Question: incentives and externalities

The aff’s undergirded by an economic style of reasoning that ensures serial policy failure.

Berman 22 – Elizabeth Popp Berman, Director and Richard H. Price Professor of Organizational Studies at the University of Michigan, Thinking Like An Economist: How Efficiency Replaced Equality in U.S. Public Policy, pgs. 5-10)

The economic style of incentives and externalities simplify thinking causal  policy  stories  grounded  in authority  of economics students learn to “ think  like  an  economist  reflect markets as efficient allocators does  not  mean markets  are  perfect government’s role  as  creating the legal framework that correct for failures places high  value  on  efficiency displac other values ignoring politics EPA influenced  by strong, inflexible rules to combat regulatory capture required  strict  standards  for  pollution  control policies were effective This wave did not reflect economic reasoning Economists thinking pollution was an externality : put a price on pollution drew  on economic style national  cap - and - trade represent transformation in logic policy  turned from moral toward position pollution  was  simply an externality Instead  of technologies  of  pollution  reduction , it  pushed  technologies  of  market  design . ecosystem services priceable contributions failed to capture interdependence in ecological system environmental  justice turn into economic calculation climate  proposals consistent  with economic  style places significant constraints on the range of possibilities define as reasonable


Question: AFF doesn’t spill over

6---AFF doesn’t spill over to broader precedent

Sarah Chayes 2024, prizewinning journalist and internationally recognized expert on corruption in government networks throughout the world, “It’s Official: The Supreme Court Ignores Its Own Precedent”, July 19, https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2024/07/supreme-court-immunity-corruption/679107/, accessed 9/13/24, HMc

Nothing suggests the majority has respect for its own prior work Roberts has contradicted precedent he himself authored take note of whom the outcome favors. Dobbs similarly disdained precedent justices are not licensed to say that the law is whatever they want it to be. gripped by an ideological bent for protecting executives’ Roberts dismantled jurisprudence Trump needed no pretext Roberts legacy may include encouraging him they’re willing to torture logic


Question: Sarah Chayes 2024

6---AFF doesn’t spill over to broader precedent

Sarah Chayes 2024, prizewinning journalist and internationally recognized expert on corruption in government networks throughout the world, “It’s Official: The Supreme Court Ignores Its Own Precedent”, July 19, https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2024/07/supreme-court-immunity-corruption/679107/, accessed 9/13/24, HMc

Nothing suggests the majority has respect for its own prior work Roberts has contradicted precedent he himself authored take note of whom the outcome favors. Dobbs similarly disdained precedent justices are not licensed to say that the law is whatever they want it to be. gripped by an ideological bent for protecting executives’ Roberts dismantled jurisprudence Trump needed no pretext Roberts legacy may include encouraging him they’re willing to torture logic


Question: Supreme court ignores precedent

6---AFF doesn’t spill over to broader precedent

Sarah Chayes 2024, prizewinning journalist and internationally recognized expert on corruption in government networks throughout the world, “It’s Official: The Supreme Court Ignores Its Own Precedent”, July 19, https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2024/07/supreme-court-immunity-corruption/679107/, accessed 9/13/24, HMc

Nothing suggests the majority has respect for its own prior work Roberts has contradicted precedent he himself authored take note of whom the outcome favors. Dobbs similarly disdained precedent justices are not licensed to say that the law is whatever they want it to be. gripped by an ideological bent for protecting executives’ Roberts dismantled jurisprudence Trump needed no pretext Roberts legacy may include encouraging him they’re willing to torture logic


Question: Dobbs disdained precedent

6---AFF doesn’t spill over to broader precedent

Sarah Chayes 2024, prizewinning journalist and internationally recognized expert on corruption in government networks throughout the world, “It’s Official: The Supreme Court Ignores Its Own Precedent”, July 19, https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2024/07/supreme-court-immunity-corruption/679107/, accessed 9/13/24, HMc

Nothing suggests the majority has respect for its own prior work Roberts has contradicted precedent he himself authored take note of whom the outcome favors. Dobbs similarly disdained precedent justices are not licensed to say that the law is whatever they want it to be. gripped by an ideological bent for protecting executives’ Roberts dismantled jurisprudence Trump needed no pretext Roberts legacy may include encouraging him they’re willing to torture logic


Question: court outcome favors

6---AFF doesn’t spill over to broader precedent

Sarah Chayes 2024, prizewinning journalist and internationally recognized expert on corruption in government networks throughout the world, “It’s Official: The Supreme Court Ignores Its Own Precedent”, July 19, https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2024/07/supreme-court-immunity-corruption/679107/, accessed 9/13/24, HMc

Nothing suggests the majority has respect for its own prior work Roberts has contradicted precedent he himself authored take note of whom the outcome favors. Dobbs similarly disdained precedent justices are not licensed to say that the law is whatever they want it to be. gripped by an ideological bent for protecting executives’ Roberts dismantled jurisprudence Trump needed no pretext Roberts legacy may include encouraging him they’re willing to torture logic


Question: Roberts dismantled jurisprudence

6---AFF doesn’t spill over to broader precedent

Sarah Chayes 2024, prizewinning journalist and internationally recognized expert on corruption in government networks throughout the world, “It’s Official: The Supreme Court Ignores Its Own Precedent”, July 19, https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2024/07/supreme-court-immunity-corruption/679107/, accessed 9/13/24, HMc

Nothing suggests the majority has respect for its own prior work Roberts has contradicted precedent he himself authored take note of whom the outcome favors. Dobbs similarly disdained precedent justices are not licensed to say that the law is whatever they want it to be. gripped by an ideological bent for protecting executives’ Roberts dismantled jurisprudence Trump needed no pretext Roberts legacy may include encouraging him they’re willing to torture logic


Question: ideological bent for protecting executives

6---AFF doesn’t spill over to broader precedent

Sarah Chayes 2024, prizewinning journalist and internationally recognized expert on corruption in government networks throughout the world, “It’s Official: The Supreme Court Ignores Its Own Precedent”, July 19, https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2024/07/supreme-court-immunity-corruption/679107/, accessed 9/13/24, HMc

Nothing suggests the majority has respect for its own prior work Roberts has contradicted precedent he himself authored take note of whom the outcome favors. Dobbs similarly disdained precedent justices are not licensed to say that the law is whatever they want it to be. gripped by an ideological bent for protecting executives’ Roberts dismantled jurisprudence Trump needed no pretext Roberts legacy may include encouraging him they’re willing to torture logic


Question: Decarbonization hurts Saudi Arabia

Decarbonization hurts exporting countries economically especially Saudi Arabia.

Tänzler & Gordon, 20 – Tanzler is a Director International Climate Policy. His research focuses on climate and energy policies as well as on peace and conflict studies. In 2007 and 2008 he served the Policy Planning Unit of the German Foreign Office as an expert on climate and energy policies. Gordon is a Project Manager. He works at the intersection of climate policy, foreign and security policy, and geopolitics.

Fossil fuels are the most important source of revenue for the governments of Saudi Arabia.  Saudi Arabia’s position is responsible for its close security relationship Decarbonization will change the landscape decarbonization represents a real challenge for oil- and gas-producing states States may slide into instability


Question: Tanzler and Gordon

Decarbonization hurts exporting countries economically especially Saudi Arabia.

Tänzler & Gordon, 20 – Tanzler is a Director International Climate Policy. His research focuses on climate and energy policies as well as on peace and conflict studies. In 2007 and 2008 he served the Policy Planning Unit of the German Foreign Office as an expert on climate and energy policies. Gordon is a Project Manager. He works at the intersection of climate policy, foreign and security policy, and geopolitics.

Fossil fuels are the most important source of revenue for the governments of Saudi Arabia.  Saudi Arabia’s position is responsible for its close security relationship Decarbonization will change the landscape decarbonization represents a real challenge for oil- and gas-producing states States may slide into instability


Question: Decarbonization challenge oil states

Decarbonization hurts exporting countries economically especially Saudi Arabia.

Tänzler & Gordon, 20 – Tanzler is a Director International Climate Policy. His research focuses on climate and energy policies as well as on peace and conflict studies. In 2007 and 2008 he served the Policy Planning Unit of the German Foreign Office as an expert on climate and energy policies. Gordon is a Project Manager. He works at the intersection of climate policy, foreign and security policy, and geopolitics.

Fossil fuels are the most important source of revenue for the governments of Saudi Arabia.  Saudi Arabia’s position is responsible for its close security relationship Decarbonization will change the landscape decarbonization represents a real challenge for oil- and gas-producing states States may slide into instability


Question: saudi arabia fossil fuels

Decarbonization hurts exporting countries economically especially Saudi Arabia.

Tänzler & Gordon, 20 – Tanzler is a Director International Climate Policy. His research focuses on climate and energy policies as well as on peace and conflict studies. In 2007 and 2008 he served the Policy Planning Unit of the German Foreign Office as an expert on climate and energy policies. Gordon is a Project Manager. He works at the intersection of climate policy, foreign and security policy, and geopolitics.

Fossil fuels are the most important source of revenue for the governments of Saudi Arabia.  Saudi Arabia’s position is responsible for its close security relationship Decarbonization will change the landscape decarbonization represents a real challenge for oil- and gas-producing states States may slide into instability


Question: decarbonization instability

Decarbonization hurts exporting countries economically especially Saudi Arabia.

Tänzler & Gordon, 20 – Tanzler is a Director International Climate Policy. His research focuses on climate and energy policies as well as on peace and conflict studies. In 2007 and 2008 he served the Policy Planning Unit of the German Foreign Office as an expert on climate and energy policies. Gordon is a Project Manager. He works at the intersection of climate policy, foreign and security policy, and geopolitics.

Fossil fuels are the most important source of revenue for the governments of Saudi Arabia.  Saudi Arabia’s position is responsible for its close security relationship Decarbonization will change the landscape decarbonization represents a real challenge for oil- and gas-producing states States may slide into instability


Question: climate policy foreign policy

Decarbonization hurts exporting countries economically especially Saudi Arabia.

Tänzler & Gordon, 20 – Tanzler is a Director International Climate Policy. His research focuses on climate and energy policies as well as on peace and conflict studies. In 2007 and 2008 he served the Policy Planning Unit of the German Foreign Office as an expert on climate and energy policies. Gordon is a Project Manager. He works at the intersection of climate policy, foreign and security policy, and geopolitics.

