Question: No physical risk to loans

No physical risk or internal link – loans are short and climate change is slow, even overestimated affects don’t affect business

Cochrane 21 [John H, senior fellow of the Hoover Institution, an adjunct scholar at the CATO Institute, and the author of The Fiscal Theory of the Price Level, “The Fallacy of Climate Financial Risk”, Project Syndicate, Jul 21, 2021. Accessed from https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/climate-financial-risk-fallacy-by-john-h-cochrane-2021-07?ref=readtangle.com, on 10/5/2024, NDawson]

“climate risk” poses a danger to the financial system is absurd systemic financial risk”  means possibility the entire financial system will melt not that some asset price falls risk means  sudden, unexpected, large, and widespread change in  probability distribution of weather , sufficient to cause  losses  that blow through equity and long-term debt cushions , provoking  run on short-term debt the  five year horizon begin to assess risks Hurricanes droughts, and fires have never come close to causing systemic financial crises , there is no scientific possibility that  frequency and severity will change  to alter this in ten years. Our diversified economy is not affected by even by headline-making events stranded asset seems remote banks have few incentives (let alone approvals from risk committees) to securitize coal it seems given growing consensus away from carbon assets, demand will be small Banks are more incentivized than before 08 to conduct due diligence reforms require banks to retain a first-loss piece of any bond they sell forces banks to keep skin in the game banks not hold sufficient carbon assets to threaten solvency the amount of capital to absorb losses is quadruple exposure at all these in 2020 oil prices fell below zero dollars solvency did not come into question even significant climate shocks cannot drastically impair asset quality


Question: Cochrane 21

No physical risk or internal link – loans are short and climate change is slow, even overestimated affects don’t affect business

Cochrane 21 [John H, senior fellow of the Hoover Institution, an adjunct scholar at the CATO Institute, and the author of The Fiscal Theory of the Price Level, “The Fallacy of Climate Financial Risk”, Project Syndicate, Jul 21, 2021. Accessed from https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/climate-financial-risk-fallacy-by-john-h-cochrane-2021-07?ref=readtangle.com, on 10/5/2024, NDawson]

“climate risk” poses a danger to the financial system is absurd systemic financial risk”  means possibility the entire financial system will melt not that some asset price falls risk means  sudden, unexpected, large, and widespread change in  probability distribution of weather , sufficient to cause  losses  that blow through equity and long-term debt cushions , provoking  run on short-term debt the  five year horizon begin to assess risks Hurricanes droughts, and fires have never come close to causing systemic financial crises , there is no scientific possibility that  frequency and severity will change  to alter this in ten years. Our diversified economy is not affected by even by headline-making events stranded asset seems remote banks have few incentives (let alone approvals from risk committees) to securitize coal it seems given growing consensus away from carbon assets, demand will be small Banks are more incentivized than before 08 to conduct due diligence reforms require banks to retain a first-loss piece of any bond they sell forces banks to keep skin in the game banks not hold sufficient carbon assets to threaten solvency the amount of capital to absorb losses is quadruple exposure at all these in 2020 oil prices fell below zero dollars solvency did not come into question even significant climate shocks cannot drastically impair asset quality


Question: John Cochrane climate risk fallacy

No physical risk or internal link – loans are short and climate change is slow, even overestimated affects don’t affect business

Cochrane 21 [John H, senior fellow of the Hoover Institution, an adjunct scholar at the CATO Institute, and the author of The Fiscal Theory of the Price Level, “The Fallacy of Climate Financial Risk”, Project Syndicate, Jul 21, 2021. Accessed from https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/climate-financial-risk-fallacy-by-john-h-cochrane-2021-07?ref=readtangle.com, on 10/5/2024, NDawson]

“climate risk” poses a danger to the financial system is absurd systemic financial risk”  means possibility the entire financial system will melt not that some asset price falls risk means  sudden, unexpected, large, and widespread change in  probability distribution of weather , sufficient to cause  losses  that blow through equity and long-term debt cushions , provoking  run on short-term debt the  five year horizon begin to assess risks Hurricanes droughts, and fires have never come close to causing systemic financial crises , there is no scientific possibility that  frequency and severity will change  to alter this in ten years. Our diversified economy is not affected by even by headline-making events stranded asset seems remote banks have few incentives (let alone approvals from risk committees) to securitize coal it seems given growing consensus away from carbon assets, demand will be small Banks are more incentivized than before 08 to conduct due diligence reforms require banks to retain a first-loss piece of any bond they sell forces banks to keep skin in the game banks not hold sufficient carbon assets to threaten solvency the amount of capital to absorb losses is quadruple exposure at all these in 2020 oil prices fell below zero dollars solvency did not come into question even significant climate shocks cannot drastically impair asset quality


Question: Climate risk is overblown

No physical risk or internal link – loans are short and climate change is slow, even overestimated affects don’t affect business

Cochrane 21 [John H, senior fellow of the Hoover Institution, an adjunct scholar at the CATO Institute, and the author of The Fiscal Theory of the Price Level, “The Fallacy of Climate Financial Risk”, Project Syndicate, Jul 21, 2021. Accessed from https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/climate-financial-risk-fallacy-by-john-h-cochrane-2021-07?ref=readtangle.com, on 10/5/2024, NDawson]

“climate risk” poses a danger to the financial system is absurd systemic financial risk”  means possibility the entire financial system will melt not that some asset price falls risk means  sudden, unexpected, large, and widespread change in  probability distribution of weather , sufficient to cause  losses  that blow through equity and long-term debt cushions , provoking  run on short-term debt the  five year horizon begin to assess risks Hurricanes droughts, and fires have never come close to causing systemic financial crises , there is no scientific possibility that  frequency and severity will change  to alter this in ten years. Our diversified economy is not affected by even by headline-making events stranded asset seems remote banks have few incentives (let alone approvals from risk committees) to securitize coal it seems given growing consensus away from carbon assets, demand will be small Banks are more incentivized than before 08 to conduct due diligence reforms require banks to retain a first-loss piece of any bond they sell forces banks to keep skin in the game banks not hold sufficient carbon assets to threaten solvency the amount of capital to absorb losses is quadruple exposure at all these in 2020 oil prices fell below zero dollars solvency did not come into question even significant climate shocks cannot drastically impair asset quality


Question: Financial system climate risk

No physical risk or internal link – loans are short and climate change is slow, even overestimated affects don’t affect business

Cochrane 21 [John H, senior fellow of the Hoover Institution, an adjunct scholar at the CATO Institute, and the author of The Fiscal Theory of the Price Level, “The Fallacy of Climate Financial Risk”, Project Syndicate, Jul 21, 2021. Accessed from https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/climate-financial-risk-fallacy-by-john-h-cochrane-2021-07?ref=readtangle.com, on 10/5/2024, NDawson]

“climate risk” poses a danger to the financial system is absurd systemic financial risk”  means possibility the entire financial system will melt not that some asset price falls risk means  sudden, unexpected, large, and widespread change in  probability distribution of weather , sufficient to cause  losses  that blow through equity and long-term debt cushions , provoking  run on short-term debt the  five year horizon begin to assess risks Hurricanes droughts, and fires have never come close to causing systemic financial crises , there is no scientific possibility that  frequency and severity will change  to alter this in ten years. Our diversified economy is not affected by even by headline-making events stranded asset seems remote banks have few incentives (let alone approvals from risk committees) to securitize coal it seems given growing consensus away from carbon assets, demand will be small Banks are more incentivized than before 08 to conduct due diligence reforms require banks to retain a first-loss piece of any bond they sell forces banks to keep skin in the game banks not hold sufficient carbon assets to threaten solvency the amount of capital to absorb losses is quadruple exposure at all these in 2020 oil prices fell below zero dollars solvency did not come into question even significant climate shocks cannot drastically impair asset quality


Question: Systemic financial risk definition

No physical risk or internal link – loans are short and climate change is slow, even overestimated affects don’t affect business

Cochrane 21 [John H, senior fellow of the Hoover Institution, an adjunct scholar at the CATO Institute, and the author of The Fiscal Theory of the Price Level, “The Fallacy of Climate Financial Risk”, Project Syndicate, Jul 21, 2021. Accessed from https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/climate-financial-risk-fallacy-by-john-h-cochrane-2021-07?ref=readtangle.com, on 10/5/2024, NDawson]

“climate risk” poses a danger to the financial system is absurd systemic financial risk”  means possibility the entire financial system will melt not that some asset price falls risk means  sudden, unexpected, large, and widespread change in  probability distribution of weather , sufficient to cause  losses  that blow through equity and long-term debt cushions , provoking  run on short-term debt the  five year horizon begin to assess risks Hurricanes droughts, and fires have never come close to causing systemic financial crises , there is no scientific possibility that  frequency and severity will change  to alter this in ten years. Our diversified economy is not affected by even by headline-making events stranded asset seems remote banks have few incentives (let alone approvals from risk committees) to securitize coal it seems given growing consensus away from carbon assets, demand will be small Banks are more incentivized than before 08 to conduct due diligence reforms require banks to retain a first-loss piece of any bond they sell forces banks to keep skin in the game banks not hold sufficient carbon assets to threaten solvency the amount of capital to absorb losses is quadruple exposure at all these in 2020 oil prices fell below zero dollars solvency did not come into question even significant climate shocks cannot drastically impair asset quality


Question: Banks climate risk small

No physical risk or internal link – loans are short and climate change is slow, even overestimated affects don’t affect business

Cochrane 21 [John H, senior fellow of the Hoover Institution, an adjunct scholar at the CATO Institute, and the author of The Fiscal Theory of the Price Level, “The Fallacy of Climate Financial Risk”, Project Syndicate, Jul 21, 2021. Accessed from https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/climate-financial-risk-fallacy-by-john-h-cochrane-2021-07?ref=readtangle.com, on 10/5/2024, NDawson]

