Question: Indigenous peoples do not need saving

White Saviorism DA: the perm deflates Indigenous projects of decolonization and engages in white saviorism by participating in piece-meal reform, proving the aff dismisses Indigenous autonomy.

Hernandez 22 (Dr. Jessica Hernandez is a transnational Indigenous scholar, scientist, and community advocate based in the Pacific Northwest. She has an interdisciplinary academic background ranging from marine sciences to forestry. Her work is grounded in her Indigenous cultures and ways of knowing. Hernandez advocates for climate, energy, and environmental justice through her scientific and community work and strongly believes that Indigenous sciences can heal our Indigenous lands. She is the founder of Piña Soul, SPC, an environmental consulting and artesanias hybrid business that supports Black- and Indigenous-led conservation and environmental projects through community mutual aids and microgrants. “Fresh Banana Leaves : Healing Indigenous Landscapes through Indigenous Science 9781623176068, 2021027787, 2021027788, 9781623176051, 1623176069 - DOKUMEN.PUB.” Dokumen.pub, dokumen.pub, 2022, dokumen.pub/fresh-banana-leaves-healing-indigenous-landscapes-through-indigenous-science-9781623176068-2021027787-2021027788-9781623176051-1623176069.html. Accessed 30 July 2024.)//TM

we read stories that highlight our communities’ vulnerability these stories end up harming us more because they create cycle of white saviorism that makes people assume we need someone to save us roots itself in “Brown victimhood that urges European descendants to take moral duty to save oppressed founded on white egocentric myth that there is something Brown people must need that only white people give Indigenous peoples do not need saving What we need is people to take responsibility fo actions and oppression enacted against us. White saviorism dismisses autonomy and resilience as government does not have best interest This is why we become resourceful to help families and communities We need to move away from white saviorism as it is a modern day version of manifest destiny What we demand is for us to regain autonomy to manage and oversee natural resources


Question: white saviorism dismisses autonomy

White Saviorism DA: the perm deflates Indigenous projects of decolonization and engages in white saviorism by participating in piece-meal reform, proving the aff dismisses Indigenous autonomy.

Hernandez 22 (Dr. Jessica Hernandez is a transnational Indigenous scholar, scientist, and community advocate based in the Pacific Northwest. She has an interdisciplinary academic background ranging from marine sciences to forestry. Her work is grounded in her Indigenous cultures and ways of knowing. Hernandez advocates for climate, energy, and environmental justice through her scientific and community work and strongly believes that Indigenous sciences can heal our Indigenous lands. She is the founder of Piña Soul, SPC, an environmental consulting and artesanias hybrid business that supports Black- and Indigenous-led conservation and environmental projects through community mutual aids and microgrants. “Fresh Banana Leaves : Healing Indigenous Landscapes through Indigenous Science 9781623176068, 2021027787, 2021027788, 9781623176051, 1623176069 - DOKUMEN.PUB.” Dokumen.pub, dokumen.pub, 2022, dokumen.pub/fresh-banana-leaves-healing-indigenous-landscapes-through-indigenous-science-9781623176068-2021027787-2021027788-9781623176051-1623176069.html. Accessed 30 July 2024.)//TM

we read stories that highlight our communities’ vulnerability these stories end up harming us more because they create cycle of white saviorism that makes people assume we need someone to save us roots itself in “Brown victimhood that urges European descendants to take moral duty to save oppressed founded on white egocentric myth that there is something Brown people must need that only white people give Indigenous peoples do not need saving What we need is people to take responsibility fo actions and oppression enacted against us. White saviorism dismisses autonomy and resilience as government does not have best interest This is why we become resourceful to help families and communities We need to move away from white saviorism as it is a modern day version of manifest destiny What we demand is for us to regain autonomy to manage and oversee natural resources


Question: modern day version of manifest destiny

White Saviorism DA: the perm deflates Indigenous projects of decolonization and engages in white saviorism by participating in piece-meal reform, proving the aff dismisses Indigenous autonomy.

Hernandez 22 (Dr. Jessica Hernandez is a transnational Indigenous scholar, scientist, and community advocate based in the Pacific Northwest. She has an interdisciplinary academic background ranging from marine sciences to forestry. Her work is grounded in her Indigenous cultures and ways of knowing. Hernandez advocates for climate, energy, and environmental justice through her scientific and community work and strongly believes that Indigenous sciences can heal our Indigenous lands. She is the founder of Piña Soul, SPC, an environmental consulting and artesanias hybrid business that supports Black- and Indigenous-led conservation and environmental projects through community mutual aids and microgrants. “Fresh Banana Leaves : Healing Indigenous Landscapes through Indigenous Science 9781623176068, 2021027787, 2021027788, 9781623176051, 1623176069 - DOKUMEN.PUB.” Dokumen.pub, dokumen.pub, 2022, dokumen.pub/fresh-banana-leaves-healing-indigenous-landscapes-through-indigenous-science-9781623176068-2021027787-2021027788-9781623176051-1623176069.html. Accessed 30 July 2024.)//TM

we read stories that highlight our communities’ vulnerability these stories end up harming us more because they create cycle of white saviorism that makes people assume we need someone to save us roots itself in “Brown victimhood that urges European descendants to take moral duty to save oppressed founded on white egocentric myth that there is something Brown people must need that only white people give Indigenous peoples do not need saving What we need is people to take responsibility fo actions and oppression enacted against us. White saviorism dismisses autonomy and resilience as government does not have best interest This is why we become resourceful to help families and communities We need to move away from white saviorism as it is a modern day version of manifest destiny What we demand is for us to regain autonomy to manage and oversee natural resources


Question: Tax havens prove offshoring

Tax havens prove offshoring.

Asmin, Howell 16 – Ash Asmin, Professor of Geography in the Department of Geography at the University of Cambridge, UK, Phillip Howell, Senior Lecturer in the Department of Geography at the University of Cambridge, 2016, “Releasing the Commons," Routledge Studies in Human Geography, https://www.routledge.com/Releasing-the-Commons-Rethinking-the-futures-of-the-commons/Amin-Howell/p/book/9781138546486, AB

Offshoring getting around rules avoid regulations Money staying onshore exception Most big money offshored Almost all major companies possess offshore accounts half world trade $21 trillion banking sector most prolific user of tax havens over half of overseas subsidiaries of major banks ‘treasure islands’ of low tax


Question: Asmin and Howell

Tax havens prove offshoring.

Asmin, Howell 16 – Ash Asmin, Professor of Geography in the Department of Geography at the University of Cambridge, UK, Phillip Howell, Senior Lecturer in the Department of Geography at the University of Cambridge, 2016, “Releasing the Commons," Routledge Studies in Human Geography, https://www.routledge.com/Releasing-the-Commons-Rethinking-the-futures-of-the-commons/Amin-Howell/p/book/9781138546486, AB

Offshoring getting around rules avoid regulations Money staying onshore exception Most big money offshored Almost all major companies possess offshore accounts half world trade $21 trillion banking sector most prolific user of tax havens over half of overseas subsidiaries of major banks ‘treasure islands’ of low tax


Question: offshoring avoids regulations

Tax havens prove offshoring.

Asmin, Howell 16 – Ash Asmin, Professor of Geography in the Department of Geography at the University of Cambridge, UK, Phillip Howell, Senior Lecturer in the Department of Geography at the University of Cambridge, 2016, “Releasing the Commons," Routledge Studies in Human Geography, https://www.routledge.com/Releasing-the-Commons-Rethinking-the-futures-of-the-commons/Amin-Howell/p/book/9781138546486, AB

Offshoring getting around rules avoid regulations Money staying onshore exception Most big money offshored Almost all major companies possess offshore accounts half world trade $21 trillion banking sector most prolific user of tax havens over half of overseas subsidiaries of major banks ‘treasure islands’ of low tax


Question: tax havens

Tax havens prove offshoring.

Asmin, Howell 16 – Ash Asmin, Professor of Geography in the Department of Geography at the University of Cambridge, UK, Phillip Howell, Senior Lecturer in the Department of Geography at the University of Cambridge, 2016, “Releasing the Commons," Routledge Studies in Human Geography, https://www.routledge.com/Releasing-the-Commons-Rethinking-the-futures-of-the-commons/Amin-Howell/p/book/9781138546486, AB

Offshoring getting around rules avoid regulations Money staying onshore exception Most big money offshored Almost all major companies possess offshore accounts half world trade $21 trillion banking sector most prolific user of tax havens over half of overseas subsidiaries of major banks ‘treasure islands’ of low tax


Question: big money offshored

Tax havens prove offshoring.

Asmin, Howell 16 – Ash Asmin, Professor of Geography in the Department of Geography at the University of Cambridge, UK, Phillip Howell, Senior Lecturer in the Department of Geography at the University of Cambridge, 2016, “Releasing the Commons," Routledge Studies in Human Geography, https://www.routledge.com/Releasing-the-Commons-Rethinking-the-futures-of-the-commons/Amin-Howell/p/book/9781138546486, AB

Offshoring getting around rules avoid regulations Money staying onshore exception Most big money offshored Almost all major companies possess offshore accounts half world trade $21 trillion banking sector most prolific user of tax havens over half of overseas subsidiaries of major banks ‘treasure islands’ of low tax


Question: offshore accounts

Tax havens prove offshoring.

Asmin, Howell 16 – Ash Asmin, Professor of Geography in the Department of Geography at the University of Cambridge, UK, Phillip Howell, Senior Lecturer in the Department of Geography at the University of Cambridge, 2016, “Releasing the Commons," Routledge Studies in Human Geography, https://www.routledge.com/Releasing-the-Commons-Rethinking-the-futures-of-the-commons/Amin-Howell/p/book/9781138546486, AB

Offshoring getting around rules avoid regulations Money staying onshore exception Most big money offshored Almost all major companies possess offshore accounts half world trade $21 trillion banking sector most prolific user of tax havens over half of overseas subsidiaries of major banks ‘treasure islands’ of low tax


Question: banks use tax havens

Tax havens prove offshoring.

