastic and marine containers poor p o c assemble them for poverty wages and expose to toxins we always defer intent on offering a utopic alternative a repressive dynamic to  ignore batteries from lithium mining steal indigenous resources Solar extraction plastics and mining aluminum create e-waste when decommissioned produced in exploitative conditions utopic postcarbon future made through an elision of pain reproductive of colonial hierarchy the postcarbon moment necessitates eradication of carbon markets a “ will to forget” erase memories of colonial subordination the past can’t be expunged extractive carbon practices undergird tomorrow’s renewable energy the wounds of racial grief can’t be healed through utopic tech


Question: subaltern memories

Refuse the “will to forget” subaltern memories, expunging the infinite generations of loss.

Myles Lennon 20. Dean's Assistant Professor of Environment and Society and Anthropology at Brown University; Ph.D in Anthropology and Forestry & Environmental Studies from Yale University; B.A. in Development Studies from Brown University. “Postcarbon Amnesia: Toward a Recognition of Racial Grief in Renewable Energy Futures,” 22 January 2020, https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243919900556, DOA: 8/1/2024, seiji

clean energy reproduce free market exploitation tech brought to market through carbon-intensive plastic and marine containers poor p o c assemble them for poverty wages and expose to toxins we always defer intent on offering a utopic alternative a repressive dynamic to  ignore batteries from lithium mining steal indigenous resources Solar extraction plastics and mining aluminum create e-waste when decommissioned produced in exploitative conditions utopic postcarbon future made through an elision of pain reproductive of colonial hierarchy the postcarbon moment necessitates eradication of carbon markets a “ will to forget” erase memories of colonial subordination the past can’t be expunged extractive carbon practices undergird tomorrow’s renewable energy the wounds of racial grief can’t be healed through utopic tech


Question: ALT fails absent plan's constitutional precedent

5---ALT fails absent the plan’s Constitutional precedent empowering localism

Carson 17 [Kevin Carson, senior fellow and Karl Hess Chair in Social Theory at the Center for a Stateless Society, “Libertarian Municipalism: Networked Cities as Resilient Platforms for Post-Capitalist Transition,” Center for a Stateless Society, Fall 2017, https://c4ss.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/community-platforms.pdf]

the municipal level offers the most hope national leaders block the transition to post-capitalist The answer , they say , is to bypass the state None sufficient real danger of repression at the national level failures as venues for implementing post-capitalist transition but indispensable for running interference on behalf of local, prefigurative movements and giving them space to grow Contrast the victory of reaction and failure of challenges at the national level with takeovers of cities all over While the state is bailing out banks and cuts services US cities have a huge role


Question: Carson 17

5---ALT fails absent the plan’s Constitutional precedent empowering localism

Carson 17 [Kevin Carson, senior fellow and Karl Hess Chair in Social Theory at the Center for a Stateless Society, “Libertarian Municipalism: Networked Cities as Resilient Platforms for Post-Capitalist Transition,” Center for a Stateless Society, Fall 2017, https://c4ss.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/community-platforms.pdf]

the municipal level offers the most hope national leaders block the transition to post-capitalist The answer , they say , is to bypass the state None sufficient real danger of repression at the national level failures as venues for implementing post-capitalist transition but indispensable for running interference on behalf of local, prefigurative movements and giving them space to grow Contrast the victory of reaction and failure of challenges at the national level with takeovers of cities all over While the state is bailing out banks and cuts services US cities have a huge role


Question: municipal level offers the most hope

5---ALT fails absent the plan’s Constitutional precedent empowering localism

Carson 17 [Kevin Carson, senior fellow and Karl Hess Chair in Social Theory at the Center for a Stateless Society, “Libertarian Municipalism: Networked Cities as Resilient Platforms for Post-Capitalist Transition,” Center for a Stateless Society, Fall 2017, https://c4ss.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/community-platforms.pdf]

the municipal level offers the most hope national leaders block the transition to post-capitalist The answer , they say , is to bypass the state None sufficient real danger of repression at the national level failures as venues for implementing post-capitalist transition but indispensable for running interference on behalf of local, prefigurative movements and giving them space to grow Contrast the victory of reaction and failure of challenges at the national level with takeovers of cities all over While the state is bailing out banks and cuts services US cities have a huge role


Question: post-capitalist transition at the municipal level

5---ALT fails absent the plan’s Constitutional precedent empowering localism

Carson 17 [Kevin Carson, senior fellow and Karl Hess Chair in Social Theory at the Center for a Stateless Society, “Libertarian Municipalism: Networked Cities as Resilient Platforms for Post-Capitalist Transition,” Center for a Stateless Society, Fall 2017, https://c4ss.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/community-platforms.pdf]

the municipal level offers the most hope national leaders block the transition to post-capitalist The answer , they say , is to bypass the state None sufficient real danger of repression at the national level failures as venues for implementing post-capitalist transition but indispensable for running interference on behalf of local, prefigurative movements and giving them space to grow Contrast the victory of reaction and failure of challenges at the national level with takeovers of cities all over While the state is bailing out banks and cuts services US cities have a huge role


Question: localism key to alt

5---ALT fails absent the plan’s Constitutional precedent empowering localism

Carson 17 [Kevin Carson, senior fellow and Karl Hess Chair in Social Theory at the Center for a Stateless Society, “Libertarian Municipalism: Networked Cities as Resilient Platforms for Post-Capitalist Transition,” Center for a Stateless Society, Fall 2017, https://c4ss.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/community-platforms.pdf]

the municipal level offers the most hope national leaders block the transition to post-capitalist The answer , they say , is to bypass the state None sufficient real danger of repression at the national level failures as venues for implementing post-capitalist transition but indispensable for running interference on behalf of local, prefigurative movements and giving them space to grow Contrast the victory of reaction and failure of challenges at the national level with takeovers of cities all over While the state is bailing out banks and cuts services US cities have a huge role


Question: national leaders block transition

5---ALT fails absent the plan’s Constitutional precedent empowering localism

Carson 17 [Kevin Carson, senior fellow and Karl Hess Chair in Social Theory at the Center for a Stateless Society, “Libertarian Municipalism: Networked Cities as Resilient Platforms for Post-Capitalist Transition,” Center for a Stateless Society, Fall 2017, https://c4ss.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/community-platforms.pdf]

the municipal level offers the most hope national leaders block the transition to post-capitalist The answer , they say , is to bypass the state None sufficient real danger of repression at the national level failures as venues for implementing post-capitalist transition but indispensable for running interference on behalf of local, prefigurative movements and giving them space to grow Contrast the victory of reaction and failure of challenges at the national level with takeovers of cities all over While the state is bailing out banks and cuts services US cities have a huge role


Question: libertarian municipalism

5---ALT fails absent the plan’s Constitutional precedent empowering localism

Carson 17 [Kevin Carson, senior fellow and Karl Hess Chair in Social Theory at the Center for a Stateless Society, “Libertarian Municipalism: Networked Cities as Resilient Platforms for Post-Capitalist Transition,” Center for a Stateless Society, Fall 2017, https://c4ss.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/community-platforms.pdf]

the municipal level offers the most hope national leaders block the transition to post-capitalist The answer , they say , is to bypass the state None sufficient real danger of repression at the national level failures as venues for implementing post-capitalist transition but indispensable for running interference on behalf of local, prefigurative movements and giving them space to grow Contrast the victory of reaction and failure of challenges at the national level with takeovers of cities all over While the state is bailing out banks and cuts services US cities have a huge role


Question: no policy platform beyond trump

The debate reinforced that she has no policy platform beyond Trump bad.

Coster and Reid 9/11. Helen Coster (U.S. Presidential Election Correspondent at Reuters, Princeton University graduate) and Tim Reid, 9/11/2024, “Some undecided voters not convinced by Harris after debate with Trump,” Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/world/us/some-undecided-voters-not-convinced-by-harris-after-debate-with-trump-2024-09-11/

Harris need to provide  more detailed policy proposals to  win voters Harris vague  on the economy converts trusted him more on the economy Harris didn't provide clarity on her policies


Question: coster and reid

The debate reinforced that she has no policy platform beyond Trump bad.

Coster and Reid 9/11. Helen Coster (U.S. Presidential Election Correspondent at Reuters, Princeton University graduate) and Tim Reid, 9/11/2024, “Some undecided voters not convinced by Harris after debate with Trump,” Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/world/us/some-undecided-voters-not-convinced-by-harris-after-debate-with-trump-2024-09-11/

Harris need to provide  more detailed policy proposals to  win voters Harris vague  on the economy converts trusted him more on the economy Harris didn't provide clarity on her policies


Question: Harris no policy details

The debate reinforced that she has no policy platform beyond Trump bad.

Coster and Reid 9/11. Helen Coster (U.S. Presidential Election Correspondent at Reuters, Princeton University graduate) and Tim Reid, 9/11/2024, “Some undecided voters not convinced by Harris after debate with Trump,” Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/world/us/some-undecided-voters-not-convinced-by-harris-after-debate-with-trump-2024-09-11/

Harris need to provide  more detailed policy proposals to  win voters Harris vague  on the economy converts trusted him more on the economy Harris didn't provide clarity on her policies


Question: Harris vague on the economy

The debate reinforced that she has no policy platform beyond Trump bad.