Fossil fuels are the most important source of revenue for the governments of Saudi Arabia.  Saudi Arabia’s position is responsible for its close security relationship Decarbonization will change the landscape decarbonization represents a real challenge for oil- and gas-producing states States may slide into instability


Question: climate policy geopolitics

Decarbonization hurts exporting countries economically especially Saudi Arabia.

Tänzler & Gordon, 20 – Tanzler is a Director International Climate Policy. His research focuses on climate and energy policies as well as on peace and conflict studies. In 2007 and 2008 he served the Policy Planning Unit of the German Foreign Office as an expert on climate and energy policies. Gordon is a Project Manager. He works at the intersection of climate policy, foreign and security policy, and geopolitics.

Fossil fuels are the most important source of revenue for the governments of Saudi Arabia.  Saudi Arabia’s position is responsible for its close security relationship Decarbonization will change the landscape decarbonization represents a real challenge for oil- and gas-producing states States may slide into instability


Question: Affect driven politics double edged sword

Affect-driven politics is a double-edged sword—affect is powerful because it is non-cognitive and autonomous from rationality, but that means its impossible to politically direct or control – all of their arguments for why the law can’t grapple with aff are also reasons why the alt can’t solve

Barnett 8 – Professor of Geography @ Open

The ontologisation of affect expels affect from the space of reasons by drawing too sharp a distinction between perception and action The recourse to ethos-talk marks a choice to deploy a genre that allows one to register a commitment to certain values without having to present arguments in favour of them The eschewing of reasons betray an unacknowledged parochialism in these ontologies of affect. Affectively enhanced onto-stories embrace as a virtue rather than a vice the recurring difficulty that characterises deliberative accounts of democratic pluralism: have in not being able to outline neutral procedures for negotiating across difference Eschewing reason-giving in favour of the enactment of affectively infused ethos courts universalising culturally specific norms affect matters politically because it opens up surfaces for manipulation Excitement anguish contempt anger and rage have no a priori political valence at all ontologies of affect are presented as the basis of new models of progressive politics Their value remains unclear, because no effort is made to clarify what practical implications the ontology of affect has for the democratic principle


Question: Barnett 8

Affect-driven politics is a double-edged sword—affect is powerful because it is non-cognitive and autonomous from rationality, but that means its impossible to politically direct or control – all of their arguments for why the law can’t grapple with aff are also reasons why the alt can’t solve

Barnett 8 – Professor of Geography @ Open

The ontologisation of affect expels affect from the space of reasons by drawing too sharp a distinction between perception and action The recourse to ethos-talk marks a choice to deploy a genre that allows one to register a commitment to certain values without having to present arguments in favour of them The eschewing of reasons betray an unacknowledged parochialism in these ontologies of affect. Affectively enhanced onto-stories embrace as a virtue rather than a vice the recurring difficulty that characterises deliberative accounts of democratic pluralism: have in not being able to outline neutral procedures for negotiating across difference Eschewing reason-giving in favour of the enactment of affectively infused ethos courts universalising culturally specific norms affect matters politically because it opens up surfaces for manipulation Excitement anguish contempt anger and rage have no a priori political valence at all ontologies of affect are presented as the basis of new models of progressive politics Their value remains unclear, because no effort is made to clarify what practical implications the ontology of affect has for the democratic principle


Question: affect is non-cognitive

Affect-driven politics is a double-edged sword—affect is powerful because it is non-cognitive and autonomous from rationality, but that means its impossible to politically direct or control – all of their arguments for why the law can’t grapple with aff are also reasons why the alt can’t solve

Barnett 8 – Professor of Geography @ Open

The ontologisation of affect expels affect from the space of reasons by drawing too sharp a distinction between perception and action The recourse to ethos-talk marks a choice to deploy a genre that allows one to register a commitment to certain values without having to present arguments in favour of them The eschewing of reasons betray an unacknowledged parochialism in these ontologies of affect. Affectively enhanced onto-stories embrace as a virtue rather than a vice the recurring difficulty that characterises deliberative accounts of democratic pluralism: have in not being able to outline neutral procedures for negotiating across difference Eschewing reason-giving in favour of the enactment of affectively infused ethos courts universalising culturally specific norms affect matters politically because it opens up surfaces for manipulation Excitement anguish contempt anger and rage have no a priori political valence at all ontologies of affect are presented as the basis of new models of progressive politics Their value remains unclear, because no effort is made to clarify what practical implications the ontology of affect has for the democratic principle


Question: ontologies of affect

Affect-driven politics is a double-edged sword—affect is powerful because it is non-cognitive and autonomous from rationality, but that means its impossible to politically direct or control – all of their arguments for why the law can’t grapple with aff are also reasons why the alt can’t solve

Barnett 8 – Professor of Geography @ Open

The ontologisation of affect expels affect from the space of reasons by drawing too sharp a distinction between perception and action The recourse to ethos-talk marks a choice to deploy a genre that allows one to register a commitment to certain values without having to present arguments in favour of them The eschewing of reasons betray an unacknowledged parochialism in these ontologies of affect. Affectively enhanced onto-stories embrace as a virtue rather than a vice the recurring difficulty that characterises deliberative accounts of democratic pluralism: have in not being able to outline neutral procedures for negotiating across difference Eschewing reason-giving in favour of the enactment of affectively infused ethos courts universalising culturally specific norms affect matters politically because it opens up surfaces for manipulation Excitement anguish contempt anger and rage have no a priori political valence at all ontologies of affect are presented as the basis of new models of progressive politics Their value remains unclear, because no effort is made to clarify what practical implications the ontology of affect has for the democratic principle


Question: affect no political valence

Affect-driven politics is a double-edged sword—affect is powerful because it is non-cognitive and autonomous from rationality, but that means its impossible to politically direct or control – all of their arguments for why the law can’t grapple with aff are also reasons why the alt can’t solve

Barnett 8 – Professor of Geography @ Open

The ontologisation of affect expels affect from the space of reasons by drawing too sharp a distinction between perception and action The recourse to ethos-talk marks a choice to deploy a genre that allows one to register a commitment to certain values without having to present arguments in favour of them The eschewing of reasons betray an unacknowledged parochialism in these ontologies of affect. Affectively enhanced onto-stories embrace as a virtue rather than a vice the recurring difficulty that characterises deliberative accounts of democratic pluralism: have in not being able to outline neutral procedures for negotiating across difference Eschewing reason-giving in favour of the enactment of affectively infused ethos courts universalising culturally specific norms affect matters politically because it opens up surfaces for manipulation Excitement anguish contempt anger and rage have no a priori political valence at all ontologies of affect are presented as the basis of new models of progressive politics Their value remains unclear, because no effort is made to clarify what practical implications the ontology of affect has for the democratic principle


Question: affect manipulation

Affect-driven politics is a double-edged sword—affect is powerful because it is non-cognitive and autonomous from rationality, but that means its impossible to politically direct or control – all of their arguments for why the law can’t grapple with aff are also reasons why the alt can’t solve

Barnett 8 – Professor of Geography @ Open

The ontologisation of affect expels affect from the space of reasons by drawing too sharp a distinction between perception and action The recourse to ethos-talk marks a choice to deploy a genre that allows one to register a commitment to certain values without having to present arguments in favour of them The eschewing of reasons betray an unacknowledged parochialism in these ontologies of affect. Affectively enhanced onto-stories embrace as a virtue rather than a vice the recurring difficulty that characterises deliberative accounts of democratic pluralism: have in not being able to outline neutral procedures for negotiating across difference Eschewing reason-giving in favour of the enactment of affectively infused ethos courts universalising culturally specific norms affect matters politically because it opens up surfaces for manipulation Excitement anguish contempt anger and rage have no a priori political valence at all ontologies of affect are presented as the basis of new models of progressive politics Their value remains unclear, because no effort is made to clarify what practical implications the ontology of affect has for the democratic principle


Question: affect driven politics bad

Affect-driven politics is a double-edged sword—affect is powerful because it is non-cognitive and autonomous from rationality, but that means its impossible to politically direct or control – all of their arguments for why the law can’t grapple with aff are also reasons why the alt can’t solve

Barnett 8 – Professor of Geography @ Open

The ontologisation of affect expels affect from the space of reasons by drawing too sharp a distinction between perception and action The recourse to ethos-talk marks a choice to deploy a genre that allows one to register a commitment to certain values without having to present arguments in favour of them The eschewing of reasons betray an unacknowledged parochialism in these ontologies of affect. Affectively enhanced onto-stories embrace as a virtue rather than a vice the recurring difficulty that characterises deliberative accounts of democratic pluralism: have in not being able to outline neutral procedures for negotiating across difference Eschewing reason-giving in favour of the enactment of affectively infused ethos courts universalising culturally specific norms affect matters politically because it opens up surfaces for manipulation Excitement anguish contempt anger and rage have no a priori political valence at all ontologies of affect are presented as the basis of new models of progressive politics Their value remains unclear, because no effort is made to clarify what practical implications the ontology of affect has for the democratic principle


Question: BCA's don't solve

BCA’s don’t solve---its not a mandate of the plan which means it’ll be horse-traded. That violates the WTO.

Dr Tabitha M. Benney 16, Professor of Political Science at the University of Utah, PhD in Political Science from UCSB, Masters in International Relations from Georgetown University, “The Challenge of Putting a Price on Carbon Emissions in the United States”, Scholars Strategy Network, 2016, https://scholars.org/page/challenge-putting-price-carbon-emissions-united-states#:~:text=The%20Challenge%20of%20Putting%20a%20Price%20on%20Carbon%20Emissions%20in%20the%20United%20States,-Share&text=Carbon%20pricing%20policies%20face%20many,would%20reward%20businesses%20for%20polluting.

Any carbon tax will face a challenge: international trade . Imported goods would have an advantage effectiveness Under i law adjustments are illegal W T O would consider the tax to be a direct violation of trade agreements bodies might force the U S to roll back the carbon tax nations would levy retaliatory fees on exports impact dramatic . A trade war could ensue and gravely damage the economy


Question: Tabitha Benney 16

BCA’s don’t solve---its not a mandate of the plan which means it’ll be horse-traded. That violates the WTO.

Dr Tabitha M. Benney 16, Professor of Political Science at the University of Utah, PhD in Political Science from UCSB, Masters in International Relations from Georgetown University, “The Challenge of Putting a Price on Carbon Emissions in the United States”, Scholars Strategy Network, 2016, https://scholars.org/page/challenge-putting-price-carbon-emissions-united-states#:~:text=The%20Challenge%20of%20Putting%20a%20Price%20on%20Carbon%20Emissions%20in%20the%20United%20States,-Share&text=Carbon%20pricing%20policies%20face%20many,would%20reward%20businesses%20for%20polluting.

