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ESL level: CEFR A1
Type: collaborative task, 2-page worksheet (in pdf format)
Target language: asking for and giving directions (basics of coding: algorithm, sequences)
Description of activity: Students work in pairs and get a copy of the worksheet (version A or version B). They are the person who asks for directions and listens to instructions in five situations, then the one who gives directions in other five situations. The start points and the destinations are marked with a point in the grid (e.g. E5). The student who provides directions needs to set up a route, then explain how to get to the destination point (which is not known by their partner). In order to ask correct questions and to give precise instructions, a list of useful expressions is provided (Go straight (number) blocks. Turn left / right.). You can also find two follow up tasks at the bottom of the worksheet. The task integrates very well into a curriculum teaching coding, since it provides practice of creating algorithms and following sequences.
Time: 30 min
Font: Papyrus, Garamond | <urn:uuid:0cbefc6c-b512-49dc-9dd4-baf91ac41079> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.elttutor.com/prodotto/a1-worksheet-blind-maze-collaborative-speaking-task/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474893.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229234355-20240301024355-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.910217 | 230 | 4.21875 | 4 |
What is top-down processing?
Top-down processing is the idea that to process and understand a text we start with “higher-level” features – background knowledge, context, overall meaning – and proceed through a series of steps “down” to “lower-level” semantic, syntactical and phonological features.
This contextual information at the top can come from knowledge about the world or the speaker/writer, from a mental image or expectation set up before or during listening or reading (often called a schema), or from predictions based on the probability of one word following another.
What is bottom-up processing?
To process and understand a text with bottom-up processing, we start by recognising phonemes, combining these into syllables, syllables into words, words into clauses, and so on “up” to contextual and background information.
– How language is used in texts
|Knowledge of the situation and context
Do language learners use top-down or bottom-up processing?
Let’s use the example of watching the TV news. In our first language, we probably make use primarily of top-down processing. Our previous experience of watching TV news gives us some knowledge and expectations from which to make predictions about the likely content, as well as the style of language that will likely be used by presenters and journalists. As a news item starts, we may recognise it as an ongoing story, and call upon our knowledge of the story’s context. From there, we progress to “lower level” features to understand the finer details of the story.
L2 learners use more of a combination of bottom-up and top-down processing. They may compensate for a lack of vocabulary by using top-down cues about the context, but often rely too heavily on bottom-up processing at the expense of these cues, focusing on individual words and sentences. We can help them make more use of top-down cues with classroom activities focusing on this | <urn:uuid:728c0681-dc79-468d-9714-8573985ce923> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.eslbase.com/tefl-a-z/top-down-bottom-up-processing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474893.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229234355-20240301024355-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.90791 | 415 | 3.984375 | 4 |
Determination of Soil Conductivity
Soil conductivity (soil conductivity) refers to the ability of the soil to conduct electricity, which is expressed by measuring the conductivity of the soil extract. The unit of measurement result is expressed in mS/m (ie 10μS/cm). When the measurement result is greater than or equal to 100mS/m (ie 1000μS/cm), three significant digits are retained; when the measurement result is less than 100mS/m, it is retained to one decimal place.
Soil conductivity is the sum of anions and cations in the soil extract, which represents the salt content of the soil. Measuring soil electrical conductivity can directly reflect the content of soil mixed salt, which is of great significance for determining the difference in the temporal and spatial distribution of various field parameters, and thus lays the foundation for the popularization of modern precision agriculture based on information and knowledge.
The national standard HJ 802-2016 "Electrode Method for the Determination of Soil Electrical Conductivity" gives a method for the determination of soil electrical conductivity. It is required to take natural air-dried soil samples and add water at a ratio of 1:5 (m/V) (the conductivity is not Above 0.2mS/m, that is 2μS/cm), shake and extract at 20℃±1℃, and then measure the conductivity of the extracted solution at 25℃±1℃ with a Conductivity Meter. It should be noted that when the conductivity of the extracted solution of the soil to be tested is less than 1mS/m (that is, 10μS/cm), carbon dioxide and ammonia in the air have a greater impact on the measurement of conductivity. Operate in a closed small space. Can eliminate or reduce its interference.
Sample prepare---Calibration---Sample prepare--- Measurement
● Collect, prepare and store samples in accordance with the relevant regulations of HJ/T 166.
● Configure conductivity standard solution or use commercially available conductivity standard solution
● Use conductivity standard solution to calibrate the conductivity meter
● Weigh 20.00 g of soil sample into a 250 ml shaker bottle, add 100 ml water at 20°C±1°C, cap the bottle, place it on a reciprocating horizontal constant temperature shaker, and shake at 20°C±1°C for 30 minutes. After standing for 30 minutes, filter or centrifuge, and collect the extract in a 100 ml beaker for testing.
● Make blank samples in the same steps
● Rinse the electrode several times with water, and then rinse the electrode with the extraction solution to be tested. Insert the electrode into the extraction solution to be tested, and correct the temperature to 25℃±1℃ in accordance with the requirements of the instruction manual of the conductivity meter, and measure the conductivity of the soil extraction solution. Read the conductivity value directly from the conductivity meter, and record the temperature of the extract at the same time.
● The same procedure is used to test the blank sample. The blank conductivity value should not exceed 1mS/m (ie 10μS/cm). Otherwise, you should find the reason and re-measure.
● Record the measurement results. | <urn:uuid:7237653d-d834-4fa8-9dc8-e13ce2f056af> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.inesarex.com/news_Detail/2015.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474893.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229234355-20240301024355-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.885733 | 704 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Common Name: Indian Ocean humpback dolphin
Humpback dolphins (Sousa sp.): Two genetic variations of humpback dolphins occur along the Indian coastline,the Indian Ocean humpback dolphin (Sousa plumbea) along the west coast and the Indo Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) by the east coast. As genetic studies provide newer results this might change further.
General Description: The general appearance of Indian Ocean humpback dolphins is similar to that of Indo Pacific humpback dolphin with a slightly different coloration. These dolphins have more of a uniform dark-grey (plumbeous or lead coloured) colour with white mottling interspersed with slight pink pigmentation in certain individuals. The belly or the ventral surface of the body is lighter.
Indian Ocean Humpback dolphins showing the large hump which the dorsal fin sits & the dark grey colouration.
Size: The largest length in an adult humpback dolphin was recorded at about 3.5 m. Variation in length over sex have not yet been studied. New born calves measure up to about a metre in length.
Appearance At Sea: Their appearance is very similar to the Indo Pacific humpback dolphins. Group sizes appear to be slightly larger than the Indo Pacific humpback dolphins. Large groups of about 50-100 individuals are with smaller sub-groups are generally observed.
Found In: Indian Ocean humpback dolphins are found in localised areas of patchy distributions mainly in shallow waters very close to the shore (<20m depth, <1.5 km from shore) and around river mouths and estuaries.
Indian Ocean humpback dolphins primarily feed on fish like mackerel, mullet, sardines and pomfret found along the shallow estuarine areas.
These dolphins have been recorded to feed from and around active fishing gear like gill nets, shore seines, purse seine, Chinese fishing nets, dip nets etc. In several instances they have been known to use these gear as barriers to herd prey. In some regions, dolphin depredation causes economic losses to the local fisheries.
World Distribution: These dolphins have a wide distribution range from the South Africa to the southern Bay of Bengal.
Could Be Confused With: Indian Ocean humpback dolphins can be confused with the Indo Pacific humpback dolphins due to the similarity in morphological features and Bottlenose dolphins.
Diagnostic Features: At sea, prominent dorsal fin placed on a large hump in the middle of the back; long, slender beak.
Stranded Specimens: A dead adult can be easily identified by the size of its hump and number of teeth. There may be 29 to 38 pairs of peg-like teeth in each jaw | <urn:uuid:f28ec07d-5a95-4f60-851c-06dfd44cd83b> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.marinemammals.in/mmi/cetacea/odontoceti/delphinidae/indian-ocean-humpback-dolphin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474893.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229234355-20240301024355-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.912283 | 559 | 3.53125 | 4 |
We aim to create long-lasting memories with handmade gifts on special occasions for our students. Beyond that, ‘enjoying’ true Mathnasium enthusiasts showing the success of the Mathnasium Method™ is the ultimate reward.
The secret of effective math teaching: think like a child & speak in their language - with an adult knowledge!
We avoid using too many jargons
Being able to think like a child with an adult knowledge is the key to transferring the information on a level that makes sense to the student. Teaching students – by using too many jargons – without considering their level of cognitive maturity would just create frustration to both sides.
Compare these two explanations about what half means.
Not too many words, not too few either. Sometimes simpler means longer – like Larry’s story below. This happened when Larry was in a barber shop:
"The conversation turned to the fact that the barber did not know about the number pi. “Yea, pi, you know, an irrational number. It’s the ratio of the circumference of a circle to a diameter,” a customer said.
The barber seemed perplexed. It occurred to me that a person who knows the words ratio, circumference, and diameter probably also knows about what pi is. So I decided on a different approach.
I said to him, “When you take the distance around a circle and divide it by the distance across the circle, you always get the same number. It doesn’t matter how big the circle is. It could be as small as a dime or as big as the sun. The distance around divided by the distance across always come out the same number. Math people call the number pi.”
“By the way, pi is an unusual kind of number. Its decimal form never stops and never repeats.”
He responded, “Now that makes sense!”
My choice of words did the trick. I assumed less previous knowledge on his part, provided context in the form of images and concepts (rather than technical jargon), and got the point across to everyone’s satisfaction."
Some vocabulary examples
These are some vocabularies that we typically use when teaching students.
Many students, including high-schoolers, are not educationally mature enough to deal successfully with large doses of jargon, especially when they do not understand the underlying concepts. Teaching by using simple language will help students construct their own understanding. | <urn:uuid:65d1fc4d-e7d9-418c-8738-6506ce6b83f6> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.mathnasium.com/ca/math-centres/reddeer/news/6820221103-mathnasium-teaching-principle-kiss-kept-it-short-simple | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474893.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229234355-20240301024355-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.954115 | 513 | 3.828125 | 4 |
Chunk learning time – Students learn best when learning is done in small time blocks with breaks in between. Start with 20 minutes of learning time for a younger child and 45 minutes for a high school student. If they lose focus before the time is up then the learning period is too long.
Keep it positive – Keep things positive and always end learning periods on a high note. It’s better to stop while you’re ahead than to push too far and end up with tears and negative feelings.
Set break time limits – It’s important to take lots of breaks, but set time limits so your child knows when it is time to get back to work. Breaks should be long enough to allow your child to rest and reset, but not long enough to get out of the learning mindset. 20 minutes is usually a good place to start.
Do what works for you – Every student is different and what works for others might not work for your child. Be flexible and work together to find the things that are effective for your family. There is no magic formula for successful learning!
First this, then that – Make a deal with your child to do something unenjoyable and then they will get something enjoyable. Like, first finish these 2 math problems and then we’ll go outside. Always hold up your end of the bargain! If you change the deal to get in one more problem, this strategy will not work again.
Don’t worry! – Even the best laid plans don’t work out sometimes and that’s ok! If your child isn’t in the learning mood today, don’t worry. Engage them in activities that help them learn life skills and have some fun!
What to do when the school work is finished
If your child works through their school work quicker than you expected you may be wondering what to have them do next. We suggest filling their time with life skills and other learning activities. Here are our tips:
First, check that their work was done well and that they didn’t rush through to get to the fun stuff.
Bake or cook together – Baking and cooking are great lessons in fractions, plus you get to eat your learning materials!Do some yard work – Spring is a messy time of year. Get some fresh air and work together to learn about keeping your environment clean!
Go on a hike – Get outside and explore the world around you. There are learning opportunities everywhere!
Teach them to make and balance a budget – Get them to help with your household budget if you’re comfortable or give them an income amount and have them create their own budget.
Do a science experiment – Learn the scientific method by making predictions about what will happen and then drawing conclusions based on the results of your experiment. Have them write their thoughts down for some reading and writing practice.
Write a letter – Work on letter writing skills by writing a letter or email to someone you know, a character from a book or cartoon, a public figure, or their favorite author.
Watch a documentary – There are all kinds of really interesting documentaries about everything from animals to history to space. Pick one that involves your child’s interests and learn something new together!
Have fun! – Work in learning opportunities when you can, but focus on enjoying your time together and making wonderful memories! | <urn:uuid:703a3037-962c-434c-aa29-06b3feb7d226> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.tutordoctor.com/blog/2020/march/tips-for-successful-at-home-learning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474893.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229234355-20240301024355-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.947474 | 693 | 3.71875 | 4 |
The Western Wall, also known as the Wailing Wall, is the remains of a retaining wall that encompassed part of the grounds of the second Temple.
The Babylonians destroyed the first Temple, which is often called the Temple of Solomon, about 2600 years ago. The second Temple was built after the Jews returned from their exile in Babylon about 2500 years ago. Initially it was a modest Temple but about five centuries later, King Herod the Great, who was appointed king over the land of Israel by the Romans, whose empire included Israel, rebuilt the second Temple in a much more grandiose fashion.
The great Herodian stones rest one on top of another without cement between them to hold them in place. Although the Wall is high, more than half of the Wall is below the present day ground level.
Access to the Wall was forbidden from 1948 to 1967, when Jordan controlled Jerusalem. But after the Six Day War of 1967, Israel took control of the area, and the Wall is now open to the public. It has become a meeting place for communal prayers and many public celebrations. The Western Wall is never deserted. At any time day or night, there are Jews there, standing in front of the Wall, in devout prayer, or placing written messages on paper into the crevices between the stones.
Next Bible place: Zion
Go to: Map of places in the Bible
Go to: List of places in the Bible | <urn:uuid:7260e21a-c9ee-487c-b72f-ca6f8e398899> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://aboutbibleprophecy.com/s18.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475806.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302084508-20240302114508-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.974601 | 291 | 3.5625 | 4 |
We need technology in every classroom and in every student and teacher’s hand because it is the pen and paper of our time, and it is the lens through which we experience much of our world.
Education is the key to empowering students, helping them attain the highest level of human potential, and it gives them a passport to a better life. Einstein famously said that education is not merely the learning of facts, but the training of the mind to think.
Unfortunately, despite a heavy focus on education over the years, India has struggled to provide high-quality education to its children. ASER 2018 showed that even after four years of schooling, children in grade 5 could fluently read at just grade 2 level!
To add to the problem, the closure of 1.5 million schools during lockdowns in 2020 impacted 247 million children enrolled in primary and upper primary schools in India (UNICEF Data, 2021), fracturing the student learning process.
As online became the primary medium to teach across India, a large number of students struggled to continue their learning. Students based in rural areas or those with limited access to digital devices were affected the worst. According to the School Children’s Online and Offline Learning (SCHOOL) survey, August 2021, only 8 per cent of students from rural India were able to study online ‘regularly.’ The impact of the pandemic proved to be disproportionately harsh towards students from low-income communities. Today, due to this, a large percentage of students have lost two years of learning and the number of school dropouts has also increased exponentially.
However, while the pandemic disrupted education as we knew it, it also showed us new ways to reach students and accelerated the digitization of learning. At a time when conventional methods of education were not able to cope, inventive modes of teaching emerged.
Education Technology or “EdTech”, is a term used to refer to the technological tools and media that help students gain new knowledge, learn, practice and grow. It is not a new phenomenon but has gained prominence over the past few years. Moving away from the traditional model of education, EdTech offers an engaging learning experience, making long-distance learning accessible to all.
EdTech tools are changing classrooms in a variety of ways. Interactive online courses are increasing student engagement and learning. Students can now record lectures online and refer to them later for clarity. Interactive educational apps act as a tool to accentuate learning outcomes. Video tutorials provide a visually rich medium of teaching, often surpassing the efficacy of traditional textbooks. Topics which are often considered complex by students can be simplified using the power of 3D graphics and technology. Digital books, online assessments, round the clock learning not limited to school timings and teacher availability are merely a few ways in which EdTech tools are metamorphosing classrooms.
At the very core of EdTech is the fundamental principle that education is the portal to a prosperous future. The potential for scalable, customised learning, unhindered by locational boundaries has played a prominent role in EdTech’s rise to popularity. Students in remote rural areas can gain access to lectures by renowned teachers, oftentimes at a fraction of the cost. Poorer rural districts and low-income schools can overcome the challenge of lack of funds for books, infrastructure, etc, as online education can effectively be made available for the economically disadvantaged.
The current EdTech boom has marked a paradigm shift from traditional methods of teaching, toward an accelerated e-learning adoption. This also led to the remarkable growth of multiple Indian EdTech players, thus creating an ecosystem where technology-driven educational solutions can flourish.
Being popularly hailed as the new growth catalyst of the Indian education industry, Edtech startups in India raised $4.7 billion to come up as the third most-funded sector in 2021. They are quickly becoming the key to democratising education in India.
The scope of EdTech in bridging the economic gap in learning is endless. This is precisely why EdTech companies are steadily infiltrating rural India and creating new avenues of online learning. Discarding the “one size fits all” approach to learning, EdTech enables innovative ways of teaching which cater to the customised needs of different students. They also allow us to take a pioneering perspective to build a resilient system that can combat future crises.
For EdTech solutions to truly rewrite the educational history of India, ongoing challenges of access to digital devices and internet connectivity need to be urgently addressed. This holds particularly true for economically disadvantaged students.
The focus needs to be on making EdTech solutions affordable and accessible to all. While the government makes strides in this space with a sharper focus on eVidya and Digital Universities, we also need to simultaneously address the digital divide to ensure children from low-income households are not left behind.
The Bharat EdTech Initiative (BEI) is striving to bridge the staggering digital learning divide by driving access and adoption of proven EdTech learning solutions. In collaboration with 34 organisations, BEI is mobilising a digital learning ecosystem that can positively impact the improvement of learning outcomes for first-time digital users across India. By leveraging at-home learning time to ensure quality education, BEI aims to unlock the full potential of every student.
Technology in the hands of great teachers, community aggregators, volunteers, and parents can have a transformational effect on students. And that is the essence of EdTech solutions.
With the pandemic propelling innovative ways of teaching, EdTech learning is here to stay. The rapidly evolving industry is looking to open that gateway for an increasing number of students. By ensuring that technology permeates into the very DNA of education, we can facilitate enhanced learning outcomes through innovative ways of teaching, leading to a flourishing life ahead. An educated world is a thriving world. And that can only be achieved if every student has equal access to the education that they want and deserve. EdTech solutions are the answer to effectively uproot a deep-rooted and previously confounding predicament.
EdTech has the potential to be a great equaliser for education both in terms of access and quality. And, BEI is leveraging that potency to create sustainable and scalable impact to bridge the digital learning gap.
With the support of BEI, girls are able to learn anytime and anywhere, while having the agency to make choices in their educational journey.Read More >
For the last eight months, Syeeda’s school, a low-income private school in the heart of Bengaluru, has been deploying EdTech interventions with our community partner 321 Education Foundation’s support.Read More >
With Bharat EdTech Initiative’s intervention, 55-year-old Pushpa Kalidas Rathod, principal of Chandra Vasan Primary School, is helping improve student learning...Read More >
It takes more than mere access to EdTech for students to realise the potential of the opportunities available to them. Having an invested and compassionate adult at home can determine how far a child goes in leveraging their resources.Read More >
It’s 9 am, and there’s still an hour to go before Pera Primary School in Navsari, Gujarat, comes alive with...Read More >
What happens when a crisis hits another crisis? Prior to the pandemic, 130 million girls were out of school and...Read More >
In spite of the growing reach of mobile and internet access across the country and the expansion of the EdTech...Read More >
For centuries, the pursuit of education has been confined to physical classrooms. The global EdTech boom catalysed by the pandemic...Read More >
According to the World Bank, learning losses from COVID-19 could cost this generation of students close to $17 trillion in...Read More >
Ask a classroom full of children about their most dreaded subjects, and we can safely assume that most of them...Read More >
Every now and then, one comes across a phrase or a passage that strikes an instant chord and resonates with...Read More > | <urn:uuid:50a6bc0c-4fa0-47c8-9b04-253197fe00bb> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://bharatedtechinitiative.org/bei/edtech-solutions-the-great-leveller-of-the-indian-education-system/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475806.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302084508-20240302114508-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.959443 | 1,645 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Tigers are highly endangered with less than 3,200 tigers in the wild. Three species of tigers have already become extinct, soon to be followed by the few species that remain if we don?t do something to help. Poaching is one reason tigers are endangered; every part of the tiger has value in the black market. Secondly, the tiger?s habitat is being destroyed. Without a place to live the number of tigers left in the wild will keep declining until there are no more. Sadly more tigers already live in captivity than do in the wild. With increasing human populations human and tiger conflict is also on the rise.
WHAT IS TIGER CONSERVATION?
Using the words of Steve Humphrey and Brad Stith, ?the conservation of species and undamaged habitats is like a three-legged stool. Each leg is necessary but not sufficient. The legs of the conservation stool are sustainable use of natural resources, species recovery, and habitat preservation. Conservation can progress by focusing on each of these, defining their limits, developing improvements and preventing dysfunction.?
WHY TIGERS MATTER
As an apex predator, tigers are at the top of the food chain in an ecosystem. Therefore tiger populations are indicators of the health of the ecosystems in which they live. With tigers disappearing at alarming rates it is affecting all species within its ecosystem, including other endangered species. “With just one tiger, we protect around 25,000 acres of forest. To save tigers, we need to protect the forest habitats across Asia where they live. By saving biologically diverse places, we allow tigers to roam and protect the many other endangered species that live there” (WWF).?By maintaning healthy ecosystems for tigers and other species we are protecting natural resources for people as well.
“Tigers can directly help some of the world?s poorest communities. Where tigers exist, tourists go. And where tourists go, money can be made by communities with few alternatives for income. Tiger conservation projects also help provide alternative livelihoods for rural communities that are not only more sustainable, but can raise income levels too.” (WWF)
WHAT EFFORTS ARE BEING MADE TO TIGER CONSERVATION?
Many programs and people are dedicated to conserving tigers. In the field, people are being trained to protect key wild populations of tigers from poachers. Locals to the areas containing wild tiger populations are being educated to the importance of tigers and how to live within proximity of these animals. This helps farmers and local communities learn better skills to prevent predation on their livestock without killing the tigers. Preserving the tiger?s habitat is the most integral piece of tiger conservation. This includes preserving the prey living within the habitat, allowing the tigers a habitat not inhabited by people to prevent tiger-human conflict, and ensuring the tigers will have a home for the future. Tiger conservation occurs out of the field as well with educational facilities like zoos and sanctuaries raising support and awareness about tiger conservation.
SaveTigersNow.org is a campaign to help double the amount of tigers in the wild by the next Year of the Tiger, 2022. Working politically and gaining public support, Save Tigers Now is trying to stop the poaching of tigers and destruction of their habitat. Leonardo DiCaprio is their lead supporter.
- Report any big cat abuse and take pictures if you can.
- Do not visit road side zoos, performing acts, or traveling tiger displays
- Do not support places that allow you to have your photo taken with a big cat or pet them.
- Write letters to your officials?- This site offers lots of sample letters to get started.
- Click to Save Big Cat?s Habitats?? By clicking once daily you are helping make a donation to help save this endangered species. The website?s sponsors make a donation for every click received daily.
- Do not support the breeding of white tigers. White tigers are inbred and suffer from many health issues.
- Help end the big cat crisis by supporting the Big Cat and Public Safety Act, which bans the private possession of big cats.
- Educate others about the plight of tigers in the wild and captivity.
- Choose animal free entertainment and circuses.
- Avoid buying any souvenirs made from animal parts.
- Be informed and inform! The more people who are educated about tiger conservation the greater chance the tigers have.
HELP CROWN RIDGE
- Become an Intern for the summer, spring, or fall
- Donation?(any amount helps!)
- Donate an item from our?wish list?or Amazon wish list
- Come visit us to?take a tour?and see our big cats. All proceeds from tours go to help our rescued cats.
- Bring your school group, Girl Scout Troop or any other group to volunteer or take a special educational tour.
- Drink?Fizzy Izzy Root Beer. A portion of all Root beer sales goes back to the sanctuary.
- Use?Goodsearch.com?for your search engine and choose Scott Foundation / Crown Ridge for your charity. For every search you do we receive a penny.
- Tell your friends about us by sharing our Facebook page.
- Adopt one of the big cats at Crown Ridge.
- Follow our blog to stay up to date with not only Crown Ridge but also global tiger news. | <urn:uuid:dabbdc33-6a0d-455d-92f3-0339582e37a4> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://crownridgetigers.com/getting-started-help-the-tigers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475806.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302084508-20240302114508-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.918703 | 1,107 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Carotid Artery Aneurysm is a condition that affects the carotid arteries, which are the main blood vessels that supply the head and neck with oxygen-rich blood.
It is a rare condition that occurs when the wall of the carotid artery weakens and bulges outwards, forming a balloon-like swelling called an aneurysm.
Aneurysm in the carotid artery can be life-threatening if they rupture, causing internal bleeding and potentially fatal complications.
Early detection and treatment of carotid artery aneurysms are crucial to prevent the aneurysm from growing or rupturing.
Treatment options may vary depending on the patient’s size, location, and overall health. For example, smaller aneurysms may require close monitoring and observation, while larger aneurysms may require surgical intervention or endovascular repair.
Early detection of aneurysm in the carotid artery can be achieved through regular medical check-ups and imaging tests. If left untreated, carotid artery aneurysms can lead to serious complications such as stroke, brain damage, or even death.
Carotid Artery Aneurysm Survival Rate
The carotid artery aneurysm survival rate varies depending on the aneurysm’s size and location. In general, smaller aneurysms have a lower risk of rupture and better outcomes than larger ones.
Risk Factors for Carotid Artery Aneurysm
Carotid artery aneurysms are a rare but potentially life-threatening condition that can occur in individuals of any age. However, certain risk factors increase the likelihood of developing this condition. Here are some of the common risk factors for carotid artery aneurysms:
Age: As we age, the risk of developing carotid artery aneurysms increases. Individuals over 60 are more likely to develop this condition than younger individuals.
Smoking: It is a significant risk factor. Tobacco smoke can damage the walls of the blood vessels, making them weaker and more susceptible to aneurysm formation.
High blood pressure: Uncontrolled high blood pressure leads to the weakening and bulging of the arterial walls, which can lead to aneurysms.
Family history: A family history of carotid artery aneurysms or other vascular conditions, such as aortic aneurysms, increases the risk of developing this condition.
Other risk factors: Other factors that may increase the risk of carotid artery aneurysms include atherosclerosis (build-up of plaque in the arteries), connective tissue disorders, trauma or injury to the neck, and infection.
Symptoms of Carotid Aneurysm
Carotid artery aneurysms are often asymptomatic, meaning they do not produce any noticeable symptoms. These aneurysms are often discovered incidentally during routine medical examinations or imaging tests for other conditions. However, in some cases, carotid artery aneurysms may produce symptoms related to the compression of surrounding structures or the aneurysm’s size and location.
Below are the common symptoms of carotid aneurysm:
Asymptomatic: As mentioned earlier, carotid artery aneurysms can be asymptomatic, and individuals may not experience any symptoms. However, monitoring aneurysms closely and seeking medical attention if new symptoms develop is still important.
Pain in neck or face: Pain in the neck or face is a common symptom of carotid artery aneurysms. It may be sharp, dull, or accompanied by tenderness or swelling in the affected area.
Difficulty speaking or swallowing: Carotid artery aneurysms that compress the surrounding nerves or structures can cause difficulty speaking or swallowing. This may be due to compression of the laryngeal nerve, which controls the vocal cords, or the hypoglossal nerve, which controls the tongue’s movement.
Others: Other less common symptoms of aneurysm in the carotid artery may include hoarseness, ear ringing, vision problems, and facial numbness or weakness. In severe cases, a ruptured aneurysm can cause sudden and severe symptoms such as a severe headache, blurred vision, confusion, and loss of consciousness.
Diagnosis of Carotid Artery Aneurysm
Carotid artery aneurysms are often discovered incidentally during routine medical examinations or imaging tests for other conditions. However, suppose an individual is experiencing symptoms related to a carotid artery aneurysm or is at high risk due to other medical conditions or family history. In that case, diagnostic tests may be necessary to confirm the presence of an aneurysm and determine its size and location.
Here are some of the common diagnostic tests used to diagnose carotid artery aneurysms:
Physical examination: A physical examination checks for signs of a carotid artery aneurysm, such as a pulsating mass in the neck or an abnormal sound called a bruit heard through a stethoscope.
Imaging tests: These are the most common way to diagnose carotid artery aneurysms. These may include ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI. Ultrasound uses sound waves and creates images of the blood vessels. CT and MRI scans use X-rays and magnetic fields for imaging.
Angiography: Angiography involves injecting a contrast dye into the blood vessels and taking X-rays to visualize the blood flow and identify abnormalities such as aneurysms. This test may be performed in cases where other imaging tests are inconclusive or when surgery or endovascular repair is planned.
Treatment Options for Carotid Artery Aneurysm
The treatment for a carotid artery aneurysm depends on its condition. Some treatment options for carotid artery aneurysms are:
Observation: In cases where the aneurysm is small and not causing any symptoms, healthcare providers may recommend regular monitoring through imaging tests to track its growth and evaluate the need for treatment.
Medications: Medications such as beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers may be prescribed to manage high blood pressure and reduce the risk of aneurysm growth or rupture.
Surgery: Surgery may be necessary in cases where the aneurysm is large or causing symptoms or if there is a high risk of rupture or dissection. The surgical procedure may involve removing the damaged portion of the artery and replacing it with a graft or performing a bypass to redirect blood flow around the aneurysm.
Endovascular repair: This procedure involves placing a stent graft or coil into the aneurysm to divert blood flow away from the weakened portion of the artery. This approach may be a viable alternative to surgery in some cases.
Importance of HG Analytics in Managing Carotid Artery Aneurysm
One case study involving the timely diagnosis of a carotid artery aneurysm through HG analytics involved a 65-year-old male patient with a history of hypertension and smoking. The patient had no symptoms of a carotid artery aneurysm but was identified as high risk based on his demographic and medical history data using predictive modeling algorithms.
The patient was then referred for carotid ultrasound screening, which revealed the presence of a small aneurysm in the right carotid artery. Due to the early detection of the aneurysm, the patient was able to undergo a minimally invasive endovascular repair procedure, which successfully treated the aneurysm and prevented the risk of rupture.
Through HG analytics, this patient received an early diagnosis of a carotid artery aneurysm, which led to the implementation of targeted screening and diagnostic protocols and timely treatment. This timely intervention prevented the aneurysm from progressing, potentially causing life-threatening complications such as stroke or rupture.
This case study highlights how HG analytics timely identified carotid artery aneurysms and facilitated early detection and treatment. Healthcare providers can improve patient outcomes and save lives by leveraging data and analytics.
In conclusion, carotid artery aneurysm requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent life-threatening complications such as stroke or rupture. While the condition may be asymptomatic in its early stages, risk factors such as age, smoking, high blood pressure, and family history can increase the likelihood of developing an aneurysm.
HG analytics can help identify individuals at high risk for the condition and facilitate targeted screening and diagnostic protocols. | <urn:uuid:ad6c82c2-6f93-44d0-aad3-8716f0ebad32> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://hganalytics.com/carotid-artery-aneurysm/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475806.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302084508-20240302114508-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.925927 | 1,799 | 3.53125 | 4 |
How can we humans, who rarely live more than a century, hope to grasp the vast expanse of time that is the history of the cosmos? In order to imagine all of cosmic time, we need to compress it into a single calendar year.
The Sun is older than the Earth, but it’s difficult to comprehend the massive age difference. Saying that the Earth’s age is 4.5 billion years, while the Sun’s age is 4.6 billion years, doesn’t actually seem to express how large that gap really is! It’s difficult for humans to wrap their heads around such time intervals thanks to our puny lifespan of barely 100 years.
For example, if someone were to ask an 8-year-old kid how much older his elder sister is, he’d probably give the answer correctly as 4 or maybe 5 years between them. However, that age difference looks huge to his 8-year-old self. However, it might not seem like a big deal to him when he’s fifty and there is no observable difference between his and his sister’s age.
Similarly, wouldn’t it be easier if we had the whole history of the Universe condensed down to a more relatable time scale so that we could actually appreciate the time differences between cosmological events?
In this visualization, the Big Bang took place on January 1st at 12 a.m., while the present moment is 12 p.m. on December 31st. Obviously, the condensation of 13.8 billion years into 365 days causes calendar time to speed up – a lot! At this rate, there are 438 years per second, 1.58 million years per hour 37.8 million years per day and about a billion years per month. In other words, an actual second is 13,812,768,000 times longer than a Cosmic Calendar second. However, this doesn’t mean that the Universe is going to end in this final second; the scale just continues condensing itself to accommodate the increasing age of the cosmos.
January 1st: 13.8 billion years ago, Big Bang
It’s as far back as we can see in time for now. Our entire universe emerged from a point smaller than a single atom. Space itself exploded in a cosmic fire, launching the expansion of the universe and giving birth to all the energy and all the matter we know today. Sounds crazy, but there’s strong observational evidence to support the Big Bang theory. And it includes the amount of helium in the cosmos and the glow of radio waves left over from the explosion. As it expanded, the universe cooled, and there was darkness for about 200 million years. Gravity was pulling together clumps of gas and heating them until the first stars burst into light on January 10th.
January 13th: 13.4 billion years ago, First Galaxies
After a billion years of pure energy moving across the cosmos, the first galaxies in the universe were formed. Gases began to come together and coalesce to form stars, which in turn began to cluster as a result of their own gravity. These galaxies merged to form still larger ones, including our own.
March 15th: 11 billion years ago, Milky Way
The Milky Way, our neighbourhood, was finally born after a million-year process of stars coming together to live in tandem after the first galaxies were formed. Hundreds of billions of suns. Which one is ours? It’s not yet born.
It will rise from the ashes of other stars. Stars die and are born in stellar nurseries called nebulas. They condense like raindrops from giant clouds of gas and dust. They get so hot that the nuclei of the atoms fuse together deep within them to make the oxygen we breathe, the carbon in our muscles, the calcium in our bones, the iron in our blood, all of it was cooked in the fiery hearts of long-vanished stars. You, I, and everyone is made of star-stuff. This star stuff is recycled and enriched, again and again, through succeeding generations of stars. How much longer until the birth of our Sun? A long time.
It won’t begin to shine for another six billion years.
August 31st: 4.57 billion years, Solar System
Our Solar System was formed when the Sun came into existence. Looking at this, it is surprising to observe that the Sun, born in September, is still incredibly young when compared to the age of the Milky Way.
September 6th: 4.54 billion years ago, Earth
The oldest rocks on Earth have been dated to be about 4.4 billion years old, which approximates Earth’s formation in the cosmic calendar just 4 days after the formation of the Solar System. As with the other worlds of our solar system, Earth was formed from a disk of gas and dust orbiting the newborn Sun. Repeated collisions produced a growing ball of debris. The Earth took one hell of a beating in its first billion years.
September 7th: 4.53 billion years ago, Moon
Just one day after Earth, our loyal satellite was formed and has been orbiting the Earth ever since. Fragments of orbiting debris during Earth’s formation collided and coalesced until they snowballed to form our Moon. The Moon is a souvenir of that violent epoch. If you stood on the surface of that long-ago Earth, the Moon would have looked a hundred times brighter. It was ten times closer back then, locked in a much more intimate gravitational embrace. As the Earth cooled, seas began to form. The tides were a thousand times higher then. Over the aeons, tidal friction within Earth pushed the Moon away.
September 18th: 3.8 billion years ago, Life on Earth
Most prominently, single-celled primitive bacteria signified the birth of life on the primordial Earth. We still don’t know how life got started. For all we know, it may have come from another part of the Milky Way. The origin of life is one of the greatest unsolved mysteries of science.
September 30th: 3.8 billion years ago, Photosynthesis
This might be the most essential breakthrough for life since it signified the direct use of the Sun’s light to produce oxygen necessary for carbon-based life forms. All the earlier forms of life utilized only the Earth’s resources, but without photosynthesis, the atmosphere of Earth couldn’t be filled with oxygen.
December 5th: 800 million years ago, Multi-cellular Life
The evolutionary jump from primitive bacteria to multi-cellular organisms took a very long time but is responsible for life on Earth as we know it. This interval of almost 3 months is even longer than the time it took the first galaxies to form. Oh yeah, one other thing – these multicellular organisms invented sex.
December 17th: 450 million years ago, Land Plants
Life in the sea really took off, it was exploding with a diversity of larger plants and animals. The Earth began its journey to becoming lush and green when life took its first step onto land. Tiktaalik was one of the first animals to venture onto land. It must have felt like visiting another planet. The world was then being populated by amphibians and reptiles.
December 25th: 200 billion years ago, Dinosaurs
On the cosmic calendar, dinosaurs roamed the Earth for only 5 days.
December 30th: 65 billion years ago, Dinosaur Extinction
For more than a hundred million years, the dinosaurs were lords of the Earth, while our ancestors, small mammals, scurried fearfully underfoot. An asteroid impact changed all that – The non-avian dinosaurs died out, paving the way for mammals to conquer the world. Suppose it hadn’t been nudged at all. It would have missed the Earth entirely, and for all we know, the dinosaurs might still be here but we wouldn’t. This is a good example of the extreme contingency, the chance nature, of existence.
December 31st, 12 a.m.: 40 million years ago, Dawn of the Primates
Whatever we have heard about the history of mankind on Earth happened on December 31st of the cosmic calendar. This truly shows us the insignificance of our time spent here on Earth. The dinosaurs had roamed the Earth for 5 days, and we were still living in trees on the dawn of that final day. Humanity is quite literally a blip on this calendar, as everything that follows happened on the final day of the year. For more specificity, the time is been shown instead of the date:
- 2:24 pm – Primitive humans were born.
- 10:24 pm – Stone tools were used by humans and fire was domesticated.
- 11:59 pm and 48 seconds – The Pyramids were built by the Egyptians.
- 11:59 pm and 54 seconds – Buddha was born and the Roman Empire was formed.
- 11:59 pm and 55 seconds – Christ was born, which marked the beginning of the Roman calendar (0 AD).
- 11:59 pm and 58 seconds – Native Americans discover Christopher Columbus lost at sea.
- 11:59 pm and 59 seconds – The world as we know it … with Batman in it. | <urn:uuid:ef7f713b-2da6-48dd-9efc-b5b19baf987f> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://pendakujua.co.ke/cosmic-calendar/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475806.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302084508-20240302114508-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.962229 | 1,930 | 3.859375 | 4 |
Newswise – Along the world's coastlines is a largely untapped source of energy: the difference in salinity between seawater and freshwater. A new nano device can use this difference to generate energy.
A team of researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign has published in the journal Nano Energy the design of a nanofluidic device that can convert ion flow into usable electrical energy. The team believes their device can be used to extract energy from natural ion flows at the interface between seawater and freshwater.
“Although our design is still a concept at this point, it is quite versatile and already shows strong potential for energy use,” said Jean-Pierre Lebourton, a U. professor of electrical and computer engineering and project leader. “It started with an academic question – ‘Can a nanoscale solid-state device extract energy from an ion stream?' “But our design exceeded our expectations and surprised us in many ways.”
When two bodies of water with different salinities meet, such as where a river flows into the ocean, salt molecules naturally flow from the higher concentration to the lower concentration. Energy can be harvested from these currents because they are made up of electrically charged particles called ions that are formed from the dissolved salt.
Leburton's group has designed a nanoscale semiconductor device that exploits a phenomenon called “Coulomb drag” between ions and electric charge flowing through the device. As ions flow through the device's narrow channel, electrical forces cause the device's charges to move from one side to the other, creating a voltage and an electric current.
The researchers discovered two surprising behaviors when they simulated their device. First, while they expected Coulomb drag to occur primarily through the force of attraction between opposite electric charges, the simulations showed that the device works equally well if the electric forces are neutral. Both positively and negatively charged ions contribute to traction.
“It is also noteworthy that our study indicates that there is an amplification effect,” said Mingye Xiong, a graduate student in Leburton's group and lead author of the study. “Because the moving ions are so massive compared to the charges in the device, the ions impart a large momentum to the charges, amplifying the underlying current.
The researchers also found that these effects are independent of the specific configuration of the channel, as well as the choice of materials, provided that the diameter of the channel is narrow enough to allow close proximity between ions and charges.
The researchers are in the process of patenting their findings, and they are studying how arrays of these devices can be scaled up for practical power generation.
“We believe that the power density of the devices can match or exceed that of solar cells,” Leburton said. “And that's not to mention potential applications in other areas, such as biomedical sensing and nanofluidics.”
Kewei Song also contributed to the cause.
The researchers' article, “Ion Coulomb Drag in Nanofluidic Semiconductor Channels for Energy Harvesting,” is available online. DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2023.108860 | <urn:uuid:02c5b654-7402-4531-9b20-5ccc17b7405f> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://pitmanblog.co.uk/scc41-90/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475806.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302084508-20240302114508-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.946255 | 671 | 3.625 | 4 |
Decomposing a Ten Frame Activity
About This Product
This activity is great for helping students understand how to decompose numbers to make 10. It is also a great way for students to practice their addition skills. This activity can be used in a small group or as a whole class.