Asmin, Howell 16 – Ash Asmin, Professor of Geography in the Department of Geography at the University of Cambridge, UK, Phillip Howell, Senior Lecturer in the Department of Geography at the University of Cambridge, 2016, “Releasing the Commons," Routledge Studies in Human Geography, https://www.routledge.com/Releasing-the-Commons-Rethinking-the-futures-of-the-commons/Amin-Howell/p/book/9781138546486, AB

Offshoring getting around rules avoid regulations Money staying onshore exception Most big money offshored Almost all major companies possess offshore accounts half world trade $21 trillion banking sector most prolific user of tax havens over half of overseas subsidiaries of major banks ‘treasure islands’ of low tax


Question: releasing the commons

Tax havens prove offshoring.

Asmin, Howell 16 – Ash Asmin, Professor of Geography in the Department of Geography at the University of Cambridge, UK, Phillip Howell, Senior Lecturer in the Department of Geography at the University of Cambridge, 2016, “Releasing the Commons," Routledge Studies in Human Geography, https://www.routledge.com/Releasing-the-Commons-Rethinking-the-futures-of-the-commons/Amin-Howell/p/book/9781138546486, AB

Offshoring getting around rules avoid regulations Money staying onshore exception Most big money offshored Almost all major companies possess offshore accounts half world trade $21 trillion banking sector most prolific user of tax havens over half of overseas subsidiaries of major banks ‘treasure islands’ of low tax


Question: Voters don't perceive benefits

Voters don’t perceive benefits and are ideologically opposed to the plan

Stone and Marinescu 20, [Ioana Marinescu is an assistant professor at the University of Pennsylvania School of Social Policy & Practice and a Faculty Research Fellow at the National Bureau of Economic Research. Andy Stone is producer and host of Energy Policy Now, the Kleinman Center’s podcast series. He previously worked in business planning with PJM Interconnection and was a senior energy reporter at Forbes Magazine. “Why Americans Want a Carbon Tax, But Won’t Support One at the Polls.” May 26, 2020. https://kleinmanenergy.upenn.edu/podcast/why-americans-want-a-carbon-tax-but-wont-support-one-at-the-polls/]//KAK

did residents in Washington turn down carbon tax because they didn’t believe they were going to get money back in revenue neutrality that’s an important factor In our study we look at median voters the person who might have tipped that over this person seems to feel this carbon tax is going to increase my cost I don’t like it, that’s it.” They weren’t factoring in any other benefits including money or environmental benefits It’s very hard to change those beliefs try to provide people with objective info and telling them you’re going to come out ahead people weren’t impressed many people didn’t buy it I’m referring to policy digest that you published on Climate Center’s website we show that Instead, the person that voted no was ideologically anti-carbon tax , and person that voted yes was ideologically pro-carbon tax .


Question: Stone and Marinescu

Voters don’t perceive benefits and are ideologically opposed to the plan

Stone and Marinescu 20, [Ioana Marinescu is an assistant professor at the University of Pennsylvania School of Social Policy & Practice and a Faculty Research Fellow at the National Bureau of Economic Research. Andy Stone is producer and host of Energy Policy Now, the Kleinman Center’s podcast series. He previously worked in business planning with PJM Interconnection and was a senior energy reporter at Forbes Magazine. “Why Americans Want a Carbon Tax, But Won’t Support One at the Polls.” May 26, 2020. https://kleinmanenergy.upenn.edu/podcast/why-americans-want-a-carbon-tax-but-wont-support-one-at-the-polls/]//KAK

did residents in Washington turn down carbon tax because they didn’t believe they were going to get money back in revenue neutrality that’s an important factor In our study we look at median voters the person who might have tipped that over this person seems to feel this carbon tax is going to increase my cost I don’t like it, that’s it.” They weren’t factoring in any other benefits including money or environmental benefits It’s very hard to change those beliefs try to provide people with objective info and telling them you’re going to come out ahead people weren’t impressed many people didn’t buy it I’m referring to policy digest that you published on Climate Center’s website we show that Instead, the person that voted no was ideologically anti-carbon tax , and person that voted yes was ideologically pro-carbon tax .


Question: carbon tax ideological

Voters don’t perceive benefits and are ideologically opposed to the plan

Stone and Marinescu 20, [Ioana Marinescu is an assistant professor at the University of Pennsylvania School of Social Policy & Practice and a Faculty Research Fellow at the National Bureau of Economic Research. Andy Stone is producer and host of Energy Policy Now, the Kleinman Center’s podcast series. He previously worked in business planning with PJM Interconnection and was a senior energy reporter at Forbes Magazine. “Why Americans Want a Carbon Tax, But Won’t Support One at the Polls.” May 26, 2020. https://kleinmanenergy.upenn.edu/podcast/why-americans-want-a-carbon-tax-but-wont-support-one-at-the-polls/]//KAK

did residents in Washington turn down carbon tax because they didn’t believe they were going to get money back in revenue neutrality that’s an important factor In our study we look at median voters the person who might have tipped that over this person seems to feel this carbon tax is going to increase my cost I don’t like it, that’s it.” They weren’t factoring in any other benefits including money or environmental benefits It’s very hard to change those beliefs try to provide people with objective info and telling them you’re going to come out ahead people weren’t impressed many people didn’t buy it I’m referring to policy digest that you published on Climate Center’s website we show that Instead, the person that voted no was ideologically anti-carbon tax , and person that voted yes was ideologically pro-carbon tax .


Question: Americans oppose carbon tax

Voters don’t perceive benefits and are ideologically opposed to the plan

Stone and Marinescu 20, [Ioana Marinescu is an assistant professor at the University of Pennsylvania School of Social Policy & Practice and a Faculty Research Fellow at the National Bureau of Economic Research. Andy Stone is producer and host of Energy Policy Now, the Kleinman Center’s podcast series. He previously worked in business planning with PJM Interconnection and was a senior energy reporter at Forbes Magazine. “Why Americans Want a Carbon Tax, But Won’t Support One at the Polls.” May 26, 2020. https://kleinmanenergy.upenn.edu/podcast/why-americans-want-a-carbon-tax-but-wont-support-one-at-the-polls/]//KAK

did residents in Washington turn down carbon tax because they didn’t believe they were going to get money back in revenue neutrality that’s an important factor In our study we look at median voters the person who might have tipped that over this person seems to feel this carbon tax is going to increase my cost I don’t like it, that’s it.” They weren’t factoring in any other benefits including money or environmental benefits It’s very hard to change those beliefs try to provide people with objective info and telling them you’re going to come out ahead people weren’t impressed many people didn’t buy it I’m referring to policy digest that you published on Climate Center’s website we show that Instead, the person that voted no was ideologically anti-carbon tax , and person that voted yes was ideologically pro-carbon tax .


Question: voters ideologically anti-carbon tax

Voters don’t perceive benefits and are ideologically opposed to the plan

Stone and Marinescu 20, [Ioana Marinescu is an assistant professor at the University of Pennsylvania School of Social Policy & Practice and a Faculty Research Fellow at the National Bureau of Economic Research. Andy Stone is producer and host of Energy Policy Now, the Kleinman Center’s podcast series. He previously worked in business planning with PJM Interconnection and was a senior energy reporter at Forbes Magazine. “Why Americans Want a Carbon Tax, But Won’t Support One at the Polls.” May 26, 2020. https://kleinmanenergy.upenn.edu/podcast/why-americans-want-a-carbon-tax-but-wont-support-one-at-the-polls/]//KAK

did residents in Washington turn down carbon tax because they didn’t believe they were going to get money back in revenue neutrality that’s an important factor In our study we look at median voters the person who might have tipped that over this person seems to feel this carbon tax is going to increase my cost I don’t like it, that’s it.” They weren’t factoring in any other benefits including money or environmental benefits It’s very hard to change those beliefs try to provide people with objective info and telling them you’re going to come out ahead people weren’t impressed many people didn’t buy it I’m referring to policy digest that you published on Climate Center’s website we show that Instead, the person that voted no was ideologically anti-carbon tax , and person that voted yes was ideologically pro-carbon tax .


Question: Washington carbon tax rejected

Voters don’t perceive benefits and are ideologically opposed to the plan

Stone and Marinescu 20, [Ioana Marinescu is an assistant professor at the University of Pennsylvania School of Social Policy & Practice and a Faculty Research Fellow at the National Bureau of Economic Research. Andy Stone is producer and host of Energy Policy Now, the Kleinman Center’s podcast series. He previously worked in business planning with PJM Interconnection and was a senior energy reporter at Forbes Magazine. “Why Americans Want a Carbon Tax, But Won’t Support One at the Polls.” May 26, 2020. https://kleinmanenergy.upenn.edu/podcast/why-americans-want-a-carbon-tax-but-wont-support-one-at-the-polls/]//KAK

did residents in Washington turn down carbon tax because they didn’t believe they were going to get money back in revenue neutrality that’s an important factor In our study we look at median voters the person who might have tipped that over this person seems to feel this carbon tax is going to increase my cost I don’t like it, that’s it.” They weren’t factoring in any other benefits including money or environmental benefits It’s very hard to change those beliefs try to provide people with objective info and telling them you’re going to come out ahead people weren’t impressed many people didn’t buy it I’m referring to policy digest that you published on Climate Center’s website we show that Instead, the person that voted no was ideologically anti-carbon tax , and person that voted yes was ideologically pro-carbon tax .


Question: voters don't believe benefits

Voters don’t perceive benefits and are ideologically opposed to the plan

Stone and Marinescu 20, [Ioana Marinescu is an assistant professor at the University of Pennsylvania School of Social Policy & Practice and a Faculty Research Fellow at the National Bureau of Economic Research. Andy Stone is producer and host of Energy Policy Now, the Kleinman Center’s podcast series. He previously worked in business planning with PJM Interconnection and was a senior energy reporter at Forbes Magazine. “Why Americans Want a Carbon Tax, But Won’t Support One at the Polls.” May 26, 2020. https://kleinmanenergy.upenn.edu/podcast/why-americans-want-a-carbon-tax-but-wont-support-one-at-the-polls/]//KAK

did residents in Washington turn down carbon tax because they didn’t believe they were going to get money back in revenue neutrality that’s an important factor In our study we look at median voters the person who might have tipped that over this person seems to feel this carbon tax is going to increase my cost I don’t like it, that’s it.” They weren’t factoring in any other benefits including money or environmental benefits It’s very hard to change those beliefs try to provide people with objective info and telling them you’re going to come out ahead people weren’t impressed many people didn’t buy it I’m referring to policy digest that you published on Climate Center’s website we show that Instead, the person that voted no was ideologically anti-carbon tax , and person that voted yes was ideologically pro-carbon tax .