Coster and Reid 9/11. Helen Coster (U.S. Presidential Election Correspondent at Reuters, Princeton University graduate) and Tim Reid, 9/11/2024, “Some undecided voters not convinced by Harris after debate with Trump,” Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/world/us/some-undecided-voters-not-convinced-by-harris-after-debate-with-trump-2024-09-11/

Harris need to provide  more detailed policy proposals to  win voters Harris vague  on the economy converts trusted him more on the economy Harris didn't provide clarity on her policies


Question: Harris didn't provide clarity on policies

The debate reinforced that she has no policy platform beyond Trump bad.

Coster and Reid 9/11. Helen Coster (U.S. Presidential Election Correspondent at Reuters, Princeton University graduate) and Tim Reid, 9/11/2024, “Some undecided voters not convinced by Harris after debate with Trump,” Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/world/us/some-undecided-voters-not-convinced-by-harris-after-debate-with-trump-2024-09-11/

Harris need to provide  more detailed policy proposals to  win voters Harris vague  on the economy converts trusted him more on the economy Harris didn't provide clarity on her policies


Question: undecided voters on Harris

The debate reinforced that she has no policy platform beyond Trump bad.

Coster and Reid 9/11. Helen Coster (U.S. Presidential Election Correspondent at Reuters, Princeton University graduate) and Tim Reid, 9/11/2024, “Some undecided voters not convinced by Harris after debate with Trump,” Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/world/us/some-undecided-voters-not-convinced-by-harris-after-debate-with-trump-2024-09-11/

Harris need to provide  more detailed policy proposals to  win voters Harris vague  on the economy converts trusted him more on the economy Harris didn't provide clarity on her policies


Question: Harris vs Trump debate

The debate reinforced that she has no policy platform beyond Trump bad.

Coster and Reid 9/11. Helen Coster (U.S. Presidential Election Correspondent at Reuters, Princeton University graduate) and Tim Reid, 9/11/2024, “Some undecided voters not convinced by Harris after debate with Trump,” Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/world/us/some-undecided-voters-not-convinced-by-harris-after-debate-with-trump-2024-09-11/

Harris need to provide  more detailed policy proposals to  win voters Harris vague  on the economy converts trusted him more on the economy Harris didn't provide clarity on her policies


Question: Nuclear winter is survivable

Nuclear winter is survivable

Ord 20 [Dr. Toby Ord, Senior Research Fellow in Philosophy at Oxford University, DPhil in Philosophy, trustee of the Centre for Effective Altruism; “The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity,” Part Two, Section 4: Anthropogenic Risks; Hachette Books, ISBN: 978-0-316-48491-6]

nuclear winter Would it be existential ? there would be food production crops are cold-tolerant or farming in tropics fishing greenhouses , and algae unlikely to lead to extinction . No researchers say it would extinction was exaggeration Southern Hemisphere, it’s nuclear free lots of fish and sheep you would survive avoid nuclear winter with institutions ) intact


Question: Ord 20

Nuclear winter is survivable

Ord 20 [Dr. Toby Ord, Senior Research Fellow in Philosophy at Oxford University, DPhil in Philosophy, trustee of the Centre for Effective Altruism; “The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity,” Part Two, Section 4: Anthropogenic Risks; Hachette Books, ISBN: 978-0-316-48491-6]

nuclear winter Would it be existential ? there would be food production crops are cold-tolerant or farming in tropics fishing greenhouses , and algae unlikely to lead to extinction . No researchers say it would extinction was exaggeration Southern Hemisphere, it’s nuclear free lots of fish and sheep you would survive avoid nuclear winter with institutions ) intact


Question: Toby Ord nuclear winter

Nuclear winter is survivable

Ord 20 [Dr. Toby Ord, Senior Research Fellow in Philosophy at Oxford University, DPhil in Philosophy, trustee of the Centre for Effective Altruism; “The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity,” Part Two, Section 4: Anthropogenic Risks; Hachette Books, ISBN: 978-0-316-48491-6]

nuclear winter Would it be existential ? there would be food production crops are cold-tolerant or farming in tropics fishing greenhouses , and algae unlikely to lead to extinction . No researchers say it would extinction was exaggeration Southern Hemisphere, it’s nuclear free lots of fish and sheep you would survive avoid nuclear winter with institutions ) intact


Question: nuclear winter survivable

Nuclear winter is survivable

Ord 20 [Dr. Toby Ord, Senior Research Fellow in Philosophy at Oxford University, DPhil in Philosophy, trustee of the Centre for Effective Altruism; “The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity,” Part Two, Section 4: Anthropogenic Risks; Hachette Books, ISBN: 978-0-316-48491-6]

nuclear winter Would it be existential ? there would be food production crops are cold-tolerant or farming in tropics fishing greenhouses , and algae unlikely to lead to extinction . No researchers say it would extinction was exaggeration Southern Hemisphere, it’s nuclear free lots of fish and sheep you would survive avoid nuclear winter with institutions ) intact


Question: nuclear winter crops

Nuclear winter is survivable

Ord 20 [Dr. Toby Ord, Senior Research Fellow in Philosophy at Oxford University, DPhil in Philosophy, trustee of the Centre for Effective Altruism; “The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity,” Part Two, Section 4: Anthropogenic Risks; Hachette Books, ISBN: 978-0-316-48491-6]

nuclear winter Would it be existential ? there would be food production crops are cold-tolerant or farming in tropics fishing greenhouses , and algae unlikely to lead to extinction . No researchers say it would extinction was exaggeration Southern Hemisphere, it’s nuclear free lots of fish and sheep you would survive avoid nuclear winter with institutions ) intact


Question: nuclear winter not extinction

Nuclear winter is survivable

Ord 20 [Dr. Toby Ord, Senior Research Fellow in Philosophy at Oxford University, DPhil in Philosophy, trustee of the Centre for Effective Altruism; “The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity,” Part Two, Section 4: Anthropogenic Risks; Hachette Books, ISBN: 978-0-316-48491-6]

nuclear winter Would it be existential ? there would be food production crops are cold-tolerant or farming in tropics fishing greenhouses , and algae unlikely to lead to extinction . No researchers say it would extinction was exaggeration Southern Hemisphere, it’s nuclear free lots of fish and sheep you would survive avoid nuclear winter with institutions ) intact


Question: surviving nuclear winter

Nuclear winter is survivable

Ord 20 [Dr. Toby Ord, Senior Research Fellow in Philosophy at Oxford University, DPhil in Philosophy, trustee of the Centre for Effective Altruism; “The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity,” Part Two, Section 4: Anthropogenic Risks; Hachette Books, ISBN: 978-0-316-48491-6]

nuclear winter Would it be existential ? there would be food production crops are cold-tolerant or farming in tropics fishing greenhouses , and algae unlikely to lead to extinction . No researchers say it would extinction was exaggeration Southern Hemisphere, it’s nuclear free lots of fish and sheep you would survive avoid nuclear winter with institutions ) intact


Question: Myth correcting markets solve ecological destruction

This is a myth of green capitalism that simply correcting market failures can solve ecological destruction – all of our links assume the link turn, but not the other way around

Fox ’23 (Nick Fox is one of the UK's leading proponents of new materialist and posthuman social theory as applied to sociology, University of Huddersfield, “Green capitalism, climate change and the technological fix: A more-than-human assessment”, The Sociological Review 2023, Vol. 71(5), https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/00380261221121232, 1115-1116, [SG])

green capitalism’ : regards the market economy as the optimal solution to environmental challenges by establishing a market in emissions via carbon pricing and ‘ cap and trade’ promoting tech innovation to cut emissions or sequester carbon greenhouse gases a result of the capitalist economy assertions that capitalism is the right economic a model to achieve radical shifts required to deliver a carbon- neutral global economy. the dynamics of growth, wastefulness and the production of social inequal- ities within green capitalism’s ‘policy assemblage’ unintended con- sequences of capitalist production waste and inequalities produced in the shift


Question: Fox 23

This is a myth of green capitalism that simply correcting market failures can solve ecological destruction – all of our links assume the link turn, but not the other way around

Fox ’23 (Nick Fox is one of the UK's leading proponents of new materialist and posthuman social theory as applied to sociology, University of Huddersfield, “Green capitalism, climate change and the technological fix: A more-than-human assessment”, The Sociological Review 2023, Vol. 71(5), https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/00380261221121232, 1115-1116, [SG])

green capitalism’ : regards the market economy as the optimal solution to environmental challenges by establishing a market in emissions via carbon pricing and ‘ cap and trade’ promoting tech innovation to cut emissions or sequester carbon greenhouse gases a result of the capitalist economy assertions that capitalism is the right economic a model to achieve radical shifts required to deliver a carbon- neutral global economy. the dynamics of growth, wastefulness and the production of social inequal- ities within green capitalism’s ‘policy assemblage’ unintended con- sequences of capitalist production waste and inequalities produced in the shift


Question: Nick Fox green capitalism

This is a myth of green capitalism that simply correcting market failures can solve ecological destruction – all of our links assume the link turn, but not the other way around

