Question: financial policy precautionary approach

AND the only spillover argument is the authors ‘hoping’ it is applied in other areas---INSERTING

Hugues Chenet et al. 21, Chenet is Associate Professor, Ph.D. in Internal Geophysics - University of Paris VII, IÉSEG School of Management; Ryan-Collins is Associate Professor in Economics and Finance, Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose, UCL; van Lerven is Institutional Partner and Helsinki Principle 2 workstream coordinator, Coalition of Finance Minister for Climate Action, World Bank, "Finance, climate-change and radical uncertainty: Towards a precautionary approach to financial policy," Ecological Economics, vol. 183, 05/2021, 106957, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092180092100015X

Beyond  climate change hope the framework developed in this paper  could be  extended  to  other complex challenges


Question: AFF causes green paradox

The AFF causes a green paradox.

Reyer Gerlagh 20. Department of Economics, Tilburg University, the Netherlands and Oslo Centre for Research on Environmental friendly Energy (CREE) , Roweno J.R.K. Heijmans Department of Economics, Tilburg University, the Netherlands , Knut Einar Rosendahl §School of Economics and Business of the Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway, Statistics Norway, and the Oslo Centre for Research on Environmental friendly Energy (CREE), “Endogenous Emission Caps Always Produce a Green Paradox∗”, https://www.tse-fr.eu/sites/default/files/TSE/documents/sem2020/environment/rosendahl.pdf

any system with quantity endogenous cap produces a green paradox increases aggregate emissions paradox may be substantial, especially if demand anticipated today announcement of future abatement can invert the long-run effects from a reduction increase in emissions demand reduction measures at any period If market foresees future demand reduction anticipating increase cumulative emissions The green paradox we consider is stronger than the classic one caused by an artificial market constructed to support climate policies


Question: Reyer Gerlagh 2020

The AFF causes a green paradox.

Reyer Gerlagh 20. Department of Economics, Tilburg University, the Netherlands and Oslo Centre for Research on Environmental friendly Energy (CREE) , Roweno J.R.K. Heijmans Department of Economics, Tilburg University, the Netherlands , Knut Einar Rosendahl §School of Economics and Business of the Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway, Statistics Norway, and the Oslo Centre for Research on Environmental friendly Energy (CREE), “Endogenous Emission Caps Always Produce a Green Paradox∗”, https://www.tse-fr.eu/sites/default/files/TSE/documents/sem2020/environment/rosendahl.pdf

any system with quantity endogenous cap produces a green paradox increases aggregate emissions paradox may be substantial, especially if demand anticipated today announcement of future abatement can invert the long-run effects from a reduction increase in emissions demand reduction measures at any period If market foresees future demand reduction anticipating increase cumulative emissions The green paradox we consider is stronger than the classic one caused by an artificial market constructed to support climate policies


Question: Endogenous Emission Caps Always

The AFF causes a green paradox.

Reyer Gerlagh 20. Department of Economics, Tilburg University, the Netherlands and Oslo Centre for Research on Environmental friendly Energy (CREE) , Roweno J.R.K. Heijmans Department of Economics, Tilburg University, the Netherlands , Knut Einar Rosendahl §School of Economics and Business of the Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway, Statistics Norway, and the Oslo Centre for Research on Environmental friendly Energy (CREE), “Endogenous Emission Caps Always Produce a Green Paradox∗”, https://www.tse-fr.eu/sites/default/files/TSE/documents/sem2020/environment/rosendahl.pdf

any system with quantity endogenous cap produces a green paradox increases aggregate emissions paradox may be substantial, especially if demand anticipated today announcement of future abatement can invert the long-run effects from a reduction increase in emissions demand reduction measures at any period If market foresees future demand reduction anticipating increase cumulative emissions The green paradox we consider is stronger than the classic one caused by an artificial market constructed to support climate policies


Question: Future abatement increase emissions

The AFF causes a green paradox.

Reyer Gerlagh 20. Department of Economics, Tilburg University, the Netherlands and Oslo Centre for Research on Environmental friendly Energy (CREE) , Roweno J.R.K. Heijmans Department of Economics, Tilburg University, the Netherlands , Knut Einar Rosendahl §School of Economics and Business of the Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway, Statistics Norway, and the Oslo Centre for Research on Environmental friendly Energy (CREE), “Endogenous Emission Caps Always Produce a Green Paradox∗”, https://www.tse-fr.eu/sites/default/files/TSE/documents/sem2020/environment/rosendahl.pdf

any system with quantity endogenous cap produces a green paradox increases aggregate emissions paradox may be substantial, especially if demand anticipated today announcement of future abatement can invert the long-run effects from a reduction increase in emissions demand reduction measures at any period If market foresees future demand reduction anticipating increase cumulative emissions The green paradox we consider is stronger than the classic one caused by an artificial market constructed to support climate policies


Question: Endogenous cap green paradox

The AFF causes a green paradox.

Reyer Gerlagh 20. Department of Economics, Tilburg University, the Netherlands and Oslo Centre for Research on Environmental friendly Energy (CREE) , Roweno J.R.K. Heijmans Department of Economics, Tilburg University, the Netherlands , Knut Einar Rosendahl §School of Economics and Business of the Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway, Statistics Norway, and the Oslo Centre for Research on Environmental friendly Energy (CREE), “Endogenous Emission Caps Always Produce a Green Paradox∗”, https://www.tse-fr.eu/sites/default/files/TSE/documents/sem2020/environment/rosendahl.pdf

any system with quantity endogenous cap produces a green paradox increases aggregate emissions paradox may be substantial, especially if demand anticipated today announcement of future abatement can invert the long-run effects from a reduction increase in emissions demand reduction measures at any period If market foresees future demand reduction anticipating increase cumulative emissions The green paradox we consider is stronger than the classic one caused by an artificial market constructed to support climate policies


Question: Demand reduction measures increase emissions

The AFF causes a green paradox.

Reyer Gerlagh 20. Department of Economics, Tilburg University, the Netherlands and Oslo Centre for Research on Environmental friendly Energy (CREE) , Roweno J.R.K. Heijmans Department of Economics, Tilburg University, the Netherlands , Knut Einar Rosendahl §School of Economics and Business of the Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway, Statistics Norway, and the Oslo Centre for Research on Environmental friendly Energy (CREE), “Endogenous Emission Caps Always Produce a Green Paradox∗”, https://www.tse-fr.eu/sites/default/files/TSE/documents/sem2020/environment/rosendahl.pdf

any system with quantity endogenous cap produces a green paradox increases aggregate emissions paradox may be substantial, especially if demand anticipated today announcement of future abatement can invert the long-run effects from a reduction increase in emissions demand reduction measures at any period If market foresees future demand reduction anticipating increase cumulative emissions The green paradox we consider is stronger than the classic one caused by an artificial market constructed to support climate policies


Question: MBI preserves role for the neg

Given the lack of other meaningful limiters in the resolution, MBI is chokepoint to preserve a tenable role for the neg.

V.B. Gupta 01. Principal Investigator School of Futures Studies and Planning, submitted to EMCaB-Environmental Economics Research Committee, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research. “Market Based Instruments for Regional Air Environment Management at Jamshedpur.” https://www.irade.org/eerc/pdf/IPP_FR_Gupta.pdf.

M b i wide range of mechanism hundreds of individual instruments include fines sanctions linked to CAC laissez-faire approaches consumer advocacy private litigation incentives tax subsidy approaches property rights In a broad sense MBI cover all price-related regulatory instruments harness commercial actors industry farmers transport users population at large


Question: VB Gupta 01

Given the lack of other meaningful limiters in the resolution, MBI is chokepoint to preserve a tenable role for the neg.

V.B. Gupta 01. Principal Investigator School of Futures Studies and Planning, submitted to EMCaB-Environmental Economics Research Committee, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research. “Market Based Instruments for Regional Air Environment Management at Jamshedpur.” https://www.irade.org/eerc/pdf/IPP_FR_Gupta.pdf.

M b i wide range of mechanism hundreds of individual instruments include fines sanctions linked to CAC laissez-faire approaches consumer advocacy private litigation incentives tax subsidy approaches property rights In a broad sense MBI cover all price-related regulatory instruments harness commercial actors industry farmers transport users population at large


Question: Market based instruments definition

Given the lack of other meaningful limiters in the resolution, MBI is chokepoint to preserve a tenable role for the neg.

V.B. Gupta 01. Principal Investigator School of Futures Studies and Planning, submitted to EMCaB-Environmental Economics Research Committee, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research. “Market Based Instruments for Regional Air Environment Management at Jamshedpur.” https://www.irade.org/eerc/pdf/IPP_FR_Gupta.pdf.

M b i wide range of mechanism hundreds of individual instruments include fines sanctions linked to CAC laissez-faire approaches consumer advocacy private litigation incentives tax subsidy approaches property rights In a broad sense MBI cover all price-related regulatory instruments harness commercial actors industry farmers transport users population at large


Question: MBI definition Gupta

Given the lack of other meaningful limiters in the resolution, MBI is chokepoint to preserve a tenable role for the neg.

V.B. Gupta 01. Principal Investigator School of Futures Studies and Planning, submitted to EMCaB-Environmental Economics Research Committee, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research. “Market Based Instruments for Regional Air Environment Management at Jamshedpur.” https://www.irade.org/eerc/pdf/IPP_FR_Gupta.pdf.

M b i wide range of mechanism hundreds of individual instruments include fines sanctions linked to CAC laissez-faire approaches consumer advocacy private litigation incentives tax subsidy approaches property rights In a broad sense MBI cover all price-related regulatory instruments harness commercial actors industry farmers transport users population at large


Question: MBI is a wide range of mechanisms

Given the lack of other meaningful limiters in the resolution, MBI is chokepoint to preserve a tenable role for the neg.

V.B. Gupta 01. Principal Investigator School of Futures Studies and Planning, submitted to EMCaB-Environmental Economics Research Committee, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research. “Market Based Instruments for Regional Air Environment Management at Jamshedpur.” https://www.irade.org/eerc/pdf/IPP_FR_Gupta.pdf.