Any carbon tax will face a challenge: international trade . Imported goods would have an advantage effectiveness Under i law adjustments are illegal W T O would consider the tax to be a direct violation of trade agreements bodies might force the U S to roll back the carbon tax nations would levy retaliatory fees on exports impact dramatic . A trade war could ensue and gravely damage the economy


Question: WTO violation

BCA’s don’t solve---its not a mandate of the plan which means it’ll be horse-traded. That violates the WTO.

Dr Tabitha M. Benney 16, Professor of Political Science at the University of Utah, PhD in Political Science from UCSB, Masters in International Relations from Georgetown University, “The Challenge of Putting a Price on Carbon Emissions in the United States”, Scholars Strategy Network, 2016, https://scholars.org/page/challenge-putting-price-carbon-emissions-united-states#:~:text=The%20Challenge%20of%20Putting%20a%20Price%20on%20Carbon%20Emissions%20in%20the%20United%20States,-Share&text=Carbon%20pricing%20policies%20face%20many,would%20reward%20businesses%20for%20polluting.

Any carbon tax will face a challenge: international trade . Imported goods would have an advantage effectiveness Under i law adjustments are illegal W T O would consider the tax to be a direct violation of trade agreements bodies might force the U S to roll back the carbon tax nations would levy retaliatory fees on exports impact dramatic . A trade war could ensue and gravely damage the economy


Question: carbon tax trade war

BCA’s don’t solve---its not a mandate of the plan which means it’ll be horse-traded. That violates the WTO.

Dr Tabitha M. Benney 16, Professor of Political Science at the University of Utah, PhD in Political Science from UCSB, Masters in International Relations from Georgetown University, “The Challenge of Putting a Price on Carbon Emissions in the United States”, Scholars Strategy Network, 2016, https://scholars.org/page/challenge-putting-price-carbon-emissions-united-states#:~:text=The%20Challenge%20of%20Putting%20a%20Price%20on%20Carbon%20Emissions%20in%20the%20United%20States,-Share&text=Carbon%20pricing%20policies%20face%20many,would%20reward%20businesses%20for%20polluting.

Any carbon tax will face a challenge: international trade . Imported goods would have an advantage effectiveness Under i law adjustments are illegal W T O would consider the tax to be a direct violation of trade agreements bodies might force the U S to roll back the carbon tax nations would levy retaliatory fees on exports impact dramatic . A trade war could ensue and gravely damage the economy


Question: carbon tax international trade

BCA’s don’t solve---its not a mandate of the plan which means it’ll be horse-traded. That violates the WTO.

Dr Tabitha M. Benney 16, Professor of Political Science at the University of Utah, PhD in Political Science from UCSB, Masters in International Relations from Georgetown University, “The Challenge of Putting a Price on Carbon Emissions in the United States”, Scholars Strategy Network, 2016, https://scholars.org/page/challenge-putting-price-carbon-emissions-united-states#:~:text=The%20Challenge%20of%20Putting%20a%20Price%20on%20Carbon%20Emissions%20in%20the%20United%20States,-Share&text=Carbon%20pricing%20policies%20face%20many,would%20reward%20businesses%20for%20polluting.

Any carbon tax will face a challenge: international trade . Imported goods would have an advantage effectiveness Under i law adjustments are illegal W T O would consider the tax to be a direct violation of trade agreements bodies might force the U S to roll back the carbon tax nations would levy retaliatory fees on exports impact dramatic . A trade war could ensue and gravely damage the economy


Question: BCA violates the WTO

BCA’s don’t solve---its not a mandate of the plan which means it’ll be horse-traded. That violates the WTO.

Dr Tabitha M. Benney 16, Professor of Political Science at the University of Utah, PhD in Political Science from UCSB, Masters in International Relations from Georgetown University, “The Challenge of Putting a Price on Carbon Emissions in the United States”, Scholars Strategy Network, 2016, https://scholars.org/page/challenge-putting-price-carbon-emissions-united-states#:~:text=The%20Challenge%20of%20Putting%20a%20Price%20on%20Carbon%20Emissions%20in%20the%20United%20States,-Share&text=Carbon%20pricing%20policies%20face%20many,would%20reward%20businesses%20for%20polluting.

Any carbon tax will face a challenge: international trade . Imported goods would have an advantage effectiveness Under i law adjustments are illegal W T O would consider the tax to be a direct violation of trade agreements bodies might force the U S to roll back the carbon tax nations would levy retaliatory fees on exports impact dramatic . A trade war could ensue and gravely damage the economy


Question: trade war ensues

BCA’s don’t solve---its not a mandate of the plan which means it’ll be horse-traded. That violates the WTO.

Dr Tabitha M. Benney 16, Professor of Political Science at the University of Utah, PhD in Political Science from UCSB, Masters in International Relations from Georgetown University, “The Challenge of Putting a Price on Carbon Emissions in the United States”, Scholars Strategy Network, 2016, https://scholars.org/page/challenge-putting-price-carbon-emissions-united-states#:~:text=The%20Challenge%20of%20Putting%20a%20Price%20on%20Carbon%20Emissions%20in%20the%20United%20States,-Share&text=Carbon%20pricing%20policies%20face%20many,would%20reward%20businesses%20for%20polluting.

Any carbon tax will face a challenge: international trade . Imported goods would have an advantage effectiveness Under i law adjustments are illegal W T O would consider the tax to be a direct violation of trade agreements bodies might force the U S to roll back the carbon tax nations would levy retaliatory fees on exports impact dramatic . A trade war could ensue and gravely damage the economy


Question: carbon tax illegal WTO

BCA’s don’t solve---its not a mandate of the plan which means it’ll be horse-traded. That violates the WTO.

Dr Tabitha M. Benney 16, Professor of Political Science at the University of Utah, PhD in Political Science from UCSB, Masters in International Relations from Georgetown University, “The Challenge of Putting a Price on Carbon Emissions in the United States”, Scholars Strategy Network, 2016, https://scholars.org/page/challenge-putting-price-carbon-emissions-united-states#:~:text=The%20Challenge%20of%20Putting%20a%20Price%20on%20Carbon%20Emissions%20in%20the%20United%20States,-Share&text=Carbon%20pricing%20policies%20face%20many,would%20reward%20businesses%20for%20polluting.

Any carbon tax will face a challenge: international trade . Imported goods would have an advantage effectiveness Under i law adjustments are illegal W T O would consider the tax to be a direct violation of trade agreements bodies might force the U S to roll back the carbon tax nations would levy retaliatory fees on exports impact dramatic . A trade war could ensue and gravely damage the economy


Question: Chinese influence destroys LIO

Chinese influence destroys the LIO---extinction through multilateral breakdown AND great-power war.

Wang ’19 [Fei-Ling; October 24; Professor at the Sam Nunn School of International Affairs, Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania; The Cipher Brief, “The China Order: A Challenge for the U.S. and the World,” https://www.thecipherbrief.com/column_article/the-china-order-a-challenge-for-the-u-s-and-the-world]

the P R C challenge U S primacy to replace the international order and security PRC seeks an overhaul of nation-states governance address climate inequality , epidemics , and terrorism China at odds with the LIO consolidation is anchored in belief that failing would spell extinction rise upending Westphalia and redirect civilization the U S will face war and w m d the power will not stop unseating the world , unless checked America’s position and peace rest on PRC


Question: Wang 19 China LIO

Chinese influence destroys the LIO---extinction through multilateral breakdown AND great-power war.

Wang ’19 [Fei-Ling; October 24; Professor at the Sam Nunn School of International Affairs, Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania; The Cipher Brief, “The China Order: A Challenge for the U.S. and the World,” https://www.thecipherbrief.com/column_article/the-china-order-a-challenge-for-the-u-s-and-the-world]

the P R C challenge U S primacy to replace the international order and security PRC seeks an overhaul of nation-states governance address climate inequality , epidemics , and terrorism China at odds with the LIO consolidation is anchored in belief that failing would spell extinction rise upending Westphalia and redirect civilization the U S will face war and w m d the power will not stop unseating the world , unless checked America’s position and peace rest on PRC


Question: Fei-Ling Wang Cipher Brief

Chinese influence destroys the LIO---extinction through multilateral breakdown AND great-power war.

Wang ’19 [Fei-Ling; October 24; Professor at the Sam Nunn School of International Affairs, Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania; The Cipher Brief, “The China Order: A Challenge for the U.S. and the World,” https://www.thecipherbrief.com/column_article/the-china-order-a-challenge-for-the-u-s-and-the-world]

the P R C challenge U S primacy to replace the international order and security PRC seeks an overhaul of nation-states governance address climate inequality , epidemics , and terrorism China at odds with the LIO consolidation is anchored in belief that failing would spell extinction rise upending Westphalia and redirect civilization the U S will face war and w m d the power will not stop unseating the world , unless checked America’s position and peace rest on PRC


Question: China challenges US primacy

Chinese influence destroys the LIO---extinction through multilateral breakdown AND great-power war.

Wang ’19 [Fei-Ling; October 24; Professor at the Sam Nunn School of International Affairs, Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania; The Cipher Brief, “The China Order: A Challenge for the U.S. and the World,” https://www.thecipherbrief.com/column_article/the-china-order-a-challenge-for-the-u-s-and-the-world]

the P R C challenge U S primacy to replace the international order and security PRC seeks an overhaul of nation-states governance address climate inequality , epidemics , and terrorism China at odds with the LIO consolidation is anchored in belief that failing would spell extinction rise upending Westphalia and redirect civilization the U S will face war and w m d the power will not stop unseating the world , unless checked America’s position and peace rest on PRC


Question: China LIO overhaul

Chinese influence destroys the LIO---extinction through multilateral breakdown AND great-power war.

Wang ’19 [Fei-Ling; October 24; Professor at the Sam Nunn School of International Affairs, Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania; The Cipher Brief, “The China Order: A Challenge for the U.S. and the World,” https://www.thecipherbrief.com/column_article/the-china-order-a-challenge-for-the-u-s-and-the-world]

the P R C challenge U S primacy to replace the international order and security PRC seeks an overhaul of nation-states governance address climate inequality , epidemics , and terrorism China at odds with the LIO consolidation is anchored in belief that failing would spell extinction rise upending Westphalia and redirect civilization the U S will face war and w m d the power will not stop unseating the world , unless checked America’s position and peace rest on PRC


Question: China upending Westphalia war

Chinese influence destroys the LIO---extinction through multilateral breakdown AND great-power war.

