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Add new SentenceTransformer model

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+ ---
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+ tags:
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+ - sentence-transformers
4
+ - sentence-similarity
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+ - feature-extraction
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+ - generated_from_trainer
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+ - dataset_size:45044
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+ - loss:CoSENTLoss
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+ base_model: samchain/EconoBert
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+ widget:
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+ - source_sentence: a consumer protection point of view, including through remuneration
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+ arrangements. failure to manage conduct risks can expose a financial institution
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+ to a variety of other risks which, if not managed properly, can threaten its solvency
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+ and sustainability. the regulatory regime for market conduct therefore provides
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+ a framework for the identification and management of conduct risk as a complementary
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+ framework to prudential regulation. this is part of the motivation for rigorous
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+ coordination and cooperation arrangements between the pa and the fsca envisaged
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+ by the financial sector regulation bill aimed at ensuring that all risks are holistically
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+ managed within an overarching financial stability policy framework. strengthening
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+ conduct in wholesale otc markets another initiative has been the development of
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+ a code of conduct for south african wholesale over - the - counter ( otc ) financial
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+ markets in a collaborative effort between regulators and key market participants.
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+ i will return to this aspect later. against the background of various investigations
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+ undertaken in many foreign jurisdictions in relation to foreign exchange market
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+ manipulation, the sarb and the fsb launched a review bis central bankers ’ speeches
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+ of the foreign exchange trading operations of south african authorised dealers
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+ in october 2014. as the rand is a globally traded currency, the aim of the review
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+ was to establish whether there may have been any spillover into our markets in
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+ relation to any misconduct or malpractice. it is important to note that, unlike
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+ in other jurisdictions, the south african review was not informed by whistle -
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+ blowing or any allegations – or indeed concrete evidence – of any misconduct.
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+ we had no evidence of widespread malpractice in the south african foreign exchange
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+ market but felt that, given the broad - based nature of investigations in other
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+ jurisdictions ( which also involved trading in emerging market currencies ), it
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+ would be prudent to obtain comfort that our foreign exchange trading practices
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+ were in line with best practice. it was therefore a proactive step on the part
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+ of south african regulators. the foreign exchange review committee established
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+ for this purpose – chaired by former senior deputy governor james cross, who is
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+ with us today – released its report in october 2015. the committee reported that
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+ it had found no evidence of manipulation or serious misconduct in the domestic
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+ foreign exchange market during the period covered by the review, but that there
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+ was scope for improvement in relation to governance and conduct. the committee
43
+ also recommended that legislation be enhanced to give market conduct regulators
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+ wider powers to strengthen enforcement. south african regulators are in conversation
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+ with each other on how best to give effect to the implementation of the recommendations.
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+ there was also the recommendation
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+ sentences:
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+ - 'luigi federico signorini : g20 sustainable finance working group private sector
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+ roundtable welcome address by mr luigi federico signorini, senior deputy governor
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+ of the bank of italy, at the g20 sustainable finance working group private sector
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+ roundtable, online event, 17 may 2021. * * * welcome, and a good day to you all.
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+ i am happy to open the private sector roundtable, an event promoted by the g20
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+ presidency and by the chinese and american co - chairs of the sustainable finance
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+ working group. the roundtable will focus on the role of finance in helping fight
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+ climate change and promoting lowcarbon transition. the g20 finance ministers and
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+ central bank governors recently recognised the need to ‘ shape the current economic
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+ recovery by investing in innovative technologies and promoting just transitions
58
+ toward more sustainable economies and societies ’. low - carbon transition is
59
+ urgent and must be accelerated : the later we act, the greater the costs. it requires
60
+ an unprecedented and unremitting effort. while quantitative estimates vary, the
61
+ investments needed for transition are certainly huge ; they need to be sustained
62
+ for a long time. governments have a central role in that they need to point the
63
+ way by adopting an appropriate policy framework. a clear and credible path for
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+ government regulatory and fiscal action is also a prerequisite for efficient choices
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+ on the part of private finance. indeed, while many governments will directly invest
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+ their own money in many countries and mdbs will play their part, it is likely
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+ that the private sector will be called upon to finance most transition investment.
68
+ there will be no transition without a general awareness of the need for it and
69
+ a willingness, even a desire, to finance it. there are in fact quite a few encouraging
70
+ signs. since last year, we have seen an explosion of ‘ net - zero commitments
71
+ ’ in the private sector — though such commitments ( i am told ) are still confined
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+ to one sixth of publicly listed companies globally. at the same time, the appetite
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+ of ultimate investors and asset managers for ‘ green ’ investment is growing fast.
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+ i am sure many in the audience will have a clear perception of this fact. however,
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+ the path is still fraught with difficulties. on the market side, while sustainable
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+ finance is increasingly popular, it suffers from a lack of clear definitions and
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+ standards. ‘ greenwashing ’ is a danger ; good data, an agreed taxonomy, and adequate
78
+ company disclosure are necessary. global consistency is important, as fragmentation
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+ of standards across jurisdictions is confusing for investors and costly for companies.
80
+ standards are currently being drafted'
81
+ - later, by more. so we raised interest rates through the second half of last year
82
+ - and again in june - trying, as best we could through our tactics, to minimise
83
+ any further unwanted upward pressure on sterling. but things have now clearly
84
+ moved on. the outlook for the world economy deteriorated further through the summer
85
+ under the impact of a series of new shocks. japan, the world ’ s second largest
86
+ economy, slipped further into recession. russia - which had only weeks earlier
87
+ embarked on an imf program - saw the collapse of the rouble and default on its
88
+ debt. and acute nervousness spread through many of the world ’ s financial markets.
89
+ although there has been some improvement in sentiment over the past month or two,
90
+ and although the us and european economies continue to expand, the likelihood
91
+ remains that world economic growth will be significantly slower than had been
92
+ expected earlier in the summer. slower growth of world activity is bound to prolong
93
+ the restraining external effect on growth and inflation in the uk, even though
94
+ the exchange rate has now started to weaken. at the same time there are also now
95
+ clearer signs of overall slowdown in our own economy. the evidence for this is
96
+ less obvious in the backwards - looking economic and monetary data than it is
97
+ in the forward - looking surveys, but even so the data suggest that we are beginning
98
+ to see an easing of pressure, including an easing of pressure in the labour market.
99
+ and the surveys themselves now point to a slowdown in service sector growth, including
100
+ retail distribution, as well as a sharper decline in manufacturing output. this
101
+ prospect is consistent with the reports which we receive directly from the bank
102
+ ’ s network of regional agents and their 7000 - odd industrial and commercial
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+ contacts around the country. of course we pay very careful attention to this forward
104
+ - looking evidence of developments in the economy alongside the data, and, like
105
+ others, we have revised down our forecasts for output growth and inflation. and
106
+ we have eased monetary policy quite sharply in the past two months, in the light
107
+ of that evidence. our current best guess - published in last week ’ s inflation
108
+ report is that, after the interest rate cuts, the growth of overall output next
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+ year will be around 1 %, picking up through the millennium to around trend in
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+ the second half of the year 2000. meanwhile, we expect underlying inflation to
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+ remain close to the target rate of 21 / 2 % - though perhaps a little above that
112
+ rate during the course of next year. now no - one likes to see the
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+ - 'daniel mminele : conduct and culture in the banking and financial sectors opening
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+ address by mr daniel mminele, deputy governor of the south african reserve bank,
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+ at the g - 30 forum on banking conduct and culture, pretoria, 18 february 2016.
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+ * * * governor kganyago ( sarb ), governor sithole ( central bank of swaziland
117
+ ), deputy governor mlambo ( reserve bank of zimbabwe ), deputy governors, groepe
118
+ and naidoo ( sarb ), second deputy governor sullivan ( central bank of seychelles
119
+ ), sir david walker ( vice chair of the group of thirty steering committee ),
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+ dr stuart mackintosh ( executive director of the g30 ), ms maria ramos ( chief
121
+ executive officer of barclays africa ), the leadership of banks and other financial
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+ institutions, panel members, and esteemed delegates. it is a privilege and an
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+ honour for me to welcome you, on behalf of south african reserve bank ( sarb ),
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+ to this forum on banking conduct and culture, which we are co - hosting with the
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+ g30 and barclays africa. the g - 30 has, over the years, played a significant
126
+ role in bringing together members of the banking, financial and regulatory community
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+ to discuss issues of common concern and examine the choices available to market
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+ practitioners and policymakers. given the enormous trust deficit that has built
129
+ up since the global financial crisis, the topic of conduct and culture is of great
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+ importance and highly relevant to the global banking and financial sector. bankers
131
+ have always had a delicate relationship with the societies they serve. it would
132
+ appear that, at any point in time, it is almost a national sport across the globe
133
+ to take a swipe at bankers. mark twain famously said : “ a banker is a fellow
134
+ who lends you his umbrella when the sun is shining and wants it back the minute
135
+ it begins to rain. ” and j m keynes asked : “ how long will it take to pay city
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+ men so entirely out of proportion to what other servants of society commonly received
137
+ for performing social services not less useful or difficult? ” we would be terribly
138
+ misguided to treat the current wave of discontent and deep mistrust as just another
139
+ wave that will eventually subside. the most recent global financial crisis, from
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+ which almost nine years later we are still struggling to recover, shook the very
141
+ foundations of our financial system and almost caused its total meltdown. in a
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+ nutshell, the crisis was about failures in conduct, culture, and supervisory practices.