M b i wide range of mechanism hundreds of individual instruments include fines sanctions linked to CAC laissez-faire approaches consumer advocacy private litigation incentives tax subsidy approaches property rights In a broad sense MBI cover all price-related regulatory instruments harness commercial actors industry farmers transport users population at large


Question: market based instruments are numerous

Given the lack of other meaningful limiters in the resolution, MBI is chokepoint to preserve a tenable role for the neg.

V.B. Gupta 01. Principal Investigator School of Futures Studies and Planning, submitted to EMCaB-Environmental Economics Research Committee, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research. “Market Based Instruments for Regional Air Environment Management at Jamshedpur.” https://www.irade.org/eerc/pdf/IPP_FR_Gupta.pdf.

M b i wide range of mechanism hundreds of individual instruments include fines sanctions linked to CAC laissez-faire approaches consumer advocacy private litigation incentives tax subsidy approaches property rights In a broad sense MBI cover all price-related regulatory instruments harness commercial actors industry farmers transport users population at large


Question: Util and consequentialism good

Util and consequentialism good

Greene 2010 – Joshua, Associate Professor of Social science in the Department of Psychology at Harvard University (The Secret Joke of Kant’s Soul published in Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings, accessed: www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/~lchang/material/Evolutionary/Developmental/Greene-KantSoul.pdf)

, it is unlikely there is any coherent moral theory that can accommodate moral intuitions Kant  fail to distinguish deontology from other approaches to ethics consequentialists  are against treating people as objects,  by counting every person's well-being deontolog y tautological : But don't explain anything there seems to be "something deeply right" because they give voice to powerful moral emotions . But they don't explain the philosophy in question


Question: Greene 2010

Util and consequentialism good

Greene 2010 – Joshua, Associate Professor of Social science in the Department of Psychology at Harvard University (The Secret Joke of Kant’s Soul published in Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings, accessed: www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/~lchang/material/Evolutionary/Developmental/Greene-KantSoul.pdf)

, it is unlikely there is any coherent moral theory that can accommodate moral intuitions Kant  fail to distinguish deontology from other approaches to ethics consequentialists  are against treating people as objects,  by counting every person's well-being deontolog y tautological : But don't explain anything there seems to be "something deeply right" because they give voice to powerful moral emotions . But they don't explain the philosophy in question


Question: Joshua Greene

Util and consequentialism good

Greene 2010 – Joshua, Associate Professor of Social science in the Department of Psychology at Harvard University (The Secret Joke of Kant’s Soul published in Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings, accessed: www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/~lchang/material/Evolutionary/Developmental/Greene-KantSoul.pdf)

, it is unlikely there is any coherent moral theory that can accommodate moral intuitions Kant  fail to distinguish deontology from other approaches to ethics consequentialists  are against treating people as objects,  by counting every person's well-being deontolog y tautological : But don't explain anything there seems to be "something deeply right" because they give voice to powerful moral emotions . But they don't explain the philosophy in question


Question: consequentialists against treating people as objects

Util and consequentialism good

Greene 2010 – Joshua, Associate Professor of Social science in the Department of Psychology at Harvard University (The Secret Joke of Kant’s Soul published in Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings, accessed: www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/~lchang/material/Evolutionary/Developmental/Greene-KantSoul.pdf)

, it is unlikely there is any coherent moral theory that can accommodate moral intuitions Kant  fail to distinguish deontology from other approaches to ethics consequentialists  are against treating people as objects,  by counting every person's well-being deontolog y tautological : But don't explain anything there seems to be "something deeply right" because they give voice to powerful moral emotions . But they don't explain the philosophy in question


Question: moral intuitions Kant

Util and consequentialism good

Greene 2010 – Joshua, Associate Professor of Social science in the Department of Psychology at Harvard University (The Secret Joke of Kant’s Soul published in Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings, accessed: www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/~lchang/material/Evolutionary/Developmental/Greene-KantSoul.pdf)

, it is unlikely there is any coherent moral theory that can accommodate moral intuitions Kant  fail to distinguish deontology from other approaches to ethics consequentialists  are against treating people as objects,  by counting every person's well-being deontolog y tautological : But don't explain anything there seems to be "something deeply right" because they give voice to powerful moral emotions . But they don't explain the philosophy in question


Question: every person's well-being

Util and consequentialism good

Greene 2010 – Joshua, Associate Professor of Social science in the Department of Psychology at Harvard University (The Secret Joke of Kant’s Soul published in Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings, accessed: www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/~lchang/material/Evolutionary/Developmental/Greene-KantSoul.pdf)

, it is unlikely there is any coherent moral theory that can accommodate moral intuitions Kant  fail to distinguish deontology from other approaches to ethics consequentialists  are against treating people as objects,  by counting every person's well-being deontolog y tautological : But don't explain anything there seems to be "something deeply right" because they give voice to powerful moral emotions . But they don't explain the philosophy in question


Question: deontology tautological

Util and consequentialism good

Greene 2010 – Joshua, Associate Professor of Social science in the Department of Psychology at Harvard University (The Secret Joke of Kant’s Soul published in Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings, accessed: www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/~lchang/material/Evolutionary/Developmental/Greene-KantSoul.pdf)

, it is unlikely there is any coherent moral theory that can accommodate moral intuitions Kant  fail to distinguish deontology from other approaches to ethics consequentialists  are against treating people as objects,  by counting every person's well-being deontolog y tautological : But don't explain anything there seems to be "something deeply right" because they give voice to powerful moral emotions . But they don't explain the philosophy in question


Question: Tech breakthroughs insufficient for ecocatastrophe

Tech breakthroughs are insufficient to solve ecocatastrophe, but the alt solves innovation better

Hickel 23 – professor at the Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA-UAB) and the Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the Autonomous University of Barcelona

degrowth embraces tech change But recognizes this alone will not be enough we need countries to reduce energy use at a speed faster than efficiency alone could possibly deliver Degrowth credibly promises to manage tech better than capitalism The conflict is not tech It is how tech is imagined and the conditions  under which it is deployed tech progress do not need growth innovations can be achieved directly through public investment while scaling down production talent organized around advertising can be remobilized growth imperatives limit tech progress firms innovat around profits So we get planned obsolescence or innovations locked under patents


Question: Hickel 23

Tech breakthroughs are insufficient to solve ecocatastrophe, but the alt solves innovation better

Hickel 23 – professor at the Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA-UAB) and the Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the Autonomous University of Barcelona

degrowth embraces tech change But recognizes this alone will not be enough we need countries to reduce energy use at a speed faster than efficiency alone could possibly deliver Degrowth credibly promises to manage tech better than capitalism The conflict is not tech It is how tech is imagined and the conditions  under which it is deployed tech progress do not need growth innovations can be achieved directly through public investment while scaling down production talent organized around advertising can be remobilized growth imperatives limit tech progress firms innovat around profits So we get planned obsolescence or innovations locked under patents


Question: degrowth manages tech better capitalism

Tech breakthroughs are insufficient to solve ecocatastrophe, but the alt solves innovation better

Hickel 23 – professor at the Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA-UAB) and the Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the Autonomous University of Barcelona

degrowth embraces tech change But recognizes this alone will not be enough we need countries to reduce energy use at a speed faster than efficiency alone could possibly deliver Degrowth credibly promises to manage tech better than capitalism The conflict is not tech It is how tech is imagined and the conditions  under which it is deployed tech progress do not need growth innovations can be achieved directly through public investment while scaling down production talent organized around advertising can be remobilized growth imperatives limit tech progress firms innovat around profits So we get planned obsolescence or innovations locked under patents


Question: Tech progress does not need growth

Tech breakthroughs are insufficient to solve ecocatastrophe, but the alt solves innovation better

Hickel 23 – professor at the Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA-UAB) and the Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the Autonomous University of Barcelona

degrowth embraces tech change But recognizes this alone will not be enough we need countries to reduce energy use at a speed faster than efficiency alone could possibly deliver Degrowth credibly promises to manage tech better than capitalism The conflict is not tech It is how tech is imagined and the conditions  under which it is deployed tech progress do not need growth innovations can be achieved directly through public investment while scaling down production talent organized around advertising can be remobilized growth imperatives limit tech progress firms innovat around profits So we get planned obsolescence or innovations locked under patents


Question: innovation through public investment

Tech breakthroughs are insufficient to solve ecocatastrophe, but the alt solves innovation better

Hickel 23 – professor at the Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA-UAB) and the Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the Autonomous University of Barcelona

degrowth embraces tech change But recognizes this alone will not be enough we need countries to reduce energy use at a speed faster than efficiency alone could possibly deliver Degrowth credibly promises to manage tech better than capitalism The conflict is not tech It is how tech is imagined and the conditions  under which it is deployed tech progress do not need growth innovations can be achieved directly through public investment while scaling down production talent organized around advertising can be remobilized growth imperatives limit tech progress firms innovat around profits So we get planned obsolescence or innovations locked under patents


Question: Degrowth embraces tech change

Tech breakthroughs are insufficient to solve ecocatastrophe, but the alt solves innovation better

Hickel 23 – professor at the Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA-UAB) and the Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the Autonomous University of Barcelona

degrowth embraces tech change But recognizes this alone will not be enough we need countries to reduce energy use at a speed faster than efficiency alone could possibly deliver Degrowth credibly promises to manage tech better than capitalism The conflict is not tech It is how tech is imagined and the conditions  under which it is deployed tech progress do not need growth innovations can be achieved directly through public investment while scaling down production talent organized around advertising can be remobilized growth imperatives limit tech progress firms innovat around profits So we get planned obsolescence or innovations locked under patents


Question: Tech won't solve ecocatastrophe

Tech breakthroughs are insufficient to solve ecocatastrophe, but the alt solves innovation better

Hickel 23 – professor at the Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA-UAB) and the Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the Autonomous University of Barcelona

degrowth embraces tech change But recognizes this alone will not be enough we need countries to reduce energy use at a speed faster than efficiency alone could possibly deliver Degrowth credibly promises to manage tech better than capitalism The conflict is not tech It is how tech is imagined and the conditions  under which it is deployed tech progress do not need growth innovations can be achieved directly through public investment while scaling down production talent organized around advertising can be remobilized growth imperatives limit tech progress firms innovat around profits So we get planned obsolescence or innovations locked under patents


Question: ecocatastrophe alt solves innovation better

Tech breakthroughs are insufficient to solve ecocatastrophe, but the alt solves innovation better

Hickel 23 – professor at the Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA-UAB) and the Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the Autonomous University of Barcelona

degrowth embraces tech change But recognizes this alone will not be enough we need countries to reduce energy use at a speed faster than efficiency alone could possibly deliver Degrowth credibly promises to manage tech better than capitalism The conflict is not tech It is how tech is imagined and the conditions  under which it is deployed tech progress do not need growth innovations can be achieved directly through public investment while scaling down production talent organized around advertising can be remobilized growth imperatives limit tech progress firms innovat around profits So we get planned obsolescence or innovations locked under patents


Question: China capabilities

Capabilities.

