MongoDB/mdbr-leaf-ir

MongoDB/mdbr-leaf-ir

Content

1. Introduction
2. Technical Report
3. Highlights
4. Benchmarks
5. Quickstart
6. Citation

Introduction

mdbr-leaf-ir is a compact high-performance text embedding model specifically designed for information retrieval (IR) tasks, e.g., the retrieval stage of Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) pipelines.

To enable even greater efficiency, mdbr-leaf-ir supports flexible asymmetric architectures and is robust to vector quantization and MRL truncation.

If you are looking to perform other tasks such as classification, clustering, semantic sentence similarity, summarization, please check out our mdbr-leaf-mt model.

Note: this model has been developed by the ML team of MongoDB Research. At the time of writing it is not used in any of MongoDB's commercial product or service offerings.

Technical Report

A technical report detailing our proposed LEAF training procedure is available here.

Highlights

• State-of-the-Art Performance: mdbr-leaf-ir achieves state-of-the-art results for compact embedding models, ranking #1 on the public BEIR benchmark leaderboard for models with ≤100M parameters.
• Flexible Architecture Support: mdbr-leaf-ir supports asymmetric retrieval architectures enabling even greater retrieval results. See below for more information.
• MRL and Quantization Support: embedding vectors generated by mdbr-leaf-ir compress well when truncated (MRL) and can be stored using more efficient types like int8 and binary. See below for more information.

Benchmark Comparison

The table below shows the average BEIR benchmark scores (nDCG@10) for mdbr-leaf-ir compared to other retrieval models.

mdbr-leaf-ir ranks #1 on the BEIR public leaderboard, and when run in asymmetric "(asym.)" mode as described here, the results improve even further.

Model	Size	BEIR Avg. (nDCG@10)
OpenAI text-embedding-3-large	Unknown	55.43
mdbr-leaf-ir (asym.)	23M	54.03
mdbr-leaf-ir	23M	53.55
snowflake-arctic-embed-s	32M	51.98
bge-small-en-v1.5	33M	51.65
OpenAI text-embedding-3-small	Unknown	51.08
granite-embedding-small-english-r2	47M	50.87
snowflake-arctic-embed-xs	23M	50.15
e5-small-v2	33M	49.04
SPLADE++	110M	48.88
MiniLM-L6-v2	23M	41.95
BM25	–	41.14

Quickstart

Sentence Transformers

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer  
  
# Load the model  
model = SentenceTransformer("MongoDB/mdbr-leaf-ir")  
  
# Example queries and documents  
queries = [
    "What is machine learning?",  
    "How does neural network training work?"  
]  
  
documents = [  
    "Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence that focuses on algorithms that can learn from data.",  
    "Neural networks are trained through backpropagation, adjusting weights to minimize prediction errors."  
]  
  
# Encode queries and documents  
query_embeddings = model.encode(queries, prompt_name="query")  
document_embeddings = model.encode(documents)  
  
# Compute similarity scores  
scores = model.similarity(query_embeddings, document_embeddings)  

# Print results
for i, query in enumerate(queries):
    print(f"Query: {query}")
    for j, doc in enumerate(documents):
        print(f" Similarity: {scores[i, j]:.4f} | Document {j}: {doc[:80]}...")

See example output

Query: What is machine learning?
 Similarity: 0.6857 | Document 0: Machine learning is a subset of ...
 Similarity: 0.4598 | Document 1: Neural networks are trained ...

Query: How does neural network training work?
 Similarity: 0.4238 | Document 0: Machine learning is a subset of ...
 Similarity: 0.5723 | Document 1: Neural networks are trained ...

Transformers.js

If you haven't already, you can install the Transformers.js JavaScript library from NPM using:

npm i @huggingface/transformers

You can then use the model to compute embeddings like this:

import { AutoModel, AutoTokenizer, matmul } from "@huggingface/transformers";

// Download from the 🤗 Hub
const model_id = "MongoDB/mdbr-leaf-ir";
const tokenizer = await AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id);
const model = await AutoModel.from_pretrained(model_id, {
    dtype: "fp32", // Options: "fp32" | "fp16" | "q8" | "q4" | "q4f16"
});

// Prepare queries and documents
const queries = [
    "What is machine learning?",
    "How does neural network training work?",
];
const documents = [  
    "Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence that focuses on algorithms that can learn from data.",
    "Neural networks are trained through backpropagation, adjusting weights to minimize prediction errors.",
];
const inputs = await tokenizer([
    ...queries.map((x) => "Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: " + x),
    ...documents,
], { padding: true });