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+ the consequences'
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+ - source_sentence: of our central bank distribution scheme have grown in number to
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+ embrace the physical quality of notes in circulation and the denominational mix.
146
+ the last of these – denominational mix – poses the biggest challenge, but in the
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+ uk i believe we now have evidence to support the business case for atm and retailer
148
+ dispense of £5s. and, finally, i am sometimes asked why this matters to the bank
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+ of england? after all, i can assure you that in the current financial conditions
150
+ we are not short of difficult challenges. the answer is simple. we should not
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+ forget that our job is to ensure that confidence in our currency is maintained
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+ – and crucial to that is satisfying the public ’ s demand for our notes.
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+ sentences:
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+ - '##factory ". but the two clouds are moving towards us. so let us examine them.
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+ the outlook for the world economy has deteriorated markedly in recent months as
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+ a result of the sudden slowdown in the united states and signs of renewed stagnation
157
+ in japan. the speed of the deterioration was a surprise, but not the fact of a
158
+ slowdown. last year saw the fastest growth rate of the world economy for twelve
159
+ years. growth in the us reached an annual rate of 6 % in the second quarter of
160
+ last year, well above even optimistic estimates of sustainable growth rates. a
161
+ slowdown was not only inevitable ; it was desirable. the main surprise in the
162
+ us was the sharp and sudden break in both business and consumer confidence. us
163
+ manufacturers''optimism is now almost as low as it was in 1991 - the last time
164
+ the us economy experienced a recession. consumer confidence also fell sharply
165
+ in january, driven by marked pessimism over the short - term future. quite why
166
+ this break in confidence should have been so rapid is not easy to understand.
167
+ and its origins will largely determine the nature of the us downturn. on the one
168
+ hand, greater use of information technology to economise on inventories may have
169
+ led to shorter lags between changes in final demand and changes in output. if
170
+ so, then it is possible that the speed of the downturn will be matched by the
171
+ speed of the recovery, leading to a short - lived episode of output growth close
172
+ to zero as the result of an inventory correction. on the other hand, the slowdown
173
+ could be much more protracted if the imbalances in the us economy which have built
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+ up in recent years start to unwind, leading to a reduction in spending as both
175
+ households and businesses seek to reduce the amount of outstanding debt on their
176
+ balance sheets. the key to the nature of the us downturn is what will happen to
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+ productivity growth. over the past five years there has been accumulating evidence
178
+ that the application of information technology has raised productivity growth
179
+ in the us economy - the " new economy ". expectations of higher productivity growth
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+ increased demand by more than it raised supply initially, as firms invested in
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+ new technology and households anticipated higher future incomes. as a result,
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+ spending grew rapidly, outstripping supply and large imbalances emerged. the current
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+ account deficit in the us is now close to 5 % of gdp, a post - war record. it
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+ is sustainable as long as foreigners are prepared to finance it. so far, the profitability
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+ of'
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+ - 83 6. 06 27. 05 39. 42 37. 59 kccs ( no. in lakh ) 243. 07 271. 12 302. 35 337.
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+ 87 82. 43 gcc ( no. in lakh ) 13. 87 16. 99 21. 08 36. 29 22. 28 bc - ict accounts
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+ ( no. in lakh ) 132. 65 316. 30 573. 01 810. 38 677. 73 ict accounts - bc - total
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+ transactions ( no. in lakh ) 265. 15 841. 64 1410. 93 2546. 51 4799. 08 bis central
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+ bankers ’ speeches
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+ - core business and therefore set out to develop the expertise required to finance
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+ the smes successfully. fairly often the discussion on sme financing is reduced
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+ to two diametrically opposed positions. on one hand, smes are considered by banks
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+ as representing a high risk and therefore, should be avoided or only dealt with
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+ cautiously and at a premium price. on the other hand, banks are accused of being
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+ inflexible and risk averse and consequently irrelevant to the sector. it is important
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+ to understand where the truth lies in these two statements in order to advance
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+ the cause of sme financing. firstly, it is a fact that smes present higher credit
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+ risk than well - structured corporate entities. smes may not have proper accounting
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+ records, may have severe governance issues which undermine accountability, have
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+ poor access to markets, poor skill levels including financial illiteracy by promoters,
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+ lack collateral which the lender can rely on in the event of failure, may not
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+ even exist in an appropriate legal form and even the assessment of the viability
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+ of a project might be difficult. lending to smes can be a lenders nightmare for
205
+ bankers. but it is also true that banks which are structured to deal with corporates
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+ are risk averse and inflexible when they deal with smes. often when they bring
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+ inappropriate risk assessment tools, they may focus too much on collateral rather
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+ than project viability. they may even regard sme financing as peripheral to their
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+ business. because of their limited knowledge of smes, they experience failure
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+ which itself reinforces the notion that smes are risky. what we want are financing
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+ institutions that are structured to respond to the unique characteristics of smes.
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+ specialised sme lending institutions are more likely to handle the risk problem
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+ presented by smes as a challenge to be overcome with appropriate products and
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+ credit risk management strategies and not as a basis for inaction or avoiding
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+ the sector altogether. in short, lending strategies which ensure success with
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+ corporates do not necessarily ensure similar success with smes. appropriate sme
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+ financing institutions must at the very least make lending to smes the core business.
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+ the second area of reflection that i would urge this meeting to consider is that
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+ of building appropriate financing models that have been shown to work in africa
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+ or other developing countries so that we all benefit from the best practices available.
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+ in south africa, for instance, franchising which allows the use of brand names
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+ and building capacity have been an bis central bankers ’ speeches important driver
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+ of sme financing since it reduces the perceived
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+ - source_sentence: and non - financial sectors take hold. these concerns are heightened
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+ by the recent upward shift in bond yields owing to the global " higher - for -
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+ longer " narrative and the flare - up of tensions in the middle east, which have
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+ added to the uncertainty surrounding the outlook. after a period of lower market
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+ volatility until august, the rising prospect of higher - forlonger rates has started
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+ to weigh on riskier asset valuations in recent months. risk sentiment in markets
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+ remains highly sensitive to further surprises in inflation and economic growth.
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+ higher than expected inflation or lower growth could trigger a rise in market
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+ volatility and risk premia, increasing the likelihood of credit events materialising.
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+ this brings me to the vulnerabilities in the non - bank financial sector. as regards
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+ credit risk, some non - banks remain heavily exposed to interest rate - sensitive
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+ sectors, such as highly indebted corporates and real estate. deteriorating corporate
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+ fundamentals and the ongoing correction in real estate markets could expose non
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+ - banks that have 2 / 4 bis - central bankers'speeches invested in these sectors
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+ to revaluation losses and investor outflows. furthermore, low levels of liquidity
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+ could expose investment funds to the potential risk of forced asset sales if macro
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+ - financial outcomes deteriorate. corporate profitability in the euro area has
241
+ held up well, but higher interest rates are weighing on the debt servicing capacity
242
+ of more vulnerable firms. a weakening economy could prove challenging for firms
243
+ with high debt levels, subdued earnings and low interest coverage ratios. real
244
+ estate firms are particularly vulnerable to losses stemming from the ongoing downturn
245
+ in euro area commercial real estate markets. in an environment of tighter financing
246
+ conditions and elevated uncertainty, real estate prices have declined markedly.
247
+ the effects of higher interest rates have been compounded by structurally lower
248
+ demand for some real estate assets following the pandemic. although banks'exposure
249
+ to these markets is comparatively low, losses in this segment could act as an
250
+ amplifying factor in the event of a wider shock. euro area households, especially
251
+ those with lower incomes and in countries with mainly floatingrate mortgages,
252
+ are being increasingly squeezed by the higher interest rates. tighter financing
253
+ conditions have reduced the demand for housing, putting downward pressure on prices.
254
+ on a more positive note, robust labour markets have so far supported household
255
+ balance sheets, thereby mitigating the credit risk to banks. spreads in government
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+ bond markets have remained contained as many governments managed to secure cheap
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+ financing at longer maturities during the period of low interest rates.
258
+ sentences:
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+ - market. and if we are to raise our national economic vantage point and take advantage
260
+ of the momentum coming into 2013, thrift banks need to consider lending more to
261
+ this economic segment. i say this because msmes provide great employment opportunities.