Tom O'Connor, award-winning senior writer of foreign policy at Newsweek, and Naveed Jamali, Editor @ Newsweek, ’21, "As China gray zone warfare escalates, U.S. may stand to lose first shooting battle," Newsweek, https://www.newsweek.com/china-gray-zone-wars-us-lose-first-battle-1573318

The U S and China are conducting carefully calculated tests one wrong move could lead to out conflict the U.S. could lose Goldstein professor at the Naval War College told scenarios for confrontation are extremely challenging the situation is dark China has adequate forces air , , electronic spec ops , naval , and  nuclear  to prevail he attributed China's upper hand to favorable geography greater will and willingness to strike first China has already exceeded the U S in shipbuilding ballistic missiles, and air defense these categories would prove decisive in a hypothetical fight over the S C S James E. Fanell director of Intelligence told the PLA Rocket Force put U.S. carriers at risk with fielding DF-21 and 26 anti-carrier missiles China's use of maritime hybrid war near disputed islands in the S C S push the boundaries of sea control The 'grey zone' strategy to swarm waters overwhelm Navy warship sensors and defense perimeters


Question: O'Connor and Jamali

Capabilities.

Tom O'Connor, award-winning senior writer of foreign policy at Newsweek, and Naveed Jamali, Editor @ Newsweek, ’21, "As China gray zone warfare escalates, U.S. may stand to lose first shooting battle," Newsweek, https://www.newsweek.com/china-gray-zone-wars-us-lose-first-battle-1573318

The U S and China are conducting carefully calculated tests one wrong move could lead to out conflict the U.S. could lose Goldstein professor at the Naval War College told scenarios for confrontation are extremely challenging the situation is dark China has adequate forces air , , electronic spec ops , naval , and  nuclear  to prevail he attributed China's upper hand to favorable geography greater will and willingness to strike first China has already exceeded the U S in shipbuilding ballistic missiles, and air defense these categories would prove decisive in a hypothetical fight over the S C S James E. Fanell director of Intelligence told the PLA Rocket Force put U.S. carriers at risk with fielding DF-21 and 26 anti-carrier missiles China's use of maritime hybrid war near disputed islands in the S C S push the boundaries of sea control The 'grey zone' strategy to swarm waters overwhelm Navy warship sensors and defense perimeters


Question: China exceeds US in shipbuilding

Capabilities.

Tom O'Connor, award-winning senior writer of foreign policy at Newsweek, and Naveed Jamali, Editor @ Newsweek, ’21, "As China gray zone warfare escalates, U.S. may stand to lose first shooting battle," Newsweek, https://www.newsweek.com/china-gray-zone-wars-us-lose-first-battle-1573318

The U S and China are conducting carefully calculated tests one wrong move could lead to out conflict the U.S. could lose Goldstein professor at the Naval War College told scenarios for confrontation are extremely challenging the situation is dark China has adequate forces air , , electronic spec ops , naval , and  nuclear  to prevail he attributed China's upper hand to favorable geography greater will and willingness to strike first China has already exceeded the U S in shipbuilding ballistic missiles, and air defense these categories would prove decisive in a hypothetical fight over the S C S James E. Fanell director of Intelligence told the PLA Rocket Force put U.S. carriers at risk with fielding DF-21 and 26 anti-carrier missiles China's use of maritime hybrid war near disputed islands in the S C S push the boundaries of sea control The 'grey zone' strategy to swarm waters overwhelm Navy warship sensors and defense perimeters


Question: China gray zone warfare

Capabilities.

Tom O'Connor, award-winning senior writer of foreign policy at Newsweek, and Naveed Jamali, Editor @ Newsweek, ’21, "As China gray zone warfare escalates, U.S. may stand to lose first shooting battle," Newsweek, https://www.newsweek.com/china-gray-zone-wars-us-lose-first-battle-1573318

The U S and China are conducting carefully calculated tests one wrong move could lead to out conflict the U.S. could lose Goldstein professor at the Naval War College told scenarios for confrontation are extremely challenging the situation is dark China has adequate forces air , , electronic spec ops , naval , and  nuclear  to prevail he attributed China's upper hand to favorable geography greater will and willingness to strike first China has already exceeded the U S in shipbuilding ballistic missiles, and air defense these categories would prove decisive in a hypothetical fight over the S C S James E. Fanell director of Intelligence told the PLA Rocket Force put U.S. carriers at risk with fielding DF-21 and 26 anti-carrier missiles China's use of maritime hybrid war near disputed islands in the S C S push the boundaries of sea control The 'grey zone' strategy to swarm waters overwhelm Navy warship sensors and defense perimeters


Question: China willing to strike first

Capabilities.

Tom O'Connor, award-winning senior writer of foreign policy at Newsweek, and Naveed Jamali, Editor @ Newsweek, ’21, "As China gray zone warfare escalates, U.S. may stand to lose first shooting battle," Newsweek, https://www.newsweek.com/china-gray-zone-wars-us-lose-first-battle-1573318

The U S and China are conducting carefully calculated tests one wrong move could lead to out conflict the U.S. could lose Goldstein professor at the Naval War College told scenarios for confrontation are extremely challenging the situation is dark China has adequate forces air , , electronic spec ops , naval , and  nuclear  to prevail he attributed China's upper hand to favorable geography greater will and willingness to strike first China has already exceeded the U S in shipbuilding ballistic missiles, and air defense these categories would prove decisive in a hypothetical fight over the S C S James E. Fanell director of Intelligence told the PLA Rocket Force put U.S. carriers at risk with fielding DF-21 and 26 anti-carrier missiles China's use of maritime hybrid war near disputed islands in the S C S push the boundaries of sea control The 'grey zone' strategy to swarm waters overwhelm Navy warship sensors and defense perimeters


Question: SCS fight likely for China

Capabilities.

Tom O'Connor, award-winning senior writer of foreign policy at Newsweek, and Naveed Jamali, Editor @ Newsweek, ’21, "As China gray zone warfare escalates, U.S. may stand to lose first shooting battle," Newsweek, https://www.newsweek.com/china-gray-zone-wars-us-lose-first-battle-1573318

The U S and China are conducting carefully calculated tests one wrong move could lead to out conflict the U.S. could lose Goldstein professor at the Naval War College told scenarios for confrontation are extremely challenging the situation is dark China has adequate forces air , , electronic spec ops , naval , and  nuclear  to prevail he attributed China's upper hand to favorable geography greater will and willingness to strike first China has already exceeded the U S in shipbuilding ballistic missiles, and air defense these categories would prove decisive in a hypothetical fight over the S C S James E. Fanell director of Intelligence told the PLA Rocket Force put U.S. carriers at risk with fielding DF-21 and 26 anti-carrier missiles China's use of maritime hybrid war near disputed islands in the S C S push the boundaries of sea control The 'grey zone' strategy to swarm waters overwhelm Navy warship sensors and defense perimeters


Question: China military capabilities

Capabilities.

Tom O'Connor, award-winning senior writer of foreign policy at Newsweek, and Naveed Jamali, Editor @ Newsweek, ’21, "As China gray zone warfare escalates, U.S. may stand to lose first shooting battle," Newsweek, https://www.newsweek.com/china-gray-zone-wars-us-lose-first-battle-1573318

The U S and China are conducting carefully calculated tests one wrong move could lead to out conflict the U.S. could lose Goldstein professor at the Naval War College told scenarios for confrontation are extremely challenging the situation is dark China has adequate forces air , , electronic spec ops , naval , and  nuclear  to prevail he attributed China's upper hand to favorable geography greater will and willingness to strike first China has already exceeded the U S in shipbuilding ballistic missiles, and air defense these categories would prove decisive in a hypothetical fight over the S C S James E. Fanell director of Intelligence told the PLA Rocket Force put U.S. carriers at risk with fielding DF-21 and 26 anti-carrier missiles China's use of maritime hybrid war near disputed islands in the S C S push the boundaries of sea control The 'grey zone' strategy to swarm waters overwhelm Navy warship sensors and defense perimeters


Question: China overwhelms Navy warship sensors

Capabilities.

Tom O'Connor, award-winning senior writer of foreign policy at Newsweek, and Naveed Jamali, Editor @ Newsweek, ’21, "As China gray zone warfare escalates, U.S. may stand to lose first shooting battle," Newsweek, https://www.newsweek.com/china-gray-zone-wars-us-lose-first-battle-1573318

The U S and China are conducting carefully calculated tests one wrong move could lead to out conflict the U.S. could lose Goldstein professor at the Naval War College told scenarios for confrontation are extremely challenging the situation is dark China has adequate forces air , , electronic spec ops , naval , and  nuclear  to prevail he attributed China's upper hand to favorable geography greater will and willingness to strike first China has already exceeded the U S in shipbuilding ballistic missiles, and air defense these categories would prove decisive in a hypothetical fight over the S C S James E. Fanell director of Intelligence told the PLA Rocket Force put U.S. carriers at risk with fielding DF-21 and 26 anti-carrier missiles China's use of maritime hybrid war near disputed islands in the S C S push the boundaries of sea control The 'grey zone' strategy to swarm waters overwhelm Navy warship sensors and defense perimeters


Question: Only federal action solves

Only federal action solves.