Wang ’19 [Fei-Ling; October 24; Professor at the Sam Nunn School of International Affairs, Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania; The Cipher Brief, “The China Order: A Challenge for the U.S. and the World,” https://www.thecipherbrief.com/column_article/the-china-order-a-challenge-for-the-u-s-and-the-world]

the P R C challenge U S primacy to replace the international order and security PRC seeks an overhaul of nation-states governance address climate inequality , epidemics , and terrorism China at odds with the LIO consolidation is anchored in belief that failing would spell extinction rise upending Westphalia and redirect civilization the U S will face war and w m d the power will not stop unseating the world , unless checked America’s position and peace rest on PRC


Question: China threats to US power

Chinese influence destroys the LIO---extinction through multilateral breakdown AND great-power war.

Wang ’19 [Fei-Ling; October 24; Professor at the Sam Nunn School of International Affairs, Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania; The Cipher Brief, “The China Order: A Challenge for the U.S. and the World,” https://www.thecipherbrief.com/column_article/the-china-order-a-challenge-for-the-u-s-and-the-world]

the P R C challenge U S primacy to replace the international order and security PRC seeks an overhaul of nation-states governance address climate inequality , epidemics , and terrorism China at odds with the LIO consolidation is anchored in belief that failing would spell extinction rise upending Westphalia and redirect civilization the U S will face war and w m d the power will not stop unseating the world , unless checked America’s position and peace rest on PRC


Question: China multilateral breakdown

Chinese influence destroys the LIO---extinction through multilateral breakdown AND great-power war.

Wang ’19 [Fei-Ling; October 24; Professor at the Sam Nunn School of International Affairs, Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania; The Cipher Brief, “The China Order: A Challenge for the U.S. and the World,” https://www.thecipherbrief.com/column_article/the-china-order-a-challenge-for-the-u-s-and-the-world]

the P R C challenge U S primacy to replace the international order and security PRC seeks an overhaul of nation-states governance address climate inequality , epidemics , and terrorism China at odds with the LIO consolidation is anchored in belief that failing would spell extinction rise upending Westphalia and redirect civilization the U S will face war and w m d the power will not stop unseating the world , unless checked America’s position and peace rest on PRC


Question: tipping points are exaggerated

8. Climate tipping points are unstudied and exaggerated.

Seaver Wang 23, Co-Director of the Climate and Energy team at the Breakthrough Institute, “There Is No Climate Tipping Point,” The Breakthrough Institute, 4/17/23, https://thebreakthrough.org/journal/climate-change-banned-words/climate-tipping-point-real

tipping point was entirely incorrect . climate science has not identified any approaching point Arctic thaw and Amazon influence warming the  magnitude is small tipping points is susceptible to confusion summarized using worst-case outcomes systematic shifts are rare Components of the system change over centuries continental systems may not possess a  single point but exhibit nonlinear shifts at smaller scales in response to local thresholds Arctic monsoons methane and  El Niño have been stricken  from lists carbon release will be  gradual even middle-of-the-road mitigation eliminate any risk Longer-term solutions will  absolutely  contribute


Question: Seaver Wang 23

8. Climate tipping points are unstudied and exaggerated.

Seaver Wang 23, Co-Director of the Climate and Energy team at the Breakthrough Institute, “There Is No Climate Tipping Point,” The Breakthrough Institute, 4/17/23, https://thebreakthrough.org/journal/climate-change-banned-words/climate-tipping-point-real

tipping point was entirely incorrect . climate science has not identified any approaching point Arctic thaw and Amazon influence warming the  magnitude is small tipping points is susceptible to confusion summarized using worst-case outcomes systematic shifts are rare Components of the system change over centuries continental systems may not possess a  single point but exhibit nonlinear shifts at smaller scales in response to local thresholds Arctic monsoons methane and  El Niño have been stricken  from lists carbon release will be  gradual even middle-of-the-road mitigation eliminate any risk Longer-term solutions will  absolutely  contribute


Question: Climate tipping points unstudied

8. Climate tipping points are unstudied and exaggerated.

Seaver Wang 23, Co-Director of the Climate and Energy team at the Breakthrough Institute, “There Is No Climate Tipping Point,” The Breakthrough Institute, 4/17/23, https://thebreakthrough.org/journal/climate-change-banned-words/climate-tipping-point-real

tipping point was entirely incorrect . climate science has not identified any approaching point Arctic thaw and Amazon influence warming the  magnitude is small tipping points is susceptible to confusion summarized using worst-case outcomes systematic shifts are rare Components of the system change over centuries continental systems may not possess a  single point but exhibit nonlinear shifts at smaller scales in response to local thresholds Arctic monsoons methane and  El Niño have been stricken  from lists carbon release will be  gradual even middle-of-the-road mitigation eliminate any risk Longer-term solutions will  absolutely  contribute


Question: Climate science tipping point incorrect

8. Climate tipping points are unstudied and exaggerated.

Seaver Wang 23, Co-Director of the Climate and Energy team at the Breakthrough Institute, “There Is No Climate Tipping Point,” The Breakthrough Institute, 4/17/23, https://thebreakthrough.org/journal/climate-change-banned-words/climate-tipping-point-real

tipping point was entirely incorrect . climate science has not identified any approaching point Arctic thaw and Amazon influence warming the  magnitude is small tipping points is susceptible to confusion summarized using worst-case outcomes systematic shifts are rare Components of the system change over centuries continental systems may not possess a  single point but exhibit nonlinear shifts at smaller scales in response to local thresholds Arctic monsoons methane and  El Niño have been stricken  from lists carbon release will be  gradual even middle-of-the-road mitigation eliminate any risk Longer-term solutions will  absolutely  contribute


Question: No climate tipping point real

8. Climate tipping points are unstudied and exaggerated.

Seaver Wang 23, Co-Director of the Climate and Energy team at the Breakthrough Institute, “There Is No Climate Tipping Point,” The Breakthrough Institute, 4/17/23, https://thebreakthrough.org/journal/climate-change-banned-words/climate-tipping-point-real

tipping point was entirely incorrect . climate science has not identified any approaching point Arctic thaw and Amazon influence warming the  magnitude is small tipping points is susceptible to confusion summarized using worst-case outcomes systematic shifts are rare Components of the system change over centuries continental systems may not possess a  single point but exhibit nonlinear shifts at smaller scales in response to local thresholds Arctic monsoons methane and  El Niño have been stricken  from lists carbon release will be  gradual even middle-of-the-road mitigation eliminate any risk Longer-term solutions will  absolutely  contribute


Question: Climate system changes over centuries

8. Climate tipping points are unstudied and exaggerated.

Seaver Wang 23, Co-Director of the Climate and Energy team at the Breakthrough Institute, “There Is No Climate Tipping Point,” The Breakthrough Institute, 4/17/23, https://thebreakthrough.org/journal/climate-change-banned-words/climate-tipping-point-real

tipping point was entirely incorrect . climate science has not identified any approaching point Arctic thaw and Amazon influence warming the  magnitude is small tipping points is susceptible to confusion summarized using worst-case outcomes systematic shifts are rare Components of the system change over centuries continental systems may not possess a  single point but exhibit nonlinear shifts at smaller scales in response to local thresholds Arctic monsoons methane and  El Niño have been stricken  from lists carbon release will be  gradual even middle-of-the-road mitigation eliminate any risk Longer-term solutions will  absolutely  contribute


Question: tipping points confusion worst-case outcomes

8. Climate tipping points are unstudied and exaggerated.

Seaver Wang 23, Co-Director of the Climate and Energy team at the Breakthrough Institute, “There Is No Climate Tipping Point,” The Breakthrough Institute, 4/17/23, https://thebreakthrough.org/journal/climate-change-banned-words/climate-tipping-point-real

tipping point was entirely incorrect . climate science has not identified any approaching point Arctic thaw and Amazon influence warming the  magnitude is small tipping points is susceptible to confusion summarized using worst-case outcomes systematic shifts are rare Components of the system change over centuries continental systems may not possess a  single point but exhibit nonlinear shifts at smaller scales in response to local thresholds Arctic monsoons methane and  El Niño have been stricken  from lists carbon release will be  gradual even middle-of-the-road mitigation eliminate any risk Longer-term solutions will  absolutely  contribute


Question: Climate tipping points are unstudied

8. Climate tipping points are unstudied and exaggerated.

Seaver Wang 23, Co-Director of the Climate and Energy team at the Breakthrough Institute, “There Is No Climate Tipping Point,” The Breakthrough Institute, 4/17/23, https://thebreakthrough.org/journal/climate-change-banned-words/climate-tipping-point-real

tipping point was entirely incorrect . climate science has not identified any approaching point Arctic thaw and Amazon influence warming the  magnitude is small tipping points is susceptible to confusion summarized using worst-case outcomes systematic shifts are rare Components of the system change over centuries continental systems may not possess a  single point but exhibit nonlinear shifts at smaller scales in response to local thresholds Arctic monsoons methane and  El Niño have been stricken  from lists carbon release will be  gradual even middle-of-the-road mitigation eliminate any risk Longer-term solutions will  absolutely  contribute


Question: EMPRIRCS fails

EMPRIRCS. It historically fails.

Mark Schlosberg 21, JD in economics, National Organizing Director for Food & Water Watch, 7-20-2021, “Top 5 Reasons Carbon Capture And Storage (CCS) Is Bogus,” https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/2021/07/20/top-5-reasons-carbon-capture-and-storage-ccs-is-bogus/, oj

After billions of investments there are only colossal failures the largest plant underperformed D o E spent $6.9 billion to demonstrate feasibility little came of this investment. Biden wants to shift its focus to carbon capture there’s no reason to think the outcome will be different .


Question: Schlosberg 21

EMPRIRCS. It historically fails.

Mark Schlosberg 21, JD in economics, National Organizing Director for Food & Water Watch, 7-20-2021, “Top 5 Reasons Carbon Capture And Storage (CCS) Is Bogus,” https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/2021/07/20/top-5-reasons-carbon-capture-and-storage-ccs-is-bogus/, oj

After billions of investments there are only colossal failures the largest plant underperformed D o E spent $6.9 billion to demonstrate feasibility little came of this investment. Biden wants to shift its focus to carbon capture there’s no reason to think the outcome will be different .


Question: Mark Schlosberg carbon capture

EMPRIRCS. It historically fails.