// Generate embeddings
const { sentence_embedding } = await model(inputs);

// Compute similarities
const scores = await matmul(
    sentence_embedding.slice([0, queries.length]),
    sentence_embedding.slice([queries.length, null]).transpose(1, 0),
);
const scores_list = scores.tolist();

for (let i = 0; i < queries.length; ++i) {
    console.log(`Query: ${queries[i]}`);
    for (let j = 0; j < documents.length; ++j) {
        console.log(` Similarity: ${scores_list[i][j].toFixed(4)} | Document ${j}: ${documents[j]}`);
    }
    console.log();
}

See example output

Query: What is machine learning?
 Similarity: 0.6857 | Document 0: Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence that focuses on algorithms that can learn from data.
 Similarity: 0.4598 | Document 1: Neural networks are trained through backpropagation, adjusting weights to minimize prediction errors.

Query: How does neural network training work?
 Similarity: 0.4238 | Document 0: Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence that focuses on algorithms that can learn from data.
 Similarity: 0.5723 | Document 1: Neural networks are trained through backpropagation, adjusting weights to minimize prediction errors.

Transformers Usage

See full example notebook here.

Asymmetric Retrieval Setup

Note: a version of this asymmetric setup, conveniently packaged into a single model, is available here.

mdbr-leaf-ir is aligned to snowflake-arctic-embed-m-v1.5, the model it has been distilled from. This enables flexible architectures in which, for example, documents are encoded using the larger model, while queries can be encoded faster and more efficiently with the compact leaf model:

# Use mdbr-leaf-ir for query encoding (real-time, low latency)  
query_model = SentenceTransformer("MongoDB/mdbr-leaf-ir")  
query_embeddings = query_model.encode(queries, prompt_name="query")  

# Use a larger model for document encoding (one-time, at index time)  
doc_model = SentenceTransformer("Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-m-v1.5")  
document_embeddings = doc_model.encode(documents)  

# Compute similarities  
scores = query_model.similarity(query_embeddings, document_embeddings)  

Retrieval results in asymmetric mode are often superior to the standard mode above.

MRL Truncation

Embeddings have been trained via MRL and can be truncated for more efficient storage:

query_embeds = model.encode(queries, prompt_name="query", truncate_dim=256)
doc_embeds = model.encode(documents, truncate_dim=256)

similarities = model.similarity(query_embeds, doc_embeds)

print('After MRL:')
print(f"* Embeddings dimension: {query_embeds.shape[1]}")
print(f"* Similarities: \n\t{similarities}")

See example output

After MRL:
* Embeddings dimension: 256
* Similarities:
  tensor([[0.7136, 0.4989],
          [0.4567, 0.6022]])

Vector Quantization

Vector quantization, for example to int8 or binary, can be performed as follows:

Note: For vector quantization to types other than binary, we suggest performing a calibration to determine the optimal ranges, see here. Good initial values, according to the teacher model's documentation, are:

• int8: -0.3 and +0.3
• int4: -0.18 and +0.18

from sentence_transformers.quantization import quantize_embeddings
import torch

query_embeds = model.encode(queries, prompt_name="query")
doc_embeds = model.encode(documents)

# Quantize embeddings to int8 using -0.3 and +0.3 as calibration ranges
ranges = torch.tensor([[-0.3], [+0.3]]).expand(2, query_embeds.shape[1]).cpu().numpy()
query_embeds = quantize_embeddings(query_embeds, "int8", ranges=ranges)
doc_embeds = quantize_embeddings(doc_embeds, "int8", ranges=ranges)

# Calculate similarities; cast to int64 to avoid under/overflow
similarities = query_embeds.astype(int) @ doc_embeds.astype(int).T

print('After quantization:')
print(f"* Embeddings type: {query_embeds.dtype}")
print(f"* Similarities: \n{similarities}")

See example output

After quantization:
* Embeddings type: int8
* Similarities:
   [[118022  79111]
    [ 72961  98333]]

Evaluation

Please see here.

Citation

If you use this model in your work, please cite:

@misc{mdbr_leaf,
      title={LEAF: Knowledge Distillation of Text Embedding Models with Teacher-Aligned Representations}, 
      author={Robin Vujanic and Thomas Rueckstiess},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2509.12539},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.IR},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.12539}, 
}

License

This model is released under Apache 2.0 License.

Contact

For questions or issues, please open an issue or pull request. You can also contact the MongoDB ML research team at [email protected].