262
+ a healthier msme sector will help ensure our economic growth is broad - based
263
+ and inclusive. thrift banks, however, must not just lend more in terms of nominal
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+ amounts. the challenge to the industry really is to ensure that such lending continuously
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+ creates further opportunities. in this way, msmes can be assured of viability,
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+ regardless of mandated credit programs. final thoughts friends, you want this
267
+ convention to be a discussion on broadening your horizon, our horizon. in trying
268
+ to look ahead, i took us through the more scenic route of our recent past. the
269
+ numbers tell us an encouraging story of growth and consistency of economic and
270
+ financial stability. however, the paradox of financial stability is that we may
271
+ just be at our weakest when we believe we are at our strongest position. complacency
272
+ often sets in when positive news is continuous and this is reinforced by encouraging
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+ market parameters. if we fall into this trap of complacency, we risk losing our
274
+ focus. for the thrift banking industry, the growth trajectory that many are anticipating
275
+ suggests even better times ahead. it is therefore in our collective interest,
276
+ if we wish to truly broaden our horizon, to agree on a common vision where thrift
277
+ banks have a definitive role to play. bis central bankers ’ speeches in my remarks,
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+ i have suggested specific action points you may consider in order to accomplish
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+ just that, and over time broaden your horizon. i challenge the industry to 1 )
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+ further improve credit underwriting standards for real estate and consumer loans
281
+ and raise your vantage point by looking at your processes with the lens of financial
282
+ stability, 2 ) interact with your clients and raise your vantage point by enhancing
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+ your practices with the heart of consumer protection and financial education,
284
+ and 3 ) increase lending to msmes and raise your vantage point by lending with
285
+ the mind to create greater value. but much more can be done. as the old board
286
+ takes its place in ctb lore, your new board is now at the helm to guide the industry
287
+ forward. it is never an easy task to move forward but rest assured that the bangko
288
+ sentral ng pilipinas will be with you as we take that journey together into broader
289
+ horizons. thank you very much and good day to all of you. bis central bankers
290
+ ’ speeches
291
+ - prices, which may also come under upward pressure owing to adverse weather events
292
+ and the unfolding climate crisis more broadly. most measures of underlying inflation
293
+ continue to decline. the eurostat's flash estimate for inflation excluding energy
294
+ and food points to a further decline to 4. 2 % in october, supported by improving
295
+ supply conditions, the pass - through of previous declines in energy prices, as
296
+ well as the impact of tighter monetary policy on demand and corporate pricing
297
+ power. at the same time, domestic price pressures are still strong and 1 / 4 bis
298
+ - central bankers'speeches are being increasingly driven by wage pressures and
299
+ the evolution of profit margins. while most measures of longer - term inflation
300
+ expectations stand around 2 %, some indicators remain elevated and need to be
301
+ monitored closely. the resilience of the labour market has been a bright spot
302
+ for the euro area economy, but there are signs that the labour market is beginning
303
+ to weaken. fewer new jobs are being created and, according to the latest flash
304
+ estimate, employment expectations have continued to decline in october for both
305
+ services and manufacturing. monetary policy based on our assessment of the inflation
306
+ outlook, the dynamics of underlying inflation and the strength of monetary policy
307
+ transmission, the governing council decided to keep the three key ecb interest
308
+ rates unchanged at its october meeting. the incoming information has broadly confirmed
309
+ our previous assessment of the medium - term inflation outlook. our past interest
310
+ rate increases continue to be transmitted forcefully into financial and monetary
311
+ conditions. banks'funding costs have continued to rise and are being passed on
312
+ to businesses and households. the combination of higher borrowing rates and weakening
313
+ activity led to a further sharp drop in credit demand in the third quarter of
314
+ this year. and credit standards have tightened again. we are also seeing increasing
315
+ signs of the impact of our policy decisions on the real economy. further tightening
316
+ is still in the pipeline from the current policy stance, and it is set to further
317
+ dampen demand and help push down inflation. we are determined to ensure that inflation
318
+ returns to our 2 % medium - term target in a timely manner. based on our current
319
+ assessment, we consider that the key ecb interest rates are at levels that, maintained
320
+ for a sufficiently long duration, will make a substantial contribution to this
321
+ goal. we will continue to follow a data - dependent approach to determining the
322
+ appropriate level and duration of restriction. financial stability let me now
323
+ turn to financial stability. in our upcoming financial stability review, we highlight
324
+ that the financial stability outlook remains fragile as the gradual effects of
325
+ tighter financial conditions on both the financial
326
+ - the conservation of natural resources. it was only in the fitness of things that
327
+ he delivered the inaugural address today. sir, we are overwhelmed by your insightful
328
+ address and i am sure all of us have immensely benefited listening to his valuable
329
+ views on a subject which is not only very dear to you but also so vital for the
330
+ country ’ s economic growth. 4. i also note that the seminar includes several
331
+ eminent speakers with vast experience on the subject. there are sessions on agricultural
332
+ productivity, role of research and technology in improving agricultural productivity,
333
+ linkages between productivity and farm income, incentivizing productivity enhancing
334
+ investments, relation between credit growth and productivity growth and mitigation
335
+ of risks in agriculture. in my address today, coming as do from the rbi, i would
336
+ broadly focus on major trends / issues in agricultural productivity and credit,
337
+ and the role of agricultural credit in improving agricultural productivity. i
338
+ would also touch upon some of the steps that can yield results in the short -
339
+ term. importance of agriculture 5. as you are aware, the recent indian growth
340
+ story has been service - led. services sector has completely replaced agriculture,
341
+ which was traditionally the largest contributor to india ’ s gdp. however, the
342
+ fact that agriculture has the smallest share in gdp of only about 14 per cent
343
+ today from a high of more than 50 per cent, does not belittle its importance for
344
+ bis central bankers ’ speeches the indian economy. this is because first, as we
345
+ all know, agriculture remains the largest employer having a share of around 60
346
+ per cent. secondly, it holds the key to creation of demand in other sectors and
347
+ remains by far an important indirect contributor to india ’ s gdp growth. the
348
+ agriculture sector needs to grow at least by 4 per cent for the economy to grow
349
+ at 9 per cent. thus, though having a small share, the fluctuations in agricultural
350
+ production can have large and significant impact on overall gdp growth. thirdly,
351
+ since food is an important component in basket of commodities used for measuring
352
+ consumer price indices, it is necessary that food prices are maintained at reasonable
353
+ levels to ensure food security, especially for the deprived sections of our society.
354
+ in fact, food security is emerging as an important policy concern, and the role
355
+ of agriculture in ensuring equitable access to food has added a new perspective
356
+ for policy makers. trends in agricultural productivity 6. i would like to discuss
357
+ certain trends in agricultural productivity in india. as is wellknown, the year
358
+ 1968 marked the beginning of a turning point in indian agriculture. the country
359
+ - source_sentence: having a reserve currency may also be desirable for other reasons.
360
+ first, with more reserve currencies available, portfolio diversification opportunities
361
+ are enhanced. this is desirable because, all else equal, it would allow investors
362
+ to move further out on the risk / return frontier. second, more currencies are
363
+ likely to be close substitutes, which could dampen currency volatility. with many
364
+ viable reserve currencies available, no particular one would necessarily have
365
+ to bear the bulk of any adjustment. the dollar ’ s dominant reserve currency status
366
+ has sometimes been referred to as the united states ’ “ exorbitant privilege,
367
+ ” implying that the u. s. benefits extraordinarily from this privileged status.
368
+ i ’ d argue that the situation is much more nuanced. yes, this status does allow
369
+ the u. s. to benefit from seigniorage. more than half of all u. s. currency outstanding
370
+ is held abroad. but, there are also costs of being the dominant reserve currency.
371
+ for example, this can lead to shifts in the valuation of the dollar that are due
372
+ primarily to developments abroad that affect risk appetites and international
373
+ capital flows. in such cases, the dollar ’ s valuation can be pushed to levels
374
+ inconsistent with u. s. economic fundamentals. for the united states, i believe
375
+ that the most important goal must be to keep our own house in order. if we do
376
+ this, then i expect that the u. s. dollar will earn the right to remain the most
377
+ important reserve currency in the world. the united states has a number of advantages
378
+ in sustaining the dominant reserve currency status of the u. s. dollar. first,
379
+ there is a first - mover advantage. as the leading reserve currency in the world,
380
+ there is no strong incentive for countries to move to other currencies as long
381
+ as the dollar continues to have the attributes i discussed earlier. the history
382
+ of reserve currency usage is characterized by considerable inertia. the u. s.
383
+ dollar emerged as the leading reserve currency quite a bit after it became the
384
+ world ’ s largest economy. typically, the loss of dominant reserve currency status
385
+ requires either substantial economic decline or political instability that motivates
386
+ foreign counterparties to shift to a new reserve currency. second, the u. s. has
387
+ the deepest and most liquid capital markets in the world. this is important in
388
+ making u. s. treasuries and agency mortgage - backed securities attractive holdings
389
+ as part of countries ’ foreign exchange reserve portfolio
390
+ sentences:
391
+ - as those on student visas, are assumed to begin arriving early next year, subject
392
+ to appropriate quarantine restrictions. but tourists and other short - term visitors
393
+ will not be able to return until later. in the baseline and upside scenarios,
394
+ we assume that the borders reopen in mid 2021. in the downside scenario, where
395
+ the global spread of the virus does not subside as quickly, we assume the borders
396
+ are closed for all of 2021. it is always possible to construct other scenarios.