Question: climate center website

Voters don’t perceive benefits and are ideologically opposed to the plan

Stone and Marinescu 20, [Ioana Marinescu is an assistant professor at the University of Pennsylvania School of Social Policy & Practice and a Faculty Research Fellow at the National Bureau of Economic Research. Andy Stone is producer and host of Energy Policy Now, the Kleinman Center’s podcast series. He previously worked in business planning with PJM Interconnection and was a senior energy reporter at Forbes Magazine. “Why Americans Want a Carbon Tax, But Won’t Support One at the Polls.” May 26, 2020. https://kleinmanenergy.upenn.edu/podcast/why-americans-want-a-carbon-tax-but-wont-support-one-at-the-polls/]//KAK

did residents in Washington turn down carbon tax because they didn’t believe they were going to get money back in revenue neutrality that’s an important factor In our study we look at median voters the person who might have tipped that over this person seems to feel this carbon tax is going to increase my cost I don’t like it, that’s it.” They weren’t factoring in any other benefits including money or environmental benefits It’s very hard to change those beliefs try to provide people with objective info and telling them you’re going to come out ahead people weren’t impressed many people didn’t buy it I’m referring to policy digest that you published on Climate Center’s website we show that Instead, the person that voted no was ideologically anti-carbon tax , and person that voted yes was ideologically pro-carbon tax .


Question: Harris multilateralism separates her from Trump

Harris’ focus on multilateralism & alliances separates her from Trump

Aaron Holland 24 is an Analyst at the National Institute for Deterrence Studies. Global Security Review, “What a Kamala Harris Presidency Means for Deterrence,” 8-26-2024, DOA: 9-22-24, lmc, https://globalsecurityreview.com/what-a-kamala-harris-presidency-means-for-deterrence/

Harris’ commitment to multilateralism suggests a dedication to maintaining a credible arsenal while pursuing arms control and nonprolif focus on humanitarian concerns strategic restraint and diplomatic engagement lead to a more balanced approach to deterrence multilateral cooperation highlight the power of alliances to bolster deterrence and manage nuclear risks her presidency may offer a nuanced approach to deterrence addressing immediate security needs and long-term global stability


Question: Aaron Holland 24

Harris’ focus on multilateralism & alliances separates her from Trump

Aaron Holland 24 is an Analyst at the National Institute for Deterrence Studies. Global Security Review, “What a Kamala Harris Presidency Means for Deterrence,” 8-26-2024, DOA: 9-22-24, lmc, https://globalsecurityreview.com/what-a-kamala-harris-presidency-means-for-deterrence/

Harris’ commitment to multilateralism suggests a dedication to maintaining a credible arsenal while pursuing arms control and nonprolif focus on humanitarian concerns strategic restraint and diplomatic engagement lead to a more balanced approach to deterrence multilateral cooperation highlight the power of alliances to bolster deterrence and manage nuclear risks her presidency may offer a nuanced approach to deterrence addressing immediate security needs and long-term global stability


Question: Kamala Harris presidency deterrence

Harris’ focus on multilateralism & alliances separates her from Trump

Aaron Holland 24 is an Analyst at the National Institute for Deterrence Studies. Global Security Review, “What a Kamala Harris Presidency Means for Deterrence,” 8-26-2024, DOA: 9-22-24, lmc, https://globalsecurityreview.com/what-a-kamala-harris-presidency-means-for-deterrence/

Harris’ commitment to multilateralism suggests a dedication to maintaining a credible arsenal while pursuing arms control and nonprolif focus on humanitarian concerns strategic restraint and diplomatic engagement lead to a more balanced approach to deterrence multilateral cooperation highlight the power of alliances to bolster deterrence and manage nuclear risks her presidency may offer a nuanced approach to deterrence addressing immediate security needs and long-term global stability


Question: Harris commitment to multilateralism

Harris’ focus on multilateralism & alliances separates her from Trump

Aaron Holland 24 is an Analyst at the National Institute for Deterrence Studies. Global Security Review, “What a Kamala Harris Presidency Means for Deterrence,” 8-26-2024, DOA: 9-22-24, lmc, https://globalsecurityreview.com/what-a-kamala-harris-presidency-means-for-deterrence/

Harris’ commitment to multilateralism suggests a dedication to maintaining a credible arsenal while pursuing arms control and nonprolif focus on humanitarian concerns strategic restraint and diplomatic engagement lead to a more balanced approach to deterrence multilateral cooperation highlight the power of alliances to bolster deterrence and manage nuclear risks her presidency may offer a nuanced approach to deterrence addressing immediate security needs and long-term global stability


Question: diplomatic engagement manages nuclear risks

Harris’ focus on multilateralism & alliances separates her from Trump

Aaron Holland 24 is an Analyst at the National Institute for Deterrence Studies. Global Security Review, “What a Kamala Harris Presidency Means for Deterrence,” 8-26-2024, DOA: 9-22-24, lmc, https://globalsecurityreview.com/what-a-kamala-harris-presidency-means-for-deterrence/

Harris’ commitment to multilateralism suggests a dedication to maintaining a credible arsenal while pursuing arms control and nonprolif focus on humanitarian concerns strategic restraint and diplomatic engagement lead to a more balanced approach to deterrence multilateral cooperation highlight the power of alliances to bolster deterrence and manage nuclear risks her presidency may offer a nuanced approach to deterrence addressing immediate security needs and long-term global stability


Question: Harris better than trump

Harris’ focus on multilateralism & alliances separates her from Trump

Aaron Holland 24 is an Analyst at the National Institute for Deterrence Studies. Global Security Review, “What a Kamala Harris Presidency Means for Deterrence,” 8-26-2024, DOA: 9-22-24, lmc, https://globalsecurityreview.com/what-a-kamala-harris-presidency-means-for-deterrence/

Harris’ commitment to multilateralism suggests a dedication to maintaining a credible arsenal while pursuing arms control and nonprolif focus on humanitarian concerns strategic restraint and diplomatic engagement lead to a more balanced approach to deterrence multilateral cooperation highlight the power of alliances to bolster deterrence and manage nuclear risks her presidency may offer a nuanced approach to deterrence addressing immediate security needs and long-term global stability


Question: China revisionist power military war

China is revisionist power---military modernization causes war

Jagannath P. Panda, Research Fellow and Coordinator of the East Asia Centre at MP-IDSA, New Delhi, 5-19-20, ‘“China as a Revisionist Power in Indo-Pacific and India’s Perception: A Power-Partner Contention” JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY CHINA2020, AHEAD-OF-PRINT, 1-17https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epub/10.1080/10670564.2020.1766906?needAccess=true

China’s revisionist power are appositely clear fast-track infrastructure through the BRI assertive claims in maritime domains claims over land territories attempts to create a distinct order through international institutions the tag of revisionism appears justified an article by the Chinese M  F A highlights the country’s dissatisfaction dissatisfaction is no secret debates in China are center around revisions until China’s military match US, major war in not foreseen a revisionist power will ‘ employ military force’


Question: Jagannath Panda

China is revisionist power---military modernization causes war

Jagannath P. Panda, Research Fellow and Coordinator of the East Asia Centre at MP-IDSA, New Delhi, 5-19-20, ‘“China as a Revisionist Power in Indo-Pacific and India’s Perception: A Power-Partner Contention” JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY CHINA2020, AHEAD-OF-PRINT, 1-17https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epub/10.1080/10670564.2020.1766906?needAccess=true

China’s revisionist power are appositely clear fast-track infrastructure through the BRI assertive claims in maritime domains claims over land territories attempts to create a distinct order through international institutions the tag of revisionism appears justified an article by the Chinese M  F A highlights the country’s dissatisfaction dissatisfaction is no secret debates in China are center around revisions until China’s military match US, major war in not foreseen a revisionist power will ‘ employ military force’


Question: revisionist power contention

China is revisionist power---military modernization causes war

Jagannath P. Panda, Research Fellow and Coordinator of the East Asia Centre at MP-IDSA, New Delhi, 5-19-20, ‘“China as a Revisionist Power in Indo-Pacific and India’s Perception: A Power-Partner Contention” JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY CHINA2020, AHEAD-OF-PRINT, 1-17https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epub/10.1080/10670564.2020.1766906?needAccess=true

China’s revisionist power are appositely clear fast-track infrastructure through the BRI assertive claims in maritime domains claims over land territories attempts to create a distinct order through international institutions the tag of revisionism appears justified an article by the Chinese M  F A highlights the country’s dissatisfaction dissatisfaction is no secret debates in China are center around revisions until China’s military match US, major war in not foreseen a revisionist power will ‘ employ military force’


Question: China revisionist

China is revisionist power---military modernization causes war

Jagannath P. Panda, Research Fellow and Coordinator of the East Asia Centre at MP-IDSA, New Delhi, 5-19-20, ‘“China as a Revisionist Power in Indo-Pacific and India’s Perception: A Power-Partner Contention” JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY CHINA2020, AHEAD-OF-PRINT, 1-17https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epub/10.1080/10670564.2020.1766906?needAccess=true

China’s revisionist power are appositely clear fast-track infrastructure through the BRI assertive claims in maritime domains claims over land territories attempts to create a distinct order through international institutions the tag of revisionism appears justified an article by the Chinese M  F A highlights the country’s dissatisfaction dissatisfaction is no secret debates in China are center around revisions until China’s military match US, major war in not foreseen a revisionist power will ‘ employ military force’


Question: China military matches US

China is revisionist power---military modernization causes war

Jagannath P. Panda, Research Fellow and Coordinator of the East Asia Centre at MP-IDSA, New Delhi, 5-19-20, ‘“China as a Revisionist Power in Indo-Pacific and India’s Perception: A Power-Partner Contention” JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY CHINA2020, AHEAD-OF-PRINT, 1-17https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epub/10.1080/10670564.2020.1766906?needAccess=true

China’s revisionist power are appositely clear fast-track infrastructure through the BRI assertive claims in maritime domains claims over land territories attempts to create a distinct order through international institutions the tag of revisionism appears justified an article by the Chinese M  F A highlights the country’s dissatisfaction dissatisfaction is no secret debates in China are center around revisions until China’s military match US, major war in not foreseen a revisionist power will ‘ employ military force’