Nicholas Bianco et al. 20. Program Director at Sequoia Climate Foundation. **Franz Litz, JD in Environmental Law from Boston College. **Devashree Saha, Ph.D in public policy from UT Austin. **Tyler Clevenger, Presidential Management Fellow at the Department of Transportation. **Dan Lashof, Director of World Resources Institute. “New Climate Federalism: Defining Federal, State, and Local Roles in a U.S. Policy Framework to Achieve Decarbonization.” World Resources Institute. October 2020. https://files.wri.org/d8/s3fs-public/new-climate-federalism-working-paper.pdf

federal role appropriate in national targets consistent with international engagement leadership  will be necessary States prohibited from treaties RD&D require expertise resources not available to state s fed has expertise is uniquely positioned  to support state action


Question: Bianco et al

Only federal action solves.

Nicholas Bianco et al. 20. Program Director at Sequoia Climate Foundation. **Franz Litz, JD in Environmental Law from Boston College. **Devashree Saha, Ph.D in public policy from UT Austin. **Tyler Clevenger, Presidential Management Fellow at the Department of Transportation. **Dan Lashof, Director of World Resources Institute. “New Climate Federalism: Defining Federal, State, and Local Roles in a U.S. Policy Framework to Achieve Decarbonization.” World Resources Institute. October 2020. https://files.wri.org/d8/s3fs-public/new-climate-federalism-working-paper.pdf

federal role appropriate in national targets consistent with international engagement leadership  will be necessary States prohibited from treaties RD&D require expertise resources not available to state s fed has expertise is uniquely positioned  to support state action


Question: New Climate Federalism

Only federal action solves.

Nicholas Bianco et al. 20. Program Director at Sequoia Climate Foundation. **Franz Litz, JD in Environmental Law from Boston College. **Devashree Saha, Ph.D in public policy from UT Austin. **Tyler Clevenger, Presidential Management Fellow at the Department of Transportation. **Dan Lashof, Director of World Resources Institute. “New Climate Federalism: Defining Federal, State, and Local Roles in a U.S. Policy Framework to Achieve Decarbonization.” World Resources Institute. October 2020. https://files.wri.org/d8/s3fs-public/new-climate-federalism-working-paper.pdf

federal role appropriate in national targets consistent with international engagement leadership  will be necessary States prohibited from treaties RD&D require expertise resources not available to state s fed has expertise is uniquely positioned  to support state action


Question: Federal leadership necessary

Only federal action solves.

Nicholas Bianco et al. 20. Program Director at Sequoia Climate Foundation. **Franz Litz, JD in Environmental Law from Boston College. **Devashree Saha, Ph.D in public policy from UT Austin. **Tyler Clevenger, Presidential Management Fellow at the Department of Transportation. **Dan Lashof, Director of World Resources Institute. “New Climate Federalism: Defining Federal, State, and Local Roles in a U.S. Policy Framework to Achieve Decarbonization.” World Resources Institute. October 2020. https://files.wri.org/d8/s3fs-public/new-climate-federalism-working-paper.pdf

federal role appropriate in national targets consistent with international engagement leadership  will be necessary States prohibited from treaties RD&D require expertise resources not available to state s fed has expertise is uniquely positioned  to support state action


Question: States prohibited from treaties

Only federal action solves.

Nicholas Bianco et al. 20. Program Director at Sequoia Climate Foundation. **Franz Litz, JD in Environmental Law from Boston College. **Devashree Saha, Ph.D in public policy from UT Austin. **Tyler Clevenger, Presidential Management Fellow at the Department of Transportation. **Dan Lashof, Director of World Resources Institute. “New Climate Federalism: Defining Federal, State, and Local Roles in a U.S. Policy Framework to Achieve Decarbonization.” World Resources Institute. October 2020. https://files.wri.org/d8/s3fs-public/new-climate-federalism-working-paper.pdf

federal role appropriate in national targets consistent with international engagement leadership  will be necessary States prohibited from treaties RD&D require expertise resources not available to state s fed has expertise is uniquely positioned  to support state action


Question: Federal action best climate

Only federal action solves.

Nicholas Bianco et al. 20. Program Director at Sequoia Climate Foundation. **Franz Litz, JD in Environmental Law from Boston College. **Devashree Saha, Ph.D in public policy from UT Austin. **Tyler Clevenger, Presidential Management Fellow at the Department of Transportation. **Dan Lashof, Director of World Resources Institute. “New Climate Federalism: Defining Federal, State, and Local Roles in a U.S. Policy Framework to Achieve Decarbonization.” World Resources Institute. October 2020. https://files.wri.org/d8/s3fs-public/new-climate-federalism-working-paper.pdf

federal role appropriate in national targets consistent with international engagement leadership  will be necessary States prohibited from treaties RD&D require expertise resources not available to state s fed has expertise is uniquely positioned  to support state action


Question: ecological stress colonial research paradigm

The 1AC’s securitization of ecological stress reflects a colonial research paradigm that authorizes land grabs and armed intervention.

Billings 24, Master of Science Thesis, Community and Environmental Sociology; Research Assistant @ University of Wisconsin-Madison. (Kristen R., 8-23-2024, “Resilient Empire: The Coloniality of U.S. Climate Securitization and Abolitionist Countertopographies Of Militarism,” p. 12-18, http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/85692)

warnings ecological stress would damage U.S. national security signaled a shift to securitization , a discursive process by which actors articulate issues and remove them from politics Ecological concerns became the purview of military planners securitization of the environment disenfranchises the majority, stripping environmental ‘speech’ from emancipatory projects legitimate concerns about the environment were transmogrified into a scarcity-conflict model that built an image of a degraded and violent Third world publications posited limited access to fish was a causal predictor of conflict their methods renew discredited determinist thinking and perpetuat racialized stereotypes Climatic determinism were central to European imperial traditions Colonial claims non-white populations were incapable of self-governance and susceptible to violence disorder motivated martial and humanitarian interventions and were central to U.S. empire-building Scarcity, rather than being a product of uncontrollable pressures such as drought is the result of artificial supply shortages scarcity is mobilized to legitimize land grabs and authorize external management of resources invocations of scarcity reproduce colonial imaginaries of racialized primitive others incapable of responsibly using resources nuclear fear colonized the very idea of the catastrophic It was deployed to create a security state it taught to think as nuclear subjects and transform that cataclysmic vision into nation-building nuclear attack exercises were means of installing specific ideas about nuclear crisis then mobilizing that imagined crisis as a means of militarizing the public The bomb folds terrors and hegemonic desires together This image of catastrophe enabling consensus of global capitalism through mass psycho-social regulation the state transformed catastrophe into a core tool of domestic governance . Evoking the sudden end of American civilization has since become a basic tool in governance a reliable means of blocking debate as well as taking extraordinary actions recently invading other states and conducting deadly drone strikes hyper-rationality of the nuclear system is an attempt to  over-ride inevitable reality of its use U.S. security logics are structured by fear of the surprise attack nuclear fear has been coded into American culture


Question: Billings 24 climate securitization

The 1AC’s securitization of ecological stress reflects a colonial research paradigm that authorizes land grabs and armed intervention.

Billings 24, Master of Science Thesis, Community and Environmental Sociology; Research Assistant @ University of Wisconsin-Madison. (Kristen R., 8-23-2024, “Resilient Empire: The Coloniality of U.S. Climate Securitization and Abolitionist Countertopographies Of Militarism,” p. 12-18, http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/85692)

warnings ecological stress would damage U.S. national security signaled a shift to securitization , a discursive process by which actors articulate issues and remove them from politics Ecological concerns became the purview of military planners securitization of the environment disenfranchises the majority, stripping environmental ‘speech’ from emancipatory projects legitimate concerns about the environment were transmogrified into a scarcity-conflict model that built an image of a degraded and violent Third world publications posited limited access to fish was a causal predictor of conflict their methods renew discredited determinist thinking and perpetuat racialized stereotypes Climatic determinism were central to European imperial traditions Colonial claims non-white populations were incapable of self-governance and susceptible to violence disorder motivated martial and humanitarian interventions and were central to U.S. empire-building Scarcity, rather than being a product of uncontrollable pressures such as drought is the result of artificial supply shortages scarcity is mobilized to legitimize land grabs and authorize external management of resources invocations of scarcity reproduce colonial imaginaries of racialized primitive others incapable of responsibly using resources nuclear fear colonized the very idea of the catastrophic It was deployed to create a security state it taught to think as nuclear subjects and transform that cataclysmic vision into nation-building nuclear attack exercises were means of installing specific ideas about nuclear crisis then mobilizing that imagined crisis as a means of militarizing the public The bomb folds terrors and hegemonic desires together This image of catastrophe enabling consensus of global capitalism through mass psycho-social regulation the state transformed catastrophe into a core tool of domestic governance . Evoking the sudden end of American civilization has since become a basic tool in governance a reliable means of blocking debate as well as taking extraordinary actions recently invading other states and conducting deadly drone strikes hyper-rationality of the nuclear system is an attempt to  over-ride inevitable reality of its use U.S. security logics are structured by fear of the surprise attack nuclear fear has been coded into American culture


Question: Kristen Billings climate securitization

The 1AC’s securitization of ecological stress reflects a colonial research paradigm that authorizes land grabs and armed intervention.