Contains 1 Product File
Explore related searches | <urn:uuid:0fa84c65-7145-4726-b87d-0c4bef659407> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://teachsimple.com/product/decomposing-a-ten-frame-activity | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475806.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302084508-20240302114508-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.900616 | 68 | 3.59375 | 4 |
What is Disk Access? An Easy-to-Understand Explanation of the Basic Concepts of Computer Data Processing
In the world of computer data processing, efficient and reliable data access is a crucial aspect. Today, we will delve into the concept of “disk access” and explore its significance in computer systems. We will walk you through the basics of disk access, its components, and its impact on computer data processing. So, let’s get started!
What is Disk Access?
Disk access refers to the process of reading or writing data to or from a computer’s disk storage. It involves retrieving or storing information on a hard disk drive (HDD) or a solid-state drive (SSD), both of which are commonly used in modern computer systems. Disk access plays a vital role in various operations, such as loading programs, saving files, and retrieving data from storage devices.
Disk Access Components:
To better understand disk access, let’s explore its main components:
1. Disk Drive: The physical device responsible for storing and retrieving data is known as the disk drive. It comprises one or more platters coated with a magnetic material on which data is written or read. The disk drive also includes an actuator arm that positions read/write heads to access specific data tracks on the platters.
2. File System: The file system acts as an intermediary layer between applications and the physical disk. It manages how data is organized, stored, and retrieved on the disk. Popular file systems include NTFS, FAT32, and ext4, each with its own advantages and limitations.
3. Read/Write Operations: Disk access involves two fundamental operations: reading and writing data. When data is read from the disk, the read/write heads locate the desired data on the platters, and the retrieved information is transferred to the computer’s memory for processing. Writing data, on the other hand, involves the process of storing information onto the disk drive.
The Impact of Disk Access on Computer Data Processing
Efficient disk access is critical for ensuring optimal performance and responsiveness of computer systems. Slow disk access can result in system lag, increased application load times, and even data loss in some cases. To mitigate such issues, various techniques and technologies have been developed:
1. Caching: Caching involves the temporary storage of frequently accessed data in a faster access medium such as RAM. By keeping frequently used data closer to the processing unit, caching reduces the number of disk access operations required, thereby improving overall system performance.
2. Disk Defragmentation: Over time, data on a disk can become fragmented, meaning it is scattered across different physical locations. Disk defragmentation is a process that rearranges the data on the disk, organizing it into contiguous blocks. This optimization technique reduces the time required for disk access, resulting in faster data retrieval.
3. Solid-State Drives (SSDs): Unlike traditional hard disk drives (HDDs), SSDs use flash memory technology, which offers faster read and write speeds. This advancement translates to significantly improved disk access times, boosting overall system performance.
In conclusion, disk access is a fundamental aspect of computer data processing. It involves reading and writing data from and to storage devices, such as hard disk drives (HDDs) and solid-state drives (SSDs). Understanding the components and optimizing disk access can greatly enhance the performance and responsiveness of computer systems. Hence, it becomes crucial to implement efficient disk access strategies and technologies to ensure smooth and efficient data processing. | <urn:uuid:a74016ed-d285-4431-8cb5-cfb09ffe0bc7> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://the-simple.jp/en-what-is-disk-access-an-easy-to-understand-explanation-of-the-basic-concepts-of-computer-data-processing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475806.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302084508-20240302114508-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.908322 | 725 | 4.15625 | 4 |
Last Updated on September 4, 2023 by Susan Levitt
Hey there, have you ever wondered if a partridge is considered a bird? As an editor who loves researching obscure topics, I decided to dive into this question and find out the answer.
First of all, let’s define what we mean by "bird." According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, a bird is "an warm-blooded egg-laying vertebrate animal distinguished by the possession of feathers, wings, and a beak and (typically) by being able to fly." So now that we know what characteristics make up a bird, where does the partridge fit in? Let’s explore further in the next paragraph.
Defining The Characteristics Of A Bird
Did you know that there are over 10,000 species of birds in the world? That’s right! From the smallest hummingbird to the largest ostrich, birds come in all shapes and sizes. But what exactly makes a bird a bird?
One defining characteristic of birds is their adaptations for flight. They have lightweight bones, powerful muscles, and feathers that help them soar through the air with ease. Additionally, they possess excellent eyesight and navigational abilities that allow for precise movements while flying.
Another hallmark trait of many birds is their migration patterns. Some species travel thousands of miles each year to breed or find food sources in different climates. These journeys require incredible endurance and navigation skills.
Overall, it’s clear that birds are unique creatures with remarkable characteristics that set them apart from other animals. Now let’s dive deeper into one specific family of birds: partridges.
The Family Of Partridges
Yes, a partridge is a type of bird! The Family of Partridges is made up of many different species, each with unique characteristics and habitats. I’m excited to explore the various physical traits and environments of partridges. Let’s dive in and learn more about these fascinating birds!
Characteristics Of Partridges
I have always wondered about the characteristics of partridges. These birds are often associated with Christmas and holiday traditions, but what makes them unique? As a research editor, I delved into the world of partridges to learn more.
One of the most striking features of partridges is their feathers and flight. Partridges have short, rounded wings that enable them to fly quickly over short distances. They also have soft, fluffy feathers that provide warmth during cold weather. In addition, male partridges have bright plumage that they use to attract mates during breeding season.
Speaking of breeding, partridges have interesting nesting habits as well. Unlike some bird species that build intricate nests in trees or on branches, partridges prefer to nest on the ground under dense shrubs or bushes for protection from predators. Females lay several eggs at once and take turns incubating them until they hatch after about 24 days.
Overall, while there are many different types of partridge species, they share similar physical and behavioral traits such as their distinctive feathers and flight abilities along with their ground-dwelling nesting preferences during breeding season. This information has given me newfound appreciation for these fascinating birds!
Habitat Of Partridges
As a research editor, I have always been fascinated by partridges and their unique characteristics. In my previous subtopic, we discussed the physical traits and nesting habits of these birds. Now let’s delve into another aspect of their lives – their habitat.
Partridges are found in many different regions around the world, from Europe to Asia to North America. They are adaptable creatures that can thrive in various climates, depending on the species. Some partridge populations migrate seasonally while others remain in one location year-round.
These birds play an important role in their ecosystem as both predators and prey. Partridges feed on insects, seeds, berries, and other small animals. At the same time, they serve as food for larger predators such as foxes, hawks, and owls. Their ability to adapt to different environments allows them to maintain a balance within the food chain.
In terms of climate adaptations, some partridge species have thick plumage that helps keep them warm during harsh winters. Others have adapted to desert environments with lighter feathers that reflect heat and provide ventilation under hot conditions. These adaptations allow partridges to survive in extreme temperatures and continue thriving in diverse habitats.
Overall, understanding the habitat of partridges provides insight into how these birds live and interact within their environment. From migration patterns to predator-prey relationships to climate adaptations, there is much more to learn about these fascinating creatures beyond their association with holiday traditions!
Physical Characteristics Of A Partridge
When it comes to physical characteristics, partridges are known for their distinctive features. They have short and rounded wings with a wingspan ranging from 15-20 inches. This makes them excellent at flying in bursts over short distances, but not so much for long flights. Their feathers are soft and fluffy, making them perfect for keeping warm in colder weather.
Partridges also have unique coloration and markings that set them apart from other birds. Most species of partridges have brown or grayish-brown feathers on their backs and white or light-colored bellies. Some species also have colorful patterns such as black stripes around the neck or red spots on the breast.
Their plumage is finely detailed, each feather having intricate designs that create an overall aesthetic appeal. In addition to this, they possess a distinct collar-like marking around their necks which differentiates them from other similar-looking birds.
Overall, the physical characteristics of partridges make them easily recognizable among bird enthusiasts. From their flight capabilities to their attractive appearance, these birds are truly remarkable creatures of nature.
Moving forward into comparison with other birds, we can see how unique these attributes make them when compared to other avian species!
Comparison To Other Birds
As we continue to explore the world of birds, it’s important to compare and contrast different species in order to better understand their unique characteristics. One bird that often gets compared to the partridge is the pheasant. While both are game birds commonly hunted for sport or food, there are notable differences between them.
Partridges are smaller in size than pheasants, which can make them more challenging targets when hunting. Additionally, partridges tend to be found in more diverse habitats such as woodlands, grasslands, and even urban areas. Pheasants typically prefer open fields and agricultural landscapes.
When it comes to hunting, many enthusiasts argue that partridges provide a greater challenge due to their smaller size and tendency to fly low and fast. However, others may prefer the larger target presented by a pheasant or enjoy hunting in open fields where they are more likely to spot one.
Overall, while both partridges and pheasants have similarities in terms of being game birds sought after by hunters, each has its own distinct characteristics that set them apart from one another. Understanding these differences can help hunters choose which bird they wish to pursue based on personal preference or skill level.
Moving forward into our next section about habitat and range, we will delve deeper into where exactly partridges can be found across the globe and how their environment impacts their behavior and survival.
Habitat And Range
Did you know that partridges are not only a popular game bird, but they also have some fascinating migration patterns? Partridges can be found throughout Europe, Asia, and North America. They prefer to live in grasslands and agricultural fields where they feed on seeds and insects.
If you’ve ever seen a partridge in the wild, you’ll know how beautiful these birds are. With their intricate brown and white feathers, they blend perfectly into their surroundings. Here are five things to help you visualize a partridge’s habitat:
- Rolling hills covered in tall grasses
- A vast expanse of farmland dotted with trees
- A small creek running through a meadow
- An open field surrounded by dense forest
- The edge of a marshy wetland area
Partridge migration is an important part of their life cycle. During the fall and winter months, many species will move southward towards warmer climates. This journey can take them thousands of miles across continents! Unfortunately, due to habitat loss and hunting pressures, many populations have declined over recent years.
Conservation efforts are ongoing to protect this beloved game bird. By creating protected habitats for partridges to breed and raise young ones, we can ensure that future generations get to enjoy watching these majestic birds roam free.
As we explore further into the behavior of partridges in the next section about diet and behavior, it’s important to keep in mind how vital conservation efforts are in protecting these magnificent creatures for years to come.
Diet And Behavior
As discussed in the previous section, partridges are birds that can be found in various habitats across the world. These habitats range from open grasslands to dense forests. Now let’s dive into their feeding habits and social interactions.
Feeding habits of partridges vary depending on the species and habitat they inhabit. For example, some species of partridge mainly feed on insects while others prefer seeds and berries. Also, these birds tend to forage for food on the ground rather than in trees or bushes like other bird species. Furthermore, many types of partridges have a unique adaptation where they store food in their crops to later digest it when resting.
When it comes to social interactions, partridges are known to live either alone or in small groups called coveys. These groups help them avoid predators as well as increase chances of finding food sources. Moreover, male partridges often display interesting behavior during mating season by performing courtship dances and even fighting with other males for dominance.
To further understand how different species behave around one another and their role in ecosystems, we’ve compiled a table showcasing common behaviors observed among several types of partridges:
|Seeds & Insects
|Live in pairs or small family groups
|Berries & Grasses
|Form large flocks
|Red-legged Partridg e
|Grains & Vegetation
|Live in large coveys
In conclusion, understanding feeding habits and social interactions is crucial to comprehending the role certain animals play within an ecosystem. By observing patterns such as those exhibited by different types of partridges, researchers can gain insight into how best to preserve these delicate relationships between wildlife populations.
Moving forward, it’s important also to note cultural significance surrounding partridges in various regions. From ancient Greek mythology to modern-day hunting traditions, these birds have played a role in human society for centuries and will continue to do so for years to come.
Cultural Significance Of Partridges
As a research editor, I find it fascinating how partridges hold such significant symbolic meaning in various cultures and mythologies. For instance, in Greek mythology, the goddess Athena was often depicted holding a spear with a partridge perched on top as a symbol of wisdom. Similarly, in Hindu mythology, the god Lord Brahma is said to have created the world while riding on a partridge’s back.
Partridges also play an important role in traditional Chinese culture where they are considered symbols of good fortune and prosperity. The bird’s name in Mandarin, "xiāngjī" (香雞), literally means fragrant chicken and hence is seen as auspicious for occasions like weddings or business deals.
In addition to their cultural significance, partridges have been referenced extensively in literature throughout history. In William Shakespeare’s popular play Romeo and Juliet, Mercutio makes reference to them when he exclaims “Why that same pale hard-hearted wench that Rosaline torments him so that he will sure run mad presently unless thou tell’st me what she bids thee do?” To which Benvolio replies: “I saw no man use you at his pleasure; if I had, my weapon should quickly have been out … But farewell now: I will go to give the strange news.” And then Mercutio concludes by saying: “If thy wits run astray, meet me i’ th’ morning… By this time tomorrow let’s see who dares challenge me to fight a duel with swords.”
In summary, from ancient times through modern-day literature references and beyond – there has always been something special about these birds! They continue to be celebrated across different cultures for their symbolic meanings of good luck and prosperity. Fascinatingly enough though – despite all of this rich symbolism surrounding them – we must ask ourselves one final question: Is a partridge truly just another bird?
Final Verdict: Is A Partridge A Bird?
Well, well, well. Who would have thought that a partridge could be so controversial? After delving into the cultural significance of these birds in the previous section, it’s time to answer the burning question on everyone’s minds: is a partridge truly a bird?
The short answer is yes. Despite some confusion around their classification due to their game bird status and culinary use as food, partridges are indeed birds. They belong to the Phasianidae family along with pheasants and quails.
Speaking of food, partridges have been enjoyed as delicacies for centuries. In fact, they were often served at medieval feasts and continue to be popular dishes in many regions today. However, this popularity has also led to overhunting and endangerment of certain species.
Partridge hunting culture has played a significant role in shaping our relationship with these birds. While some hunters view them as trophies or sport, others see them as an important part of traditional practices or even necessary for pest control purposes. Regardless of personal beliefs surrounding hunting, it’s clear that partridges hold a special place in many cultures worldwide.
In conclusion (just kidding), while there may have been some debate about whether or not partridges can truly be classified as birds, it’s safe to say that they are indeed feathered creatures like any other avian species out there. Their cultural significance both as food and within hunting traditions only adds to their unique charm.
Frequently Asked Questions
Are There Any Breeds Of Partridges That Are Not Considered Birds?
As a research editor, I’ve come across some interesting information regarding partridges. While there are no breeds of partridges that aren’t considered birds, it is worth noting that partridge meat has been enjoyed by humans for centuries. Partridge hunting is also a popular pastime in many parts of the world, particularly in Europe and North America. However, it’s important to note that hunting regulations vary depending on location and species – so be sure to do your research before heading out into the field! Overall, while partridges may not be the most well-known bird species, their place in both culinary and recreational circles cannot be denied.
Can Partridges Fly, Or Do They Only Walk On The Ground?
Oh boy, do partridges fly or just walk on the ground? Let’s dive deep into their physical characteristics and diet to find out. Partridges are medium-sized birds that belong to the Phasianidae family, which includes pheasants, quails, and chickens (yes, they’re all birds!). These feathered friends have short legs and wings with rounded tips, making them better suited for rapid bursts of flight rather than sustained flying. While they mostly prefer to move on foot through their natural habitats of grasslands and open woodlands, partridges can indeed take off in flight when necessary. As far as their diet goes, these omnivorous creatures munch on a variety of foods including seeds, insects, fruits, and even small reptiles. So there you have it – partridges may not be expert fliers like some other bird species but they definitely know how to spread their wings!
How Do Partridges Mate And Reproduce?
When it comes to the mating and reproduction behaviors of partridges, their behavior patterns can vary depending on the species. Some partridges form socially monogamous pairs while others engage in promiscuous behavior. Nesting habits also differ among species; some build nests on the ground while others construct them in bushes or trees. However, regardless of their specific breeding strategies, all partridges are known for being attentive parents who fiercely protect their young. As a research editor, I find it fascinating to learn about the unique traits and habits of different bird species and how they contribute to their survival and evolution over time.
Are Partridges Commonly Kept As Pets?
So, you’re curious about whether partridges make good pets? Well, let me tell you – it’s a complicated question with no clear answer. On the one hand, these birds are beautiful and engaging creatures that can bring joy to any household lucky enough to have them. However, there are also many ethical and environmental considerations to take into account when considering keeping partridges as pets. For example, hunting partridges is a popular sport in some areas, but it raises serious questions about animal welfare and sustainability. Ultimately, whether or not you choose to keep a partridge as a pet depends on your own values and priorities – just be sure to weigh the pros and cons carefully before making any decisions!
What Is The Lifespan Of A Partridge In The Wild, And How Long Do They Typically Live In Captivity?
After researching the lifespan of partridges, it’s clear that their longevity largely depends on whether they are in the wild or captivity. In the wild, partridges typically live for 1-2 years due to predators and harsh environmental conditions. However, if kept in captivity with proper care and nutrition, they can live up to 5-6 years. Additionally, understanding their breeding habits is crucial when attempting to keep them as pets. Partridges mate for life and require a specific nesting environment to successfully breed. Overall, while partridges may not have a long lifespan in the wild, with proper care and attention in captivity, they can thrive beyond expectations.
As a research editor, I can confidently say that partridges are indeed birds. While there may be breeds of partridge that have not yet been discovered or classified, all known partridges belong to the family Phasianidae and are considered birds.
Partridges are ground-dwelling birds but they do have the ability to fly short distances when necessary. They mate and reproduce like most other bird species, with males performing courtship displays to attract females. Although some people may keep domesticated partridges as pets, it is more common for them to be hunted for their meat or kept in aviaries for breeding purposes.
In conclusion, while there may be variations within the species, all known partridges are considered birds. Whether you’re a bird enthusiast or simply curious about these feathered creatures, knowing the basics of their behavior and characteristics can help deepen your appreciation for the natural world around us. Remember: sometimes coincidences can reveal deeper truths if we take the time to observe and appreciate them. | <urn:uuid:1af60e03-fc3c-40a4-9e54-3e0a370973b0> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://thebirdidentifier.com/is-a-partridge-a-bird/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475806.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302084508-20240302114508-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.949978 | 3,940 | 3.5 | 4 |
In “The Smallest “Astronauts” Set for Launch November 8” (Scientific American, November 4, 2011), David Warmflash reports on a useful Russian experiment:
Did space rocks seed Earth with life? To test that idea, a Russian probe is about to see whether microbes can survive a round-trip to Mars
Could life on Earth have originated on Mars? over the past two decades that question has left the pages of science fiction and entered the mainstream of empirical science. Planetary scientists have found that rocks from Mars do make their way to Earth; in fact, we estimate that a ton of Martian material strikes our planet every year. Microorganisms might have come along for the ride.
Only a few meteors get here in a year or so, and the question is, could a microorganism survive the trip?
One creature to be tested is the animal, tardigrade (water bear), which can survive temperatures approaching absolute zero and above boiling point, as well as massive doses of radiation:
Isn’t it encouraging to see people testing one of these ideas for once? | <urn:uuid:5acb0942-0ce0-4601-b835-d57e69726f62> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://uncommondescent.com/intelligent-design/life-from-mars-to-earth-idea-to-be-tested-by-probe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475806.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302084508-20240302114508-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.928237 | 229 | 3.578125 | 4 |
In recent years, blue carbon ecosystems, in particular mangroves, have received unprecedented attention as a means to address climate change and biodiversity loss. While less in the spotlight, seagrass has also garnered interest, owing to its carbon sequestration capabilities and critical importance to ecosystems and local communities. AI and remote sensing is now being applied to these ecosystems to address their specific challenges.
Seagrasses in their entirety have greater carbon mitigation potential than mangroves due to their global abundance. Seagrass meadows potentially contain 4,350-8,550 Tg of organic carbon in bed sediment and biomass. If degraded or destroyed, they would be a significant carbon source. Further, they provide food and habitat for biodiversity including dugongs, manatees and sea turtles and important ecosystem services, such as food security, protection from coastal erosion and buffering against floods.
Seagrasses are a diet staple for many threatened species, including dugongs, manatees and sea turtles. Photo credit: Julien Willem (2008)
However, seagrass conservation and restoration projects face several challenges including the fact that they require significant financial and logistical resources. Effective protection of seagrasses involves protecting systems connected to the seagrass meadows such as preventing or reducing pollution in waterways that drain into seagrass habitats. Planting seeds or transplanting seedlings can also be logistically demanding and they are susceptible to loss and degradation. Situated in the intertidal zone, seagrasses are affected by both marine and terrestrial drivers of change. The permanence of their carbon storage is also difficult to ensure in the face of storms, heatwaves and invasive species. Additionally, in the context of carbon offsets, demonstrating additionality for seagrass projects can be challenging. The paucity of data on historical seagrass extent and the inherently patchy and dynamic nature of seagrass landscapes make it difficult to establish a robust baseline. Proving the effectiveness of the project to maintain or increase seagrass extent is another challenge.
Applying remote sensing and AI to seagrass can address a number of these challenges. One key area would be in improving the cost-effectiveness and efficiency of project planning, implementation and monitoring. Traditional methods of mapping seagrass habitats, such as visual surveys by scuba divers or towed cameras, are time-consuming, expensive, and often capture a limited scope of data. Conversely, remote sensing can assess large areas of seagrass efficiently. Machine learning algorithms can be trained to identify the spectral signatures, surface characteristics and other attributes of seagrass to distinguish them from other types of marine vegetation and seafloor substrates. Applying AI in tandem with remote sensing eliminates the need for manual interpretation, streamlining the processing of spatial data. This allows for efficient identification of seagrass habitats, health and productivity assessment, and insights into spatiotemporal change dynamics to inform management decisions.
Critically, this efficiency does not come at the expense of accuracy. Remote sensing and AI are especially useful for seagrass habitat mapping and density assessments, with some studies reporting accuracy scores of up to 95%. While accuracy can vary widely across geographies, the range in reported scores owes to differing site conditions and inherent limitations of a submerged system, rather than methodological capabilities. Using in-situ measurements to train and validate machine learning algorithms can improve the accuracy of the model, while the application of AI allows for analysis to be performed at scale (check out our article on field measurements and remote sensing).
The discourse around seagrass is as complex as the ecosystem of interest. Despite this, the challenges surrounding seagrass projects are patently overshadowed by the significance of seagrass to coastal communities and biodiversity. Cognizant of this, there has been growing interest in developing seagrass projects as well as the value of remote sensing and AI. The application of remote sensing and AI to seagrass landscapes is not without limitations and does not resolve all the challenges surrounding seagrass projects. However, they have proven and will continue to advance our understanding and efforts to protect and restore this valuable ecosystem. | <urn:uuid:8150c7c6-0e7b-4a62-9893-95fccf6cf69a> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.adatos.com/post/can-ai-see-grass-the-value-of-remote-sensing-and-ai-applications-in-seagrass-systems | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475806.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302084508-20240302114508-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.934466 | 861 | 3.828125 | 4 |
GPT Tackling the Unseen Adversary: Understanding and Addressing Bias in AI
Artificial Intelligence (AI) promises a future of precision and automation. However, lurking beneath its efficient facade is a subtle yet significant challenge: bias. This article delves into what bias in AI means, its implications, and the vital steps being taken to mitigate it, ensuring AI remains a fair and equitable tool for all.
What is Bias in AI?
Bias in AI refers to systematic and unfair discrimination in the outcomes of AI systems. It often stems from the data used to train these systems, reflecting existing prejudices in society. This can manifest in various forms, from gender and racial bias to socioeconomic and cultural biases.
The Origins of AI Bias
AI learns from data, and if that data contains biases, the AI system will likely perpetuate them. Here are some common sources of bias in AI:
- Historical Data: Reflects past prejudices and inequalities.
- Selection Bias: Occurs when training data is not representative of the broader population.
- Modeling Choices: Biases can be introduced by the way algorithms are designed and the parameters set by developers.
The consequences of AI bias are far-reaching, affecting everything from job hiring processes and credit scoring to legal sentencing and healthcare. For instance:
- A hiring algorithm might favor male candidates over female ones if trained on data from a field historically dominated by men.
- Facial recognition systems have been found to have higher error rates for people with darker skin tones.
Steps to Mitigate Bias in AI
- Diverse Data Sets: Ensuring training data is representative of different demographics can reduce bias.
- Algorithmic Transparency: Understanding how AI makes decisions can help identify and correct biases.
- Regular Auditing: Continuous monitoring of AI systems for biased outcomes is essential.
- Inclusive Design and Testing: Involving diverse groups in the development and testing of AI systems.
For more in-depth insights, consider these resources:
- Algorithmic Bias Detection and Mitigation: Best Practices and Policies to Reduce Consumer Harms
- Fairness and Abstraction in Sociotechnical Systems
Bias in AI is a complex issue that requires a multifaceted approach. By understanding its sources and implementing strategies to counteract it, we can steer AI towards more equitable and just outcomes. | <urn:uuid:49383dcc-3c69-45ea-8d60-58d7f6e6d741> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.aipromptersjobs.com/gpt-tackling-the-unseen-adversary-understanding-and-addressing-bias-in-ai/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475806.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302084508-20240302114508-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.911584 | 489 | 3.921875 | 4 |
What is tooth decay?
Our mouths contain lots of different types of bacteria. Some are helpful but some can be harmful such as the types of bacteria that are involved in the process of tooth decay (caries).
A sticky layer of bacteria called plaque constantly forms on teeth. After eating or drinking foods that contain sugar, bacteria in plaque produce acids that attack the hard outer surface (enamel) of a tooth. The decay can progress to involve the softer inner surface of a tooth (dentine) and form a cavity that requires treating.
There is no such thing as ‘weak’ teeth. However, some people are more predisposed to tooth decay due to the type of bacteria that live in their mouth.
Thorough daily cleaning is therefore essential to reduce the risk of tooth decay and gum disease.
How to brush
Brushing helps to remove the layer of plaque which therefore reduces the risk of decay.
- Brush your teeth twice a day, preferable morning and night, for a least two minutes
- Use a soft, small-headed toothbrush
- Your toothbrush should be placed at a 45-degree angle to your gums
- Brush gently using small strokes
- Remember to brush all the surfaces of your teeth, including the inner tooth surfaces on the tongue and cheek side and also the chewing surfaces
- It is also a good idea to brush your tongue as bacteria on the tongue can contribute to bad breath
- Change your toothbrush every 3 months or sooner if the bristles are worn. This will ensure you are able to brush your teeth thoroughly and also helps to reduce harmful bacteria building up on the bristles.
How to floss
Brushing removes the majority of bacteria from teeth but it is unable to remove bacteria living in-between the teeth. Flossing helps to remove plaque from between the teeth and around the gum line.
- Wind the floss around both middle fingers and support it across your thumbs and index fingers
- Hold your thumbs and index fingers closely together to guide the floss between your teeth using a gentle rubbing action
- Curve the floss into a C shape around the tooth at the gum line to clean the neck of the tooth
- Gently pull the floss up and down
- Try to avoid using a see-saw action as this can damage the gum
- Let the floss go with one hand and pull through the gap with the other hand
- Use a clean segment of floss to repeat for the rest of the teeth
Some people find it difficult to floss. Dental tape is flatter than dental floss which is more suitable for people with teeth close together.
Your dentist or hygienist may recommend using small interproximal dental brushes instead of floss. If you are unsure, ask the dental team to demonstrate how to efficiently clean in-between your teeth. | <urn:uuid:046aa7b2-ed64-40a9-a643-1d0ad569f6b7> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.dentalstudio.nz/oral-care/caring-my-teeth | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475806.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302084508-20240302114508-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.941204 | 588 | 4.0625 | 4 |
3rd Grade Programs
Build an Ecosystem (Science 3.5) - Using some empty, clear 2 liter bottles, the class will build an ecosystem with pond life at the bottom and land life on top. The two exchange water and oxygen so the class can watch bugs crawling on the second floor and fish swimming in the basement. The ecosystem can then be displayed in the classroom near a window for students to observe over time.
The Incredible Journey (Science 3.7 and English 3.10, 11) - The water cycle and the importance of water conservation is discussed. Students will take on the role of a water molecule and visit different stations which simulate the paths that water takes in the water cycle. A specific color of bead is collected at each station and the students end up making a bracelet showing their incredible journey.
Letter from a Plastic Bag (Science 3.1, 6, 10) - Students will play a game pretending they are a plastic bag to see just what happens to this common form of litter. They will write a letter about their journey and discuss ways that they can help reduce litter on the Eastern Shore
Soil Studies (Science 3.1, 6, 7, 8)
What is soil? - Students will distinguish between soil and dirt. They will then investigate clay, silt, and sandy soils to determine which soil particles are largest and smallest.
Why Is Soil Important? (also English 3.1, 6, 7, 8 and VA 3.6) First students participate in an interactive exploration of everyday items that come from the soil. We will also use an apple as a model to demonstrate how much soil is actually available for crops and discuss ways that farmers and people can help to conserve soil. Students will then write a paragraph about the importance of soil.
Where does Soil Come From? - Students will learn about the different horizons of soil and how they contribute to supporting life on earth. Using the soils mobile classroom, we will take a trip underground to see a replica of the soil horizons. When we return to the classroom students will create their own soil horizons in a tube.
Plant growth experiment (also Math 3.7) - Using three different soil types from the Eastern Shore and the Commonwealth, teachers and students will observe and record if there is a difference in plant growth based on the type of soil. We will provide the resources for you to plan and conduct an investigation that determine how different types of soil affect plant growth. | <urn:uuid:794aa18d-a935-4d44-9220-4da4b81562d9> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.esswcd.org/copy-of-2nd-grade-programs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475806.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302084508-20240302114508-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.92983 | 504 | 4.3125 | 4 |
The act of reconciliation refers to redeeming oneself for any wrongdoing. This act includes genuine remorse, as well as repentance. We will discuss the top ten symbols of reconciliation in this article. These symbols are based on history, mythology, everyday life, and Christianity.
Within the realm of the Catholic religion, the sacrament of reconciliation is also known as a confession. The Roman Catholic Church’s concept of a confession was to seek forgiveness for sins. God forgave people for their sins and helped them heal. People’s confessions let them reconcile with the church while the church took people’s’ sins onto itself.
Let’s take a look at our list of the top 10 most important symbols of reconciliation:
Table of Contents
When there were local wars during the colonial period, people liked to turn to symbols of reconciliation. The story of Aeneas was socially, politically, and religiously constructed to take a new identity.
Aeneas was venerated as the hero and a great leader in Italy, Sicily, and northern Aegean. The Romans needed the intelligence and cooperation of the Greeks. Therefore, both nations agreed on using this myth to reconstruct their identity. This myth shaped Rome as a powerful empire of that time.
The story of Aeneas is a notable symbol of reconciliation.
So exactly who was Aeneas? Aeneas was the son of Anchises and Aphrodite. He was the primary hero of Troy and was also a hero in Rome and belonged to Troy’s royal lineage. He was second to only Hector in terms of ability and power.
Literature also says that Aeneas was worshipped as a god during the time of Augustus and Paul. This myth and cult of Aeneas shaped the empire’s image as a diversified culture.
2. The Dove
The Dove symbolizes peace and reconciliation even in the Babylonian flood stories. It carried a branch of olive in its beak when it returned to Noah’s Ark as a sign of land ahead. The Dove has become an international sign of peace.
Greek legends also consider the Dove a love symbol representing faithful and dedicated love. There is a legend that two black doves flew from Thebes, one settled in Dodona in a place which was sacred to Zeus, the father of the Greek gods.
The Dove spoke in a human voice and said that an Oracle would be established in that place. The second Dove flew to Libya, another place sacred to Zeus, and established a second Oracle.
Irene denotes a symbol of reconciliation and is depicted by the peace sign, white gates, and an entryway. Irene was Zeus’s daughter and one of the three Horae who looked into the matters of peace and justice. They guarded the gates of Mount Olympus and made sure that only good-hearted people could pass through those gates.
Irene (or Eirene) was depicted as a beautiful young woman who carried a scepter and a torch. She was regarded as a citizen of Athens. After a naval victory over Sparta in 375 BC, the Athenians established a cult of peace, making altars to her.
They held an annual state sacrifice after 375 BC to commemorate the Common peace of that year and carved a statue in her honor in the Agora of Athens. Even the offerings presented to Irene were bloodless in praise of her virtues.
From 1920 till this date, the League of Nations uses this symbol of reconciliation to honor Irene or when they want to end any bickering issue.
4. Orange Shirt Day
Orange Shirt Day is a day celebrated in memory of the indigenous children who survived Canada’s residential school system and those who didn’t. On this day, Canadians adorn orange clothing in honor of the residential school survivors.
The ‘Orange Shirt Day’ concept originated when an indigenous student, Phyllis Webstad, wore an orange shirt to school. Wearing this colored shirt was not permitted, and the authorities took the shirt from her.
Between 1831 and 1998, there were a total of 140 residential schools for indigenous children in Canada. Innocent children were mistreated and abused. Many children also could not survive the abuse and passed away. Survivors advocated for recognition and reparations and demanded accountability.
Hence, Canada commemorated the Orange Shirt Day as the national day of acknowledging the truth and reconciling. Today, buildings across Canada are illuminated in Orange on September 29th of September 30th from 7:00 pm onwards till sunrise.
5. The Bison
The Bison (often referred to as the Buffalo) has served as a symbol of reconciliation and truthfulness to Canada’s indigenous people. There was a time when the Bison existed in millions and sustained the lives of the indigenous people of North America.
The Bison was an essential source of food throughout the year. Its hide was used to create teepees, and its bones were used to make fashion jewelry. The Bison is also an important part of spiritual ceremonies.
Once Europeans arrived on the land, the Bison population started to dwindle. Europeans hunted the Bison for two reasons: trade and competition with the natives. They thought that if they exterminated the primary food source for the native populations, they would decline.
Symposiums held at the Royal Saskatchewan Museum discuss the significance of the Bison with a mission to reenact its importance. Exploring indigenous cultural symbols like the Bison can help the native populations heal and also reconcile, which is extremely beneficial to society.
6. The Purple Stole
A stole is a narrow strip of cloth worn over your shoulders and with equal lengths of fabric in front. A priest is a representative of Jesus Christ and can grant absolution. The priest adorns the purple stole, which represents achieving priesthood.
The purple stole shows the priests’ authority to absolve sins and reconcile with God. Every act of reconciliation includes the priest, the cross sign, and words of absolution uttered by those seeking it. The purple color of the stole represents penance and sorrow. Also, for the confession to be valid, the penitent must experience true contrition.
7. The Keys
Major components of the Sacrament of Reconciliation are keys drawn in an X shape. Matthew 16:19 states Jesus Christ’s words to St. Peter. In those words, Jesus gave the church the power to forgive people’s sins. Hence the Sacrament of Reconciliation was established, and the keys symbol represents that.
Catholics believe that in verses 18 and 19 of the Gospel of Matthew that Christ informed St. Peter that he was the rock on which the Catholic Church was to be created. Christ was handing him the keys of the Kingdom of Heaven.
8. The Raised Hand
The act of Reconciliation has several steps. First, the penitent carries out the act of contrition. For this, the penitent needs to be wholeheartedly remorseful and want their sins to be forgiven. After the act of contrition, the priest offers an Absolution prayer.
This prayer consists of a blessing during which the priest raises their hand over the penitent’s head. The act of the raised hand is symbolic of being a priest and of reconciliation.
9. The Cross Sign
Once the prayer of absolution is finished, the priest makes a cross over the penitent and says the final words. The final words state that all the penitent’s sins are absolved in the Holy Father’s name, Son and Holy Spirit. When one is baptized, they are marked with the cross sign, which signifies that they belong to Jesus Christ.
Christians make the cross sign many times during the day. They make this sign on their forehead so that Jesus influences their thoughts and improves their intelligence. They make it on their mouth, so good speech comes out of their mouth. They make it on their heart, so Jesus’ unending love influences them. The cross sign represents unity between humanity and God and is also a sign of reconciliation with God.
10. The Scourging Whip
This symbol is symbolic of Christ’s suffering and his crucifixion. Catholics believe that Christ suffered for their sins. However, by suffering, Jesus Christ took his followers’ sins upon himself and won pardon for them.
We’ve discussed the top 10 Symbols of Reconciliation in this article. These symbols stem from religion, mythology, and worldly events.
Which of these symbols were you already aware of? Let us know in the comment section below!
Header image of Christian cross courtesy: “Geralt”, Pixabay User, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons | <urn:uuid:1d2418a3-ae0f-462c-a0f7-7edc4f8e394b> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.givemehistory.com/symbols-of-reconciliation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475806.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302084508-20240302114508-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.955251 | 1,805 | 3.703125 | 4 |
The flag of Colombia is one of our three national symbols, along with the hymn and the coat of arms. Colombia's flag is rectangular and has the three primary colors: yellow, blue and red.
Historians and researchers differ in their explanations regarding the origin and meaning of the flag colors.
Some say that the first interpretation of the colors was made by Francisco Antonio Zea, who in 1819, at the Congress of Angostura, said the yellow represented the people´s love for the federation; blue was to show the "despots of Spain" that the "vast ocean" separates us from their "horrible yoke"; and red was to tell the Spaniards that "before accepting the slavery imposed on us for three centuries , we want to drown them in our own blood, swearing out war on behalf of humanity."
Others claim that the yellow and red were taken from the flag of Spain, and blue was added to these two colors as a symbol of the sea that separates Colombia and Spain.
There are those who say that the colors were taken from the coat of arms granted by the Catholic Kings to Christopher Columbus on May 20th 1493, as recognition for his arrival in America.
Original coat of arms granted by the Catholic Kings to Christopher Columbus on May 20th 1493
The most common explanation of the flag's colors say that the yellow represents abundance and wealth of our country; blue symbolizes the two oceans that bathe the Colombian coasts; and red represents both the blood spilled by the liberators and the blood that feeds the heart, universal symbol of love.
A curious fact is that the current flag is based on an original model designed in the early nineteenth century by Francisco de Miranda, Venezuelan military, who in turn was inspired by the "Theory of Colours" from the famous German writer and scientist Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, with whom he held a conversation on the issue during a meeting in 1785.
Miranda wanted the yellow, blue and red to represent the Latin American countries which at that time were in their independence process, so these colors became symbolic for the Gran Colombia.
The first time Miranda used the primary colors' flag was on March 12th, 1806, aboard the brig "Leandro", during his failed invasion of Coro (Venezuelan village).
In 1811, Miranda and other important Venezuelan figures presented the flag to the Congress of Venezuela and they end up accepting it as their national flag. In 1813, Simón Bolívar ordered that the Colombian flag colors were to be the same as those of the Venezuelan flag.
The stripes of the flag were vertical until 1861, when Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera ordered a decree stating that the stripes would be horizontal and the yellow color would occupy half the space of the flag; blue and red would occupy the same amount of remaining space. | <urn:uuid:7f4ba7e5-2739-44ca-b133-4bb8ecd10792> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.going2colombia.com/flag-of-colombia.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475806.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302084508-20240302114508-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.969522 | 586 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Fire prevention is especially important where flammable and combustible liquids are used. Make sure your employees understand how to identify, handle, and store flammable and combustible liquids.
Flammable liquids ignite easily and burn quickly, and have flashpoints below 100º F. Examples include gasoline, acetone, or methanol.
The flash point is the temperature at which a liquid produces enough vapors to be ignited. More than any other factor, flash point determines the flammability hazard of a liquid; the lower the flash point, the more flammable the material. Flammable liquids are known as “Class I” liquids.
There are three classes of flammable liquids:
A combustible liquid has a flash point at or above 100º F up to 200º F. Examples include diesel fuel and motor oil. Combustible liquids are divided into three classes:
Do not use flammable and combustible liquids where there are any open flames, sparks, or other sources of ignition (smoking, welding, etc.).
To avoid dangerous sparks caused by static electricity, containers of flammable liquids must be properly grounded and bonded while dispensing the liquid.
Storage must be in approved containers (drums, safety cans, etc.). Containers must be closed when not in use. The regulation at 1910.106 describes permissible storage containers by size and material (glass, plastic, metal, etc.) for various categories of liquids.
OSHA has special requirements for lighting and other electrical wiring used in flammable liquid storage rooms. Containers may also be kept in approved storage cabinets. OSHA sets limits on how much flammable or combustible liquid can be stored in one area.
Fire extinguishers must be available where flammable and combustible liquids are stored. Always observe “no smoking” signs where these liquids are present. Employers may be required to post a “no smoking” sign even if the company prohibits smoking on the premises.
The topic index in the J. J. Keller® SAFETY MANAGEMENT SUITE provides an A-Z listing of all things safety. Simply search for or choose a topic, and you’ll be directed to everything SAFETY MANAGEMENT SUITE has to offer for that topic, including regulations, interpretations and other guidance, resources for delivering training, applicable safety plans, and more. You can view the entire list of topics, or type in a search term to call up a list of related topics. | <urn:uuid:9aeba0f1-fcd2-436d-9a63-6123ab73cef9> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.jjkellersafety.com/resources/articles/2020/safely-handling-flammable-and-combustible-liquids | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475806.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302084508-20240302114508-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.884058 | 518 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Roald Amundsen was, without dispute, the first expedition leader to reach the South Pole on foot, but among his many successful adventures, there is the first journey of any kind to the North Pole. He and a group of 15 other men embarked on an Italian-made airship in 1926 and successfully made a flight over the North Pole. The Norge, led by Amundsen, became the first aircraft to reach the North Pole. Here’s how they did it.