Fox ’23 (Nick Fox is one of the UK's leading proponents of new materialist and posthuman social theory as applied to sociology, University of Huddersfield, “Green capitalism, climate change and the technological fix: A more-than-human assessment”, The Sociological Review 2023, Vol. 71(5), https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/00380261221121232, 1115-1116, [SG])

green capitalism’ : regards the market economy as the optimal solution to environmental challenges by establishing a market in emissions via carbon pricing and ‘ cap and trade’ promoting tech innovation to cut emissions or sequester carbon greenhouse gases a result of the capitalist economy assertions that capitalism is the right economic a model to achieve radical shifts required to deliver a carbon- neutral global economy. the dynamics of growth, wastefulness and the production of social inequal- ities within green capitalism’s ‘policy assemblage’ unintended con- sequences of capitalist production waste and inequalities produced in the shift


Question: market economy optimal solution environment

This is a myth of green capitalism that simply correcting market failures can solve ecological destruction – all of our links assume the link turn, but not the other way around

Fox ’23 (Nick Fox is one of the UK's leading proponents of new materialist and posthuman social theory as applied to sociology, University of Huddersfield, “Green capitalism, climate change and the technological fix: A more-than-human assessment”, The Sociological Review 2023, Vol. 71(5), https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/00380261221121232, 1115-1116, [SG])

green capitalism’ : regards the market economy as the optimal solution to environmental challenges by establishing a market in emissions via carbon pricing and ‘ cap and trade’ promoting tech innovation to cut emissions or sequester carbon greenhouse gases a result of the capitalist economy assertions that capitalism is the right economic a model to achieve radical shifts required to deliver a carbon- neutral global economy. the dynamics of growth, wastefulness and the production of social inequal- ities within green capitalism’s ‘policy assemblage’ unintended con- sequences of capitalist production waste and inequalities produced in the shift


Question: Green capitalism climate change tech fix

This is a myth of green capitalism that simply correcting market failures can solve ecological destruction – all of our links assume the link turn, but not the other way around

Fox ’23 (Nick Fox is one of the UK's leading proponents of new materialist and posthuman social theory as applied to sociology, University of Huddersfield, “Green capitalism, climate change and the technological fix: A more-than-human assessment”, The Sociological Review 2023, Vol. 71(5), https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/00380261221121232, 1115-1116, [SG])

green capitalism’ : regards the market economy as the optimal solution to environmental challenges by establishing a market in emissions via carbon pricing and ‘ cap and trade’ promoting tech innovation to cut emissions or sequester carbon greenhouse gases a result of the capitalist economy assertions that capitalism is the right economic a model to achieve radical shifts required to deliver a carbon- neutral global economy. the dynamics of growth, wastefulness and the production of social inequal- ities within green capitalism’s ‘policy assemblage’ unintended con- sequences of capitalist production waste and inequalities produced in the shift


Question: capitalism right model radical shifts

This is a myth of green capitalism that simply correcting market failures can solve ecological destruction – all of our links assume the link turn, but not the other way around

Fox ’23 (Nick Fox is one of the UK's leading proponents of new materialist and posthuman social theory as applied to sociology, University of Huddersfield, “Green capitalism, climate change and the technological fix: A more-than-human assessment”, The Sociological Review 2023, Vol. 71(5), https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/00380261221121232, 1115-1116, [SG])

green capitalism’ : regards the market economy as the optimal solution to environmental challenges by establishing a market in emissions via carbon pricing and ‘ cap and trade’ promoting tech innovation to cut emissions or sequester carbon greenhouse gases a result of the capitalist economy assertions that capitalism is the right economic a model to achieve radical shifts required to deliver a carbon- neutral global economy. the dynamics of growth, wastefulness and the production of social inequal- ities within green capitalism’s ‘policy assemblage’ unintended con- sequences of capitalist production waste and inequalities produced in the shift


Question: dynamics growth wastefulness social inequalities

This is a myth of green capitalism that simply correcting market failures can solve ecological destruction – all of our links assume the link turn, but not the other way around

Fox ’23 (Nick Fox is one of the UK's leading proponents of new materialist and posthuman social theory as applied to sociology, University of Huddersfield, “Green capitalism, climate change and the technological fix: A more-than-human assessment”, The Sociological Review 2023, Vol. 71(5), https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/00380261221121232, 1115-1116, [SG])

green capitalism’ : regards the market economy as the optimal solution to environmental challenges by establishing a market in emissions via carbon pricing and ‘ cap and trade’ promoting tech innovation to cut emissions or sequester carbon greenhouse gases a result of the capitalist economy assertions that capitalism is the right economic a model to achieve radical shifts required to deliver a carbon- neutral global economy. the dynamics of growth, wastefulness and the production of social inequal- ities within green capitalism’s ‘policy assemblage’ unintended con- sequences of capitalist production waste and inequalities produced in the shift


Question: Absent Chevron bold Fed actions challenged

Absent Chevron, bold Fed actions get challenged in court. The signal that sends shocks markets.

Paul H. Kupiec & Alex J. Pollock 24, Senior Fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Pennsylvania; Senior Fellow at the Mises Institute, “Without Chevron, the Fed has crucial questions to address,” The Hill, 07-28-2024, accessed 09-29-2024, https://thehill.com/opinion/finance/4794538-chevron-doctrine-federal-reserve, DG

agencies’ interp s will no longer be given deference Considering the Fed’s history of expanding powers demise of Chevron gives the Fed’s legal eagles lots to ponder policy questions include authority to take on balance sheet risk without approval from Congress a risk that has generated more than a trillion dollars of unrealized Fed losses international agreements and credit regulations demise of Chevron creates new uncertainty regarding Fed powers not clearly enumerated economy will face uncertain outcomes of potential judicial challenges to Fed powers


Question: Kupiec & Pollock 24

Absent Chevron, bold Fed actions get challenged in court. The signal that sends shocks markets.

Paul H. Kupiec & Alex J. Pollock 24, Senior Fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Pennsylvania; Senior Fellow at the Mises Institute, “Without Chevron, the Fed has crucial questions to address,” The Hill, 07-28-2024, accessed 09-29-2024, https://thehill.com/opinion/finance/4794538-chevron-doctrine-federal-reserve, DG

agencies’ interp s will no longer be given deference Considering the Fed’s history of expanding powers demise of Chevron gives the Fed’s legal eagles lots to ponder policy questions include authority to take on balance sheet risk without approval from Congress a risk that has generated more than a trillion dollars of unrealized Fed losses international agreements and credit regulations demise of Chevron creates new uncertainty regarding Fed powers not clearly enumerated economy will face uncertain outcomes of potential judicial challenges to Fed powers


Question: Fed actions challenged in court

Absent Chevron, bold Fed actions get challenged in court. The signal that sends shocks markets.

Paul H. Kupiec & Alex J. Pollock 24, Senior Fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Pennsylvania; Senior Fellow at the Mises Institute, “Without Chevron, the Fed has crucial questions to address,” The Hill, 07-28-2024, accessed 09-29-2024, https://thehill.com/opinion/finance/4794538-chevron-doctrine-federal-reserve, DG

agencies’ interp s will no longer be given deference Considering the Fed’s history of expanding powers demise of Chevron gives the Fed’s legal eagles lots to ponder policy questions include authority to take on balance sheet risk without approval from Congress a risk that has generated more than a trillion dollars of unrealized Fed losses international agreements and credit regulations demise of Chevron creates new uncertainty regarding Fed powers not clearly enumerated economy will face uncertain outcomes of potential judicial challenges to Fed powers


Question: challenges to fed power

Absent Chevron, bold Fed actions get challenged in court. The signal that sends shocks markets.

Paul H. Kupiec & Alex J. Pollock 24, Senior Fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Pennsylvania; Senior Fellow at the Mises Institute, “Without Chevron, the Fed has crucial questions to address,” The Hill, 07-28-2024, accessed 09-29-2024, https://thehill.com/opinion/finance/4794538-chevron-doctrine-federal-reserve, DG

agencies’ interp s will no longer be given deference Considering the Fed’s history of expanding powers demise of Chevron gives the Fed’s legal eagles lots to ponder policy questions include authority to take on balance sheet risk without approval from Congress a risk that has generated more than a trillion dollars of unrealized Fed losses international agreements and credit regulations demise of Chevron creates new uncertainty regarding Fed powers not clearly enumerated economy will face uncertain outcomes of potential judicial challenges to Fed powers


Question: Chevron deference

Absent Chevron, bold Fed actions get challenged in court. The signal that sends shocks markets.

Paul H. Kupiec & Alex J. Pollock 24, Senior Fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Pennsylvania; Senior Fellow at the Mises Institute, “Without Chevron, the Fed has crucial questions to address,” The Hill, 07-28-2024, accessed 09-29-2024, https://thehill.com/opinion/finance/4794538-chevron-doctrine-federal-reserve, DG

agencies’ interp s will no longer be given deference Considering the Fed’s history of expanding powers demise of Chevron gives the Fed’s legal eagles lots to ponder policy questions include authority to take on balance sheet risk without approval from Congress a risk that has generated more than a trillion dollars of unrealized Fed losses international agreements and credit regulations demise of Chevron creates new uncertainty regarding Fed powers not clearly enumerated economy will face uncertain outcomes of potential judicial challenges to Fed powers


Question: uncertainty regarding Fed powers

Absent Chevron, bold Fed actions get challenged in court. The signal that sends shocks markets.