Mark Schlosberg 21, JD in economics, National Organizing Director for Food & Water Watch, 7-20-2021, “Top 5 Reasons Carbon Capture And Storage (CCS) Is Bogus,” https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/2021/07/20/top-5-reasons-carbon-capture-and-storage-ccs-is-bogus/, oj

After billions of investments there are only colossal failures the largest plant underperformed D o E spent $6.9 billion to demonstrate feasibility little came of this investment. Biden wants to shift its focus to carbon capture there’s no reason to think the outcome will be different .


Question: carbon capture historically fails

EMPRIRCS. It historically fails.

Mark Schlosberg 21, JD in economics, National Organizing Director for Food & Water Watch, 7-20-2021, “Top 5 Reasons Carbon Capture And Storage (CCS) Is Bogus,” https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/2021/07/20/top-5-reasons-carbon-capture-and-storage-ccs-is-bogus/, oj

After billions of investments there are only colossal failures the largest plant underperformed D o E spent $6.9 billion to demonstrate feasibility little came of this investment. Biden wants to shift its focus to carbon capture there’s no reason to think the outcome will be different .


Question: CCS underperforms historically

EMPRIRCS. It historically fails.

Mark Schlosberg 21, JD in economics, National Organizing Director for Food & Water Watch, 7-20-2021, “Top 5 Reasons Carbon Capture And Storage (CCS) Is Bogus,” https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/2021/07/20/top-5-reasons-carbon-capture-and-storage-ccs-is-bogus/, oj

After billions of investments there are only colossal failures the largest plant underperformed D o E spent $6.9 billion to demonstrate feasibility little came of this investment. Biden wants to shift its focus to carbon capture there’s no reason to think the outcome will be different .


Question: carbon capture colossal failures

EMPRIRCS. It historically fails.

Mark Schlosberg 21, JD in economics, National Organizing Director for Food & Water Watch, 7-20-2021, “Top 5 Reasons Carbon Capture And Storage (CCS) Is Bogus,” https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/2021/07/20/top-5-reasons-carbon-capture-and-storage-ccs-is-bogus/, oj

After billions of investments there are only colossal failures the largest plant underperformed D o E spent $6.9 billion to demonstrate feasibility little came of this investment. Biden wants to shift its focus to carbon capture there’s no reason to think the outcome will be different .


Question: carbon capture not feasible

EMPRIRCS. It historically fails.

Mark Schlosberg 21, JD in economics, National Organizing Director for Food & Water Watch, 7-20-2021, “Top 5 Reasons Carbon Capture And Storage (CCS) Is Bogus,” https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/2021/07/20/top-5-reasons-carbon-capture-and-storage-ccs-is-bogus/, oj

After billions of investments there are only colossal failures the largest plant underperformed D o E spent $6.9 billion to demonstrate feasibility little came of this investment. Biden wants to shift its focus to carbon capture there’s no reason to think the outcome will be different .


Question: carbon capture bogus

EMPRIRCS. It historically fails.

Mark Schlosberg 21, JD in economics, National Organizing Director for Food & Water Watch, 7-20-2021, “Top 5 Reasons Carbon Capture And Storage (CCS) Is Bogus,” https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/2021/07/20/top-5-reasons-carbon-capture-and-storage-ccs-is-bogus/, oj

After billions of investments there are only colossal failures the largest plant underperformed D o E spent $6.9 billion to demonstrate feasibility little came of this investment. Biden wants to shift its focus to carbon capture there’s no reason to think the outcome will be different .


Question: Anti-black violence must be combatted contingently

Antiblack violence must be combatted contingently. Any other response cedes to whiteness.

Kelley 17, Professor of American History at UCLA (Robin D.G., “Robin D.G. Kelley & Fred Moten In Conversation,” transcribed from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fP-2F9MXjRE, 1:57:36-2:02:56)

don't recognize black politics structured  by white supremacy community building not defined by it slavery , Jim Crow  incarceration systems are distinct responses to weakness of racial regime not continuation of slavery response to Black Democratic upsurge  huge gap  same with mass incarceration White supremacy is fragile. regimes shore themselves up impression so powerful working overtime to respond to opposition


Question: Kelley 17

Antiblack violence must be combatted contingently. Any other response cedes to whiteness.

Kelley 17, Professor of American History at UCLA (Robin D.G., “Robin D.G. Kelley & Fred Moten In Conversation,” transcribed from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fP-2F9MXjRE, 1:57:36-2:02:56)

don't recognize black politics structured  by white supremacy community building not defined by it slavery , Jim Crow  incarceration systems are distinct responses to weakness of racial regime not continuation of slavery response to Black Democratic upsurge  huge gap  same with mass incarceration White supremacy is fragile. regimes shore themselves up impression so powerful working overtime to respond to opposition


Question: Robin Kelley

Antiblack violence must be combatted contingently. Any other response cedes to whiteness.

Kelley 17, Professor of American History at UCLA (Robin D.G., “Robin D.G. Kelley & Fred Moten In Conversation,” transcribed from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fP-2F9MXjRE, 1:57:36-2:02:56)

don't recognize black politics structured  by white supremacy community building not defined by it slavery , Jim Crow  incarceration systems are distinct responses to weakness of racial regime not continuation of slavery response to Black Democratic upsurge  huge gap  same with mass incarceration White supremacy is fragile. regimes shore themselves up impression so powerful working overtime to respond to opposition


Question: Anti-black violence whiteness

Antiblack violence must be combatted contingently. Any other response cedes to whiteness.

Kelley 17, Professor of American History at UCLA (Robin D.G., “Robin D.G. Kelley & Fred Moten In Conversation,” transcribed from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fP-2F9MXjRE, 1:57:36-2:02:56)

don't recognize black politics structured  by white supremacy community building not defined by it slavery , Jim Crow  incarceration systems are distinct responses to weakness of racial regime not continuation of slavery response to Black Democratic upsurge  huge gap  same with mass incarceration White supremacy is fragile. regimes shore themselves up impression so powerful working overtime to respond to opposition


Question: fragility of white supremacy

Antiblack violence must be combatted contingently. Any other response cedes to whiteness.

Kelley 17, Professor of American History at UCLA (Robin D.G., “Robin D.G. Kelley & Fred Moten In Conversation,” transcribed from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fP-2F9MXjRE, 1:57:36-2:02:56)

don't recognize black politics structured  by white supremacy community building not defined by it slavery , Jim Crow  incarceration systems are distinct responses to weakness of racial regime not continuation of slavery response to Black Democratic upsurge  huge gap  same with mass incarceration White supremacy is fragile. regimes shore themselves up impression so powerful working overtime to respond to opposition


Question: black politics and white supremacy

Antiblack violence must be combatted contingently. Any other response cedes to whiteness.

Kelley 17, Professor of American History at UCLA (Robin D.G., “Robin D.G. Kelley & Fred Moten In Conversation,” transcribed from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fP-2F9MXjRE, 1:57:36-2:02:56)

don't recognize black politics structured  by white supremacy community building not defined by it slavery , Jim Crow  incarceration systems are distinct responses to weakness of racial regime not continuation of slavery response to Black Democratic upsurge  huge gap  same with mass incarceration White supremacy is fragile. regimes shore themselves up impression so powerful working overtime to respond to opposition


Question: IRA transformed the economy

IRA transformed the economy. Decarbonization is happening in every industry.

Denman et al. '22 – Leader of Bain's Utilities & Renewables Practice in the Americas and is a Partner in the Chicago office (Aaron Denman, Cate Hight, and Michael Short; "The Inflation Reduction Act Is a Decarbonization Game Changer"; Bain; https://www.bain.com/insights/decarbonization-game-changer/; 10-27-2022; NC)

IRA increases amount US investing to climate change make  green energy competitive globally reduce emissions footprint meet thresholds solar panels and green hydrogen listened to industry expertise Hydrogen below $1 Battery manufacture realigning supply chain Solar manufacture US become market leader $1.2 billion of investments Power generation provides tax incentives project costs 35% less Domestic manufacturing includes $37 billion decommissioning fossil fuel infrastructure repurposing infrastructure to build clean energy supply chains


Question: Denman et al. '22

IRA transformed the economy. Decarbonization is happening in every industry.

Denman et al. '22 – Leader of Bain's Utilities & Renewables Practice in the Americas and is a Partner in the Chicago office (Aaron Denman, Cate Hight, and Michael Short; "The Inflation Reduction Act Is a Decarbonization Game Changer"; Bain; https://www.bain.com/insights/decarbonization-game-changer/; 10-27-2022; NC)

IRA increases amount US investing to climate change make  green energy competitive globally reduce emissions footprint meet thresholds solar panels and green hydrogen listened to industry expertise Hydrogen below $1 Battery manufacture realigning supply chain Solar manufacture US become market leader $1.2 billion of investments Power generation provides tax incentives project costs 35% less Domestic manufacturing includes $37 billion decommissioning fossil fuel infrastructure repurposing infrastructure to build clean energy supply chains


Question: IRA decarbonization happening

IRA transformed the economy. Decarbonization is happening in every industry.

Denman et al. '22 – Leader of Bain's Utilities & Renewables Practice in the Americas and is a Partner in the Chicago office (Aaron Denman, Cate Hight, and Michael Short; "The Inflation Reduction Act Is a Decarbonization Game Changer"; Bain; https://www.bain.com/insights/decarbonization-game-changer/; 10-27-2022; NC)

IRA increases amount US investing to climate change make  green energy competitive globally reduce emissions footprint meet thresholds solar panels and green hydrogen listened to industry expertise Hydrogen below $1 Battery manufacture realigning supply chain Solar manufacture US become market leader $1.2 billion of investments Power generation provides tax incentives project costs 35% less Domestic manufacturing includes $37 billion decommissioning fossil fuel infrastructure repurposing infrastructure to build clean energy supply chains


Question: Inflation Reduction Act game changer

IRA transformed the economy. Decarbonization is happening in every industry.

Denman et al. '22 – Leader of Bain's Utilities & Renewables Practice in the Americas and is a Partner in the Chicago office (Aaron Denman, Cate Hight, and Michael Short; "The Inflation Reduction Act Is a Decarbonization Game Changer"; Bain; https://www.bain.com/insights/decarbonization-game-changer/; 10-27-2022; NC)

IRA increases amount US investing to climate change make  green energy competitive globally reduce emissions footprint meet thresholds solar panels and green hydrogen listened to industry expertise Hydrogen below $1 Battery manufacture realigning supply chain Solar manufacture US become market leader $1.2 billion of investments Power generation provides tax incentives project costs 35% less Domestic manufacturing includes $37 billion decommissioning fossil fuel infrastructure repurposing infrastructure to build clean energy supply chains


Question: green energy competitive

IRA transformed the economy. Decarbonization is happening in every industry.