Billings 24, Master of Science Thesis, Community and Environmental Sociology; Research Assistant @ University of Wisconsin-Madison. (Kristen R., 8-23-2024, “Resilient Empire: The Coloniality of U.S. Climate Securitization and Abolitionist Countertopographies Of Militarism,” p. 12-18, http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/85692)

warnings ecological stress would damage U.S. national security signaled a shift to securitization , a discursive process by which actors articulate issues and remove them from politics Ecological concerns became the purview of military planners securitization of the environment disenfranchises the majority, stripping environmental ‘speech’ from emancipatory projects legitimate concerns about the environment were transmogrified into a scarcity-conflict model that built an image of a degraded and violent Third world publications posited limited access to fish was a causal predictor of conflict their methods renew discredited determinist thinking and perpetuat racialized stereotypes Climatic determinism were central to European imperial traditions Colonial claims non-white populations were incapable of self-governance and susceptible to violence disorder motivated martial and humanitarian interventions and were central to U.S. empire-building Scarcity, rather than being a product of uncontrollable pressures such as drought is the result of artificial supply shortages scarcity is mobilized to legitimize land grabs and authorize external management of resources invocations of scarcity reproduce colonial imaginaries of racialized primitive others incapable of responsibly using resources nuclear fear colonized the very idea of the catastrophic It was deployed to create a security state it taught to think as nuclear subjects and transform that cataclysmic vision into nation-building nuclear attack exercises were means of installing specific ideas about nuclear crisis then mobilizing that imagined crisis as a means of militarizing the public The bomb folds terrors and hegemonic desires together This image of catastrophe enabling consensus of global capitalism through mass psycho-social regulation the state transformed catastrophe into a core tool of domestic governance . Evoking the sudden end of American civilization has since become a basic tool in governance a reliable means of blocking debate as well as taking extraordinary actions recently invading other states and conducting deadly drone strikes hyper-rationality of the nuclear system is an attempt to  over-ride inevitable reality of its use U.S. security logics are structured by fear of the surprise attack nuclear fear has been coded into American culture


Question: securitization disenfranchises majority

The 1AC’s securitization of ecological stress reflects a colonial research paradigm that authorizes land grabs and armed intervention.

Billings 24, Master of Science Thesis, Community and Environmental Sociology; Research Assistant @ University of Wisconsin-Madison. (Kristen R., 8-23-2024, “Resilient Empire: The Coloniality of U.S. Climate Securitization and Abolitionist Countertopographies Of Militarism,” p. 12-18, http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/85692)

warnings ecological stress would damage U.S. national security signaled a shift to securitization , a discursive process by which actors articulate issues and remove them from politics Ecological concerns became the purview of military planners securitization of the environment disenfranchises the majority, stripping environmental ‘speech’ from emancipatory projects legitimate concerns about the environment were transmogrified into a scarcity-conflict model that built an image of a degraded and violent Third world publications posited limited access to fish was a causal predictor of conflict their methods renew discredited determinist thinking and perpetuat racialized stereotypes Climatic determinism were central to European imperial traditions Colonial claims non-white populations were incapable of self-governance and susceptible to violence disorder motivated martial and humanitarian interventions and were central to U.S. empire-building Scarcity, rather than being a product of uncontrollable pressures such as drought is the result of artificial supply shortages scarcity is mobilized to legitimize land grabs and authorize external management of resources invocations of scarcity reproduce colonial imaginaries of racialized primitive others incapable of responsibly using resources nuclear fear colonized the very idea of the catastrophic It was deployed to create a security state it taught to think as nuclear subjects and transform that cataclysmic vision into nation-building nuclear attack exercises were means of installing specific ideas about nuclear crisis then mobilizing that imagined crisis as a means of militarizing the public The bomb folds terrors and hegemonic desires together This image of catastrophe enabling consensus of global capitalism through mass psycho-social regulation the state transformed catastrophe into a core tool of domestic governance . Evoking the sudden end of American civilization has since become a basic tool in governance a reliable means of blocking debate as well as taking extraordinary actions recently invading other states and conducting deadly drone strikes hyper-rationality of the nuclear system is an attempt to  over-ride inevitable reality of its use U.S. security logics are structured by fear of the surprise attack nuclear fear has been coded into American culture


Question: scarcity legitimizes land grabs

The 1AC’s securitization of ecological stress reflects a colonial research paradigm that authorizes land grabs and armed intervention.

Billings 24, Master of Science Thesis, Community and Environmental Sociology; Research Assistant @ University of Wisconsin-Madison. (Kristen R., 8-23-2024, “Resilient Empire: The Coloniality of U.S. Climate Securitization and Abolitionist Countertopographies Of Militarism,” p. 12-18, http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/85692)

warnings ecological stress would damage U.S. national security signaled a shift to securitization , a discursive process by which actors articulate issues and remove them from politics Ecological concerns became the purview of military planners securitization of the environment disenfranchises the majority, stripping environmental ‘speech’ from emancipatory projects legitimate concerns about the environment were transmogrified into a scarcity-conflict model that built an image of a degraded and violent Third world publications posited limited access to fish was a causal predictor of conflict their methods renew discredited determinist thinking and perpetuat racialized stereotypes Climatic determinism were central to European imperial traditions Colonial claims non-white populations were incapable of self-governance and susceptible to violence disorder motivated martial and humanitarian interventions and were central to U.S. empire-building Scarcity, rather than being a product of uncontrollable pressures such as drought is the result of artificial supply shortages scarcity is mobilized to legitimize land grabs and authorize external management of resources invocations of scarcity reproduce colonial imaginaries of racialized primitive others incapable of responsibly using resources nuclear fear colonized the very idea of the catastrophic It was deployed to create a security state it taught to think as nuclear subjects and transform that cataclysmic vision into nation-building nuclear attack exercises were means of installing specific ideas about nuclear crisis then mobilizing that imagined crisis as a means of militarizing the public The bomb folds terrors and hegemonic desires together This image of catastrophe enabling consensus of global capitalism through mass psycho-social regulation the state transformed catastrophe into a core tool of domestic governance . Evoking the sudden end of American civilization has since become a basic tool in governance a reliable means of blocking debate as well as taking extraordinary actions recently invading other states and conducting deadly drone strikes hyper-rationality of the nuclear system is an attempt to  over-ride inevitable reality of its use U.S. security logics are structured by fear of the surprise attack nuclear fear has been coded into American culture


Question: nuclear fear colonized catastrophic

The 1AC’s securitization of ecological stress reflects a colonial research paradigm that authorizes land grabs and armed intervention.

Billings 24, Master of Science Thesis, Community and Environmental Sociology; Research Assistant @ University of Wisconsin-Madison. (Kristen R., 8-23-2024, “Resilient Empire: The Coloniality of U.S. Climate Securitization and Abolitionist Countertopographies Of Militarism,” p. 12-18, http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/85692)

warnings ecological stress would damage U.S. national security signaled a shift to securitization , a discursive process by which actors articulate issues and remove them from politics Ecological concerns became the purview of military planners securitization of the environment disenfranchises the majority, stripping environmental ‘speech’ from emancipatory projects legitimate concerns about the environment were transmogrified into a scarcity-conflict model that built an image of a degraded and violent Third world publications posited limited access to fish was a causal predictor of conflict their methods renew discredited determinist thinking and perpetuat racialized stereotypes Climatic determinism were central to European imperial traditions Colonial claims non-white populations were incapable of self-governance and susceptible to violence disorder motivated martial and humanitarian interventions and were central to U.S. empire-building Scarcity, rather than being a product of uncontrollable pressures such as drought is the result of artificial supply shortages scarcity is mobilized to legitimize land grabs and authorize external management of resources invocations of scarcity reproduce colonial imaginaries of racialized primitive others incapable of responsibly using resources nuclear fear colonized the very idea of the catastrophic It was deployed to create a security state it taught to think as nuclear subjects and transform that cataclysmic vision into nation-building nuclear attack exercises were means of installing specific ideas about nuclear crisis then mobilizing that imagined crisis as a means of militarizing the public The bomb folds terrors and hegemonic desires together This image of catastrophe enabling consensus of global capitalism through mass psycho-social regulation the state transformed catastrophe into a core tool of domestic governance . Evoking the sudden end of American civilization has since become a basic tool in governance a reliable means of blocking debate as well as taking extraordinary actions recently invading other states and conducting deadly drone strikes hyper-rationality of the nuclear system is an attempt to  over-ride inevitable reality of its use U.S. security logics are structured by fear of the surprise attack nuclear fear has been coded into American culture


Question: colonial claims non-white populations

The 1AC’s securitization of ecological stress reflects a colonial research paradigm that authorizes land grabs and armed intervention.

Billings 24, Master of Science Thesis, Community and Environmental Sociology; Research Assistant @ University of Wisconsin-Madison. (Kristen R., 8-23-2024, “Resilient Empire: The Coloniality of U.S. Climate Securitization and Abolitionist Countertopographies Of Militarism,” p. 12-18, http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/85692)

warnings ecological stress would damage U.S. national security signaled a shift to securitization , a discursive process by which actors articulate issues and remove them from politics Ecological concerns became the purview of military planners securitization of the environment disenfranchises the majority, stripping environmental ‘speech’ from emancipatory projects legitimate concerns about the environment were transmogrified into a scarcity-conflict model that built an image of a degraded and violent Third world publications posited limited access to fish was a causal predictor of conflict their methods renew discredited determinist thinking and perpetuat racialized stereotypes Climatic determinism were central to European imperial traditions Colonial claims non-white populations were incapable of self-governance and susceptible to violence disorder motivated martial and humanitarian interventions and were central to U.S. empire-building Scarcity, rather than being a product of uncontrollable pressures such as drought is the result of artificial supply shortages scarcity is mobilized to legitimize land grabs and authorize external management of resources invocations of scarcity reproduce colonial imaginaries of racialized primitive others incapable of responsibly using resources nuclear fear colonized the very idea of the catastrophic It was deployed to create a security state it taught to think as nuclear subjects and transform that cataclysmic vision into nation-building nuclear attack exercises were means of installing specific ideas about nuclear crisis then mobilizing that imagined crisis as a means of militarizing the public The bomb folds terrors and hegemonic desires together This image of catastrophe enabling consensus of global capitalism through mass psycho-social regulation the state transformed catastrophe into a core tool of domestic governance . Evoking the sudden end of American civilization has since become a basic tool in governance a reliable means of blocking debate as well as taking extraordinary actions recently invading other states and conducting deadly drone strikes hyper-rationality of the nuclear system is an attempt to  over-ride inevitable reality of its use U.S. security logics are structured by fear of the surprise attack nuclear fear has been coded into American culture


Question: climate securitization is colonial

The 1AC’s securitization of ecological stress reflects a colonial research paradigm that authorizes land grabs and armed intervention.