In the 1920s, everybody saw the potential of the airship. It was a new flying invention that offered many possibilities for research, travel and even warfare. Amundsen was one of those who saw its potential, and in 1925 he came up with the idea to fly over the North Pole with one of these machines. At that time, airships had many advantages over planes. Airplanes had to immediately land in case of an engine defect; the airship’s engines could be repaired in mid-air. Also, landing a plane during very foggy weather was much more dangerous in an airplane. Airships were also capable of carrying more weight than ordinary planes at the time.
Amundsen and his friend Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen (the founder of the Royal Norwegian Air Force), who would later also be part of the expedition, decided that the best airship for this mission was the Italian-made airship N-1, designed by Umberto Nobile, an Italian aeronautical engineer who designed the most advanced semi-rigid airships at the time. The N-1 was the first of the N-class semi-rigid airships that Nobile made.
Amundsen contacted Nobile and told him his idea for a polar expedition with an airship. Later in 1925, Riiser-Larsen went to Rome to meet with Italian government officials and Nobile, and make a deal for the purchase of the N-1. An agreement was reached. The Italians settled to sell the airship for $75,000, but under the condition that they could buy it back later for $46,000.
Like any other expedition, Amundsen’s flight over the North Pole was expensive. Money was not only needed for the airship, but also for the infrastructure required to accommodate it and maintain it, and also for all of the necessary resources during the actual flight. Luckily, Lincoln Ellsworth, a famous American polar explorer, heard about Amundsen’s plan and decided to step in with a generous donation of $100,000. This way, besides Nobile, who was the designated pilot of the airship, Riiser-Larsen, who was going to be the navigator, and Amundsen as the expedition leader, Ellsworth got his place on board the airship. The expedition was named “The Amundsen-Ellsworth-Nobile Transpolar Flight.” It was decided that the rest of the expenses, such as transportation costs to Ny-Ålesund (the starting point of the journey) and the building of the hangar and masts for the airship, were going to be covered by the Norwegian Aviation Society. The society was also the official owner of the airship during the flight.
In order to make the airship more durable in the extreme conditions of the northernmost region of the Earth and make it more suitable for the mission ahead, certain modifications were made. First of all, they removed the original cabin, which was very large and overly decorated. A smaller and lighter pilot cabin was installed. This way the weight of the vessel was reduced and more space was made for the crew and their resources. Other modifications included reinforcement of the nose and tail of the pressurized balloon with metal a framework, connected with a tube-like metal keel which also served as the storage room and crew accommodation. This tube was covered with some sort of fabric in order to make the space inside more comfortable and warm.
The refitted airship was officially given to the Norwegian delegation on March 29, 1926. There was a big ceremony, at which the notorious Italian prime minister Mussolini was present. Apparently, he saw this event as a great opportunity to spread a message about the powers of fascism. During the ceremony, the airship was renamed. It was given the name Norge.
Norge’s maiden flight was to Ny-Ålesund, from where the final phase of the journey was supposed to be made–one that would take Amundsen over the pole. On May 11, 1926, Amundsen and his 15 crewmen (together with Nobile’s pet dog Titina) set off over the vast ice sheet.
The following day, at 01.25, Norge reached the North Pole. Since the crew couldn’t land, they lowered down the flags of their respective countries (Norwegian, American, and Italian). Living in a tightly confined space with 15 other people is not easy even for an experienced explorer. During the trip to the pole, Amundsen’s and Nobile’s friendship deteriorated, and it got even worse after the flag-lowering ceremony: Amundsen noticed that Nobile’s Italian flag was slightly bigger than the other and the two of them started arguing. Amundsen also complained that with Nobile on board, the whole airship looked like a big circus.
Besides the hostility between Amundsen and Nobile, the airship had a bigger problem. A fog that was surrounding it got stuck on the hull and ballooned in the form of ice. Soon, those ice pieces were thrown from the engine propellers as ice missiles towards the gentle balloon. The crew was constantly repairing the balloon, and they were running out of the material needed for the repairs. They flew over the Atlantic Ocean and reached the North Pole, but they still needed to make a safe landing somewhere close to civilization. On May 13, they flew over the city of Wainwright, Alaska, where Amundsen had been during his 1922 attempt to fly over the North Pole with a plane. Unfortunately, a storm blew the airship back and forth from its route while they were flying somewhere over Siberia and it managed to return them to Alaska. Amundsen and his navigator didn’t see the exact position of Norge, but they decided to land anyway. They chose a big ice field near a settlement. On May 14, after 72 hours of flight, they landed near the village of Teller, 95 miles northwest of Nome.
From there, the crew made their slow return back to Norway. Amundsen wasn’t in a big mood to celebrate. He despised the idea of his Italian friend receiving so much attention. Nevertheless, he should have been happy; after all, he made the first trip to the North Pole, and he was its undisputed conqueror. To make this journey even more significant, it is worth mentioning that Norge became the first flying machine to fly over the ice cap between Europe and North America.
The fate of Norge is sad. After the flight, somewhat damaged, it was dismantled and it was supposed to be sent back to Italy. This never happened, and its parts ended up in different places over the years. It’s a pity we can not see it in a museum today.
Destiny sometimes decides to play unfortunate games, and it played one on Amundsen too. In 1928, Nobile decided to repeat the success of the Norge and launched his own, purely Italian, North Pole expedition in an airship named Italia. This expedition ended tragically. The Italia crashed, and people died. A rescue mission was organized and Amundsen, as one of the most experienced polar explorers, was part of it. But Amundsen’s plane disappeared, and since then his destiny is unknown. The search for the missing plane was called off in September 1928 by the Norwegian government. | <urn:uuid:9e516318-f449-447c-a004-8cb968b3302a> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.thevintagenews.com/2017/12/19/norge-airship-north-pole/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475806.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302084508-20240302114508-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.985701 | 1,647 | 3.8125 | 4 |
The early recognition of Yellowstone's volcanic character
Yellowstone Caldera Chronicles is a weekly column written by scientists and collaborators of the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory. This week's contribution is from Annie Carlson, Research Coordinator at the Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park.
Yellowstone is not your average volcano. Rather than forming a classic cone-shaped mountain like Mount Fuji or Mount Rainer, Yellowstone is different. When it erupts, it has the potential to form huge calderas many miles wide. Thus, visitors to the park are sometimes confused because they can't see the volcano, at least not in the way they might expect. Because it is somewhat unusual, it has taken many decades for us to wrap our heads around Yellowstone's volcanism. Looking back at early accounts of the volcano allows us to appreciate how our understanding has changed over time.
One of the earliest written records of the Yellowstone volcano comes from James Wilkinson, the Governor of the newly purchased Louisiana Territory. In 1805, he wrote a letter to President Jefferson in which he spoke of a map drawn onto a bison pelt by a Native American. Wilkinson wrote about the map, "Among other things a little incredible, a Volcano is distinctly described on the Yellow Stone River." Undoubtedly, knowledge of the Yellowstone volcano existed for thousands of years prior to the written record.
The 1804-1806 Lewis and Clark expedition did not actually pass through the landscape that is now Yellowstone National Park. But when the expedition was returning east, one member, John Colter, opted to remain in the west. With a solo journey during the winter of 1807-1808, Colter is considered to be the first European American to see the wonders of Yellowstone. Many mountain men and fur trappers would follow, and tales of the region spread. In 1851, mountain man Jim Bridger described the Yellowstone area to the Jesuit priest Pierre Jean DeSmet. The resulting Bridger-DeSmet map notes a "Great Volcanic Country about 100 miles in extent" between the Firehole River and Yellowstone Lake.
Relying on information provided by trappers, formal expeditions were initiated beginning in 1869. The following year, the famous Washburn expedition spent several weeks exploring the landscape, with a few mishaps along the way. On August 29, 1870, several members of the Washburn expedition climbed to the summit of a prominent peak south of Tower Fall. In his report to Congress, Lieutenant Gustavus Doane wrote this of the Yellowstone caldera: "Observations were taken from the summit of the peak which we named Mount Washburn… Turning southward, a new and strange scene bursts upon the view. Filling the whole field of vision, and with its boundaries in the verge of the horizon, lies the great volcanic basin of the Yellowstone. Nearly circular in form, from fifty to seventy-five miles in diameter, and with a general depression of about 2,000 feet below the summits of the great ranges which forms its outer rim… The great basin has been formerly one vast crater of a now extinct volcano."
As we now know, the Yellowstone volcano is not extinct, but it is understandable that early explorers had some misinterpretations about the landscape. Of note, Doane also wrote in his report, "The surface formation of Mount Washburn on the northern or outside slope is a spongy lava." In fact, Doane was standing atop the eroded remains of a 50-million-year-old Eocene volcano while peering down into the caldera formed 631,000 ago by the presently active volcano. How confusing! It would be many years before scientists would provide a more precise timeline to the regional volcanism.
Additional pieces of the puzzle were provided the next year by the Hayden expedition of 1871, which greatly enhanced our scientific understanding of Yellowstone. Expedition members included geologists, a mineralogist, a topographer, and also photographer William Henry Jackson and artist Thomas Moran. The resulting photographs, sketches, and paintings brought the first images of the Yellowstone volcano to the broader public. Ferdinand Hayden compiled a 500-page report detailing their findings, and he actively promoted the creation of a public park.
Soon after, in December 1871, a bill was introduced for the establishment of Yellowstone National Park. From the House Committee on Public Lands report: "This whole region was, in comparatively modern geological times, the scene of the most wonderful volcanic activity of any portion of our country. The hot springs and the geysers represent the last stages—the vents or escape pipes—of these remarkable volcanic manifestations of the internal forces." Thus, on March 1, 1872, President Grant signed the bill into law establishing a massive volcano as the world's first national park.
Our modern understanding of Yellowstone volcanism was initiated by the doctoral investigations of Joe Boyd in the 1950s and subsequent geologic mapping led by Bob Christiansen. Now scientists from the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory and many other institutions continue to reveal new and exciting discoveries. With such a vast and dynamic landscape, we still have much to learn about the Yellowstone volcano.
(Many of the historic accounts described in this article were compiled by Yellowstone historian Aubrey Haines.)
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Greek literature has influenced not only its Roman neighbors to the west but also countless generations across the European continent. Greek writers are responsible for the introduction of such genres as poetry, tragedy, comedy, and western philosophy to the world. These Greeks authors were born not only on the soil of their native Greece but also in Asia Minor (Ionia), the islands of the Aegean, Sicily, and southern Italy.
The Greeks were a passionate people, and this zeal can be seen in their literature. They had a rich history of both war and peace, leaving an indelible imprint on the culture and people. Author and historian Edith Hamilton believed that the spirit of life abounds throughout Greek history. In her The Greek Way she wrote,
Greek literature is not done in gray or with a low palette. It is all black and shining white or black and scarlet and gold. The Greeks were keenly aware, terribly aware, of life's uncertainty and the imminence of death. Over and over again they emphasize the brevity and the failure of all human endeavor, the swift passing of all that is beautiful and joyful. [...] Joy and sorrow, exultation and tragedy, stand hand in hand in Greek literature, but there is no contradiction involved thereby. (26)
To fully understand and appreciate Greek literature one must separate it, divide the oral epics from the tragedies and comedies as well as the histories from the philosophies. Greek literature can also be divided into distinct periods: Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic. The literature of the Archaic era mostly centered on myth; part history and part folklore. Homer's epics of the Iliad and the Odyssey and Hesiod's Theogony are significant examples of this period. Literary Greece begins with Homer. Since writing had not yet arrived in Greece, much of what was created in this period was communicated orally, only to be put in written form years later.
The Classical era (4th and 5th centuries BCE) centered on the tragedies of such writers as Sophocles and his Oedipus Rex, Euripides's Hippolytus, and the comedies of Aristophanes. Lastly, the final period, the Hellenistic era, saw Greek poetry, prose, and culture expand across the Mediterranean influencing such Roman writers as Horace, Ovid, and Virgil. Unfortunately, with only a few exceptions, much of what was created during the Archaic and Classical period remains only in fragments.
During the Archaic period, the poets' works were spoken - an outcome of an oral tradition - delivered at festivals. A product of Greece's Dark Ages, Homer's epic the Iliad centered on the last days of the Trojan War, a war initiated by the love of a beautiful woman, Helen. It brought an array of heroes such as Achilles, Hector, and Paris to generations of Greek youth. It was a poem of contrasts: gods and mortals, divine and human, war and peace. Alexander the Great slept with a copy of the book under his pillow and even believed he was related to Achilles.
Homer's second work, the Odyssey, revolved around the ten-year “odyssey” of the Trojan War hero Odysseus and his attempt to return home. While most classicists and historians accept that Homer actually lived, there are some who propose his epics are the result of more than one author. Whether his or not, Homer's works would one day greatly influence the Roman author Virgil and his Aeneid. After Homer, lyric poetry - poetry to be sung - came into its own.
There were many others who ”wrote” during this period, among them were Aesop, Hesiod, and Sappho. The noted storyteller Aesop may or may not be the great fabulist of the ancient world. Professor and classicist D. L. Ashilman in his introduction to the book Aesop's Fables, wrote, "Aesop may not be a historical figure but rather a name that refers to a group of ancient storytellers." Convention claims that he was born a slave around 620 BCE in Asia Minor. After he received his freedom, he traveled throughout Greece collecting stories, including The Mischievous Dog, The Lion and the Mouse, and The Monkey as King. These stories often ended (not always happily) with a moral such as honesty is the best policy, look before you leap, heaven helps those who help themselves, and once bitten, twice shy. Written down years after his death, Aesop's fables were among the first printed works in vernacular English.
Another poet of the Archaic Period was Hesiod, the author of Theogony, a hymn to Apollo's Muses. He has been called the father of didactic poetry. Like Homer, little is known of his early life except that he came from Boeotia in central Greece. Theogony told of the origins and genealogies of the gods, the kingdom of Zeus. Hesiod wrote:
With the Heliconian Muses let us start
Our song: they hold the great and godly mount
of Helicon, and on their delicate feet
They dance around the darkly bubbling spring
And round the altar of the mighty Zeus. (23)
Later in the poem, he said:
Hail, daughters of Zeus
Give me sweet song
To celebrate the holy race of gods
Who live forever, sons of starry Heaven
And Earth, and gloomy Night, and salty Sea. (26)
Lastly, one of the few female lyric poets of the period was Sappho, often called the tenth Muse. Born on the Aegean island of Lesbos, her poems were hymns to the gods and influenced such Romans poets as Horace, Catullus, and Ovid. Much of her poetry remains in fragments or quoted in the works of others.
Oral recitation of poetry, as well as lyric poetry, morphed into drama. The purpose of drama was to not only entertain but also to educate the Greek citizen, to explore a problem. Plays were performed in outdoor theaters and were usually part of a religious festival. Along with a chorus of singers to explain the action, there were actors, often three, who wore masks. Of the known Greek tragedians, there are only three for whom there are complete plays: Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. Oddly, these are considered among the great tragic writers of the world. Hamilton wrote:
The great tragic artists of the world are four, and three of them are Greek. It is in tragedy that the pre-eminence of the Greeks can be seen most clearly. Except for Shakespeare, the great three, Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides stand alone. Tragedy is an achievement peculiarly Greek. They were the first to perceive it and they lifted it to its supreme height. (171)
Aeschylus (c. 525 - c. 456 BCE) was the earliest of the three. Born in Eleusis around 525/4 BCE, he fought at the Battle of Marathon against the Persian invaders. His first play was performed in 499 BCE. His surviving works include Persians, Seven Against Thebes, Suppliants (a play that beat out Sophocles in a competition), Prometheus Bound, Oresteia. Part of the Oresteia trilogy, his most famous work was probably Agamemnon, a play centering on the return of the Trojan War commander to his wife Clytemnestra, who would eventually kill him. After killing her husband she showed little remorse, she said
This duty is no concern of yours.
He fell by my hand,
by my hand he died, and by my hand
he will be buried, and nobody
in the house will weep. (99)
Most of Aeschylus's plays were centered on Greek myth, portraying the suffering of man and the justice of the gods. His works were among the first to have a dialogue between the play's characters.
Sophocles (c. 496 - c. 406 BCE) was the second of the great tragic playwrights. Of his 120 plays performed in competition, only 20 were victorious, losing far too many to Aeschylus. Only three of his seven surviving plays are complete. His most famous work, part of a trilogy, is Oedipus Rex or Oedipus the King, a play written 16 years after first of the three, Antigone, a play about Oedipus' daughter. The third in the series was Oedipus at Colonus, relaying the final days of the blinded king. The tragedy of Oedipus centered on a prophecy that foretold of a man who would kill the king (his father) and marry the queen (his mother). Unknowingly, that man was Oedipus. However, the tragedy of the play is not that he killed his father and married his mother but that he found out about it; it was an exploration of the tragic character of a now blinded hero.
The third great author of Greek tragedy was Euripides, an Athenian (c. 484 - 407 BCE). Unfortunately, his plays - often based on myth - were not very successful at the competitions; his critics often believe he was bitter about these losses. He was the author of 90 plays, among which are Hippolytus, Trojan Women, and Orestes. Euripides was known for introducing a second act to his plays, which were concerned with kings and rulers as well as disputes and dilemmas. He died shortly after traveling to Macedon where he was to write a play about the king's coronation. His play Medea speaks of a bitter woman who took revenge against her husband by killing her children. In pain Medea screams:
O great Themis and lady Artemis, do you see what I suffer, though I bound my accursed husband by weighty oaths? How I wish I might see him and his bride in utter ruin, house and all, for the wrongs they dare to inflict on me who never did them harm. (55)
Another playwright of the era was the Athenian author of Greek comedy, Aristophanes (c. 450? - c. 386 BCE). Author of Old Comedy, his plays were satires of public persons and affairs as well as candid political criticisms. Eleven of Aristophanes' plays have survived along with 32 titles and fragments of others. His plays include Knights, Lysistrata, Thesmophoriazusae, The Frogs, and The Clouds, a play that ridiculed the philosopher Socrates as a corrupt teacher of rhetoric. His actors often wore grotesque masks and told obscene jokes. Many of his plays had a moral or social lesson, poking fun at the literary and social life of Athens.
Greek philosophers & Historians
Among the major contributors to Greek literature were the philosophers, among them Plato, Aristotle, Epictetus, and Epicurus. One of the most influential Greek philosophers was Plato (427-347 BCE). As a student of Socrates, Plato's early works were a tribute to the life and death of his teacher: Apology, Crito, and Phaedo. He also wrote Symposium, a series of speeches at a dinner party. However, his most famous work was The Republic, a book on the nature and value of justice.
His student, Aristotle (384-322 BCE), disagreed with Plato on several issues, mainly the concept of empiricism, the idea that a person could rely on his/her senses for information. His many works include Nichomachean Ethics (a treatise on ethics and morality), Physics, and Poetics. He was the creator of the syllogism and a teacher of Alexander the Great.
A final group of contributors to ancient Greek literature are the historians: Herodotus, Thucydides, and Polybius. Both Herodotus (484 – 425 BCE) and Thucydides (460 – 400 BCE) wrote around the time of the Peloponnesian Wars. Although little is known of his early life, Herodotus wrote on both the wars between Athens and neighboring Sparta as well as the Persian Wars. During his lifetime, his home of Halicarnassus in western Asia Minor was under Persian control. Although he is often criticized for factual errors, his accounts relied on earlier works and documents. His narratives demonstrate an understanding of the human experience and unlike previous writers, he did not judge. He traveled extensively, even to Egypt.
His contemporary, Thucydides, was the author, although incomplete, of a History of the Peloponnesian War. Part of his history was written as it happened and looked at both long-range and short-range causes of the war. His massive unfinished work would be completed by such Greek authors as Xenophon and Cratippus.
The Hellenistic period produced its share of poets, prose writers, and historians. Among them were Callimachus, his student Theocritus, Apollonius Rhodius, and the highly respected historian Plutarch. Unfortunately, like the previous eras, much of what was written remains only in fragments or quoted in the works of others.
The poet Callimachus (310 – 240 BCE) was originally from Cyrene but migrated to Egypt and spent most of his life in Alexandria, serving as a librarian under both Ptolemy II and III. Of his over 800 books, 6 hymns, and 60 epigrams, only fragments remain. His most famous work was Aetia (Causes), which revealed his fascination for the great Greek past, concentrating on many of the ancient myths as well as the old cults and festivals. His work heavily influenced the poetry of Catullus and Ovid's Metamorphoses.
His pupil Theocritus (315 – 250 BCE) originally from Syracuse also worked in the library at Alexandria, producing a number of works of which only 30 poems and 24 epigrams exist. He is said to be the originator of pastoral poetry. Like his teacher, his work influenced future Roman authors such as Ovid.
Apollonius Rhodius (born c. 295 BCE) was, like the others, from Alexandria, serving as both a librarian and tutor. Historians are unsure of the origin of the “Rhodius” attached to his name; some assume he lived for a time in Rhodes. His major work was the four books of the Argonautica, a retelling of the story of Jason's travels to retrieve the fabled Golden Fleece. And, like Callimachus and Theocritus, his work influenced Catullus and Virgil.
Besides poetry and prose, the best-known playwright of the era, the Athenian Menander (342 – 290 BCE), must be mentioned. Menander was a student of philosophy and leading proponent of New Comedy, authoring over 100 plays, including Dyscolus, Perikeiromene, and Epitrepontes. He was the master of suspense. His plays were later adapted by the Roman authors Plautus and Terence.
The Hellenistic world produced a few notable historians, too. Polybius (200 -118 BCE) was a Greek who wrote on Rome's rise to power. Denounced as too friendly to Rome, he was a proponent of Greek culture in Rome. Of his Histories, only the first five books remain of the 40 written.
Lastly, Plutarch (born c. 45 BCE) was one of the most famous of the Greek historians. Originally from Chaeronea, he was a philosopher, teacher, and biographer. Although he spent time in Egypt and Rome (where he taught philosophy), he spent most of his life in his home city. Later in life, he served as a priest at the oracle at Delphi. His most famous work Parallel Lives provided biographies of Roman statesmen as well as such Greeks as Alexander, Lycurgus, Themistocles, and Pericles. Unlike other histories, he chose not to write a continuous history but concentrated on the personal character of each individual. He also wrote on ethical, religious, political, and literary topics of the day.
After the death of Alexander the Great and the growth of Hellenistic culture across the Mediterranean, Roman literature and art had a distinctive Greek flavor. Greek literature had risen from the oral tradition of Homer and Hesiod through the plays of Sophocles and Aristophanes and now lay on the tables of Roman citizens and authors. This literature included the philosophy of Plato and Aristotle and the histories of Herodotus and Thucydides. Centuries of poetry and prose have come down through the generations, influencing the Romans as well as countless others across Europe. Referring to the “fire” of Greek poetry, Edith Hamilton wrote, "One might quote all the Greek poems there are, even when they are tragedies. Every one of them shows the fire of life burning high. Never a Greek poet that did not warm both hands at that flame." (26) Today, libraries both public and private contain the works of those ancient Greeks. And, countless future generations will be able to read and enjoy the beauty of Greek literature. | <urn:uuid:a224173e-f9bb-4377-ac4d-34dc71e59d34> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.worldhistory.org/Greek_Literature/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475806.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302084508-20240302114508-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.982175 | 3,601 | 4.09375 | 4 |
|aSet is a classroom-based reading assessment system for use in grades K-3 to help identify student skills, to plan instruction, monitor student progress, prepare students to meet expectations, and to provide tools for keeping stakeholders informed on student reading achievement. For use with students reading from level A through level 40 and can be used in elementary school classroom environments as well as in reading intervention programs.
|aTitle from container; edition statement from teacher guide.
|a"Assessment that drives instruction"--Container lid.
|aEach benchmark assessment reading book has an indication of reading level on back cover; benchmark book set divided into two sections: grade K-1 (reading level A-16), and grade 2-4 (reading level 18-40). | <urn:uuid:7358c2cb-ca24-4328-a6cd-cb71ac683f16> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://lib.kcbs.ntpc.edu.tw/webpac/bookDetail.do?id=37978 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476397.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303174631-20240303204631-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.930017 | 155 | 3.5 | 4 |
Climate change is profoundly altering our oceans and marine ecosystems. Some of these changes are happening quickly and are potentially irreversible. Many are taking place silently and unnoticed.
In recent years, tipping points – thresholds where a small change could push a system into a completely new state – have increasingly become a focus for the climate research community.
However, these are typically thought of in terms of unlikely changes with huge global ramifications – often referred to as “low probability, high impact” events. Examples include the slowdown of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and the rapid disintegration of the West Antarctic ice sheet.
In a new paper, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, my co-authors and I instead focus on the potential for what we call “high probability, high impact” tipping points caused by the cumulative impact of warming, acidification and deoxygenation.
We present the challenge of dealing with these imminent and long-lasting changes in the Earth system, and discuss options for mitigation and management measures to avoid crossing these tipping points.
Warming, acidification and deoxygenation
The ocean is a giant reservoir of heat and carbon. Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, the oceans have taken up around 30-40% of the carbon dioxide (CO2) and 93% of the heat added to the atmosphere through human activity.
Without ocean uptake, the scale of atmospheric warming would already be much larger. But this comes with a high cost in the form of ocean warming, acidification – where the alkaline ocean becomes more acidic – and deoxygenation – where the oxygen content of the ocean falls.
The potential impact of these processes on the marine environment is well documented. However, in some cases, they could trigger a number of regional tipping points with potentially widespread consequences for marine ecosystems and ocean functioning.
Here are some examples:
Each species has an optimal temperature range for their physiological functioning. Like humans, most marine organisms are vulnerable to warming above their optimal temperature. Without adaptation, some species will be hit hard by ocean warming. A well-known example is the threat to tropical coral reef systems, such as Australia’s Great Barrier Reef, to mass coral bleaching from extreme heat.
These coral reef systems play an important role for fisheries, for coastal protection, as fish nurseries, and for a number of other ecosystem services. This serves as an example of how the impact of ocean warming extends far beyond the most sensitive marine organisms, with range shifts being observed across the food web from phytoplankton to marine mammals.
Most marine organisms can only exist in seawater with sufficiently high concentrations of dissolved oxygen. Warming of the ocean decreases the solubility of oxygen in the water and slows down ocean mixing, which, in turn, decreases oxygen transport from the surface into the ocean interior.
In addition, run-off of nutrients from the land – such as from agriculture and domestic waste – increases the biological productivity in coastal areas, disrupting ecosystems and enhancing deoxygenation. Consequences for marine organisms are huge, with species distribution, growth, survival and ability to reproduce negatively affected.
Besides being the primary driver of global warming, CO2 also changes ocean chemistry, causing the acidification of seawater. Many marine organisms have shells or skeletal structures made of mineral forms particularly vulnerable to ocean acidification. A well-known example are pteropods – free-swimming sea snails and sea slugs – that live in the upper 10 metres of the ocean, which are a keystone species in the marine food web.
Currently observed acidification conditions are already unprecedented within the last 65m years, and are projected to continue and aggravate for many centuries even with the reduction of carbon emissions to net-zero.
High-probability, high-impact ocean tipping points
While these different processes are individually a danger to marine life, in combination with other threats – such as overfishing, high nutrient input from land and invasive species – they have the potential to cause ecosystem-wide regime shifts.
In addition, extreme events – such as marine heatwaves or high-acidity, low-oxygen events – lead to severe consequences for marine biodiversity. Across the globe, the observed local and regional changes already add up to a substantial regional – and possibly global – problem. Examples include coastal acidification and anoxic ocean “dead zones”.
The figure below highlights some of the regions of the world ocean that are under threat from these impacts.
While these impacts already need dealing with today, ocean circulation patterns mean that they are also being stored up for the future.
The upper ocean mixes on a timescale of decades, while the deep ocean water masses are renewed from the surface on a much longer timescale – from hundreds to thousands of years. The present-day accumulation of heat and carbon are initially largest at the ocean surface. But, through mixing and ocean currents, this excess of heat and carbon is transported away from the surface and into deeper layers.
These short and long-term timescales have two consequences. The first is that mixing is not fast enough to prevent the accumulation of heat and carbon in the upper ocean.
The second is that deep mixing transports some of the surface excess heat and carbon to greater depths, where long-lasting changes can gradually build up. Consequently, the deep ocean can be altered by climate change irreversibly for thousands of years, even under strong emission reduction scenarios. These impacts are incredibly difficult to monitor at such depths.
Can these ocean tipping points be avoided?
While the threats to the ocean from human-caused climate change are many and varied, there is still time for them to be minimised. We highlight a few action points where scientists are contributing to the development and implementation of mitigation actions.
First, scientists are using models and observations to determine the regions where the most severe hazards have occurred, are occurring, and may occur in the future. Laboratory and in-situ experiments can help identify vulnerabilities in organisms and ecosystems.
Second, progress is being made to define important thresholds in the physiological tolerance of key organisms for changes in temperature, oxygen concentration, nutrient levels and acidity. This also draws attention to the need for metrics of global change that go beyond atmospheric CO2 concentration and global average surface temperature. Keeping a close watch on potential ocean tipping points means tracking ocean temperature changes, acidification, deoxygenation and marine productivity.
Third, communication of these threats is improving. While there is still much progress to be made – for example, in building climate and ocean literacy and working with indigenous groups – research into empowering science communication to address global challenges is growing.
While headway is being made, much more action is needed. We suggest four system management and societal transformation actions for minimising the likelihood of encountering high-probability, high-impact ocean tipping points:
- The highest priority for ocean damage limitation is the immediate and drastic reduction of greenhouse gas emissions – particularly CO2.
- To achieve emission reductions, human societies need to shift to a decarbonised energy production, sustainable use of land and ocean, and climate-friendly urban and regional planning.
- The implementation of mitigation measures needs to be enabled through adequate governance structures and seamless interagency action.
- And, finally, these transformations need to be carried out increasingly fast.
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The Sacramento River is a “powerhouse” river that provides food, water, and more to the people and animals that live on or near its shores. Today, we are going to take a deep dive into this river to learn: How deep is the Sacramento River? Plus discover a little about the history of this river and the importance that it has for the region’s people and wildlife. Let’s get started!
How Deep is the Sacramento River?
The Sacramento River is the largest river in California. The average depth of the Sacramento River is about 10 feet in the river route below Sacramento and about 6 feet above Sacramento to Colusa. However, some parts of the river are much deeper, especially where it has been dredged for larger boats and navigation purposes. For example, the Sacramento Deep Water Ship Channel, which connects the Port of Sacramento to the San Francisco Bay, is about 30 feet deep and 200 feet wide.
The amount of water that flows through the Sacramento River also changes throughout the year, depending on rainfall, snowmelt, and water management. The river’s average discharge near Sacramento is about 30,000 cubic feet per second, but it can range from less than 5,000 cubic feet per second in dry periods to more than 100,000 cubic feet per second in flood events. The highest recorded flow was 374,000 cubic feet per second in February 1986 during a flood.
Compared to other rivers in the region, the Sacramento River is generally deeper and has a greater water volume. For reference, the American River, which joins the Sacramento River near downtown Sacramento, has an average discharge of about 3,685 cubic feet per second. The Feather River, which is the largest tributary of the Sacramento River, has an average discharge of about 8,321 cubic feet per second.
Where is the Sacramento River, and Where Does It Flow?
The Sacramento River is located in Northern and Central California in the U.S. It is the most important river in the region and the largest river in California. It starts in the Middle and South Forks near Mount Shasta, in the Klamath Mountains. From there, it flows roughly southwest for about 400 miles between the Cascade and Sierra Nevada ranges through the northern section of a region known as the Sacramento Valley.
The Sacramento River has many tributaries along its course, some of which are major rivers as well. The most important ones are the Pit, McCloud, Feather, and American rivers. The Pit River is the longest tributary of the Sacramento River, joining it near Shasta Lake. The Feather Rivejoins the Sacramento River near Verona. The American River joins the Sacramento River near downtown Sacramento, the state capital and the largest city along the river.
The Sacramento River ends at the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta. From there, it creates a large delta by combining with the San Joaquin River, then entering Suisun Bay right near the northern part of San Francisco Bay. The resulting delta has historically been one of the most important natural features of the region and had a lot to do with why the region was settled in the first place.
The History of the Sacramento River
The Sacramento River has been around well before humans began to settle around the region. The first humans to live in the area were Native American tribes, including the Wintu, Maidu, Yana, Yahi, and Patwin. These people groups lived near the river (and other tributaries) and relied on them for thousands of years before settlers from Europe came.
The first Europeans to fully explore the river were Spanish missionaries and soldiers who arrived in the late 18th century. They named the river Río Sacramento, which translates to “Sacred River” (the Spaniards were very influenced by Catholicism). They also built lots of missions, forts, and other structures along the river. The goal of the Europeans was first to convert native peoples to Christianity and later to claim the region for Spain. By the time the Europeans had fully settled the region, it was reported that nearly 70% of the native population had been killed from disease alone, with smallpox being the worst of them all.
The river became a hub for settlers and adventurers during the Gold Rush of 1849 (maybe the most famous gold rush in history) when gold was discovered at Sutter’s Mill on the American River. Since the American River is a tributary of the Sacramento River, the resulting flood of people went to work panning along the banks of the Sacramento and the other rivers of the region. Thousands of people from around the world moved to the river valley to find gold and strike it rich (and were given the name forty-niners after the year the rush started). The city of Sacramento was founded in 1848 and was primarily used as a hub for the ensuing population surge. The river also served as a route for boats to carry people and supplies inland from San Fransisco.
Through the years, the river has changed drastically. The development of the valley ended up causing environmental and social challenges, such as floods, droughts, pollution, diseases, conflicts, and displacement. The river was altered by dams, levees, canals, and diversions to provide water supply, flood control, irrigation, hydropower, and navigation for the growing population and economy of California. The river’s ecosystem (an essential one for the region) was nearly destroyed by overfishing, mining, logging, farming, and the intentional or accidental introduction of invasive species.
The Impact of the Sacramento River on the Region
The Sacramento River is not only the largest river in California, but also one of the most influential and beneficial for the region. The river has a significant impact on the economy, environment, and society of Northern and Central California. Even further, the downstream impact (in a less literal way) of the river in things like agriculture is felt on a global scale.
As far as human impact goes, the Sacramento River provides water and irrigation for millions of acres of farmland in the Sacramento Valley and beyond. This region is one of the most productive and essential agricultural centers of the U.S. The river valley produces a variety of crops, including rice, almonds, walnuts, tomatoes, peaches, and grapes, as well as livestock and dairy. The river also sustains a commercial fishing industry, especially for salmon and sturgeon, as well as recreational fishing.
On top of food, the river also supports and generates hydro-electric power for millions of homes and businesses. The river is part of the Central Valley Project and the State Water Project, two of the largest water management systems in the U.S. These projects regulate the flow and distribution of water throughout California to some of the densest population centers (LA, San Fransisco, and more) in the state. The river also enables navigation and transportation for goods and people, connecting the inland regions with the San Francisco Bay Area and the Pacific Ocean. The State Water Project alone provides water to over 25 million Californians.
The Ecology of the Sacramento River
The Sacramento River is a complex and dynamic ecosystem that supports a remarkable diversity of life. The river and its tributaries provide habitat for hundreds of species of plants and animals, many of which are endemic to the region or endangered. The river also acts as a stabilizing force for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and San Francisco Bay estuary regions, keeping things in balance.
Some of the notable ecological biomes impacted by the Sacramento River include:
- Riparian forests: the trees and shrubs that grow along the river banks and floodplains.
- Wetlands: the areas that are periodically or permanently saturated with water. They include marshes, swamps, sloughs, ponds, and pools.
- Aquatic regions: habitats that are the areas that are submerged or partially submerged in water. They include riffles, pools, runs, backwaters, side channels, gravel bars, islands, and submerged vegetation. They host a variety of fish and invertebrates, especially anadromous fish (fish that migrate between freshwater and saltwater), such as salmon, steelhead, sturgeon, lamprey, shad, smelt, and striped bass
One of the most important species found within the Sacramento River is Chinook salmon, and the river is home to the southernmost run of Chinook in North America. Chinook salmon are anadromous, meaning they are born in freshwater, migrate to the ocean, and return to freshwater to spawn. The river is home to four “runs” of Chinook salmon: fall-run, late fall-run, winter-run, and spring-run. Each run has different timing, distribution, and status under the Endangered Species Act. The winter-run and spring-run are listed as endangered and threatened, while the fall-run and late fall-run are not listed but aren’t totally stable, either.
Some of the most pressing conservation threats for the salmon include damming, diversions, pollution, and competition with invasive species. These threats reduce the amount and quality of habitat available for spawning and migration. As a result, the salmon populations have declined significantly over the years.
The Sacramento River salmon require conservation and restoration efforts to protect and enhance their health and value. Some of the conservation and restoration actions include water management, fish passage, floodplain reconnection, channel restoration, pollution prevention, invasive species control, and climate adaptation. These actions aim to balance the water needs of humans and nature, restore the natural functions and diversity of the river ecosystem, and increase the resilience and adaptation of the salmon to changing conditions. For example, one of the funnier conservation attempts, the Nigiri Project, is an attempt to help use the rice fields in the delta region to help provide rearing areas for the salmon. What do you call fresh salmon on rice?
The Sacramento River is a large river that flows for 400 miles through Northern and Central California. The river has an average depth of about 10 feet, but some parts are much deeper, especially where it has been dredged for navigation. The river is vital for the region’s economy, environment, and society, as it provides water, power, food, recreation, and habitat for many species, including the iconic Chinook salmon.
The photo featured at the top of this post is © Hank Shiffman/Shutterstock.com
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On August 9, 2021, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), released the first in a series of assessments on climate change. It is the world’s largest, most comprehensive (over 14,000 scientific papers reviewed), and up-to-date assessment of the impact of human activity on climate.
- It is unequivocal that human influence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean and land. Widespread and rapid changes in the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere and biosphere have occurred.
- Human-induced climate change is already affecting many weather and climate extremes in every region across the globe. Evidence of observed changes in extremes such as heatwaves, heavy precipitation, droughts, and tropical cyclones, and, in particular, their attribution to human influence, has strengthened since the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) carried out in 2013.
- Global surface temperature will continue to increase until at least the mid-century. Global warming of 1.5°C and 2°C will be exceeded during the 21st century unless deep reductions in carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gas emissions occur in the coming decades.
- Many changes in the climate system become larger in direct relation to increasing global warming. They include increases in the frequency and intensity of hot extremes, marine heatwaves, and heavy precipitation, agricultural and ecological droughts in some regions, and proportion of intense tropical cyclones, as well as reductions in Arctic Sea ice, snow cover and permafrost.
- Many changes due to past and future greenhouse gas emissions are irreversible for centuries to millennia, especially changes in the ocean, ice sheets and global sea level.
- Limiting human-induced global warming to a specific level requires decreasing cumulative Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions, reaching at least net zero CO2 emissions, along with strong reductions in other greenhouse gas emissions. Strong, rapid and sustained reductions in Methane (CH4) emissions would also limit the warming effect resulting from declining aerosol pollution and would improve air quality.
The report will form the basis of the UN COP26 climate summit, which will take place in the UK in November. The summit will involve 196 countries that will try to agree a way forward on how to deal with climate change.
The IPCC report will be closely scrutinized by a wide range of actors. Its stark findings are likely to drive anger and frustration amongst climate activists leading to climate-related protests by groups such as Greenpeace, Friends of the Earth, and Extinction Rebellion (XR). Protests are very likely to increase in the UK and other countries in the lead up to and during the COP26 summit in November.
XR has previously directly targeted oil and gas companies and financial institutions that invest in fossil fuels, as well as carried out more general protests in major metropolitan areas that have blocked roads and disrupted public transport and air-travel. Greenpeace and Friends of the Earth also regularly carry out direct action against organizations they accuse of damaging the environment. In 2019, Greenpeace activists occupied a platform of a BP oil rig and in 2018 staged a protest at French oil company, Total’s, annual shareholders’ meeting in Paris, France. The activity of these groups is typically designed to cause disruption and embarrassment for the target and gain publicity for environmental causes rather than cause damage to property.
Nevertheless, climate-related protests do occasionally become violent. In February 2020, a climate change protest outside the Paris headquarters of investment firm BlackRock was joined by anti-capitalist and anti-government activists. Protesters waving anarchist flags, as well as ones denoting ecological groups such as XR forced entry into the BlackRock office, damaged property, and spray painted the walls and carpets with environmental and anarchist slogans.
Primary targets for this type of activity are likely to be companies in the oil and gas and other extractive industries, energy heavy industry and technology and financial organizations that invest in or work with these sectors.
There will also be an even greater scrutiny of company policies towards climate change not just from activist groups but from clients, customers, and employees. This will carry reputational risks for organizations not meeting their commitments or those identified as not having any climate commitments. Companies perceived to be “failing” on climate change or that work with oil and gas companies could also face internal pressures. In the technology sector in particular, there has been an increase in activism by employees morally or ethically opposed to certain projects or their company policies.