Denman et al. '22 – Leader of Bain's Utilities & Renewables Practice in the Americas and is a Partner in the Chicago office (Aaron Denman, Cate Hight, and Michael Short; "The Inflation Reduction Act Is a Decarbonization Game Changer"; Bain; https://www.bain.com/insights/decarbonization-game-changer/; 10-27-2022; NC)

IRA increases amount US investing to climate change make  green energy competitive globally reduce emissions footprint meet thresholds solar panels and green hydrogen listened to industry expertise Hydrogen below $1 Battery manufacture realigning supply chain Solar manufacture US become market leader $1.2 billion of investments Power generation provides tax incentives project costs 35% less Domestic manufacturing includes $37 billion decommissioning fossil fuel infrastructure repurposing infrastructure to build clean energy supply chains


Question: decommissioning fossil fuel infrastructure

IRA transformed the economy. Decarbonization is happening in every industry.

Denman et al. '22 – Leader of Bain's Utilities & Renewables Practice in the Americas and is a Partner in the Chicago office (Aaron Denman, Cate Hight, and Michael Short; "The Inflation Reduction Act Is a Decarbonization Game Changer"; Bain; https://www.bain.com/insights/decarbonization-game-changer/; 10-27-2022; NC)

IRA increases amount US investing to climate change make  green energy competitive globally reduce emissions footprint meet thresholds solar panels and green hydrogen listened to industry expertise Hydrogen below $1 Battery manufacture realigning supply chain Solar manufacture US become market leader $1.2 billion of investments Power generation provides tax incentives project costs 35% less Domestic manufacturing includes $37 billion decommissioning fossil fuel infrastructure repurposing infrastructure to build clean energy supply chains


Question: IRA climate investments

IRA transformed the economy. Decarbonization is happening in every industry.

Denman et al. '22 – Leader of Bain's Utilities & Renewables Practice in the Americas and is a Partner in the Chicago office (Aaron Denman, Cate Hight, and Michael Short; "The Inflation Reduction Act Is a Decarbonization Game Changer"; Bain; https://www.bain.com/insights/decarbonization-game-changer/; 10-27-2022; NC)

IRA increases amount US investing to climate change make  green energy competitive globally reduce emissions footprint meet thresholds solar panels and green hydrogen listened to industry expertise Hydrogen below $1 Battery manufacture realigning supply chain Solar manufacture US become market leader $1.2 billion of investments Power generation provides tax incentives project costs 35% less Domestic manufacturing includes $37 billion decommissioning fossil fuel infrastructure repurposing infrastructure to build clean energy supply chains


Question: renewables magnifies cyber risks

Renewables magnifies cyber risks.

Walton 24, [Robert Walton is a Senior Reporter at Utility Dive. “Renewable energy, microgrids face growing cyber threats: FBI” https://www.utilitydive.com/news/fbi-cyber-threat-renewable-generation-microgrids-dragos/720509/]//sripad

F B I warned expansion of renewable capacity  increases risk of hack disrupt power generation steal i p ransom critical info Attacks rare but hackers looking to make impact target larger solar farms new defenses leave hackers with time secure by design most companies don’t do people don’t practice basic hygiene lead to threat actors gaining access strike down Chevron means recommendations spotty without enforcement


Question: Walton 24

Renewables magnifies cyber risks.

Walton 24, [Robert Walton is a Senior Reporter at Utility Dive. “Renewable energy, microgrids face growing cyber threats: FBI” https://www.utilitydive.com/news/fbi-cyber-threat-renewable-generation-microgrids-dragos/720509/]//sripad

F B I warned expansion of renewable capacity  increases risk of hack disrupt power generation steal i p ransom critical info Attacks rare but hackers looking to make impact target larger solar farms new defenses leave hackers with time secure by design most companies don’t do people don’t practice basic hygiene lead to threat actors gaining access strike down Chevron means recommendations spotty without enforcement


Question: Renewable energy cyber threats

Renewables magnifies cyber risks.

Walton 24, [Robert Walton is a Senior Reporter at Utility Dive. “Renewable energy, microgrids face growing cyber threats: FBI” https://www.utilitydive.com/news/fbi-cyber-threat-renewable-generation-microgrids-dragos/720509/]//sripad

F B I warned expansion of renewable capacity  increases risk of hack disrupt power generation steal i p ransom critical info Attacks rare but hackers looking to make impact target larger solar farms new defenses leave hackers with time secure by design most companies don’t do people don’t practice basic hygiene lead to threat actors gaining access strike down Chevron means recommendations spotty without enforcement


Question: FBI warns renewable capacity increases risk

Renewables magnifies cyber risks.

Walton 24, [Robert Walton is a Senior Reporter at Utility Dive. “Renewable energy, microgrids face growing cyber threats: FBI” https://www.utilitydive.com/news/fbi-cyber-threat-renewable-generation-microgrids-dragos/720509/]//sripad

F B I warned expansion of renewable capacity  increases risk of hack disrupt power generation steal i p ransom critical info Attacks rare but hackers looking to make impact target larger solar farms new defenses leave hackers with time secure by design most companies don’t do people don’t practice basic hygiene lead to threat actors gaining access strike down Chevron means recommendations spotty without enforcement


Question: Hackers target solar farms

Renewables magnifies cyber risks.

Walton 24, [Robert Walton is a Senior Reporter at Utility Dive. “Renewable energy, microgrids face growing cyber threats: FBI” https://www.utilitydive.com/news/fbi-cyber-threat-renewable-generation-microgrids-dragos/720509/]//sripad

F B I warned expansion of renewable capacity  increases risk of hack disrupt power generation steal i p ransom critical info Attacks rare but hackers looking to make impact target larger solar farms new defenses leave hackers with time secure by design most companies don’t do people don’t practice basic hygiene lead to threat actors gaining access strike down Chevron means recommendations spotty without enforcement


Question: cyber attacks on microgrids

Renewables magnifies cyber risks.

Walton 24, [Robert Walton is a Senior Reporter at Utility Dive. “Renewable energy, microgrids face growing cyber threats: FBI” https://www.utilitydive.com/news/fbi-cyber-threat-renewable-generation-microgrids-dragos/720509/]//sripad

F B I warned expansion of renewable capacity  increases risk of hack disrupt power generation steal i p ransom critical info Attacks rare but hackers looking to make impact target larger solar farms new defenses leave hackers with time secure by design most companies don’t do people don’t practice basic hygiene lead to threat actors gaining access strike down Chevron means recommendations spotty without enforcement


Question: renewable cyber attacks

Renewables magnifies cyber risks.

Walton 24, [Robert Walton is a Senior Reporter at Utility Dive. “Renewable energy, microgrids face growing cyber threats: FBI” https://www.utilitydive.com/news/fbi-cyber-threat-renewable-generation-microgrids-dragos/720509/]//sripad

F B I warned expansion of renewable capacity  increases risk of hack disrupt power generation steal i p ransom critical info Attacks rare but hackers looking to make impact target larger solar farms new defenses leave hackers with time secure by design most companies don’t do people don’t practice basic hygiene lead to threat actors gaining access strike down Chevron means recommendations spotty without enforcement


Question: renewable energy, microgrids face growing cyber threats

Renewables magnifies cyber risks.

Walton 24, [Robert Walton is a Senior Reporter at Utility Dive. “Renewable energy, microgrids face growing cyber threats: FBI” https://www.utilitydive.com/news/fbi-cyber-threat-renewable-generation-microgrids-dragos/720509/]//sripad

F B I warned expansion of renewable capacity  increases risk of hack disrupt power generation steal i p ransom critical info Attacks rare but hackers looking to make impact target larger solar farms new defenses leave hackers with time secure by design most companies don’t do people don’t practice basic hygiene lead to threat actors gaining access strike down Chevron means recommendations spotty without enforcement


Question: linear relationship decreased cooperation with US

It is a linear relationship---Decreased cooperation with the US leads to certain reliance on China.

de Araujo Baptista 21, Commander, Brazilian Navy. MA thesis, USMC Command and Staff College, Quantico, VA. (Alexandro, 04-15-2021, "The Influence of China in Brazil: How it can change military cooperation between Brazil and the United States", The United States Defense Technical Information Center, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1177924.pdf)

if the US chooses disengagement with L A countries that will encourage countries to become  closer with China The risk for  L A states  is if they  increase interdependence  with China  they increase  unsustainable debts becoming dependent on the  export  of commodities increase corruption and fall short of  international standards  for the environment


Question: Araujo Baptista 21

It is a linear relationship---Decreased cooperation with the US leads to certain reliance on China.

de Araujo Baptista 21, Commander, Brazilian Navy. MA thesis, USMC Command and Staff College, Quantico, VA. (Alexandro, 04-15-2021, "The Influence of China in Brazil: How it can change military cooperation between Brazil and the United States", The United States Defense Technical Information Center, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1177924.pdf)

if the US chooses disengagement with L A countries that will encourage countries to become  closer with China The risk for  L A states  is if they  increase interdependence  with China  they increase  unsustainable debts becoming dependent on the  export  of commodities increase corruption and fall short of  international standards  for the environment


Question: US disengagement with LA

It is a linear relationship---Decreased cooperation with the US leads to certain reliance on China.

de Araujo Baptista 21, Commander, Brazilian Navy. MA thesis, USMC Command and Staff College, Quantico, VA. (Alexandro, 04-15-2021, "The Influence of China in Brazil: How it can change military cooperation between Brazil and the United States", The United States Defense Technical Information Center, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1177924.pdf)

if the US chooses disengagement with L A countries that will encourage countries to become  closer with China The risk for  L A states  is if they  increase interdependence  with China  they increase  unsustainable debts becoming dependent on the  export  of commodities increase corruption and fall short of  international standards  for the environment


Question: reliance on China

It is a linear relationship---Decreased cooperation with the US leads to certain reliance on China.

de Araujo Baptista 21, Commander, Brazilian Navy. MA thesis, USMC Command and Staff College, Quantico, VA. (Alexandro, 04-15-2021, "The Influence of China in Brazil: How it can change military cooperation between Brazil and the United States", The United States Defense Technical Information Center, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1177924.pdf)

if the US chooses disengagement with L A countries that will encourage countries to become  closer with China The risk for  L A states  is if they  increase interdependence  with China  they increase  unsustainable debts becoming dependent on the  export  of commodities increase corruption and fall short of  international standards  for the environment