“climate risk” poses a danger to the financial system is absurd systemic financial risk”  means possibility the entire financial system will melt not that some asset price falls risk means  sudden, unexpected, large, and widespread change in  probability distribution of weather , sufficient to cause  losses  that blow through equity and long-term debt cushions , provoking  run on short-term debt the  five year horizon begin to assess risks Hurricanes droughts, and fires have never come close to causing systemic financial crises , there is no scientific possibility that  frequency and severity will change  to alter this in ten years. Our diversified economy is not affected by even by headline-making events stranded asset seems remote banks have few incentives (let alone approvals from risk committees) to securitize coal it seems given growing consensus away from carbon assets, demand will be small Banks are more incentivized than before 08 to conduct due diligence reforms require banks to retain a first-loss piece of any bond they sell forces banks to keep skin in the game banks not hold sufficient carbon assets to threaten solvency the amount of capital to absorb losses is quadruple exposure at all these in 2020 oil prices fell below zero dollars solvency did not come into question even significant climate shocks cannot drastically impair asset quality


Question: climate change overestimated

No physical risk or internal link – loans are short and climate change is slow, even overestimated affects don’t affect business

Cochrane 21 [John H, senior fellow of the Hoover Institution, an adjunct scholar at the CATO Institute, and the author of The Fiscal Theory of the Price Level, “The Fallacy of Climate Financial Risk”, Project Syndicate, Jul 21, 2021. Accessed from https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/climate-financial-risk-fallacy-by-john-h-cochrane-2021-07?ref=readtangle.com, on 10/5/2024, NDawson]

“climate risk” poses a danger to the financial system is absurd systemic financial risk”  means possibility the entire financial system will melt not that some asset price falls risk means  sudden, unexpected, large, and widespread change in  probability distribution of weather , sufficient to cause  losses  that blow through equity and long-term debt cushions , provoking  run on short-term debt the  five year horizon begin to assess risks Hurricanes droughts, and fires have never come close to causing systemic financial crises , there is no scientific possibility that  frequency and severity will change  to alter this in ten years. Our diversified economy is not affected by even by headline-making events stranded asset seems remote banks have few incentives (let alone approvals from risk committees) to securitize coal it seems given growing consensus away from carbon assets, demand will be small Banks are more incentivized than before 08 to conduct due diligence reforms require banks to retain a first-loss piece of any bond they sell forces banks to keep skin in the game banks not hold sufficient carbon assets to threaten solvency the amount of capital to absorb losses is quadruple exposure at all these in 2020 oil prices fell below zero dollars solvency did not come into question even significant climate shocks cannot drastically impair asset quality


Question: clean energy development

It’s latent, but unreachable absent favorable domestic conditions for clean energy development---otherwise, China dominates the green market.

Dawes ’24 [Allegra and Joseph Majkut; April 10; Former Associate Fellow at the Energy Security and Climate Change Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, M.S. in Political Science and Political Economy at the London School of Economics and Political Science; Director of the Energy Security and Climate Change Program; Center for Strategic and International Studies, “Protectionism, Competition, and Elections: Navigating a New Era of U.S. Climate Leadership,” https://www.csis.org/analysis/protectionism-competition-and-elections-navigating-new-era-us-climate-leadership]

the U S as a leader in production and deployment of clean energy key for global climate action following Paris opportunities are declining lead on clean tech opens structural leadership economic growth and engagements China become dominant in supply chains r e m s p v s solar and EV China produces at the lowest costs This advantage can sway markets and choke competition protectionism hamper U.S. coalitions on climate the E U ’s CBAM will impact decarbonization If the U S become a leader on climate it will have to compete with China Clean tech is strategically important Defining interest in building and developing clean energy ensure the country remains a leader


Question: Dawes 24 China dominates green market

It’s latent, but unreachable absent favorable domestic conditions for clean energy development---otherwise, China dominates the green market.

Dawes ’24 [Allegra and Joseph Majkut; April 10; Former Associate Fellow at the Energy Security and Climate Change Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, M.S. in Political Science and Political Economy at the London School of Economics and Political Science; Director of the Energy Security and Climate Change Program; Center for Strategic and International Studies, “Protectionism, Competition, and Elections: Navigating a New Era of U.S. Climate Leadership,” https://www.csis.org/analysis/protectionism-competition-and-elections-navigating-new-era-us-climate-leadership]

the U S as a leader in production and deployment of clean energy key for global climate action following Paris opportunities are declining lead on clean tech opens structural leadership economic growth and engagements China become dominant in supply chains r e m s p v s solar and EV China produces at the lowest costs This advantage can sway markets and choke competition protectionism hamper U.S. coalitions on climate the E U ’s CBAM will impact decarbonization If the U S become a leader on climate it will have to compete with China Clean tech is strategically important Defining interest in building and developing clean energy ensure the country remains a leader


Question: Allegra Dawes China

It’s latent, but unreachable absent favorable domestic conditions for clean energy development---otherwise, China dominates the green market.

Dawes ’24 [Allegra and Joseph Majkut; April 10; Former Associate Fellow at the Energy Security and Climate Change Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, M.S. in Political Science and Political Economy at the London School of Economics and Political Science; Director of the Energy Security and Climate Change Program; Center for Strategic and International Studies, “Protectionism, Competition, and Elections: Navigating a New Era of U.S. Climate Leadership,” https://www.csis.org/analysis/protectionism-competition-and-elections-navigating-new-era-us-climate-leadership]

the U S as a leader in production and deployment of clean energy key for global climate action following Paris opportunities are declining lead on clean tech opens structural leadership economic growth and engagements China become dominant in supply chains r e m s p v s solar and EV China produces at the lowest costs This advantage can sway markets and choke competition protectionism hamper U.S. coalitions on climate the E U ’s CBAM will impact decarbonization If the U S become a leader on climate it will have to compete with China Clean tech is strategically important Defining interest in building and developing clean energy ensure the country remains a leader


Question: China dominates green market

It’s latent, but unreachable absent favorable domestic conditions for clean energy development---otherwise, China dominates the green market.

Dawes ’24 [Allegra and Joseph Majkut; April 10; Former Associate Fellow at the Energy Security and Climate Change Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, M.S. in Political Science and Political Economy at the London School of Economics and Political Science; Director of the Energy Security and Climate Change Program; Center for Strategic and International Studies, “Protectionism, Competition, and Elections: Navigating a New Era of U.S. Climate Leadership,” https://www.csis.org/analysis/protectionism-competition-and-elections-navigating-new-era-us-climate-leadership]

the U S as a leader in production and deployment of clean energy key for global climate action following Paris opportunities are declining lead on clean tech opens structural leadership economic growth and engagements China become dominant in supply chains r e m s p v s solar and EV China produces at the lowest costs This advantage can sway markets and choke competition protectionism hamper U.S. coalitions on climate the E U ’s CBAM will impact decarbonization If the U S become a leader on climate it will have to compete with China Clean tech is strategically important Defining interest in building and developing clean energy ensure the country remains a leader


Question: domestic conditions clean energy development

It’s latent, but unreachable absent favorable domestic conditions for clean energy development---otherwise, China dominates the green market.

Dawes ’24 [Allegra and Joseph Majkut; April 10; Former Associate Fellow at the Energy Security and Climate Change Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, M.S. in Political Science and Political Economy at the London School of Economics and Political Science; Director of the Energy Security and Climate Change Program; Center for Strategic and International Studies, “Protectionism, Competition, and Elections: Navigating a New Era of U.S. Climate Leadership,” https://www.csis.org/analysis/protectionism-competition-and-elections-navigating-new-era-us-climate-leadership]

the U S as a leader in production and deployment of clean energy key for global climate action following Paris opportunities are declining lead on clean tech opens structural leadership economic growth and engagements China become dominant in supply chains r e m s p v s solar and EV China produces at the lowest costs This advantage can sway markets and choke competition protectionism hamper U.S. coalitions on climate the E U ’s CBAM will impact decarbonization If the U S become a leader on climate it will have to compete with China Clean tech is strategically important Defining interest in building and developing clean energy ensure the country remains a leader


Question: China dominates supply chains

It’s latent, but unreachable absent favorable domestic conditions for clean energy development---otherwise, China dominates the green market.

Dawes ’24 [Allegra and Joseph Majkut; April 10; Former Associate Fellow at the Energy Security and Climate Change Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, M.S. in Political Science and Political Economy at the London School of Economics and Political Science; Director of the Energy Security and Climate Change Program; Center for Strategic and International Studies, “Protectionism, Competition, and Elections: Navigating a New Era of U.S. Climate Leadership,” https://www.csis.org/analysis/protectionism-competition-and-elections-navigating-new-era-us-climate-leadership]

the U S as a leader in production and deployment of clean energy key for global climate action following Paris opportunities are declining lead on clean tech opens structural leadership economic growth and engagements China become dominant in supply chains r e m s p v s solar and EV China produces at the lowest costs This advantage can sway markets and choke competition protectionism hamper U.S. coalitions on climate the E U ’s CBAM will impact decarbonization If the U S become a leader on climate it will have to compete with China Clean tech is strategically important Defining interest in building and developing clean energy ensure the country remains a leader


Question: US clean tech is strategically important

It’s latent, but unreachable absent favorable domestic conditions for clean energy development---otherwise, China dominates the green market.

Dawes ’24 [Allegra and Joseph Majkut; April 10; Former Associate Fellow at the Energy Security and Climate Change Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, M.S. in Political Science and Political Economy at the London School of Economics and Political Science; Director of the Energy Security and Climate Change Program; Center for Strategic and International Studies, “Protectionism, Competition, and Elections: Navigating a New Era of U.S. Climate Leadership,” https://www.csis.org/analysis/protectionism-competition-and-elections-navigating-new-era-us-climate-leadership]

the U S as a leader in production and deployment of clean energy key for global climate action following Paris opportunities are declining lead on clean tech opens structural leadership economic growth and engagements China become dominant in supply chains r e m s p v s solar and EV China produces at the lowest costs This advantage can sway markets and choke competition protectionism hamper U.S. coalitions on climate the E U ’s CBAM will impact decarbonization If the U S become a leader on climate it will have to compete with China Clean tech is strategically important Defining interest in building and developing clean energy ensure the country remains a leader


Question: China lowest costs

It’s latent, but unreachable absent favorable domestic conditions for clean energy development---otherwise, China dominates the green market.

