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license: apache-2.0
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---
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license: apache-2.0
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tags:
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- recsys
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- retrieval
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- dataset
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pretty_name: Yambda-5B
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size_categories:
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- 1B<n<10B
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---
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# Yambda-5B β A Large-Scale Multi-modal Dataset for Ranking And Retrieval
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**Industrial-scale music recommendation dataset with organic/recommendation interactions and audio embeddings**
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[π Overview](#overview) β’ [π Key Features](#key-features) β’ [π Statistics](#statistics) β’ [π Format](#data-format) β’ [π Benchmark](#benchmark) β’ [π οΈ Installation](#installation) β’ [β FAQ](#faq)
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## Overview
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The Yambda-5B dataset is a large-scale open database comprising **4.79 billion user-item interactions** collected from **1 million users** and spanning **9.39 million tracks**. The dataset includes both implicit feedback, such as listening events, and explicit feedback, in the form of likes and dislikes. Additionally, it provides distinctive markers for organic versus recommendation-driven interactions, along with precomputed audio embeddings to facilitate content-aware recommendation systems.
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## Key Features
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- π΅ 4.79B user-music interactions (listens, likes, dislikes, unlikes, undislikes)
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- π Timestamps with global temporal ordering
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- π Audio embeddings for 7.72M tracks
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- π‘ Organic and recommendation-driven interactions
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- π Multiple dataset scales (50M, 500M, 5B interactions)
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- π§ͺ Standardized evaluation protocol with baseline benchmarks
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## About Dataset
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### Statistics
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| Dataset | Users | Items | Listens | Likes | Dislikes |
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|-------------|----------:|----------:|--------------:|-----------:|-----------:|
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| Yambda-50M | 10,000 | 934,057 | 46,467,212 | 881,456 | 107,776 |
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| Yambda-500M | 100,000 | 3,004,578 | 466,512,103 | 9,033,960 | 1,128,113 |
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| Yambda-5B | 1,000,000 | 9,390,623 | 4,649,567,411 | 89,334,605 | 11,579,143 |
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### User History Length Distribution
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### Item Interaction Count
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## Data Format
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### File Descriptions
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| File | Description | Schema |
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|----------------------------|---------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| `listens.parquet` | User listening events with playback details | `uid`, `item_id`, `timestamp`, `is_organic`, `played_ratio_pct`, `track_length_seconds` |
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| `likes.parquet` | User like actions | `uid`, `item_id`, `timestamp`, `is_organic` |
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| `dislikes.parquet` | User dislike actions | `uid`, `item_id`, `timestamp`, `is_organic` |
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| `undislikes.parquet` | User undislike actions (reverting dislikes) | `uid`, `item_id`, `timestamp`, `is_organic` |
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| `unlikes.parquet` | User unlike actions (reverting likes) | `uid`, `item_id`, `timestamp`, `is_organic` |
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| `embeddings.parquet` | Track audio-embeddings | `item_id`, `embed`, `normalized_embed` |
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### Common Event Structure (Homogeneous)
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Most event files (`listens`, `likes`, `dislikes`, `undislikes`, `unlikes`) share this base structure:
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| Field | Type | Description |
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|--------------|--------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| `uid` | uint32 | Unique user identifier |
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| `item_id` | uint32 | Unique track identifier |
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| `timestamp` | uint32 | Delta times, binned into 5s units. |
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| `is_organic` | uint8 | Boolean flag (0/1) indicating if the interaction was algorithmic (0) or organic (1) |
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**Sorting**: All files are sorted by (`uid`, `timestamp`) in ascending order.
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### Unified Event Structure (Heterogeneous)
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For applications needing all event types in a unified format:
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| Field | Type | Description |
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|------------------------|-------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|
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| `uid` | uint32 | Unique user identifier |
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| `item_id` | uint32 | Unique track identifier |
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| `timestamp` | uint32 | Timestamp binned into 5s units.granularity |
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| `is_organic` | uint8 | Boolean flag for organic interactions |
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| `event_type` | enum | One of: `listen`, `like`, `dislike`, `unlike`, `undislike` |
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| `played_ratio_pct` | Optional[uint16] | Percentage of track played (1-100), null for non-listen events |
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| `track_length_seconds` | Optional[uint32] | Total track duration in seconds, null for non-listen events |
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**Notes**:
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- `played_ratio_pct` and `track_length_seconds` are non-null **only** when `event_type = "listen"`
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- All fields except the two above are guaranteed non-null
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### Sequential (Aggregated) Format
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Each dataset is also available in a user-aggregated sequential format with the following structure:
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| Field | Type | Description |
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|--------------|--------------|--------------------------------------------------|
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| `uid` | uint32 | Unique user identifier |
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| `item_ids` | List[uint32] | Chronological list of interacted track IDs |
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| `timestamps` | List[uint32] | Corresponding interaction timestamps |
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| `is_organic` | List[uint8] | Corresponding organic flags for each interaction |
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| `played_ratio_pct` | List[Optional[uint16]] | (Only in `listens` and `multi_event`) Play percentages |
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| `track_length_seconds` | List[Optional[uint32]] | (Only in `listens` and `multi_event`) Track durations |
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**Notes**:
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- All lists maintain chronological order
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- For each user, `len(item_ids) == len(timestamps) == len(is_organic)`
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- In multi-event format, null values are preserved in respective lists
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## Benchmark
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Code for the baseline models can be found in [Yambda repo](https://github.com/yandex/yambda)
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## FAQ
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### Are test items presented in training data?
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Not all, some test items do appear in the training set, others do not.
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### Are test users presented in training data?
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Yes, there are no cold users in the test set.
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### How are audio embeddings generated?
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Using a convolutional neural network inspired by [J. Spijkervet et al., 2021](https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.09410).
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### What's the `is_organic` flag?
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Indicates whether interactions occurred through organic discovery (True) or recommendation-driven pathways (False)
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### Which events are considered recommendation-driven?
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Recommendation events include actions from:
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- Personalized music feed
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- Personalized playlists
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### What counts as a "listened" track or $Listen_+$?
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A track is considered "listened" if over 50% of its duration is played.
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