Question: US disengagement encourages closer ties with China

It is a linear relationship---Decreased cooperation with the US leads to certain reliance on China.

de Araujo Baptista 21, Commander, Brazilian Navy. MA thesis, USMC Command and Staff College, Quantico, VA. (Alexandro, 04-15-2021, "The Influence of China in Brazil: How it can change military cooperation between Brazil and the United States", The United States Defense Technical Information Center, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1177924.pdf)

if the US chooses disengagement with L A countries that will encourage countries to become  closer with China The risk for  L A states  is if they  increase interdependence  with China  they increase  unsustainable debts becoming dependent on the  export  of commodities increase corruption and fall short of  international standards  for the environment


Question: China unsustainable debts

It is a linear relationship---Decreased cooperation with the US leads to certain reliance on China.

de Araujo Baptista 21, Commander, Brazilian Navy. MA thesis, USMC Command and Staff College, Quantico, VA. (Alexandro, 04-15-2021, "The Influence of China in Brazil: How it can change military cooperation between Brazil and the United States", The United States Defense Technical Information Center, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1177924.pdf)

if the US chooses disengagement with L A countries that will encourage countries to become  closer with China The risk for  L A states  is if they  increase interdependence  with China  they increase  unsustainable debts becoming dependent on the  export  of commodities increase corruption and fall short of  international standards  for the environment


Question: china corruption

It is a linear relationship---Decreased cooperation with the US leads to certain reliance on China.

de Araujo Baptista 21, Commander, Brazilian Navy. MA thesis, USMC Command and Staff College, Quantico, VA. (Alexandro, 04-15-2021, "The Influence of China in Brazil: How it can change military cooperation between Brazil and the United States", The United States Defense Technical Information Center, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1177924.pdf)

if the US chooses disengagement with L A countries that will encourage countries to become  closer with China The risk for  L A states  is if they  increase interdependence  with China  they increase  unsustainable debts becoming dependent on the  export  of commodities increase corruption and fall short of  international standards  for the environment


Question: china international standards

It is a linear relationship---Decreased cooperation with the US leads to certain reliance on China.

de Araujo Baptista 21, Commander, Brazilian Navy. MA thesis, USMC Command and Staff College, Quantico, VA. (Alexandro, 04-15-2021, "The Influence of China in Brazil: How it can change military cooperation between Brazil and the United States", The United States Defense Technical Information Center, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1177924.pdf)

if the US chooses disengagement with L A countries that will encourage countries to become  closer with China The risk for  L A states  is if they  increase interdependence  with China  they increase  unsustainable debts becoming dependent on the  export  of commodities increase corruption and fall short of  international standards  for the environment


Question: more microgrids blockchain integration

More microgrids means more blockchain integration – cryptofinance is thrilled with the concept.

Tattersall 17, *partners, **manager, all at Deloitte, global consulting and advising firm, really bad guys, love AI and crypto. (*Chris, and Jan Seffinga, and **Andreas Bachmann, “Blockchain and the Energy sector – #1: Will microgrids transform the market?” Deloitte Switzerland, November 14th, 2017, https://www2.deloitte.com/ch/en/pages/energy-and-resources/articles/will-microgrids-transform-the-marke.html) rose

The “microgrid” refers to a localised grid that can operate autonomously Consumers with energy production capabilities can sell surplus energy back to peers in the microgrid we observe the development of virtual microgrids using peer-to-peer energy trading. Blockchain provid DLT to members of a microgrid. It offers a lower-cost platform for making energy transactions across a decentralised energy system we expect a continued increase in the number of virtual microgrids a key factor are ‘smart contracts’ When pre-defined requirements are fulfilled a contract is created and executed determined price. Within the microgrid tracking of energy consumption and generation is executed by smart contracts and recorded on the Blockchain


Question: Tattersall 17

More microgrids means more blockchain integration – cryptofinance is thrilled with the concept.

Tattersall 17, *partners, **manager, all at Deloitte, global consulting and advising firm, really bad guys, love AI and crypto. (*Chris, and Jan Seffinga, and **Andreas Bachmann, “Blockchain and the Energy sector – #1: Will microgrids transform the market?” Deloitte Switzerland, November 14th, 2017, https://www2.deloitte.com/ch/en/pages/energy-and-resources/articles/will-microgrids-transform-the-marke.html) rose

The “microgrid” refers to a localised grid that can operate autonomously Consumers with energy production capabilities can sell surplus energy back to peers in the microgrid we observe the development of virtual microgrids using peer-to-peer energy trading. Blockchain provid DLT to members of a microgrid. It offers a lower-cost platform for making energy transactions across a decentralised energy system we expect a continued increase in the number of virtual microgrids a key factor are ‘smart contracts’ When pre-defined requirements are fulfilled a contract is created and executed determined price. Within the microgrid tracking of energy consumption and generation is executed by smart contracts and recorded on the Blockchain


Question: Deloitte microgrids blockchain

More microgrids means more blockchain integration – cryptofinance is thrilled with the concept.

Tattersall 17, *partners, **manager, all at Deloitte, global consulting and advising firm, really bad guys, love AI and crypto. (*Chris, and Jan Seffinga, and **Andreas Bachmann, “Blockchain and the Energy sector – #1: Will microgrids transform the market?” Deloitte Switzerland, November 14th, 2017, https://www2.deloitte.com/ch/en/pages/energy-and-resources/articles/will-microgrids-transform-the-marke.html) rose

The “microgrid” refers to a localised grid that can operate autonomously Consumers with energy production capabilities can sell surplus energy back to peers in the microgrid we observe the development of virtual microgrids using peer-to-peer energy trading. Blockchain provid DLT to members of a microgrid. It offers a lower-cost platform for making energy transactions across a decentralised energy system we expect a continued increase in the number of virtual microgrids a key factor are ‘smart contracts’ When pre-defined requirements are fulfilled a contract is created and executed determined price. Within the microgrid tracking of energy consumption and generation is executed by smart contracts and recorded on the Blockchain


Question: microgrids transform market

More microgrids means more blockchain integration – cryptofinance is thrilled with the concept.

Tattersall 17, *partners, **manager, all at Deloitte, global consulting and advising firm, really bad guys, love AI and crypto. (*Chris, and Jan Seffinga, and **Andreas Bachmann, “Blockchain and the Energy sector – #1: Will microgrids transform the market?” Deloitte Switzerland, November 14th, 2017, https://www2.deloitte.com/ch/en/pages/energy-and-resources/articles/will-microgrids-transform-the-marke.html) rose

The “microgrid” refers to a localised grid that can operate autonomously Consumers with energy production capabilities can sell surplus energy back to peers in the microgrid we observe the development of virtual microgrids using peer-to-peer energy trading. Blockchain provid DLT to members of a microgrid. It offers a lower-cost platform for making energy transactions across a decentralised energy system we expect a continued increase in the number of virtual microgrids a key factor are ‘smart contracts’ When pre-defined requirements are fulfilled a contract is created and executed determined price. Within the microgrid tracking of energy consumption and generation is executed by smart contracts and recorded on the Blockchain


Question: blockchain energy transactions

More microgrids means more blockchain integration – cryptofinance is thrilled with the concept.

Tattersall 17, *partners, **manager, all at Deloitte, global consulting and advising firm, really bad guys, love AI and crypto. (*Chris, and Jan Seffinga, and **Andreas Bachmann, “Blockchain and the Energy sector – #1: Will microgrids transform the market?” Deloitte Switzerland, November 14th, 2017, https://www2.deloitte.com/ch/en/pages/energy-and-resources/articles/will-microgrids-transform-the-marke.html) rose

The “microgrid” refers to a localised grid that can operate autonomously Consumers with energy production capabilities can sell surplus energy back to peers in the microgrid we observe the development of virtual microgrids using peer-to-peer energy trading. Blockchain provid DLT to members of a microgrid. It offers a lower-cost platform for making energy transactions across a decentralised energy system we expect a continued increase in the number of virtual microgrids a key factor are ‘smart contracts’ When pre-defined requirements are fulfilled a contract is created and executed determined price. Within the microgrid tracking of energy consumption and generation is executed by smart contracts and recorded on the Blockchain


Question: virtual microgrids peer-to-peer

More microgrids means more blockchain integration – cryptofinance is thrilled with the concept.

Tattersall 17, *partners, **manager, all at Deloitte, global consulting and advising firm, really bad guys, love AI and crypto. (*Chris, and Jan Seffinga, and **Andreas Bachmann, “Blockchain and the Energy sector – #1: Will microgrids transform the market?” Deloitte Switzerland, November 14th, 2017, https://www2.deloitte.com/ch/en/pages/energy-and-resources/articles/will-microgrids-transform-the-marke.html) rose

The “microgrid” refers to a localised grid that can operate autonomously Consumers with energy production capabilities can sell surplus energy back to peers in the microgrid we observe the development of virtual microgrids using peer-to-peer energy trading. Blockchain provid DLT to members of a microgrid. It offers a lower-cost platform for making energy transactions across a decentralised energy system we expect a continued increase in the number of virtual microgrids a key factor are ‘smart contracts’ When pre-defined requirements are fulfilled a contract is created and executed determined price. Within the microgrid tracking of energy consumption and generation is executed by smart contracts and recorded on the Blockchain


Question: blockchain in energy sector

More microgrids means more blockchain integration – cryptofinance is thrilled with the concept.

Tattersall 17, *partners, **manager, all at Deloitte, global consulting and advising firm, really bad guys, love AI and crypto. (*Chris, and Jan Seffinga, and **Andreas Bachmann, “Blockchain and the Energy sector – #1: Will microgrids transform the market?” Deloitte Switzerland, November 14th, 2017, https://www2.deloitte.com/ch/en/pages/energy-and-resources/articles/will-microgrids-transform-the-marke.html) rose

The “microgrid” refers to a localised grid that can operate autonomously Consumers with energy production capabilities can sell surplus energy back to peers in the microgrid we observe the development of virtual microgrids using peer-to-peer energy trading. Blockchain provid DLT to members of a microgrid. It offers a lower-cost platform for making energy transactions across a decentralised energy system we expect a continued increase in the number of virtual microgrids a key factor are ‘smart contracts’ When pre-defined requirements are fulfilled a contract is created and executed determined price. Within the microgrid tracking of energy consumption and generation is executed by smart contracts and recorded on the Blockchain


Question: direct flights cap disease spread

Direct flights put a cap on disease spread by preventing passenger contagion through airport hubs.