Dawes ’24 [Allegra and Joseph Majkut; April 10; Former Associate Fellow at the Energy Security and Climate Change Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, M.S. in Political Science and Political Economy at the London School of Economics and Political Science; Director of the Energy Security and Climate Change Program; Center for Strategic and International Studies, “Protectionism, Competition, and Elections: Navigating a New Era of U.S. Climate Leadership,” https://www.csis.org/analysis/protectionism-competition-and-elections-navigating-new-era-us-climate-leadership]

the U S as a leader in production and deployment of clean energy key for global climate action following Paris opportunities are declining lead on clean tech opens structural leadership economic growth and engagements China become dominant in supply chains r e m s p v s solar and EV China produces at the lowest costs This advantage can sway markets and choke competition protectionism hamper U.S. coalitions on climate the E U ’s CBAM will impact decarbonization If the U S become a leader on climate it will have to compete with China Clean tech is strategically important Defining interest in building and developing clean energy ensure the country remains a leader


Question: Post-COVID is different

Post-COVID is different.

Kaye ’22 [Dalia Dassa; 2022; Senior Fellow, University of California Los Angeles Burkle Center for International Relations, former director, Center for Middle East Public Policy at RAND; The Washington Quarterly, “America’s Role in a Post-American Middle East,” vol. 45]

a decade of conflicts the  U S was unable to resolve states are realigning looking for off ramps to regional wars  as they de-escalate with each other and Iran Amid pandemic and  econ wars were unsustainable states normalizing relations mending trends demonstrate a more fluid environment neither he nor regional allies have been willing to escalate to war the Mid East see the emergence of mutual deterrence  that could  bring stability Iranian forces shot down a U.S. drone The military reaction goose egg mutual deterrence exists broadly in the region Iran showed they can hit targets with great precision for the Cold War MAD gave strategic calm in the Mid East Mutual Intraregional Deterrence would be stabilizing the situation of being deterred that Israel Saudi the U S all evinced is intriguing


Question: Kaye 22

Post-COVID is different.

Kaye ’22 [Dalia Dassa; 2022; Senior Fellow, University of California Los Angeles Burkle Center for International Relations, former director, Center for Middle East Public Policy at RAND; The Washington Quarterly, “America’s Role in a Post-American Middle East,” vol. 45]

a decade of conflicts the  U S was unable to resolve states are realigning looking for off ramps to regional wars  as they de-escalate with each other and Iran Amid pandemic and  econ wars were unsustainable states normalizing relations mending trends demonstrate a more fluid environment neither he nor regional allies have been willing to escalate to war the Mid East see the emergence of mutual deterrence  that could  bring stability Iranian forces shot down a U.S. drone The military reaction goose egg mutual deterrence exists broadly in the region Iran showed they can hit targets with great precision for the Cold War MAD gave strategic calm in the Mid East Mutual Intraregional Deterrence would be stabilizing the situation of being deterred that Israel Saudi the U S all evinced is intriguing


Question: Dalia Dassa Kaye

Post-COVID is different.

Kaye ’22 [Dalia Dassa; 2022; Senior Fellow, University of California Los Angeles Burkle Center for International Relations, former director, Center for Middle East Public Policy at RAND; The Washington Quarterly, “America’s Role in a Post-American Middle East,” vol. 45]

a decade of conflicts the  U S was unable to resolve states are realigning looking for off ramps to regional wars  as they de-escalate with each other and Iran Amid pandemic and  econ wars were unsustainable states normalizing relations mending trends demonstrate a more fluid environment neither he nor regional allies have been willing to escalate to war the Mid East see the emergence of mutual deterrence  that could  bring stability Iranian forces shot down a U.S. drone The military reaction goose egg mutual deterrence exists broadly in the region Iran showed they can hit targets with great precision for the Cold War MAD gave strategic calm in the Mid East Mutual Intraregional Deterrence would be stabilizing the situation of being deterred that Israel Saudi the U S all evinced is intriguing


Question: Middle East post COVID

Post-COVID is different.

Kaye ’22 [Dalia Dassa; 2022; Senior Fellow, University of California Los Angeles Burkle Center for International Relations, former director, Center for Middle East Public Policy at RAND; The Washington Quarterly, “America’s Role in a Post-American Middle East,” vol. 45]

a decade of conflicts the  U S was unable to resolve states are realigning looking for off ramps to regional wars  as they de-escalate with each other and Iran Amid pandemic and  econ wars were unsustainable states normalizing relations mending trends demonstrate a more fluid environment neither he nor regional allies have been willing to escalate to war the Mid East see the emergence of mutual deterrence  that could  bring stability Iranian forces shot down a U.S. drone The military reaction goose egg mutual deterrence exists broadly in the region Iran showed they can hit targets with great precision for the Cold War MAD gave strategic calm in the Mid East Mutual Intraregional Deterrence would be stabilizing the situation of being deterred that Israel Saudi the U S all evinced is intriguing


Question: Mutual deterrence in the Middle East

Post-COVID is different.

Kaye ’22 [Dalia Dassa; 2022; Senior Fellow, University of California Los Angeles Burkle Center for International Relations, former director, Center for Middle East Public Policy at RAND; The Washington Quarterly, “America’s Role in a Post-American Middle East,” vol. 45]

a decade of conflicts the  U S was unable to resolve states are realigning looking for off ramps to regional wars  as they de-escalate with each other and Iran Amid pandemic and  econ wars were unsustainable states normalizing relations mending trends demonstrate a more fluid environment neither he nor regional allies have been willing to escalate to war the Mid East see the emergence of mutual deterrence  that could  bring stability Iranian forces shot down a U.S. drone The military reaction goose egg mutual deterrence exists broadly in the region Iran showed they can hit targets with great precision for the Cold War MAD gave strategic calm in the Mid East Mutual Intraregional Deterrence would be stabilizing the situation of being deterred that Israel Saudi the U S all evinced is intriguing


Question: US role in Middle East

Post-COVID is different.

Kaye ’22 [Dalia Dassa; 2022; Senior Fellow, University of California Los Angeles Burkle Center for International Relations, former director, Center for Middle East Public Policy at RAND; The Washington Quarterly, “America’s Role in a Post-American Middle East,” vol. 45]

a decade of conflicts the  U S was unable to resolve states are realigning looking for off ramps to regional wars  as they de-escalate with each other and Iran Amid pandemic and  econ wars were unsustainable states normalizing relations mending trends demonstrate a more fluid environment neither he nor regional allies have been willing to escalate to war the Mid East see the emergence of mutual deterrence  that could  bring stability Iranian forces shot down a U.S. drone The military reaction goose egg mutual deterrence exists broadly in the region Iran showed they can hit targets with great precision for the Cold War MAD gave strategic calm in the Mid East Mutual Intraregional Deterrence would be stabilizing the situation of being deterred that Israel Saudi the U S all evinced is intriguing


Question: Middle East stability post covid

Post-COVID is different.

Kaye ’22 [Dalia Dassa; 2022; Senior Fellow, University of California Los Angeles Burkle Center for International Relations, former director, Center for Middle East Public Policy at RAND; The Washington Quarterly, “America’s Role in a Post-American Middle East,” vol. 45]

a decade of conflicts the  U S was unable to resolve states are realigning looking for off ramps to regional wars  as they de-escalate with each other and Iran Amid pandemic and  econ wars were unsustainable states normalizing relations mending trends demonstrate a more fluid environment neither he nor regional allies have been willing to escalate to war the Mid East see the emergence of mutual deterrence  that could  bring stability Iranian forces shot down a U.S. drone The military reaction goose egg mutual deterrence exists broadly in the region Iran showed they can hit targets with great precision for the Cold War MAD gave strategic calm in the Mid East Mutual Intraregional Deterrence would be stabilizing the situation of being deterred that Israel Saudi the U S all evinced is intriguing


Question: Middle East de-escalation

Post-COVID is different.

Kaye ’22 [Dalia Dassa; 2022; Senior Fellow, University of California Los Angeles Burkle Center for International Relations, former director, Center for Middle East Public Policy at RAND; The Washington Quarterly, “America’s Role in a Post-American Middle East,” vol. 45]

a decade of conflicts the  U S was unable to resolve states are realigning looking for off ramps to regional wars  as they de-escalate with each other and Iran Amid pandemic and  econ wars were unsustainable states normalizing relations mending trends demonstrate a more fluid environment neither he nor regional allies have been willing to escalate to war the Mid East see the emergence of mutual deterrence  that could  bring stability Iranian forces shot down a U.S. drone The military reaction goose egg mutual deterrence exists broadly in the region Iran showed they can hit targets with great precision for the Cold War MAD gave strategic calm in the Mid East Mutual Intraregional Deterrence would be stabilizing the situation of being deterred that Israel Saudi the U S all evinced is intriguing


Question: Causes unsustainable price increases

Causes unsustainable price increases

Feldman 19, [Sarah Feldman is a Data Journalist at Ipsos based in Paris, Ile-de-France. Previously, Sarah was a Data Journalist at GoToMeeting and also held positions at BerlinRosen, Smith College, International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, Verité. “Any carbon tax would hit coal hard.” 10/14/2019. https://delano.lu/article/delano_any-carbon-tax-would-hit-coal-hard]//KAK

carbon tax would increase prices from coal by 214 percent


Question: Feldman 19

Causes unsustainable price increases

Feldman 19, [Sarah Feldman is a Data Journalist at Ipsos based in Paris, Ile-de-France. Previously, Sarah was a Data Journalist at GoToMeeting and also held positions at BerlinRosen, Smith College, International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, Verité. “Any carbon tax would hit coal hard.” 10/14/2019. https://delano.lu/article/delano_any-carbon-tax-would-hit-coal-hard]//KAK

carbon tax would increase prices from coal by 214 percent


Question: Sarah Feldman

Causes unsustainable price increases

Feldman 19, [Sarah Feldman is a Data Journalist at Ipsos based in Paris, Ile-de-France. Previously, Sarah was a Data Journalist at GoToMeeting and also held positions at BerlinRosen, Smith College, International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, Verité. “Any carbon tax would hit coal hard.” 10/14/2019. https://delano.lu/article/delano_any-carbon-tax-would-hit-coal-hard]//KAK

carbon tax would increase prices from coal by 214 percent


Question: carbon tax coal prices

Causes unsustainable price increases

Feldman 19, [Sarah Feldman is a Data Journalist at Ipsos based in Paris, Ile-de-France. Previously, Sarah was a Data Journalist at GoToMeeting and also held positions at BerlinRosen, Smith College, International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, Verité. “Any carbon tax would hit coal hard.” 10/14/2019. https://delano.lu/article/delano_any-carbon-tax-would-hit-coal-hard]//KAK

carbon tax would increase prices from coal by 214 percent


Question: carbon tax price increase

Causes unsustainable price increases

Feldman 19, [Sarah Feldman is a Data Journalist at Ipsos based in Paris, Ile-de-France. Previously, Sarah was a Data Journalist at GoToMeeting and also held positions at BerlinRosen, Smith College, International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, Verité. “Any carbon tax would hit coal hard.” 10/14/2019. https://delano.lu/article/delano_any-carbon-tax-would-hit-coal-hard]//KAK

carbon tax would increase prices from coal by 214 percent


Question: Framer's intent exclude

Framer’s intent & intent to exclude. It’s the difference between ‘energy policy’ and ‘climate policy’.