Question: China dissatisfaction revisions

China is revisionist power---military modernization causes war

Jagannath P. Panda, Research Fellow and Coordinator of the East Asia Centre at MP-IDSA, New Delhi, 5-19-20, ‘“China as a Revisionist Power in Indo-Pacific and India’s Perception: A Power-Partner Contention” JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY CHINA2020, AHEAD-OF-PRINT, 1-17https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epub/10.1080/10670564.2020.1766906?needAccess=true

China’s revisionist power are appositely clear fast-track infrastructure through the BRI assertive claims in maritime domains claims over land territories attempts to create a distinct order through international institutions the tag of revisionism appears justified an article by the Chinese M  F A highlights the country’s dissatisfaction dissatisfaction is no secret debates in China are center around revisions until China’s military match US, major war in not foreseen a revisionist power will ‘ employ military force’


Question: BRI infrastructure revisionist

China is revisionist power---military modernization causes war

Jagannath P. Panda, Research Fellow and Coordinator of the East Asia Centre at MP-IDSA, New Delhi, 5-19-20, ‘“China as a Revisionist Power in Indo-Pacific and India’s Perception: A Power-Partner Contention” JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY CHINA2020, AHEAD-OF-PRINT, 1-17https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epub/10.1080/10670564.2020.1766906?needAccess=true

China’s revisionist power are appositely clear fast-track infrastructure through the BRI assertive claims in maritime domains claims over land territories attempts to create a distinct order through international institutions the tag of revisionism appears justified an article by the Chinese M  F A highlights the country’s dissatisfaction dissatisfaction is no secret debates in China are center around revisions until China’s military match US, major war in not foreseen a revisionist power will ‘ employ military force’


Question: Mother nature never existed

The 1AC’s attempt to restore Mother Nature to equilibrium is a fetishism which posits the environment as the Other that guides us towards fulfillment, repressing fundamental Lack. Vote Neg to embrace the constitutive lack in being, severing all ties to our symbolic identities and acknowledging that Mother Nature has never existed;

POHL AND SWYNGEDOUW 23, Lucas Pohl, Department of Geography, Cultural and Social Geography, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, History and Theory of the City, HafenCity University Hamburg, Germany, and Erik Swyngedouw, Department of Geography, SEED, The University of Manchester, UK, Political Geography, 01-26-2023 [“Enjoying climate change: Jouissance as a political factor” https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2022.102820 accessed 8-15-24]crs

Traversing the fantasy articulated around managing greenhouse gases requires a re-articulation of enjoyment recognizing the lack that defines the subject the ‘lack in being’ needs full endorsement a recognition that the failure to enjoy is constitutive to the subject opens a truly political enjoyment of climate change. traversing entails the attachment to object a (greenhouse gases) as the ‘thing’ around which salvation revolves is abandoned (and with it, the passionate attachment to the world to recogniz loss It is through this that a new path might open toward a Real enjoyment of climate change. Real enjoyment occurs when the subject abandons the security of its symbolic identity and breaks from the constraints of the symbolic order. the rules of the symbolic game cease to apply. The subject neither obeys nor disobeys enjoyment in the Real leaves the subject without any ground on which to stand. refusal of the image of completion Encircling the Real of climate change implies the transformation of the imaginary upon which environmental action is legitimized and sustained. This might disclose the structure of the fantasies that drive impotent climate actions. a Real enjoyment of climate change requires breaking with “Mother Nature” once and for all. much of today's political response to climate change relies on a fantasy of Nature as Other. Nature either a realm from which you take what you want or as an “enemy” against whom it is necessary to defend oneself. Mother Nature is no-Thing . She does not exist, All we have is a chaotic, inconsistent, lacking nature, and all humans can do is to master this nature in a way that allows everybody and everything, to live on this planet.


Question: Pohl and Swyngedouw 23

The 1AC’s attempt to restore Mother Nature to equilibrium is a fetishism which posits the environment as the Other that guides us towards fulfillment, repressing fundamental Lack. Vote Neg to embrace the constitutive lack in being, severing all ties to our symbolic identities and acknowledging that Mother Nature has never existed;

POHL AND SWYNGEDOUW 23, Lucas Pohl, Department of Geography, Cultural and Social Geography, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, History and Theory of the City, HafenCity University Hamburg, Germany, and Erik Swyngedouw, Department of Geography, SEED, The University of Manchester, UK, Political Geography, 01-26-2023 [“Enjoying climate change: Jouissance as a political factor” https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2022.102820 accessed 8-15-24]crs

Traversing the fantasy articulated around managing greenhouse gases requires a re-articulation of enjoyment recognizing the lack that defines the subject the ‘lack in being’ needs full endorsement a recognition that the failure to enjoy is constitutive to the subject opens a truly political enjoyment of climate change. traversing entails the attachment to object a (greenhouse gases) as the ‘thing’ around which salvation revolves is abandoned (and with it, the passionate attachment to the world to recogniz loss It is through this that a new path might open toward a Real enjoyment of climate change. Real enjoyment occurs when the subject abandons the security of its symbolic identity and breaks from the constraints of the symbolic order. the rules of the symbolic game cease to apply. The subject neither obeys nor disobeys enjoyment in the Real leaves the subject without any ground on which to stand. refusal of the image of completion Encircling the Real of climate change implies the transformation of the imaginary upon which environmental action is legitimized and sustained. This might disclose the structure of the fantasies that drive impotent climate actions. a Real enjoyment of climate change requires breaking with “Mother Nature” once and for all. much of today's political response to climate change relies on a fantasy of Nature as Other. Nature either a realm from which you take what you want or as an “enemy” against whom it is necessary to defend oneself. Mother Nature is no-Thing . She does not exist, All we have is a chaotic, inconsistent, lacking nature, and all humans can do is to master this nature in a way that allows everybody and everything, to live on this planet.


Question: Lucas Pohl

The 1AC’s attempt to restore Mother Nature to equilibrium is a fetishism which posits the environment as the Other that guides us towards fulfillment, repressing fundamental Lack. Vote Neg to embrace the constitutive lack in being, severing all ties to our symbolic identities and acknowledging that Mother Nature has never existed;

POHL AND SWYNGEDOUW 23, Lucas Pohl, Department of Geography, Cultural and Social Geography, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, History and Theory of the City, HafenCity University Hamburg, Germany, and Erik Swyngedouw, Department of Geography, SEED, The University of Manchester, UK, Political Geography, 01-26-2023 [“Enjoying climate change: Jouissance as a political factor” https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2022.102820 accessed 8-15-24]crs

Traversing the fantasy articulated around managing greenhouse gases requires a re-articulation of enjoyment recognizing the lack that defines the subject the ‘lack in being’ needs full endorsement a recognition that the failure to enjoy is constitutive to the subject opens a truly political enjoyment of climate change. traversing entails the attachment to object a (greenhouse gases) as the ‘thing’ around which salvation revolves is abandoned (and with it, the passionate attachment to the world to recogniz loss It is through this that a new path might open toward a Real enjoyment of climate change. Real enjoyment occurs when the subject abandons the security of its symbolic identity and breaks from the constraints of the symbolic order. the rules of the symbolic game cease to apply. The subject neither obeys nor disobeys enjoyment in the Real leaves the subject without any ground on which to stand. refusal of the image of completion Encircling the Real of climate change implies the transformation of the imaginary upon which environmental action is legitimized and sustained. This might disclose the structure of the fantasies that drive impotent climate actions. a Real enjoyment of climate change requires breaking with “Mother Nature” once and for all. much of today's political response to climate change relies on a fantasy of Nature as Other. Nature either a realm from which you take what you want or as an “enemy” against whom it is necessary to defend oneself. Mother Nature is no-Thing . She does not exist, All we have is a chaotic, inconsistent, lacking nature, and all humans can do is to master this nature in a way that allows everybody and everything, to live on this planet.


Question: Mother nature is no-thing

The 1AC’s attempt to restore Mother Nature to equilibrium is a fetishism which posits the environment as the Other that guides us towards fulfillment, repressing fundamental Lack. Vote Neg to embrace the constitutive lack in being, severing all ties to our symbolic identities and acknowledging that Mother Nature has never existed;

POHL AND SWYNGEDOUW 23, Lucas Pohl, Department of Geography, Cultural and Social Geography, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, History and Theory of the City, HafenCity University Hamburg, Germany, and Erik Swyngedouw, Department of Geography, SEED, The University of Manchester, UK, Political Geography, 01-26-2023 [“Enjoying climate change: Jouissance as a political factor” https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2022.102820 accessed 8-15-24]crs

Traversing the fantasy articulated around managing greenhouse gases requires a re-articulation of enjoyment recognizing the lack that defines the subject the ‘lack in being’ needs full endorsement a recognition that the failure to enjoy is constitutive to the subject opens a truly political enjoyment of climate change. traversing entails the attachment to object a (greenhouse gases) as the ‘thing’ around which salvation revolves is abandoned (and with it, the passionate attachment to the world to recogniz loss It is through this that a new path might open toward a Real enjoyment of climate change. Real enjoyment occurs when the subject abandons the security of its symbolic identity and breaks from the constraints of the symbolic order. the rules of the symbolic game cease to apply. The subject neither obeys nor disobeys enjoyment in the Real leaves the subject without any ground on which to stand. refusal of the image of completion Encircling the Real of climate change implies the transformation of the imaginary upon which environmental action is legitimized and sustained. This might disclose the structure of the fantasies that drive impotent climate actions. a Real enjoyment of climate change requires breaking with “Mother Nature” once and for all. much of today's political response to climate change relies on a fantasy of Nature as Other. Nature either a realm from which you take what you want or as an “enemy” against whom it is necessary to defend oneself. Mother Nature is no-Thing . She does not exist, All we have is a chaotic, inconsistent, lacking nature, and all humans can do is to master this nature in a way that allows everybody and everything, to live on this planet.