397
+ the near term would be stronger if there were a major medical breakthrough on
398
+ treatments soon. an effective vaccine would take a bit longer to be distributed,
399
+ so it would mainly affect outcomes next year and the year after. but it could
400
+ also result in a stronger recovery than we have assumed even in the upside scenario
401
+ presented here. a worse outcome than our downside could be conceivable if the
402
+ virus cannot be contained and further waves of infection occur around the world
403
+ for some years yet. there are also plenty of other risks that can be contemplated
404
+ ; we discuss some of these in the statement. geopolitical tensions were an issue
405
+ even before the coronavirus outbreak, and could escalate further. the pandemic
406
+ has also in some places exacerbated domestic political tensions. it is hard to
407
+ know how these tensions will play out over the next couple of years. if they escalate,
408
+ it is possible that some countries'recoveries will be derailed. domestically,
409
+ there are also a number of uncertainties that go beyond the direct effects of
410
+ the virus and associated activity restrictions. for example, we have assumed that
411
+ households and businesses are quite cautious in their use of the fiscal and other
412
+ cash flow support they have been receiving. it is possible that people spend more
413
+ out of that support than we are assuming. it is even possible that some people
414
+ do more to make up for the consumption opportunities that were not available during
415
+ periods of lockdown and other activity restrictions. on the downside, the longer
416
+ the economy remains weak, the more the recovery will be impeded by scarring effects
417
+ on workers, the destruction of business supply networks and other lingering damage.
418
+ what has changed in the past three months the scenarios presented in the past
419
+ few months. statement incorporate several lessons from the experience of the first,
420
+ the economic contractions induced by health - related restrictions on activity
421
+ in the june quarter were very large. however, they were not quite as severe as
422
+ initially expected. the peak - to - trough declines in output and hours worked
423
+ - '. norway was hit by oil price shocks in the following years and economic reforms
424
+ were implemented in several areas. after a period it became clear that the central
425
+ government budget would be in surplus and that transfers would be made to the
426
+ fund. norway ’ s experience from its first 30 years as an oil - producing nation
427
+ led to the introduction of the fiscal rule, which has been a key element of norwegian
428
+ economic policy for the past decade. report no. 29 to the storting of 2001 laid
429
+ down guidelines for the phasing - in of petroleum revenues into the norwegian
430
+ economy, establishing two main principles : economic policy must contribute to
431
+ stable economic developments and be sustainable over time. by linking petroleum
432
+ revenue spending to the expected real return on the fund – and not to current
433
+ petroleum revenues – the fiscal rule provided for a gradual and sustainable phasingin
434
+ of the revenues. if we can restrict spending to the return, the fund will never
435
+ shrink. norway will also be less vulnerable to fluctuations in current petroleum
436
+ revenues. ( chart 8 : effect on the size of gpfg of change in oil price and return
437
+ ) in the first ten years after the establishment of the fiscal rule, the pace
438
+ of the fund ’ s growth was determined by oil prices. prospects in 2001 indicated
439
+ that a 25 percent higher oil price over a 10 - year period would increase the
440
+ size of the fund by almost nok 800 billion. uncertainty with regard to the return
441
+ on the fund was far less important for growth. this situation will change as the
442
+ fund grows and oil and gas production declines. from 2020 to 2030, the oil price
443
+ will play a less prominent role for the size of the fund, while the return on
444
+ the fund will be all the more important. in the initial years, the actual return,
445
+ adjusted for inflation and costs, was close to 4 percent. in recent years, with
446
+ the financial crisis and the sovereign debt crisis, the real return has been lower,
447
+ averaging about 2½ percent since 1998. source : lie, e. and c. venneslan : over
448
+ evne. finansdepartementet 1965 – 1992 [ beyond our power. ministry of finance
449
+ 1965 – 1992 ]. pax forlag, 2010. see report no. 25 to the storting ( 1973 - 74
450
+ ) : “ petroleumsvirksomhetens plass i det norske samfunn ” [ the role of petroleum
451
+ activity in norwegian society ]. bis central bankers ’ speeches we should be careful
452
+ about taking a rear -'
453
+ - ', increasingly relies on price signals generated by trading activity that takes
454
+ place daily in these markets. the reliance on secondary market trading for price
455
+ discovery constitutes the fundamental difference between funds from securities
456
+ markets and loans from banks. let me be a bit more specific. in securities markets,
457
+ investment decisions are driven by prices that arise from a trading process that
458
+ reconciles differential information from a diverse group of investors. in bank
459
+ loans, investment decisions are based on the bank ’ s private information about
460
+ specific borrowers. while a bank makes its own investment decisions, securities
461
+ markets rely on the consensus of a multitude of investors. when securities markets
462
+ work well, they provide efficient ways of aggregating information and allocating
463
+ risks among a wide range of investors. in order to function well, however, these
464
+ markets require a trading infrastructure. this infrastructure may consist of an
465
+ exchange, a network of brokers and dealers, and a clearing system. these markets
466
+ also rely on a cadre of relatively well - informed investors, who confidently
467
+ judge asset prices and take positions on the – 2 – strength of their judgments.
468
+ if the trading infrastructure fails or investors lose confidence, trading will
469
+ grind to a halt. the global fixed - income markets are unlike equity markets.
470
+ in equity markets, everyone knows something about the trading infrastructure,
471
+ which is centralized in exchanges. thus, there is no question as to the focal
472
+ point of trading information. but the importance of fixed - income markets, which
473
+ are multiple - dealer, over - the - counter markets, is sometimes hard to appreciate
474
+ because they are so decentralized. in the united states, the bond market is where
475
+ companies have been raising most of their funds in recent years. during the last
476
+ ten years, for example, u. s. nonfinancial corporations borrowed a net amount
477
+ of $ 785 billion in the form of bonds, three times the net amount they borrowed
478
+ from banks. over this same period, these companies as a group spent $ 600 billion
479
+ more to retire stock – through buybacks and mergers – than they raised in new
480
+ offerings. accompanying these increased levels of debt market activity has been
481
+ a continuous process of financial innovation. this innovation has served to unbundle
482
+ different kinds of risk and, thereby, to enlarge the menu of risks that investors
483
+ may choose to bear. for example, interest - rate swaps, futures and options help
484
+ reconfigure various interest - rate risks. total return swaps and creditspread
485
+ options are tools for reallocating the payment risks primarily of emerging market'
486
+ - source_sentence: education shocks arising from the pandemic could signify the largest
487
+ reversal in human development on record, equivalent to erasing all the progress
488
+ in human development of the past six years4. the risk of reversing progress in
489
+ achieving financial inclusion is accentuating why financial inclusion matters
490
+ now more than ever. optimising islamic finance for inclusive economic recovery
491
+ policy and regulatory responses across the globe, and likewise in malaysia, have
492
+ been focused on safeguarding economic resilience, managing risks to financial
493
+ stability and minimising repercussions to society. this is done in tandem with
494
+ the different stages of the pandemic – namely, containment, stabilisation and
495
+ recovery. at the onset of the crisis, governments along with financial regulators
496
+ have deployed sizeable stimulus packages and various assistance programmes in
497
+ order to contain the crisis and stabilise the economy. this includes addressing
498
+ demand and supply disruptions, maintaining cash flows and keeping workers employed.
499
+ in malaysia, the total stimulus package amounted to usd 73. 55 billion ( rm3056
500
+ billion ) with an additional fiscal injection by the government totalling 1 /
501
+ 4 bis central bankers'speeches rm45 billion. as at september 2020, a total of
502
+ 2. 63 million workers and 321, 000 employers had benefitted from the wage subsidy
503
+ programme, involving an expenditure of rm10. 4 billion. to provide further stimulus
504
+ to the economy, the bank has reduced the overnight policy rate ( opr ) by a cumulative
505
+ 125 basis points ( from 3. 00 % to 1. 75 % ) this year, alongside reduction in
506
+ the statutory reserve requirement by 100 basis points ( from 3. 00 % to 2. 00
507
+ % ). the reduction in the opr is intended to provide additional policy stimulus
508
+ to accelerate the pace of economic recovery. the financial industry, including
509
+ islamic financial institutions, also lent support to their borrowers and customers.
510
+ in the first half of 2020, a total of rm120 billion7 was disbursed in lending
511
+ / financing to smes, with more accounts being approved8 in aggregate in 2020 compared
512
+ to the same period in previous years. islamic financial institutions and related
513
+ associations have been actively educating and reaching out to affected borrowers
514
+ about the financial assistance programmes available in response to the pandemic.
515
+ the takaful and insurance industry also facilitated affected certificate holders
516
+ by offering temporary deferment of contribution and premium to promote continuity
517
+ of takaful protection coverage. more than 1. 1 million9 certificate and policyholders
518
+ have benefited from this relief measure. while the
519
+ sentences:
520
+ - education at an early age. a credit union is similar to a commercial bank, it
521
+ can provide the same products and services like a commercial bank, but what is
522
+ different is that the credit union is owned by members who are the shareholders
523
+ and at the same time are customers to the credit union. credit unions can provide
524
+ different saving accounts to suit the needs of their members. they can create
525
+ saving products such as junior saving accounts for the children. credit unions
526
+ provide lending products for their members. and credit unions can provide insurance
527
+ coverage for their members as well. one of the reasons people explain why they
528
+ don ’ t want to open an account with a commercial bank is that because banks charge
529
+ fees to keep their accounts. while paying fees is something that we all cannot
530
+ avoid because provision of banking services costs money, in a credit union the
531
+ interests, fees and charges that are paid by members is distributed back to the
532
+ members as net interest income. i say this because i am also member of our staff
533
+ credit union called bokolo credit union limited day one when i join the central
534
+ bank of solomon islands and know the benefit credit unions can give members. as
535
+ the registrar for credit unions, i take note of the progress in the growth of
536
+ the assets of both the soltuna employees credit union limited and the tuna trust
537
+ credit union limited. if the board and management of these credit unions continue
538
+ to manage these credit unions professionally, they will both be the vehicle to
539
+ encourage our children and youth here in noro and munda community to learn how
540
+ to save and earn and become good financial and economic citizens of our country.