Paul H. Kupiec & Alex J. Pollock 24, Senior Fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Pennsylvania; Senior Fellow at the Mises Institute, “Without Chevron, the Fed has crucial questions to address,” The Hill, 07-28-2024, accessed 09-29-2024, https://thehill.com/opinion/finance/4794538-chevron-doctrine-federal-reserve, DG

agencies’ interp s will no longer be given deference Considering the Fed’s history of expanding powers demise of Chevron gives the Fed’s legal eagles lots to ponder policy questions include authority to take on balance sheet risk without approval from Congress a risk that has generated more than a trillion dollars of unrealized Fed losses international agreements and credit regulations demise of Chevron creates new uncertainty regarding Fed powers not clearly enumerated economy will face uncertain outcomes of potential judicial challenges to Fed powers


Question: Fed balance sheet risk

Absent Chevron, bold Fed actions get challenged in court. The signal that sends shocks markets.

Paul H. Kupiec & Alex J. Pollock 24, Senior Fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Pennsylvania; Senior Fellow at the Mises Institute, “Without Chevron, the Fed has crucial questions to address,” The Hill, 07-28-2024, accessed 09-29-2024, https://thehill.com/opinion/finance/4794538-chevron-doctrine-federal-reserve, DG

agencies’ interp s will no longer be given deference Considering the Fed’s history of expanding powers demise of Chevron gives the Fed’s legal eagles lots to ponder policy questions include authority to take on balance sheet risk without approval from Congress a risk that has generated more than a trillion dollars of unrealized Fed losses international agreements and credit regulations demise of Chevron creates new uncertainty regarding Fed powers not clearly enumerated economy will face uncertain outcomes of potential judicial challenges to Fed powers


Question: demise of Chevron creates uncertainty

Absent Chevron, bold Fed actions get challenged in court. The signal that sends shocks markets.

Paul H. Kupiec & Alex J. Pollock 24, Senior Fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Pennsylvania; Senior Fellow at the Mises Institute, “Without Chevron, the Fed has crucial questions to address,” The Hill, 07-28-2024, accessed 09-29-2024, https://thehill.com/opinion/finance/4794538-chevron-doctrine-federal-reserve, DG

agencies’ interp s will no longer be given deference Considering the Fed’s history of expanding powers demise of Chevron gives the Fed’s legal eagles lots to ponder policy questions include authority to take on balance sheet risk without approval from Congress a risk that has generated more than a trillion dollars of unrealized Fed losses international agreements and credit regulations demise of Chevron creates new uncertainty regarding Fed powers not clearly enumerated economy will face uncertain outcomes of potential judicial challenges to Fed powers


Question: Turns trade

Turns trade. Fractures the dollar.

Milesi-Ferretti ’22, Gian Maria; April 8; Senior Fellow at the Hutchins Center on Fiscal and Monetary Policy @ Brookings Institution; Foreign Affairs, “Will Fighting Inflation in America Cause a Debt Crisis Abroad?;” https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2022-04-08/will-fighting-inflation-america-cause-debt-crisis-abroad;

rising rates raise cost of borrowing dollars debt repayment more expensive dollar is backbone Fed have outsized effect  on other countries . hikes raise cost of imports markets expect inflation will abate if rate hikes rapid  and sharp international repercussions severe trigger widespread debt crisis face calamitous contractions


Question: Milesi-Ferretti 22

Turns trade. Fractures the dollar.

Milesi-Ferretti ’22, Gian Maria; April 8; Senior Fellow at the Hutchins Center on Fiscal and Monetary Policy @ Brookings Institution; Foreign Affairs, “Will Fighting Inflation in America Cause a Debt Crisis Abroad?;” https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2022-04-08/will-fighting-inflation-america-cause-debt-crisis-abroad;

rising rates raise cost of borrowing dollars debt repayment more expensive dollar is backbone Fed have outsized effect  on other countries . hikes raise cost of imports markets expect inflation will abate if rate hikes rapid  and sharp international repercussions severe trigger widespread debt crisis face calamitous contractions


Question: Fractures the dollar

Turns trade. Fractures the dollar.

Milesi-Ferretti ’22, Gian Maria; April 8; Senior Fellow at the Hutchins Center on Fiscal and Monetary Policy @ Brookings Institution; Foreign Affairs, “Will Fighting Inflation in America Cause a Debt Crisis Abroad?;” https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2022-04-08/will-fighting-inflation-america-cause-debt-crisis-abroad;

rising rates raise cost of borrowing dollars debt repayment more expensive dollar is backbone Fed have outsized effect  on other countries . hikes raise cost of imports markets expect inflation will abate if rate hikes rapid  and sharp international repercussions severe trigger widespread debt crisis face calamitous contractions


Question: rising rates raise cost

Turns trade. Fractures the dollar.

Milesi-Ferretti ’22, Gian Maria; April 8; Senior Fellow at the Hutchins Center on Fiscal and Monetary Policy @ Brookings Institution; Foreign Affairs, “Will Fighting Inflation in America Cause a Debt Crisis Abroad?;” https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2022-04-08/will-fighting-inflation-america-cause-debt-crisis-abroad;

rising rates raise cost of borrowing dollars debt repayment more expensive dollar is backbone Fed have outsized effect  on other countries . hikes raise cost of imports markets expect inflation will abate if rate hikes rapid  and sharp international repercussions severe trigger widespread debt crisis face calamitous contractions


Question: Fed have outsized effect

Turns trade. Fractures the dollar.

Milesi-Ferretti ’22, Gian Maria; April 8; Senior Fellow at the Hutchins Center on Fiscal and Monetary Policy @ Brookings Institution; Foreign Affairs, “Will Fighting Inflation in America Cause a Debt Crisis Abroad?;” https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2022-04-08/will-fighting-inflation-america-cause-debt-crisis-abroad;

rising rates raise cost of borrowing dollars debt repayment more expensive dollar is backbone Fed have outsized effect  on other countries . hikes raise cost of imports markets expect inflation will abate if rate hikes rapid  and sharp international repercussions severe trigger widespread debt crisis face calamitous contractions


Question: debt repayment more expensive

Turns trade. Fractures the dollar.

Milesi-Ferretti ’22, Gian Maria; April 8; Senior Fellow at the Hutchins Center on Fiscal and Monetary Policy @ Brookings Institution; Foreign Affairs, “Will Fighting Inflation in America Cause a Debt Crisis Abroad?;” https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2022-04-08/will-fighting-inflation-america-cause-debt-crisis-abroad;

rising rates raise cost of borrowing dollars debt repayment more expensive dollar is backbone Fed have outsized effect  on other countries . hikes raise cost of imports markets expect inflation will abate if rate hikes rapid  and sharp international repercussions severe trigger widespread debt crisis face calamitous contractions


Question: international repercussions severe

Turns trade. Fractures the dollar.

Milesi-Ferretti ’22, Gian Maria; April 8; Senior Fellow at the Hutchins Center on Fiscal and Monetary Policy @ Brookings Institution; Foreign Affairs, “Will Fighting Inflation in America Cause a Debt Crisis Abroad?;” https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2022-04-08/will-fighting-inflation-america-cause-debt-crisis-abroad;

rising rates raise cost of borrowing dollars debt repayment more expensive dollar is backbone Fed have outsized effect  on other countries . hikes raise cost of imports markets expect inflation will abate if rate hikes rapid  and sharp international repercussions severe trigger widespread debt crisis face calamitous contractions


Question: Fiscal miscalibration decimates markets

Fiscal miscalibration decimates markets. That guarantees extinction, escalating global tinderboxes and ruining societal adaptation.

Ellissa Cavaciuti-Wishart et al. 24, MPhil, Head, Global Risks, World Economic Forum; Sophie Heading, MA, Lead, Global Risks, World Economic Forum; Kevin Kohler, MA, Specialist, Global Risks, World Economic Forum; Saadia Zahidi, MPhil, Managing Director, World Economic Forum, "Global Risks 2024: At a Turning Point," & "Global Risks 2034: Over the Limit," in The Global Risks Report 2024, Chapter 1 & 2, January 2024, pg. 14-39. [italics in original]

small shock edge past the  tipping point inflation  heightens miscalibration downturn most central risk to trigger risks Escalat key  hotspots – Ukraine , Israel  and  Taiwan powers step in eroding  guardrails long term shifts  in econ fragility contribute to  conflict contagion viscerally  threatening the world accelerate risk of  inadvertent escalation frozen conflicts heat up include Balkans , Libya Kashmir and  Korea hardship fuel n s a s control accelerate  anti-Western sentiment power projection fade creating  power vacuums new shocks would be  unmanageable  in fragility  and passes  the tipping point risk of miscalibration potentially  deepen and  prolong risks global risks where  economic vulnerabilities build potential  to become chronic resilience chipped away leaving states vulnerable emergent risks are arising upheaval elevate risk  of global catastrophe Extreme weather Biod loss ecosystem collapse resource shortages Pollution Adverse AI reflect existential risks and disinfo Cyber insecurity terrorism inflation is corrosive on world order. soaring costs ate away at defense budget destabilize world where there is revolutionary kindling, inflation fatal spark Europe M E triggered protests, revolt repression Inflation create a inward-looking  superpower as threats intensifying. defense budget risk being strangled by “inflation anaconda.” Pentagon build down as China expand Russia threaten conflict Iran


Question: Ellissa Cavaciuti-Wishart 24

Fiscal miscalibration decimates markets. That guarantees extinction, escalating global tinderboxes and ruining societal adaptation.