Billings 24, Master of Science Thesis, Community and Environmental Sociology; Research Assistant @ University of Wisconsin-Madison. (Kristen R., 8-23-2024, “Resilient Empire: The Coloniality of U.S. Climate Securitization and Abolitionist Countertopographies Of Militarism,” p. 12-18, http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/85692)

warnings ecological stress would damage U.S. national security signaled a shift to securitization , a discursive process by which actors articulate issues and remove them from politics Ecological concerns became the purview of military planners securitization of the environment disenfranchises the majority, stripping environmental ‘speech’ from emancipatory projects legitimate concerns about the environment were transmogrified into a scarcity-conflict model that built an image of a degraded and violent Third world publications posited limited access to fish was a causal predictor of conflict their methods renew discredited determinist thinking and perpetuat racialized stereotypes Climatic determinism were central to European imperial traditions Colonial claims non-white populations were incapable of self-governance and susceptible to violence disorder motivated martial and humanitarian interventions and were central to U.S. empire-building Scarcity, rather than being a product of uncontrollable pressures such as drought is the result of artificial supply shortages scarcity is mobilized to legitimize land grabs and authorize external management of resources invocations of scarcity reproduce colonial imaginaries of racialized primitive others incapable of responsibly using resources nuclear fear colonized the very idea of the catastrophic It was deployed to create a security state it taught to think as nuclear subjects and transform that cataclysmic vision into nation-building nuclear attack exercises were means of installing specific ideas about nuclear crisis then mobilizing that imagined crisis as a means of militarizing the public The bomb folds terrors and hegemonic desires together This image of catastrophe enabling consensus of global capitalism through mass psycho-social regulation the state transformed catastrophe into a core tool of domestic governance . Evoking the sudden end of American civilization has since become a basic tool in governance a reliable means of blocking debate as well as taking extraordinary actions recently invading other states and conducting deadly drone strikes hyper-rationality of the nuclear system is an attempt to  over-ride inevitable reality of its use U.S. security logics are structured by fear of the surprise attack nuclear fear has been coded into American culture


Question: Texas primary nuclear weapons plant

3 Texas houses the primary nuclear weapons plant in the country

Mizokami 24. Kyle Mizokami, Mar 6 2024. Popular Mechanics “We Have One Nuke-Building Facility. It's Almost on Fire.” https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a60010685/pantex-plant-texas-wildfire/ ///mosuQ

One of the US government’s most important facilities is  The Pantex Plant, which builds, refurbishes, and disassembles nuclear weapons The loss would cripple America’s ability to refurbish and rebuild nuclear weapons, and to make new ones in the event of an emergency.


Question: Mizokami 24

3 Texas houses the primary nuclear weapons plant in the country

Mizokami 24. Kyle Mizokami, Mar 6 2024. Popular Mechanics “We Have One Nuke-Building Facility. It's Almost on Fire.” https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a60010685/pantex-plant-texas-wildfire/ ///mosuQ

One of the US government’s most important facilities is  The Pantex Plant, which builds, refurbishes, and disassembles nuclear weapons The loss would cripple America’s ability to refurbish and rebuild nuclear weapons, and to make new ones in the event of an emergency.


Question: Pantex plant

3 Texas houses the primary nuclear weapons plant in the country

Mizokami 24. Kyle Mizokami, Mar 6 2024. Popular Mechanics “We Have One Nuke-Building Facility. It's Almost on Fire.” https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a60010685/pantex-plant-texas-wildfire/ ///mosuQ

One of the US government’s most important facilities is  The Pantex Plant, which builds, refurbishes, and disassembles nuclear weapons The loss would cripple America’s ability to refurbish and rebuild nuclear weapons, and to make new ones in the event of an emergency.


Question: Pantex plant texas wildfire

3 Texas houses the primary nuclear weapons plant in the country

Mizokami 24. Kyle Mizokami, Mar 6 2024. Popular Mechanics “We Have One Nuke-Building Facility. It's Almost on Fire.” https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a60010685/pantex-plant-texas-wildfire/ ///mosuQ

One of the US government’s most important facilities is  The Pantex Plant, which builds, refurbishes, and disassembles nuclear weapons The loss would cripple America’s ability to refurbish and rebuild nuclear weapons, and to make new ones in the event of an emergency.


Question: Pantex builds and refurbishes nukes

3 Texas houses the primary nuclear weapons plant in the country

Mizokami 24. Kyle Mizokami, Mar 6 2024. Popular Mechanics “We Have One Nuke-Building Facility. It's Almost on Fire.” https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a60010685/pantex-plant-texas-wildfire/ ///mosuQ

One of the US government’s most important facilities is  The Pantex Plant, which builds, refurbishes, and disassembles nuclear weapons The loss would cripple America’s ability to refurbish and rebuild nuclear weapons, and to make new ones in the event of an emergency.


Question: US nuke building facility

3 Texas houses the primary nuclear weapons plant in the country

Mizokami 24. Kyle Mizokami, Mar 6 2024. Popular Mechanics “We Have One Nuke-Building Facility. It's Almost on Fire.” https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a60010685/pantex-plant-texas-wildfire/ ///mosuQ

One of the US government’s most important facilities is  The Pantex Plant, which builds, refurbishes, and disassembles nuclear weapons The loss would cripple America’s ability to refurbish and rebuild nuclear weapons, and to make new ones in the event of an emergency.


Question: Pantex plant loss

3 Texas houses the primary nuclear weapons plant in the country

Mizokami 24. Kyle Mizokami, Mar 6 2024. Popular Mechanics “We Have One Nuke-Building Facility. It's Almost on Fire.” https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a60010685/pantex-plant-texas-wildfire/ ///mosuQ

One of the US government’s most important facilities is  The Pantex Plant, which builds, refurbishes, and disassembles nuclear weapons The loss would cripple America’s ability to refurbish and rebuild nuclear weapons, and to make new ones in the event of an emergency.


Question: Pantex nuclear weapons

3 Texas houses the primary nuclear weapons plant in the country

Mizokami 24. Kyle Mizokami, Mar 6 2024. Popular Mechanics “We Have One Nuke-Building Facility. It's Almost on Fire.” https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a60010685/pantex-plant-texas-wildfire/ ///mosuQ

One of the US government’s most important facilities is  The Pantex Plant, which builds, refurbishes, and disassembles nuclear weapons The loss would cripple America’s ability to refurbish and rebuild nuclear weapons, and to make new ones in the event of an emergency.


Question: jobs vs environment debate bad

The topic locks discussions on climate policy in a forced choice between jobs and the environment. This can never account for the complexity of indigenous experience and cannot provide solutions that stop or deconstruct the settler state. Must avoid replicating decision making that is failing indigenous peoples in the squo.

Powell 2015, (Dana E. Powell, assistant professor of anthropology at Appalachian State University, received her Ph.D. from University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, “The rainbow is our sovereignty: Rethinking the politics of energy on the Navajo Nation”, http://jpe.library.arizona.edu/volume_22/Powell.pdf)

Settler colonialism is a historical configuration the process of conquest has been neither completed nor abandoned multiple interpretations of tribal sovereignty are being deployed vis-à-vis the energy infrastructure infrastructural projects work to position different possible futures their undeniable materiality a reminder that at stake in this debate over the future is how we might re-engineer nature there is an intimate connection between debates over tribal governance sovereignty is "ambiguous This makes sovereignty an "enveloping yet empty sign" sovereignty is defined through a strong attachment to a particular territory. The significance and power of the Navajo landscape is expressed through the collective memory geography illustrates a sense of lived, territorial sovereignty the struggle over Desert Rock has been portrayed as jobs-versus-environment there are deeper stakes ways in which energy extraction is remembered impacted by policy decisions


Question: Powell 2015

The topic locks discussions on climate policy in a forced choice between jobs and the environment. This can never account for the complexity of indigenous experience and cannot provide solutions that stop or deconstruct the settler state. Must avoid replicating decision making that is failing indigenous peoples in the squo.

Powell 2015, (Dana E. Powell, assistant professor of anthropology at Appalachian State University, received her Ph.D. from University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, “The rainbow is our sovereignty: Rethinking the politics of energy on the Navajo Nation”, http://jpe.library.arizona.edu/volume_22/Powell.pdf)

Settler colonialism is a historical configuration the process of conquest has been neither completed nor abandoned multiple interpretations of tribal sovereignty are being deployed vis-à-vis the energy infrastructure infrastructural projects work to position different possible futures their undeniable materiality a reminder that at stake in this debate over the future is how we might re-engineer nature there is an intimate connection between debates over tribal governance sovereignty is "ambiguous This makes sovereignty an "enveloping yet empty sign" sovereignty is defined through a strong attachment to a particular territory. The significance and power of the Navajo landscape is expressed through the collective memory geography illustrates a sense of lived, territorial sovereignty the struggle over Desert Rock has been portrayed as jobs-versus-environment there are deeper stakes ways in which energy extraction is remembered impacted by policy decisions


Question: settler colonialism

The topic locks discussions on climate policy in a forced choice between jobs and the environment. This can never account for the complexity of indigenous experience and cannot provide solutions that stop or deconstruct the settler state. Must avoid replicating decision making that is failing indigenous peoples in the squo.