541
+ finally, let me take this opportunity to thank the many people who made this global
542
+ money week celebration possible. to the board of directors of both tuna trust
543
+ credit union limited and soltuna employees credit union limited. i salute you
544
+ for accepting our request to work together to host this global money week. i would
545
+ like to thank selwyn talasasa, one of the long serving credit union promoters
546
+ who has been a credit union person since day one of his career. he has been very
547
+ helpful in organizing our global money week. thank you selwyn. i also thank the
548
+ global money week committee for their assistance in organising this global money
549
+ week. and thanks to the management of both national fisheries development limited
550
+ and soltuna limited for your support in hosting this global money week. thank
551
+ you nfd and soltuna, you made us all proud as good cooperate citizens. to our
552
+ noro town clerk for your support.
553
+ - 'in tandem, the policy rate of this central bank would have to be changed frequently
554
+ and forcefully in the same direction to offset the shock. but what would happen
555
+ in the other economy, if it – unlike the first – were more prone to supply shocks?
556
+ experience suggests that supply shocks yield sharp transitory increases in inflation,
557
+ possibly followed by smaller, more permanent “ secondround ” effects, though the
558
+ longer - run impact on inflation is obviously significantly determined by the
559
+ response of monetary policy. given the transitory nature of the initial inflation
560
+ bursts, the simple hypothetical rule – which incorporates the reaction to expected
561
+ inflation – would advise the central bank to “ look through ” the immediate disturbance
562
+ and change policy only to the extent needed to offset the anticipated more permanent
563
+ effects of the shock on inflation in subsequent quarters. its policy rate, again,
564
+ would be observed to be less variable. what is important to note is that the same
565
+ rule – equally active strategies – would support two different patterns of observed
566
+ policy behaviour in different economic environments. the third case is perhaps
567
+ the most interesting of all. here exogenous shocks are identical, but economic
568
+ structures differ. different transmission mechanisms therefore propagate the same
569
+ shocks with lags that vary between the two economies. the first economy has more
570
+ rigid adjustment mechanisms : price - setters and wage - negotiators are more
571
+ sluggish than those in the other economy in processing economic news – including
572
+ changes in the stance of monetary policy – and bringing them to bear on their
573
+ decisions. what is the source of those rigidities in the first economy? there
574
+ can be many reasons for rigidity. perhaps labour practices and contractual institutions
575
+ – dating from the early post - war decades when the economy was heavily regulated
576
+ – induce distortions in large a similar interpretation of “ interest rate inertia
577
+ ” – the tendency of central banks to adjust rates in the same direction and in
578
+ small steps – can be found in g. rudebusch, “ term structure evidence on interest
579
+ rate smoothing and monetary policy inertia ”, journal of monetary economics, vol.
580
+ 49 ( pp. 1161 - 1187 ), 2002. segments of the labour market. this stands in the
581
+ way of an efficient matching of skills and productive capabilities. perhaps tight
582
+ regulatory restraint on business and statutory inhibitions discourage innovation
583
+ and impede a faster response to new shocks and new opportunities. whatever the
584
+ source of rigidity, the observational result is that prices and wages in the first
585
+ economy reflect changes in fundamentals with considerable lags. how should'
586
+ - 'fund ( uncdf ) are also actively developing financial inclusion knowledge, and
587
+ supporting countries in implementing financial inclusion strategies globally.
588
+ over the years, we have since witnessed the rapid deployment of innovative financial
589
+ inclusion solutions that have changed the lives of many. since the introduction
590
+ of the mpesa mobile banking service in kenya, the number of adults with access
591
+ to financial services has increased from 42 % in 2011 to 75 % today. agent banking
592
+ in malaysia has provided consumers with an innovative and alternative channel
593
+ to access financial services, resulting in the percentage of sub - districts served
594
+ by financial services access point to increase from 46 % in 2011 to 96 % in 2014.
595
+ this has enabled 99 % of malaysians, particularly those in rural areas, to conveniently
596
+ access and benefit from financial services. the microfinance “ global financial
597
+ development report 2014 ”, world bank, 2014. discussion note “ redistribution,
598
+ inequality, and growth ”, imf, 2014. bis central bankers ’ speeches institution
599
+ grameen bank in bangladesh has extended credit through its 2, 500 branches to
600
+ almost 8 million people, with 60 % of them lifted from poverty. the loan recovery
601
+ rate is higher than 98 percent. the experience in bangladesh, in particular, dispels
602
+ the myth that the poor is not bankable. of proportionate regulation and the global
603
+ standards the proportionate application of global standards for financial regulation
604
+ is a critical factor in enabling innovative financial inclusion solutions, ensuring
605
+ its delivery in a safe and sound manner. my remarks today will touch on the following
606
+ topics : recent developments in global standards and financial inclusion ; focus
607
+ areas to advance proportionality in practice ; and the importance of the global
608
+ symposium to galvanise action. recent developments in global standards and financial
609
+ inclusion global standards developed after the global financial crisis were designed
610
+ to address the financial stability and integrity issues that came to the fore
611
+ in developed countries. many of these issues involved the activities of global
612
+ systemically important financial institutions. the effects of these standards
613
+ on financial inclusion, such as the impact on smaller financial institutions in
614
+ developing countries most likely were not taken into consideration. fortunately,
615
+ standard - setting bodies have now recognised the principle of proportionality,
616
+ emphasising on the balance between objectives of financial stability, integrity
617
+ and inclusion. however, the real challenge lies in implementing proportionality
618
+ in practice. if principles are not implemented in a proportionate manner, there
619
+ could be unintended consequences for financial inclusion. for example, despite
620
+ the financial action task force ’ s guidance on the implementation of a risk -
621
+ based approach to anti money laundering /'
622
+ pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
623
+ library_name: sentence-transformers
624
+ metrics:
625
+ - pearson_cosine
626
+ - spearman_cosine
627
+ model-index:
628
+ - name: SentenceTransformer based on samchain/EconoBert
629
+ results:
630
+ - task:
631
+ type: semantic-similarity
632
+ name: Semantic Similarity
633
+ dataset:
634
+ name: econosentencev2
635
+ type: econosentencev2
636
+ metrics:
637
+ - type: pearson_cosine
638
+ value: 0.8556254615515724
639
+ name: Pearson Cosine
640
+ - type: spearman_cosine
641
+ value: 0.8619885397301873
642
+ name: Spearman Cosine
643
+ - task:
644
+ type: semantic-similarity
645
+ name: Semantic Similarity
646
+ dataset:
647
+ name: econosentence prior df
648
+ type: econosentence-prior_df
649
+ metrics:
650
+ - type: pearson_cosine
651
+ value: 0.8373175950726144
652
+ name: Pearson Cosine
653
+ - type: spearman_cosine
654
+ value: 0.8294930387036759
655
+ name: Spearman Cosine
656
+ ---
657
+
658
+ # SentenceTransformer based on samchain/EconoBert
659
+
660
+ This is a [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) model finetuned from [samchain/EconoBert](https://huggingface.co/samchain/EconoBert). It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 768-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.
661
+
662
+ ## Model Details
663
+
664
+ ### Model Description
665
+ - **Model Type:** Sentence Transformer
666
+ - **Base model:** [samchain/EconoBert](https://huggingface.co/samchain/EconoBert) <!-- at revision 1554ddcdc25e1886cc43e05b9c77a2b8c4888da6 -->
667
+ - **Maximum Sequence Length:** 512 tokens
668
+ - **Output Dimensionality:** 768 dimensions
669
+ - **Similarity Function:** Cosine Similarity
670
+ <!-- - **Training Dataset:** Unknown -->
671
+ <!-- - **Language:** Unknown -->
672
+ <!-- - **License:** Unknown -->
673
+
674
+ ### Model Sources
675
+
676
+ - **Documentation:** [Sentence Transformers Documentation](https://sbert.net)
677
+ - **Repository:** [Sentence Transformers on GitHub](https://github.com/UKPLab/sentence-transformers)
678
+ - **Hugging Face:** [Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/models?library=sentence-transformers)
679
+
680
+ ### Full Model Architecture
681
+
682
+ ```
683
+ SentenceTransformer(
684
+ (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel
685
+ (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 768, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
686
+ )
687
+ ```
688
+
689
+ ## Usage
690
+
691
+ ### Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)
692
+
693
+ First install the Sentence Transformers library:
694
+
695
+ ```bash
696
+ pip install -U sentence-transformers
697
+ ```
698
+
699
+ Then you can load this model and run inference.