Mihnea Cătuți 22. Doctoral candidate at the University of York. “The Governance of EU Energy and Climate Policy in the New Intergovernmentalism Era: Lessons from the Clean Energy for all Europeans Package.” June 2022. https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/31999/1/Catuti_202055141_Thesis.pdf

the term energy policy refers to intervention in energy sources energy policy often overlap with climate policy however climate policy covers areas not linked to energy field, such as ulation of emissions from land use , ag or forestry the term ‘ energy  and climate policy’ only refers to climate policy that directly touch on energy consumption


Question: Catuti 22

Framer’s intent & intent to exclude. It’s the difference between ‘energy policy’ and ‘climate policy’.

Mihnea Cătuți 22. Doctoral candidate at the University of York. “The Governance of EU Energy and Climate Policy in the New Intergovernmentalism Era: Lessons from the Clean Energy for all Europeans Package.” June 2022. https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/31999/1/Catuti_202055141_Thesis.pdf

the term energy policy refers to intervention in energy sources energy policy often overlap with climate policy however climate policy covers areas not linked to energy field, such as ulation of emissions from land use , ag or forestry the term ‘ energy  and climate policy’ only refers to climate policy that directly touch on energy consumption


Question: Mihnea Catuti

Framer’s intent & intent to exclude. It’s the difference between ‘energy policy’ and ‘climate policy’.

Mihnea Cătuți 22. Doctoral candidate at the University of York. “The Governance of EU Energy and Climate Policy in the New Intergovernmentalism Era: Lessons from the Clean Energy for all Europeans Package.” June 2022. https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/31999/1/Catuti_202055141_Thesis.pdf

the term energy policy refers to intervention in energy sources energy policy often overlap with climate policy however climate policy covers areas not linked to energy field, such as ulation of emissions from land use , ag or forestry the term ‘ energy  and climate policy’ only refers to climate policy that directly touch on energy consumption


Question: energy policy versus climate policy

Framer’s intent & intent to exclude. It’s the difference between ‘energy policy’ and ‘climate policy’.

Mihnea Cătuți 22. Doctoral candidate at the University of York. “The Governance of EU Energy and Climate Policy in the New Intergovernmentalism Era: Lessons from the Clean Energy for all Europeans Package.” June 2022. https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/31999/1/Catuti_202055141_Thesis.pdf

the term energy policy refers to intervention in energy sources energy policy often overlap with climate policy however climate policy covers areas not linked to energy field, such as ulation of emissions from land use , ag or forestry the term ‘ energy  and climate policy’ only refers to climate policy that directly touch on energy consumption


Question: energy and climate policy definition

Framer’s intent & intent to exclude. It’s the difference between ‘energy policy’ and ‘climate policy’.

Mihnea Cătuți 22. Doctoral candidate at the University of York. “The Governance of EU Energy and Climate Policy in the New Intergovernmentalism Era: Lessons from the Clean Energy for all Europeans Package.” June 2022. https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/31999/1/Catuti_202055141_Thesis.pdf

the term energy policy refers to intervention in energy sources energy policy often overlap with climate policy however climate policy covers areas not linked to energy field, such as ulation of emissions from land use , ag or forestry the term ‘ energy  and climate policy’ only refers to climate policy that directly touch on energy consumption


Question: climate policy not linked to energy

Framer’s intent & intent to exclude. It’s the difference between ‘energy policy’ and ‘climate policy’.

Mihnea Cătuți 22. Doctoral candidate at the University of York. “The Governance of EU Energy and Climate Policy in the New Intergovernmentalism Era: Lessons from the Clean Energy for all Europeans Package.” June 2022. https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/31999/1/Catuti_202055141_Thesis.pdf

the term energy policy refers to intervention in energy sources energy policy often overlap with climate policy however climate policy covers areas not linked to energy field, such as ulation of emissions from land use , ag or forestry the term ‘ energy  and climate policy’ only refers to climate policy that directly touch on energy consumption


Question: governance of EU energy policy

Framer’s intent & intent to exclude. It’s the difference between ‘energy policy’ and ‘climate policy’.

Mihnea Cătuți 22. Doctoral candidate at the University of York. “The Governance of EU Energy and Climate Policy in the New Intergovernmentalism Era: Lessons from the Clean Energy for all Europeans Package.” June 2022. https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/31999/1/Catuti_202055141_Thesis.pdf

the term energy policy refers to intervention in energy sources energy policy often overlap with climate policy however climate policy covers areas not linked to energy field, such as ulation of emissions from land use , ag or forestry the term ‘ energy  and climate policy’ only refers to climate policy that directly touch on energy consumption


Question: Chief Seattle quote

Chief Seattle once said: “The White man will never be alone. Let him be just and deal kindly with my people, for the dead are not powerless. Dead, did I say? There is no death, only a change of worlds.”

Rhee and Subedi 14 (Jeong-eun, assistant professor of education @ Long Island University, B.A. @ Ewha Women’s University, M.A. @ West Virginia University, Ph.D. @ Ohio State University, and Binaya Subedi, Associate Professor, Department of Teaching and Learning @ Ohio State University, 7-28-2014, “Colonizing and Decolonizing Projects of Re/Covering Spirituality,” Educational Studies, Vol 50:4, pg. 348-353)

decolonizing imaginations are more than oppositional spirituality is not considered legitimate Although empiricism pragmatism may be legitimate domains such as emotion that go outside  “ Western rationality ” invite labels of not objective and inferior To advocate justice leaders unlearn association with US government Indigenous spirituality is a space where the West cannot  decipher and control spirituality has been required for African American communities to participate in political struggle spirituality carries a possibility of decolonizing because it opens power and info beyond  Eurocentric discourse Fanon terms the space zone of occult instability : a praxis from which marginalized communities transform  colonial regimes . transformative spirituality demands rewriting  knowledge paradigms that limit experiences within the binary of material as tangible and spiritual as nonexistent. Some may doubt possibilities However this discussion is fundamental to decolonization since political economy have become imperial tools it is necessary to ask if educators are consuming spirituality that is ahistorical to invoke neoliberal well-being. spirituality should not avoid historical structures Spirituality rebuild through ongoing healing being able to hope never-ending genocid must be “the evidence of things not seen ” This refusal to be “devoured, consumed becomes a different envisioning of future


Question: Rhee and Subedi 14

Chief Seattle once said: “The White man will never be alone. Let him be just and deal kindly with my people, for the dead are not powerless. Dead, did I say? There is no death, only a change of worlds.”

Rhee and Subedi 14 (Jeong-eun, assistant professor of education @ Long Island University, B.A. @ Ewha Women’s University, M.A. @ West Virginia University, Ph.D. @ Ohio State University, and Binaya Subedi, Associate Professor, Department of Teaching and Learning @ Ohio State University, 7-28-2014, “Colonizing and Decolonizing Projects of Re/Covering Spirituality,” Educational Studies, Vol 50:4, pg. 348-353)

decolonizing imaginations are more than oppositional spirituality is not considered legitimate Although empiricism pragmatism may be legitimate domains such as emotion that go outside  “ Western rationality ” invite labels of not objective and inferior To advocate justice leaders unlearn association with US government Indigenous spirituality is a space where the West cannot  decipher and control spirituality has been required for African American communities to participate in political struggle spirituality carries a possibility of decolonizing because it opens power and info beyond  Eurocentric discourse Fanon terms the space zone of occult instability : a praxis from which marginalized communities transform  colonial regimes . transformative spirituality demands rewriting  knowledge paradigms that limit experiences within the binary of material as tangible and spiritual as nonexistent. Some may doubt possibilities However this discussion is fundamental to decolonization since political economy have become imperial tools it is necessary to ask if educators are consuming spirituality that is ahistorical to invoke neoliberal well-being. spirituality should not avoid historical structures Spirituality rebuild through ongoing healing being able to hope never-ending genocid must be “the evidence of things not seen ” This refusal to be “devoured, consumed becomes a different envisioning of future


Question: spirituality and decolonization

Chief Seattle once said: “The White man will never be alone. Let him be just and deal kindly with my people, for the dead are not powerless. Dead, did I say? There is no death, only a change of worlds.”