Question: Embrace the constitutive lack in being

The 1AC’s attempt to restore Mother Nature to equilibrium is a fetishism which posits the environment as the Other that guides us towards fulfillment, repressing fundamental Lack. Vote Neg to embrace the constitutive lack in being, severing all ties to our symbolic identities and acknowledging that Mother Nature has never existed;

POHL AND SWYNGEDOUW 23, Lucas Pohl, Department of Geography, Cultural and Social Geography, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, History and Theory of the City, HafenCity University Hamburg, Germany, and Erik Swyngedouw, Department of Geography, SEED, The University of Manchester, UK, Political Geography, 01-26-2023 [“Enjoying climate change: Jouissance as a political factor” https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2022.102820 accessed 8-15-24]crs

Traversing the fantasy articulated around managing greenhouse gases requires a re-articulation of enjoyment recognizing the lack that defines the subject the ‘lack in being’ needs full endorsement a recognition that the failure to enjoy is constitutive to the subject opens a truly political enjoyment of climate change. traversing entails the attachment to object a (greenhouse gases) as the ‘thing’ around which salvation revolves is abandoned (and with it, the passionate attachment to the world to recogniz loss It is through this that a new path might open toward a Real enjoyment of climate change. Real enjoyment occurs when the subject abandons the security of its symbolic identity and breaks from the constraints of the symbolic order. the rules of the symbolic game cease to apply. The subject neither obeys nor disobeys enjoyment in the Real leaves the subject without any ground on which to stand. refusal of the image of completion Encircling the Real of climate change implies the transformation of the imaginary upon which environmental action is legitimized and sustained. This might disclose the structure of the fantasies that drive impotent climate actions. a Real enjoyment of climate change requires breaking with “Mother Nature” once and for all. much of today's political response to climate change relies on a fantasy of Nature as Other. Nature either a realm from which you take what you want or as an “enemy” against whom it is necessary to defend oneself. Mother Nature is no-Thing . She does not exist, All we have is a chaotic, inconsistent, lacking nature, and all humans can do is to master this nature in a way that allows everybody and everything, to live on this planet.


Question: Nature as Other

The 1AC’s attempt to restore Mother Nature to equilibrium is a fetishism which posits the environment as the Other that guides us towards fulfillment, repressing fundamental Lack. Vote Neg to embrace the constitutive lack in being, severing all ties to our symbolic identities and acknowledging that Mother Nature has never existed;

POHL AND SWYNGEDOUW 23, Lucas Pohl, Department of Geography, Cultural and Social Geography, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, History and Theory of the City, HafenCity University Hamburg, Germany, and Erik Swyngedouw, Department of Geography, SEED, The University of Manchester, UK, Political Geography, 01-26-2023 [“Enjoying climate change: Jouissance as a political factor” https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2022.102820 accessed 8-15-24]crs

Traversing the fantasy articulated around managing greenhouse gases requires a re-articulation of enjoyment recognizing the lack that defines the subject the ‘lack in being’ needs full endorsement a recognition that the failure to enjoy is constitutive to the subject opens a truly political enjoyment of climate change. traversing entails the attachment to object a (greenhouse gases) as the ‘thing’ around which salvation revolves is abandoned (and with it, the passionate attachment to the world to recogniz loss It is through this that a new path might open toward a Real enjoyment of climate change. Real enjoyment occurs when the subject abandons the security of its symbolic identity and breaks from the constraints of the symbolic order. the rules of the symbolic game cease to apply. The subject neither obeys nor disobeys enjoyment in the Real leaves the subject without any ground on which to stand. refusal of the image of completion Encircling the Real of climate change implies the transformation of the imaginary upon which environmental action is legitimized and sustained. This might disclose the structure of the fantasies that drive impotent climate actions. a Real enjoyment of climate change requires breaking with “Mother Nature” once and for all. much of today's political response to climate change relies on a fantasy of Nature as Other. Nature either a realm from which you take what you want or as an “enemy” against whom it is necessary to defend oneself. Mother Nature is no-Thing . She does not exist, All we have is a chaotic, inconsistent, lacking nature, and all humans can do is to master this nature in a way that allows everybody and everything, to live on this planet.


Question: fantasy of Nature

The 1AC’s attempt to restore Mother Nature to equilibrium is a fetishism which posits the environment as the Other that guides us towards fulfillment, repressing fundamental Lack. Vote Neg to embrace the constitutive lack in being, severing all ties to our symbolic identities and acknowledging that Mother Nature has never existed;

POHL AND SWYNGEDOUW 23, Lucas Pohl, Department of Geography, Cultural and Social Geography, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, History and Theory of the City, HafenCity University Hamburg, Germany, and Erik Swyngedouw, Department of Geography, SEED, The University of Manchester, UK, Political Geography, 01-26-2023 [“Enjoying climate change: Jouissance as a political factor” https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2022.102820 accessed 8-15-24]crs

Traversing the fantasy articulated around managing greenhouse gases requires a re-articulation of enjoyment recognizing the lack that defines the subject the ‘lack in being’ needs full endorsement a recognition that the failure to enjoy is constitutive to the subject opens a truly political enjoyment of climate change. traversing entails the attachment to object a (greenhouse gases) as the ‘thing’ around which salvation revolves is abandoned (and with it, the passionate attachment to the world to recogniz loss It is through this that a new path might open toward a Real enjoyment of climate change. Real enjoyment occurs when the subject abandons the security of its symbolic identity and breaks from the constraints of the symbolic order. the rules of the symbolic game cease to apply. The subject neither obeys nor disobeys enjoyment in the Real leaves the subject without any ground on which to stand. refusal of the image of completion Encircling the Real of climate change implies the transformation of the imaginary upon which environmental action is legitimized and sustained. This might disclose the structure of the fantasies that drive impotent climate actions. a Real enjoyment of climate change requires breaking with “Mother Nature” once and for all. much of today's political response to climate change relies on a fantasy of Nature as Other. Nature either a realm from which you take what you want or as an “enemy” against whom it is necessary to defend oneself. Mother Nature is no-Thing . She does not exist, All we have is a chaotic, inconsistent, lacking nature, and all humans can do is to master this nature in a way that allows everybody and everything, to live on this planet.


Question: Enjoying climate change

The 1AC’s attempt to restore Mother Nature to equilibrium is a fetishism which posits the environment as the Other that guides us towards fulfillment, repressing fundamental Lack. Vote Neg to embrace the constitutive lack in being, severing all ties to our symbolic identities and acknowledging that Mother Nature has never existed;

POHL AND SWYNGEDOUW 23, Lucas Pohl, Department of Geography, Cultural and Social Geography, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, History and Theory of the City, HafenCity University Hamburg, Germany, and Erik Swyngedouw, Department of Geography, SEED, The University of Manchester, UK, Political Geography, 01-26-2023 [“Enjoying climate change: Jouissance as a political factor” https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2022.102820 accessed 8-15-24]crs

Traversing the fantasy articulated around managing greenhouse gases requires a re-articulation of enjoyment recognizing the lack that defines the subject the ‘lack in being’ needs full endorsement a recognition that the failure to enjoy is constitutive to the subject opens a truly political enjoyment of climate change. traversing entails the attachment to object a (greenhouse gases) as the ‘thing’ around which salvation revolves is abandoned (and with it, the passionate attachment to the world to recogniz loss It is through this that a new path might open toward a Real enjoyment of climate change. Real enjoyment occurs when the subject abandons the security of its symbolic identity and breaks from the constraints of the symbolic order. the rules of the symbolic game cease to apply. The subject neither obeys nor disobeys enjoyment in the Real leaves the subject without any ground on which to stand. refusal of the image of completion Encircling the Real of climate change implies the transformation of the imaginary upon which environmental action is legitimized and sustained. This might disclose the structure of the fantasies that drive impotent climate actions. a Real enjoyment of climate change requires breaking with “Mother Nature” once and for all. much of today's political response to climate change relies on a fantasy of Nature as Other. Nature either a realm from which you take what you want or as an “enemy” against whom it is necessary to defend oneself. Mother Nature is no-Thing . She does not exist, All we have is a chaotic, inconsistent, lacking nature, and all humans can do is to master this nature in a way that allows everybody and everything, to live on this planet.


Question: Fusion produces no radioactive waste

Fusion produces no radioactive waste, uses seawater as its only fuel, and can’t meltdown.

Carr ’12 [Jacob; 2012; University of Pittsburgh and Research Engineer – National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; “Nuclear Fusion Technologies and Their Applications as a Global Power Source”, 136.142.82.187/eng12/Chair/data/papers/2186/2186.docx]

fusion only uses hydrogen one of the most abundant elements hydrogen can be taken out of the air, as well as seawater fusion produces harmless products. combining two hydrogen isotopes creates helium neutrons , and energy These are desirable products reaction when compared to radioactive waste created by fission While fission can cause meltdowns fusion is easily monitored and controlled earth’s surface is 70% water 95% of that is seawater. This is the most abundant of any resources Even if only small amounts of energy can be yielded we could run reactions on large scale additive payoff would be immense there is a endless supply of isotopes negative effects would be non-existent fusion does not yield harmful products, and is safe and easy


Question: Carr 12

Fusion produces no radioactive waste, uses seawater as its only fuel, and can’t meltdown.

Carr ’12 [Jacob; 2012; University of Pittsburgh and Research Engineer – National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; “Nuclear Fusion Technologies and Their Applications as a Global Power Source”, 136.142.82.187/eng12/Chair/data/papers/2186/2186.docx]

fusion only uses hydrogen one of the most abundant elements hydrogen can be taken out of the air, as well as seawater fusion produces harmless products. combining two hydrogen isotopes creates helium neutrons , and energy These are desirable products reaction when compared to radioactive waste created by fission While fission can cause meltdowns fusion is easily monitored and controlled earth’s surface is 70% water 95% of that is seawater. This is the most abundant of any resources Even if only small amounts of energy can be yielded we could run reactions on large scale additive payoff would be immense there is a endless supply of isotopes negative effects would be non-existent fusion does not yield harmful products, and is safe and easy


Question: fusion power source

Fusion produces no radioactive waste, uses seawater as its only fuel, and can’t meltdown.