Finally, there is also likely to be an increased risk of eco-terrorism in the coming months. Extreme-left or anarchist militants are likely to use the IPCC’s report findings as justification for carrying out attacks against the property and infrastructure of organizations perceived to be harming the environment.
The far-right also use climate change to support their anti-immigration views, blaming it as a driver of migration. Brenton Tarrant the Christchurch mosque attacker and Patrick Wood Crusius who carried out the mass shooting at a Walmart store in El Paso, Texas both referred to themselves as eco-fascists in their manifestos. The extreme-right will likely use the IPCC report to support their narrative for recruitment and radicalization purposes. Although extreme-right attacks would likely to continue to focus on minority communities, climate concerns may appear in the manifestos of such attacks.
Activism and extremism continue to be significant security challenges. It is important for organizations to understand their exposure in the context of complex global issues by carrying out regular monitoring and assessment of the issues likely to drive protests and violence. AT-RISK International is prepared to help by identifying how complex global security issues can impact your organization.
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Hepatitis A is inflammation (irritation and swelling) of the liver from the hepatitis A virus.
Viral hepatitis; Infectious hepatitis
The hepatitis A virus is found mostly in the stool and blood of an infected person. The virus is present about 15 to 45 days before symptoms occur and during the first week of illness.
You can catch hepatitis A if:
- You eat or drink food or water that has been contaminated by stools (feces) containing the hepatitis A virus. Unpeeled and uncooked fruits and vegetables, shellfish, ice, and water are common sources of the disease.
- You come in contact with the stool or blood of a person who currently has the disease.
- A person with hepatitis A passes the virus to an object or food due to poor hand-washing after using the toilet.
- You take part in sexual practices that involve oral-anal contact.
Not everyone has symptoms with hepatitis A infection. Therefore, many more people are infected than are diagnosed or reported.
Risk factors include:
- Overseas travel, especially to Asia, South or Central America, Africa and the Middle East
- Injection drug use
- Living in a nursing home
- Working in a health care, food, or sewage industry
- Eating raw shellfish such as oysters and clams
Other common hepatitis virus infections include hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Hepatitis A is the least serious and mildest of these diseases, but can still be a dangerous illness.
Symptoms most often show up 2 to 6 weeks after being exposed to the hepatitis A virus. They are most often mild, but may last for up to several months, especially in adults.
- Dark urine
- Loss of appetite
- Low-grade fever
- Nausea and vomiting
- Pale or clay-colored stools
- Yellow skin (jaundice)
Exams and Tests
The health care provider will perform a physical exam, which may show that your liver is enlarged and tender.
A series of blood tests, called the hepatitis viral panel, is done for suspected hepatitis. It can help detect:
- New infection
- Older infection that is no longer active
Blood tests may show:
- Raised IgM and IgG antibodies to hepatitis A (IgM is positive before IgG)
- IgM antibodies to hepatitis A which appear during the acute infection
- Elevated liver enzymes (liver function tests), especially transaminase enzyme levels
There is no specific treatment for hepatitis A.
- You should rest and stay well hydrated when the symptoms are the worst.
- People with acute hepatitis should avoid alcohol and medicines that are toxic to the liver, including acetaminophen (Tylenol) during the acute illness and for several months after recovery.
- Fatty foods may cause vomiting and are best avoided during the acute phase of the illness.
The virus does not remain in the body after the infection is gone.
Most people with hepatitis A recover within 3 months. Nearly all people get better within 6 months. There is no lasting damage once you've recovered. Also, you can't get the disease again. There is a low risk for death. The risk is higher among older adults and people with chronic liver disease.
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Contact your provider if you have symptoms of hepatitis.
The following tips can help reduce your risk for spreading or catching the virus:
- Always wash your hands well after using the restroom, and when you come in contact with an infected person's blood, stools, or other bodily fluid.
- Avoid unclean food and water.
The virus may spread more rapidly through day care centers and other places where people are in close contact. Thorough hand washing before and after each diaper change, before serving food, and after using the toilet may help prevent such outbreaks.
Ask your provider about getting either immune globulin or the hepatitis A vaccine if you are exposed to the disease and have not had hepatitis A or the hepatitis A vaccine.
Common reasons for getting one or both of these treatments include:
- You have hepatitis B or C or any form of chronic liver disease.
- You live with someone who has hepatitis A.
- You recently had sexual contact with someone who has hepatitis A.
- You recently shared illegal drugs, either injected or noninjected, with someone who has hepatitis A.
- You have had close personal contact over a period of time with someone who has hepatitis A.
- You have eaten in a restaurant where food or food handlers were found to be contaminated or infected with hepatitis.
- You are planning to travel to places where hepatitis A is common.
Vaccines that protect against hepatitis A infection are available. The vaccine begins to protect 4 weeks after you get the first dose. You will need to get a booster shot 6 to 12 months later for long-term protection.
Travelers should take the following steps to protect against getting the disease:
- Avoid dairy products.
- Avoid raw or undercooked meat and fish.
- Beware of sliced fruit that may have been washed in unclean water. Travelers should peel all fresh fruits and vegetables themselves.
- DO NOT buy food from street vendors.
- Get vaccinated against hepatitis A (and possibly hepatitis B) if traveling to countries where outbreaks of the disease occur.
- Use only carbonated bottled water for brushing teeth and drinking. (Remember that ice cubes can carry infection.)
- If bottled water is not available, boiling water is the best way to get rid of hepatitis A. Bring the water to a full boil for at least 1 minute to make it safe to drink.
- Heated food should be hot to the touch and eaten right away.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Adult immunization schedule by age. www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/adult.html. Updated November 16, 2023. Accessed February 11, 2024.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Child and adolescent immunization schedule. www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/child-index.html. Updated November 16, 2023. Accessed February 11, 2024.
Pawlotsky J-M. Acute viral hepatitis. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 134.
Sjogren MH, Cheatham JG. Hepatitis A. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 78.
Michael M. Phillips, MD, Emeritus Professor of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC. Internal review and update on 02/10/2024 by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
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A.D.A.M., a business unit of Ebix, Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.
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The liver is one of the most vital organs in the body. It plays numerous roles to keep an individual in perfect shape. These include filtering all blood before passing it to the rest of the body, breaking down (detoxifying) harmful substances such as drugs and alcohol, production and excretion of bile to aid in digestion of fats in the gut, and metabolism of the food we take such as carbohydrates to generate energy. The liver is also responsible for synthesizing blood proteins such as albumin and clotting factors to limit bleeding in case of blood vessel injury. These are but a few of the functions it performs, which denotes its significance.
The World Hepatitis Day occurs annually to raise awareness on the global burden of hepatitis and lobby for changes to facilitate prevention, diagnosis and treatment. This year’s theme is “Hepatitis can’t wait” so as to convey the urgency of intervention, and limit the disease from becoming a public health threat. Hepatitis refers to the inflammation of the liver, which consequently compromises its functions. It is primarily caused by infection with Hepatitis viruses transmitted through unprotected sex, contaminated food and drinks, and contact with an infected individual’s body fluids such as blood. Non-viral causes include heavy alcohol use, toxins, certain medication and auto-immunity (self-destroying immune system).
Viral hepatitis impacts not less than 350 million people globally which indicates the disease burden at hand. The responsible viruses are named alphabetically from A to E. They cause both short-lived (acute) and long-term (chronic) liver disease. Hepatitis A and E are transmitted fecal-orally, meaning through food and water contaminated with an infected persons faeces. The rest are passed through contact with an infected person’s body fluids such as semen or blood. The signs and symptoms range from mild to severe, and usually present a few weeks after infection. They include yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice), abdominal pain (especially in the right upper aspect), dark urine, pale stool, poor appetite, nausea and vomiting, fatigue and joint pain. If it becomes long-term, there is risk of developing liver cirrhosis, liver failure or liver cancer.
It is possible for someone to be infected with two of the viruses at the same time, which is termed co-infection. Doctors are able to diagnose patients by taking a thorough medical history, abdominal examination, performing Liver Function Tests (LFTs) and tests to detect viral infection, taking a liver sample (biopsy) for examination, or doing an abdominal ultrasound. Treatment options are based on the type of hepatitis and whether it’s long or short-term. Hepatitis A and E are usually short-lived, hence tend to resolve on their own without medication. Antiviral medication is available for Hepatitis B and C, whereas Hepatitis D is only treated with a specific drug called alpha interferon. Hepatitis due to a self-destructing immune system is treated using immune suppressants.
Besides managing the prevailing disease burden, the main goal of this campaign is essentially to preclude new cases – ‘Prevention is better than cure’. Vaccinations have become a key approach in averting Hepatitis A and B. It is therefore paramount to strengthen immunization services globally from childhood up to adulthood. Maintaining proper hygiene and avoiding untreated water, raw or undercooked foods will minimize the risk of contracting Hepatitis A and E. Having protected sex and avoiding contact with contaminated blood e.g. through sharing needles and razors, will reduce the chances of infection with Hepatitis B, C and D. This will go a long way in achieving the World Health Organization’s vision of eliminating hepatitis as a public health concern by 2030, and save lives!
Visit https://ponea.com/products?query=hepatitis&category=&location= and book your hepatitis test today. | <urn:uuid:2e72e979-0102-4274-a23c-c279aa26546a> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://blog.ponea.com/chronic-diseases/hepatitis-cant-wait/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476397.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303174631-20240303204631-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.93602 | 831 | 3.734375 | 4 |
A new study, led by the University of Northumbria and involving Butterfly Conservation, has carried out the first nationwide assessment of the combined impacts of long-term land-use and climatic change on species distributions. Lead researcher, Dr Andy Suggitt, explains how a new map of land-use change for Great Britain helped improve our understanding of how species respond to multiple threats.
Like most wildlife, butterflies and moths are known to be facing of myriad of threats from human activity1,2. Where two or more of these are in play at the same place and the same time, the outcome for populations is often thought to be worse, as the multiple threats may interact and drive stronger declines than the simple sum total of their individual effects. This makes intuitive sense: the population might be able to resist one adverse effect relatively unscathed, bouncing back, but two at once may overwhelm the population’s capacity to recover, making local extinction far more likely.
Despite it making intuitive sense, the idea that two adverse effects could interact in this way hasn’t actually been tested a great deal. This is because the data required to perform the analyses are rarely available at a fine-grained level over broad spatial extents, and going back far enough in time to capture what has been (in the UK at least) quite the legacy of habitat change. That said, a growing literature3,4 has made use of repeat surveys at sites where the management history is known.
We need to know how population-level changes translate into broader-scale changes in species’ distributions, which are documented by Butterfly Conservation’s recording schemes and army of volunteer recorders. To analyse these changes at such wide spatial extents, and over such a long period of time, requires complementary datasets that can quantify possible threats at the same level of spatial precision and that extend as far back in time.
Unfortunately, when it comes to land-use change, datasets that quantify the massive changes to the landscapes of the UK through the 20th century are rare, especially when you consider that many of these changes took place prior to the advent of satellite-based remote sensing5. Whilst the Met Office continue to improve the availability of weather and climate data back to the 19th century and beyond at impressive spatial precision6, similar datasets that quantify the substantial habitat changes (and losses) of the 20th century do not cover the whole country.
It was this issue with the lack of historical data on habitat change that got myself and my collaborator Alistair Auffret interested in seeing if we could generate such a dataset from the maps collected for the Dudley Stamp Land Utilisation Survey of Great Britain7 that took place in the 1930s/40s. These maps are the product of a huge national effort, one county at a time, to map the nation’s land use- sometimes down to the level of identifying which crops were grown in individual fields. Together with a team of researchers at the University of Portsmouth, we were able to digitise and georeference all 169 map sheets8 generated by the survey team, and comparing these to modern-day satellite equivalents from the Centre of Ecology and Hydrology9, we compiled a first map of land-use change for Great Britain10.
Using this new map of land use change, our new study estimated that some 90% of the semi-natural lowland meadows and pasture in Britain was lost over the 75 years or so since the Dudley Stamp surveys in the 1930s/40s. The map also provided a first opportunity to examine the extent to which land-use change had played a role in national-scale distribution declines in Britain- and crucially, if or how land-use change effects were interacting with climate change to worsen the prognoses for species. But in order to do this, we first needed a more generalised measure of ‘land conversion’ that we could use in analyses for all species, so we calculated the proportion of each hectad (10km x 10km grid square) that had changed from one broad type to another e.g. from semi-natural grassland to arable. Then, using over 20 million distribution records supplied by Butterfly Conservation, the Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland and British Trust for Ornithology, we fitted statistical models to the spatial patterns of range retraction for 1,192 species of butterflies, macro-moths, plants and birds, with climate change and land conversion fitted as possible explanatory variables.
The results, published in the journal Nature Communications, were somewhat surprising; that interaction effects between climate change and land conversion on species distribution change were relatively rare, affecting roughly 1 in 5 species, but that any effect of the interaction itself on the extinction risk of populations was often weak. Often, the net effect of our two predictors was very close to, or equal to the simple addition of each predictor on its own. Whilst we found that a number of species benefitted from climate change, with extinction risk decreasing by a median of 13.7% for every 0.1°C per decade of warming, a more typical pattern of winners and losers from land conversion was in evidence. This showed a weakly positive effect of land conversion acting on a larger cohort of species, and a strongly negative effect acting on a smaller cohort of habitat specialists.
Focussing on butterflies specifically, we identified negative effects of either land-use change or climate change for five of the top 10 species with the fastest distribution declines reported in the State of UK’s Butterflies 20221 (due to our inclusion criteria we only analysed seven of the top 10). Our analyses suggest negative effects of warming climate on Pearl-bordered Fritillary (Vulnerable as per GB Red List11), High Brown Fritillary (GB Endangered), and Wall (GB Endangered). The case of the Wall proved particularly interesting as we identified an interaction effect between climate warming and land-use change; our models determining that local extinctions have been most likely where rates of change in both factors have been the highest. Could this interaction be behind the ‘hollowing out’ of the distribution of this species over the last few decades?
Looking across all the Red List butterflies11 that we analysed in our study (n = 17), our models suggest that either climate warming or land conversion (or both), have driven the decline of 10 species. While it reiterates the importance of these human influences on our wildlife, the study is also a reminder of how much work is left to do to identify and understand the growing number of threats that Lepidoptera face across the UK.
1. Fox R, Dennis EB, Purdy KM, Middlebrook I, Roy DB, Noble DG, Botham MS & Bourn NAD. 2023. The State of the UK’s Butterflies 2022. Butterfly Conservation, Wareham, UK.
2. Fox R, Dennis EB, Harrower CA, Blumgart D, Bell JR, Cook P, Davis AM, Evans-Hill LJ, Haynes F, Hill D, Isaac NJB, Parsons MS, Pocock MJO, Prescott T, Randle Z, Shortall CR, Tordoff GM, Tuson D & Bourn NAD. 2021. The State of Britain’s Larger Moths 2021. Butterfly Conservation, Rothamsted Research and UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wareham, Dorset, UK.
3. Outhwaite CL, McCann P & Newbold T. 2023. Agriculture and climate change are reshaping insect biodiversity worldwide. Nature 605, 97–102.
4. Newbold T, Oppenheimer P, Etard A, Williams, JJ. 2020. Tropical and Mediterranean biodiversity is disproportionately sensitive to land-use and climate change. Nat Ecol Evol 4, 1630–1638.
5. Stamp LD. 1955. Man and the Land. Collins New Naturalist #31. Collins, London, UK.
6. Hollis D, McCarthy M, Kendon M, Legg T, Simpson I. 2018. HadUK-Grid gridded and regional average climate observations for the UK. Centre for Environmental Data Analysis. http://catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/uuid/4dc8450d889a491ebb20e724debe2dfb
7. Stamp DL 1931. The land utilisation survey of Britain. Geogr. J. 78, 40–47.
8. National Library of Scotland, 2023. Land Utilisation Survey of Great Britain, 1931-1938. https://maps.nls.uk/series/land-utilisation-survey/info.html
9. Morton D, Rowland C, Wood C, Meek L, Marston C, Smith G, Wadsworth R & Simpson I. Final Report for LCM2007 – the new UK Land Cover Map. July 2011. Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, UK.
10. Suggitt AJ, Wheatley CJ, Aucott P, Beale CM, Fox R, Hill JK, Isaac NJB, Martay B, Southall H, Thomas CD, Walker KJ & Auffret AG. 2023. Linking climate warming and land conversion to species’ range changes across Great Britain. Nature Communications 14, 6759.
11. Fox R, Dennis EB, Brown AF & Curson J. 2022. A revised Red List of British butterflies. Insect Conservation and Diversity 15, 485-495. | <urn:uuid:20ef694d-826b-448e-892e-5580f683f49e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://butterfly-conservation.org/news-and-blog/science-news-assessing-the-impact-of-land-use-change-and-climate-change-on-british | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476397.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303174631-20240303204631-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.906123 | 1,964 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Sacrifice (from Latin sacer “holy + facere “to make”) is one of the most prevalent yet troubling aspects of religion. Its destruction and violence is often at odds with other rituals and core understandings within a religion, so why is it done and what good does it do? For the sacrificer, does it represent a gift to the gods, a renunciation, an exchange, a surrogate, or something else? This course will examine some competing definitions and theories of sacrifice, as well as its manifestations in the cultures and religions of the ancient Mediterranean world, especially those of Greece, Rome, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Hatti, Israel, and Phoenicia. A brief look at religious sacrifice elsewhere, such as ancient Mesoamerica and India, will conclude the course. | <urn:uuid:43ecc74d-5e97-4da9-8755-664d97d374dc> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://cams.la.psu.edu/courses/jst-160-sacrifice-in-the-ancient-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476397.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303174631-20240303204631-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.94655 | 165 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Answer the following questions:
1. When the Sun took a holiday what did the following do? Complete the table..
|Plants and animals
|They Do when the sun goes on a holiday
|The little plant searched for the Sun.It couldn’t grow without the Sun’s rays.
|Flowers and Leaves
|Flowers and leaves didn’t bloom. They bent low to the ground.
|The trees also missed the Sun.
|Mother bird peeped out of her nest and whispered to its little ones about the darkness.
|The bee couldn’t find any honey and went back to its hive.
|Men, women and children
|Men, women and children stopped working. because there was no sun.All of them prayed for the sun rise1. –
2. Give the words used in the story for ‘home’.
Answer-a. Nest (home of the Mother bird)
b. Hive (home of the bee)
c. Abode (home of the Sun)
Question 3. what did the sun feel when he looked down?
Answer- When the sun looked down he felt very sorry. The stillness on the earth shocked the sun .The earth seemed lifeless. This made the sun very sad.
Question 4. The author said that everyone began to work on the earth because-
Answer- Everyone’s life on the earth depend on the light of sun. Nobody can live without the sun. When the sun
decided to stop his holiday and start shining again.
The work of the people which was stopped due to the disappearance of the sun was due to the rising of the sun. | <urn:uuid:e4ab636a-5db0-4910-9b90-5fb5a592a4f7> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://chhattisgarhnotes.com/cg-board-class-vi-english-the-goes-on-a-holiday/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476397.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303174631-20240303204631-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.950565 | 354 | 3.578125 | 4 |
The day is not far off when we’ll be able to look at a small planet in the habitable zone of its star and detect basic features on its surface: water, ice, land. The era of the 30-meter extremely large telescope approaches, so this may even be possible from the ground, and large space telescopes will be up to the challenge as well (which is why things like aperture size and starshade prospects loom large in our discussions of current policy decisions).
Consider this: On the Earth, while the atmosphere reflects a huge amount of light from the Sun, about half the total albedo at the poles comes from polar ice. It would be useful, then, to know more about the ice and land distribution that we might find on planets around other stars. This is the purpose of a new paper in the Planetary Science Journal recounting the creation of climate simulations designed to predict how surface ice will be distributed on Earth-like exoplanets. It’s a relatively simple model, the authors acknowledge, but one that allows rapid calculation of climate on a wide population of hypothetical planets.
Image: A composite of the ice cap covering Earth’s Arctic region — including the North Pole — taken 512 miles above our planet on April 12, 2018 by the NOAA-20 polar-orbiting satellite. Credit: NOAA.
Lead author Caitlyn Wilhelm (University of Washington) began the work while an undergraduate; she is now a research scientist at the university’s Virtual Planet Laboratory:
“Looking at ice coverage on an Earth-like planet can tell you a lot about whether it’s habitable. We wanted to understand all the parameters—the shape of the orbit, the axial tilt, the type of star—that affect whether you have ice on the surface, and if so, where.”
Thus we attempt to cancel out imprecision in the energy balance model (EBM) the paper deploys by sheer numbers, looking for general patterns like the fraction of planets with ice coverage and the location of their icy regions. A ‘baseline of expectations’ emerges for planets modeled to be like the Earth (which in this case means a modern Earth), worlds of similar mass, rotation, and atmospherics. The authors simulate more than 200,000 such worlds in habitable zone orbits.
What is being modeled here is the flow of energy between equator and pole as it sets off climate possibilities for the chosen population of simulated worlds over a one million year timespan. These are planets modeled to be in orbit around stars in the F-, G- and K-classes, which takes in our G-class Sun, and all of them are placed in the habitable zone of the host star. The simulations take in circular as well as eccentric orbits, and adjust axial tilt from 0 all the way to 90 degrees. By way of contrast, Earth’s axial tilt is 23.5 degrees. That of Uranus is close to 90 degrees. The choice of axial tilt obviously drives extreme variations in climate.
But let’s pause for a moment on that figure I just gave: 23.5 degrees. Because factors like this are not fixed, and Earth’s obliquity, the tilt of its spin axis, actually isn’t static. It ranges between roughly 22 degrees and 24.5 degrees over a timescale of some 20,000 years. Nor is the eccentricity of Earth’s orbit fixed at its current value. Over a longer time period, it ranges between a perfectly circular orbit (eccentricity = zero) to an eccentricity of 6 percent. While these changes seem small enough, they have serious consequences, such as the ice ages.
Image: The three main variations in Earth’s orbit linked to Milankovitch cycles. The eccentricity is the shape of Earth’s orbit; it oscillates over 100,000 years (or 100 k.y.). The obliquity is the tilt of Earth’s spin axis, and the precession is the alignment of the spin axis. Credit: Scott Rutherford. A good entry into all this is Sean Raymond’s blog planetplanet, where he offers an exploration of life-bearing worlds and the factors that influence habitability. An astrophysicist based in Bordeaux, Raymond’s name will be a familiar one to Centauri Dreams readers. I should add that he is not involved in the paper under discussion today.
Earth’s variations in orbit and axial tilt are referred to as Milankovitch cycles, after Serbian astronomer Milutin Milankovi?, who examined these factors in light of changing climatic conditions over long timescales back in the 1920s. These cycles can clearly bring about major variations in surface ice as their effects play out. If this is true of Earth, we would expect a wide range of climates on planets modeled this way, everything from hot, moist conditions to planet-spanning ‘snowball’ scenarios of the sort Earth once experienced.
So it’s striking that even with all the variation in orbit and axial tilt and the wide range in outcomes, only about 10 percent of the planets in this study produced even partial ice coverage. Rory Barnes (University of Washington) is a co-author of the paper:
“We essentially simulated Earth’s climate on worlds around different types of stars, and we find that in 90% of cases with liquid water on the surface, there are no ice sheets, like polar caps. When ice is present, we see that ice belts—permanent ice along the equator—are actually more likely than ice caps.”
Image. This is Figure 12 from the paper. Caption: Figure 12. Range and average ice heights of ice caps as a function of latitude for stars orbiting F (top), G (middle) and K (bottom) dwarf stars. Note the different scales of the x-axes. Light grey curves show 100 randomly selected individual simulations, while black shows the average of all simulations that concluded with an ice belt. Although the averages are all symmetric about the poles, some individual ice caps are significantly displaced. Credit: Wilhelm et al.
Breaking this down, the authors show that in their simulations, planets like Earth are most likely to be ice-free. Even oscillations in orbital eccentricity and axial tilt do not prevent, however, planets orbiting the F-, G- and K-class stars in the study from developing stable ice belts on land. Moreover, ice belts turn out to be twice as common as polar ice caps for planets around G- and K-class stars. As to size, the typical extension of an ice belt is between 10 and 30 degrees, varying with host star spectral type, and this is a signal large enough to show up in photometry and spectroscopy, making it a useful observable for future instruments.
This is a study that makes a number of assumptions in the name of taking a first cut at the ice coverage question, each of them “…made in the name of tractability as current computational software and hardware limitations prevent the broad parameter sweeps presented here to include these physics and still be completed in a reasonable amount of wallclock time. Future research that addresses these deficiencies could modify the results presented above.”
Fair enough. Among the factors that will need to be examined in continued research, all of them spelled out here, are geochemical processes like the carbonate-silicate cycle, ocean heat transport as it affects the stability of ice belts, zonal winds and cloud variability, all of this not embedded in the authors’ energy balance model, which is idealized and cannot encompass the entire range of effects. Nor do the authors simulate the frequency and location of M-dwarf planet ice sheets.
But the finding about the lack of ice in so many of the simulated planets remains a striking result. Let me quote the paper’s summation of the findings. They remove the planets ending in a moist greenhouse or snowball planet, these worlds being “by definition, uninhabitable.” We’re left with this:
…we then have 39,858 habitable F dwarf planets, 37,604 habitable G dwarf planets, and 36,921 habitable K dwarf planets in our sample. For G dwarf planets, the ice state frequencies are 92% ice free, 2.7% polar cap(s), and 4.8% ice belt. For F dwarf planets, the percentages are 96.1%, 2.9%, and 0.9%, respectively. For K dwarf planets, the percentages are 88.4%, 3.5%, and 7.6%, respectively. Thus, we predict the vast majority of habitable Earth-like planets of FGK stars will be ice free, that ice belts will be twice as common as caps for G and K dwarfs planets, and that ice caps will be three times as common as belts for Earth-like planets of F dwarfs.
And note that bit about the uninhabitability of snowball worlds, which the paper actually circles back to:
Our dynamic cases highlight the importance of considering currently ice-covered planets as potentially habitable because they may have recently possessed open surface water. Such worlds could still develop life in a manner similar to Earth, e.g. in wet/dry cycles on land, but then the dynamics of the planetary system force the planet into a snowball, which in turn forces life into the ocean under a solid ice surface. Such a process may have transpired multiple times on Earth, so we should expect similar processes to function on exoplanets.
The paper is Wilhelm et al., ”The Ice Coverage of Earth-like Planets Orbiting FGK Stars,” accepted at the Planetary Science Journal (preprint). Source code available. Scripts to generate data and figures also available.
If we ever do receive a targeted message from another star – as opposed to picking up, say, leakage radiation – will we be able to decipher it? We can’t know in advance, but it’s a reasonable assumption that any civilization wanting to communicate will have strategies in place to ease the process. In today’s essay, Brian McConnell begins a discussion on SETI and interstellar messaging that will continue in coming weeks. The limits of our understanding are emphasized by the problem of qualia; in other words, how do different species express inner experience? But we begin with studies of other Earth species before moving on to data types and possible observables. A communication systems engineer and expert in translation technology, Brian is the author of The Alien Communication Handbook — So We Received A Signal, Now What?, recently published by Springer Nature under their Astronomer’s Bookshelf imprint, and available through Amazon, Springer and other booksellers.
by Brian McConnell
What do our attempts to understand animal communication have to say about our future efforts to understand an alien transmission or information-bearing artifact, should we discover one? We have long sought to communicate with “aliens” here on Earth. The process of deciphering animal communication has many similarities with the process of analyzing and comprehending an ET transmission, as well as important differences. Let’s look at the example of audio communication among animals, as this is analogous to a modulated electromagnetic transmission.
The general methodology used is to record as many samples of communication and behavior as possible. This is one of the chief difficulties in animal communication research, as the process of collecting recordings is quite labor intensive, and in the case of animals that roam over large territories it may be impossible to observe them in much of their environment. Animals that have a small territory where they can be observed continuously are ideal.
Once these observations are collected, the next step is to understand the basic elements of communication, similar to phonemes in human speech or the letters in an alphabet. This is a challenging process as many animals communicate using sounds outside the range of human hearing, and employ sounds that are very different from human speech. This typically involves studying time versus frequency plots of audio recordings, to understand the structure of different utterances, which is also very labor intensive. This is one area where AI or deep learning can help greatly, as AI systems can be designed to automate this step, though they require a large sample corpus to be effective.
Time vs frequency plot of duck calls (click to enlarge).Credit: Brian McConnell.
The next step, once the basic units of communication are known, is to use statistical methods to understand how frequently they are used in conjunction with each other, and how they are grouped together. Zipf’s Law is an example of one method that can be used to understand the sophistication of a communication system. In human communication, we observe that the probability of a word being used is inversely proportional to its overall rank.
A log-log plot of the frequency of word use (y axis) versus word rank (x axis) from the text of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. Notice that the relationship is almost exactly 1/x. Image credit: Brian McConnell, The Alien Communication Handbook.
Conditional probability is another target for study. This refers to the probability that a particular symbol or utterance will follow another. In English, for example, letters are not used with equal frequency, and some pairs or triplets of letters are encountered much more often than others. Even without knowing what an utterance or group of utterances means, it is possible to understand which are used most often, and are likely most important. It is also possible to quantify the sophistication of the communication system using methods like this.
A graph of the relative frequency of use of bigrams (2 letter combinations) in English text (click to enlarge). You can see right away that some bigrams are used extensively while others very rarely occur.. Credit: Peter Norvig.
With this information in hand, it is now possible to start mapping utterances or groups of utterances to meanings. The best example of this to date is Con Slobodchikoff ’s work with prairie dogs. They turned out to be an ideal subject of study as they live in colonies, known as towns, and as such could be observed for extended periods of time in controlled experiments. Con and his team observed how their calls differed as various predators approached the town, and used a solve for x pattern to work out which utterances had unique meanings.
Using this approach, in combination with audio analysis, Con and his team worked out that prairie dogs had unique “words” for humans, coyotes and dogs, as well as modifiers (adjectives) such as short, tall, fat, thin, square shaped, oval shaped and carrying a gun. They did this by monitoring how their chirps varied as different predators approached, or as team members walked through with different color shirts, etc. They also found that the vocabulary of calls varied in different towns, which suggested that the communication was not purely instinctual but had learned components (cultural transmission). While nobody would argue that prairie dogs communicate at a human level, their communication does appear to pass many of the tests for language.
The challenge in understanding communication is that unless you can observe the communication and a direct response to something, it is very difficult to work out its meaning. One would presume that if prairie dogs communicate about predators, they communicate about other less obvious aspects of their environment that are more challenging to observe in controlled experiments. The problem is that this is akin to listening to a telephone conversation and trying to work out what is being said only by watching how one party responds.
Research with other species has been even more limited, mostly because of the twin difficulties of capturing a large corpus of recordings, along with direct observations of behavior. Marine mammals are a case in point. While statistical analysis of whale and dolphin communication suggests a high degree of sophistication, we have not yet succeeded in mapping their calls to specific meanings. This should improve with greater automation and AI based analysis. Indeed, Project CETI (Cetacean Translation Initiative) aims to use this approach to record a large corpus of whale codas and then apply machine learning techniques to better understand them.
That our success in understanding animal communication has been so limited may portend that we will have great difficulty in understanding an ET transmission, at least the parts that are akin to natural communication.
The success of our own communication relies upon the fact that we all have similar bodies and experiences around which we can build a shared vocabulary. We can’t assume that an intelligent alien species will have similar modes of perception or thought, and if they are AI based, they will be truly alien.
On the other hand, a species that is capable of designing interstellar communication links will also need to understand information theory and communication systems. An interstellar communication link is essentially an extreme case of a wireless network. If the transmission is intended for us, and they are attempting to communicate or share information, they will be able to design the transmission to facilitate comprehension. That intent is key. This is where the analogy to animal communication breaks down.
An important aspect of a well designed digital communication system is that it can interleave many different types of data or media types. Photographs are an example of one media type we may be likely to encounter. A civilization that is capable of interstellar communication will, by definition, be astronomically literate. Astronomy itself is heavily dependent on photography. This isn’t to say that vision will be their primary sense or mode of communication, just that in order to be successful at astronomy, they will need to understand photography. One can imagine a species whose primary sense is via echolocation, but has learned to translate images into a format they can understand, much as we have developed ultrasound technology to translate sound into images.
Digitized images are almost trivially easy to decode, as an image can be represented as an array of numbers. One need only guess the number of bits used per pixel, the least to most significant bit order, and one dimension of the array to successfully decode an image. If there are multiple color channels, there are a few additional parameters, but even then the parameter space is very small, and it will be possible to extract images if they are there. There are some additional encoding patterns to look for, such as bitplanes, which I discuss in more detail in the book, but even then the number of combinations to cycle through remains small.
The sender can help us out even further by including images of astronomical objects, such as planets, stars and distant nebulae. The latter are especially interesting because they can be observed by both parties, and can be used to guide the receiver in fine calibrations, such as the color channels used, scaling factors (e.g. gamma correction), etc. Meanwhile, images of planets are easy to spot, even in a raw bitstream, as they usually consist of a roundish object against a mostly black background.
An example of a raw bitstream that includes an image of a planet amid what appears to be random or efficiently encoded data. All the viewer needs to do to extract the image is to work out one dimension of the array along with the number of bits per pixel. The degree to which a circular object is stretched into an ellipse also hints at the number of bits per pixel. Credit: Brian McConnell, The Alien Communication Handbook.
What is particularly interesting about images is that once you have worked out the basic encoding schemes in use, you can decode any image that uses that encoding scheme. Images can represent scenes ranging from microscopic to cosmic scales. The sender could include images of anything, from important landmarks or sites to abstract representations of scenes (a.k.a. art). Astute readers will notice that these are uncompressed images, and that the sender may wish to employ various compression schemes to maximize the information carrying capacity of the communication channel. Compressed images will be much harder to recognize, but even if a relatively small fraction of images are uncompressed, they will stand out against what appears to be random digits, as in the example bitstream above.
The sender can take this a step further by linking observables (images, audio samples) with numeric symbols to create a semantic network. You can think of a semantic network like an Internet of ideas, where each unique idea has a numeric address. What’s more, the address space (the maximum number of ideas that can be represented) can be extremely large. For example, a 64 bit address space has almost 2 x 1019 unique addresses.
An example of a semantic network representing the relationship between different animals and their environment (click to enlarge). The network is shown in English for readability but the nodes and the operators that connect them could just as easily be based on a numeric address space.
The network doesn’t need to be especially sophisticated to enable the receiver to understand the relationships between symbols. In fact, the sender can employ a simple way of saying “This image contains the following things / symbols” by labeling them with one or more binary codes within the images themselves.
An example of an image that is labeled with four numeric codes representing properties within the image. Credit: Brian McConnell, The Alien Communication Handbook.
Observables Versus Qualia
While this pattern can be used to build up a large vocabulary of symbols that can be linked to observables (images, audio samples, and image sequences), it will be difficult to describe qualia (internal experiences). How would you describe the concept of sweetness to someone who can’t experience a sweet taste? You could try linking the concept to a diagram of a sugar molecule, but would the receiver make the connection between sugar and sweetness? Emotional states such as fear and hunger may be similarly difficult to convey. How would you describe the concept of ennui?
Imagine an alien species whose nervous system is more decentralized like an octopus. They might have a whole vocabulary around the concept of “brain lock”, where different sub brains can’t reach agreement on something. Where would we even start with understanding concepts like this? It’s likely that while we might be successful in understanding descriptions of physical objects and processes, and that’s not nothing, we may be flummoxed in understanding descriptions of internal experiences and thoughts. This is something we take for granted in human language, primarily because even with differences in language, we all share similar bodies and experiences around which we build our languages.
Yet all hope is not lost. Semantic networks allow a receiver to understand how unknown symbols are related to each other, even if they don’t understand their meaning directly. Let’s consider an example where the sender is defining a set of symbol codes we have no direct understanding of, but we have previously figured out the meaning of symbol codes that define set membership (?), greater/lesser in degree (<>), and oppositeness (?) .
Even without knowing the meaning of these new symbol codes, the receiver can see how they are related and can build a graph of this network. This graph in turn can guide the receiver in learning unknown symbols. If a symbol is linked to many others in the network, there may be multiple paths toward working out its meaning in relation to symbols that have been learned previously. Even if these symbols remain unknown, the receiver has a way of knowing what they don’t know, and can map their progress in understanding.
The implication for a SETI detection is that we may find it is both easier and more difficult to understand what they are communicating than one may expect. Objects or processes that can be depicted numerically via images, audio or image sequences may enable the formation of a rich vocabulary around them and with relative ease, while communication around internal experiences, culture, etc may remain partially understood at best.
Even partial comprehension based on observables will be a significant achievement, as it will enable the communication of a wide range of subjects. And as can be shown, this can be done with static representations. An even more interesting scenario is if the transmission includes algorithms, functions from computer programs. Then it will be possible for the receiver to interact with them in real time, which enables a whole other realm of possibilities for communication.
More on that in the next article…
A spray of organic molecules and ice particles bursting out of an outer system moon is an unforgettable sight, as Cassini showed us at Enceladus. Finding something similar at Europa would be a major help for future missions there, given the opportunity to sample a subsurface ocean that is perhaps as deep as 160 kilometers. But Lynnae Quick (NASA GSFC), who works on the science team that produced the Europa Imaging System cameras that will fly on the Europa Clipper mission, offers a cautionary note:
“A lot of people think Europa is going to be Enceladus 2.0, with plumes constantly spraying from the surface. But we can’t look at it that way; Europa is a totally different beast.”
A good thing that Europa Clipper can produce evidence of conditions beneath the ice without the need for plumes when it begins its explorations in 2031. In fact, adds Quick, every instrument aboard the spacecraft has its own role to play in the study of that global ocean. Still, potential plumes are too important to ignore, even if finding an active, erupting Europa would by no means be as straightforward as discovering the plumes of Enceladus. The Europa evidence we have indicates faint plume activity through Galileo and Hubble data and some Earth-based telescopes.
Image: These composite images show a suspected plume of material erupting two years apart from the same location on Jupiter’s icy moon Europa. The images bolster evidence that the plumes are a real phenomenon, flaring up intermittently in the same region on the satellite. Both plumes, photographed in ultraviolet light by NASA’s Hubble’s Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph, were seen in silhouette as the moon passed in front of Jupiter. Credit: NASA/JPL.
In the image above, notice the possible plume activity. At left is a 2014 event that appears in Hubble data, a plume estimated to be 50 kilometers high. At the right, and in the same location, is an image taken two years later by the same Hubble Imaging Spectrograph, both events seen in silhouette as the moon passed in front of Jupiter. It’s noteworthy that this activity occurs at the same location as an unusually warm spot in the ice crust that turned up in Galileo mission data from the 1990s.
Let’s now cut to a second image, showing that Galileo find. Below we see the surface of Europa, focusing on what NASA calls a ‘region of interest.’
Image: The image at left traces the location of the erupting plumes of material, observed by NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope in 2014 and again in 2016. The plumes are located inside the area surrounded by the green oval. The green oval also corresponds to a warm region on Europa’s surface, as identified by the temperature map at right. The map is based on observations by the Galileo spacecraft. The warmest area is colored bright red. Researchers speculate these data offer circumstantial evidence for unusual activity that may be related to a subsurface ocean on Europa. The dark circle just below center in both images is a crater and is not thought to be related to the warm spot or the plume activity. Credit:
NASA/ESA/W. Sparks (STScI)/USGS Astrogeology Science Center.
Getting access to the realm below the surface would obviate the need to drill through kilometers of ice in some future mission, giving us a better understanding of possible habitability. An ocean churned by activity from heated rock below the seafloor could spawn the kind of life we find around hydrothermal vents here on Earth, circulating carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur deep within. Moreover, Europa is in an elliptical orbit that generates internal heat and likely drives geology.
Does an icy plate tectonics also exist on this moon? The Europan surface is laced with cracks and ridgelines, with surface blocks having apparently shifted. Bands that show up in Galileo imagery delineate zones where fresh material from the underlying shell appears to have moved up to fill gaps as soon as they appear. A 2014 paper (citation below) by Simon Kattenhorn (University of Idaho – Moscow) and Louise Prockter (JHU/APL) found evidence of subduction in Galileo imagery, where one icy plate seems to have moved beneath another, forcing surface material into the interior.
That paper is, in fact, worth a quote. The italics are mine:
…we produce a tectonic reconstruction of geologic features across a 134,000 km2 region of Europa and find, in addition to dilational band spreading, evidence for transform motions along prominent strike-slip faults, as well as the removal of approximately 20,000 km2 of the surface along a discrete tabular zone. We interpret this zone as a subduction-like convergent boundary that abruptly truncates older geological features and is flanked by potential cryolavas on the overriding ice. We propose that Europa’s ice shell has a brittle, mobile, plate-like system above convecting warmer ice. Hence, Europa may be the only Solar System body other than Earth to exhibit a system of plate tectonics.
This is an encouraging scenario in which surface nutrients produced through interactions with radiation from Jupiter are driven into pockets in the ice shell and perhaps into the ocean below, even as chemical activity continues at the seafloor. If we find plumes, their chemical makeup could put these scenarios to the test. But as opposed to the highly visible plumes of Enceladus, any Europan plumes would be harder to detect, bound more tightly to the surface because of the higher Europan gravity, and certainly lacking the spectacular visual effects at Enceladus.