Rhee and Subedi 14 (Jeong-eun, assistant professor of education @ Long Island University, B.A. @ Ewha Women’s University, M.A. @ West Virginia University, Ph.D. @ Ohio State University, and Binaya Subedi, Associate Professor, Department of Teaching and Learning @ Ohio State University, 7-28-2014, “Colonizing and Decolonizing Projects of Re/Covering Spirituality,” Educational Studies, Vol 50:4, pg. 348-353)

decolonizing imaginations are more than oppositional spirituality is not considered legitimate Although empiricism pragmatism may be legitimate domains such as emotion that go outside  “ Western rationality ” invite labels of not objective and inferior To advocate justice leaders unlearn association with US government Indigenous spirituality is a space where the West cannot  decipher and control spirituality has been required for African American communities to participate in political struggle spirituality carries a possibility of decolonizing because it opens power and info beyond  Eurocentric discourse Fanon terms the space zone of occult instability : a praxis from which marginalized communities transform  colonial regimes . transformative spirituality demands rewriting  knowledge paradigms that limit experiences within the binary of material as tangible and spiritual as nonexistent. Some may doubt possibilities However this discussion is fundamental to decolonization since political economy have become imperial tools it is necessary to ask if educators are consuming spirituality that is ahistorical to invoke neoliberal well-being. spirituality should not avoid historical structures Spirituality rebuild through ongoing healing being able to hope never-ending genocid must be “the evidence of things not seen ” This refusal to be “devoured, consumed becomes a different envisioning of future


Question: no death change of worlds

Chief Seattle once said: “The White man will never be alone. Let him be just and deal kindly with my people, for the dead are not powerless. Dead, did I say? There is no death, only a change of worlds.”

Rhee and Subedi 14 (Jeong-eun, assistant professor of education @ Long Island University, B.A. @ Ewha Women’s University, M.A. @ West Virginia University, Ph.D. @ Ohio State University, and Binaya Subedi, Associate Professor, Department of Teaching and Learning @ Ohio State University, 7-28-2014, “Colonizing and Decolonizing Projects of Re/Covering Spirituality,” Educational Studies, Vol 50:4, pg. 348-353)

decolonizing imaginations are more than oppositional spirituality is not considered legitimate Although empiricism pragmatism may be legitimate domains such as emotion that go outside  “ Western rationality ” invite labels of not objective and inferior To advocate justice leaders unlearn association with US government Indigenous spirituality is a space where the West cannot  decipher and control spirituality has been required for African American communities to participate in political struggle spirituality carries a possibility of decolonizing because it opens power and info beyond  Eurocentric discourse Fanon terms the space zone of occult instability : a praxis from which marginalized communities transform  colonial regimes . transformative spirituality demands rewriting  knowledge paradigms that limit experiences within the binary of material as tangible and spiritual as nonexistent. Some may doubt possibilities However this discussion is fundamental to decolonization since political economy have become imperial tools it is necessary to ask if educators are consuming spirituality that is ahistorical to invoke neoliberal well-being. spirituality should not avoid historical structures Spirituality rebuild through ongoing healing being able to hope never-ending genocid must be “the evidence of things not seen ” This refusal to be “devoured, consumed becomes a different envisioning of future


Question: spirituality decolonizing imaginations

Chief Seattle once said: “The White man will never be alone. Let him be just and deal kindly with my people, for the dead are not powerless. Dead, did I say? There is no death, only a change of worlds.”

Rhee and Subedi 14 (Jeong-eun, assistant professor of education @ Long Island University, B.A. @ Ewha Women’s University, M.A. @ West Virginia University, Ph.D. @ Ohio State University, and Binaya Subedi, Associate Professor, Department of Teaching and Learning @ Ohio State University, 7-28-2014, “Colonizing and Decolonizing Projects of Re/Covering Spirituality,” Educational Studies, Vol 50:4, pg. 348-353)

decolonizing imaginations are more than oppositional spirituality is not considered legitimate Although empiricism pragmatism may be legitimate domains such as emotion that go outside  “ Western rationality ” invite labels of not objective and inferior To advocate justice leaders unlearn association with US government Indigenous spirituality is a space where the West cannot  decipher and control spirituality has been required for African American communities to participate in political struggle spirituality carries a possibility of decolonizing because it opens power and info beyond  Eurocentric discourse Fanon terms the space zone of occult instability : a praxis from which marginalized communities transform  colonial regimes . transformative spirituality demands rewriting  knowledge paradigms that limit experiences within the binary of material as tangible and spiritual as nonexistent. Some may doubt possibilities However this discussion is fundamental to decolonization since political economy have become imperial tools it is necessary to ask if educators are consuming spirituality that is ahistorical to invoke neoliberal well-being. spirituality should not avoid historical structures Spirituality rebuild through ongoing healing being able to hope never-ending genocid must be “the evidence of things not seen ” This refusal to be “devoured, consumed becomes a different envisioning of future


Question: transformative spirituality

Chief Seattle once said: “The White man will never be alone. Let him be just and deal kindly with my people, for the dead are not powerless. Dead, did I say? There is no death, only a change of worlds.”

Rhee and Subedi 14 (Jeong-eun, assistant professor of education @ Long Island University, B.A. @ Ewha Women’s University, M.A. @ West Virginia University, Ph.D. @ Ohio State University, and Binaya Subedi, Associate Professor, Department of Teaching and Learning @ Ohio State University, 7-28-2014, “Colonizing and Decolonizing Projects of Re/Covering Spirituality,” Educational Studies, Vol 50:4, pg. 348-353)

decolonizing imaginations are more than oppositional spirituality is not considered legitimate Although empiricism pragmatism may be legitimate domains such as emotion that go outside  “ Western rationality ” invite labels of not objective and inferior To advocate justice leaders unlearn association with US government Indigenous spirituality is a space where the West cannot  decipher and control spirituality has been required for African American communities to participate in political struggle spirituality carries a possibility of decolonizing because it opens power and info beyond  Eurocentric discourse Fanon terms the space zone of occult instability : a praxis from which marginalized communities transform  colonial regimes . transformative spirituality demands rewriting  knowledge paradigms that limit experiences within the binary of material as tangible and spiritual as nonexistent. Some may doubt possibilities However this discussion is fundamental to decolonization since political economy have become imperial tools it is necessary to ask if educators are consuming spirituality that is ahistorical to invoke neoliberal well-being. spirituality should not avoid historical structures Spirituality rebuild through ongoing healing being able to hope never-ending genocid must be “the evidence of things not seen ” This refusal to be “devoured, consumed becomes a different envisioning of future


Question: indigenous spirituality West cannot decipher

Chief Seattle once said: “The White man will never be alone. Let him be just and deal kindly with my people, for the dead are not powerless. Dead, did I say? There is no death, only a change of worlds.”

Rhee and Subedi 14 (Jeong-eun, assistant professor of education @ Long Island University, B.A. @ Ewha Women’s University, M.A. @ West Virginia University, Ph.D. @ Ohio State University, and Binaya Subedi, Associate Professor, Department of Teaching and Learning @ Ohio State University, 7-28-2014, “Colonizing and Decolonizing Projects of Re/Covering Spirituality,” Educational Studies, Vol 50:4, pg. 348-353)

decolonizing imaginations are more than oppositional spirituality is not considered legitimate Although empiricism pragmatism may be legitimate domains such as emotion that go outside  “ Western rationality ” invite labels of not objective and inferior To advocate justice leaders unlearn association with US government Indigenous spirituality is a space where the West cannot  decipher and control spirituality has been required for African American communities to participate in political struggle spirituality carries a possibility of decolonizing because it opens power and info beyond  Eurocentric discourse Fanon terms the space zone of occult instability : a praxis from which marginalized communities transform  colonial regimes . transformative spirituality demands rewriting  knowledge paradigms that limit experiences within the binary of material as tangible and spiritual as nonexistent. Some may doubt possibilities However this discussion is fundamental to decolonization since political economy have become imperial tools it is necessary to ask if educators are consuming spirituality that is ahistorical to invoke neoliberal well-being. spirituality should not avoid historical structures Spirituality rebuild through ongoing healing being able to hope never-ending genocid must be “the evidence of things not seen ” This refusal to be “devoured, consumed becomes a different envisioning of future


Question: Peace causes democracy

2. Either causality is the other way (peace causes democracy) or the correlation is spurious (democracy and peace both exist because of some third variable that is unknown)

Dr. Daina Chiba 21, Associate Professor of Political Science in the Department of Government and Public Administration at the University of Macau, Ph.D in Political Science from Rice University, LL.M in Jurisprudence and International Relations from Hitotsubashi University, and Dr. Erik Gartzke, Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego, PhD in Political Science from the University of Iowa, “Make Two Democracies and Call Me in the Morning: Endogenous Regime Type and the Democratic Peace”, 2/19/2021, https://dainachiba.github.io/research/make2dem/Make2Dem.pdf

empirical results suggest democracy does not pacify findings contradict empirical observation If democracy is not driving what explains observed peace it is not (democracy-as-cause) they reveal (reverse causality) or (spurious correlation)


Question: Chiba and Gartzke peace causes democracy

2. Either causality is the other way (peace causes democracy) or the correlation is spurious (democracy and peace both exist because of some third variable that is unknown)

Dr. Daina Chiba 21, Associate Professor of Political Science in the Department of Government and Public Administration at the University of Macau, Ph.D in Political Science from Rice University, LL.M in Jurisprudence and International Relations from Hitotsubashi University, and Dr. Erik Gartzke, Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego, PhD in Political Science from the University of Iowa, “Make Two Democracies and Call Me in the Morning: Endogenous Regime Type and the Democratic Peace”, 2/19/2021, https://dainachiba.github.io/research/make2dem/Make2Dem.pdf

empirical results suggest democracy does not pacify findings contradict empirical observation If democracy is not driving what explains observed peace it is not (democracy-as-cause) they reveal (reverse causality) or (spurious correlation)


Question: Make Two Democracies and Call Me

2. Either causality is the other way (peace causes democracy) or the correlation is spurious (democracy and peace both exist because of some third variable that is unknown)

Dr. Daina Chiba 21, Associate Professor of Political Science in the Department of Government and Public Administration at the University of Macau, Ph.D in Political Science from Rice University, LL.M in Jurisprudence and International Relations from Hitotsubashi University, and Dr. Erik Gartzke, Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego, PhD in Political Science from the University of Iowa, “Make Two Democracies and Call Me in the Morning: Endogenous Regime Type and the Democratic Peace”, 2/19/2021, https://dainachiba.github.io/research/make2dem/Make2Dem.pdf

empirical results suggest democracy does not pacify findings contradict empirical observation If democracy is not driving what explains observed peace it is not (democracy-as-cause) they reveal (reverse causality) or (spurious correlation)