Powell 2015, (Dana E. Powell, assistant professor of anthropology at Appalachian State University, received her Ph.D. from University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, “The rainbow is our sovereignty: Rethinking the politics of energy on the Navajo Nation”, http://jpe.library.arizona.edu/volume_22/Powell.pdf)

Settler colonialism is a historical configuration the process of conquest has been neither completed nor abandoned multiple interpretations of tribal sovereignty are being deployed vis-à-vis the energy infrastructure infrastructural projects work to position different possible futures their undeniable materiality a reminder that at stake in this debate over the future is how we might re-engineer nature there is an intimate connection between debates over tribal governance sovereignty is "ambiguous This makes sovereignty an "enveloping yet empty sign" sovereignty is defined through a strong attachment to a particular territory. The significance and power of the Navajo landscape is expressed through the collective memory geography illustrates a sense of lived, territorial sovereignty the struggle over Desert Rock has been portrayed as jobs-versus-environment there are deeper stakes ways in which energy extraction is remembered impacted by policy decisions


Question: Navajo Nation energy

The topic locks discussions on climate policy in a forced choice between jobs and the environment. This can never account for the complexity of indigenous experience and cannot provide solutions that stop or deconstruct the settler state. Must avoid replicating decision making that is failing indigenous peoples in the squo.

Powell 2015, (Dana E. Powell, assistant professor of anthropology at Appalachian State University, received her Ph.D. from University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, “The rainbow is our sovereignty: Rethinking the politics of energy on the Navajo Nation”, http://jpe.library.arizona.edu/volume_22/Powell.pdf)

Settler colonialism is a historical configuration the process of conquest has been neither completed nor abandoned multiple interpretations of tribal sovereignty are being deployed vis-à-vis the energy infrastructure infrastructural projects work to position different possible futures their undeniable materiality a reminder that at stake in this debate over the future is how we might re-engineer nature there is an intimate connection between debates over tribal governance sovereignty is "ambiguous This makes sovereignty an "enveloping yet empty sign" sovereignty is defined through a strong attachment to a particular territory. The significance and power of the Navajo landscape is expressed through the collective memory geography illustrates a sense of lived, territorial sovereignty the struggle over Desert Rock has been portrayed as jobs-versus-environment there are deeper stakes ways in which energy extraction is remembered impacted by policy decisions


Question: topic locks climate policy

The topic locks discussions on climate policy in a forced choice between jobs and the environment. This can never account for the complexity of indigenous experience and cannot provide solutions that stop or deconstruct the settler state. Must avoid replicating decision making that is failing indigenous peoples in the squo.

Powell 2015, (Dana E. Powell, assistant professor of anthropology at Appalachian State University, received her Ph.D. from University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, “The rainbow is our sovereignty: Rethinking the politics of energy on the Navajo Nation”, http://jpe.library.arizona.edu/volume_22/Powell.pdf)

Settler colonialism is a historical configuration the process of conquest has been neither completed nor abandoned multiple interpretations of tribal sovereignty are being deployed vis-à-vis the energy infrastructure infrastructural projects work to position different possible futures their undeniable materiality a reminder that at stake in this debate over the future is how we might re-engineer nature there is an intimate connection between debates over tribal governance sovereignty is "ambiguous This makes sovereignty an "enveloping yet empty sign" sovereignty is defined through a strong attachment to a particular territory. The significance and power of the Navajo landscape is expressed through the collective memory geography illustrates a sense of lived, territorial sovereignty the struggle over Desert Rock has been portrayed as jobs-versus-environment there are deeper stakes ways in which energy extraction is remembered impacted by policy decisions


Question: replicate decision making

The topic locks discussions on climate policy in a forced choice between jobs and the environment. This can never account for the complexity of indigenous experience and cannot provide solutions that stop or deconstruct the settler state. Must avoid replicating decision making that is failing indigenous peoples in the squo.

Powell 2015, (Dana E. Powell, assistant professor of anthropology at Appalachian State University, received her Ph.D. from University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, “The rainbow is our sovereignty: Rethinking the politics of energy on the Navajo Nation”, http://jpe.library.arizona.edu/volume_22/Powell.pdf)

Settler colonialism is a historical configuration the process of conquest has been neither completed nor abandoned multiple interpretations of tribal sovereignty are being deployed vis-à-vis the energy infrastructure infrastructural projects work to position different possible futures their undeniable materiality a reminder that at stake in this debate over the future is how we might re-engineer nature there is an intimate connection between debates over tribal governance sovereignty is "ambiguous This makes sovereignty an "enveloping yet empty sign" sovereignty is defined through a strong attachment to a particular territory. The significance and power of the Navajo landscape is expressed through the collective memory geography illustrates a sense of lived, territorial sovereignty the struggle over Desert Rock has been portrayed as jobs-versus-environment there are deeper stakes ways in which energy extraction is remembered impacted by policy decisions


Question: tribal sovereignty energy infrastructure

The topic locks discussions on climate policy in a forced choice between jobs and the environment. This can never account for the complexity of indigenous experience and cannot provide solutions that stop or deconstruct the settler state. Must avoid replicating decision making that is failing indigenous peoples in the squo.

Powell 2015, (Dana E. Powell, assistant professor of anthropology at Appalachian State University, received her Ph.D. from University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, “The rainbow is our sovereignty: Rethinking the politics of energy on the Navajo Nation”, http://jpe.library.arizona.edu/volume_22/Powell.pdf)

Settler colonialism is a historical configuration the process of conquest has been neither completed nor abandoned multiple interpretations of tribal sovereignty are being deployed vis-à-vis the energy infrastructure infrastructural projects work to position different possible futures their undeniable materiality a reminder that at stake in this debate over the future is how we might re-engineer nature there is an intimate connection between debates over tribal governance sovereignty is "ambiguous This makes sovereignty an "enveloping yet empty sign" sovereignty is defined through a strong attachment to a particular territory. The significance and power of the Navajo landscape is expressed through the collective memory geography illustrates a sense of lived, territorial sovereignty the struggle over Desert Rock has been portrayed as jobs-versus-environment there are deeper stakes ways in which energy extraction is remembered impacted by policy decisions


Question: energy extraction remembered policy decisions

The topic locks discussions on climate policy in a forced choice between jobs and the environment. This can never account for the complexity of indigenous experience and cannot provide solutions that stop or deconstruct the settler state. Must avoid replicating decision making that is failing indigenous peoples in the squo.

Powell 2015, (Dana E. Powell, assistant professor of anthropology at Appalachian State University, received her Ph.D. from University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, “The rainbow is our sovereignty: Rethinking the politics of energy on the Navajo Nation”, http://jpe.library.arizona.edu/volume_22/Powell.pdf)

Settler colonialism is a historical configuration the process of conquest has been neither completed nor abandoned multiple interpretations of tribal sovereignty are being deployed vis-à-vis the energy infrastructure infrastructural projects work to position different possible futures their undeniable materiality a reminder that at stake in this debate over the future is how we might re-engineer nature there is an intimate connection between debates over tribal governance sovereignty is "ambiguous This makes sovereignty an "enveloping yet empty sign" sovereignty is defined through a strong attachment to a particular territory. The significance and power of the Navajo landscape is expressed through the collective memory geography illustrates a sense of lived, territorial sovereignty the struggle over Desert Rock has been portrayed as jobs-versus-environment there are deeper stakes ways in which energy extraction is remembered impacted by policy decisions


Question: Models prove no link

Models prove.

Buhaug et al ‘15 [Halvard Buhaug, Peace Research Institute in Oslo an Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Tor Benjaminsen, Espen Sjaastad, Ole Magnus Theisen.] “Climate variability, food production shocks, and violent conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa” Environmental Research Letters, Volume 10, Number 12 (http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/125015) - MZhu

we find insignificant effects for domestic food production All models are unsuccessful in establishing a consistent pattern between agricultural performance and political violence agricultural performance adds little to the models' predictive power claims that harvest failure drive violence are not supported by our analysi rebellion may be better understood as reactions government policies


Question: Buhaug et al 15

Models prove.

Buhaug et al ‘15 [Halvard Buhaug, Peace Research Institute in Oslo an Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Tor Benjaminsen, Espen Sjaastad, Ole Magnus Theisen.] “Climate variability, food production shocks, and violent conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa” Environmental Research Letters, Volume 10, Number 12 (http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/125015) - MZhu

we find insignificant effects for domestic food production All models are unsuccessful in establishing a consistent pattern between agricultural performance and political violence agricultural performance adds little to the models' predictive power claims that harvest failure drive violence are not supported by our analysi rebellion may be better understood as reactions government policies


Question: no link food and violence

Models prove.

Buhaug et al ‘15 [Halvard Buhaug, Peace Research Institute in Oslo an Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Tor Benjaminsen, Espen Sjaastad, Ole Magnus Theisen.] “Climate variability, food production shocks, and violent conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa” Environmental Research Letters, Volume 10, Number 12 (http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/125015) - MZhu

we find insignificant effects for domestic food production All models are unsuccessful in establishing a consistent pattern between agricultural performance and political violence agricultural performance adds little to the models' predictive power claims that harvest failure drive violence are not supported by our analysi rebellion may be better understood as reactions government policies


Question: agricultural performance violence

Models prove.

Buhaug et al ‘15 [Halvard Buhaug, Peace Research Institute in Oslo an Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Tor Benjaminsen, Espen Sjaastad, Ole Magnus Theisen.] “Climate variability, food production shocks, and violent conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa” Environmental Research Letters, Volume 10, Number 12 (http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/125015) - MZhu

we find insignificant effects for domestic food production All models are unsuccessful in establishing a consistent pattern between agricultural performance and political violence agricultural performance adds little to the models' predictive power claims that harvest failure drive violence are not supported by our analysi rebellion may be better understood as reactions government policies


Question: food production shocks

Models prove.