700
+ ```python
701
+ from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
702
+
703
+ # Download from the 🤗 Hub
704
+ model = SentenceTransformer("samchain/econosentence-v2")
705
+ # Run inference
706
+ sentences = [
707
+ "education shocks arising from the pandemic could signify the largest reversal in human development on record, equivalent to erasing all the progress in human development of the past six years4. the risk of reversing progress in achieving financial inclusion is accentuating why financial inclusion matters now more than ever. optimising islamic finance for inclusive economic recovery policy and regulatory responses across the globe, and likewise in malaysia, have been focused on safeguarding economic resilience, managing risks to financial stability and minimising repercussions to society. this is done in tandem with the different stages of the pandemic – namely, containment, stabilisation and recovery. at the onset of the crisis, governments along with financial regulators have deployed sizeable stimulus packages and various assistance programmes in order to contain the crisis and stabilise the economy. this includes addressing demand and supply disruptions, maintaining cash flows and keeping workers employed. in malaysia, the total stimulus package amounted to usd 73. 55 billion ( rm3056 billion ) with an additional fiscal injection by the government totalling 1 / 4 bis central bankers'speeches rm45 billion. as at september 2020, a total of 2. 63 million workers and 321, 000 employers had benefitted from the wage subsidy programme, involving an expenditure of rm10. 4 billion. to provide further stimulus to the economy, the bank has reduced the overnight policy rate ( opr ) by a cumulative 125 basis points ( from 3. 00 % to 1. 75 % ) this year, alongside reduction in the statutory reserve requirement by 100 basis points ( from 3. 00 % to 2. 00 % ). the reduction in the opr is intended to provide additional policy stimulus to accelerate the pace of economic recovery. the financial industry, including islamic financial institutions, also lent support to their borrowers and customers. in the first half of 2020, a total of rm120 billion7 was disbursed in lending / financing to smes, with more accounts being approved8 in aggregate in 2020 compared to the same period in previous years. islamic financial institutions and related associations have been actively educating and reaching out to affected borrowers about the financial assistance programmes available in response to the pandemic. the takaful and insurance industry also facilitated affected certificate holders by offering temporary deferment of contribution and premium to promote continuity of takaful protection coverage. more than 1. 1 million9 certificate and policyholders have benefited from this relief measure. while the",
708
+ 'education at an early age. a credit union is similar to a commercial bank, it can provide the same products and services like a commercial bank, but what is different is that the credit union is owned by members who are the shareholders and at the same time are customers to the credit union. credit unions can provide different saving accounts to suit the needs of their members. they can create saving products such as junior saving accounts for the children. credit unions provide lending products for their members. and credit unions can provide insurance coverage for their members as well. one of the reasons people explain why they don ’ t want to open an account with a commercial bank is that because banks charge fees to keep their accounts. while paying fees is something that we all cannot avoid because provision of banking services costs money, in a credit union the interests, fees and charges that are paid by members is distributed back to the members as net interest income. i say this because i am also member of our staff credit union called bokolo credit union limited day one when i join the central bank of solomon islands and know the benefit credit unions can give members. as the registrar for credit unions, i take note of the progress in the growth of the assets of both the soltuna employees credit union limited and the tuna trust credit union limited. if the board and management of these credit unions continue to manage these credit unions professionally, they will both be the vehicle to encourage our children and youth here in noro and munda community to learn how to save and earn and become good financial and economic citizens of our country. finally, let me take this opportunity to thank the many people who made this global money week celebration possible. to the board of directors of both tuna trust credit union limited and soltuna employees credit union limited. i salute you for accepting our request to work together to host this global money week. i would like to thank selwyn talasasa, one of the long serving credit union promoters who has been a credit union person since day one of his career. he has been very helpful in organizing our global money week. thank you selwyn. i also thank the global money week committee for their assistance in organising this global money week. and thanks to the management of both national fisheries development limited and soltuna limited for your support in hosting this global money week. thank you nfd and soltuna, you made us all proud as good cooperate citizens. to our noro town clerk for your support.',
709
+ 'fund ( uncdf ) are also actively developing financial inclusion knowledge, and supporting countries in implementing financial inclusion strategies globally. over the years, we have since witnessed the rapid deployment of innovative financial inclusion solutions that have changed the lives of many. since the introduction of the mpesa mobile banking service in kenya, the number of adults with access to financial services has increased from 42 % in 2011 to 75 % today. agent banking in malaysia has provided consumers with an innovative and alternative channel to access financial services, resulting in the percentage of sub - districts served by financial services access point to increase from 46 % in 2011 to 96 % in 2014. this has enabled 99 % of malaysians, particularly those in rural areas, to conveniently access and benefit from financial services. the microfinance “ global financial development report 2014 ”, world bank, 2014. discussion note “ redistribution, inequality, and growth ”, imf, 2014. bis central bankers ’ speeches institution grameen bank in bangladesh has extended credit through its 2, 500 branches to almost 8 million people, with 60 % of them lifted from poverty. the loan recovery rate is higher than 98 percent. the experience in bangladesh, in particular, dispels the myth that the poor is not bankable. of proportionate regulation and the global standards the proportionate application of global standards for financial regulation is a critical factor in enabling innovative financial inclusion solutions, ensuring its delivery in a safe and sound manner. my remarks today will touch on the following topics : recent developments in global standards and financial inclusion ; focus areas to advance proportionality in practice ; and the importance of the global symposium to galvanise action. recent developments in global standards and financial inclusion global standards developed after the global financial crisis were designed to address the financial stability and integrity issues that came to the fore in developed countries. many of these issues involved the activities of global systemically important financial institutions. the effects of these standards on financial inclusion, such as the impact on smaller financial institutions in developing countries most likely were not taken into consideration. fortunately, standard - setting bodies have now recognised the principle of proportionality, emphasising on the balance between objectives of financial stability, integrity and inclusion. however, the real challenge lies in implementing proportionality in practice. if principles are not implemented in a proportionate manner, there could be unintended consequences for financial inclusion. for example, despite the financial action task force ’ s guidance on the implementation of a risk - based approach to anti money laundering /',
710
+ ]
711
+ embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
712
+ print(embeddings.shape)
713
+ # [3, 768]
714
+
715
+ # Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
716
+ similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
717
+ print(similarities.shape)
718
+ # [3, 3]
719
+ ```
720
+
721
+ <!--
722
+ ### Direct Usage (Transformers)
723
+
724
+ <details><summary>Click to see the direct usage in Transformers</summary>
725
+
726
+ </details>
727
+ -->
728
+
729
+ <!--
730
+ ### Downstream Usage (Sentence Transformers)
731
+
732
+ You can finetune this model on your own dataset.
733
+
734
+ <details><summary>Click to expand</summary>
735
+
736
+ </details>
737
+ -->
738
+
739
+ <!--
740
+ ### Out-of-Scope Use
741
+
742
+ *List how the model may foreseeably be misused and address what users ought not to do with the model.*
743
+ -->
744
+
745
+ ## Evaluation
746
+
747
+ ### Metrics
748
+
749
+ #### Semantic Similarity
750
+
751
+ * Datasets: `econosentencev2` and `econosentence-prior_df`
752
+ * Evaluated with [<code>EmbeddingSimilarityEvaluator</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/evaluation.html#sentence_transformers.evaluation.EmbeddingSimilarityEvaluator)
753
+
754
+ | Metric | econosentencev2 | econosentence-prior_df |
755
+ |:--------------------|:----------------|:-----------------------|
756
+ | pearson_cosine | 0.8556 | 0.8373 |
757
+ | **spearman_cosine** | **0.862** | **0.8295** |
758
+
759
+ <!--
760
+ ## Bias, Risks and Limitations
761
+
762
+ *What are the known or foreseeable issues stemming from this model? You could also flag here known failure cases or weaknesses of the model.*
763
+ -->
764
+
765
+ <!--
766
+ ### Recommendations
767
+
768
+ *What are recommendations with respect to the foreseeable issues? For example, filtering explicit content.*
769
+ -->
770
+
771
+ ## Training Details
772
+
773
+ ### Training Dataset
774
+
775
+ #### Unnamed Dataset
776
+
777
+ * Size: 45,044 training samples
778