Question: Democracy does not cause peace

2. Either causality is the other way (peace causes democracy) or the correlation is spurious (democracy and peace both exist because of some third variable that is unknown)

Dr. Daina Chiba 21, Associate Professor of Political Science in the Department of Government and Public Administration at the University of Macau, Ph.D in Political Science from Rice University, LL.M in Jurisprudence and International Relations from Hitotsubashi University, and Dr. Erik Gartzke, Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego, PhD in Political Science from the University of Iowa, “Make Two Democracies and Call Me in the Morning: Endogenous Regime Type and the Democratic Peace”, 2/19/2021, https://dainachiba.github.io/research/make2dem/Make2Dem.pdf

empirical results suggest democracy does not pacify findings contradict empirical observation If democracy is not driving what explains observed peace it is not (democracy-as-cause) they reveal (reverse causality) or (spurious correlation)


Question: democracy peace spurious correlation

2. Either causality is the other way (peace causes democracy) or the correlation is spurious (democracy and peace both exist because of some third variable that is unknown)

Dr. Daina Chiba 21, Associate Professor of Political Science in the Department of Government and Public Administration at the University of Macau, Ph.D in Political Science from Rice University, LL.M in Jurisprudence and International Relations from Hitotsubashi University, and Dr. Erik Gartzke, Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego, PhD in Political Science from the University of Iowa, “Make Two Democracies and Call Me in the Morning: Endogenous Regime Type and the Democratic Peace”, 2/19/2021, https://dainachiba.github.io/research/make2dem/Make2Dem.pdf

empirical results suggest democracy does not pacify findings contradict empirical observation If democracy is not driving what explains observed peace it is not (democracy-as-cause) they reveal (reverse causality) or (spurious correlation)


Question: reverse causality democracy peace

2. Either causality is the other way (peace causes democracy) or the correlation is spurious (democracy and peace both exist because of some third variable that is unknown)

Dr. Daina Chiba 21, Associate Professor of Political Science in the Department of Government and Public Administration at the University of Macau, Ph.D in Political Science from Rice University, LL.M in Jurisprudence and International Relations from Hitotsubashi University, and Dr. Erik Gartzke, Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego, PhD in Political Science from the University of Iowa, “Make Two Democracies and Call Me in the Morning: Endogenous Regime Type and the Democratic Peace”, 2/19/2021, https://dainachiba.github.io/research/make2dem/Make2Dem.pdf

empirical results suggest democracy does not pacify findings contradict empirical observation If democracy is not driving what explains observed peace it is not (democracy-as-cause) they reveal (reverse causality) or (spurious correlation)


Question: democracy does not pacify

2. Either causality is the other way (peace causes democracy) or the correlation is spurious (democracy and peace both exist because of some third variable that is unknown)

Dr. Daina Chiba 21, Associate Professor of Political Science in the Department of Government and Public Administration at the University of Macau, Ph.D in Political Science from Rice University, LL.M in Jurisprudence and International Relations from Hitotsubashi University, and Dr. Erik Gartzke, Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego, PhD in Political Science from the University of Iowa, “Make Two Democracies and Call Me in the Morning: Endogenous Regime Type and the Democratic Peace”, 2/19/2021, https://dainachiba.github.io/research/make2dem/Make2Dem.pdf

empirical results suggest democracy does not pacify findings contradict empirical observation If democracy is not driving what explains observed peace it is not (democracy-as-cause) they reveal (reverse causality) or (spurious correlation)


Question: Weakness on China advantage

Weakness on China in other policy areas alt causes the advantage.

Gottlieb 23, PhD, Professor of International and Public Affairs at SIPA, Columbia. (Stuart, 12-30-2023, "Joe Biden and the politics of appeasement," The Hill, https://thehill.com/opinion/4382451-joe-biden-and-the-politics-of-appeasement/)

any assessment of Biden’s fo po reveals the weakest path withdrawal from Afghanistan, result in a Taliban takeover early blunders by the admin includ agreement with Ukraine while refusing it defensive weapons such as javelins in case Russia were to invade It delisted Yemen’s Houthi s Xi has every reason to ask why would the U S be so unwilling to help Ukraine win and fearful of Iran but also willing to involve itself in Taiwan the cred of deterrence has fallen


Question: Gottlieb 23

Weakness on China in other policy areas alt causes the advantage.

Gottlieb 23, PhD, Professor of International and Public Affairs at SIPA, Columbia. (Stuart, 12-30-2023, "Joe Biden and the politics of appeasement," The Hill, https://thehill.com/opinion/4382451-joe-biden-and-the-politics-of-appeasement/)

any assessment of Biden’s fo po reveals the weakest path withdrawal from Afghanistan, result in a Taliban takeover early blunders by the admin includ agreement with Ukraine while refusing it defensive weapons such as javelins in case Russia were to invade It delisted Yemen’s Houthi s Xi has every reason to ask why would the U S be so unwilling to help Ukraine win and fearful of Iran but also willing to involve itself in Taiwan the cred of deterrence has fallen


Question: Biden appeasement

Weakness on China in other policy areas alt causes the advantage.

Gottlieb 23, PhD, Professor of International and Public Affairs at SIPA, Columbia. (Stuart, 12-30-2023, "Joe Biden and the politics of appeasement," The Hill, https://thehill.com/opinion/4382451-joe-biden-and-the-politics-of-appeasement/)

any assessment of Biden’s fo po reveals the weakest path withdrawal from Afghanistan, result in a Taliban takeover early blunders by the admin includ agreement with Ukraine while refusing it defensive weapons such as javelins in case Russia were to invade It delisted Yemen’s Houthi s Xi has every reason to ask why would the U S be so unwilling to help Ukraine win and fearful of Iran but also willing to involve itself in Taiwan the cred of deterrence has fallen


Question: Biden weak on foreign policy

Weakness on China in other policy areas alt causes the advantage.

Gottlieb 23, PhD, Professor of International and Public Affairs at SIPA, Columbia. (Stuart, 12-30-2023, "Joe Biden and the politics of appeasement," The Hill, https://thehill.com/opinion/4382451-joe-biden-and-the-politics-of-appeasement/)

any assessment of Biden’s fo po reveals the weakest path withdrawal from Afghanistan, result in a Taliban takeover early blunders by the admin includ agreement with Ukraine while refusing it defensive weapons such as javelins in case Russia were to invade It delisted Yemen’s Houthi s Xi has every reason to ask why would the U S be so unwilling to help Ukraine win and fearful of Iran but also willing to involve itself in Taiwan the cred of deterrence has fallen


Question: US unwilling to help Ukraine

Weakness on China in other policy areas alt causes the advantage.

Gottlieb 23, PhD, Professor of International and Public Affairs at SIPA, Columbia. (Stuart, 12-30-2023, "Joe Biden and the politics of appeasement," The Hill, https://thehill.com/opinion/4382451-joe-biden-and-the-politics-of-appeasement/)

any assessment of Biden’s fo po reveals the weakest path withdrawal from Afghanistan, result in a Taliban takeover early blunders by the admin includ agreement with Ukraine while refusing it defensive weapons such as javelins in case Russia were to invade It delisted Yemen’s Houthi s Xi has every reason to ask why would the U S be so unwilling to help Ukraine win and fearful of Iran but also willing to involve itself in Taiwan the cred of deterrence has fallen


Question: deterrence has fallen

Weakness on China in other policy areas alt causes the advantage.

Gottlieb 23, PhD, Professor of International and Public Affairs at SIPA, Columbia. (Stuart, 12-30-2023, "Joe Biden and the politics of appeasement," The Hill, https://thehill.com/opinion/4382451-joe-biden-and-the-politics-of-appeasement/)

any assessment of Biden’s fo po reveals the weakest path withdrawal from Afghanistan, result in a Taliban takeover early blunders by the admin includ agreement with Ukraine while refusing it defensive weapons such as javelins in case Russia were to invade It delisted Yemen’s Houthi s Xi has every reason to ask why would the U S be so unwilling to help Ukraine win and fearful of Iran but also willing to involve itself in Taiwan the cred of deterrence has fallen


Question: US production suppresses food insecurity impacts

Regardless of current trends, US production suppresses the worse impacts of food insecurity

Esposito ’24 [Dina Esposito, Assistant to the Administrator, Bureau for Resilience, Environment, and Food Security, “Testimony of Dina Esposito, Assistant to the Administrator, Bureau for Resilience, Environment, and Food Security, before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee,” 3-6-24, https://www.usaid.gov/news-information/congressional-testimony/mar-06-2024-global-food-security]

even in the face of stark numbers American generosity has kept hundreds of millions off the knife’s edge . The U S has maintained its role as the world’s leader in food assistance . At the height of the global food crisis in 2022, USAID was able to provide $6 billion for food If we can help countries anticipate shocks we greatly reduce the need for assistance where Feed the Future worked, poverty, hunger, and child stunting all declined by 20-to-25 percent As food prices hit record highs following Ukraine, we rushed to get seeds and financing to markets we helped absorb the worst effects by strengthening local production without American leadership it would be far worse . Through COVID Ukraine, we persevered, and hundreds of millions benefitted


Question: Esposito USAID testimony

Regardless of current trends, US production suppresses the worse impacts of food insecurity

Esposito ’24 [Dina Esposito, Assistant to the Administrator, Bureau for Resilience, Environment, and Food Security, “Testimony of Dina Esposito, Assistant to the Administrator, Bureau for Resilience, Environment, and Food Security, before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee,” 3-6-24, https://www.usaid.gov/news-information/congressional-testimony/mar-06-2024-global-food-security]

even in the face of stark numbers American generosity has kept hundreds of millions off the knife’s edge . The U S has maintained its role as the world’s leader in food assistance . At the height of the global food crisis in 2022, USAID was able to provide $6 billion for food If we can help countries anticipate shocks we greatly reduce the need for assistance where Feed the Future worked, poverty, hunger, and child stunting all declined by 20-to-25 percent As food prices hit record highs following Ukraine, we rushed to get seeds and financing to markets we helped absorb the worst effects by strengthening local production without American leadership it would be far worse . Through COVID Ukraine, we persevered, and hundreds of millions benefitted