Key to the search for plumes will be Clipper’s EIS camera suite, which can scout for activity at the surface by scanning the limb of the moon as it passes in front of Jupiter. Moreover, a plume should leave a deposit on surface ice that EIS may see. Clipper’s Europa Ultraviolet Spectrograph (Europa-UVS) will look for plumes at the UV end of the spectrum, tracking the chemical makeup of any that are detected. The Europa Thermal Emission Imaging System (E-THEMIS) will be able to track hotspots that may indicate recent eruptions. A complete description of Clipper’s instrument suite is available here.
We’ve been using Galileo data for a long time now. It’s a refreshing thought that we’ll have two spacecraft – Europa Clipper and Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) – in place in ten years to produce what will surely be a flood of new discoveries.
The paper on Europan plate tectonics is Kattenhorn & Prockter, “Evidence for subduction in the ice shell of Europa,” Nature Geoscience 7 (2014), 762-767 (abstract).
I always knew where I stood with Alexander Zaitsev. In the period 2008-2011, he was a frequent visitor on Centauri Dreams, drawn initially by an article I wrote about SETI, and in particular whether it would be wise to go beyond listening for ETI and send out directed broadcasts to interesting nearby stars. At that time, I was straddling the middle on METI — Messaging to Extraterrestrial Intelligence — but Dr. Zaitsev found plenty of discussion here on both sides, and he joined in forcefully.
Image: Alexander Leonidovich Zaitsev, METI advocate and radio astronomer, whose messages to the cosmos include the 1999 and 2003 ‘Cosmic Calls’ from Evpatoria. Credit: Seth Shostak.
The Russian astronomer, who died last week, knew where he stood, and he knew where you should stand as well. As my own views on intentional broadcasts moved toward caution in future posts, he and I would have the occasional email exchange. He was always courteous but sometimes exasperated. When I was in his good graces, his messages would always be signed ‘Sasha.’ When he was feeling combative, they would be signed ‘Alexander.’ And if I really tripped his wires, they would end with a curt ‘Zaitsev.’
I liked his forthrightness, and tweaked him a bit by always writing him back as ‘Sasha’ no matter what the signature on the current email. By 2008, he was already well established for his work on radar astronomy in planetary science and near-Earth objects, but in the public eye he was becoming known for his broadcasts from the Evpatoria Deep Space Center in the Crimea. It was from Evpatoria that he broadcast the radio messages known as Cosmic Calls in 1999 and again in 2003. The messages were made up of audio, video, image and data files. The so-called Teen-Age Message, aimed at six Sun-like stars, went out in 2001.
Inevitably, Zaitsev became the spokesman for METI, and he defended his position with vigor in online postings as well as public debate. He had little patience with those who advised proceeding carefully, pointing out that planetary radars like Arecibo and Evpatoria were already broadcasting our presence inadvertently. To me the matter is inherently multidisciplinary, and requires the collaboration of not just physicists but historians, linguists, social scientists and more before proceeding. Zaitsev argued that planetary radars, so essential for our security against stray asteroids, were already broadcasting our presence. Should we also shut these down?
Image: RT-70 radio telescope and planetary radar at the Center for Deep Space Communications in the Crimea.
METI is a highly polarizing issue, and the arguments over intentional broadcasts continue. Surely, some argue, any advanced extraterrestrial intelligence has already picked up the signature of life on Earth, if only through analysis of our atmosphere. Some argue that our technosignature in the form of electromagnetic leakage has already entertained nearby stars with our early television shows, though Jim Benford has demonstrated that these signals are too weak to be detected by our most powerful devices. Planetary radar may indeed announce our presence — it’s strong enough to be picked up — but the counter-argument is that such beams are not aimed at specific points in space, and would be perceived as occasional transients of uncertain origin.
The debate continues, and it’s not my intention to explore it further today, so I’ll just direct those interested to several differing takes on the issue. Start with METI opponent David Brin’s article SETI, METI… and Assessing Risks like Adults, which ran in these pages in 2011, as well as Nick Nielsen’s SETI, METI and Existential Risk, from the same timeframe. Larry Klaes has an excellent overview in The Pros and Cons of METI. Remember that METI goes back to 1974 and Frank Drake’s Arecibo message, aimed at the Hercules globular cluster some 25,000 light years away and obviously symbolic.
A Declaration of Principles Concerning Activities Following the Detection of Extraterrestrial Intelligence was adopted by the International Academy of Astronautics in 1989, usually referred to simply as the First Protocol. A second protocol could have tuned up our policy for sending messages from Earth, but arguments over whether it should only affect responses to received messages — or messages sent before any extraterrestrial signal was detected — complicated the picture. The situation became so controversial that Michael Michaud and John Billingham resigned from the committee that formulated it as their language calling for international consultations was deleted.
Michaud remembered Zaitsev in an email this morning:
“I met Zaitsev at a SETI-related conference in England in 2010. He struck me as a straightforward man who spoke English well enough to engage in discussions. While I disagreed with his sending messages from a radio telescope in Ukraine without prior consultations, I had the impression that he would have been willing to talk further about the issue. I sent him a copy of my book, for which he thanked me. David Brin later initiated an email debate with Zaitsev about METI. Sasha handled David’s sharp words in a good-humored way.”
That 2010 meeting brought the two sides of the METI debate together. I want to quote Jim Benford at some length on this, as he was also involved.
“I met Alexander Zaitsev at a debate sponsored by the Royal Society in October 2010 in the UK. (The debate is documented in JBIS January 2014 volume 67 No.1 which I edited. It contains the speeches and rebuttals to the speeches). The debate was on whether sending messages to ETI should be done. Advocating METI were Seth Shostak, Stephane Dumas, and Alexander Zaitsev. The opposing team, David Brin, myself and Michael Michaud, advocated that before transmitting, a public discussion should take place to deal with the questions of who speaks for Earth and what should they say?
Image: (Left to right) David Brin, Jim Benford, Michael Michaud.
“Alexander Zaitsev had already transmitted messages, such as the ‘Cosmic Call 1’ message to the stars. Zaitsev radiated in 1999 from the RT-70, Evpatoria, in Crimea, Ukraine, a 70-m dish with transmitter power up to 150 kW at frequencies about 5 GHz.
“John Billingham and I pointed out that these messages were highly unlikely to be received. We took as an example the Cosmic Call 1 message. The content ranged from simple digital signals to music. Can civilizations in the stars hear them? The stars targeted ranged between 32 ly and 70 ly, so the signals will be weak when they arrive. The question then becomes: how big an antenna and how sensitive receiver electronics needed to be to detect them?
“First, we evaluated the ability of Zaitsev’s RT-70 to detect itself, assuming ETI has the same level of capability as ourselves. For a robust signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 10, this is 3 ly, less than the distance to even the nearest star. So the RT-70 messages would not be detected by RT-70.
“Could an ETI SKA [Square Kilometre Array] detect Earth Radio Telescopes? Zaitsev’s assumption was that Extra-Terrestrials have SKA-like systems. But for S/N=10, R=19 ly, which is not in the range of the stars targeted. Even an ET SKA would not detect the Cosmic Call 1 message.
“I presented our argument that “Who speaks for Earth?” deserves public discussion, along with our calculations.When Alexander spoke, I realized that our arguments didn’t speak to Alexander’s beliefs. He didn’t particularly care whether the messages were received. He thought it was a matter of principle to transmit. We should send messages because they announce ourselves. Reception at the other end was not necessary.”
Image: A forceful Zaitsev makes a point at the Royal Society meeting. At left (left to right) are Seth Shostak and Stephane Dumas. Credit: Jim Benford.
I think Jim’s point is exactly right. In my own dealings with him, Dr. Zaitsev never made the argument that the messages he was sending would be received. I assume he looked upon them in something of the same spirit that Drake offered the Arecibo message, as a way of demonstrating the human desire to reach out into the cosmos (after all, no one would dream a message to the Hercules cluster would ever get there). But these first intentional steps to reach other civilizations would, presumably, be followed by further directed broadcasts until contact was achieved.
At least, I think that is how Dr. Zaitsev saw things. He would chafe at his inability to jump into this discussion if he were able to do so, and if I have misrepresented his view, I’m sure I would be getting one of his ‘Zaitsev’ emails rather than a friendly ‘Sasha’ signoff. But I hope I stayed on his good side most of the time. This was a man I liked and admired for his dedication despite how widely his views diverged from my own.
Asked for his thoughts on the 2010 meeting, Seth Shostak responded:
“I encountered Sasha Zaitsev at quite a few meetings, and always found him interesting and personable. He was promoting active SETI, and in that was somewhat of a lone wolf … there weren’t many who thought it was a worthy idea, and probably even fewer who thought that his transmission efforts – which he did without advance notice – were necessarily a good idea.
“But personally, I thought such criticism was kind of petty. I admired Alex for doing these things … But maybe it was because he was similar to the best scientists in boldly going …”
Image: The panel at the Royal Society meeting. Left to right: David Brin; Jim Benford; Michael Michaud; Seth Shostak; Stephane Dumas; Alexander Zaitsev. At podium, Martin Dominik. Credit: Jim Benford.
Alexander Zaitsev was convinced the universe held species with which we needed to engage, and I believe his purpose was to awaken the public to our potential to reach out, not in some uncertain future but right now. Given that serious METI is now joined by advertising campaigns and other private ventures, it could be said that we are not adept at presenting our best side to the cosmos, but then that too was Zaitsev’s point: It’s too late to stop this, he might have said. Let’s make our messages mean something.
David Brin, who so often engaged with him in debate, had this to say of Dr. Zaitsev:
Sasha Zaitsev was both a noted astronomer whose work in radio astronomy will long be remembered. He was also a zealous believer in a lively, beneficent cosmos. His sincere faith led him to cast forth into the heavens appeals for superior beings to offer help – or at least wisdom – to benighted (and apparently doomed) humanity. When told that it sounded a lot like ‘prayer,’ Sasha would smile. and nod. We disagreed over the wisdom or courtesy of his Yoohoo Messages, beamed from the great dish at Evpatoria, without consultation by anyone else. But if I could choose between his optimistic cosmos and the one I deem more likely, I would choose his, hands down. Perhaps – (can anyone say for sure?) – he’s finally discovered that answer.
An eloquent thought. As for me, I’ll continue to argue for informed, multidisciplinary debate and discussion in the international arena before we send further targeted messages out into the Great Silence. But in the midst of that debate, heated as it remains, I’ll miss Sasha’s voice. He probably couldn’t reach ETI even with the Evpatoria dish, but God knows he tried.
We’ve spoken recently about civilizations expanding throughout the galaxy in a matter of hundreds of thousands of years, a thought that led Frank Tipler to doubt the existence of extraterrestrials, given the lack of evidence of such expansion. But let’s turn the issue around. What would the very beginning of our own interstellar exploration look like, if we reach the point where probes are feasible and economically viable? This is the question Johannes Lebert examines today. Johannes obtained his Master’s degree in Aerospace at the Technische Universität München (TUM) this summer. He likewise did his Bachelor’s in Mechanical Engineering at TUM and was visiting student in the field of Aerospace Engineering at the Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Spain. He has worked at Starburst Aerospace (a global aerospace & defense startup accelerator and strategic advisory company) and AMDC GmbH (a consultancy with focus on defense located in Munich). Today’s essay is based upon his Master thesis “Optimal Strategies for Exploring Nearby-Stars,” which was supervised by Martin Dziura (Institute of Astronautics, TUM) and Andreas Hein (Initiative for Interstellar Studies).
by Johannes Lebert
Last year, when everything was shut down and people were advised to stay at home instead of going out or traveling, I ignored those recommendations by dedicating my master thesis to the topic of interstellar travel. More precisely, I tried to derive optimal strategies for exploring near-by stars. As a very early-stage researcher I was really honored when Paul asked me to contribute to Centauri Dreams and want to thank him for this opportunity to share my thoughts on planning interstellar exploration from a strategic perspective.
Figure 1: Me, last year (symbolic image). Credit: hippopx.com).
As you are an experienced and interested reader of Centauri Dreams, I think it is not necessary to make you aware of the challenges and fascination of interstellar travel and exploration. I am sure you’ve already heard a lot about interstellar probe concepts, from gram-scale nanoprobes such as Breakthrough Starshot to huge spaceships like Project Icarus. Probably you are also familiar with suitable propulsion technologies, be it solar sails or fusion-based engines. I guess, you could also name at least a handful of promising exploration targets off the cuff, perhaps with focus on star systems that are known to host exoplanets. But have you ever thought of ways to bring everything together by finding optimal strategies for interstellar exploration? As a concrete example, what could be the advantages of deploying a fleet of small probes vs. launching only few probes with respect to the exploration targets? And, more fundamentally, what method can be used to find answers to this question?
In particular the last question has been the main driver for this article: Before starting with writing, I was wondering a lot what could be the most exciting result I could present to you and found that the methodology as such is the most valuable contribution on the way towards interstellar exploration: Once the idea is understood, you are equipped with all relevant tools to generate your own results and answer similar questions. That is why I decided to present you a summary of my work here, addressing more directly the original idea of Centauri Dreams (“Planning […] Interstellar Exploration”), instead of picking a single result.
Below you’ll find an overview of this article’s structure to give you an impression of what to expect. Of course, there is no time to go into detail for each step, but I hope it’s enough to make you familiar with the basic components and concepts.
Figure 2: Article content and chapters
I’ll start from scratch by defining interstellar exploration as an optimization problem (chapter 2). Then, we’ll set up a model of the solar neighborhood and specify probe and mission parameters (chapter 3), before selecting a suitable optimization algorithm (chapter 4). Finally, we apply the algorithm to our problem and analyze the results (more generally in chapter 5, with implications for planning interstellar exploration in chapter 6).
But let’s start from the real beginning.
2. Defining and Classifying the Problem of Interstellar Exploration
We’ll start by stating our goal: We want to explore stars. Actually, it is star systems, because typically we are more interested in the planets that are potentially hosted by a star instead of the star as such. From a more abstract perspective, we can look at the stars (or star systems) as a set of destinations that can be visited and explored. As we said before, in most cases we are interested in planets orbiting the target star, even more if they might be habitable. Hence, there are star systems which are more interesting to visit (e. g. those with a high probability of hosting habitable planets) and others, which are less attracting. Based on these considerations, we can assign each star system an “earnable profit” or “stellar score” from 0 to 1. The value 0 refers to the most boring star systems (though I am not sure if there are any boring star systems out there, so maybe it’s better to say “least fascinating”) and 1 to the most fascinating ones. The scoring can be adjusted depending on one’s preferences, of course, and extended by additional considerations and requirements. However, to keep it simple, let’s assume for now that each star system provides a score of 1, hence we don’t distinguish between different star systems. Having this in mind, we can draw a sketch of our problem as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3: Solar system (orange dot) as starting point, possible star systems for exploration (destinations with score ) represented by blue dots
To earn the profit by visiting and exploring those destinations, we can deploy a fleet of space probes, which are launched simultaneously from Earth. However, as there are many stars to be explored and we can only launch a limited number of probes, one needs to decide which stars to include and which ones to skip – otherwise, mission timeframes will explode. This decision will be based on two criteria: Mission return and mission duration. The mission return is simply the sum of the stellar score of each visited star. As we assume a stellar score of 1 for each star, the mission return is equal to the number of stars that is visited by all our probes. The mission duration is the time needed to finish the exploration mission.
In case we deploy several probes, which carry out the exploration mission simultaneously, the mission is assumed to be finished when the last probe reaches the last star on its route – even if other probes have finished their route earlier. Hence, the mission duration is equal to the travel time of the probe with the longest trip. Note that the probes do not need to return to the solar system after finishing their route, as they are assumed to send the data gained during exploration immediately back to Earth.
Based on these considerations we can classify our problem as a bi-objective multi-vehicle open routing problem with profits. Admittedly quite a cumbersome term, but it contains all relevant information:
- Bi-objective: There are two objectives, mission return and mission duration. Note that we want to maximize the return while keeping the duration minimal. Hence, from intuition we can expect that both objectives are competing: The more time, the more stars can be visited.
- Multi-vehicle: Not only one, but several probes are used for simultaneous exploration.
- Open: Probes are free to choose where to end their route and are not forced to return back to Earth after finishing their exploration mission.
- Routing problem with profits: We consider the stars as a set of destinations with each providing a certain score si. From this set, we need to select several subsets, which are arranged as routes and assigned to different probes (see Figure 4).
Figure 4: Problem illustration: Identify subsets of possible destinations si, find the best sequences and assign them to probes
Even though it appears a bit stiff, the classification of our problem is very useful to identify suitable solution methods: Before, we were talking about the problem of optimizing interstellar exploration, which is quite unknown territory with limited research. Now, thanks to our abstraction, we are facing a so-called Routing Problem, which is a well-known optimization problem class, with several applications across various fields and therefore being exhaustively investigated. As a result, we now have access to a large pool of established algorithms, which have already been tested successfully against these kinds of problems or other very similar or related problems such as the Traveling Salesman Problem (probably the most popular one) or the Team Orienteering Problem (subclass of the Routing Problem).
3. Model of the Solar Neighborhood and Assumptions on Probe & Mission Architecture
Obviously, we’ll also need some kind of galactic model of our region of interest, which provides us with the relevant star characteristics and, most importantly, the star positions. There are plenty of star catalogues with different focus and historical background (e.g. Hipparcos, Tycho, RECONS). One of the latest, still ongoing surveys is the Gaia Mission, whose observations are incorporated in the Gaia Archive, which is currently considered to be the most complete and accurate star database.
However, the Gaia Archive – more precisely the Gaia Data Release 2 (DR2), which will be used here* (accessible online together with Gaia based distance estimations by Bailer-Jones et al. ) – provides only raw observation data, which include some reported spurious results. For instance, it lists more than 50 stars closer than Proxima Centauri, which would be quite a surprise to all the astronomers out there.
*1. Note that there is already an updated Data Release (Gaia DR3), which was not available yet at the time of the thesis.
Hence, a filtering is required to obtain a clean data set. The filtering procedure applied here, which consists of several steps, is illustrated in Figure 5 and follows the suggestions from Lindegren et al. . For instance, data entries are eliminated based on parallax errors and uncertainties in BP and RP fluxes. The resulting model (after filtering) includes 10,000 stars and represents a spherical domain with a radius of roughly 110 light years around the solar system.
Figure 5: Setting up the star model based on Gaia DR2 and filtering (animated figure from )
To reduce the complexity of the model, we assume all stars to maintain fixed positions – which is of course not true (see Figure 5 upper right) but can be shown to be a valid simplification for our purposes, and we limit the mission time frames to 7,000 years. 7,000 years? Yes, unfortunately, the enormous stellar distances, which are probably the biggest challenge we encounter when planning interstellar travel, result in very high travel times – even if we are optimistic concerning the travel speed of our probes, which are defined by the following.
We’ll use a rather simplistic probe model based on literature suggestions, which has the advantage that the results are valid across a large range of probe concepts. We assume the probes to travel along straight-line trajectories (in line with Fantino & Casotto at an average velocity of 10 % of the speed of light (in line with Bjørk . They are not capable of self-replicating; hence, the probe number remains constant during a mission. Furthermore, the probes are restricted to performing flybys instead of rendezvous, which limits the scientific return of the mission but is still good enough to detect planets (as reported by Crawford . Hence, the considered mission can be interpreted as a reconnaissance or scouting mission, which serves to identify suitable targets for a follow-up mission, which then will include rendezvous and deorbiting for further, more sophisticated exploration.
Disclaimer: I am well aware of the weaknesses of the probe and mission model, which does not allow for more advanced mission design (e. g. slingshot maneuvers) and assumes a very long-term operability of the probes, just to name two of them. However, to keep the model and results comprehensive, I tried to derive the minimum set of parameters which is required to describe interstellar exploration as an optimization problem. Any extensions of the model, such as a probe failure probability or deorbiting maneuvers (which could increase the scientific return tremendously), are left to further research.
4. Optimization Method
Having modeled the solar neighborhood and defined an admittedly rather simplistic probe and mission model, we finally need to select a suitable algorithm for solving our problem, or, in other words, to suggest “good” exploration missions (good means optimal with respect to both our objectives). In fact, the algorithm has the sole task of assigning each probe the best star sequences (so-called decision variables). But which algorithm could be a good choice?
Optimization or, more generally, operations research is a huge research field which has spawned countless more or less sophisticated solution approaches and algorithms over the years. However, there is no optimization method (not yet) which works perfectly for all problems (“no free lunch theorem”) – which is probably the main reason why there are so many different algorithms out there. To navigate through this jungle, it helps to recall our problem class and focus on the algorithms which are used to solve equal or similar problems. Starting from there, we can further exclude some methods a priori by means of a first analysis of our problem structure: Considering n stars, there are ?! possibilities to arrange them into one route, which can be quite a lot (just to give you a number: for n=50 we obtain 50!? 1064 possibilities).
Given that our model contains up to 10,000 stars, we cannot simply try out each possibility and take the best one (so called enumeration method). Instead, we need to find another approach, which is more suitable for those kinds of problems with a very large search space, as an operations researcher would say. Maybe you already have heard about (meta-)heuristics, which allow for more time-efficient solving but do not guarantee to find the true optimum. Even if you’ve never heard about them, I am sure that you know at least one representative of a metaheuristic-based solution, as it is sitting in front of your screen right now as you are reading this article… Indeed, each of us is the result of a thousands of years lasting, still ongoing optimization procedure called evolution. Wouldn’t it be cool if we could adopt the mechanisms that brought us here to do the next, big step in mankind and find ways to leave the solar system and explore unknown star systems?
Those kinds of algorithms, which try to imitate the process of natural evolution, are referred to as Genetic Algorithms. Maybe you remember the biology classes at school, where you learned about chromosomes, genes and how they are shared between parents and their children. We’ll use the same concept and also the wording here, which is why we need to encode our optimization problem (illustrated in Figure 6): One single chromosome will represent one exploration mission and as such one possible solution for our optimization problem. The genes of the chromosome are equivalent to the probes. And the gene sequences embody the star sequences, which in turn define the travel routes of each probe.
If we are talking about a set of chromosomes, we will use the term “population”, therefore sometimes one chromosome is referred to as individual. Furthermore, as the population will evolve over the time, we will speak about different generations (just like for us humans).
Figure 6. Genetic encoding of the problem: Chromosomes embody exploration missions; genes represent probes and gene sequences are equivalent to star sequences.
The algorithm as such is pretty much straightforward, the basic working principle of the Genetic Algorithm is illustrated below (Figure 7). Starting from a randomly created initial population, we enter an evolution loop, which stops either when a maximum number of generations is reached (one loop represents one generation) or if the population stops evolving and keeps stable (convergence is reached).
Figure 7: High level working procedure of the Genetic Algorithm
I don’t want to go into too much detail on the procedure – interested readers are encouraged to go through my thesis and look for the corresponding chapter or see relevant papers (particularly Bederina and Hifi , from where I took most of the algorithm concept). To summarize the idea: Just like in real life, chromosomes are grouped into pairs (parents) and create children (representing new exploration missions) by sharing their best genes (which are routes in our case). For higher variety, a mutation procedure is applied to a few children, such as a partial swap of different route segments. Finally, the worst chromosomes are eliminated (evolve population = “survival of the fittest”) to keep the population size constant.
Side note: Currently, we have the chance to observe this optimization procedure when looking at the Coronavirus. It started almost two years ago with the alpha version; right now the population is dominated by the delta version, with omicron an emerging variant. From the virus perspective, it has improved over time through replication and mutation, which is supported by large populations (i.e., a high number of cases).
Note that the genetic algorithm is extended by a so-called local search, which comprises a set of methods to improve routes locally (e. g. by inverting segments or swapping two random stars within one route). That is why this method is referred to as Hybrid Genetic Algorithm.
Now let’s see how the algorithm is operating when applied to our problem. In the animated figure below, we can observe the ongoing optimization procedure. Each individual is evaluated “live” with respect to our objectives (mission return and duration). The result is plotted in a chart, where one dot refers to one individual and thus represents one possible exploration mission. The color indicates the corresponding generation.
Figure 8: Animation of the ongoing optimization procedure: Each individual (represented by a dot) is evaluated with respect to the objectives, one color indicates one generation
As shown in this animated figure, the algorithm seems to work properly: With increasing generations, it tries to generate better solutions, as it optimizes towards higher mission return and lower mission duration (towards the upper left in the Figure 8). Solutions from the earlier generation with poor quality are subsequently replaced by better individuals.
5. Optimization Results
As a result of the optimization, we obtain a set of solutions (representing the surviving individuals from the final generation), which build a curve when evaluated with respect to our twin objectives of mission duration and return (see Figure 9). Obviously, we’ll get different curves when we change the probe number m between two optimization runs. In total, 9 optimization runs are performed; after each run the probe number is doubled, starting with m=2. As already in the animated Figure 8, one dot represents one chromosome and thus one possible exploration mission (one mission is illustrated as an example).
Figure 9: Resulting solutions for different probe numbers and mission example represented by one dot
Already from this plot, we can make some first observations: The mission return (which we assume equal to the number of explored stars, just as a reminder) increases with mission duration. More precisely, there appears to be an approximately linear incline of star number with time, at least in most instances. This means that when doubling the mission duration, we can expect more or less twice the mission return. An exception to this behavior is the 512 probes curve, which flattens when reaching > 8,000 stars due to the model limits: In this region, only few unexplored stars are left which may require unfavorable transfers.
Furthermore, we see that for a given mission duration the number of explored stars can be increased by launching more probes, which is not surprising. We will elaborate a bit more on the impact of the probe number and on how it is linked with the mission return in a minute.
For now, let’s keep this in our mind and take a closer look at the missions suggested by the algorithm. In the figure below (Figure 10), routes for two missions with different probe number m but similar mission return J1 (nearly 300 explored stars) are visualized (x, y, z-axes dimensions in light years). One color indicates one route that is assigned to one probe.
Figure 10: Visualization of two selected exploration missions with similar mission return J1 but different probe number m – left: 256 available probes, right: 4 available probes (J2 is the mission duration in years)
Even though the mission return is similar, the route structures are very different: The higher probe number mission (left in Figure 10) is built mainly from very dense single-target routes and thus focuses more on the immediate solar neighborhood. The mission with only 4 probes (right in Figure 10), contrarily, contains more distant stars, as it consists of comparatively long, chain-like routes with several targets included. This is quite intuitive: While for the right case (few probes available) mission return is added by “hopping” from star to star, in the left case (many probes available) simply another probe is launched from Earth. Needless to say, the overall mission duration J2 is significantly higher when we launch only 4 probes (> 6000 years compared to 500 years).
Now let’s look a bit closer at the corresponding transfers. As before, we’ll pick two solutions with different probe number (4 and 64 probes) and similar mission return (about 230 explored stars). But now, we’ll analyze the individual transfer distances along the routes instead of simply visualizing the routes. This is done by means of a histogram (shown in Figure 11), where simply the number of transfers with a certain distance is counted.
Figure 11: Histogram with transfer distances for two different solution – orange bars belong to a solution with 4 probes, blue bars to a solution with 64 probes; both provide a mission return of roughly 230 explored stars.
The orange bars belong to a solution with 4 probes, the blue ones to a solution with 64 probes. To give an example on how to read the histogram: We can say that the solution with 4 probes includes 27 transfers with a distance of 9 light years, while the solution with 64 probes contains only 8 transfers of this distance. What we should take from this figure is that with higher probe numbers apparently more distant transfers are required to provide the same mission return.
Based on this result we can now concretize earlier observations regarding the probe number impact: From Figure 9 we already found that the mission return increases with probe number, without being more specific. Now, we discovered that the efficiency of the exploration mission w. r. t. routing decreases with increasing probe number, as there are more distant transfers required. We can even quantify this effect: After doing some further analysis on the result curve and a bit of math, we’ll find that the mission return J1 scales with probe number m according to ~m0.6 (at least in most instances). By incorporating the observations on linearity between mission return and duration (J2), we obtain the following relation: J1 ~ J2m0.6.
As J1 grows only with m0.6 (remember that m1 indicates linear growth), the mission return for a given mission duration does not simply double when we launch twice as many probes. Instead, it’s less; moreover, it depends on the current probe number – in fact, the contribution of additional probes to the overall mission return diminishes with increasing probe numbers.
This phenomenon is similar to the concept of diminishing returns in economics, which denotes the effect that an increase of the input yields progressively lower or even reduced increase in output. How does that fit with earlier observations, e. g. on route structure? Apparently, we are running into some kind of a crowding effect, when we launch many probes from the same spot (namely our solar system): Long initial transfers are required to assign each probe an unexplored star. Obviously, this effect intensifies with each additional probe being launched.
6. Conclusions and Implications for Planning Interstellar Exploration
What can we take from all this effort and the results of the optimization? First, let’s recap the methodology and tools which we developed for planning interstellar exploration (see Figure 12).
Figure 12: Methodology – main steps
Beside the methodology, which of course can be extended and adapted, we can give some recommendations for interstellar mission design considerations, in particular regarding the probe number impact:
- High probe numbers are favorable when we want to explore many stars in the immediate solar neighborhood. As further advantage of high probe numbers, mostly single-target missions are performed, which allows the customization of each probe according to its target star (e. g. regarding scientific instrumentation).
- If the number of available probes is limited (e. g. due to high production costs), it is recommended to include more distant stars, as it enables a more efficient routing. The aspect of higher routing efficiency needs to be considered in particular when fuel costs are relevant (i. e. when fuel needs to be transported aboard). For other, remotely propelled concepts (such as laser driven probes, e. g. Breakthrough Starshot) this issue is less relevant, which is why those concepts could be deployed in larger numbers, allowing for shorter overall mission duration at the expense of more distant transfers.
- When planning to launch a high number of probes from Earth, however, one should be aware of crowding effects. This effect sets in already for few probes and intensifies with each additional probe. One option to encounter this issue and thus support a more efficient probe deployment could be swarm-based concepts, as indicated by the sketch in Figure 13.
The swarm-based concept includes a mother ship, which transports a fleet of smaller explorer probes to a more distant star. After arrival, the probes are released and start their actual exploration mission. As a result, the very dense, crowded route structures, which are obtained when many probes are launched from the same spot (see again Figure 10, left plot), are broken up.
Figure 13: Sketch illustrating the beneficial effect of swarm concepts for high probe numbers.
Obviously, the results and derived implications for interstellar exploration are not mind-blowing, as they are mostly in line with what one would expect. However, this in turn indicates that our methodology seems to work properly, which of course does not serve as a full verification but is at least a small hint. A more reliable verification result can be obtained by setting up a test problem with known optimum (which is not shown here, but was also done for this approach, showing that the algorithm’s results deviate about 10% compared to the ideal solution).
Given the very early-stage level of this work, there is still a lot of potential for further research and refinement of the simplistic models. Just to pick one example: As a next step, one could start to distinguish between different star systems by varying the reward of each star system si based on a stellar metric, where more information of the star is incorporated (such as spectral class, metallicity, data quality, …). In the end it’s up to oneself, which questions he or she wants to answer – there is more than enough inspiration up there in the night sky.
Figure 14: More people, now
Assuming that you are not only an interested reader of Centauri Dreams but also familiar with other popular literature on that topic, you maybe have heard about Clarke’s three laws. I would like to close this article by taking up his second one: The only way of discovering the limits of the possible is to venture a little way past them into the impossible. As said before, I hope that the introduced methodology can help to answer further questions concerning interstellar exploration from a strategic perspective. The more we know, the better we are capable of planning and imagining interstellar exploration, thus pushing gradually the limits of what is considered to be possible today.
ESA, “Gaia Archive,“ [Online]. Available: https://gea.esac.esa.int/archive/.
C. A. L. Bailer-Jones et al., “Estimating Distances from Parallaxes IV: Distances to 1.33 Billion Stars in Gaia Data Release 2,” The Astronomical Journal, vol. 156, 2018.
L. Lindegren et al., “Gaia Data Release 2 – The astrometric solution,” Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol. 616, 2018.
E. Fantino and S. Casotto, “Study on Libration Points of the Sun and the Interstellar Medium for Interstellar Travel,” Universitá di Padova/ESA, 2004.
R. Bjørk, “Exploring the Galaxy using space probes,” International Journal of Astrobiology, vol. 6, 2007.
I. A. Crawford, “The Astronomical, Astrobiological and Planetary Science Case for Interstellar Spaceflight,” Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, vol. 62, 2009. https://arxiv.org/abs/1008.4893
J. Lebert, “Optimal Strategies for Exploring Near-by Stars,“ Technische Universität München, 2021.
H. Bederina and M. Hifi, “A Hybrid Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm for the Team Orienteering Problem,” 4th International Conference on Control, Decision and Information Technologies, Barcelona, 2017.
University of California – Berkeley, “New Map of Solar Neighborhood Reveals That Binary Stars Are All Around Us,” SciTech Daily, 22 February 2021. | <urn:uuid:0020e761-6841-48f1-a0a4-aad981bd9782> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://dev.centauri-dreams.org/2021/page/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476397.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303174631-20240303204631-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.944919 | 15,262 | 3.90625 | 4 |
Earth Work And Steel Work Important For Civil Engineers
In this topic, I will explain the Eart work important question | Steel Work Important Questions | Earth Work And Steel Work Important Questions. Typical earthworks embrace roads, railway beds, causeways, dams, levees, canals, and berms. alternative common earthworks are land grading to reconfigure the topography of a website, or to stabilize slopes. Earth Work Important Questions |Steel Work Important Questions |Earth Work And Steel Work Important Questions |Earth Work And Steel Work Important For Civil Engineers
Earth Work And Steel Work Important For Civil Engineers
1-The engineering works are created through the process of components of the earth’s surface involving quantities of soil or unformed rock.
Typical earthworks embrace roads, railway beds, causeways, dams, levees, canals, and berms. alternative common earthworks are land grading to reconfigure the topography of a website, or to stabilize slopes.
2- A beam that has the strain capability of the tensile reinforcement is smaller than the combined compression capability of the concrete and therefore the compression steel (under-reinforced at tensile face).
When the ferroconcrete part is subject to increasing bending moment, the strain steel yields whereas the concrete doesn’t reach its final failure condition. because the tension steel yields and stretches, Associate in Nursing “under-reinforced” concrete conjointly yields in an exceedingly ductile manner, exhibiting an outsized deformation and warning before its final failure. during this case the yield stress of the steel governs the look.
3- Once the combination is mixed with dry Portland cement and water, the mixture forms a fluid that’s simply poured and molded into form.
A suspension may be a skinny sloppy mud or cement or, in extended use, any fluid mixture of a fine-grained solid with a liquid (usually water), usually used as a convenient approach to handling solids in bulk. Slurries behave in some ways like thick fluids, flowing underneath gravity, and also are capable of being pumped up if not too thick.
4- Excavation could also be classified by sort of material- Earth excavation nothing excavation, rock excavation, muck excavation, or unclassified excavation.
surface soil is that the higher, outer layer of soil, sometimes the highest two inches (5.1 cm) to eight inches (20 cm). it’s the very best concentration of organic matter and microorganisms and is wherever most of the Earth’s biological soil activity happens. Four parts represent the composition of soil. Those parts ar mineral particles, organic matter, water, and air. the quantity of prime soil consists of fifty to eightieth of those particles that type the bodily structure of most soils.
5- Heavy construction instrumentation is typically used because of the amount of fabric to be touched – up to several cubiform meters.
Earthwork construction was revolutionized by the event of the (Fresno) hand tool and alternative earth-moving machines like the loader, the dumper, the grader, the dozer, the digger, and therefore the dragline excavator.
6- Bulwark excavating calculations were done by hand employing a slipstick and with strategies like Simpson’s rule.
In numerical analysis, Simpson’s rule may be a methodology for numerical integration, the numerical approximation of definite integrals. The slipstick conjointly noted conversationally within us as an analog computer, maybe a mechanical electronic computer. The lipstick is employed primarily for multiplication and division, and conjointly for functions like exponents, roots, logarithms, and trig, however generally not for addition or subtraction
7- A mixture of clay and water is accustomed to creating suspension walls.
Bentonite is Associate in Nursing absorbent atomic number 13 phyllosilicate clay consisting largely of montmorillonite. It had been named by Wilbur C. Knight in 1898 once the Cretaceous Benton sedimentary rock close to Rock Watercourse, Wyoming.
8- Manure suspension, a combination of animal waste, organic matter, and typically water usually noted merely as “slurry” in agricultural use, used as chemical once ageing in an exceedingly suspension pit
A suspension pit, conjointly referred to as a farm suspension pit, suspension tank, suspension lake or suspension store, is a hole, dam, or circular concrete structure wherever farmers gather all their animal waste along with alternative unusable organic matter, like fodder and water escape from laundry down dairies, stables, and barns, so as to convert it, over a drawn-out amount of your time, into chemical that may eventually be reused on their lands to fertilize crops
9- Chemical admixture might accelerate or curtail the speed at that the concrete hardens.
Chemical admixtures are extra to realize varied properties. These ingredients might accelerate or curtail the speed at that the concrete hardens, and impart several alternative helpful properties as well as hyperbolic strength, entrainment of air and water resistance
10- Concrete may be developed with high strength, however continuously has a lower compressive strength
Reinforcement is commonly enclosed in concrete. Concrete may be developed with high compressive strength, however, continuously has lower strength. For this reason, it’s sometimes bolstered with materials that are robust in tension, generally steel rebar.
11- Reinforced concrete (RC) may be a material within which concrete’s comparatively low strength and plasticity are counteracted by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher strength or plasticity.
The reinforcement is typically, although not essentially, steel reinforcing bars (rebar) and is typically embedded passively within the concrete before the concrete sets. Reinforcing schemes ar usually designed to resist tensile stresses especially regions of the concrete that may cause unacceptable cracking and/or structural failure. trendy ferroconcrete will contain varied reinforcing materials manufactured from steel, polymers or alternate material in conjunction with rebar or not.
12- Reinforced concert classified by precast concrete and cast-in situ concrete
ferroconcrete may be classified as formed or cast-in-place concrete. planning and implementing the foremost economical floor system is essential to making the best building structures. little changes within the style of a floor system will have important impact on material prices, construction schedule, final strength, operational prices, occupancy levels, and finished use of a building
13- The constant thermal growth of concrete is incredibly little to it of steel, eliminating massive internal stresses because of variations in thermal growth or contraction.
The constant thermal growth of concrete is analogous to it steel, eliminating massive internal stresses because of variations in thermal growth or contraction.
14- The reinforcement in the Associate in Nursing RC structure, like a steel bar, has got to bear identical strain or deformation because of the encompassing concrete so as to forestall separation, slip or separation of the 2 materials beneath the load
Maintaining composite action needs the transfer of load between the concrete and steel. The direct stress is transferred from the concrete to the bar interface therefore on amendment the tensile stress within the reinforcing bar on its length, this load transfer is achieved by means that of bond (anchorage) and is perfect as a nonstop stress field that develops within the neighborhood of the steel-concrete interface
15- Pre-stressing concrete could be a technique that decreases the bearing strength of concrete beams
Pre-stressing concrete could be a technique that greatly will increase the bearing strength of concrete beams. | <urn:uuid:372e820a-6fc3-417d-bd2d-db30a841304a> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://engineeringinfohub.com/earth-work-and-steel-work-important-for-civil-engineers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476397.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303174631-20240303204631-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.912823 | 1,554 | 3.5 | 4 |
During an earthquake, vibrations called seismic waves move out from the focus in all directions. Seismic waves carry the energy of an earthquake away from the focus, through earth’s interior, and across the surface.
In What Direction Do Seismic Waves Carry the Energy of an Earthquake?
In What Direction Do Seismic Waves Carry the Energy of an Earthquake? Seismic waves are created when an earthquake rupture occurs.
These waves are what cause the shaking and damage that we associate with earthquakes. The waves are created by the release of energy from the earthquake, and they carry this energy away from the earthquake rupture.
The direction that the seismic waves travel is determined by the orientation of the fault that ruptured. If the fault is oriented in a north–south direction, the seismic waves will travel in a east–west direction.
If the fault is oriented in an east–west direction, the seismic waves will travel in a north–south direction. The amount of energy that is carried by the seismic waves is determined by the size of the earthquake.
The larger the earthquake, the more energy that is released and the more damage that can be caused. Seismic waves can travel through the Earth‘s crust and mantle, and can even be reflected off of the core–mantle boundary.
However, the vast majority of the energy from an earthquake is dissipated within the crust. This is why we generally don‘t feel earthquakes that occur at great depths. The energy of an earthquake can also be dissipated through | <urn:uuid:f7f7fb5d-934d-4234-9c04-d877fc5b3d62> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://forum.civiljungle.com/in-what-direction-do-seismic-waves-carry-the-energy-of-an-earthquake-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476397.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303174631-20240303204631-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.956977 | 315 | 4.125 | 4 |
Lebanese amber is a type of amber that can be found in Lebanon, Syria, and Israel. It is about 130 million years old. It is estimated to be created in the late Cretaceous period and the late Jurassic. However, mainly it was created in the early Cretaceous era. It was made of the resin of evergreen trees of the humid forest of the northeastern part of Gondwana (the southern supercontinent, existing in the Paleozoic and early Mesozoic). The forest grew in tropical or subtropical zones in temperate or hot climates. Up to 300 sources of this amber have been found by erosion or artificially by human. 17 of them are sources of organic inclusions. The inclusions recovered from them are the oldest of this type. They document fauna from the period of creation and radiation of angiosperms plants and associated with them insect taxa.