Carr ’12 [Jacob; 2012; University of Pittsburgh and Research Engineer – National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; “Nuclear Fusion Technologies and Their Applications as a Global Power Source”, 136.142.82.187/eng12/Chair/data/papers/2186/2186.docx]

fusion only uses hydrogen one of the most abundant elements hydrogen can be taken out of the air, as well as seawater fusion produces harmless products. combining two hydrogen isotopes creates helium neutrons , and energy These are desirable products reaction when compared to radioactive waste created by fission While fission can cause meltdowns fusion is easily monitored and controlled earth’s surface is 70% water 95% of that is seawater. This is the most abundant of any resources Even if only small amounts of energy can be yielded we could run reactions on large scale additive payoff would be immense there is a endless supply of isotopes negative effects would be non-existent fusion does not yield harmful products, and is safe and easy


Question: fusion uses seawater as fuel

Fusion produces no radioactive waste, uses seawater as its only fuel, and can’t meltdown.

Carr ’12 [Jacob; 2012; University of Pittsburgh and Research Engineer – National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; “Nuclear Fusion Technologies and Their Applications as a Global Power Source”, 136.142.82.187/eng12/Chair/data/papers/2186/2186.docx]

fusion only uses hydrogen one of the most abundant elements hydrogen can be taken out of the air, as well as seawater fusion produces harmless products. combining two hydrogen isotopes creates helium neutrons , and energy These are desirable products reaction when compared to radioactive waste created by fission While fission can cause meltdowns fusion is easily monitored and controlled earth’s surface is 70% water 95% of that is seawater. This is the most abundant of any resources Even if only small amounts of energy can be yielded we could run reactions on large scale additive payoff would be immense there is a endless supply of isotopes negative effects would be non-existent fusion does not yield harmful products, and is safe and easy


Question: fusion cant meltdown

Fusion produces no radioactive waste, uses seawater as its only fuel, and can’t meltdown.

Carr ’12 [Jacob; 2012; University of Pittsburgh and Research Engineer – National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; “Nuclear Fusion Technologies and Their Applications as a Global Power Source”, 136.142.82.187/eng12/Chair/data/papers/2186/2186.docx]

fusion only uses hydrogen one of the most abundant elements hydrogen can be taken out of the air, as well as seawater fusion produces harmless products. combining two hydrogen isotopes creates helium neutrons , and energy These are desirable products reaction when compared to radioactive waste created by fission While fission can cause meltdowns fusion is easily monitored and controlled earth’s surface is 70% water 95% of that is seawater. This is the most abundant of any resources Even if only small amounts of energy can be yielded we could run reactions on large scale additive payoff would be immense there is a endless supply of isotopes negative effects would be non-existent fusion does not yield harmful products, and is safe and easy


Question: safe and easy fusion

Fusion produces no radioactive waste, uses seawater as its only fuel, and can’t meltdown.

Carr ’12 [Jacob; 2012; University of Pittsburgh and Research Engineer – National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; “Nuclear Fusion Technologies and Their Applications as a Global Power Source”, 136.142.82.187/eng12/Chair/data/papers/2186/2186.docx]

fusion only uses hydrogen one of the most abundant elements hydrogen can be taken out of the air, as well as seawater fusion produces harmless products. combining two hydrogen isotopes creates helium neutrons , and energy These are desirable products reaction when compared to radioactive waste created by fission While fission can cause meltdowns fusion is easily monitored and controlled earth’s surface is 70% water 95% of that is seawater. This is the most abundant of any resources Even if only small amounts of energy can be yielded we could run reactions on large scale additive payoff would be immense there is a endless supply of isotopes negative effects would be non-existent fusion does not yield harmful products, and is safe and easy


Question: fusion monitored and controlled

Fusion produces no radioactive waste, uses seawater as its only fuel, and can’t meltdown.

Carr ’12 [Jacob; 2012; University of Pittsburgh and Research Engineer – National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; “Nuclear Fusion Technologies and Their Applications as a Global Power Source”, 136.142.82.187/eng12/Chair/data/papers/2186/2186.docx]

fusion only uses hydrogen one of the most abundant elements hydrogen can be taken out of the air, as well as seawater fusion produces harmless products. combining two hydrogen isotopes creates helium neutrons , and energy These are desirable products reaction when compared to radioactive waste created by fission While fission can cause meltdowns fusion is easily monitored and controlled earth’s surface is 70% water 95% of that is seawater. This is the most abundant of any resources Even if only small amounts of energy can be yielded we could run reactions on large scale additive payoff would be immense there is a endless supply of isotopes negative effects would be non-existent fusion does not yield harmful products, and is safe and easy


Question: Prolif doesn't cause nuke war overstated

Prolif doesn’t cause nuke war or preemptive strikes – it’s overstated

Mueller 20 [Mueller 6/24/20 [John Mueller is a political scientist at Ohio State University and a senior fellow at the Cato Institute. His latest book, The Stupidity of War: American Foreign Policy and the Case for Complacency, is forthcoming from Cambridge University Press. "Nuclear Anti‐Proliferation Policy and the Korea Conundrum: Some Policy Proposals." https://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/nuclear-anti-proliferation-policy-korea-conundrum-some-policy]

the notion prolif is a problem has been overwrought the C I A war would be inevitable experts warned Iran  or Korea would be a  proliferation cascade resulting in nuclear war Korea has had weapons for decade there is little cascade no country altered its commitment consequences have been benign the U S did not attack China and China did not become aggressive regimes stoke their egos  or deter They kept weapons in storage denied their existence and haven’t rattling them


Question: Mueller 20 prolif no nuke war

Prolif doesn’t cause nuke war or preemptive strikes – it’s overstated

Mueller 20 [Mueller 6/24/20 [John Mueller is a political scientist at Ohio State University and a senior fellow at the Cato Institute. His latest book, The Stupidity of War: American Foreign Policy and the Case for Complacency, is forthcoming from Cambridge University Press. "Nuclear Anti‐Proliferation Policy and the Korea Conundrum: Some Policy Proposals." https://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/nuclear-anti-proliferation-policy-korea-conundrum-some-policy]

the notion prolif is a problem has been overwrought the C I A war would be inevitable experts warned Iran  or Korea would be a  proliferation cascade resulting in nuclear war Korea has had weapons for decade there is little cascade no country altered its commitment consequences have been benign the U S did not attack China and China did not become aggressive regimes stoke their egos  or deter They kept weapons in storage denied their existence and haven’t rattling them


Question: John Mueller prolif

Prolif doesn’t cause nuke war or preemptive strikes – it’s overstated

Mueller 20 [Mueller 6/24/20 [John Mueller is a political scientist at Ohio State University and a senior fellow at the Cato Institute. His latest book, The Stupidity of War: American Foreign Policy and the Case for Complacency, is forthcoming from Cambridge University Press. "Nuclear Anti‐Proliferation Policy and the Korea Conundrum: Some Policy Proposals." https://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/nuclear-anti-proliferation-policy-korea-conundrum-some-policy]

the notion prolif is a problem has been overwrought the C I A war would be inevitable experts warned Iran  or Korea would be a  proliferation cascade resulting in nuclear war Korea has had weapons for decade there is little cascade no country altered its commitment consequences have been benign the U S did not attack China and China did not become aggressive regimes stoke their egos  or deter They kept weapons in storage denied their existence and haven’t rattling them


Question: Proliferation is overwrought

Prolif doesn’t cause nuke war or preemptive strikes – it’s overstated

Mueller 20 [Mueller 6/24/20 [John Mueller is a political scientist at Ohio State University and a senior fellow at the Cato Institute. His latest book, The Stupidity of War: American Foreign Policy and the Case for Complacency, is forthcoming from Cambridge University Press. "Nuclear Anti‐Proliferation Policy and the Korea Conundrum: Some Policy Proposals." https://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/nuclear-anti-proliferation-policy-korea-conundrum-some-policy]

the notion prolif is a problem has been overwrought the C I A war would be inevitable experts warned Iran  or Korea would be a  proliferation cascade resulting in nuclear war Korea has had weapons for decade there is little cascade no country altered its commitment consequences have been benign the U S did not attack China and China did not become aggressive regimes stoke their egos  or deter They kept weapons in storage denied their existence and haven’t rattling them


Question: Prolif no cascade to nuclear war

Prolif doesn’t cause nuke war or preemptive strikes – it’s overstated

Mueller 20 [Mueller 6/24/20 [John Mueller is a political scientist at Ohio State University and a senior fellow at the Cato Institute. His latest book, The Stupidity of War: American Foreign Policy and the Case for Complacency, is forthcoming from Cambridge University Press. "Nuclear Anti‐Proliferation Policy and the Korea Conundrum: Some Policy Proposals." https://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/nuclear-anti-proliferation-policy-korea-conundrum-some-policy]

the notion prolif is a problem has been overwrought the C I A war would be inevitable experts warned Iran  or Korea would be a  proliferation cascade resulting in nuclear war Korea has had weapons for decade there is little cascade no country altered its commitment consequences have been benign the U S did not attack China and China did not become aggressive regimes stoke their egos  or deter They kept weapons in storage denied their existence and haven’t rattling them


Question: US didn't attack China

Prolif doesn’t cause nuke war or preemptive strikes – it’s overstated

Mueller 20 [Mueller 6/24/20 [John Mueller is a political scientist at Ohio State University and a senior fellow at the Cato Institute. His latest book, The Stupidity of War: American Foreign Policy and the Case for Complacency, is forthcoming from Cambridge University Press. "Nuclear Anti‐Proliferation Policy and the Korea Conundrum: Some Policy Proposals." https://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/nuclear-anti-proliferation-policy-korea-conundrum-some-policy]

the notion prolif is a problem has been overwrought the C I A war would be inevitable experts warned Iran  or Korea would be a  proliferation cascade resulting in nuclear war Korea has had weapons for decade there is little cascade no country altered its commitment consequences have been benign the U S did not attack China and China did not become aggressive regimes stoke their egos  or deter They kept weapons in storage denied their existence and haven’t rattling them


Question: proliferation is not a problem

Prolif doesn’t cause nuke war or preemptive strikes – it’s overstated

Mueller 20 [Mueller 6/24/20 [John Mueller is a political scientist at Ohio State University and a senior fellow at the Cato Institute. His latest book, The Stupidity of War: American Foreign Policy and the Case for Complacency, is forthcoming from Cambridge University Press. "Nuclear Anti‐Proliferation Policy and the Korea Conundrum: Some Policy Proposals." https://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/nuclear-anti-proliferation-policy-korea-conundrum-some-policy]

the notion prolif is a problem has been overwrought the C I A war would be inevitable experts warned Iran  or Korea would be a  proliferation cascade resulting in nuclear war Korea has had weapons for decade there is little cascade no country altered its commitment consequences have been benign the U S did not attack China and China did not become aggressive regimes stoke their egos  or deter They kept weapons in storage denied their existence and haven’t rattling them


Question: proliferation consequences benign

Prolif doesn’t cause nuke war or preemptive strikes – it’s overstated

Mueller 20 [Mueller 6/24/20 [John Mueller is a political scientist at Ohio State University and a senior fellow at the Cato Institute. His latest book, The Stupidity of War: American Foreign Policy and the Case for Complacency, is forthcoming from Cambridge University Press. "Nuclear Anti‐Proliferation Policy and the Korea Conundrum: Some Policy Proposals." https://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/nuclear-anti-proliferation-policy-korea-conundrum-some-policy]

the notion prolif is a problem has been overwrought the C I A war would be inevitable experts warned Iran  or Korea would be a  proliferation cascade resulting in nuclear war Korea has had weapons for decade there is little cascade no country altered its commitment consequences have been benign the U S did not attack China and China did not become aggressive regimes stoke their egos  or deter They kept weapons in storage denied their existence and haven’t rattling them


Question: Shuts down the entire system

That shuts down the entire system.