Question: USAID food assistance

Regardless of current trends, US production suppresses the worse impacts of food insecurity

Esposito ’24 [Dina Esposito, Assistant to the Administrator, Bureau for Resilience, Environment, and Food Security, “Testimony of Dina Esposito, Assistant to the Administrator, Bureau for Resilience, Environment, and Food Security, before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee,” 3-6-24, https://www.usaid.gov/news-information/congressional-testimony/mar-06-2024-global-food-security]

even in the face of stark numbers American generosity has kept hundreds of millions off the knife’s edge . The U S has maintained its role as the world’s leader in food assistance . At the height of the global food crisis in 2022, USAID was able to provide $6 billion for food If we can help countries anticipate shocks we greatly reduce the need for assistance where Feed the Future worked, poverty, hunger, and child stunting all declined by 20-to-25 percent As food prices hit record highs following Ukraine, we rushed to get seeds and financing to markets we helped absorb the worst effects by strengthening local production without American leadership it would be far worse . Through COVID Ukraine, we persevered, and hundreds of millions benefitted


Question: American generosity food insecurity

Regardless of current trends, US production suppresses the worse impacts of food insecurity

Esposito ’24 [Dina Esposito, Assistant to the Administrator, Bureau for Resilience, Environment, and Food Security, “Testimony of Dina Esposito, Assistant to the Administrator, Bureau for Resilience, Environment, and Food Security, before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee,” 3-6-24, https://www.usaid.gov/news-information/congressional-testimony/mar-06-2024-global-food-security]

even in the face of stark numbers American generosity has kept hundreds of millions off the knife’s edge . The U S has maintained its role as the world’s leader in food assistance . At the height of the global food crisis in 2022, USAID was able to provide $6 billion for food If we can help countries anticipate shocks we greatly reduce the need for assistance where Feed the Future worked, poverty, hunger, and child stunting all declined by 20-to-25 percent As food prices hit record highs following Ukraine, we rushed to get seeds and financing to markets we helped absorb the worst effects by strengthening local production without American leadership it would be far worse . Through COVID Ukraine, we persevered, and hundreds of millions benefitted


Question: US leader in food assistance

Regardless of current trends, US production suppresses the worse impacts of food insecurity

Esposito ’24 [Dina Esposito, Assistant to the Administrator, Bureau for Resilience, Environment, and Food Security, “Testimony of Dina Esposito, Assistant to the Administrator, Bureau for Resilience, Environment, and Food Security, before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee,” 3-6-24, https://www.usaid.gov/news-information/congressional-testimony/mar-06-2024-global-food-security]

even in the face of stark numbers American generosity has kept hundreds of millions off the knife’s edge . The U S has maintained its role as the world’s leader in food assistance . At the height of the global food crisis in 2022, USAID was able to provide $6 billion for food If we can help countries anticipate shocks we greatly reduce the need for assistance where Feed the Future worked, poverty, hunger, and child stunting all declined by 20-to-25 percent As food prices hit record highs following Ukraine, we rushed to get seeds and financing to markets we helped absorb the worst effects by strengthening local production without American leadership it would be far worse . Through COVID Ukraine, we persevered, and hundreds of millions benefitted


Question: Feed the Future poverty decline

Regardless of current trends, US production suppresses the worse impacts of food insecurity

Esposito ’24 [Dina Esposito, Assistant to the Administrator, Bureau for Resilience, Environment, and Food Security, “Testimony of Dina Esposito, Assistant to the Administrator, Bureau for Resilience, Environment, and Food Security, before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee,” 3-6-24, https://www.usaid.gov/news-information/congressional-testimony/mar-06-2024-global-food-security]

even in the face of stark numbers American generosity has kept hundreds of millions off the knife’s edge . The U S has maintained its role as the world’s leader in food assistance . At the height of the global food crisis in 2022, USAID was able to provide $6 billion for food If we can help countries anticipate shocks we greatly reduce the need for assistance where Feed the Future worked, poverty, hunger, and child stunting all declined by 20-to-25 percent As food prices hit record highs following Ukraine, we rushed to get seeds and financing to markets we helped absorb the worst effects by strengthening local production without American leadership it would be far worse . Through COVID Ukraine, we persevered, and hundreds of millions benefitted


Question: strengthening local production food prices

Regardless of current trends, US production suppresses the worse impacts of food insecurity

Esposito ’24 [Dina Esposito, Assistant to the Administrator, Bureau for Resilience, Environment, and Food Security, “Testimony of Dina Esposito, Assistant to the Administrator, Bureau for Resilience, Environment, and Food Security, before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee,” 3-6-24, https://www.usaid.gov/news-information/congressional-testimony/mar-06-2024-global-food-security]

even in the face of stark numbers American generosity has kept hundreds of millions off the knife’s edge . The U S has maintained its role as the world’s leader in food assistance . At the height of the global food crisis in 2022, USAID was able to provide $6 billion for food If we can help countries anticipate shocks we greatly reduce the need for assistance where Feed the Future worked, poverty, hunger, and child stunting all declined by 20-to-25 percent As food prices hit record highs following Ukraine, we rushed to get seeds and financing to markets we helped absorb the worst effects by strengthening local production without American leadership it would be far worse . Through COVID Ukraine, we persevered, and hundreds of millions benefitted


Question: US food assistance reduces need

Regardless of current trends, US production suppresses the worse impacts of food insecurity

Esposito ’24 [Dina Esposito, Assistant to the Administrator, Bureau for Resilience, Environment, and Food Security, “Testimony of Dina Esposito, Assistant to the Administrator, Bureau for Resilience, Environment, and Food Security, before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee,” 3-6-24, https://www.usaid.gov/news-information/congressional-testimony/mar-06-2024-global-food-security]

even in the face of stark numbers American generosity has kept hundreds of millions off the knife’s edge . The U S has maintained its role as the world’s leader in food assistance . At the height of the global food crisis in 2022, USAID was able to provide $6 billion for food If we can help countries anticipate shocks we greatly reduce the need for assistance where Feed the Future worked, poverty, hunger, and child stunting all declined by 20-to-25 percent As food prices hit record highs following Ukraine, we rushed to get seeds and financing to markets we helped absorb the worst effects by strengthening local production without American leadership it would be far worse . Through COVID Ukraine, we persevered, and hundreds of millions benefitted


Question: Nuclear colonialism foundational to nation state

Their overfocus on flashpoints of violence and the fear of a Trump nuclear war ignores that nuclear colonialism is foundational to the nation state

Cornum 18 (Lou Cornum, diasporic two-spirit Navajo Diné, PhD candidate in English at CUNY Graduate Center, senior editor of The New Inquiry, member of the editorial collective for LIES: a journal of materialist feminism, June 2018, “The Irradiated International,” https://datasociety.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/ii-web.pdf) gz

The panic of a nuclear push notification creeps along my skin too but there’s something off in the hysteria that accompanies nuke news compared to the decades the US spent sowing apocalyptic destruction with no need for A-bombs The weapon of mass destruction is the very notion of nation itself Canada Australia Russia China The United States These nations mining the most uranium connected by histories of competing empires and lines of radioactive commerce There is no reversal to take away the death and slow death already enacted by leaky waste and test site winds The irradiated international are everywhere linking this uncollected collective is the invisible power of radiation made otherwise There must be a way to think about earth land and being that would make nuclear weapons impossible Fred Moten, who grew up near the Nevada test site wonders what “complex disarticulations of space and subjectivity are possible beyond the “spatial obsessions of empire” how to claim land without slipping into property and borders, so the irradiated international can protect themselves without reproducing harm a rearticulation of the invisible lines of radiation might take back the world Revolutionary subjects are containers of energy Decolonization is a reorganization of matter a science of inquiry might note as indigenous peoples globally have done, the presence of radiated yellow dirt but chose a different relationship than extraction a science fit to a world we can live more than a halflife in nomadic science seeking wonders and posing problems, outside the state, outside sovereign categories These projects speak with the irradiated international against a science that studies how to kill hoard and manage such that others live longer only to die more alone We must think outside the limits of what you can care for Imagine a solidarity not solid But diffuse More than one southwest tribe had prophecies about the yellow rock that these see-ers knew would be dug up and laid in lethal planetary designs


Question: Cornum 18

Their overfocus on flashpoints of violence and the fear of a Trump nuclear war ignores that nuclear colonialism is foundational to the nation state

Cornum 18 (Lou Cornum, diasporic two-spirit Navajo Diné, PhD candidate in English at CUNY Graduate Center, senior editor of The New Inquiry, member of the editorial collective for LIES: a journal of materialist feminism, June 2018, “The Irradiated International,” https://datasociety.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/ii-web.pdf) gz

The panic of a nuclear push notification creeps along my skin too but there’s something off in the hysteria that accompanies nuke news compared to the decades the US spent sowing apocalyptic destruction with no need for A-bombs The weapon of mass destruction is the very notion of nation itself Canada Australia Russia China The United States These nations mining the most uranium connected by histories of competing empires and lines of radioactive commerce There is no reversal to take away the death and slow death already enacted by leaky waste and test site winds The irradiated international are everywhere linking this uncollected collective is the invisible power of radiation made otherwise There must be a way to think about earth land and being that would make nuclear weapons impossible Fred Moten, who grew up near the Nevada test site wonders what “complex disarticulations of space and subjectivity are possible beyond the “spatial obsessions of empire” how to claim land without slipping into property and borders, so the irradiated international can protect themselves without reproducing harm a rearticulation of the invisible lines of radiation might take back the world Revolutionary subjects are containers of energy Decolonization is a reorganization of matter a science of inquiry might note as indigenous peoples globally have done, the presence of radiated yellow dirt but chose a different relationship than extraction a science fit to a world we can live more than a halflife in nomadic science seeking wonders and posing problems, outside the state, outside sovereign categories These projects speak with the irradiated international against a science that studies how to kill hoard and manage such that others live longer only to die more alone We must think outside the limits of what you can care for Imagine a solidarity not solid But diffuse More than one southwest tribe had prophecies about the yellow rock that these see-ers knew would be dug up and laid in lethal planetary designs