Lebanese amber occurs in 10% area of Lebanon, and neighboring areas of Syria and north Israel. Until 2010, up to 300 sources of this mineral were recovered. Lebanese amber is dated back to the early and late Cretaceous era and is rich in fossiled inclusions. Some pieces are dated back to the late Jurassic era – up to 19 open pit mines located in Lebanon – that is the largest number of Jurassic amber exposures in one country.
Lebanese amber can be found in many different colors. It occurs in a vast variety of yellow, orange, dark red or iridescent jet black. Rare pieces can be found in milky, cream or white color. White color is caused by micro air bubbles in the resin. What makes the Lebanese amber very expensive and precious mineral, are the fauna and flora inclusions found in the amber. The density of Lebanese amber is 1.054 g/cm3. It is delicate and fragile.
Organic inclusions are made of organisms preserved in fossil resin. They are found in Lebanese amber which, next to the Jordan amber, is one of the oldest sources of organic inclusions. Lebanese amber is dated back to the period of angiosperms radiation. It was the period of massive extinction of old groups of arthropods, as well as the emergence of the new ones, some of which co-evolved with angiosperms. Inclusions found in Lebanese amber are one of its kind and have not been found any other type of amber. The fauna inclusions are preserved in great conditions. It is typical for Lebanese amber to contain a large number of inclusions in a single piece. It helps to draw conclusions about their mutual relations and behavior. | <urn:uuid:25ad23ec-fe04-4e8b-b416-679d1577950d> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://gentarus.com/lebanese-amber/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476397.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303174631-20240303204631-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.96955 | 539 | 3.625 | 4 |
The Chihuahuan Desert, North America's largest desert ecoregion, is bounded by the Sierra Madre Occidental and the Sierra Madre Oriental; it extends southward into Mexico. Recognized for its biological diversity, the Chihuahuan Desert is a rain shadow desert shaped by the surrounding mountain ranges. Home to unique endemic species, including plants and animals, the region showcases a mosaic of landscapes, from grasslands to shrublands.
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Marismas Nacionales Lagoon System: Marismas Nacionales–San Blas Mangrove Ecoregion (Mexico) The Editor Sun, 07/23/2023 - 15:39
The Marismas Nacionales Lagoon System is a significant coastal wetland located on the Pacific coast of northwest Mexico and a substantial and crucial mangrove ecosystem. The Marismas Nacionales–San Blas mangrove ecoregion is renowned for its rich biodiversity and ecological significance.
Northwestern Andean Montane Forests: Exploring Colombia and Ecuador's Biodiversity Hotspot The Editor Sat, 02/10/2024 - 16:48
The Northwestern Andean Montane Forests ecoregion is a breathtaking display of South America's natural aesthetics. It surrounds the western slopes of the Andes Mountains in Colombia and Ecuador. The area consists of numerous habitats that sustain an exceptional range of plants and animals. The region's ecological system is diverse and complex, ranging from misty cloud forests to sun-drenched valleys below.
Orinoco Delta Swamp Forests Ecoregion (South America) The Editor Wed, 01/02/2019 - 20:50
The Orinoco Delta Swamp Forests occur in a diverse matrix of coastal vegetation along the river delta and surrounding regions of northwestern Venezuela and northeastern Guyana. These permanently flooded forests provide habitat to many endangered and endemic species.
The Orinoco wetlands ecoregion is located north of the Orinoco River Delta in northeastern Venezuela. It consists of several large and small patches of flooded grasslands, which occur in a habitat mosaic with swamp forests and mangroves.
The Pantanos de Centla is a tropical moist forest ecoregion in southern Mexico. The area serves as a biological corridor and includes a variety of ecosystem types, from flooded moist forests to temperate and cloud forests.
Pantepui Forests and Shrublands Ecoregion (South America) The Editor Fri, 03/29/2019 - 16:07
The Pantepui forests and shrublands ecoregion in the Guiana Highlands of northern South America hosts an archipelago of more than 50 tabletop mountains with isolated sandstone plateaus and summits atop nearly vertical escarpments called tepuis.
Nestled along the eastern slopes and central valleys of the Peruvian Andes, the Peruvian Yungas ecoregion, which encompasses a vast expanse from northernmost to southernmost Peru, emerges as a biological treasure trove. This sub-tropical montane region, characterized by its deciduous and evergreen forests, contributes significantly to the rich biodiversity of the Neotropics.
The Petenes mangrove ecoregion is located in Mexico at the border between the states of Yucatán and Campeche, in the western portion of the Yucatán Peninsula. The low annual rainfall of this region, paired with the severe dryness of the whole area, has eliminated rivers from the landscape.
Santa Marta Montane Forests Ecoregion (Colombia) The Editor Mon, 11/19/2018 - 16:27
The Santa Marta montane forests is an ecoregion in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, a massif on the Caribbean coast of northern Colombia. This ecoregion is a characteristic moist forest; however, it rises from a very different habitat of the xeric scrub and dry forest surrounding it.
Perched beyond the treeline in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta on Colombia's Caribbean coast, the Santa Marta páramo emerges as an elevated moorland ecoregion, marking the northernmost extent of páramo in South America. This distinctive "sky island" showcases nature's complexities, thriving within high altitudes. | <urn:uuid:a2f38f7c-1fd0-49c9-8793-587f201d2e51> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://lacgeo.com/category/ecological-region?page=3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476397.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303174631-20240303204631-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.881214 | 899 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Imagine eating food, talking, or smiling without teeth. Teeth are essential since they make our smiles appealing and play an important role in the digestion process. Teeth also affect our speech and may influence its development in childhood.
Tooth decay (also called cavities or caries) refers to the tooth’s damage due to the acid produced by decay-causing mouth bacteria. The condition is common in children up to 19 years of age. If left untreated, tooth decay can cause pain, bad breath, and tooth loss.
Read on to learn the causes of tooth decay, its symptoms, and the correct brushing techniques to keep teeth healthy.
How Does Tooth Decay Happen?
The development of tooth decay is a gradual process, and below are its salient features (1).
- Unclean teeth and sticky food provide an environment suitable for the bacteria to multiply.
- These bacteria form colonies and release acid into the teeth.
- The acid damages the tooth enamel, which develops tiny cracks.
- Bacteria grow within these cracks, release more acid, and create deeper cracks in the teeth.
- Eventually, the cracks begin to show brown to black discoloration, which indicates decay.
- When the cracks are in the enamel (outermost layer), there is no pain. However, when the bacteria reach the dentin (inner layer next to enamel), they cause teeth sensitivity. If bacteria reach the pulp (innermost part of the tooth with blood and nerve supply), it can lead to severe pain, swelling, and even bleeding.
Is Tooth Decay A Common Problem?
According to the CDC, dental caries is a common chronic disease among children between the ages of six and 19 years (2). Tooth decay is the second most common disorder among children after the common cold (3).
Signs And Symptoms Of Tooth Decay In Children
- Black spots and lines over the teeth
- Bad breath or a foul smell from the mouth
- Food lodgment between two teeth
- Visible holes in the teeth
- Swelling near the teeth
- Tooth sensitivity, especially when eating cold and hot food
- Pain while chewing food
Causes Of Tooth Decay
There are many causes that can lead to bacterial growth and tooth decay (5).
- Poor brushing leads to unhygienic oral conditions.
- Eating sticky foods, such as chocolates, could increase the risk of dental caries. Such foods cling to the teeth and provide favorable conditions for bacterial growth.
- Eating acid-rich foods, such as processed foods and soda.
- Harsh brushing could cause abrasion lines on the teeth, which are conducive to food adhesion.
- Unhealthy gums and plaque on the teeth can cause bacteria to grow, causing acid to attack the tooth structure.
- Misaligned teeth could lodge more food particles, increasing the risk of bacterial propagation.
- Dry mouth also helps bacteria to accumulate, leading to tooth decay. Dry mouth could occur due to poor fluid intake, medications, and some medical conditions.
- Bruxism is a condition where teeth are eroded by excessive grinding action. Erosion promotes the formation of holes, which provide spaces for bacteria.
Early childhood caries
- Incorrect bottle-feeding and breastfeeding can cause the teeth to have prolonged exposure to milk, increasing the risk of dental caries.
- Babies who sleep with bottles can have milk pool in their mouths for a long time, thus increasing the risk of bacterial growth.
- Falling asleep with a pacifier with a sweetened nipple (6).
- Not paying attention to oral hygiene and brushing early in childhood (7).
Complications Of Tooth Decay
The following are the complications of untreated tooth decay (8).
- Severe pain that interferes with chewing
- Pus formation, abscess, and swelling
- Tooth loss
- Incorrect teeth alignment due to premature loss of decayed teeth
- Infection and pus may flow into different parts of the mandible leading to masticator space infection
- Masticator space infections may spread to the brain and cause meningitis (9)
- Cellulitis where the skin and other tissues inside the mouth become infected
- Infected dental cysts (10)
Diagnosis Of Tooth Decay
A dentist diagnoses tooth decay through the following methods (11).
- An X-ray of the teeth can determine the extent of dental caries.
- Percussion of the tooth. The dentist taps the teeth to identify the infected tooth and the degree of tooth damage.
- Using blue light for identifying caries. Blue light helps diagnose the developing cracks in teeth.
- Probing the tooth to determine the firmness of its roots.
- Intraoral cameras help determine the extent of tooth decay.
- The white light fluorescence technique helps identify decay by illuminating the tooth. Decayed parts often appear darker than the rest of the tooth.
- CBCT (Cone Beam Computed Tomography) is a cone-shaped X-ray used to capture 3D images of teeth and surrounding tissues.
- A laser-based endoscope could be inserted into the mouth to detect the presence of tooth decay.
Treatments For Tooth Decay
The treatment depends on the extent of tooth decay and complications. The following are the various treatment options that could be considered for tooth decay in children.
- Caries removal and tooth fillings. The decayed part of the tooth is removed and replaced by filling containing dental adhesives, such as silver amalgam.
- Root canal treatment. It is commonly used in cases where the decay extends as far as the root of a tooth.
- These are the first-line drugs to treat dental infections. Amoxicillin and clavulanate are the most commonly used drugs to treat dental problems.
- Abscess drainage. It can be performed when there is excessive pus formation, which cannot be cured with antibiotics alone.
- Teeth scaling (cleaning) and polishing. Scaling is usually done with an ultrasonic scaler, but for highly sensitive teeth, hand scaling is required. Polishing helps to smoothen the tooth surface so that food particles do not stick to it.
- Removal of cysts. Cysts require surgical removal and are usually followed by root canal treatment.
- Removal of broken root pieces of the tooth. It is important to remove these roots as they will continue to decay and accumulate pus at their ends.
- Extraction of damaged teeth. It is done to remove the source of infection and prevent further spread of the infection.
- Crown placement over the tooth. A root canal treated tooth needs protection while performing its functions. It is achieved by placing a crown or tooth cap on top of the affected tooth.
- Dentures to compensate for tooth loss due to decay. If a tooth is removed due to decay, it is replaced with a denture to maintain optimal chewing function.
- Dental pit and fissure sealants. It can be used in children who are prone to caries.
- These are used to avoid dental erosion caused by problems, such as bruxism.
- Orthodontic treatments. It can align the teeth to reduce the chances of dental caries.
- Fluoride treatments. The most common clinical application is fluoride gel and fluoride toothpaste (1). Adding fluoride to drinking water is a way to consume fluoride.
Prevention Of Tooth Decay
There are many ways to maintain healthy teeth and gums (2).
- Brush your teeth regularly twice a day.
- Gargle with water after every meal.
- Clean between the teeth using dental floss.
- Avoid eating sticky, sugar-rich, and acid-rich foods (such as chocolates, biscuits, chips, and cold drinks).
- Replace toothbrush every three months.
- Use a soft bristle brush if your tooth enamel is prone to erosion.
- Do not apply excessive pressure on the teeth when brushing.
- Use fluoridated toothpaste. If a person lives in an area rich in fluoride in drinking water, the percentage of fluoride consumed by other methods should be monitored (1).
- Visit the dentist for regular check-ups. This can be done every six months to diagnose new caries formation.
- Choose sugar-free medications and mouthwash.
- Treat conditions such as misaligned teeth and bruxism in a timely way
Brushing Technique To Teach Kids
The following brushing techniques can help maintain optimal oral hygiene and prevent tooth decay in children.
- Hold the brush at a 45° angle to the teeth.
- Brush three teeth at a time.
- Use pea-sized toothpaste.
- The brushing action should be round. The poem “spin up and down” can be used to teach the correct brushing action.
- Drink water after eating and gargle after each meal.
- Help children brush their teeth until they are six years old
Frequently Asked Questions
1. Can tooth decay be reversed?
When dental caries is in the enamel layer, fluoride treatment, and good oral hygiene can reverse dental caries to a certain extent. Once the enamel layer is destroyed due to caries, it cannot be reversed (1).
2. Do milk teeth (primary/deciduous/baby teeth) decay need treatment?
Yes, it is important to treat baby teeth. Milk teeth need treatment because dental caries can cause pain, irritation, discomfort, and fever in young children. If the milk teeth are left untreated, they can cause caries in the permanent teeth that form below them, leading to permanently damaged teeth (12).
Every organ plays a vital role in maintaining a healthy body. Teeth are important for chewing, speech, and aesthetics. Each tooth has an essential function, and it could be difficult to live without any one of them. Therefore, children should be taught to take care of their teeth from early childhood. The right oral hygiene and regular visits to the dentist can prevent tooth decay and keep your child’s smile bright and healthy. | <urn:uuid:be238e64-74ce-462c-9684-1a0dd14fdc53> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://parentingboss.com/2020/12/22/tooth-decay-rotten-teeth-in-children-causes-and-treatment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476397.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303174631-20240303204631-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.916036 | 2,093 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Cross-cultural communication refers to the exchange of information and messages between individuals or groups from different cultural backgrounds.
In today’s globalized world, cross-cultural communication has become increasingly important as people from different cultures interact in a variety of settings, including the workplace, education, travel, and technology.
Effective cross-cultural communication requires an understanding of cultural differences in language, customs, beliefs, and behaviors.
Did you know...
- In India, saying “no” directly is considered impolite, so people may use qualifiers such as “maybe” or “let me think about it” to indicate their dissatisfaction with a proposal.
- In Japan, closing one’s eyes while listening to someone speak is a sign of respect and attention, rather than a sign of boredom or disinterest.
- In Arab cultures, it is customary to use formal titles when addressing someone, even if they are not well known.
- In some African cultures, it is customary to arrive late for appointments and events as a sign of respect for the host’s time.
- In China, gift-giving is an important aspect of building relationships, and the type and value of the gift can convey different messages.
- In some Latin American cultures, physical touch and close proximity are common and seen as signs of friendship, while in other cultures such as northern Europe, physical touch is less common and reserved for closer relationships.
- In the US and some other Western cultures, direct eye contact is seen as a sign of confidence and attentiveness, while in some Asian cultures avoiding eye contact can be a sign of respect.
These are just a few examples of the many differences in communication styles that exist across cultures. It’s important to be aware of these differences and to approach cross-cultural communication with an open mind and a willingness to learn and adapt.
Benefits of cross-cultural communication
Cross-cultural communication has numerous benefits, including:
Improved understanding: By learning about other cultures, people can gain a better understanding of different perspectives, beliefs, and values, which can lead to increased tolerance and respect for others.
Enhanced relationships: By communicating effectively with people from diverse cultures, individuals can build strong, long-lasting relationships and networks.
Increased creativity: Cross-cultural exchange can lead to new and innovative ideas, as well as fresh perspectives on problems and solutions.
Better decision-making: By considering different cultural perspectives, decision-makers can arrive at more informed and well-rounded decisions.
Improved business outcomes: In a globalized business environment, effective cross-cultural communication is essential for success. Companies that are able to communicate effectively with customers and partners from diverse cultures are often more competitive and successful.
Expanded cultural knowledge: Cross-cultural communication provides individuals with the opportunity to learn about and experience new cultures, which can broaden their knowledge and enhance their personal and professional growth.
Companies that value cross-cultural communications benefit from such advantages. For instance:
Google: Google is known for its diverse and inclusive workplace, and the company values cross-cultural communication as a key component of its success. Google offers language classes, cross-cultural training, and other programs to help employees communicate effectively with people from different cultures.
Procter & Gamble: Procter & Gamble is a global consumer goods company that recognizes the value of cultural diversity in its workforce. The company offers cross-cultural training to employees and encourages cross-cultural collaboration to drive innovation and business success.
Characteristics of organizations that value cross-cultural communication
An organization that values cross-cultural communication typically has the following characteristics:
Diversity and inclusiveness: The organization recognizes the value of diversity and actively seeks to include individuals from different cultural backgrounds in its workforce, decision-making processes, and other aspects of its operations.
Cultural awareness: Employees in the organization are knowledgeable about different cultures and are trained in cross-cultural communication and awareness.
Respect for cultural differences: The organization values and respects cultural differences, and seeks to accommodate the needs and perspectives of individuals from diverse cultures.
Open-mindedness: The organization encourages employees to be open-minded and to embrace new ideas and perspectives, even when they may be different from their own.
Effective communication: The organization values clear and effective communication and makes efforts to ensure that communication is accessible and inclusive for all employees, regardless of cultural background.
Support for cross-cultural collaboration: The organization encourages and supports cross-cultural collaboration, and seeks to create a work environment where individuals from different cultures can work together effectively and efficiently.
Continuous learning: The organization is committed to continuous learning and growth, and seeks to improve its cross-cultural communication practices over time.
Grammarly: Grammarly wrote an interesting article about Cross-cultural communication. It is more than using a language tool!
Lacking cross-cultural communication
When cross-cultural communication is not used effectively, it can result in a variety of problems, including:
Misunderstandings: Cultural differences can result in misunderstandings, which can lead to confusion, frustration, and even conflict.
Stereotyping and prejudice: When people are not exposed to different cultures, they may form stereotypes and prejudices about individuals from other cultures.
Lack of respect: When people do not understand other cultures, they may show a lack of respect for cultural differences and beliefs, which can cause offense and harm relationships.
Ineffective communication: Poor cross-cultural communication can result in ineffective communication, leading to missed opportunities and reduced productivity.
Lost business opportunities: Companies that are unable to communicate effectively with customers and partners from different cultures may miss out on business opportunities and face difficulty building long-lasting relationships.
Cultural insensitivity: When people are not aware of cultural differences, they may behave in ways that are insensitive to others, leading to cultural appropriation, miscommunication, and reduced cultural understanding.
Cross-cultural communication can be challenging for several reasons:
Language barriers: Different cultures may have different languages, which can make communication difficult. Even if people speak the same language, there may be differences in terminology, pronunciation, or meaning that can cause confusion.
Different cultural norms and values: Different cultures have different norms, values, and beliefs, which can impact the way people communicate. For example, some cultures may have a more direct communication style, while others may be more indirect.
Stereotypes and prejudice: People may have preconceived notions about individuals from other cultures, which can lead to stereotypes and prejudice. This can make it difficult for individuals from different cultures to understand and communicate with each other.
Lack of cultural awareness: People may not be aware of the cultural differences that exist between themselves and others, which can lead to misunderstandings and communication breakdowns.
Fear of offending: People may be afraid of offending others or making a mistake, which can lead to a reluctance to engage in cross-cultural communication.
Different communication styles: Different cultures may have different communication styles, such as different levels of eye contact, gestures, or body language. These differences can make it difficult for individuals from different cultures to understand each other’s messages.
Stimulating cross-cultural communication
By implementing strategies, organizations can create an environment that supports cross-cultural communication and fosters understanding and cooperation between individuals from different cultural backgrounds.
This can help organizations to reap the benefits of a diverse and culturally-aware workforce, including increased innovation, improved problem-solving, and better business outcomes.
These strategies are:
Encourage diversity and inclusiveness: Create a workplace culture that values diversity and actively seeks to include individuals from different cultural backgrounds.
Provide cross-cultural training: Offer cross-cultural training to employees to help them understand different cultural norms, beliefs, and values.
Foster open-mindedness: Encourage employees to be open-minded and to embrace new ideas and perspectives, even when they may be different from their own.
Encourage interaction and collaboration: Create opportunities for employees from different cultural backgrounds to interact and collaborate, such as team-building activities, cross-cultural mentoring programs, and cross-functional teams.
Promote clear and effective communication: Ensure that communication is clear and accessible to all employees, regardless of cultural background. Provide resources such as language classes and translation services to support effective communication.
Support cross-cultural projects: Encourage and support cross-cultural projects and initiatives that bring together individuals from different cultural backgrounds to work towards a common goal.
Celebrate cultural differences: Recognize and celebrate cultural differences, such as holidays and cultural events, to promote understanding and respect between cultures.
Practical tips for individuals
If you work in a multicultural workplace, here are some practical tips:
Be open-minded and non-judgmental: Approach cross-cultural communication with an open mind and avoid making assumptions based on stereotypes. Be respectful of different cultural beliefs, values, and norms, even if they differ from your own.
Take the time to understand cultural differences: Research the culture you will be communicating with and learn about their values, beliefs, and communication styles. This can help you avoid misunderstandings and communicate more effectively.
Listen actively: Pay attention to what the other person is saying and try to understand their point of view. Avoid interrupting or imposing your own opinions.
Use clear, concise language: Choose your words carefully and avoid using slang or idioms that may be unfamiliar to someone from a different culture. Speak at a pace that is comfortable for the listener, and be aware of non-verbal cues such as body language and facial expressions.
Show respect for cultural norms: Be aware of cultural norms such as the appropriate distance for personal space, the way to greet someone, and the appropriate way to address someone. Showing respect for cultural norms can help to build trust and foster positive relationships.
Be patient: Cross-cultural communication can sometimes be challenging, and misunderstandings may occur. Be patient and willing to work through these challenges, and try to find common ground where you can build a positive relationship.
Seek help if needed: If you are having trouble communicating with someone from a different culture, consider seeking the help of a professional interpreter or translator. Additionally, consider taking a cross-cultural communication course or working with a cross-cultural coach to improve your communication skills.
A popular and highly-regarded book on cross-cultural communication is “The Culture Map: Breaking Through the Invisible Boundaries of Global Business” by Erin Meyer.
In this book, the author provides insights and practical advice on how to navigate cross-cultural differences in the global workplace.
Meyer uses her extensive experience as a cross-cultural researcher and consultant to examine common challenges that arise in cross-cultural communication and provides a framework for understanding and addressing these challenges.
She covers topics such as leadership styles, negotiation tactics, and decision-making processes, and provides real-life examples and case studies to illustrate her points.
This book is a valuable resource for anyone working in a multicultural environment or for anyone looking to improve their cross-cultural communication skills. | <urn:uuid:4393716a-8c7b-40b7-b7c8-f8869af80ceb> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://personalgrowthforleaders.com/cross-cultural-communication/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476397.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303174631-20240303204631-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.929977 | 2,276 | 3.78125 | 4 |
On the impact of bullets exploded against a plate
This paper is a description of the physics behind the ballistic pendulum, a device used to measure the muzzle velocity of a bullet or a cannon ball. Essentially, the user makes a heavy pendulum with a known weight, then fires the projectile into the pendulum and measures how much the pendulum is swinging. Then, the law of conservation of momentum supplies the necessary formula for finding the velocity of the projectile. Benjamin Robins had invented the ballistic pendulum in 1727, and described it in his 1742 book, New principles of gunnery. Euler's 1745 translation of Robins' book (with corresponding commentary) became Euler's Neue Grundsätze der Artillerie (E77). Apparently, Euler didn't think that Robins had covered the ballistic pendulum sufficiently well, hence the need, almost 30 years later, to write this article. (Based on notes by Ed Sandifer)
Original Source Citation
Novi Commentarii academiae scientiarum Petropolitanae, Volume 15, pp. 414-436.
Opera Omnia Citation
Series 2, Volume 14, pp.448-467. | <urn:uuid:fda8b95b-a6eb-40d0-b0cd-6b0717e7c612> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/euler-works/411/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476397.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303174631-20240303204631-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.88415 | 247 | 3.875 | 4 |
Researchers at the Paul Scherrer Institute PSI have for the first time observed photochemical processes inside the smallest particles in the air. In doing so, they discovered that additional oxygen radicals that can be harmful to human health are formed in these aerosols under everyday conditions. They report on their results today in the journal Nature Communications.
It is well known that airborne particulate matter can pose a danger to human health. The particles, with a maximum diameter of ten micrometers, can penetrate deep into lung tissue and settle there. They contain reactive oxygen species (ROS), also called oxygen radicals, which can damage the cells of the lungs. The more particles there are floating in the air, the higher the risk. The particles get into the air from natural sources such as forests or volcanoes. But human activities, for example in factories and traffic, multiply the amount so that concentrations reach a critical level. The potential of particulate matter to bring oxygen radicals into the lungs, or to generate them there, has already been investigated for various sources. Now the PSI researchers have gained important new insights.
From previous research it is known that some ROS are formed in the human body when particulates dissolve in the surface fluid of the respiratory tract. Particulate matter usually contains chemical components, for instance metals such as copper and iron, as well as certain organic compounds. These exchange oxygen atoms with other molecules, and highly reactive compounds are created, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl (HO), and hydroperoxyl (HO2), which cause so-called oxidative stress. For example, they attack the unsaturated fatty acids in the body, which then can no longer serve as building blocks for the cells. Physicians attribute pneumonia, asthma, and various other respiratory diseases to such processes. Even cancer could be triggered, since the ROS can also damage the genetic material DNA.
New insights thanks to a unique combination of devices
It has been known for some time that certain reactive oxygen species are already present in particulates in the atmosphere, and that they enter our body as so-called exogenous ROS by way of the air we breathe, without having to form there first. As it now turns out, scientists had not yet looked closely enough: “Previous studies have analyzed the particulate matter with mass spectrometers to see what it consists of,” explains Peter Aaron Alpert, first author of the new PSI study. “But that does not give you any information about the structure of the individual particles and what is going on inside them.”
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Alpert, in contrast, used the possibilities PSI offers to take a more precise look: “With the brilliant X-ray light from the Swiss Light Source SLS, we were able not only to view such particles individually with a resolution of less than one micrometer, but even to look into particles while reactions were taking place inside them.” To do this, he also used a new type of cell developed at PSI, in which a wide variety of atmospheric environmental conditions can be simulated. It can precisely regulate temperature, humidity, and gas exposure, and has an ultraviolet LED light source that stands in for solar radiation. “In combination with high-resolution X-ray microscopy, this cell exists just one place in the world,” says Alpert. The study therefore would only have been possible at PSI. He worked closely with the head of the Surface Chemistry Research Group at PSI, Markus Ammann. He also received support from researchers working with atmospheric chemists Ulrich Krieger and Thomas Peter at ETH Zurich, where additional experiments were carried out with suspended particles, as well as experts working with Hartmut Hermann from the Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research in Leipzig.
How dangerous compounds form
The researchers examined particles containing organic components and iron. The iron comes from natural sources such as desert dust and volcanic ash, but it is also contained in emissions from industry and traffic. The organic components likewise come from both natural and anthropogenic sources. In the atmosphere, these components combine to form iron complexes, which then react to so-called radicals when exposed to sunlight. These in turn bind all available oxygen and thus produce the ROS.
Normally, on a humid day, a large proportion of these ROS would diffuse from the particles into the air. In that case it no longer poses additional danger if we inhale the particles, which contain fewer ROS. On a dry day, however, these radicals accumulate inside the particles and consume all available oxygen there within seconds. And this is due to viscosity: Particulate matter can be solid like stone or liquid like water—but depending on the temperature and humidity, it can also be semi-fluid like syrup, dried chewing gum, or Swiss herbal throat drops. “This state of the particle, we found, ensures that radicals remain trapped in the particle,” says Alpert. And no additional oxygen can get in from the outside.
It is especially alarming that the highest concentrations of ROS and radicals form through the interaction of iron and organic compounds under everyday weather conditions: with an average under 60 percent and temperatures around 20 degrees C., also typical conditions for indoor rooms. “It used to be thought that ROS only form in the air—if at all—when the fine dust particles contain comparatively rare compounds such as quinones,” Alpert says. These are oxidized phenols that occur, for instance, in the pigments of plants and fungi. It has recently become clear that there are many other ROS sources in particulate matter. “As we have now determined, these known radical sources can be significantly reinforced under completely normal everyday conditions.” Around every twentieth particle is organic and contains iron.
But that’s not all: “The same photochemical reactions likely takes place also in other fine dust particles,” says research group leader Markus Ammann. “We even suspect that almost all suspended particles in the air form additional radicals in this way,” Alpert adds. “If this is confirmed in further studies, we urgently need to adapt our models and critical values with regard to air quality. We may have found an additional factor here to help explain why so many people develop respiratory diseases or cancer without any specific cause.”
At least the ROS have one positive side—especially during the COVID-19 pandemic—as the study also suggests: They also attack bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens that are present in aerosols and render them harmless. This connection might explain why the SARS-CoV-2 virus has the shortest survival time in air at room temperature and medium humidity.
More information: Peter A. Alpert et al. Photolytic Radical Persistence due to Anoxia in Viscous Aerosol Particles. Nature Communications (2021). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21913-x
Image: Markus Ammann at one of the devices used to carry out the fine dust tests.
Credit: Paul Scherrer Institute/Markus Fischer | <urn:uuid:48c01755-6bcf-468f-ae5a-0e4b29bac129> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://sciencebulletin.org/particulates-are-more-dangerous-than-previously-thought/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476397.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303174631-20240303204631-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.951159 | 1,476 | 3.59375 | 4 |
The cerebral cortex is the most important part of the brain. In humans, it is by far the largest part of the brain.
Though this cannot be seen directly, different parts of the cortex have different functions (see diagram). It plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness.
In preserved brains, it is grey, so it is often called 'grey matter'. In contrast to gray matter that is formed from neurons and their unmyelinated fibers, the white matter below them is formed predominantly by myelinated axons interconnecting neurons in different regions of the cerebral cortex with each other and neurons in other parts of the central nervous system.
The surface of the cerebral cortex is folded in large mammals, such that more than two-thirds of it in the human brain is buried in the grooves.
Neocortex[change | change source]
The phylogenetically most recent part of the cerebral cortex, the neocortex, has six horizontal layers; the more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, has at most three cellular layers. Neurons in various layers connect vertically to form small microcircuits, called 'columns'.
The neocortex is the newest part of the cerebral cortex to evolve. The six-layer neocortex is a distinguishing feature of mammals; it has been found in the brains of all mammals, but not in any other animals. In humans, 90% of the cerebral cortex is neocortex.
Allocortex[change | change source]
Other parts of the cerebral cortex are:
- Allocortex: fewer than six layers, more ancient phylogenetically than the mammals, evolved to handle olfaction and the memory of smells.
The cellular organization of the old cortex is different from the six-layer structure mentioned above.
Notes[change | change source]
- The cerebrum is the forebrain of vertebrates. | <urn:uuid:7295e6b9-bca9-472b-a004-3c6b4c107258> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_cortex | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476397.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303174631-20240303204631-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.921624 | 394 | 3.671875 | 4 |
What we eat doesn’t just impact the way we look, but the way we feel, and the way we think. Not only are we influenced by food choices, but by how we view those choices. Burgers, fries, and milkshakes or salad, fruit, and water? Sometimes choosing the right meal can be difficult when we are faced with healthy vs. unhealthy options. Why not enjoy a burger once in a while, or snack on a fresh salad instead of a heavy meal? What we choose to eat doesn’t have to be limited to one type of food.
Having a healthy mindset about eating involves understanding that food is not just a source of fuel for your body, but also an important aspect of your overall health and well-being. When we view food as the problem, we may feel guilty or ashamed when we eat certain foods, leading to a negative relationship with food. When viewed in a positive light, it is a source of nourishment and can bring enjoyment. This means recognizing that all foods can fit into a healthy and balanced diet, and that no single food is inherently good or bad.
DANGERS OF UNHEALTHY EATING HABITS
Viewing food as a negative can lead to an unhealthy relationship with eating and may have negative consequences for both your physical and mental health. This train of thought can lead to some dangerous habits and mindsets:
Disordered eating – restrictive eating patterns or disordered eating, such as orthorexia or anorexia nervosa.
Nutritional deficiencies – if you are overly restrictive with your food choices, you may not be getting all the nutrients your body needs, which can lead to nutritional deficiencies.
Emotional distress – Feeling guilty or ashamed about eating certain foods can lead to emotional distress and impact mental health.
Reduced pleasure in eating – you may not be able to fully enjoy eating, leading to reduced pleasure in the experience.
Negative self-image – you may also have a negative self-image, which can impact overall well-being.
Unhealthy weight management – Viewing food as negative can lead to unhealthy weight management practices, such as extreme dieting or excessive exercise.
It’s important to view food as a positive part of life and practice balance and moderation in your eating habits. By doing so, you can create a healthier relationship with food and improve your overall well-being. So how do we change our mindset and habits?
WHAT ARE HEALTHY EATING HABITS?
Creating healthy eating habits can be challenging, but with some effort and consistency, it is possible to make long-term changes to your diet. We’ve provided some examples of healthy habits to start:
- Plan your meals – plan your meals ahead of time to ensure that you are getting the nutrients you need and avoid impulsive food choices.
- Eat a balanced diet – include a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats in your diet.
- Drink plenty of water – drinking enough water can help you stay hydrated, curb hunger, and support healthy digestion.
- Eat mindfully – eating mindfully involves paying attention to your body’s hunger and fullness cues, as well as the taste and texture of your food.
- Avoid a restrictive diet – restrictive diets can be difficult to maintain and may not provide all the nutrients your body needs. Focus on making small, sustainable changes to your eating habits instead. And don’t feel ashamed for having the occasional burger or fries!
Remember to focus on the overall pattern of your eating habits rather than individual foods or meals. This means emphasising whole, nutrient-dense foods like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins, while still allowing yourself to enjoy your favourite treats in moderation.
BENEFITS OF HEALTHY EATING HABITS
Creating healthy eating habits takes time and effort. Once you start making changes in your food, you’ll start to notice changes in other parts of your life. Some benefits include seeing improvement in your overall health which reduces the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, strokes, and diabetes. You will see an improvement in your mental health. Maintaining healthy eating habits helps to reduce the risk of depression, anxiety, and more disorders. You will experience other physical advantages such as better digestion and a stronger immune system. Healthy eating habits can even improve your energy and productivity!
Having healthy eating habits doesn’t necessarily mean staying with healthy food options 100% of the time. Remember that viewing all foods can fit into a healthy and balanced diet, and that no single food is inherently good or bad. When we change our mindsets about food, we can change the way we think and feel – in a more positive way. If you would like to discuss eating habits, or general mental health with our team, or talk to a professional for more information, please contact us HERE. | <urn:uuid:f1730971-eeae-4552-9a1d-5c93917f45d2> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://strengthcounselling.ca/2023/03/18/create-healthy-eating-habits/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476397.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303174631-20240303204631-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.948722 | 1,012 | 3.65625 | 4 |
The concept of biodegradable waste management is not a new one, but it has become increasingly important in recent years as we have come to better understand the impact of human activity on the environment. The term “biodegradable” refers to anything that can be broken down by natural processes into simpler organic materials.
Waste management is the process of handling, transporting, and disposing of waste. It includes both solid and liquid waste. Biodegradable waste management is the process of handling, transporting, and disposing of biodegradable waste.
Biodegradable waste management is also the process of dealing with organic waste in a way that minimizes its impact on the environment. This can be done through a variety of methods, including composting, anaerobic digestion, and others.
This includes both microorganisms and macroorganisms. Once these materials have been broken down, they can be used as nutrients for other organisms or be recycled back into the environment.
The most important thing to remember when it comes to biodegradable waste management is that it is a process, not a destination. There is no one perfect solution that will work for all waste, all of the time. Instead, it is important to tailor the approach to the specific waste stream.
Read Also: Guide to Proper Management of Solid Waste
The benefits derived from managing biodegradable waste properly are many. It can reduce pollution, conserve resources, and save money. Pollution is reduced because it is biodegradable.
However, there are many different types of biodegradable waste, but some common examples include food scraps, paper products, and yard waste. When these materials are disposed of in the proper way, they will break down and return to the earth, rather than sitting in a landfill and taking up space.
Biodegradable waste is an important part of sustainable living, and it’s important to be aware of what materials can be composted or recycled. Food scraps can be composted at home, or they can be taken to a local community garden or farm. Paper products can be recycled, and yard waste can be used as mulch or compost. They can also be stored using biodegradable garbage bags.
When it comes to managing biodegradable waste, there are a few different options, which will be discussed below.
Composting is the process of breaking down organic matter, such as food scraps and yard waste, into a rich soil amendment known as compost. Composting is a form of recycling, and it is a great way to reduce the amount of waste going to landfills. It also provides a valuable nutrient for gardens and landscapes.
The process of composting occurs naturally in the environment, but it can be accelerated by adding the right mix of ingredients and providing the right conditions, such as oxygen and moisture.
Composting bins or piles is a great way to manage the process at home or on a small scale. Microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, play a key role in the decomposition process, breaking down complex organic matter into simpler compounds that can be used by plants as food.
Organic matter is made up of carbon and nitrogen, and the ratio of these two elements determines how quickly the material will break down. The result of composting is a nutrient-rich soil amendment that can be used to improve the fertility of gardens and other plantings.
Anaerobic digestion is a process that can be used to break down biodegradable waste. This process can occur without the presence of oxygen, which makes it an ideal way to process waste that would otherwise be difficult to break down.
Anaerobic digestion is a slow process, but it is very effective at breaking down complex organic matter. This process can be used to generate energy, produce methane gas, and recycle nutrients back into the environment.
One of the most significant benefits of Biodegradable waste has the potential to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere. This is because the process of anaerobic digestion results in the production of methane, which is a much less potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.
Read Also: Complete Guide for Recycling e-Waste | <urn:uuid:629c7c80-aa12-41ce-9005-3b542580c927> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://wealthinwastes.com/complete-biodegradable-waste-management-guide/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476397.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303174631-20240303204631-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.943116 | 866 | 4.21875 | 4 |
What is Autism?
Autism, or Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting communication, social interaction and behaviour. Symptoms range from mild to severe and can include repetitive behaviours, difficulty with social interaction and sensitivity to stimuli. Early diagnosis and treatment, including behavioural therapy, speech therapy, and medication, can improve outcomes for children with autism. No single approach works for all children, but a tailored treatment plan can help them lead fulfilling lives.
The neurological condition known as autism, commonly referred to as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), impairs behaviour, social interaction, and communication. In the United States, autism is thought to affect 1 in 59 kids, making it a widespread disorder that has a big impact on a lot of families.
Autism symptoms can be minor to severe and can appear in a variety of ways. The inability to communicate and connect with others in social situations, repetitive behaviours, sensitivity to sensory input, and a lack of interest in pretend play are some of the hallmarks of autism. Besides from acting differently in relation to their surroundings, children with autism may also avoid physical touch or focus intensely on one thing or activity.
Autism is thought to be the result of a combination of genetic and environmental variables; it has no single known cause. According to several studies, some genes may enhance the likelihood of acquiring the illness and that autism may have a hereditary basis. Environmental elements that may contribute to the development of autism include exposure to chemicals, prenatal stress, and certain infections.
The process of diagnosing autism can be difficult, and it often entails a thorough examination by a group of medical experts, including a paediatrician, psychologist, and speech therapist. Physical examination, developmental screening, and behavioural tests may all be a part of the evaluation. To determine any underlying genetic factors, genetic testing may also be carried out in specific circumstances.
The earlier a child is diagnosed with autism, the higher their chances of making a full recovery. Early intervention is crucial to treating autism. Children with autism have access to a variety of evidence-based treatments, such as behavioural therapy, speech therapy, and medicines.
One of the most often used interventions for kids with autism is behavioural therapy. To assist children, improve their social connection, communication, and daily functioning, this sort of treatment entails teaching them new skills and behaviours. This can involve demonstrating to kids how to look others in the eye, carry on a conversation, and take part in group games.
Another crucial form of treatment for kids with autism is speech therapy. Children's language and communication abilities, which are frequently impaired by the disease, can be improved with this kind of therapy. Children may also receive assistance from speech therapists in the development of acceptable social skills, such as sharing the conversation and developing their awareness of and proficiency with nonverbal cues.
Moreover, some autism symptoms including anxiety, hyperactivity, and repetitive behaviour can be managed with medication. Antipsychotics and antidepressants are frequently used to treat these symptoms, but it's vital to remember that each child may react differently to these drugs, necessitating careful monitoring.
For kids with autism and their families, there are numerous educational and support programmes available in addition to these therapies. There are various support groups and online resources available to assist families in navigating the difficulties of raising a child with autism, in addition to the many schools that offer special education programmes for kids with autism.