+ * Columns: <code>text1</code>, <code>text2</code>, and <code>label</code>
779
+ * Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
780
+ | | text1 | text2 | label |
781
+ |:--------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------|
782
+ | type | string | string | float |
783
+ | details | <ul><li>min: 3 tokens</li><li>mean: 454.6 tokens</li><li>max: 505 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 6 tokens</li><li>mean: 458.88 tokens</li><li>max: 505 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 0.0</li><li>mean: 0.49</li><li>max: 1.0</li></ul> |
784
+ * Samples:
785
+ | text1 | text2 | label |
786
+ |:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-----------------|
787
+ | <code>in credit intermediation is not disrupted. i hope the analysis and observations i have shared today can assist with a process of learning, evolving, and improving that will prevent future disruptions. thank you. bis central bankers ’ speeches bis central bankers ’ speeches bis central bankers ’ speeches</code> | <code>richard byles : update and outlook for the jamaican economy monetary policy press statement by mr richard byles, governor of the bank of jamaica, at the quarterly monetary policy report press conference, kingston, 21 february 2024. * * * introduction good morning and welcome to our first quarterly monetary policy report press conference for 2024. the year has started with inflation being above the bank's inflation target. statin reported last week that headline inflation at january 2024 was 7. 4 per cent, which is higher than the outturns for the previous three months, and above the bank's target of 4 to 6 per cent. core inflation, however, which excludes food and fuel prices from the consumer price index, was 5. 9 per cent, which is lower than the 7. 1 per cent recorded in january 2023. the inflation outturn at january is higher than the bank had projected in november 2023. as we communicated then, in the wake of the announcement by the minister of finance and the public service of th...</code> | <code>0.0</code> |
788
+ | <code>european central bank : press conference - introductory statement introductory statement by mr jean - claude trichet, president of the european central bank, frankfurt am main, 4 may 2006. * * * ladies and gentlemen, let me welcome you to our press conference and report on the outcome of today ’ s meeting of the ecb ’ s governing council. the meeting was also attended by commissioner almunia. on the basis of our regular economic and monetary analyses, we have decided to leave the key ecb interest rates unchanged. overall, the information which has become available since our last meeting broadly confirms our earlier assessment of the outlook for price developments and economic activity in the euro area, and that monetary and credit growth remains very dynamic. against this background, the governing council will exercise strong vigilance in order to ensure that risks to price stability over the medium term do not materialise. such vigilance is particularly warranted in a context of ample...</code> | <code>vitor constancio : strengthening european economic governance – surveillance of fiscal and macroeconomic imbalances speech by mr vitor constancio, vice - president of the european central bank, at the brussels economic forum, brussels, 18 may 2011. * * * thank you very much for the invitation to participate in this panel today. the session is intended to focus on “ surveillance of fiscal and macroeconomic imbalances ”, which arguably is the most important strand of the economic governance package. but one should consider that this package – beyond the 6 legislative acts – also contains three other strands : the euro plus pact, the creation of the european stability mechanism and the setting - up of the european system of financial supervision. a fundamental strengthening of economic governance in the euro area requires simultaneous progress in all three areas. the first strand is necessary to prevent and correct imbalances ; the second to ensure the conditions for future growth and com...</code> | <code>0.5</code> |
789
+ | <code>. innovation is already altering the power source of motor vehicles, and much research is directed at reducing gasoline requirements. at present, gasoline consumption in the united states alone accounts for 11 percent of world oil production. moreover, new technologies to preserve existing conventional oil reserves and to stabilize oil prices will emerge in the years ahead. we will begin the transition to the next major sources of energy perhaps before midcentury as production from conventional oil reservoirs, according to central tendency scenarios of the energy information administration, is projected to peak. in fact, the development and application of new sources of energy, especially nonconventional oil, is already in train. nonetheless, it will take time. we, and the rest of the world, doubtless will have to live with the uncertainties of the oil markets for some time to come.</code> | <code>oil industry to build inventories, demand from investors who have accumulated large net long positions in distant oil futures and options is expanding once again. such speculative positions are claims against future oil holdings of oil firms. currently, strained capacity has limited the ability of oil producers to quickly satisfy this markedly increased demand for inventory. adding to the difficulties is the rising consumption of oil, especially in china and india, both of which are expanding economically in ways that are relatively energy intensive. even the recent notable pickup in opec output, by exhausting most of its remaining excess capacity, has only modestly satisfied overall demand. output from producers outside opec has also increased materially, but investment in new producing wells has lagged, limiting growth of production in the near term. crude oil prices are also being distorted by shortages of capacity to upgrade the higher sulphur content and heavier grades of crude oi...</code> | <code>1.0</code> |
790
+ * Loss: [<code>CoSENTLoss</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#cosentloss) with these parameters:
791
+ ```json
792
+ {
793
+ "scale": 20.0,
794
+ "similarity_fct": "pairwise_cos_sim"
795
+ }
796
+ ```
797
+
798
+ ### Evaluation Dataset
799
+
800
+ #### Unnamed Dataset
801
+
802
+ * Size: 11,261 evaluation samples
803
+ * Columns: <code>text1</code>, <code>text2</code>, and <code>label</code>
804
+ * Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
805
+ | | text1 | text2 | label |
806
+ |:--------|:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:--------------------------------------------------------------|
807
+ | type | string | string | float |
808
+ | details | <ul><li>min: 4 tokens</li><li>mean: 451.65 tokens</li><li>max: 505 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 6 tokens</li><li>mean: 457.79 tokens</li><li>max: 505 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 0.0</li><li>mean: 0.5</li><li>max: 1.0</li></ul> |
809
+ * Samples:
810
+ | text1 | text2 | label |
811
+ |:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-----------------|
812
+ | <code>the drying up of the unsecured interbank market a price worth paying for lower interest rate volatility and tighter interest rate control in the money markets? at present, it is difficult to envisage how the unsecured interbank money market could be revived in full in the near future, reaching the pre - global financial crisis levels. this is due both to regulatory reasons and to fragmentation. post - crisis, banks appear reluctant to lend each other in the unsecured interbank market, pricing such lending at levels that are sufficient to compensate for counterparty credit risk. at the same time, short - term ( below 6 months ) interbank funding does not contribute towards satisfying the nsfr requirements. as a result, the unsecured segment of the interbank market is unattractive for prospective borrowers and is not expected to regain importance. furthermore, heterogeneity within and across the banking systems of euro area countries impedes the efficient redistribution of reserves acros...</code> | <code>##obalisation, artificial intelligence, as well as the green transition and climate change adaptation policies. 1 / 7 bis - central bankers'speeches given the uncertain overall impact of these effects and the significant unknowns and ambiguity surrounding the computation of natural interest rates, their prospective level and evolution are not easily determined. turning now to the lessons learnt, experience gained during the past crises has been extremely valuable. first, monetary policy needs to remain flexible so that it can accommodate potential future shocks to price stability, of any nature and direction. second, financial stability considerations need to be taken into account in the decision making of monetary policymakers, in their pursuit of price stability. the past decade provided us with new insights into what monetary policy can do. we are now better prepared to implement the appropriate monetary policy mix, with standard and non - standard tools, if we were to face new chal...</code> | <code>1.0</code> |
813
+ | <code>therefore worries me that greece might go backwards in terms of its reform agenda. suffice to say, it is not enough to correct misalignments solely at the national level. we also need structural reforms at the european level. and here, a lot has been done since the crisis broke out. first, the rules of the stability and growth pact were tightened and a fiscal compact was adopted in order to restore confidence in public finances. second, a procedure for identifying macroeconomic imbalances at an early stage was established. and third, a crisis mechanism was set up to serve as a “ firewall ”, safeguarding the stability of the financial system in the euro area. in addition to these measures, the euro area took a major step toward deeper financial integration. on 4 november 2014, the first pillar of a european banking union was put in place. on that day, the ecb assumed responsibility for supervising the 123 largest banks in the euro area. together, the banks concerned account for more tha...</code> | <code>andreas dombret : the euro area – where do we stand? speech by dr andreas dombret, member of the executive board of the deutsche bundesbank, at the german - turkish chamber of trade and commerce, istanbul, 10 february 2015. * 1. * * introduction ladies and gentlemen thank you for inviting me to speak here at the german - turkish chamber of industry and commerce in istanbul. isaac newton once observed that “ we build too many walls and not enough bridges ”. istanbul has for centuries been a bridge between two continents – asia and europe. it seems to me that istanbul is therefore an excellent place to hold this year ’ s g20 meetings. after all, the purpose of these meetings is to build bridges between nations by fostering dialogue and the mutual exchange of information. and this objective is of course also pursued by the german - turkish chamber of trade and commerce. moreover, mutual exchange is essential in a globalised world where countries are no longer isolated islands but part of ...</code> | <code>1.0</code> |