Ellissa Cavaciuti-Wishart et al. 24, MPhil, Head, Global Risks, World Economic Forum; Sophie Heading, MA, Lead, Global Risks, World Economic Forum; Kevin Kohler, MA, Specialist, Global Risks, World Economic Forum; Saadia Zahidi, MPhil, Managing Director, World Economic Forum, "Global Risks 2024: At a Turning Point," & "Global Risks 2034: Over the Limit," in The Global Risks Report 2024, Chapter 1 & 2, January 2024, pg. 14-39. [italics in original]

small shock edge past the  tipping point inflation  heightens miscalibration downturn most central risk to trigger risks Escalat key  hotspots – Ukraine , Israel  and  Taiwan powers step in eroding  guardrails long term shifts  in econ fragility contribute to  conflict contagion viscerally  threatening the world accelerate risk of  inadvertent escalation frozen conflicts heat up include Balkans , Libya Kashmir and  Korea hardship fuel n s a s control accelerate  anti-Western sentiment power projection fade creating  power vacuums new shocks would be  unmanageable  in fragility  and passes  the tipping point risk of miscalibration potentially  deepen and  prolong risks global risks where  economic vulnerabilities build potential  to become chronic resilience chipped away leaving states vulnerable emergent risks are arising upheaval elevate risk  of global catastrophe Extreme weather Biod loss ecosystem collapse resource shortages Pollution Adverse AI reflect existential risks and disinfo Cyber insecurity terrorism inflation is corrosive on world order. soaring costs ate away at defense budget destabilize world where there is revolutionary kindling, inflation fatal spark Europe M E triggered protests, revolt repression Inflation create a inward-looking  superpower as threats intensifying. defense budget risk being strangled by “inflation anaconda.” Pentagon build down as China expand Russia threaten conflict Iran


Question: Global Risks 2024

Fiscal miscalibration decimates markets. That guarantees extinction, escalating global tinderboxes and ruining societal adaptation.

Ellissa Cavaciuti-Wishart et al. 24, MPhil, Head, Global Risks, World Economic Forum; Sophie Heading, MA, Lead, Global Risks, World Economic Forum; Kevin Kohler, MA, Specialist, Global Risks, World Economic Forum; Saadia Zahidi, MPhil, Managing Director, World Economic Forum, "Global Risks 2024: At a Turning Point," & "Global Risks 2034: Over the Limit," in The Global Risks Report 2024, Chapter 1 & 2, January 2024, pg. 14-39. [italics in original]

small shock edge past the  tipping point inflation  heightens miscalibration downturn most central risk to trigger risks Escalat key  hotspots – Ukraine , Israel  and  Taiwan powers step in eroding  guardrails long term shifts  in econ fragility contribute to  conflict contagion viscerally  threatening the world accelerate risk of  inadvertent escalation frozen conflicts heat up include Balkans , Libya Kashmir and  Korea hardship fuel n s a s control accelerate  anti-Western sentiment power projection fade creating  power vacuums new shocks would be  unmanageable  in fragility  and passes  the tipping point risk of miscalibration potentially  deepen and  prolong risks global risks where  economic vulnerabilities build potential  to become chronic resilience chipped away leaving states vulnerable emergent risks are arising upheaval elevate risk  of global catastrophe Extreme weather Biod loss ecosystem collapse resource shortages Pollution Adverse AI reflect existential risks and disinfo Cyber insecurity terrorism inflation is corrosive on world order. soaring costs ate away at defense budget destabilize world where there is revolutionary kindling, inflation fatal spark Europe M E triggered protests, revolt repression Inflation create a inward-looking  superpower as threats intensifying. defense budget risk being strangled by “inflation anaconda.” Pentagon build down as China expand Russia threaten conflict Iran


Question: Fiscal miscalibration causes extinction

Fiscal miscalibration decimates markets. That guarantees extinction, escalating global tinderboxes and ruining societal adaptation.

Ellissa Cavaciuti-Wishart et al. 24, MPhil, Head, Global Risks, World Economic Forum; Sophie Heading, MA, Lead, Global Risks, World Economic Forum; Kevin Kohler, MA, Specialist, Global Risks, World Economic Forum; Saadia Zahidi, MPhil, Managing Director, World Economic Forum, "Global Risks 2024: At a Turning Point," & "Global Risks 2034: Over the Limit," in The Global Risks Report 2024, Chapter 1 & 2, January 2024, pg. 14-39. [italics in original]

small shock edge past the  tipping point inflation  heightens miscalibration downturn most central risk to trigger risks Escalat key  hotspots – Ukraine , Israel  and  Taiwan powers step in eroding  guardrails long term shifts  in econ fragility contribute to  conflict contagion viscerally  threatening the world accelerate risk of  inadvertent escalation frozen conflicts heat up include Balkans , Libya Kashmir and  Korea hardship fuel n s a s control accelerate  anti-Western sentiment power projection fade creating  power vacuums new shocks would be  unmanageable  in fragility  and passes  the tipping point risk of miscalibration potentially  deepen and  prolong risks global risks where  economic vulnerabilities build potential  to become chronic resilience chipped away leaving states vulnerable emergent risks are arising upheaval elevate risk  of global catastrophe Extreme weather Biod loss ecosystem collapse resource shortages Pollution Adverse AI reflect existential risks and disinfo Cyber insecurity terrorism inflation is corrosive on world order. soaring costs ate away at defense budget destabilize world where there is revolutionary kindling, inflation fatal spark Europe M E triggered protests, revolt repression Inflation create a inward-looking  superpower as threats intensifying. defense budget risk being strangled by “inflation anaconda.” Pentagon build down as China expand Russia threaten conflict Iran


Question: inflation is corrosive on world order

Fiscal miscalibration decimates markets. That guarantees extinction, escalating global tinderboxes and ruining societal adaptation.

Ellissa Cavaciuti-Wishart et al. 24, MPhil, Head, Global Risks, World Economic Forum; Sophie Heading, MA, Lead, Global Risks, World Economic Forum; Kevin Kohler, MA, Specialist, Global Risks, World Economic Forum; Saadia Zahidi, MPhil, Managing Director, World Economic Forum, "Global Risks 2024: At a Turning Point," & "Global Risks 2034: Over the Limit," in The Global Risks Report 2024, Chapter 1 & 2, January 2024, pg. 14-39. [italics in original]

small shock edge past the  tipping point inflation  heightens miscalibration downturn most central risk to trigger risks Escalat key  hotspots – Ukraine , Israel  and  Taiwan powers step in eroding  guardrails long term shifts  in econ fragility contribute to  conflict contagion viscerally  threatening the world accelerate risk of  inadvertent escalation frozen conflicts heat up include Balkans , Libya Kashmir and  Korea hardship fuel n s a s control accelerate  anti-Western sentiment power projection fade creating  power vacuums new shocks would be  unmanageable  in fragility  and passes  the tipping point risk of miscalibration potentially  deepen and  prolong risks global risks where  economic vulnerabilities build potential  to become chronic resilience chipped away leaving states vulnerable emergent risks are arising upheaval elevate risk  of global catastrophe Extreme weather Biod loss ecosystem collapse resource shortages Pollution Adverse AI reflect existential risks and disinfo Cyber insecurity terrorism inflation is corrosive on world order. soaring costs ate away at defense budget destabilize world where there is revolutionary kindling, inflation fatal spark Europe M E triggered protests, revolt repression Inflation create a inward-looking  superpower as threats intensifying. defense budget risk being strangled by “inflation anaconda.” Pentagon build down as China expand Russia threaten conflict Iran


Question: escalating global tinderboxes and ruin adaptation

Fiscal miscalibration decimates markets. That guarantees extinction, escalating global tinderboxes and ruining societal adaptation.