Buhaug et al ‘15 [Halvard Buhaug, Peace Research Institute in Oslo an Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Tor Benjaminsen, Espen Sjaastad, Ole Magnus Theisen.] “Climate variability, food production shocks, and violent conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa” Environmental Research Letters, Volume 10, Number 12 (http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/125015) - MZhu

we find insignificant effects for domestic food production All models are unsuccessful in establishing a consistent pattern between agricultural performance and political violence agricultural performance adds little to the models' predictive power claims that harvest failure drive violence are not supported by our analysi rebellion may be better understood as reactions government policies


Question: Climate variability

Models prove.

Buhaug et al ‘15 [Halvard Buhaug, Peace Research Institute in Oslo an Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Tor Benjaminsen, Espen Sjaastad, Ole Magnus Theisen.] “Climate variability, food production shocks, and violent conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa” Environmental Research Letters, Volume 10, Number 12 (http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/125015) - MZhu

we find insignificant effects for domestic food production All models are unsuccessful in establishing a consistent pattern between agricultural performance and political violence agricultural performance adds little to the models' predictive power claims that harvest failure drive violence are not supported by our analysi rebellion may be better understood as reactions government policies


Question: harvest failure violence

Models prove.

Buhaug et al ‘15 [Halvard Buhaug, Peace Research Institute in Oslo an Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Tor Benjaminsen, Espen Sjaastad, Ole Magnus Theisen.] “Climate variability, food production shocks, and violent conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa” Environmental Research Letters, Volume 10, Number 12 (http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/125015) - MZhu

we find insignificant effects for domestic food production All models are unsuccessful in establishing a consistent pattern between agricultural performance and political violence agricultural performance adds little to the models' predictive power claims that harvest failure drive violence are not supported by our analysi rebellion may be better understood as reactions government policies


Question: EPA assistance solves

EPA assistance solves.

Calder Jack 15 is a CEO of Growth Wise, former research assistant and B.A. from the University of Chicago. “Administration of a U.S. Carbon Tax” March 1st, 2015. https://www.elibrary.imf.org/display/book/9781138825369/ch003.xml DOA: 1/17/25 Rslish.

It should be straightforward for IRS to administer tax  on emissions payable by a thousand taxpayers with easy-to-measure base, and not require resources skills staff integrated into normal administration Extending for CCS or land use attach to agencies that had technical knowledge a CT would have environmental protection objectives the EPA have oversight input with regard to IRS administration better carried out by EPA other department There would be cooperation between the Treasury IRS and EPA


Question: calder jack 15

EPA assistance solves.

Calder Jack 15 is a CEO of Growth Wise, former research assistant and B.A. from the University of Chicago. “Administration of a U.S. Carbon Tax” March 1st, 2015. https://www.elibrary.imf.org/display/book/9781138825369/ch003.xml DOA: 1/17/25 Rslish.

It should be straightforward for IRS to administer tax  on emissions payable by a thousand taxpayers with easy-to-measure base, and not require resources skills staff integrated into normal administration Extending for CCS or land use attach to agencies that had technical knowledge a CT would have environmental protection objectives the EPA have oversight input with regard to IRS administration better carried out by EPA other department There would be cooperation between the Treasury IRS and EPA


Question: EPA carbon tax

EPA assistance solves.

Calder Jack 15 is a CEO of Growth Wise, former research assistant and B.A. from the University of Chicago. “Administration of a U.S. Carbon Tax” March 1st, 2015. https://www.elibrary.imf.org/display/book/9781138825369/ch003.xml DOA: 1/17/25 Rslish.

It should be straightforward for IRS to administer tax  on emissions payable by a thousand taxpayers with easy-to-measure base, and not require resources skills staff integrated into normal administration Extending for CCS or land use attach to agencies that had technical knowledge a CT would have environmental protection objectives the EPA have oversight input with regard to IRS administration better carried out by EPA other department There would be cooperation between the Treasury IRS and EPA


Question: carbon tax administration EPA

EPA assistance solves.

Calder Jack 15 is a CEO of Growth Wise, former research assistant and B.A. from the University of Chicago. “Administration of a U.S. Carbon Tax” March 1st, 2015. https://www.elibrary.imf.org/display/book/9781138825369/ch003.xml DOA: 1/17/25 Rslish.

It should be straightforward for IRS to administer tax  on emissions payable by a thousand taxpayers with easy-to-measure base, and not require resources skills staff integrated into normal administration Extending for CCS or land use attach to agencies that had technical knowledge a CT would have environmental protection objectives the EPA have oversight input with regard to IRS administration better carried out by EPA other department There would be cooperation between the Treasury IRS and EPA


Question: EPA oversight input IRS

EPA assistance solves.

Calder Jack 15 is a CEO of Growth Wise, former research assistant and B.A. from the University of Chicago. “Administration of a U.S. Carbon Tax” March 1st, 2015. https://www.elibrary.imf.org/display/book/9781138825369/ch003.xml DOA: 1/17/25 Rslish.

It should be straightforward for IRS to administer tax  on emissions payable by a thousand taxpayers with easy-to-measure base, and not require resources skills staff integrated into normal administration Extending for CCS or land use attach to agencies that had technical knowledge a CT would have environmental protection objectives the EPA have oversight input with regard to IRS administration better carried out by EPA other department There would be cooperation between the Treasury IRS and EPA


Question: carbon tax agencies

EPA assistance solves.

Calder Jack 15 is a CEO of Growth Wise, former research assistant and B.A. from the University of Chicago. “Administration of a U.S. Carbon Tax” March 1st, 2015. https://www.elibrary.imf.org/display/book/9781138825369/ch003.xml DOA: 1/17/25 Rslish.

It should be straightforward for IRS to administer tax  on emissions payable by a thousand taxpayers with easy-to-measure base, and not require resources skills staff integrated into normal administration Extending for CCS or land use attach to agencies that had technical knowledge a CT would have environmental protection objectives the EPA have oversight input with regard to IRS administration better carried out by EPA other department There would be cooperation between the Treasury IRS and EPA


Question: CT environmental protection EPA

EPA assistance solves.

Calder Jack 15 is a CEO of Growth Wise, former research assistant and B.A. from the University of Chicago. “Administration of a U.S. Carbon Tax” March 1st, 2015. https://www.elibrary.imf.org/display/book/9781138825369/ch003.xml DOA: 1/17/25 Rslish.

It should be straightforward for IRS to administer tax  on emissions payable by a thousand taxpayers with easy-to-measure base, and not require resources skills staff integrated into normal administration Extending for CCS or land use attach to agencies that had technical knowledge a CT would have environmental protection objectives the EPA have oversight input with regard to IRS administration better carried out by EPA other department There would be cooperation between the Treasury IRS and EPA


Question: Hybrid tax swap rebate green

It'd generate revenue through a hybrid tax swap, rebate, and green spending program.

Split is likely 10% in direct rebates for the lowest income groups, 40% in tax swaps, and 50% in green spending.

a hybrid approach of a carbon-for-capital tax swap plus rebates balance efficiency and equity remaining revenues financ green development or fund energy efficiency programs Taxes on capital and income distort the economy Reducing those would mitigate the economic impact of carbon pricing increase GDP the regressivity of tax swaps overstated. lowering corporate tax rates would result in a progressive distribution lawmakers for political reasons are likely to merge approaches a capital tax reduction that diverts roughly 10 percent of revenue toward rebates neutraliz impact on those households .


Question: revenue through hybrid tax swap

It'd generate revenue through a hybrid tax swap, rebate, and green spending program.

Split is likely 10% in direct rebates for the lowest income groups, 40% in tax swaps, and 50% in green spending.

a hybrid approach of a carbon-for-capital tax swap plus rebates balance efficiency and equity remaining revenues financ green development or fund energy efficiency programs Taxes on capital and income distort the economy Reducing those would mitigate the economic impact of carbon pricing increase GDP the regressivity of tax swaps overstated. lowering corporate tax rates would result in a progressive distribution lawmakers for political reasons are likely to merge approaches a capital tax reduction that diverts roughly 10 percent of revenue toward rebates neutraliz impact on those households .


Question: carbon tax revenue split

It'd generate revenue through a hybrid tax swap, rebate, and green spending program.

Split is likely 10% in direct rebates for the lowest income groups, 40% in tax swaps, and 50% in green spending.

a hybrid approach of a carbon-for-capital tax swap plus rebates balance efficiency and equity remaining revenues financ green development or fund energy efficiency programs Taxes on capital and income distort the economy Reducing those would mitigate the economic impact of carbon pricing increase GDP the regressivity of tax swaps overstated. lowering corporate tax rates would result in a progressive distribution lawmakers for political reasons are likely to merge approaches a capital tax reduction that diverts roughly 10 percent of revenue toward rebates neutraliz impact on those households .


Question: carbon for capital tax swap

It'd generate revenue through a hybrid tax swap, rebate, and green spending program.

Split is likely 10% in direct rebates for the lowest income groups, 40% in tax swaps, and 50% in green spending.

a hybrid approach of a carbon-for-capital tax swap plus rebates balance efficiency and equity remaining revenues financ green development or fund energy efficiency programs Taxes on capital and income distort the economy Reducing those would mitigate the economic impact of carbon pricing increase GDP the regressivity of tax swaps overstated. lowering corporate tax rates would result in a progressive distribution lawmakers for political reasons are likely to merge approaches a capital tax reduction that diverts roughly 10 percent of revenue toward rebates neutraliz impact on those households .


Question: tax swaps and rebates

It'd generate revenue through a hybrid tax swap, rebate, and green spending program.

Split is likely 10% in direct rebates for the lowest income groups, 40% in tax swaps, and 50% in green spending.

a hybrid approach of a carbon-for-capital tax swap plus rebates balance efficiency and equity remaining revenues financ green development or fund energy efficiency programs Taxes on capital and income distort the economy Reducing those would mitigate the economic impact of carbon pricing increase GDP the regressivity of tax swaps overstated. lowering corporate tax rates would result in a progressive distribution lawmakers for political reasons are likely to merge approaches a capital tax reduction that diverts roughly 10 percent of revenue toward rebates neutraliz impact on those households .