814
+ | <code>for vital issues regarding the agenda. i desire you all success with the materialization and accomplishment of your present and future projects and i conclude by wishing all the foreign guests at this conference a good stay in romania. i am now giving the floor to mr kurt puchinger, coordinator of the eu strategy for the danube region and chair of the first session, to start the conference. thank you. bis central bankers ’ speeches</code> | <code>national bank of romania, as they capture appropriately the opinions of the real sector on some key issues, such as : ( i ) the most pressing problems that firms are facing in their activity ; ( ii ) the investment needs and priorities ; ( iii ) challenges raised by climate change and energy efficiency. the survey shows that firms in romania have become less optimistic regarding investment conditions for the year ahead. while this is a worrying trend, we are rather positive that romania will be able to overcome the main problem identified, the energy costs, in the near future. i would add here that the government has implemented several measures in this respect, such as electricity and natural gas price capping schemes, the compensation of the price of motor fuel / liter and caps on the firewood price. also, we are aware that the war in ukraine and the related sanctions will continue to generate considerable uncertainties and risks to the outlook for economic activity, through possibly...</code> | <code>0.5</code> |
815
+ * Loss: [<code>CoSENTLoss</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#cosentloss) with these parameters:
816
+ ```json
817
+ {
818
+ "scale": 20.0,
819
+ "similarity_fct": "pairwise_cos_sim"
820
+ }
821
+ ```
822
+
823
+ ### Training Hyperparameters
824
+ #### Non-Default Hyperparameters
825
+
826
+ - `eval_strategy`: steps
827
+ - `per_device_train_batch_size`: 16
828
+ - `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 16
829
+ - `learning_rate`: 2e-05
830
+ - `num_train_epochs`: 2
831
+ - `warmup_ratio`: 0.1
832
+ - `fp16`: True
833
+ - `batch_sampler`: no_duplicates
834
+
835
+ #### All Hyperparameters
836
+ <details><summary>Click to expand</summary>
837
+
838
+ - `overwrite_output_dir`: False
839
+ - `do_predict`: False
840
+ - `eval_strategy`: steps
841
+ - `prediction_loss_only`: True
842
+ - `per_device_train_batch_size`: 16
843
+ - `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 16
844
+ - `per_gpu_train_batch_size`: None
845
+ - `per_gpu_eval_batch_size`: None
846
+ - `gradient_accumulation_steps`: 1
847
+ - `eval_accumulation_steps`: None
848
+ - `torch_empty_cache_steps`: None
849
+ - `learning_rate`: 2e-05
850
+ - `weight_decay`: 0.0
851
+ - `adam_beta1`: 0.9
852
+ - `adam_beta2`: 0.999
853
+ - `adam_epsilon`: 1e-08
854
+ - `max_grad_norm`: 1.0
855
+ - `num_train_epochs`: 2
856
+ - `max_steps`: -1
857
+ - `lr_scheduler_type`: linear
858
+ - `lr_scheduler_kwargs`: {}
859
+ - `warmup_ratio`: 0.1
860
+ - `warmup_steps`: 0
861
+ - `log_level`: passive
862
+ - `log_level_replica`: warning
863
+ - `log_on_each_node`: True
864
+ - `logging_nan_inf_filter`: True
865
+ - `save_safetensors`: True
866
+ - `save_on_each_node`: False
867
+ - `save_only_model`: False
868
+ - `restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint`: False
869
+ - `no_cuda`: False
870
+ - `use_cpu`: False
871
+ - `use_mps_device`: False
872
+ - `seed`: 42
873
+ - `data_seed`: None
874
+ - `jit_mode_eval`: False
875
+ - `use_ipex`: False
876
+ - `bf16`: False
877
+ - `fp16`: True
878
+ - `fp16_opt_level`: O1
879
+ - `half_precision_backend`: auto
880
+ - `bf16_full_eval`: False
881
+ - `fp16_full_eval`: False
882
+ - `tf32`: None
883
+ - `local_rank`: 0
884
+ - `ddp_backend`: None
885
+ - `tpu_num_cores`: None
886
+ - `tpu_metrics_debug`: False
887
+ - `debug`: []
888
+ - `dataloader_drop_last`: False
889
+ - `dataloader_num_workers`: 0
890
+ - `dataloader_prefetch_factor`: None
891
+ - `past_index`: -1
892
+ - `disable_tqdm`: False
893
+ - `remove_unused_columns`: True
894
+ - `label_names`: None
895
+ - `load_best_model_at_end`: False
896
+ - `ignore_data_skip`: False
897
+ - `fsdp`: []
898
+ - `fsdp_min_num_params`: 0
899
+ - `fsdp_config`: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
900
+ - `fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap`: None
901
+ - `accelerator_config`: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
902
+ - `deepspeed`: None
903
+ - `label_smoothing_factor`: 0.0
904
+ - `optim`: adamw_torch
905
+ - `optim_args`: None
906
+ - `adafactor`: False
907
+ - `group_by_length`: False
908
+ - `length_column_name`: length
909
+ - `ddp_find_unused_parameters`: None
910
+ - `ddp_bucket_cap_mb`: None
911
+ - `ddp_broadcast_buffers`: False
912
+ - `dataloader_pin_memory`: True
913
+ - `dataloader_persistent_workers`: False
914
+ - `skip_memory_metrics`: True
915
+ - `use_legacy_prediction_loop`: False
916
+ - `push_to_hub`: False
917
+ - `resume_from_checkpoint`: None
918
+ - `hub_model_id`: None
919
+ - `hub_strategy`: every_save
920
+ - `hub_private_repo`: None
921
+ - `hub_always_push`: False
922
+ - `gradient_checkpointing`: False
923
+ - `gradient_checkpointing_kwargs`: None
924
+ - `include_inputs_for_metrics`: False
925
+ - `include_for_metrics`: []
926
+ - `eval_do_concat_batches`: True
927
+ - `fp16_backend`: auto
928
+ - `push_to_hub_model_id`: None
929
+ - `push_to_hub_organization`: None
930
+ - `mp_parameters`:
931
+ - `auto_find_batch_size`: False
932
+ - `full_determinism`: False
933
+ - `torchdynamo`: None
934
+ - `ray_scope`: last
935
+ - `ddp_timeout`: 1800
936
+ - `torch_compile`: False
937
+ - `torch_compile_backend`: None
938
+ - `torch_compile_mode`: None
939
+ - `dispatch_batches`: None
940
+ - `split_batches`: None
941
+ - `include_tokens_per_second`: False
942
+ - `include_num_input_tokens_seen`: False
943
+ - `neftune_noise_alpha`: None
944
+ - `optim_target_modules`: None
945
+ - `batch_eval_metrics`: False
946
+ - `eval_on_start`: False
947
+ - `use_liger_kernel`: False
948
+ - `eval_use_gather_object`: False
949
+ - `average_tokens_across_devices`: False
950
+ - `prompts`: None
951
+ - `batch_sampler`: no_duplicates
952
+ - `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: proportional
953
+
954
+ </details>
955
+
956
+ ### Training Logs
957
+ | Epoch | Step | Training Loss | Validation Loss | econosentencev2_spearman_cosine | econosentence-prior_df_spearman_cosine |
958
+ |:------:|:----:|:-------------:|:---------------:|:-------------------------------:|:--------------------------------------:|
959
+ | 0.0888 | 250 | 4.2245 | - | - | - |
960
+ | 0.1776 | 500 | 3.6201 | 3.5284 | 0.7812 | - |
961
+ | 0.2663 | 750 | 3.5093 | - | - | - |
962
+ | 0.3551 | 1000 | 3.4858 | 3.4938 | 0.8177 | - |
963
+ | 0.4439 | 1250 | 3.5671 | - | - | - |
964
+ | 0.5327 | 1500 | 3.3165 | 3.2432 | 0.8302 | - |
965
+ | 0.6214 | 1750 | 3.2781 | - | - | - |
966
+ | 0.7102 | 2000 | 3.2901 | 3.1754 | 0.8355 | - |
967
+ | 0.7990 | 2250 | 3.2053 | - | - | - |
968
+ | 0.8878 | 2500 | 3.1673 | 3.1109 | 0.8422 | - |
969
+ | 0.9766 | 2750 | 3.0844 | - | - | - |
970
+ | 1.0653 | 3000 | 2.7478 | 3.1557 | 0.8483 | - |
971
+ | 1.1541 | 3250 | 2.7042 | - | - | - |
972
+ | 1.2429 | 3500 | 2.6291 | 3.1707 | 0.8541 | - |
973
+ | 1.3317 | 3750 | 2.6193 | - | - | - |
974
+ | 1.4205 | 4000 | 2.6128 | 3.1136 | 0.8546 | - |
975
+ | 1.5092 | 4250 | 2.5762 | - | - | - |
976
+ | 1.5980 | 4500 | 2.5992 | 3.0960 | 0.8579 | - |
977
+ | 1.6868 | 4750 | 2.4983 | - | - | - |
978
+ | 1.7756 | 5000 | 2.3061 | 3.1615 | 0.8608 | - |
979
+ | 1.8643 | 5250 | 2.3459 | - | - | - |
980
+ | 1.9531 | 5500 | 2.418 | 3.1436 | 0.8617 | - |
981
+ | -1 | -1 | - | - | 0.8620 | 0.8295 |
982
+
983
+
984
+ ### Framework Versions
985
+ - Python: 3.10.12
986
+ - Sentence Transformers: 3.4.1
987
+ - Transformers: 4.49.0
988
+ - PyTorch: 2.1.0+cu118
989
+ - Accelerate: 1.4.0
990
+ - Datasets: 3.3.1
991
+ - Tokenizers: 0.21.0
992
+
993
+ ## Citation
994
+
995
+ ### BibTeX
996
+
997
+ #### Sentence Transformers
998
+ ```bibtex
999
+ @inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
1000
+ title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
1001
+ author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
1002
+ booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
1003
+ month = "11",
1004
+ year = "2019",
1005
+ publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
1006
+ url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
1007
+ }
1008
+ ```
1009
+
1010
+ #### CoSENTLoss
1011
+ ```bibtex
1012
+ @online{kexuefm-8847,
1013
+ title={CoSENT: A more efficient sentence vector scheme than Sentence-BERT},
1014
+ author={Su Jianlin},
1015
+ year={2022},
1016
+ month={Jan},
1017
+ url={https://kexue.fm/archives/8847},
1018
+ }
1019
+ ```
1020
+
1021
+ <!--
1022
+ ## Glossary
1023
+
1024
+ *Clearly define terms in order to be accessible across audiences.*
1025
+ -->
1026
+
1027
+ <!--
1028
+ ## Model Card Authors
1029
+
1030
+ *Lists the people who create the model card, providing recognition and accountability for the detailed work that goes into its construction.*
1031
+ -->
1032
+
1033
+ <!--
1034
+ ## Model Card Contact
1035
+
1036
+ *Provides a way for people who have updates to the Model Card, suggestions, or questions, to contact the Model Card authors.*
1037
+ -->
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