Ellissa Cavaciuti-Wishart et al. 24, MPhil, Head, Global Risks, World Economic Forum; Sophie Heading, MA, Lead, Global Risks, World Economic Forum; Kevin Kohler, MA, Specialist, Global Risks, World Economic Forum; Saadia Zahidi, MPhil, Managing Director, World Economic Forum, "Global Risks 2024: At a Turning Point," & "Global Risks 2034: Over the Limit," in The Global Risks Report 2024, Chapter 1 & 2, January 2024, pg. 14-39. [italics in original]

small shock edge past the  tipping point inflation  heightens miscalibration downturn most central risk to trigger risks Escalat key  hotspots – Ukraine , Israel  and  Taiwan powers step in eroding  guardrails long term shifts  in econ fragility contribute to  conflict contagion viscerally  threatening the world accelerate risk of  inadvertent escalation frozen conflicts heat up include Balkans , Libya Kashmir and  Korea hardship fuel n s a s control accelerate  anti-Western sentiment power projection fade creating  power vacuums new shocks would be  unmanageable  in fragility  and passes  the tipping point risk of miscalibration potentially  deepen and  prolong risks global risks where  economic vulnerabilities build potential  to become chronic resilience chipped away leaving states vulnerable emergent risks are arising upheaval elevate risk  of global catastrophe Extreme weather Biod loss ecosystem collapse resource shortages Pollution Adverse AI reflect existential risks and disinfo Cyber insecurity terrorism inflation is corrosive on world order. soaring costs ate away at defense budget destabilize world where there is revolutionary kindling, inflation fatal spark Europe M E triggered protests, revolt repression Inflation create a inward-looking  superpower as threats intensifying. defense budget risk being strangled by “inflation anaconda.” Pentagon build down as China expand Russia threaten conflict Iran


Question: economic vulnerabilities cause catastrophe

Fiscal miscalibration decimates markets. That guarantees extinction, escalating global tinderboxes and ruining societal adaptation.

Ellissa Cavaciuti-Wishart et al. 24, MPhil, Head, Global Risks, World Economic Forum; Sophie Heading, MA, Lead, Global Risks, World Economic Forum; Kevin Kohler, MA, Specialist, Global Risks, World Economic Forum; Saadia Zahidi, MPhil, Managing Director, World Economic Forum, "Global Risks 2024: At a Turning Point," & "Global Risks 2034: Over the Limit," in The Global Risks Report 2024, Chapter 1 & 2, January 2024, pg. 14-39. [italics in original]

small shock edge past the  tipping point inflation  heightens miscalibration downturn most central risk to trigger risks Escalat key  hotspots – Ukraine , Israel  and  Taiwan powers step in eroding  guardrails long term shifts  in econ fragility contribute to  conflict contagion viscerally  threatening the world accelerate risk of  inadvertent escalation frozen conflicts heat up include Balkans , Libya Kashmir and  Korea hardship fuel n s a s control accelerate  anti-Western sentiment power projection fade creating  power vacuums new shocks would be  unmanageable  in fragility  and passes  the tipping point risk of miscalibration potentially  deepen and  prolong risks global risks where  economic vulnerabilities build potential  to become chronic resilience chipped away leaving states vulnerable emergent risks are arising upheaval elevate risk  of global catastrophe Extreme weather Biod loss ecosystem collapse resource shortages Pollution Adverse AI reflect existential risks and disinfo Cyber insecurity terrorism inflation is corrosive on world order. soaring costs ate away at defense budget destabilize world where there is revolutionary kindling, inflation fatal spark Europe M E triggered protests, revolt repression Inflation create a inward-looking  superpower as threats intensifying. defense budget risk being strangled by “inflation anaconda.” Pentagon build down as China expand Russia threaten conflict Iran


Question: Counterplan uncertain investment

3. Counterplan is uncertain – it’s clearly illegal AND subject to the whims of the administration. That’s key to investment and planning for transition – that’s Metcalf AND…

Dr. Benjamin Carton and Dr. Jean-Marc Natal 22. Senior economist, IMF; PhD, Economics, University of Paris Panthéon-Sorbonne. Deputy Chief, World Economic Studies Division, IMF; former professor, Monetary Theory and Policy, University of Geneva; PhD, International Economics, Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva. “Further Delaying Climate Policies Will Hurt Economic Growth.” IMF Blog. Oct. 5, 2022. https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2022/10/05/further-delaying-climate-policies-will-hurt-economic-growth.

U S g h g taxes to be effective need to be credible If only partially credible firms will not consider future increases when planning investment This slow transition only partially credible policies double the cost of transitioning


Question: Carton and Natal 22

3. Counterplan is uncertain – it’s clearly illegal AND subject to the whims of the administration. That’s key to investment and planning for transition – that’s Metcalf AND…

Dr. Benjamin Carton and Dr. Jean-Marc Natal 22. Senior economist, IMF; PhD, Economics, University of Paris Panthéon-Sorbonne. Deputy Chief, World Economic Studies Division, IMF; former professor, Monetary Theory and Policy, University of Geneva; PhD, International Economics, Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva. “Further Delaying Climate Policies Will Hurt Economic Growth.” IMF Blog. Oct. 5, 2022. https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2022/10/05/further-delaying-climate-policies-will-hurt-economic-growth.

U S g h g taxes to be effective need to be credible If only partially credible firms will not consider future increases when planning investment This slow transition only partially credible policies double the cost of transitioning


Question: IMF climate policies credibility

3. Counterplan is uncertain – it’s clearly illegal AND subject to the whims of the administration. That’s key to investment and planning for transition – that’s Metcalf AND…

Dr. Benjamin Carton and Dr. Jean-Marc Natal 22. Senior economist, IMF; PhD, Economics, University of Paris Panthéon-Sorbonne. Deputy Chief, World Economic Studies Division, IMF; former professor, Monetary Theory and Policy, University of Geneva; PhD, International Economics, Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva. “Further Delaying Climate Policies Will Hurt Economic Growth.” IMF Blog. Oct. 5, 2022. https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2022/10/05/further-delaying-climate-policies-will-hurt-economic-growth.

U S g h g taxes to be effective need to be credible If only partially credible firms will not consider future increases when planning investment This slow transition only partially credible policies double the cost of transitioning


Question: climate policies credible

3. Counterplan is uncertain – it’s clearly illegal AND subject to the whims of the administration. That’s key to investment and planning for transition – that’s Metcalf AND…

Dr. Benjamin Carton and Dr. Jean-Marc Natal 22. Senior economist, IMF; PhD, Economics, University of Paris Panthéon-Sorbonne. Deputy Chief, World Economic Studies Division, IMF; former professor, Monetary Theory and Policy, University of Geneva; PhD, International Economics, Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva. “Further Delaying Climate Policies Will Hurt Economic Growth.” IMF Blog. Oct. 5, 2022. https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2022/10/05/further-delaying-climate-policies-will-hurt-economic-growth.

U S g h g taxes to be effective need to be credible If only partially credible firms will not consider future increases when planning investment This slow transition only partially credible policies double the cost of transitioning


Question: uncertain policies double transition cost

3. Counterplan is uncertain – it’s clearly illegal AND subject to the whims of the administration. That’s key to investment and planning for transition – that’s Metcalf AND…

Dr. Benjamin Carton and Dr. Jean-Marc Natal 22. Senior economist, IMF; PhD, Economics, University of Paris Panthéon-Sorbonne. Deputy Chief, World Economic Studies Division, IMF; former professor, Monetary Theory and Policy, University of Geneva; PhD, International Economics, Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva. “Further Delaying Climate Policies Will Hurt Economic Growth.” IMF Blog. Oct. 5, 2022. https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2022/10/05/further-delaying-climate-policies-will-hurt-economic-growth.

U S g h g taxes to be effective need to be credible If only partially credible firms will not consider future increases when planning investment This slow transition only partially credible policies double the cost of transitioning


Question: investment and planning for transition

3. Counterplan is uncertain – it’s clearly illegal AND subject to the whims of the administration. That’s key to investment and planning for transition – that’s Metcalf AND…

Dr. Benjamin Carton and Dr. Jean-Marc Natal 22. Senior economist, IMF; PhD, Economics, University of Paris Panthéon-Sorbonne. Deputy Chief, World Economic Studies Division, IMF; former professor, Monetary Theory and Policy, University of Geneva; PhD, International Economics, Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva. “Further Delaying Climate Policies Will Hurt Economic Growth.” IMF Blog. Oct. 5, 2022. https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2022/10/05/further-delaying-climate-policies-will-hurt-economic-growth.

U S g h g taxes to be effective need to be credible If only partially credible firms will not consider future increases when planning investment This slow transition only partially credible policies double the cost of transitioning


Question: delaying climate policies hurts growth

3. Counterplan is uncertain – it’s clearly illegal AND subject to the whims of the administration. That’s key to investment and planning for transition – that’s Metcalf AND…

Dr. Benjamin Carton and Dr. Jean-Marc Natal 22. Senior economist, IMF; PhD, Economics, University of Paris Panthéon-Sorbonne. Deputy Chief, World Economic Studies Division, IMF; former professor, Monetary Theory and Policy, University of Geneva; PhD, International Economics, Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva. “Further Delaying Climate Policies Will Hurt Economic Growth.” IMF Blog. Oct. 5, 2022. https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2022/10/05/further-delaying-climate-policies-will-hurt-economic-growth.

U S g h g taxes to be effective need to be credible If only partially credible firms will not consider future increases when planning investment This slow transition only partially credible policies double the cost of transitioning


Question: Decarbonization anti-black power relations

Decarbonization further electrifies modernity by circulating more energy and solidifying relationships of power that are anti-black. Siphoning energy can rework these structures of power.