Each child with autism is unique, so it's vital to keep in mind that what works for one child may not work for another. The best course of action is to carefully collaborate with your healthcare professional and create a thorough treatment plan that is catered to the specific requirements of your child.
In conclusion, a large number of kids and families are impacted by the complex disorder known as autism. Treatment for autism and enhancing a child's prognosis depend heavily on early diagnosis and intervention. Autism has no known cure, but with the correct care and support, autistic children can live happy lives and realise their full potential. | <urn:uuid:ea052836-6c89-4411-b07b-42ab8d7f7249> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.adhdbrain.coach/coaching-faqs/what-is-autism%3F | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476397.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303174631-20240303204631-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.958982 | 815 | 4.09375 | 4 |
Ocean fronts separate warmer water from cooler water across the open ocean, influencing currents, weather systems and the distribution of marine life. But as climate change alters ocean temperatures and currents, the positions and intensity of ocean fronts are also changing.
The Ocean Front CHANGE team is committed to protecting the diverse life found in these unique ecosystems, even as they continue to shift.
Watch our project video
Funded by the Belmont Forum, the Scientists of the Ocean Front Change Project aim to document ocean fronts, and the fish that use them, within the Mozambique Channel.
The Mozambique Channel
Funded by the Belmont Forum, the scientists behind Ocean Front CHANGE are placing their focus on a globally important area: the Mozambique Channel.
The Mozambique Channel is a global epicenter where ocean fronts converge. As ocean currents from the southern Indian Ocean hit the tip of Madagascar, they cause a cascade of ocean fronts to move down the channel between the coast of mainland Africa and Madagascar. These churning, nutrient-rich waters support a food web of fish and top predators like whales, dolphins, sharks and seabirds.
This project brings together conservationists and fishers in the Mozambique Channel, as they conduct research on ocean fronts, their significance for marine life and predictions on how these features may change over time.
The outcomes of this project will play a key role in addressing critical information gaps identified by stakeholders and planners that are working to protect and sustainably manage the ocean, particularly in the context of climate change.
This comes at a critical time, as governments commit to Sustainable Development Goals, communities adapt their livelihoods in response to climate change and conservation groups look for ways to protect marine life as ocean fronts continue to move due to climate change.
Our project team is composed of scientists at the leading edge of ocean modeling, biogeochemistry research on ocean fronts, marine life modeling, fisheries economics, and climate change science. Our team is a collaboration across a diverse set of countries, with scientists hailing from Mozambique, Tanzania, Kenya, France and the United States.
The Ocean Front Change project is a multinational joint effort of four organizations, funded by the Belmont Forum. | <urn:uuid:1652fa53-713f-4abe-b2ed-738fff421dab> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.conservation.org/projects/oceanfrontchange | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476397.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303174631-20240303204631-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.912241 | 450 | 3.53125 | 4 |
The concrete industry covers a broad range of terms that seems unique and unfamiliar for some people. To help the public on how to have a general understanding of the terms used within the industry.
Here is the list of the most commonly used terms and definitions in the industry:
The aggregate used to make the concrete slab more abrasive.
This is the actual volume of different ingredients that can be determined by the weight of each ingredient being divided by its gravity. Then multiplied by the weight of one cubic foot of water in pounds.
The process of water absorption is usually expressed in percentage.
Water losses that happen while the aggregate in a concrete mix undergoing the maturation process.
This refers to the process of quickly solidifying and hardening the concrete using an additive mix.
This refers to the mixture of sand, rock, crushed stone, expanded materials, or particles.
A black petroleum residue, which can either be solid or semisolid. It is a mixture of aggregates, binders, and fillers, used for different forms of construction like parking lots, roads, railway tracks, homes, buildings, sidewalks, ports, bicycle lands, etc.
It is the process of replacing the excavated soil into a trench or foundation after the excavation work is done.
It refers to the layer where the concrete is placed, usually made up of coarse stone, gravel, slag, etc.
A unit used for measurement of Portland cement. It is equal to four bags of 376 pounds.
It refers to the ready base for concrete or masonry.
The state of bonding between the cement paste and aggregates.
It refers to the process of pouring a liquid material into a mold or any hollow cavity of the desired shape it will take on as it solidifies.
A material that acts as a binder of fine ground powders that hardens when mixed with water. It is one of the components of concrete.
A manual or power operated container that is used to mix concrete ingredients using a circular motion.
It refers to the mixture of Portland cement, aggregates such as gravel, sand, and rocks, and water. It is used to build a garage, homes, buildings sidewalks, patios, and walls.
A concrete masonry unit that is bigger than a brick.
A person licensed to perform certain types of construction work.
It is a stiff sand-cement mortar that used to renovate or repair narrow areas that are usually deep than wide.
Edger (edging trowel)
A tool used to polish edges or round corners on concrete or plaster.
It is used to connect two metal forms that have gaps in between.
This refers to the polishing, smoothing, compacting, and leveling of concrete or mortar to come up with the desired appearance or result.
It refers to flat surfaces like concrete floors, driveways, basements, and sidewalks.
Another term for dry-mix shotcrete.
It refers to the chemical reaction that takes place upon mixing the cement with water.
It refers to the state where multiple building materials are placed together using any extra joining products
It refers to a furnace, oven, or heated enclosure for drying, hardening, or burning various materials.
It refers to a nylon string that is used as a guide to forms in grading.
It pertains to the cast-in-place concrete. It is the building structures of individual units that are bound together by mortar.
This is a general term referring to the combined ingredients of concrete.
A mixture used in masonry work usually composed of cement, lime, sand, and water.
This refers to a concrete mix in which only the coarse gradation of aggregate is used.
Materials typically a stone, slab or masonry, that are placed down to make an even surface.
It also refers to pouring. This is a process of placing and consolidating concrete.
It is the most common type of cement that is made up of a synthetic blend of limestone and clay. It is generally used worldwide as a basic ingredient in concrete, stucco, and mortar.
This refers to the aggregate substances that potentially react, expand, or develop chemically during the hydration process of the Portland cement.
This refers to the amount of Portland cement in a concrete mix.
It refers to the maximum unit stress that a material is capable of handling or resisting under tension.
It refers to the process of smoothing and compacting the unleveled surface of fresh concrete using a trowel.
It is a type of an aggregate that is used as an aggregate in lightweight roof decks and deck fills.
It is a synthetic rubber strip of a concrete structure used to join in concrete foundation walls. It is also used to prevent water leaks in concrete joints. | <urn:uuid:35158b63-d612-48af-928d-6ab2a1c88344> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.hvac-tab.com/category/general/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476397.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303174631-20240303204631-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.925004 | 980 | 3.53125 | 4 |
What is Wrong with the Following Piece of Mrna Taccaggatcactttgcca
It is the sequences of nucleotides in genetics that make a important role and hold great meaning. This sequence “TACCAGGATCACTTTGCCA,” known to be mRNA, becomes a subject of curiosity and intrigue for many. This article will provide you detailed insight into the important mRNA sequence, its components and how this specific sequence works.
Table of Contents
What is mRNA and Its Role in Genetic Expression?
mRNA – The Messenger of Genetic Information
Decoding the mRNA Sequence “TACCAGGATCACTTTGCCA”
Through ribosomes, the genetic code is delivered from DNA to mRNA. In order to be translated by ribosomes. Protein synthesis is the function that the ribosomes fulfill within cells. Through coding the instructions that are to be expressed from DNA and ultimately affecting an organism’s functions, mRNA serves as a crucial medium.
The mRNA codes “TACCAGGATCACTTTGCCA” some specific informations(teaches cell’s protein-making machinery to build that specific protein) how to make proteins with tRNA against this mRNA are. One can extract and unveil the meaning of the sequence by meticulously dissecting it within itself.
Analyzing the mRNA Sequence
Understanding the Building Blocks – DNA and RNA
In order to understand the mRNA string one must know what are its main components. DNA is a molecule which is buit up of four basic components; A (adenine), T(thymine), G(guanine) and C(cytosine).
There is replacement of thymine with uracil in RNA molecules instead. The sequence of mRNA “TACCAGGATCACTTTGCCA” can be read out by understanding the composition and differences in them.
Decoding the mRNA Sequence
Breaking down the mRNA sequence “TACCAGGATCACTTTGCCA,” we find the following components:
Start Codon: “TAC”
The first codon represents the beginning of making of proteins. It is stated that in such a scenario, the sequence of coding proteins starts.
Amino Acids: “CAGGATCAC”
This part is related to two things, the first one will code by a specific amino acid and the second one will not. Amino acids are the elements of proteins, the properties and composition of a protein are determined by these amino acids.
Stop Codon: “TTG”
Protein synthesis process stops when stop codon appears, which indicates ending of the sequence.
After identifying TACCAGGATCACTTTGCCA, let’s discuss its pattern and probable impacts.
The Implications of the mRNA Sequence “TACCAGGATCACTTTGCCA”
Unlocking the Message Within
The sequence of mRNA “TACCAGGATCACTTTGCCA” conveys some crucial information. This grants how the protein expressed should remain shaped and what roles it will serve within the human body. This sequence can help scientists to figure out what kind of potential genetic diseases there may be, how our cells respond to those diseases and the medicines we make against them.
Future Applications in Medicine and Research
Learning about different codes in DNA can help to provide better medicines for particular diseases and it also allows to examine illnesses before they occur. In order to ensure better health results, and address genetic issues Researchers can change the mRNA.
The given mRNA sequence “TACCAGGATCACTTTGCCA” is highly important in gene expression and for protein formation. Scientists can revolutionize the field of medicine if they understand this sequence and there is a possibility to gain new insights for life working systems.
Though we have initially started to comprehend the importance of this data; more exploration would surely bring us further unknown patterns or information outwards. | <urn:uuid:fbe6da30-1483-4e41-93b9-9d3ab0dd4e35> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.knowaboutanything.com/what-is-wrong-with-the-following-piece-of-mrna-taccaggatcactttgcca/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476397.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303174631-20240303204631-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.917172 | 838 | 3.5 | 4 |
In preparation for teaching english
as a foreign language (tefl
) two articles were recommended to me: first was "Learning Differences -- NOT Learning Disabilities" by Thomas Armstrong; and second was "Reforming the Educational System to Enable All Students to Succeed" by Dr. Sue Teele. Both articles introduce multiple learning intelligences, or "MI." This framework analyzes how humans learn and is gaining influence in progressive schools worldwide. Here I will give an overview of MI then suggest ideas for using it in tefl
MI was theorized by Howard Gardener, a psychologist who studied victims of brain trauma. He examined a number of unusual cases where victims exhibited strange behaviors within particular circumstances, but behaved normally in others. His book Frames of Mind shared the case of a man who had had a traumatic brain injury: afterwards he was completely unable to recognize his parents. He would sit in a room and yell at them, calling them "impostors." Yet he'd take a phone call from them and recognize them instantly, treating them normally. Intrigued, Gardener studied such cases and learned that our perception is divided into different types of data and processed in different areas of the brain. Thus, damage to a particular area of the brain would compromise a particular type of processing or "intelligence." For the unfortunate man above, his connection to his parents through his visual system was broken, but it still existed through his auditory channel. This was a significant breakthrough in understanding learning: the brain breaks down experiences, then processes and recombines these into knowledge. More importantly, these intelligences work together synergistically to create understanding. His initial research identified seven intelligences; and later added an eighth. The intelligences Gardener has identified are:
? Spatial Our ability to navigate and identify shapes; includes visual perception.
? Linguistic Processing and using language.
? Logical-Mathematical Reasoning and using quantitative skills.
? Musical This sound-component of knowledge includes identifying and reproducing melody, rhythm, and timbre.
? Body-Kinesthetic Knowledge through movement. As with other intelligences it is linked to other activities, for example learning to spell includes learning to write letters and words.
? Intrapersonal This and the following intelligence are closely linked, although they are distinct. This one is concerned with emotions and reflection.
? Interpersonal The other "Personal" intelligence, it's learning and processing through interacting with others.
? Naturalistic This is the most recent addition: basically it is our ability to understand and engage with living things. This contains our ability to recognize patterns, so while helping our ancestors distinguish cows from bulls (important for getting milk!) and edible berries from poisonous ones, today it also helps us differentiate between a toaster-oven and a computer.
In identifying these Gardener pointed out several key facts: first, that all humanity across cultures has these hard-wired into our brains. Also, that the intelligences work together to help us learn and create knowledge. Third, that all of us use all the intelligences all the time: they are integral to living and working.
An example from my own work: sound editing draws on spatial and musical (matching speech movements on camera to the words spoken in the audio track), naturalistic (patterns of sounds in the background; the flow of the story line), and interpersonal intelligences (matching all of this to a larger story envisioned by the editor and director). I also remember growing up watching a TV series called "Schoolhouse Rock." They were cartoons that used songs and visuals to teach multiplication, American history, and english
grammar. Even today I still hear some songs when doing multiplication! MI is a powerful concept and I immediately began thinking of how to use it in class.
As to tefl
if we reflect, we all learn on our own native language through the various intelligences: intrapersonal (hunger, happiness, comfort) and interpersonal (love, practicing speaking with others and being understood), spatial (seeing and identifying "mom", "apple"), kinesthetic ("play", "go", "eat"), etc. Our native language will always be our best, yet that doesn't preclude becoming skilled in other languages. Many people have more than one 'native' language, having grown up in multi-lingual environments where all of these factors shaped all of their languages. So I've started to think about how I can use MI to teach english
I do not know yet the backgrounds of my students: still, I've thought of some ways MI could be helpful. Reflecting on how to connect what students are learning to why, I can have students share their past experiences with english
along with their present and intended uses for english
going forward. They could share stories of meeting english
speakers at work or while traveling (interpersonal, intrapersonal, spatial); listen to and learn songs (musical); as well as the traditional approaches of identifying objects by their english
names (spatial, naturalistic) and learning lists of vocabulary (linguistic).
So far MI has helped me design activities. In Unit 20, I outlined activities I think bridge several intelligences while also being fun. Designed for intermediate learners the activities involve writing on their own (linguistic, intrapersonal); reviewing other people's writing (linguistic, naturalistic, interpersonal); working with others and presenting (interpersonal, kinesthetic). I'm looking forward to also creating activities using drawing or music.
Many exercises that already use MI well are standard in teaching english
: boarding, handwriting assignments, memorizing vocabulary, listening, reading stories and articles. Yet MI offers
an expanded way of viewing learning, and I am hopeful that I can create activities that mirror the students' lives outside of class while at the same time build their capacity to master english | <urn:uuid:c55e6ded-bbf0-4ea8-bb5a-f78152e9aeb0> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.tefl-certificate.net/tefl-cities/tefl-xingyi/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476397.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303174631-20240303204631-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.958295 | 1,198 | 3.515625 | 4 |
This Integers Jeopardy Game has a variety of math problems with signed numbers. When playing this fun game, middle school students will have the opportunity to practice working in teams to solve math problems.
The excellent classroom activity has 3 categories: Adding and Subtracting Integers, Multiplying Integers, and Dividing Integers. This game has a single-player feature, and a multi-player option. It can be played on computers, iPads, and other tablets. You do not need to install an app to play this game on the iPad. Enjoy this fun game and test your knowledge about integers. How many points can you (or your team) earn?
The game is based on the following Common Core Math Standards:
CC.7.NS.2.b Understand that integers can be divided, provided that the divisor is not zero, and every quotient of integers (with non-zero divisor) is a rational number. If p and q are integers, then –(p/q) = (–p)/q = p/(–q). Interpret quotients of rational numbers by describing real world contexts.
CC.7.NS.1 Apply and extend previous understandings of addition and subtraction
to add and subtract rational numbers.
CC.7.NS.1.c Understand subtraction of rational numbers as adding the additive inverse, p – q = p + (–q). | <urn:uuid:560a5a44-ab3f-4fc5-b912-eb9bf1510df9> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://www.math-play.com/Integers-Jeopardy/Integers-Jeopardy.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948217723.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305024700-20240305054700-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.917278 | 296 | 3.625 | 4 |
Scientifically known as Chronic Waste Disease (CWD), it has been known to affect various species of hoofed animals including moose, reindeer and mule deer which leads them to develop dementia-like symptoms ranging from drooling and stumbling to a lack of fear of people.
Scientists believe CWD can be contracted from the bodily fluids of other animals and may occur even once that other animal has passed. Its impact has been described as “always fatal”.
Since 1997, the World Health Organisation recommended keeping the agents of all known prion diseases, which are those related to a clump in the brain causing brain damage, from entering the human food chain. However, CWD can be especially difficult to diagnose according to the Centres for Control Disease and Prevention (CDC), because these symptoms can occur with other diseases.
Fears over CWD spreading to humans follow a recent increase in spill-over events. Moreover, a US report recently flagged that certain diseases transmitted from animals to humans could kill 12 times as many people in 2050 as they did in 2020.
Of the concern over CWD spreading, specialist researcher Doctor Cory Anderson told The Guardian: “The mad cow disease outbreak in Britain provided an example of how, overnight, things can get crazy when a spill-over event happens from, say, livestock to people.
“We’re talking about the potential of something similar occurring. No one is saying that it’s definitely going to happen, but it’s important for people to be prepared.”
Mad cow disease, also known as Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BVE), was first detected in the UK in the 1980s before there were between 100,000-200,000 confirmed cases in the following decade.
The disease is one causing cows’ brains to become spongy and full of holes. If a human subsequently gets Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (what is linked in humans from BVE), it is probable they may have difficulty walking and have balance and coordination problems.
Other tell-tale signs include slurred speech, numbness, pins and needles and dizziness.
The mad cow disease is thought to have cost the UK economy over £740 million.
Views expressed in this article are the opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of Collective Spark.
* * *
Global Elite “Fear A Rebellion Is Brewing”, Says CEO of Large Doomsday-Bunker Builder
According to the CEO of one of the world’s largest doomsday bunker builders for the elitists, those who are in power currently fear a “rebellion” of those who they are ruling over.
Ron Hubbard, the CEO of Atlas Survival Shelters, while being interviewed by The Canadian Prepper tells us right away, the ‘bunker building business‘ is exploding as the elitists begin to fear the masses waking up.
We know we are slaves, and those who have followed this blog know we aren’t “losing freedom” but we never had freedom. What we are losing is the illusion that we are free. But the rest of humanity is finally waking up and evolving past needing masters to enslave them and steal the fruits of their labour.
* * *
Enjoyed it? Please take a moment to show your support for Collective Spark.
We’d love to hear from you! If you have a comment about this article or if you have a tip for a future Collective Spark Story please let us know below in the comment section. | <urn:uuid:6d1a695b-1a35-4b1c-b62f-ac60bf166898> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://collective-spark.xyz/breaking-news-zombie-deer-disease-is-at-risk-of-spreading-to-humans/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948217723.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305024700-20240305054700-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.957126 | 744 | 3.546875 | 4 |
As a literary masterpiece, Lord of the Flies has been widely regarded as one of the great fictional works on human nature, society and politics. The book is set on a deserted island after a plane crash, where a group of British schoolboys are stranded with no adults to supervise them. In their attempt to survive, they create their own society, complete with rules, leadership and social hierarchy. As the story unfolds, the significance of the scar becomes a central theme that illustrates how the boys’ fundamental nature is tested and revealed.
The scar in Lord of the Flies refers to an area of forest that has been destroyed by a plane crash. It is symbolic of the destructive nature of human beings and their relationship with nature. The scar also serves as a physical representation of the boys’ separation from their previous lives and society. It is the boundary between civilization and the wild, and becomes a crucial element in determining the boys’ behavior.
One of the most significant aspects of the scar is its impact on the boys’ psyche. For the boys, the scar represents their isolation from the world and their loss of the familiar. The scar then becomes a source of fear, a reminder of their vulnerability in the face of an unpredictable environment. It is a symbol of their powerlessness, and their need for order and control. When they first discover the scar in the opening chapter, it is described as “a deep gash” that gave “the impression of an endless, hopeless journey”. This sets the tone for the rest of the novel, as the boys struggle to cope with their situation.
The scar also plays a role in the boys’ sense of identity. Before being stranded on the island, they were members of a civilized society, with rules and structure. However, once they arrive on the island, their sense of identity is challenged, as they are forced to adapt to a new environment. The scar is a reminder of their past, a connection to their previous selves. However, it is also an obstacle to their development, as it marks the boundary between their old lives and the new society they are creating.
Another important aspect of the scar is its connection to the theme of destruction. The scar is a result of a violent act, the plane crash, and represents the boys’ desire for destruction. Throughout the novel, the boys demonstrate their destructive tendencies, from their initial excitement at the idea of hunting to their eventual descent into savagery. The scar serves as a physical manifestation of their destructive impulses, and becomes a symbol of the boys’ potential for violence.
In conclusion, the significance of the scar in Lord of the Flies is multifaceted. It represents the boys’ isolation, their loss of identity, and their destructive tendencies. It also serves as a physical manifestation of the boundary between civilization and the wild. The scar is a powerful symbol of the boys’ struggle to survive, and their journey towards self-discovery. Ultimately, it demonstrates the fragility of human nature, and the potential for both good and evil within us all. | <urn:uuid:0420828e-f7f8-4199-a247-b316cf40473f> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://delteria.app/understanding-the-significance-of-the-scar-in-lord-of-the-flies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948217723.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305024700-20240305054700-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.974139 | 631 | 3.625 | 4 |
Building the Courtroom, Building the Case
In the 1920s and 1930s, the German city of Nuremberg was host to massive and lavish rallies for the Nazi Party. At the end of World War II, more than three-quarters of the city of Nuremberg, Germany, lay in rubble. The Palace of Justice was selected by the Allied powers as the location for the International Military Tribunal (IMT) because it was the only undamaged facility extensive enough to accommodate a major trial. The site contained 20 courtrooms and a prison capable of holding 1,200 prisoners.
Major General I.T. Nikitchenko, the head of the Soviet delegation who later served as the Soviet judge during the IMT, agreed to this location with the provision that Berlin be the formal seat of the tribunal. US Supreme Court Justice Robert H. Jackson, head of the American delegation and chief of counsel for the United States during the IMT, agreed. Jackson, however, expected Berlin to be merely symbolic, with the bulk of the trial to be held in Nuremberg. On October 18, 1945, the tribunal's first official session took place in Berlin where prosecutors delivered the indictments. The court then adjourned to Nuremberg where the opening session was held on November 20.
To accommodate the needs of this special trial, the main courtroom at the Palace of Justice was doubled in size as a wall was knocked down and the ceiling raised. A visitors' gallery was constructed along with a gallery to hold 250 members of the international press. Also integral to the trial was the installation of equipment, wiring, and cabling for a simultaneous translation system.
Series: International Military Tribunal
Critical Thinking Questions
- How did national histories, agendas, and priorities affect the effort to try war criminals after the war?
- Beyond the verdicts, what impact can trials have?
- How were various professions involved in implementing Nazi policies and ideology? What lessons can be considered for contemporary professionals?
- The International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg is among the best known postwar trials. Investigate trials conducted by other countries after the Holocaust. | <urn:uuid:5a66f943-3e8a-4641-be5a-bd246d56fbaa> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/building-the-courtroom-building-the-case?series=29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948217723.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305024700-20240305054700-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.964694 | 432 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Little information is publicly known about Catherine L. Gibbon and her achievements. The legacy of her invention remains in tact because of the 1892 case file compiled by The Franklin Institute's Committee on Science and the Arts. Although details of Gibbon's life are sketchy, a glimpse of her scientific accomplishment is possible through exploration of the century-old documents found here.
Women and Transportation
Catherine L. Gibbon was born about 1851 in New York. (The name is sometimes seen as "Catharine," but appears in the case file and will be referenced throughout as "Catherine.") Though very few details about the woman and her life were uncovered in the researching of this case file, American women have been responsible for making improvements in travel for close to two centuries.
By the mid 1800s, Americans primarily traveled by walking, horse and carriage, steam ships, and canal boats. The era of the iron horse soon followed. Many women inventors contributed to improving safety and reducing noise pollution from trains. Mary I. Riggins developed a railway crossing gate, Eliza Murfey patented more than a dozen devices used to lubricate railroad-car axles and reduce the number of derailments, and Mary Walton created a system—which cradled the track in a wooden box lined with cotton and filled with sand—to reduce noise for elevated railroads in New York City. Walton later sold the rights to that system to the Metropolitan Railroad of New York City.
A woman working in the field of engineering in the 19th century was quite uncommon. Acknowledgement for her work was even less probable. Gibbon's improvements in street railway construction are noteworthy; her recognition in 1892 by a reputable Institution for those improvements is remarkable.
The United States 1880 Federal Census reveals some basic biographical information about Catherine Gibbon. In that year, she was 29 and living in Bethlehem, Albany, New York, with her husband Thomas H. Gibbon and three daughters: Sarah, Nancy, and Clara. Catherine's occupation on the census form is not listed as "engineer" or "inventor," but rather is recorded simply as "Keeping House."
Primitive railed roads called wagonways, consisting of wooden rails, were used in Germany as early as the 16th century. In the beginning of the modern railroad, wagonways allowed horse-drawn wagons and carts to move with greater ease than they did over dirt roads. By 1776, wooden wheels and rails were replaced with iron ones. Wagonways—and later "tramways"—spread throughout Europe. By the late 1780s, flanged wheels were designed, an important feature that carried over to later locomotives. The flange was a groove that allowed wheels a better grip on rails. Invention of the steam engine was vital to the invention of trains and the modern railroad.
A Good Foundation
The foundation of all good railroading is a good track, without which, no matter how superior all other appliances and equipment may be, there can be no success. Speed, safety and economy in operating expenses, all depend upon the character of the track.1
As the railroads expanded and more tracks were laid, there was much debate over what materials should be used in construction of the rails and how to use them efficiently. Poor building materials were susceptible to moisture retention from rainy or snowy weather conditions, contributing to a weakening of the track system. Weakened joints in the track were a particular problem; it was no easy task to hold the adjacent ends of two shallow rails or bars firmly together under the impact of the heavily-loaded wheels of a train. Weak joints potentially caused the track to impart a rolling or jumping motion to the train.
1Paine, Charles. "The Elements of Railroading."
According to the Gibbon Duplex Street Railway Tracks Catalogue No. 1, none of the systems of railway track in use in the late 1800s were free from the "serious defect of "weak joints,"" despite the heaviness of the rails used in the construction of street railways. The Gibbon Double Girder Lap-Joint Track was invented to overcome these defective systems.
The Gibbon system saw an unreasonable number of metal parts assembled at each joint in other systems of the day, asserting that a well-known system pieced together no less than 28 separate pieces of metal at each joint and required 25 individual holes be made. The Gibbon Double Girder Lap-Joint Track boasted just six metal parts pieced at the semi-joints and eliminated the need for timber, spikes, bolts, and nuts entirely. Claiming that its construction cut down on the need for maintenance or repairs, the creators of the Gibbon system also marketed it as having a reasonable cost.
Throughout the Catalogue, the creators of the Gibbon system maintain that "The essence of good girder-rail construction is in lapping joints and doing away with "the splice bar fit.""
The Gibbon track was composed of four main parts: the rail, the chair, the tie-bar, and the wedge.
The rail consisted of a head section and a flange section. The web of both sections, located directly under the center of the bearing surface, was mortised every two and one half feet of the rail to receive the wedge locks. Combined, the two sections created a complete rail; where head sections joined they were supported by solid flange section and where flange sections joined they were supported by solid head section. Through this series of underlapping and overlapping rails, a jointless track that evenly distributed load was formed.
There were two kinds of chairs, which could be constructed of any depth to suit the pavement: the joint chair, placed at each semi-joint of the rails, and the intermediate chair, placed at intervals between semi-joints. The vertical slots of the chairs received the web of the head and flange sections of the rails. The T slots received the tie bars and the wedges.
A 2-inch-wide by 3/8 to 1/2-inch thick piece of steel, the tie-bar was slotted to any gauge desired near each end to receive the webs of the head and flange sections of the rail. The tie-bar locked the rails together, "perfectly and permanently gauging the track."
This piece was an automatic lock of true wedge shape with "harpoon" points. Once driven through the mortise holes in the chair and rail and over the tie-bar, the wedge locked the entire structure and itself in, binding the rails vertically while permitting them to expand and contract. The only way to force the wedge out was to compress the harpoon points with a tool and drive it out.
First, longitudinal trenches of appropriate width and lateral trenches for tie-bars were created. The metal chairs were then positioned in the longitudinal trenches, on a foundation of either stone or concrete, and the tie-bars were slipped through the chairs so that the slots in the tie-bars corresponded to the slots in the chairs. Connected by tie-rods, a pair of joint chairs was placed every fifteen feet. The intermediate chairs were placed every five feet.
Wooden templets that corresponded to the "web" of each section of rail were then placed longitudinally in the grooves of the chairs. Operation of these templets spaced the chairs and aligned and gauged the track. Next, the trench was filled with sand or fine concrete and tamped. Only then could the inner templet be removed and the girder of the flange section put in place, and the outer templet removed and the girder of the head section put in place, so that the head and flange sections formed a jointless track. Once two sections of rail were correctly positioned, the wedges were driven into place.
The Gibbon Double Girder Lap-Joint Track system claimed ten advantages that are outlined below. Through correspondence with the Committee on Science and the Arts, it appears that the tenth claim, that of cost, was questioned. Thomas Gibbon and his consulting engineers offered further information, and asked the Committee to reconsider the tenth claim of superiority.
- The durableness and permanence of an all metal system.
- The smoothness and stability of a track absolutely free from weak joints
- Increased vertical and lateral strength with no increase of metal
- Freedom from torsional strain—the bearing surface being directly supported by the vertical webs
- Increased wearing capacity of head rail
- In renewal, the discarding of the worn portion only, and not the entire rail
- Perfect alignment and accurate gauge maintained, with required freedom for expansion and contraction
- Simplicity of construction which enables rapidity in track laying and a minimum disturbance of the public streets
- Maintenance of an absolute contact of metal, which obviates the necessity of "bonding joints" in electrical traction
- A reasonable first cost, and great reduction in track maintenance and repaire
Two mechanical patents were issued to Catherine L. Gibbon by the U.S. Patent Office in Albany, New York, on June 3, 1890. One was for construction of side-bearing railway tracks (429,127) and one for construction of railway tracks (429,128). Two additional patents were issued jointly between Catherine and her husband, Thomas H. Gibbon on September 22, 1891, in New York, New York. The first was for construction of railroad tracks (459,780) and the second for compound rail for railway tracks (459,781).
Catherine L. Gibbon was awarded the John Scott Legacy Medal in 1892 for "Improvement in Street Railway Track Construction." The sub-Committee report, dated April 1 of that year, can be found below, as well as the Gibbon Duplex Street Railway Track Claims for Superiority. Two separate report covers appear at right.
The Catherine L. Gibbon presentation was made possible by support from The Barra Foundation and Unisys. | <urn:uuid:78423ca2-fa97-4e78-b5bd-ca6eba062b9b> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://fi.edu/en/news/case-files-catherine-l-gibbon | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948217723.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305024700-20240305054700-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.968063 | 2,054 | 3.53125 | 4 |
A recent study published in the journal Emotion, finds that chimpanzees are capable of making some nuanced distinctions between facial expressions. The study is notable not only for what it reveals about chimps’ social intelligence—it’s pretty sophisticated, it turns out—but for what it suggests about the evolution of human emotion.
In the study, led by Lisa Parr of Emory University, researchers showed chimpanzees a series of computer-generated faces. The chimps had the chance to match each face either to an identical image or to an image of a similar but different emotional expression, characterized by slightly different facial muscle movements. If they chose correctly, the chimps were rewarded with food; if their choice was wrong, they got nothing.
Some scientists would have been skeptical that chimps could make these kinds of distinctions. They assume humans’ emotional categories are really just products of the language we use to describe emotions—human constructions that don’t really represent the true nature of our emotional world.
However, the chimps in this study proved adept at recognizing the subtle distinctions between facial expressions; for the most part, their selections were accurate enough to indicate that they weren’t just getting lucky. This suggests chimps don’t only make broad, simplistic distinctions between positive and negative displays of emotion. Instead, they seem to interpret facial muscle movements with enough accuracy to differentiate between similar emotional states, like how we distinguish between different colors, foods, or scents.
The fact that chimps make these emotional distinctions suggests these distinctions are probably deeply rooted in human nature, stretching back to at least seven million years ago, when humans and chimps split off from one another on the evolutionary line.
Consider one kind of distinction the chimps were asked to make: between a laugh-like “play” face and a bared-teeth smile. These two expressions are represented in the images above (two of the actual computerized images the researchers used in their study). The bared-teeth expression, on the left, is a predecessor to the human smile. The zygomatic major, the risorius, and the buccinator muscles around the upper and lower lip all contract to reveal the teeth. Chimps usually make this expression as a sign that they’re submitting or cowering before a dominant other.
The other image depicts a different expression that also resembles a smile; the researchers call it a play face. Chimps, especially adolescent chimps, make this expression in different contexts from the bared-teeth expression—when they’re playing, when they’re tickling, when they’re feeding, or just goofing off. This expression is more relaxed: their jaw drops and their mouth is open, so there’s no tension in the muscles that reveal the teeth.
We can see similar differences in the accompanying human faces, which are from a set of photos I’ve taken in my lab. The first photo is very close to the bare teeth display of the chimp—it’s more of a deferential smile—and the second shows a jaw drop and open mouth, roughly equivalent to a chimp’s play face.
It’s one thing to observe that humans and chimps share certain differences between these kinds of positive emotional displays. But it’s even more profound to recognize that these differences have deep significance in the mind of the chimpanzee. It suggests that primates, including humans, are intrinsically attuned to these nuances in emotional expression. Part of our evolutionary legacy, it seems, is our capacity to express and interpret a variety of cooperative, positive signals. | <urn:uuid:e702a3a4-8a5f-43aa-856c-11ac41e1f4dd> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/body_language | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948217723.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305024700-20240305054700-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.944788 | 751 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Today we look at two words that may cause some difficulty for English learners. Both can help us describe what is happening in a place or with a person.
“Situation” and “condition” often appear to have the same meaning. However, looking closer, you will find that they cannot always be used for the same purpose. The confusion grows when one word is used to define the other.
The Merriam-Webster Learner’s Dictionary uses the word “condition” in its definition of “situation” as “all of the facts, conditions, and events that affect someone or something at a particular time and in a particular place.”
Recently, the word “situation” is appearing in news reports about reopening businesses and social events after the coronavirus health crisis. For example,
Maryland’s situation is getting better as it reports the second day with no COVID deaths.
Actors in movies often use the word “situation” to warn of a problem, as Will Smith did playing Agent J in the 2002 movie, Men in Black:
We're the Men in Black. We have a situation, and we need your help.
There are older, much less common uses of the word “situation” that mean the way something is placed or to be employed somewhere.
I found a situation in one of the city’s biggest companies.
Moving on to “condition,” we find that the basic meaning is “the state in which something exists.” This can refer to a person, or in the plural, to their surroundings. We use the preposition “in” when describing a person’s physical state or health.
He is in serious condition at Washington Hospital Center.
But the meaning changes a little when the word is plural.
They found the refugees were living in poor conditions; they had no running water or electricity.
To describe someone’s health or fitness, you can add “in” to say:
She has been training hard, so she is in good condition for the race.
But to describe someone who is not as fit as they should be, you would use the preposition “out,” as in this statement:
The runner is out of condition because of his injury last month.
“Conditions” can also mean “something that you must do or accept in order for something to happen.” In a contract, for example, there are often conditions for continuing the agreement.
Conditions for this contract are that the place of business remains open and the employee is under age 65.
We use the preposition “on” when an action depends on another action, as in this example:
The employee spoke to a reporter on condition of anonymity.
The next time someone asks you to report on your situation, you will know that you can include the word “condition” in your answer. Here’s an example:
A: What is your situation?
B: I’m in an excellent situation under very good conditions.
We will leave you with a song that brings us back to describing our heath. This 1968 song warns of drug use leading to bad health and bad conditions. This is Kenny Rogers and the First Edition:
... eight miles high
I tore my mind on a jagged sky
I just dropped in to see what condition my condition was in
Yeah, yeah, oh yeah
What condition my condition was in...
And that’s Everyday Grammar!
I’m Jill Robbins.
Dr. Jill Robbins wrote this lesson for Learning English. Mario Ritter, Jr. was the editor.
Words in This Story
anonymity – n. the quality or state of being unknown to most people; the quality or state of being anonymous
particular –adj. describing the specific thing being talked about and not others
refer to –v. to talk about; to write about; to mention
Use “situation” or “condition” in a sentence. We want to hear from you. Write to us in the Comments Section. | <urn:uuid:2f016553-399b-404a-83b1-84400f24ba8a> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/is-a-situation-a-condition-/5940118.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948217723.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305024700-20240305054700-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.956779 | 883 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Bulgaria World War I
Source: The Library of Congress Country Studies
The settlement of the Second Balkan War had also inflamed Bosnian nationalism. In 1914 that movement ignited an AustrianSerbian conflict that escalated into world war when the European alliances of those countries went into effect.
Prewar Bulgarian Politics
Supported by Ferdinand, the government of Prime Minister Vasil Radoslavov declared neutrality to assess the possible outcome of the alliances and Bulgaria's position relative to the Entente (Russia, France, and Britain) and the Central Powers (AustriaHungary and Germany). From the beginning, both sides exerted strong pressure and made territorial offers to lure Bulgaria into an alliance. Ferdinand and his diplomats hedged, waiting for a decisive military shift in one direction or the other. The Radoslavov government favored the German side, the major opposition parties favored the Entente, and the agrarians and socialists opposed all involvement. By mid-1915 the Central Powers gained control on the Russian and Turkish fronts and were thus able to improve their territorial offer to Bulgaria. Now victory would yield part of Turkish Thrace, substantial territory in Macedonia, and monetary compensation for war expenses. In October 1915, Bulgaria made a secret treaty with the Central Powers and invaded Serbia and Macedonia.
Data as of June 1992
NOTE: The information regarding Bulgaria on this page is re-published from The Library of Congress Country Studies. No claims are made regarding the accuracy of Bulgaria World War I information contained here. All suggestions for corrections of any errors about Bulgaria World War I should be addressed to the Library of Congress. | <urn:uuid:b6fbe4a5-c85d-47a6-9fcf-c3817582a7b3> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://workmall.com/wfb2001/bulgaria/bulgaria_history_world_war_i.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948217723.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305024700-20240305054700-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.927777 | 322 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Caring and cooperation are positive behaviours we'd all like to see in our children; however, very young children tend to be egocentric which means they see themselves at the centre of their world. As they grow, children start to develop social awareness and learn to care more about other people and their feelings, reactions and perspectives.
As young children build relationships, they learn how their words and actions affect others. They come to understand that what they say and do can make people feel good or make people feel sad. If children see thoughtfulness and cooperation modelled, they learn to collaborate, practice kindness, and do things for others.
Tips to Help Children Learn to Care and Cooperate
Acknowledge that child development is a journey and give choices. Set reasonable expectations for cooperation for your child. Some young children are able to wait patiently while you help a neighbour; for others, that might be a challenge. Some young children might want to draw a picture on a card for a friend's birthday, while others might prefer to give a hug.
Talk with children about their feelings. Teach them words that identify emotions to help children build emotional intelligence. Children need to be aware of their own emotions before they can empathize with and respond to someone else's. Ask children how they feel about different situations. Talk about real life scenarios and discuss possible choices. Ask questions that require a child to take another's perspective, "How do you think he felt when he fell down?" Read some books about cooperating, demonstrating kindness and helping other and discuss while reading together.
Validate caring behaviours when they occur. "It was very kind of you to help Stewart when he fell out of the wagon." Or, "Thank you for helping me put the shopping away."
Empower children by eliciting their ideas and suggestions about a situation. If another child at school is experiencing difficulties or challenging behaviour, ask your child questions to extend his understanding of what transpired. Teaching them to care is a great way to help children learn how to build meaningful friendships. "How do you think that child is feeling?" "What do you think you can do to help?"
Explain situations and expectations beforehand. "Aunt Trudy is coming to visit. It would make her feel so happy if each of us say 'hi', smile at her or give her a hug when she arrives. What else do you think we can do to help her feel happy?"
Volunteer as a family. There are many meaningful ways for families to help brighten the lives of people in need. Get involved with organizations such as The Bright Horizons Foundation for Children, and learn about ways that your family can contribute toward the well-being of others.
Above all, model the values we want our children to learn. We parents are the first and most important teachers for our children. None of us is perfect but we can all be thoughtful and make concern for others part of our family culture. Be it delivering meals to people in need, donating toys and books, reaching out to someone new, or expressing gratitude, we can all guide our children to create a more compassionate world. | <urn:uuid:b6dd28a7-1b2f-46e5-b807-8e789ac43385> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.brighthorizons.co.uk/family-zone/family-resources/blog/2017/02/teaching-children-to-care | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948217723.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305024700-20240305054700-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.964126 | 636 | 4.4375 | 4 |
What is Head And Neck Cancer
“Head and neck cancer” is the term used to describe a number of different malignant tumors that develop in or around the throat, larynx, nose, sinuses, and mouth.