Christophe Bellmann. 22. Head of Policy Analysis and Strategy at the Forum on Trade, Environment & the SDGs (which is a partnership of the Geneva Graduate Institute and United Nations Environmental Program), is a Visiting Fellow at the Institute for International Trade at the University of Adelaide, is am Adviser to the ACP and LDC Group in the WTO, is an Associate Fellow at the Hoffmann Centre for the Sustainable Resource Economy, was a Senior Policy Advisor at the International Institute for Sustainable Development and held various positions at the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, and holds a Master's Degree in International Relations and Affairs from the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies at the Geneva Graduate Institute. “Trade and Climate Change in the World Trade Organization”. TESS Policy Brief. 11-7-22. https://tessforum.org/latest/trade-and-climate-change-in-the-world-trade-organization

Climate change impacts trade effects of extreme weather on infrastructure and transport through changes in endowments and productivity viewed as major risk to supply chain profitability affect price, quality, and speed of , transport, and distribution changes in temperature, precipitation pests disease  particularly significant in  ag and fisheries . change crop yields  productivity natural resource endowments


Question: Bellmann 22

That shuts down the entire system.

Christophe Bellmann. 22. Head of Policy Analysis and Strategy at the Forum on Trade, Environment & the SDGs (which is a partnership of the Geneva Graduate Institute and United Nations Environmental Program), is a Visiting Fellow at the Institute for International Trade at the University of Adelaide, is am Adviser to the ACP and LDC Group in the WTO, is an Associate Fellow at the Hoffmann Centre for the Sustainable Resource Economy, was a Senior Policy Advisor at the International Institute for Sustainable Development and held various positions at the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, and holds a Master's Degree in International Relations and Affairs from the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies at the Geneva Graduate Institute. “Trade and Climate Change in the World Trade Organization”. TESS Policy Brief. 11-7-22. https://tessforum.org/latest/trade-and-climate-change-in-the-world-trade-organization

Climate change impacts trade effects of extreme weather on infrastructure and transport through changes in endowments and productivity viewed as major risk to supply chain profitability affect price, quality, and speed of , transport, and distribution changes in temperature, precipitation pests disease  particularly significant in  ag and fisheries . change crop yields  productivity natural resource endowments


Question: climate change impacts trade

That shuts down the entire system.

Christophe Bellmann. 22. Head of Policy Analysis and Strategy at the Forum on Trade, Environment & the SDGs (which is a partnership of the Geneva Graduate Institute and United Nations Environmental Program), is a Visiting Fellow at the Institute for International Trade at the University of Adelaide, is am Adviser to the ACP and LDC Group in the WTO, is an Associate Fellow at the Hoffmann Centre for the Sustainable Resource Economy, was a Senior Policy Advisor at the International Institute for Sustainable Development and held various positions at the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, and holds a Master's Degree in International Relations and Affairs from the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies at the Geneva Graduate Institute. “Trade and Climate Change in the World Trade Organization”. TESS Policy Brief. 11-7-22. https://tessforum.org/latest/trade-and-climate-change-in-the-world-trade-organization

Climate change impacts trade effects of extreme weather on infrastructure and transport through changes in endowments and productivity viewed as major risk to supply chain profitability affect price, quality, and speed of , transport, and distribution changes in temperature, precipitation pests disease  particularly significant in  ag and fisheries . change crop yields  productivity natural resource endowments


Question: extreme weather infrastructure transport

That shuts down the entire system.

Christophe Bellmann. 22. Head of Policy Analysis and Strategy at the Forum on Trade, Environment & the SDGs (which is a partnership of the Geneva Graduate Institute and United Nations Environmental Program), is a Visiting Fellow at the Institute for International Trade at the University of Adelaide, is am Adviser to the ACP and LDC Group in the WTO, is an Associate Fellow at the Hoffmann Centre for the Sustainable Resource Economy, was a Senior Policy Advisor at the International Institute for Sustainable Development and held various positions at the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, and holds a Master's Degree in International Relations and Affairs from the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies at the Geneva Graduate Institute. “Trade and Climate Change in the World Trade Organization”. TESS Policy Brief. 11-7-22. https://tessforum.org/latest/trade-and-climate-change-in-the-world-trade-organization

Climate change impacts trade effects of extreme weather on infrastructure and transport through changes in endowments and productivity viewed as major risk to supply chain profitability affect price, quality, and speed of , transport, and distribution changes in temperature, precipitation pests disease  particularly significant in  ag and fisheries . change crop yields  productivity natural resource endowments


Question: climate change supply chain risk

That shuts down the entire system.

Christophe Bellmann. 22. Head of Policy Analysis and Strategy at the Forum on Trade, Environment & the SDGs (which is a partnership of the Geneva Graduate Institute and United Nations Environmental Program), is a Visiting Fellow at the Institute for International Trade at the University of Adelaide, is am Adviser to the ACP and LDC Group in the WTO, is an Associate Fellow at the Hoffmann Centre for the Sustainable Resource Economy, was a Senior Policy Advisor at the International Institute for Sustainable Development and held various positions at the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, and holds a Master's Degree in International Relations and Affairs from the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies at the Geneva Graduate Institute. “Trade and Climate Change in the World Trade Organization”. TESS Policy Brief. 11-7-22. https://tessforum.org/latest/trade-and-climate-change-in-the-world-trade-organization

Climate change impacts trade effects of extreme weather on infrastructure and transport through changes in endowments and productivity viewed as major risk to supply chain profitability affect price, quality, and speed of , transport, and distribution changes in temperature, precipitation pests disease  particularly significant in  ag and fisheries . change crop yields  productivity natural resource endowments


Question: crop yields productivity change

That shuts down the entire system.

Christophe Bellmann. 22. Head of Policy Analysis and Strategy at the Forum on Trade, Environment & the SDGs (which is a partnership of the Geneva Graduate Institute and United Nations Environmental Program), is a Visiting Fellow at the Institute for International Trade at the University of Adelaide, is am Adviser to the ACP and LDC Group in the WTO, is an Associate Fellow at the Hoffmann Centre for the Sustainable Resource Economy, was a Senior Policy Advisor at the International Institute for Sustainable Development and held various positions at the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, and holds a Master's Degree in International Relations and Affairs from the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies at the Geneva Graduate Institute. “Trade and Climate Change in the World Trade Organization”. TESS Policy Brief. 11-7-22. https://tessforum.org/latest/trade-and-climate-change-in-the-world-trade-organization

Climate change impacts trade effects of extreme weather on infrastructure and transport through changes in endowments and productivity viewed as major risk to supply chain profitability affect price, quality, and speed of , transport, and distribution changes in temperature, precipitation pests disease  particularly significant in  ag and fisheries . change crop yields  productivity natural resource endowments


Question: trade and climate change WTO

That shuts down the entire system.

Christophe Bellmann. 22. Head of Policy Analysis and Strategy at the Forum on Trade, Environment & the SDGs (which is a partnership of the Geneva Graduate Institute and United Nations Environmental Program), is a Visiting Fellow at the Institute for International Trade at the University of Adelaide, is am Adviser to the ACP and LDC Group in the WTO, is an Associate Fellow at the Hoffmann Centre for the Sustainable Resource Economy, was a Senior Policy Advisor at the International Institute for Sustainable Development and held various positions at the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, and holds a Master's Degree in International Relations and Affairs from the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies at the Geneva Graduate Institute. “Trade and Climate Change in the World Trade Organization”. TESS Policy Brief. 11-7-22. https://tessforum.org/latest/trade-and-climate-change-in-the-world-trade-organization

Climate change impacts trade effects of extreme weather on infrastructure and transport through changes in endowments and productivity viewed as major risk to supply chain profitability affect price, quality, and speed of , transport, and distribution changes in temperature, precipitation pests disease  particularly significant in  ag and fisheries . change crop yields  productivity natural resource endowments


Question: Democratic communism good

The alternative is democratic-communism---an abolishment of markets, the state, AND the private sector.

Mau ’23 [Søren; July 18; Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Philosophy and the History of Ideas, Aarhus University, International Postdoctoral Fellow, Centre for Philosophy and Critical Thought, Department of Sociology, Goldsmiths University of London and Department for Arts and Cultural Studies, University of Copenhagen; VersoBooks, “Communism is Freedom,” https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/news/communism-is-freedom]

task  is strengthen belief in possibility of organizing shared life in better way ideas function as orientation help us make decisions about how to act makes sense to have discussions about free society Communism consist in democratic decision-making humans are political whose freedom realized through self-determination Communism establish institutions ensure highest degree of freedom and control state abolished private companies dissolved private means of production expropriated new institutions built , which would manage econ Everyone choose commune commune control everything necessary to cover needs minimize risk of centralization referendum common there be assemblies seats elections and lotteries counteract elite and professionalization important task passing econ plans that replace market mech s econ divided into necessity and freedom various incentives used assigned by lottery or bundled commune’s dedicated to eco restoration to regulate natural resources secure existence for future gen s communism dissimilar from authoritarian socialism communist society be free , classless , and diverse synonymous with democratic decision-making stable biosphere econ security


Question: Mau 23

The alternative is democratic-communism---an abolishment of markets, the state, AND the private sector.