Dr. Sage Gerson 22, Assistant Professor at the Rhode Island School of Design, June 2022, “Introduction: The Leaky Grid,” Introduction to The Leaky Grid: Black and Native Electrified Imaginaries, pp. 1-25, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7s96972x

As climate change intensifies Many imagine electrification to transition from fossil fuels Yet energy transition merely swaps one source for another , retains “ existing inequalities —indeed, requires them climate change, a result of colonialism capitalism , and injustice , is not solely an emissions issue it is dangerous to reduce climate change to ‘emissions’ and leave the processes that caused climate change we “have to reimagine electricity use that does not extend the patterns of the present continues colonial extraction and Indigenous displacement the grid , and modernity produce racialized violence through environmental white supremacy against the grid’s colonialist mythology of control and containment electricity siphoning provid opportunity to unpack web of power relations that electrification is at the center of infrastructural systems electricity are wrapped up in modernity While narratives construct Black people as outside modernity, The Leaky Grid prioritizes electrified Black cultural production to ensure they are no longer relegated to the outskirts the connection between progress and electricity is more complex and extractive than progress infrastructure materializes power relations electricity theft displays the grid’s porosity and provides opportunity to unpack relations and to unsettle white relationships to energy and the environment Energy circulation cannot exist without environmental conquest and control Infrastructures are “ always vulnerable through electricity theft never closed


Question: Sage Gerson 22

Decarbonization further electrifies modernity by circulating more energy and solidifying relationships of power that are anti-black. Siphoning energy can rework these structures of power.

Dr. Sage Gerson 22, Assistant Professor at the Rhode Island School of Design, June 2022, “Introduction: The Leaky Grid,” Introduction to The Leaky Grid: Black and Native Electrified Imaginaries, pp. 1-25, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7s96972x

As climate change intensifies Many imagine electrification to transition from fossil fuels Yet energy transition merely swaps one source for another , retains “ existing inequalities —indeed, requires them climate change, a result of colonialism capitalism , and injustice , is not solely an emissions issue it is dangerous to reduce climate change to ‘emissions’ and leave the processes that caused climate change we “have to reimagine electricity use that does not extend the patterns of the present continues colonial extraction and Indigenous displacement the grid , and modernity produce racialized violence through environmental white supremacy against the grid’s colonialist mythology of control and containment electricity siphoning provid opportunity to unpack web of power relations that electrification is at the center of infrastructural systems electricity are wrapped up in modernity While narratives construct Black people as outside modernity, The Leaky Grid prioritizes electrified Black cultural production to ensure they are no longer relegated to the outskirts the connection between progress and electricity is more complex and extractive than progress infrastructure materializes power relations electricity theft displays the grid’s porosity and provides opportunity to unpack relations and to unsettle white relationships to energy and the environment Energy circulation cannot exist without environmental conquest and control Infrastructures are “ always vulnerable through electricity theft never closed


Question: Gerson decarbonization

Decarbonization further electrifies modernity by circulating more energy and solidifying relationships of power that are anti-black. Siphoning energy can rework these structures of power.

Dr. Sage Gerson 22, Assistant Professor at the Rhode Island School of Design, June 2022, “Introduction: The Leaky Grid,” Introduction to The Leaky Grid: Black and Native Electrified Imaginaries, pp. 1-25, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7s96972x

As climate change intensifies Many imagine electrification to transition from fossil fuels Yet energy transition merely swaps one source for another , retains “ existing inequalities —indeed, requires them climate change, a result of colonialism capitalism , and injustice , is not solely an emissions issue it is dangerous to reduce climate change to ‘emissions’ and leave the processes that caused climate change we “have to reimagine electricity use that does not extend the patterns of the present continues colonial extraction and Indigenous displacement the grid , and modernity produce racialized violence through environmental white supremacy against the grid’s colonialist mythology of control and containment electricity siphoning provid opportunity to unpack web of power relations that electrification is at the center of infrastructural systems electricity are wrapped up in modernity While narratives construct Black people as outside modernity, The Leaky Grid prioritizes electrified Black cultural production to ensure they are no longer relegated to the outskirts the connection between progress and electricity is more complex and extractive than progress infrastructure materializes power relations electricity theft displays the grid’s porosity and provides opportunity to unpack relations and to unsettle white relationships to energy and the environment Energy circulation cannot exist without environmental conquest and control Infrastructures are “ always vulnerable through electricity theft never closed


Question: Electrification solidifies anti-black power

Decarbonization further electrifies modernity by circulating more energy and solidifying relationships of power that are anti-black. Siphoning energy can rework these structures of power.

Dr. Sage Gerson 22, Assistant Professor at the Rhode Island School of Design, June 2022, “Introduction: The Leaky Grid,” Introduction to The Leaky Grid: Black and Native Electrified Imaginaries, pp. 1-25, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7s96972x

As climate change intensifies Many imagine electrification to transition from fossil fuels Yet energy transition merely swaps one source for another , retains “ existing inequalities —indeed, requires them climate change, a result of colonialism capitalism , and injustice , is not solely an emissions issue it is dangerous to reduce climate change to ‘emissions’ and leave the processes that caused climate change we “have to reimagine electricity use that does not extend the patterns of the present continues colonial extraction and Indigenous displacement the grid , and modernity produce racialized violence through environmental white supremacy against the grid’s colonialist mythology of control and containment electricity siphoning provid opportunity to unpack web of power relations that electrification is at the center of infrastructural systems electricity are wrapped up in modernity While narratives construct Black people as outside modernity, The Leaky Grid prioritizes electrified Black cultural production to ensure they are no longer relegated to the outskirts the connection between progress and electricity is more complex and extractive than progress infrastructure materializes power relations electricity theft displays the grid’s porosity and provides opportunity to unpack relations and to unsettle white relationships to energy and the environment Energy circulation cannot exist without environmental conquest and control Infrastructures are “ always vulnerable through electricity theft never closed


Question: Electricity siphoning reworks power structures

Decarbonization further electrifies modernity by circulating more energy and solidifying relationships of power that are anti-black. Siphoning energy can rework these structures of power.

Dr. Sage Gerson 22, Assistant Professor at the Rhode Island School of Design, June 2022, “Introduction: The Leaky Grid,” Introduction to The Leaky Grid: Black and Native Electrified Imaginaries, pp. 1-25, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7s96972x

As climate change intensifies Many imagine electrification to transition from fossil fuels Yet energy transition merely swaps one source for another , retains “ existing inequalities —indeed, requires them climate change, a result of colonialism capitalism , and injustice , is not solely an emissions issue it is dangerous to reduce climate change to ‘emissions’ and leave the processes that caused climate change we “have to reimagine electricity use that does not extend the patterns of the present continues colonial extraction and Indigenous displacement the grid , and modernity produce racialized violence through environmental white supremacy against the grid’s colonialist mythology of control and containment electricity siphoning provid opportunity to unpack web of power relations that electrification is at the center of infrastructural systems electricity are wrapped up in modernity While narratives construct Black people as outside modernity, The Leaky Grid prioritizes electrified Black cultural production to ensure they are no longer relegated to the outskirts the connection between progress and electricity is more complex and extractive than progress infrastructure materializes power relations electricity theft displays the grid’s porosity and provides opportunity to unpack relations and to unsettle white relationships to energy and the environment Energy circulation cannot exist without environmental conquest and control Infrastructures are “ always vulnerable through electricity theft never closed


Question: Electricity theft displays grid porosity

Decarbonization further electrifies modernity by circulating more energy and solidifying relationships of power that are anti-black. Siphoning energy can rework these structures of power.

Dr. Sage Gerson 22, Assistant Professor at the Rhode Island School of Design, June 2022, “Introduction: The Leaky Grid,” Introduction to The Leaky Grid: Black and Native Electrified Imaginaries, pp. 1-25, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7s96972x

As climate change intensifies Many imagine electrification to transition from fossil fuels Yet energy transition merely swaps one source for another , retains “ existing inequalities —indeed, requires them climate change, a result of colonialism capitalism , and injustice , is not solely an emissions issue it is dangerous to reduce climate change to ‘emissions’ and leave the processes that caused climate change we “have to reimagine electricity use that does not extend the patterns of the present continues colonial extraction and Indigenous displacement the grid , and modernity produce racialized violence through environmental white supremacy against the grid’s colonialist mythology of control and containment electricity siphoning provid opportunity to unpack web of power relations that electrification is at the center of infrastructural systems electricity are wrapped up in modernity While narratives construct Black people as outside modernity, The Leaky Grid prioritizes electrified Black cultural production to ensure they are no longer relegated to the outskirts the connection between progress and electricity is more complex and extractive than progress infrastructure materializes power relations electricity theft displays the grid’s porosity and provides opportunity to unpack relations and to unsettle white relationships to energy and the environment Energy circulation cannot exist without environmental conquest and control Infrastructures are “ always vulnerable through electricity theft never closed


Question: Climate change not solely emissions issue

Decarbonization further electrifies modernity by circulating more energy and solidifying relationships of power that are anti-black. Siphoning energy can rework these structures of power.