Question: Lou Cornum irradiated international

Their overfocus on flashpoints of violence and the fear of a Trump nuclear war ignores that nuclear colonialism is foundational to the nation state

Cornum 18 (Lou Cornum, diasporic two-spirit Navajo Diné, PhD candidate in English at CUNY Graduate Center, senior editor of The New Inquiry, member of the editorial collective for LIES: a journal of materialist feminism, June 2018, “The Irradiated International,” https://datasociety.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/ii-web.pdf) gz

The panic of a nuclear push notification creeps along my skin too but there’s something off in the hysteria that accompanies nuke news compared to the decades the US spent sowing apocalyptic destruction with no need for A-bombs The weapon of mass destruction is the very notion of nation itself Canada Australia Russia China The United States These nations mining the most uranium connected by histories of competing empires and lines of radioactive commerce There is no reversal to take away the death and slow death already enacted by leaky waste and test site winds The irradiated international are everywhere linking this uncollected collective is the invisible power of radiation made otherwise There must be a way to think about earth land and being that would make nuclear weapons impossible Fred Moten, who grew up near the Nevada test site wonders what “complex disarticulations of space and subjectivity are possible beyond the “spatial obsessions of empire” how to claim land without slipping into property and borders, so the irradiated international can protect themselves without reproducing harm a rearticulation of the invisible lines of radiation might take back the world Revolutionary subjects are containers of energy Decolonization is a reorganization of matter a science of inquiry might note as indigenous peoples globally have done, the presence of radiated yellow dirt but chose a different relationship than extraction a science fit to a world we can live more than a halflife in nomadic science seeking wonders and posing problems, outside the state, outside sovereign categories These projects speak with the irradiated international against a science that studies how to kill hoard and manage such that others live longer only to die more alone We must think outside the limits of what you can care for Imagine a solidarity not solid But diffuse More than one southwest tribe had prophecies about the yellow rock that these see-ers knew would be dug up and laid in lethal planetary designs


Question: Trump nuclear war ignores nuclear colonialism

Their overfocus on flashpoints of violence and the fear of a Trump nuclear war ignores that nuclear colonialism is foundational to the nation state

Cornum 18 (Lou Cornum, diasporic two-spirit Navajo Diné, PhD candidate in English at CUNY Graduate Center, senior editor of The New Inquiry, member of the editorial collective for LIES: a journal of materialist feminism, June 2018, “The Irradiated International,” https://datasociety.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/ii-web.pdf) gz

The panic of a nuclear push notification creeps along my skin too but there’s something off in the hysteria that accompanies nuke news compared to the decades the US spent sowing apocalyptic destruction with no need for A-bombs The weapon of mass destruction is the very notion of nation itself Canada Australia Russia China The United States These nations mining the most uranium connected by histories of competing empires and lines of radioactive commerce There is no reversal to take away the death and slow death already enacted by leaky waste and test site winds The irradiated international are everywhere linking this uncollected collective is the invisible power of radiation made otherwise There must be a way to think about earth land and being that would make nuclear weapons impossible Fred Moten, who grew up near the Nevada test site wonders what “complex disarticulations of space and subjectivity are possible beyond the “spatial obsessions of empire” how to claim land without slipping into property and borders, so the irradiated international can protect themselves without reproducing harm a rearticulation of the invisible lines of radiation might take back the world Revolutionary subjects are containers of energy Decolonization is a reorganization of matter a science of inquiry might note as indigenous peoples globally have done, the presence of radiated yellow dirt but chose a different relationship than extraction a science fit to a world we can live more than a halflife in nomadic science seeking wonders and posing problems, outside the state, outside sovereign categories These projects speak with the irradiated international against a science that studies how to kill hoard and manage such that others live longer only to die more alone We must think outside the limits of what you can care for Imagine a solidarity not solid But diffuse More than one southwest tribe had prophecies about the yellow rock that these see-ers knew would be dug up and laid in lethal planetary designs


Question: Nation states mine uranium

Their overfocus on flashpoints of violence and the fear of a Trump nuclear war ignores that nuclear colonialism is foundational to the nation state

Cornum 18 (Lou Cornum, diasporic two-spirit Navajo Diné, PhD candidate in English at CUNY Graduate Center, senior editor of The New Inquiry, member of the editorial collective for LIES: a journal of materialist feminism, June 2018, “The Irradiated International,” https://datasociety.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/ii-web.pdf) gz

The panic of a nuclear push notification creeps along my skin too but there’s something off in the hysteria that accompanies nuke news compared to the decades the US spent sowing apocalyptic destruction with no need for A-bombs The weapon of mass destruction is the very notion of nation itself Canada Australia Russia China The United States These nations mining the most uranium connected by histories of competing empires and lines of radioactive commerce There is no reversal to take away the death and slow death already enacted by leaky waste and test site winds The irradiated international are everywhere linking this uncollected collective is the invisible power of radiation made otherwise There must be a way to think about earth land and being that would make nuclear weapons impossible Fred Moten, who grew up near the Nevada test site wonders what “complex disarticulations of space and subjectivity are possible beyond the “spatial obsessions of empire” how to claim land without slipping into property and borders, so the irradiated international can protect themselves without reproducing harm a rearticulation of the invisible lines of radiation might take back the world Revolutionary subjects are containers of energy Decolonization is a reorganization of matter a science of inquiry might note as indigenous peoples globally have done, the presence of radiated yellow dirt but chose a different relationship than extraction a science fit to a world we can live more than a halflife in nomadic science seeking wonders and posing problems, outside the state, outside sovereign categories These projects speak with the irradiated international against a science that studies how to kill hoard and manage such that others live longer only to die more alone We must think outside the limits of what you can care for Imagine a solidarity not solid But diffuse More than one southwest tribe had prophecies about the yellow rock that these see-ers knew would be dug up and laid in lethal planetary designs


Question: Irradiated international everywhere

Their overfocus on flashpoints of violence and the fear of a Trump nuclear war ignores that nuclear colonialism is foundational to the nation state

Cornum 18 (Lou Cornum, diasporic two-spirit Navajo Diné, PhD candidate in English at CUNY Graduate Center, senior editor of The New Inquiry, member of the editorial collective for LIES: a journal of materialist feminism, June 2018, “The Irradiated International,” https://datasociety.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/ii-web.pdf) gz

The panic of a nuclear push notification creeps along my skin too but there’s something off in the hysteria that accompanies nuke news compared to the decades the US spent sowing apocalyptic destruction with no need for A-bombs The weapon of mass destruction is the very notion of nation itself Canada Australia Russia China The United States These nations mining the most uranium connected by histories of competing empires and lines of radioactive commerce There is no reversal to take away the death and slow death already enacted by leaky waste and test site winds The irradiated international are everywhere linking this uncollected collective is the invisible power of radiation made otherwise There must be a way to think about earth land and being that would make nuclear weapons impossible Fred Moten, who grew up near the Nevada test site wonders what “complex disarticulations of space and subjectivity are possible beyond the “spatial obsessions of empire” how to claim land without slipping into property and borders, so the irradiated international can protect themselves without reproducing harm a rearticulation of the invisible lines of radiation might take back the world Revolutionary subjects are containers of energy Decolonization is a reorganization of matter a science of inquiry might note as indigenous peoples globally have done, the presence of radiated yellow dirt but chose a different relationship than extraction a science fit to a world we can live more than a halflife in nomadic science seeking wonders and posing problems, outside the state, outside sovereign categories These projects speak with the irradiated international against a science that studies how to kill hoard and manage such that others live longer only to die more alone We must think outside the limits of what you can care for Imagine a solidarity not solid But diffuse More than one southwest tribe had prophecies about the yellow rock that these see-ers knew would be dug up and laid in lethal planetary designs


Question: Decolonization reorganization of matter

Their overfocus on flashpoints of violence and the fear of a Trump nuclear war ignores that nuclear colonialism is foundational to the nation state

Cornum 18 (Lou Cornum, diasporic two-spirit Navajo Diné, PhD candidate in English at CUNY Graduate Center, senior editor of The New Inquiry, member of the editorial collective for LIES: a journal of materialist feminism, June 2018, “The Irradiated International,” https://datasociety.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/ii-web.pdf) gz

The panic of a nuclear push notification creeps along my skin too but there’s something off in the hysteria that accompanies nuke news compared to the decades the US spent sowing apocalyptic destruction with no need for A-bombs The weapon of mass destruction is the very notion of nation itself Canada Australia Russia China The United States These nations mining the most uranium connected by histories of competing empires and lines of radioactive commerce There is no reversal to take away the death and slow death already enacted by leaky waste and test site winds The irradiated international are everywhere linking this uncollected collective is the invisible power of radiation made otherwise There must be a way to think about earth land and being that would make nuclear weapons impossible Fred Moten, who grew up near the Nevada test site wonders what “complex disarticulations of space and subjectivity are possible beyond the “spatial obsessions of empire” how to claim land without slipping into property and borders, so the irradiated international can protect themselves without reproducing harm a rearticulation of the invisible lines of radiation might take back the world Revolutionary subjects are containers of energy Decolonization is a reorganization of matter a science of inquiry might note as indigenous peoples globally have done, the presence of radiated yellow dirt but chose a different relationship than extraction a science fit to a world we can live more than a halflife in nomadic science seeking wonders and posing problems, outside the state, outside sovereign categories These projects speak with the irradiated international against a science that studies how to kill hoard and manage such that others live longer only to die more alone We must think outside the limits of what you can care for Imagine a solidarity not solid But diffuse More than one southwest tribe had prophecies about the yellow rock that these see-ers knew would be dug up and laid in lethal planetary designs