Mau ’23 [Søren; July 18; Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Philosophy and the History of Ideas, Aarhus University, International Postdoctoral Fellow, Centre for Philosophy and Critical Thought, Department of Sociology, Goldsmiths University of London and Department for Arts and Cultural Studies, University of Copenhagen; VersoBooks, “Communism is Freedom,” https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/news/communism-is-freedom]

task  is strengthen belief in possibility of organizing shared life in better way ideas function as orientation help us make decisions about how to act makes sense to have discussions about free society Communism consist in democratic decision-making humans are political whose freedom realized through self-determination Communism establish institutions ensure highest degree of freedom and control state abolished private companies dissolved private means of production expropriated new institutions built , which would manage econ Everyone choose commune commune control everything necessary to cover needs minimize risk of centralization referendum common there be assemblies seats elections and lotteries counteract elite and professionalization important task passing econ plans that replace market mech s econ divided into necessity and freedom various incentives used assigned by lottery or bundled commune’s dedicated to eco restoration to regulate natural resources secure existence for future gen s communism dissimilar from authoritarian socialism communist society be free , classless , and diverse synonymous with democratic decision-making stable biosphere econ security


Question: communism is freedom

The alternative is democratic-communism---an abolishment of markets, the state, AND the private sector.

Mau ’23 [Søren; July 18; Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Philosophy and the History of Ideas, Aarhus University, International Postdoctoral Fellow, Centre for Philosophy and Critical Thought, Department of Sociology, Goldsmiths University of London and Department for Arts and Cultural Studies, University of Copenhagen; VersoBooks, “Communism is Freedom,” https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/news/communism-is-freedom]

task  is strengthen belief in possibility of organizing shared life in better way ideas function as orientation help us make decisions about how to act makes sense to have discussions about free society Communism consist in democratic decision-making humans are political whose freedom realized through self-determination Communism establish institutions ensure highest degree of freedom and control state abolished private companies dissolved private means of production expropriated new institutions built , which would manage econ Everyone choose commune commune control everything necessary to cover needs minimize risk of centralization referendum common there be assemblies seats elections and lotteries counteract elite and professionalization important task passing econ plans that replace market mech s econ divided into necessity and freedom various incentives used assigned by lottery or bundled commune’s dedicated to eco restoration to regulate natural resources secure existence for future gen s communism dissimilar from authoritarian socialism communist society be free , classless , and diverse synonymous with democratic decision-making stable biosphere econ security


Question: democratic communism abolishes the state

The alternative is democratic-communism---an abolishment of markets, the state, AND the private sector.

Mau ’23 [Søren; July 18; Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Philosophy and the History of Ideas, Aarhus University, International Postdoctoral Fellow, Centre for Philosophy and Critical Thought, Department of Sociology, Goldsmiths University of London and Department for Arts and Cultural Studies, University of Copenhagen; VersoBooks, “Communism is Freedom,” https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/news/communism-is-freedom]

task  is strengthen belief in possibility of organizing shared life in better way ideas function as orientation help us make decisions about how to act makes sense to have discussions about free society Communism consist in democratic decision-making humans are political whose freedom realized through self-determination Communism establish institutions ensure highest degree of freedom and control state abolished private companies dissolved private means of production expropriated new institutions built , which would manage econ Everyone choose commune commune control everything necessary to cover needs minimize risk of centralization referendum common there be assemblies seats elections and lotteries counteract elite and professionalization important task passing econ plans that replace market mech s econ divided into necessity and freedom various incentives used assigned by lottery or bundled commune’s dedicated to eco restoration to regulate natural resources secure existence for future gen s communism dissimilar from authoritarian socialism communist society be free , classless , and diverse synonymous with democratic decision-making stable biosphere econ security


Question: abolish markets state private sector

The alternative is democratic-communism---an abolishment of markets, the state, AND the private sector.

Mau ’23 [Søren; July 18; Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Philosophy and the History of Ideas, Aarhus University, International Postdoctoral Fellow, Centre for Philosophy and Critical Thought, Department of Sociology, Goldsmiths University of London and Department for Arts and Cultural Studies, University of Copenhagen; VersoBooks, “Communism is Freedom,” https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/news/communism-is-freedom]

task  is strengthen belief in possibility of organizing shared life in better way ideas function as orientation help us make decisions about how to act makes sense to have discussions about free society Communism consist in democratic decision-making humans are political whose freedom realized through self-determination Communism establish institutions ensure highest degree of freedom and control state abolished private companies dissolved private means of production expropriated new institutions built , which would manage econ Everyone choose commune commune control everything necessary to cover needs minimize risk of centralization referendum common there be assemblies seats elections and lotteries counteract elite and professionalization important task passing econ plans that replace market mech s econ divided into necessity and freedom various incentives used assigned by lottery or bundled commune’s dedicated to eco restoration to regulate natural resources secure existence for future gen s communism dissimilar from authoritarian socialism communist society be free , classless , and diverse synonymous with democratic decision-making stable biosphere econ security


Question: communism democratic decision making

The alternative is democratic-communism---an abolishment of markets, the state, AND the private sector.

Mau ’23 [Søren; July 18; Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Philosophy and the History of Ideas, Aarhus University, International Postdoctoral Fellow, Centre for Philosophy and Critical Thought, Department of Sociology, Goldsmiths University of London and Department for Arts and Cultural Studies, University of Copenhagen; VersoBooks, “Communism is Freedom,” https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/news/communism-is-freedom]

task  is strengthen belief in possibility of organizing shared life in better way ideas function as orientation help us make decisions about how to act makes sense to have discussions about free society Communism consist in democratic decision-making humans are political whose freedom realized through self-determination Communism establish institutions ensure highest degree of freedom and control state abolished private companies dissolved private means of production expropriated new institutions built , which would manage econ Everyone choose commune commune control everything necessary to cover needs minimize risk of centralization referendum common there be assemblies seats elections and lotteries counteract elite and professionalization important task passing econ plans that replace market mech s econ divided into necessity and freedom various incentives used assigned by lottery or bundled commune’s dedicated to eco restoration to regulate natural resources secure existence for future gen s communism dissimilar from authoritarian socialism communist society be free , classless , and diverse synonymous with democratic decision-making stable biosphere econ security


Question: communism econ security

The alternative is democratic-communism---an abolishment of markets, the state, AND the private sector.

Mau ’23 [Søren; July 18; Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Philosophy and the History of Ideas, Aarhus University, International Postdoctoral Fellow, Centre for Philosophy and Critical Thought, Department of Sociology, Goldsmiths University of London and Department for Arts and Cultural Studies, University of Copenhagen; VersoBooks, “Communism is Freedom,” https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/news/communism-is-freedom]

task  is strengthen belief in possibility of organizing shared life in better way ideas function as orientation help us make decisions about how to act makes sense to have discussions about free society Communism consist in democratic decision-making humans are political whose freedom realized through self-determination Communism establish institutions ensure highest degree of freedom and control state abolished private companies dissolved private means of production expropriated new institutions built , which would manage econ Everyone choose commune commune control everything necessary to cover needs minimize risk of centralization referendum common there be assemblies seats elections and lotteries counteract elite and professionalization important task passing econ plans that replace market mech s econ divided into necessity and freedom various incentives used assigned by lottery or bundled commune’s dedicated to eco restoration to regulate natural resources secure existence for future gen s communism dissimilar from authoritarian socialism communist society be free , classless , and diverse synonymous with democratic decision-making stable biosphere econ security


Question: Financial policy attacks capitalism

Do both. Financial policy attacks the core of capitalist production.

Jérôme DEYRIS Post-doctoral researcher @ SciencesPo Centre for European Studies and Comparative Politics ‘23 From price stability to climate stabilization?: the political economy of green central banking. Economics and Finance. Université de Nanterre - Paris X, 2023 p. 31-34

neoclassical economics adopts a ‘real view’ instead of a ‘ money view’ failing to take seriously  that capitalist economies are a monetary production economy environmental economics focus on ‘real’ variables to assess decarbonization through fiscal regulatory measures this should not lead to dogmatic rejection of financial policies with climate objectives capitalist economies as monetary production leads to the strategic importance  of finance finance is ‘the headquarters of the capitalist system financial actors decide the socio-technical system , once finance is seen as the starting point of capitalist development, it appears crucial in future decarbonizing pathways


Question: Jerome Deyris

Do both. Financial policy attacks the core of capitalist production.

Jérôme DEYRIS Post-doctoral researcher @ SciencesPo Centre for European Studies and Comparative Politics ‘23 From price stability to climate stabilization?: the political economy of green central banking. Economics and Finance. Université de Nanterre - Paris X, 2023 p. 31-34

neoclassical economics adopts a ‘real view’ instead of a ‘ money view’ failing to take seriously  that capitalist economies are a monetary production economy environmental economics focus on ‘real’ variables to assess decarbonization through fiscal regulatory measures this should not lead to dogmatic rejection of financial policies with climate objectives capitalist economies as monetary production leads to the strategic importance  of finance finance is ‘the headquarters of the capitalist system financial actors decide the socio-technical system , once finance is seen as the starting point of capitalist development, it appears crucial in future decarbonizing pathways


Question: capitalist economies monetary production

Do both. Financial policy attacks the core of capitalist production.

Jérôme DEYRIS Post-doctoral researcher @ SciencesPo Centre for European Studies and Comparative Politics ‘23 From price stability to climate stabilization?: the political economy of green central banking. Economics and Finance. Université de Nanterre - Paris X, 2023 p. 31-34

neoclassical economics adopts a ‘real view’ instead of a ‘ money view’ failing to take seriously  that capitalist economies are a monetary production economy environmental economics focus on ‘real’ variables to assess decarbonization through fiscal regulatory measures this should not lead to dogmatic rejection of financial policies with climate objectives capitalist economies as monetary production leads to the strategic importance  of finance finance is ‘the headquarters of the capitalist system financial actors decide the socio-technical system , once finance is seen as the starting point of capitalist development, it appears crucial in future decarbonizing pathways