Bauer et al 20 [Linus et al; Lecturer in Air Transport Management @ City University of London; Daniel Bloch, Rico Merkert; “Ultra Long-Haul: An emerging business model accelerated by COVID-19,” Journal of Air Transport Management, 89, 101901]

developments shown carriers becoming open to bypassing hubs moving away from network architecture airlines connec profitable city-pairs afforded the option of flying non-stop eliminating need to transfer at hub need to maintain a liberalised industry is paramount Point-to-Point maintains health advantage affording ability to bypass hub s passenger density represen inability to foster social distancing during the pandemic , air traffic has been severely impacted advantage of physical distancing by choosing to forego connection passenger is selecting safest option this mitigates risks point-to-point networks are flexible airlines could deploy aircraft on a different ‘ long-thin’ route relevant in the event of sporadic re-emergences of the virus , whereby a destination may become blocked repatriation flights easily facilitated


Question: Bauer direct flights disease

Direct flights put a cap on disease spread by preventing passenger contagion through airport hubs.

Bauer et al 20 [Linus et al; Lecturer in Air Transport Management @ City University of London; Daniel Bloch, Rico Merkert; “Ultra Long-Haul: An emerging business model accelerated by COVID-19,” Journal of Air Transport Management, 89, 101901]

developments shown carriers becoming open to bypassing hubs moving away from network architecture airlines connec profitable city-pairs afforded the option of flying non-stop eliminating need to transfer at hub need to maintain a liberalised industry is paramount Point-to-Point maintains health advantage affording ability to bypass hub s passenger density represen inability to foster social distancing during the pandemic , air traffic has been severely impacted advantage of physical distancing by choosing to forego connection passenger is selecting safest option this mitigates risks point-to-point networks are flexible airlines could deploy aircraft on a different ‘ long-thin’ route relevant in the event of sporadic re-emergences of the virus , whereby a destination may become blocked repatriation flights easily facilitated


Question: Linus Bauer City University London

Direct flights put a cap on disease spread by preventing passenger contagion through airport hubs.

Bauer et al 20 [Linus et al; Lecturer in Air Transport Management @ City University of London; Daniel Bloch, Rico Merkert; “Ultra Long-Haul: An emerging business model accelerated by COVID-19,” Journal of Air Transport Management, 89, 101901]

developments shown carriers becoming open to bypassing hubs moving away from network architecture airlines connec profitable city-pairs afforded the option of flying non-stop eliminating need to transfer at hub need to maintain a liberalised industry is paramount Point-to-Point maintains health advantage affording ability to bypass hub s passenger density represen inability to foster social distancing during the pandemic , air traffic has been severely impacted advantage of physical distancing by choosing to forego connection passenger is selecting safest option this mitigates risks point-to-point networks are flexible airlines could deploy aircraft on a different ‘ long-thin’ route relevant in the event of sporadic re-emergences of the virus , whereby a destination may become blocked repatriation flights easily facilitated


Question: Ultra Long-Haul COVID-19

Direct flights put a cap on disease spread by preventing passenger contagion through airport hubs.

Bauer et al 20 [Linus et al; Lecturer in Air Transport Management @ City University of London; Daniel Bloch, Rico Merkert; “Ultra Long-Haul: An emerging business model accelerated by COVID-19,” Journal of Air Transport Management, 89, 101901]

developments shown carriers becoming open to bypassing hubs moving away from network architecture airlines connec profitable city-pairs afforded the option of flying non-stop eliminating need to transfer at hub need to maintain a liberalised industry is paramount Point-to-Point maintains health advantage affording ability to bypass hub s passenger density represen inability to foster social distancing during the pandemic , air traffic has been severely impacted advantage of physical distancing by choosing to forego connection passenger is selecting safest option this mitigates risks point-to-point networks are flexible airlines could deploy aircraft on a different ‘ long-thin’ route relevant in the event of sporadic re-emergences of the virus , whereby a destination may become blocked repatriation flights easily facilitated


Question: Bypassing hubs prevents passenger contagion

Direct flights put a cap on disease spread by preventing passenger contagion through airport hubs.

Bauer et al 20 [Linus et al; Lecturer in Air Transport Management @ City University of London; Daniel Bloch, Rico Merkert; “Ultra Long-Haul: An emerging business model accelerated by COVID-19,” Journal of Air Transport Management, 89, 101901]

developments shown carriers becoming open to bypassing hubs moving away from network architecture airlines connec profitable city-pairs afforded the option of flying non-stop eliminating need to transfer at hub need to maintain a liberalised industry is paramount Point-to-Point maintains health advantage affording ability to bypass hub s passenger density represen inability to foster social distancing during the pandemic , air traffic has been severely impacted advantage of physical distancing by choosing to forego connection passenger is selecting safest option this mitigates risks point-to-point networks are flexible airlines could deploy aircraft on a different ‘ long-thin’ route relevant in the event of sporadic re-emergences of the virus , whereby a destination may become blocked repatriation flights easily facilitated


Question: Point to point flights

Direct flights put a cap on disease spread by preventing passenger contagion through airport hubs.

Bauer et al 20 [Linus et al; Lecturer in Air Transport Management @ City University of London; Daniel Bloch, Rico Merkert; “Ultra Long-Haul: An emerging business model accelerated by COVID-19,” Journal of Air Transport Management, 89, 101901]

developments shown carriers becoming open to bypassing hubs moving away from network architecture airlines connec profitable city-pairs afforded the option of flying non-stop eliminating need to transfer at hub need to maintain a liberalised industry is paramount Point-to-Point maintains health advantage affording ability to bypass hub s passenger density represen inability to foster social distancing during the pandemic , air traffic has been severely impacted advantage of physical distancing by choosing to forego connection passenger is selecting safest option this mitigates risks point-to-point networks are flexible airlines could deploy aircraft on a different ‘ long-thin’ route relevant in the event of sporadic re-emergences of the virus , whereby a destination may become blocked repatriation flights easily facilitated


Question: direct flights good

Direct flights put a cap on disease spread by preventing passenger contagion through airport hubs.

Bauer et al 20 [Linus et al; Lecturer in Air Transport Management @ City University of London; Daniel Bloch, Rico Merkert; “Ultra Long-Haul: An emerging business model accelerated by COVID-19,” Journal of Air Transport Management, 89, 101901]

developments shown carriers becoming open to bypassing hubs moving away from network architecture airlines connec profitable city-pairs afforded the option of flying non-stop eliminating need to transfer at hub need to maintain a liberalised industry is paramount Point-to-Point maintains health advantage affording ability to bypass hub s passenger density represen inability to foster social distancing during the pandemic , air traffic has been severely impacted advantage of physical distancing by choosing to forego connection passenger is selecting safest option this mitigates risks point-to-point networks are flexible airlines could deploy aircraft on a different ‘ long-thin’ route relevant in the event of sporadic re-emergences of the virus , whereby a destination may become blocked repatriation flights easily facilitated


Question: direct flights safer

Direct flights put a cap on disease spread by preventing passenger contagion through airport hubs.

Bauer et al 20 [Linus et al; Lecturer in Air Transport Management @ City University of London; Daniel Bloch, Rico Merkert; “Ultra Long-Haul: An emerging business model accelerated by COVID-19,” Journal of Air Transport Management, 89, 101901]

developments shown carriers becoming open to bypassing hubs moving away from network architecture airlines connec profitable city-pairs afforded the option of flying non-stop eliminating need to transfer at hub need to maintain a liberalised industry is paramount Point-to-Point maintains health advantage affording ability to bypass hub s passenger density represen inability to foster social distancing during the pandemic , air traffic has been severely impacted advantage of physical distancing by choosing to forego connection passenger is selecting safest option this mitigates risks point-to-point networks are flexible airlines could deploy aircraft on a different ‘ long-thin’ route relevant in the event of sporadic re-emergences of the virus , whereby a destination may become blocked repatriation flights easily facilitated


Question: CCP derives legitimacy from economy

Consensus.

Clark Packard 22, Research Fellow at the CATO Institute, "As China's Economy Falters, Be Careful What You Wish For," Foreign Policy, 05/31/2022, https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/05/31/china-xi-economy-covid-lockdown-geopolitics/

C C P derives legitimacy from the economy If a downturn threatens the party’s hold one result would be aggressive foreign policy nothing like jingoism and war to draw attention from domestic troubles a weaker China would face tougher trade-offs Beijing would double down on its aggressive stance With major land war in Europe U.S softening risk of global recession is increasing . collapse in one will collapse others A downturn in China have grave unforeseen consequences for the world


Question: Clark Packard China economy

Consensus.

Clark Packard 22, Research Fellow at the CATO Institute, "As China's Economy Falters, Be Careful What You Wish For," Foreign Policy, 05/31/2022, https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/05/31/china-xi-economy-covid-lockdown-geopolitics/

C C P derives legitimacy from the economy If a downturn threatens the party’s hold one result would be aggressive foreign policy nothing like jingoism and war to draw attention from domestic troubles a weaker China would face tougher trade-offs Beijing would double down on its aggressive stance With major land war in Europe U.S softening risk of global recession is increasing . collapse in one will collapse others A downturn in China have grave unforeseen consequences for the world


Question: China economy falters

Consensus.

Clark Packard 22, Research Fellow at the CATO Institute, "As China's Economy Falters, Be Careful What You Wish For," Foreign Policy, 05/31/2022, https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/05/31/china-xi-economy-covid-lockdown-geopolitics/

C C P derives legitimacy from the economy If a downturn threatens the party’s hold one result would be aggressive foreign policy nothing like jingoism and war to draw attention from domestic troubles a weaker China would face tougher trade-offs Beijing would double down on its aggressive stance With major land war in Europe U.S softening risk of global recession is increasing . collapse in one will collapse others A downturn in China have grave unforeseen consequences for the world


Question: China aggressive foreign policy

Consensus.

Clark Packard 22, Research Fellow at the CATO Institute, "As China's Economy Falters, Be Careful What You Wish For," Foreign Policy, 05/31/2022, https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/05/31/china-xi-economy-covid-lockdown-geopolitics/

C C P derives legitimacy from the economy If a downturn threatens the party’s hold one result would be aggressive foreign policy nothing like jingoism and war to draw attention from domestic troubles a weaker China would face tougher trade-offs Beijing would double down on its aggressive stance With major land war in Europe U.S softening risk of global recession is increasing . collapse in one will collapse others A downturn in China have grave unforeseen consequences for the world