Dr. Sage Gerson 22, Assistant Professor at the Rhode Island School of Design, June 2022, “Introduction: The Leaky Grid,” Introduction to The Leaky Grid: Black and Native Electrified Imaginaries, pp. 1-25, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7s96972x

As climate change intensifies Many imagine electrification to transition from fossil fuels Yet energy transition merely swaps one source for another , retains “ existing inequalities —indeed, requires them climate change, a result of colonialism capitalism , and injustice , is not solely an emissions issue it is dangerous to reduce climate change to ‘emissions’ and leave the processes that caused climate change we “have to reimagine electricity use that does not extend the patterns of the present continues colonial extraction and Indigenous displacement the grid , and modernity produce racialized violence through environmental white supremacy against the grid’s colonialist mythology of control and containment electricity siphoning provid opportunity to unpack web of power relations that electrification is at the center of infrastructural systems electricity are wrapped up in modernity While narratives construct Black people as outside modernity, The Leaky Grid prioritizes electrified Black cultural production to ensure they are no longer relegated to the outskirts the connection between progress and electricity is more complex and extractive than progress infrastructure materializes power relations electricity theft displays the grid’s porosity and provides opportunity to unpack relations and to unsettle white relationships to energy and the environment Energy circulation cannot exist without environmental conquest and control Infrastructures are “ always vulnerable through electricity theft never closed


Question: Electrification requires existing inequalities

Decarbonization further electrifies modernity by circulating more energy and solidifying relationships of power that are anti-black. Siphoning energy can rework these structures of power.

Dr. Sage Gerson 22, Assistant Professor at the Rhode Island School of Design, June 2022, “Introduction: The Leaky Grid,” Introduction to The Leaky Grid: Black and Native Electrified Imaginaries, pp. 1-25, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7s96972x

As climate change intensifies Many imagine electrification to transition from fossil fuels Yet energy transition merely swaps one source for another , retains “ existing inequalities —indeed, requires them climate change, a result of colonialism capitalism , and injustice , is not solely an emissions issue it is dangerous to reduce climate change to ‘emissions’ and leave the processes that caused climate change we “have to reimagine electricity use that does not extend the patterns of the present continues colonial extraction and Indigenous displacement the grid , and modernity produce racialized violence through environmental white supremacy against the grid’s colonialist mythology of control and containment electricity siphoning provid opportunity to unpack web of power relations that electrification is at the center of infrastructural systems electricity are wrapped up in modernity While narratives construct Black people as outside modernity, The Leaky Grid prioritizes electrified Black cultural production to ensure they are no longer relegated to the outskirts the connection between progress and electricity is more complex and extractive than progress infrastructure materializes power relations electricity theft displays the grid’s porosity and provides opportunity to unpack relations and to unsettle white relationships to energy and the environment Energy circulation cannot exist without environmental conquest and control Infrastructures are “ always vulnerable through electricity theft never closed


Question: subsidies definition

Subsidies unlimits.

Osaka 21, reporter @ Grist. (Shannon, 1-28-2021, "Biden is canceling fossil fuel subsidies. But he can't end them all.," Grist, https://grist.org/politics/biden-is-eliminating-fossil-fuel-subsidies-but-he-cant-end-them-all/)

not everyone agrees on what counts as a fossil subsidy and what doesn’t Subsidies aren’t checks from the government They take tax breaks loopholes or anything that gives a industry a leg up .


Question: Osaka 21

Subsidies unlimits.

Osaka 21, reporter @ Grist. (Shannon, 1-28-2021, "Biden is canceling fossil fuel subsidies. But he can't end them all.," Grist, https://grist.org/politics/biden-is-eliminating-fossil-fuel-subsidies-but-he-cant-end-them-all/)

not everyone agrees on what counts as a fossil subsidy and what doesn’t Subsidies aren’t checks from the government They take tax breaks loopholes or anything that gives a industry a leg up .


Question: Biden fossil fuel subsidies

Subsidies unlimits.

Osaka 21, reporter @ Grist. (Shannon, 1-28-2021, "Biden is canceling fossil fuel subsidies. But he can't end them all.," Grist, https://grist.org/politics/biden-is-eliminating-fossil-fuel-subsidies-but-he-cant-end-them-all/)

not everyone agrees on what counts as a fossil subsidy and what doesn’t Subsidies aren’t checks from the government They take tax breaks loopholes or anything that gives a industry a leg up .


Question: fossil subsidies are tax breaks

Subsidies unlimits.

Osaka 21, reporter @ Grist. (Shannon, 1-28-2021, "Biden is canceling fossil fuel subsidies. But he can't end them all.," Grist, https://grist.org/politics/biden-is-eliminating-fossil-fuel-subsidies-but-he-cant-end-them-all/)

not everyone agrees on what counts as a fossil subsidy and what doesn’t Subsidies aren’t checks from the government They take tax breaks loopholes or anything that gives a industry a leg up .


Question: definition of fossil fuel subsidy

Subsidies unlimits.

Osaka 21, reporter @ Grist. (Shannon, 1-28-2021, "Biden is canceling fossil fuel subsidies. But he can't end them all.," Grist, https://grist.org/politics/biden-is-eliminating-fossil-fuel-subsidies-but-he-cant-end-them-all/)

not everyone agrees on what counts as a fossil subsidy and what doesn’t Subsidies aren’t checks from the government They take tax breaks loopholes or anything that gives a industry a leg up .


Question: fossil subsidies tax breaks loopholes

Subsidies unlimits.

Osaka 21, reporter @ Grist. (Shannon, 1-28-2021, "Biden is canceling fossil fuel subsidies. But he can't end them all.," Grist, https://grist.org/politics/biden-is-eliminating-fossil-fuel-subsidies-but-he-cant-end-them-all/)

not everyone agrees on what counts as a fossil subsidy and what doesn’t Subsidies aren’t checks from the government They take tax breaks loopholes or anything that gives a industry a leg up .


Question: fossil subsidies unlimited

Subsidies unlimits.

Osaka 21, reporter @ Grist. (Shannon, 1-28-2021, "Biden is canceling fossil fuel subsidies. But he can't end them all.," Grist, https://grist.org/politics/biden-is-eliminating-fossil-fuel-subsidies-but-he-cant-end-them-all/)

not everyone agrees on what counts as a fossil subsidy and what doesn’t Subsidies aren’t checks from the government They take tax breaks loopholes or anything that gives a industry a leg up .


Question: Russia's influence is dead

Russia’s influence is dead.

Thomas de Waal 24. Senior Fellow at Carnegie Europe. "The End of the Near Abroad." Carnegie Europe. 5/16/2024. carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/05/the-end-of-the-near-abroad?lang=en&center=europe

All post-Soviet states except Belarus sought to deter Russia by supporting Ukraine Ukraine has accentuated antipathy sentiments reflect a societal shift Russian has declined outside There is a turn away from Russian media


Question: de Waal 24

Russia’s influence is dead.

Thomas de Waal 24. Senior Fellow at Carnegie Europe. "The End of the Near Abroad." Carnegie Europe. 5/16/2024. carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/05/the-end-of-the-near-abroad?lang=en&center=europe

All post-Soviet states except Belarus sought to deter Russia by supporting Ukraine Ukraine has accentuated antipathy sentiments reflect a societal shift Russian has declined outside There is a turn away from Russian media


Question: Russia influence decline

Russia’s influence is dead.

Thomas de Waal 24. Senior Fellow at Carnegie Europe. "The End of the Near Abroad." Carnegie Europe. 5/16/2024. carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/05/the-end-of-the-near-abroad?lang=en&center=europe

All post-Soviet states except Belarus sought to deter Russia by supporting Ukraine Ukraine has accentuated antipathy sentiments reflect a societal shift Russian has declined outside There is a turn away from Russian media


Question: End of the Near Abroad

Russia’s influence is dead.

Thomas de Waal 24. Senior Fellow at Carnegie Europe. "The End of the Near Abroad." Carnegie Europe. 5/16/2024. carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/05/the-end-of-the-near-abroad?lang=en&center=europe

All post-Soviet states except Belarus sought to deter Russia by supporting Ukraine Ukraine has accentuated antipathy sentiments reflect a societal shift Russian has declined outside There is a turn away from Russian media


Question: anti-Russia sentiment

Russia’s influence is dead.

Thomas de Waal 24. Senior Fellow at Carnegie Europe. "The End of the Near Abroad." Carnegie Europe. 5/16/2024. carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/05/the-end-of-the-near-abroad?lang=en&center=europe

All post-Soviet states except Belarus sought to deter Russia by supporting Ukraine Ukraine has accentuated antipathy sentiments reflect a societal shift Russian has declined outside There is a turn away from Russian media


Question: Russia media decline

Russia’s influence is dead.

Thomas de Waal 24. Senior Fellow at Carnegie Europe. "The End of the Near Abroad." Carnegie Europe. 5/16/2024. carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/05/the-end-of-the-near-abroad?lang=en&center=europe

All post-Soviet states except Belarus sought to deter Russia by supporting Ukraine Ukraine has accentuated antipathy sentiments reflect a societal shift Russian has declined outside There is a turn away from Russian media


Question: Post-Soviet states deter Russia

Russia’s influence is dead.

Thomas de Waal 24. Senior Fellow at Carnegie Europe. "The End of the Near Abroad." Carnegie Europe. 5/16/2024. carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/05/the-end-of-the-near-abroad?lang=en&center=europe

All post-Soviet states except Belarus sought to deter Russia by supporting Ukraine Ukraine has accentuated antipathy sentiments reflect a societal shift Russian has declined outside There is a turn away from Russian media