Most head and neck cancers are squamous cell carcinomas. This type of cancer begins in the flat squamous cells that make up the thin layer of tissue on the surface of the structures in the head and neck. Directly beneath this lining, which is called the epithelium, some areas of the head and neck have a layer of moist tissue, called the mucosa. If cancer is only found in the squamous layer of cells, it is called carcinoma in situ. If cancer has grown beyond this cell layer and moved into the deeper tissue, then it is called invasive squamous cell carcinoma. If doctors cannot identify where cancer began, it is called a cancer of unknown primary.
Types of head and neck cancer
There are types of head and neck cancer, each named according to the part of the body where they develop.
1. Oropharyngeal Cancer
A disease in which cancerous cells are found in the tissues of the oropharynx – the middle part of the throat (also called the pharynx) . This includes the soft palate/back of the mouth, the base of the tongue and the tonsils. The pharynx is a hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose (nasopharynx) and goes down to the neck (hypopharynx) to become part of the esophagus, the tube that goes to the stomach. Air and food pass through the pharynx on the way to the windpipe (trachea) or the esophagus.
2. Hypopharyngeal Cancer
A disease in which cancerous cells are found in the tissues of the hypopharynx—the bottom part of the throat, also called the pharynx. The pharynx is a hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose (nasopharynx) and goes down to the neck (hypopharynx) to become part of the esophagus, the tube that goes to the stomach. Air and food pass through the pharynx on the way to the windpipe (trachea) or the esophagus. Cancer of the hypopharynx most commonly starts in the cells that line the hypopharynx.
3. Laryngeal Cancer
A disease in which cancerous cells are found in the tissues of the larynx (voice box). The larynx (voice box) is located just below the pharynx (throat) in the neck. The larynx contains the vocal cords, which vibrate and make sounds when air is directed against them. The sound echoes through the pharynx, mouth and nose to make a person’s voice.
4. Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer
A disease in which cancerous cells are found in the tissues of the lip or mouth. The oral cavity includes the front two-thirds of the tongue, the upper and lower gums, the lining of the inside of the cheeks and lips, the floor of the mouth under the tongue, the bony top of the mouth (hard palate), and the small area behind the wisdom teeth.
5. Nasopharyngeal Cancer
A disease in which cancerous cells are found in the tissues of the nasopharynx – the upper part of the throat (also called the pharynx) located behind the nose. The holes in the nose through which people breathe lead into the nasopharynx. Two openings on the side of the nasopharynx lead into the ear. The nasopharynx sits above the soft palate.
6. Soft Tissue Sarcoma
A disease in which cancerous cells are found in the soft tissue of part of the body. The soft tissues of the body include the muscles, connective tissues (tendons), vessels that carry blood or lymph, joints, and fat.
7. Salivary Gland Cancer
A disease in which cancerous cells are found in the tissues of the salivary glands. The salivary glands make saliva, the fluid that is released into the mouth to keep it moist and to help dissolve food. Major clusters of salivary glands are found below the tongue, on the sides of the face just in front of the ears, and under the jawbone. Smaller clusters of salivary glands are found in other parts of the upper digestive tract. The smaller glands are called the minor salivary glands.
8. Thyroid Cancer
A disease in which cancerous cells are found in the tissues of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is at the base of the throat and has two lobes, one each on the right and left side. The thyroid gland produces hormones that help the body function normally. There are four main types of cancer of the thyroid, based on how the cancer cells look under a microscope: papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic.
9. Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer
A disease in which cancerous cells are found in the tissues of the paranasal sinuses or nasal cavity. Paranasal sinuses are small, hollow spaces around the nose. The sinuses are lined with cells that make mucus, which keeps the nose from drying out; the sinuses also are a space through which the voice can resonate to make sounds when a person talks or sings. There are several paranasal sinuses, including the frontal sinuses (forehead), the maxillary sinuses in the upper part of either side of the upper jawbone (cheeks), the ethmoid sinuses (between nose and eyes), and the sphenoid sinus behind the ethmoid sinus in the center of the skull. The nasal cavity is the passageway just behind the nose through which air passes on the way to the throat during breathing.
10. Squamous Cell Neck Cancer
A disease in which cancerous cells are found in the squamous cells – thin, flat cells found in tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of body organs and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Cancer can begin in the squamous cells and spread from its original site to the lymph nodes in the neck or around the collarbone. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped structures that are found throughout the body. They produce and store infection-fighting cells. When the lymph nodes in the neck are found to contain squamous cell cancer, a doctor will try to find out where the cancer started (the primary tumor). If the doctor cannot find a primary tumor, the cancer is called a metastatic cancer with unseen (occult) primary.
Symptoms and Signs
People with head and neck cancer often experience the following symptoms or signs.
- Swelling or a sore that does not heal; this is the most common symptom
- Red or white patch in the mouth
- Lump, bump, or mass in the head or neck area, with or without pain
- Persistent sore throat
- Foul mouth odor not explained by hygiene
- Hoarseness or change in voice
- Nasal obstruction or persistent nasal congestion
- Frequent nose bleeds and/or unusual nasal discharge
- Difficulty breathing
- Double vision
- Numbness or weakness of a body part in the head and neck region
- Pain or difficulty chewing, swallowing, or moving the jaw or tongue
- Jaw pain
- Blood in the saliva or phlegm, which is mucus discharged into the mouth from respiratory passages
- Loosening of teeth
- Dentures that no longer fit
- Unexplained weight loss
- Ear pain or infection
During surgery, the goal is to remove the cancerous tumor and some surrounding healthy tissue during an operation. Types of surgery for head and neck cancer include Laser technology, Excision, Lymph node dissection or neck dissection, Reconstructive (plastic) surgery
Radiation therapy is the use of high-energy x-rays or other particles to destroy cancer cells. A radiation therapy regimen, or schedule, usually consists of a specific number of treatments given over a set period of time. Radiation therapy may be used in different ways to treat head and neck cancers, including to help cure the disease or lessen the symptoms of cancer and its treatment. It can be used on its own or in combination or in sequence with other treatments, such as surgery or chemotherapy.
Therapies using medication
Treatments using medication are used to destroy cancer cells. Medication may be given through the bloodstream to reach cancer cells throughout the body. When a drug is given this way, it is called systemic therapy. Medication may also be given locally, which is when the medication is applied directly to the cancer or kept in a single part of the body.
The types of medications used for head and neck cancer include:
- Targeted therapy | <urn:uuid:853633c7-8965-4a80-8022-b1cbef3df12d> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.cutisentandlasercentre.com/head-neck-cancer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948217723.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305024700-20240305054700-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.937069 | 1,872 | 4.03125 | 4 |
Dementia refers to a group of progressive diseases that affect the brain considerably. This means early signs of dementia can be mild and are often undiagnosed, but over time the symptoms worsen. Dementia progresses differently for each individual, but the disease is primarily categorised into three main stages: early dementia, moderate dementia and advanced dementia. As it progresses, people with dementia need additional support with day-to-day activities, and may require specialist dementia care.
There are many symptoms of dementia that vary from one person to another. The most common symptom is memory loss, which is typically mild to start and develops over time. Other signs and symptoms include:
As mentioned, there are three main stages of dementia that help to understand how quickly the condition progresses. It is important to keep in mind that these phases may affect people differently, and there is no definite time frame for dementia progression.
Early dementia, or mild dementia, occurs when the initial signs and symptoms appear. Early dementia is a stage that is often missed and can remain undiagnosed as the symptoms are mild and are sometimes associated with other lifestyle factors, such as stress or being overworked. The main symptoms at this stage include forgetting recent information, becoming withdrawn, misplacing things or struggling with problem-solving. Usually, the individual can still function independently and complete daily activities when living with early dementia.
Those diagnosed with moderate dementia will likely need support in their daily lives. During this stage, the symptoms become a lot more apparent, and it becomes harder to continue with regular activities and self-care. Individuals may experience increasing confusion, agitation, inability to sleep and worsening memory loss that extends beyond recent events.
The final stage is advanced dementia, and at this point, dementia would have progressed significantly, which is very noticeable within the individual’s ability to live independently. Those with advanced dementia experience further mental decline and worsened physical capabilities. This includes being unable to walk, communicate, and eventually, the loss of simple human functions such as swallowing. When dementia progresses to this stage, individuals will likely need full-time care.
Dementia is a complex condition caused by a collection of diseases in the brain, including Alzheimer’s and vascular dementia. Every type of dementia affects different areas of the brain, so the type of symptoms and their severity can vary considerably.
Dementia begins with a small part of the brain being damaged by disease, causing the mild symptoms seen in the early stage. Over time, these types of diseases spread, causing more areas of the brain to become affected, which causes symptoms to worsen. This usually happens during the moderate dementia phase. As spreading continues, the parts of the brain affected earliest become even more damaged, eventually leaving the brain unable to function. This is when the individual is diagnosed with advanced dementia and loses control over basic human capabilities.
Dementia can affect individuals very differently, and several factors impact the rate at which it progresses. Some of the most influential factors include:
People living with dementia will progress through these stages at different speeds and may experience various symptoms. Understanding the signs and symptoms will help to provide loved ones suffering from dementia with the support and care they need. At Fonthill Care, we offer specialist 1-2-1 care for those living with dementia. Get in touch with us to find out more about our care services. | <urn:uuid:07105590-d05e-4fb1-b033-7e6b278192d7> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.fonthillcare.co.uk/how-quickly-does-dementia-progress/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948217723.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305024700-20240305054700-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.956948 | 687 | 3.71875 | 4 |
PHP Variable Scope
The scope of a variable is defined as its range in the program under which it can be accessed. In other words, "The scope of a variable is the portion of the program within which it is defined and can be accessed."
PHP has three types of variable scopes:
The variables that are declared within a function are called local variables for that function. These local variables have their scope only in that particular function in which they are declared. This means that these variables cannot be accessed outside the function, as they have local scope.
A variable declaration outside the function with the same name is completely different from the variable declared inside the function. Let's understand the local variables with the help of an example:
Local variable declared inside the function is: 45
Web development language: PHP Notice: Undefined variable: lang in D:\xampp\htdocs\program\p3.php on line 28
The global variables are the variables that are declared outside the function. These variables can be accessed anywhere in the program. To access the global variable within a function, use the GLOBAL keyword before the variable. However, these variables can be directly accessed or used outside the function without any keyword. Therefore there is no need to use any keyword to access a global variable outside the function.
Let's understand the global variables with the help of an example:
Variable inside the function: Sanaya Sharma Variable outside the function: Sanaya Sharma
Note: Without using the global keyword, if you try to access a global variable inside the function, it will generate an error that the variable is undefined.
Notice: Undefined variable: name in D:\xampp\htdocs\program\p3.php on line 6 Variable inside the function:
Using $GLOBALS instead of global
Another way to use the global variable inside the function is predefined $GLOBALS array.
Sum of global variables is: 18
If two variables, local and global, have the same name, then the local variable has higher priority than the global variable inside the function.
Value of x: 7
Note: local variable has higher priority than the global variable.
It is a feature of PHP to delete the variable, once it completes its execution and memory is freed. Sometimes we need to store a variable even after completion of function execution. Therefore, another important feature of variable scoping is static variable. We use the static keyword before the variable to define a variable, and this variable is called as static variable.
Static variables exist only in a local function, but it does not free its memory after the program execution leaves the scope. Understand it with the help of an example:
Static: 4 Non-static: 7 Static: 5 Non-static: 7
You have to notice that $num1 regularly increments after each function call, whereas $num2 does not. This is why because $num1 is not a static variable, so it freed its memory after the execution of each function call. | <urn:uuid:72262d58-9bd7-4d94-9dfb-daec12fc6ced> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.javatpoint.com/php-variable-scope | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948217723.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305024700-20240305054700-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.854243 | 620 | 4.03125 | 4 |
Floods sparked by intense monsoon rains have ravaged parts of Bangladesh and Northeast India in recent weeks. More than 100 people have died as a result of the flooding, with a further four million stranded without access to adequate food or drinking water.
The crisis underscores the rising threat posed by natural disasters, including floods and cyclones, as the climate becomes increasingly volatile. Densely populated low-lying areas, like parts of India and Bangladesh, are among those on the global frontline.
Our Flood Hazard data - which uses geospatial analysis to quantify the physical threat posed by riverine flooding – shows that India and Bangladesh will account for 28% of the global population affected by floods in 2050, up from 23% today. A third of Bangladesh’s projected 194 million population are set to be at risk – some 64 million people. In India this stands at 15%, or 252m out of a projected 1.7bn.
The data measures risk across more than 3,285 states and administrative regions globally. Zooming in at this level shows us that the two countries will account for nine of the 10 global sub-regions with the largest increase in people affected by flooding annually. This includes Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Bihar – India’s most populous states - as well as Dhaka and Chittagong in Bangladesh. Pakistan’s Punjab comes in at third, with an additional 19.8m people exposed to floods by 2050.
Intense rains and more frequent flooding will have a profound impact not just on human lives, but on economies too. "Submerged crops, shuttered factories and compromised transport networks will be felt in both local and global supply chains as disruption drives up prices and limits the availability of goods," says Rory Clisby, Senior Analyst for Climate and Resilience.
As extreme weather events become more common, organisations that put environmental risk at the forefront of their strategic decision-making will be best placed to mitigate, adapt and respond to the effects of an increasingly unpredictable climate. | <urn:uuid:7440cc56-6860-4548-a733-5235d23bddf8> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.maplecroft.com/insights/analysis/india-bangladesh-will-host-28-of-people-most-at-risk-from-floods-by-2050/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948217723.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305024700-20240305054700-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.958565 | 412 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Sky Above Hart
This summer, Miller Island, east of Baltimore, became a busy lab where researchers fired balloons, drones and planes to better understand the complex air pollution swirls over Chesapeake Bay.
State and federal agencies have launched a program to provide more
Detailed data on how and why the Chesapeake Bay seems to be a magnet for ozone pollution, before the smoke is blown back from land, it will amplify the smoke.
"This research is an exciting example of cutting --
"On the edge of the land and water interface," said Ben Grumbles, Maryland's environment minister . ".
This study is trying to understand in three words.
Once power plants, cars, and other pollutants gather over the bay, what happens to the emissions.
These results may help Maryland defend the need to force state air pollution sources to better control emissions.
Officials in Maryland have accused the country of more than double air pollution.
Three degrees of smog in Baltimore and Washington.
In the hot summer months, sunlight and heat cause chemical reactions between pollutants and other compounds in the air, multiplying substances known as the groundlevel ozone.
Ozone is an oxygen that naturally exists in the upper atmosphere and can protect the Earth from ultraviolet radiation, but the ground
Ozone, a key component of smog, can cause or aggravate breathing or heart problems in humans.
Eight days this year, Baltimore has surpassed the United States in air quality. S.
Environmental Protection Agency standards.
Ozone is produced by chemical reactions between pollutants known as nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds.
Nitrogen oxides come from the burning of fossil fuels in cars and power plants.
With the production of ozone, nitrogen is usually discharged from the air.
Ariel Solaski, a litigation lawyer for staff at the Chesapeake Bay Foundation, said that about the third nitrogen pollution in the Bay came from air and landed on land and water.
Excessive nitrogen in the bay can lead to algae reproduction and death.
Due to the decrease in nutrients such as nitrogen in rivers and streams flowing into the bay, the water quality of the bay has improved significantly.
Solaski said that although the bay has a large watershed, it has a ventilation shed of nine times its size and covers an area of 570,000 square miles.
As a result, pollution sources in Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee and other states can cause harm to the Gulf.
"For the Gulf Foundation, any research to quantify and identify sources of nitrogen oxide pollution is important to understand how to minimize the nitrogen load in the Gulf Basin most effectively," Solaski said . ".
Maryland and Delaware filed a petition in 2016 asking the EPA to force 19
Power plants in five states run pollution control devices every day in the summer rather than on selected days.
The two states say they cannot reduce air pollution if other states do not have a reduction in headwinds.
The EPA said in early June that it would reject the request, noting that Maryland and Delaware did not demonstrate that the degree of pollution of these plants violated the so-called "good neighbor" provisions of the Clean Air Act.
Maryland is pushing the EPA to revoke the decision, but complains that the state may take legal action if EPA does not take action.
He said the state's study of air pollution is the basis of the petition.
Scientists have been relying on computer models to predict the whereabouts of pollutants in the atmosphere.
According to NASA researcher John Sullivan, by measuring and analyzing the results, the researchers will have a clearer understanding of what is going on.
It is known, Sullivan said, that during the summer, Baltimore's emissions are submerged on the surface of the water, where they gather at higher concentrations and produce a smoke mixture.
Later in the afternoon, when the wind blows from the east to the west, the smog blows back from the land.
The study was conducted by the Maryland Department of Environment, NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in collaboration with several colleges, including the University of Maryland Baltimore County, the University of Maryland and Howard University.
Measurements of balloons, drones, aircraft and lasers
The radar, known as LiDAR, has been completed and the data will be available in the coming months.
UMBC researchers helped complete the project using lidar
Or laser pulse-
Ruben Delgado, an assistant research professor at UMBC, said to measure atmospheric and wind from the Earth's surface to three kilometers high.
"The measurement of wind allows us to have a better understanding of the airflow in the Chesapeake Bay," he said . ".
Because the measurements are carried out at different heights, scientists will get three
The size map of the atmosphere, and the mixing that occurs.
These more accurate measurements allow researchers to more accurately predict where emissions from different sources will end up.
The information will be used for science and regulatory enforcement, complained.
"It turns out Maryland's investment in science, people and hardware is leading," says Grumbles . ".
"The information we collect will benefit other countries that have a large body of water. ”— | <urn:uuid:3ce6eb2d-b903-4599-a4a5-18192ea42be2> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.measure.hk/aiwz-air-quality-study-over-chesapeake-bay-seeks-to-understand-pollution-laser-light-measurement-device | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948217723.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305024700-20240305054700-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.939954 | 1,053 | 3.828125 | 4 |
Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics Overview of Antibiotics Antibiotics are drugs used to treat bacterial infections. They are not effective against viral infections and most other infections. Antibiotics either kill bacteria or stop them from reproducing... read more used to treat serious bacterial infections, such as those caused by gram-negative bacteria Overview of Gram-Negative Bacteria Bacteria are classified by how they appear under the microscope and by other features. Gram-negative bacteria are classified by the color they turn after a chemical process called Gram staining... read more (especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa).
Aminoglycosides include the following:
Spectinomycin is chemically related to aminoglycosides and works in a similar way. It is not available in the United States.
Aminoglycosides work by preventing bacteria from producing proteins they need to grow and multiply.
These antibiotics are poorly absorbed Drug Absorption Drug absorption is the movement of a drug into the bloodstream after administration. (See also Introduction to Administration and Kinetics of Drugs.) Absorption affects bioavailability—how quickly... read more into the bloodstream when taken by mouth (orally), so they are usually injected into a vein or sometimes a muscle. Neomycin is available only for topical and oral use (oral aminoglycosides can be used to decontaminate the digestive tract because they are not absorbed). These antibiotics are usually used with another antibiotic that is effective against many types of bacteria (called a broad-spectrum antibiotic).
All aminoglycosides can damage the ears and kidneys. So doctors monitor the dose carefully and, if possible, often choose a different type of antibiotic.
(See also Overview of Antibiotics Overview of Antibiotics Antibiotics are drugs used to treat bacterial infections. They are not effective against viral infections and most other infections. Antibiotics either kill bacteria or stop them from reproducing... read more .)
Use of Aminoglycosides During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
If aminoglycosides are taken during pregnancy Some Drugs That Can Cause Problems During Pregnancy* harmful effects on the fetus (such as hearing loss) are possible, but sometimes the benefits of treatment may outweigh the risks. (See also Drug Use During Pregnancy Safety of Medications During Pregnancy During pregnancy, women may need to take medications to treat new or existing health conditions. Also, certain vitamins are recommended during pregnancy. Before taking any medication (including... read more .)
Use of aminoglycosides during breastfeeding is generally considered acceptable. (See also Drug Use During Breastfeeding Medication and Substance Use During Breastfeeding When women who are breastfeeding have to take a medication, they wonder whether they should stop breastfeeding. The answer depends on the following: How much of the medication passes into the... read more .) | <urn:uuid:68f3d782-1ad4-41fa-af5b-ceb0d5730b7e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-in/home/infections/antibiotics/aminoglycosides | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948217723.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305024700-20240305054700-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.923139 | 583 | 3.640625 | 4 |
In the switch to "greener" energy sources, the demand for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries is surging. However, their cathodes typically contain cobalt -- a metal whose extraction has high environmental and societal costs. Now, researchers in ACS Central Science report evaluating an earth-abundant, carbon-based cathode material that could replace cobalt and other scarce and toxic metals without sacrificing lithium-ion battery performance.
Today, lithium-ion batteries power everything from cell phones to laptops to electric vehicles. One of the limiting factors for realizing a global shift to energy produced by renewable sources -- particularly for the transition from gasoline-powered cars to electric vehicles -- is the scarcity and mining difficulty of the metals, such as cobalt, nickel and magnesium, used in rechargeable battery cathode manufacturing. Previous researchers have developed cathodes from more abundant and lower cost carbon-containing materials, including organosulfur and carbonyl compounds, but those prototypes couldn't match the energy output and stability of traditional lithium-ion batteries.
So, Mircea Dincǎ and his colleagues wanted to see if other carbon-based cathode materials could be more successful. They may have found a worthy candidate in bis-tetraaminobenzoquinone (TAQ). TAQ molecules form layered solid-state structures than can potentially compete with traditional cobalt-based cathode performance.
Building on their prior work that showed TAQ's effectiveness as a supercapacitor material, Dincǎ's team tested the compound in a cathode for lithium-ion batteries. To improve cycling stability and to increase TAQ adhesion to the cathode's stainless-steel current collector, they added cellulose- and rubber-containing materials to the TAQ cathode. In the researchers' proof-of-concept demonstration, the new composite cathode cycled safely more than 2,000 times, delivered an energy density higher than most cobalt-based cathodes and charged-discharged in as little as six minutes. The TAQ-based cathodes need additional testing before they appear on the market, but the researchers are optimistic that they could enable the high-energy, long-lasting and fast-charging batteries needed to help speed a global transition to a renewable energy future that's cobalt- and nickel-free.
Cite This Page: | <urn:uuid:3fc1684d-8d42-4d96-8e95-2cc88333b9f4> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/01/240118122137.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948217723.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305024700-20240305054700-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.930703 | 478 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Using this picnic-themed activity, students practice following directions with prepositions by placing pictures of objects around a printed picnic blanket. It can be used with individual students or as a group activity.
Three levels of difficulty
The easiest level of directions focuses on the understanding of basic prepositions (e.g., on, under, next to). “Put the sandwich on the blanket” is an example.
The moderate level of difficulty includes prepositions such as “underneath, to the right of, and beside”. An example is “Place the pickle to the left of the blanket”.
The most difficult directions include “if” dependent clauses that make them more challenging. “If Wednesday comes after Tuesday, place the chips to the left of the blanket” is one of the most challenging directions included.
This fun, challenging activity includes directions for the students to follow (ten of each difficulty level), a picnic blanket printable, and pictures for the students to place (available in color or black and white). | <urn:uuid:2f4ab571-bff9-4717-95e1-68ac771aaa5e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.speechtherapyideas.com/2014/04/09/prepositions-and-following-directions-picnic-theme/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948217723.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305024700-20240305054700-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.928891 | 219 | 3.734375 | 4 |
China is one of the greatest nations in terms of its glorious history and tremendous manpower. Here are 8 facts about ancient China:
1. How China Got Its Name
China, the world’s oldest surviving civilization, acquired its name in the 3rd century BC. In 221, Cheng, ruler of the small state of Ch’in, from which the country’s modern name comes, annexed the last of six rival kingdoms and took the title of Ch’in Shih Huang Ti, meaning “First August Emperor of Ch’in”.
The Anglicised form of Chinese names has changes since the introduction in 1957 of pinyin, a new system for transliterating Chinese characters into Roman letters. In pinyin Cheng became Zheng, Ch’in became Qin and his title became Qin Shi Huangdi. China itself in pinyin is Zhong Guo.
2. Trespassers Will Be Shot
China’s first emperor, Qin Shi Huangdi, who died in 210 BC, wanted to make sure that he would not be disturbed in his final resting place. So he had booby traps positioned around his huge burial mound at Mount Li in Northwest China. According to the historian Sima Qian, the emperor ordered loaded hair-trigger crossbows to be set up in the passages leading to his tomb and in the undergrowth around the mound.
There was much that needed protecting. Sima Qian also recorded that more than 7,000,000 men had been conscripted to build the mound and tomb in a project which took 36 years to complete. The imperial treasures buried with the emperor were so valuable that specialist workers who helped move the riches into the tomb were buried alive to ensure that no details leaked out.
In 1974, a group of astonished peasants sinking a well near Mount Li discovered a number of life sized terracotta soldiers. These later proved to be a part of a buried army of more than 7000 clay figures. Since Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi had been interred, they had maintained their vigil close to the imperial burial mound. Standing in battle formation, complete with life-sized models of chariots and horses, the clay men were wearing armour denoting their different ranks, and carrying real weapons. Incredibly, after 2000 years, one of the swords was still sharp enough to split a hair.
3. First History Book
China’s oldest comprehensive written history dates from about 90 BC. Known as the Shi Ji (“Historical Records”), it was compiled by Sima Qian, a court astrologer and Grand Scribe, whose father may have begun the work. The Shi Ji represents the history of man according to Chinese records from about 1500 to 90 BC. The 130-chapter book became the model of a series of 26 standard histories which continued in unbroken succession down to 1912, when Xuang-tong, the last Manchu emperor, abdicated.
4. Emperor Who Prescribed Death
The price of failure in ancient China could be steep. When the young daughter of the Tang dynasty emperor, Yizong (who reigned from AD 860 to 874), was struck down by fever, 20 leading physicians of China were summoned to the imperial capital, Changan, to minister to her.
Each doctor prescribed a remedy, but none was successful, and the princess died. Consumed with grief and frustration, the emperor had the unfortunate experts beheaded.
5. From China To Rome
Ancient China traded with imperial Rome, but the Chinese and the Romans never met. The only link between the two civilizations was the Silk Road, which ran overland around the northern edge of the Himalayas from China to the eastern Mediterranean coast, with a branch leading south into India. During the 2nd century BC, camel caravans laden with silk, then a Chinese monopoly, began to move regularly along this arduous 11,200 km (7000 miles) route. The Chinese themselves did not venture beyond their own frontiers, however.
Instead they transferred their bales of merchandise at a point near the Afghanistan border to other traders, often from Persia or Central Asia. These merchants in turn sold the silk to Syrians and Greeks near the western end of the route, and from there the silk was shipped to Rome.
6. Breath of Life
Treating asthma with ephedrine, a drug derived from the horsetail plant, has been known in the west since the 1920s. But Chinese doctors were using the drug nearly 1700 years earlier. Its use was being advocated by a doctor called Zhang Zhongjiang as early as the 2nd century AD.
Zhang, who lived from about AD 152 to 219, wrote a massive compendium of all the medical knowledge then available in China. In addition, he complied a detailed list of techniques that doctors could use to diagnose a patient’s illness.
7. Jade Princess
A burial suit made of 2160 pieces of jade, tied together with gold wire, was intended to preserve forever the body of the Han princess Dou Wan. The princess was the principal wife of Liu Sheng, son of the Han dynasty emperor, Jingdi. She died in about 113 BC, at a time when jade was believed to be an infallible preservative because of its hardness. The prince, who died in about 113 BC, had a suit even more elaborate than his wife’s: it contained 2690 polished discs of the highly prized stone. The jade suits were uncovered at Mancheng, about 110 km (70 miles) southwest of the capital, Beijing, in 1968.
8. Top Marks, Top Jobs
Written examinations were being used to select Chinese civil servan as far back as the 2nd century BC – at a time when government jobs elsewhere in the world were largely filled by the relatives of protégés of those in power.
By the time of the Tang dynasty (AD 618 – 906), this principle of selecting public officials on the basis of merit had developed into a system of centralised public examinations open to all. A Jesuit missionary, Matteo Ricci, who reached China in 1583, described how the system worked.
Exams lasted several days, he said, and candidates were allowed all day to write their answers. Ricci also reported that the Chinese took enormous trouble to avoid even the possibility of favouritism affecting the examiners’ marks. When the exams were over, he said, the completed Papers all had to be copied out by another hand in order to conceal the candidate’s identity from the examiners. | <urn:uuid:cd6ee064-8922-42f7-a339-c5fe52f6957f> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.topcount.co/8-facts-ancient-china/?amp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948217723.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305024700-20240305054700-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.978372 | 1,355 | 3.5625 | 4 |
As the name implies, hunter-gatherers are peoples who obtain subsistence by collecting their necessities from nature. Historical records show that man used hunting and gathering for about 90% of his entire time on earth. The reason why early man were hunter-gatherers was that it was easier for him to just pick and hunt his sustenance from his bountiful surroundings rather than exert extra strenuous activities by farming and raising domesticated livestock. Anthropologists have concluded that all hunter-gatherers scientifically verified and researched were and are meat eaters although some of these peoples also added plants to their daily diet. While those who live in temperate regions subsisted only on meat and fish. It was also found that cooking was a daily activity supplemented by raw animal organs.
4. Hunter-Gatherer Way of Life
Early hunter-gatherers were found to have lived in sparsely wooded areas where game was easy to catch and most of their wild plant matter diet needs were easier to obtain and gather. Fruits, vegetables, eggs, nuts, and seafood were also part of their natural daily nutrition. These peoples had no need for personal properties except for those who hunted and gathered within the communal system. They had more leisure time and spent only about 12 to 19 hours a week obtaining food. This gave them more time to socialize. Generally, their health was much better than modern man with all his conveniences. It is sad to note though that the last 500 years saw the hunter-gatherer people lose their way of life due to modern society demands for agricultural land and natural resources.
3. Challenges and Decline
Modern man and his way of life has made the hunter gatherer societies all but disappear. The introduction of drugs, tobacco, and alcohol has deeply affected these peoples way of living in a very destructive way. This new influence has also brought modern diseases to these hunter-gatherer communities around the world. Prior to these social maladies, these peoples did not know heart disease, cancer, obesity, diabetes, and hypertension. They lived in communities that shared the bounty of the land equally. There were probably about 8 million people who were all hunter gatherers 10,000 years ago. Today, hunter-gatherers are part of the indigenous peoples of all continents in the world.
2. Historical Examples
Temporary settlements marked the hunter-gatherer peoples' way of life. They lived a semi-sedentary or sedentary lifestyle that was a part of their bountiful environment. Although they were nomadic and semi-nomadic, they all led a leaderless way of life. They were led by a person who had the necessary skill at that particular time such as hunting or making weapons. Hunting was particularly important for survival as in the Aeta people of the Philippines, the Martu of Australia, and the Ju'/hoansi tribes of Namibia. Hunting was equally shared between men and women with the latter having the best success of animals hunted. True hunter-gatherer peoples worldwide have declined after the introduction of agriculture during colonial times all over the world.
1. Modern Hunter-Gatherers
In the modern world, there are still hunter-gatherers but changing times have increasingly forced these peoples to at least partially subsist on cultivated agricultural produce, such as in Africa where many nomadic and semi-nomadic tribes have become more stationary. The scarcity of natural bounties as in the past and the rise of population especially in Africa has changed the game. Herders, nomads, and foragers are all classified under the hunter-gatherer system. North America has its Eskimos, North American Indians, and South American Indians. Siberia has its Evenki, Ket, Nivkhi, and Itelmen. Japan has its Ainu people. Madagascar has its Mikea tribes while Kenya has its Dorobo peoples. Malaysia has its Negrito groups and China has its Drung peoples. Each of these indigenous peoples remain to some extent hunter-gatherers, and often only converting to other lifestyles after forced changes. | <urn:uuid:46c5dfd5-81cc-4d5b-86cd-4c58407a5bdb> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-hunter-gatherers.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948217723.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305024700-20240305054700-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.984824 | 832 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Assemblers and fabricators work assemble finished products that go into manufactured products. They also perform quality checks for mistakes or faulty components in the assembly process. The majority of assemblers and fabricators work in manufacturing plants which may require long periods of time sitting or standing.
Watch a video to learn more about a career in manufacturing.
How to Become an Assembler and Fabricator
The type of industry you works in may impact the education and qualifications level requirements to be an assembler and fabricator. For example, aerospace and defense industries or other more specialized jobs may require certification in soldering. Most often though, a high school diploma or the equivalent is sufficient. For more advanced assembly work, additional training and experience would be needed.
Workers are typically trained on-the-job. It’s reported that over 80% of team assemblers hold a high school diploma. Positions that work with aircraft and motor vehicle products, electrical, or electronic manufactures usually need more formal education from a technical school. Some employers may ask for an associate’s degree for more skilled assembler and fabrication jobs. Qualified applicants, including those with technical vocational training and certification, are likely to have the best job opportunities in growing, high-technology industries, such as aerospace and electro-medical devices manufacturing.
Job Description of an Assembler and Fabricator
Assemblers and fabricators can read and understand blueprints and schematics. They use various hand tools or machines to assemble parts and check for quality. Some assemblers and fabricators use computers, robots, programmable motion-control devices, and sensing technologies. Also, some assemblers and fabricators work with a team of people while others specialize in one type of product.
O*NET OnLine further breaks out assemblers and fabricators into another category, team assemblers. These assemblers work together during the assembly process and complete an item or task together, often rotating tasks and deciding how to maximize their efficiency. Team assemblers is considered to have a bright outlook so this career has a higher growth rate and salary associated with it.
There are also timing device assemblers that perform precision assembling, adjusting, or calibrating, within narrow tolerances, of timing devices such as digital clocks or timing devices with electrical or electronic components. Duties include but are no limited to assembling and installing parts of timepieces to complete mechanisms, using watchmakers’ tools and loupes. They observe timepiece mechanisms, components, and subassemblies to determine accuracy of movement or find causes of defects. Timing device assemblers test the operation and fit of parts and subassemblies. They may use electronic testing equipment, tweezers, watchmakers’ tools, and loupes.
Other specialized assemblers include Aircraft Structure, Surfaces, Rigging, and Systems Assemblers, Engine/ Machine Assemblers, Electrical/Electronic Equipment Assemblers, and Electromechanical Equipment Assemblers.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, Assemblers and Fabricators.
National Center for O*NET Development. 51-2092.00. O*NET OnLine. This page includes information from O*NET OnLine by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA). Used under the CC BY 4.0 license. O*NET® is a trademark of USDOL/ETA. RethinkOldSchool, Inc. has modified all or some of this information. USDOL/ETA has not approved, endorsed, or tested these modifications.
The career video is in the public domain from the U. S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration. | <urn:uuid:2216af66-e145-40c0-b23b-103c9237062b> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.yourfreecareertest.com/assembler-and-fabricator/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948217723.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305024700-20240305054700-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.916832 | 766 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Green classrooms are intended to be ecologically friendly and long-lasting. They employ a number of characteristics to reduce energy consumption, water consumption, and waste. Green classrooms can also give students and teachers with a variety of benefits such as improved health and well-being, higher productivity, and improved learning results.
Some of the reasons why schools should develop green classrooms are as follows:
Improved health and well-being: By providing a clean, healthy, and comfortable atmosphere, green classrooms can assist to improve the health and well-being of students and teachers. Improved ventilation, natural lighting, and access to outside environments are common elements of green classrooms. These characteristics can aid in the reduction of respiratory difficulties, the improvement of mood and cognitive function, and the reduction of stress levels.
Increased productivity: Studies have shown that green classrooms make students and teachers more productive. This is most likely owing to green classrooms’ increased air quality, natural lighting, and comfortable temperatures.
Improved learning outcomes: Green classrooms can also aid in improving learning outcomes. According to research, pupils in green classrooms outperform their peers on standardised examinations and have greater attendance rates. This is most likely related to students’ enhanced health and well-being, increased productivity, and lower stress levels in green classrooms.
Reduced environmental impact: Green classrooms can help schools decrease their environmental impact. Green classrooms can assist to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and protect the environment by using less energy and water and producing less waste.
Green classrooms can save schools money in the long run by lowering energy and water expenditures. Green classrooms also necessitate less maintenance and repairs, which can save schools money in the long run.
Here are some particular examples of green classroom benefits:
According to a research conducted by the University of California, Berkeley, children in green classrooms outperformed those in typical classes on standardised tests.
According to a study conducted by the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, pupils in green classrooms had fewer respiratory issues than students in standard classrooms.
A University of Minnesota study discovered that teachers in green classrooms felt less stressed and more productive than teachers in standard classrooms.
According to a study conducted by the National Institute of Building Sciences, green schools can save an average of 33% on energy costs.
How to Construct a Green Classroom
There are several things schools may do to create green classrooms, including:
Make use of energy-saving appliances and lighting.
Install solar panels or other forms of sustainable energy.
Reduce energy usage by improving insulation and air sealing.
Make use of water-saving gadgets and fixtures.
Rainwater should be collected and reused.
Recycled materials should be used in building and furnishings.
Allow for natural light and outdoor places.
Create a sustainable culture among students and faculty.
Green classrooms have numerous advantages for children, instructors, and the environment. Green classrooms can contribute significantly to school performance by improving health and well-being, increasing productivity, improving learning results, minimising environmental impact, and saving money in the long run. | <urn:uuid:e93dc65d-64b0-4aa4-b053-eda29b4f2fe2> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://sociallymundane.com/property/how-green-classrooms-can-improve-health-well-being-and-learning-outcomes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473690.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222030017-20240222060017-00699.warc.gz | en | 0.945382 | 621 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Will the proposed changes to Canada\’s Species at Risk Act help endangered species, or put them at further risk? Environmentalists fear the worst.
Recently, the government announced changes will be made to the Species at Risk Act to make it more effective. Despite concerns since its inception that the act is not effectively used, environmentalists and conservation biologists have not welcomed the announcement, and instead fear changes will further endanger at-risk species.
What are species at risk?
A “species at risk” is considered to be any species that falls under one of the following categories:
extirpated (locally extinct in a given region in which it used to live, but still in existence in other parts of its range)
- a “species of special concern” (sensitive to human activities and natural events because of its biological characteristics)
How many species are at risk?
The number of species considered to be at risk in Canada varies widely: anywhere from 345 species (Environment Canada) to 645 (Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada). Some of the species affected include the following:
- North Atlantic right whale
- piping plover
- pink coreopsis
- American marten
- Blanding’s turtle
- beluga whale
- grizzly bear (prairie population)
- striped bass (St. Lawrence estuary population)
- tiger salamander (Great Lakes population)
Threats to Canada’s species at risk
There are many threats to species at risk, including overharvesting (as in the case of some species of cod or salmon being overfished) and loss of habitat due to urbanization, spread of invasive species, pollution, climate change, or fragmentation.
What is the Species at Risk Act?
Passed in 2002, the Species at Risk Act (SARA) came into full effect in 2004. The intention of this federal law is threefold:
- to prevent at-risk species from becoming further endangered, threatened, extinct, or extirpated
- to help recover at-risk species
- to prevent species of special concern from becoming at-risk species
In order for a plant or animal to come under the protection of SARA, it needs to be recognized by the Government of Canada as one of the following: extinct, extirpated, endangered, or threatened.
This occurs through environmental assessment, consultations with scientists and the public, and, in particular, on the recommendation of the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). Once legally recognized, it becomes illegal to collect, trade, or otherwise harm that species directly or by destroying its dwelling or habitat on federal Crown land.
SARA: the good, the weak, and the not used
“SARA was a great step; we now have an act that protects species at risk,” says Dr. S., a conservation biologist in Nova Scotia who asked to remain unnamed. “Overall, it is good, but where it suffers is where it’s both a conservation document and a political document.”
Although COSEWIC, an independent, scientific, at-arm’s-length-from-government body, is responsible for advising the government about species at risk, it is ultimately up to the environment minister to decide if a species, as recommended by COSEWIC, gets recognized and placed under protection of the act.
However, “there are built-in safeguards,” says Dr. S. “The government has to publicly say why they’re not going to list something [recommended], and that has happened particularly with commercially viable species, such as cod. That is within the political restrictions of the act, and they’ve done it for sound political reasons.”
Despite what seems like a transparent process, Dr. Jeffrey Hutchings, president of the Canadian Society for Ecology and Evolution (CSEE) and past chair of COSEWIC, has expressed concern about how the government ultimately makes decisions on whether a COSEWIC-suggested species should be recognized or not.
Much of the government’s decision is based on a socio-economic analysis, known as a Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA). These RIAs are not subject to external peer review to determine legitimacy or scientific credibility.
“One good example of a scientifically suspect RIA was the socio-economic analysis that supported the decision in 2005 not to list Atlantic cod,” says Hutchings. “The RIA was based on the supposition that listing of cod would result in closure of all fisheries that captured cod accidentally, or incidentally. This supposition (a closure of bycatch fisheries) was contrary to the scientific advice received by the DFO [Department] minister.”
Lack of funding
Lack of funding available to use SARA properly is also considered a serious challenge, according to Dr. Sherman Boates, biologist with the Department of Natural Resources in Nova Scotia. “Mobilizing people and resources around the law is a fundamental problem—we haven’t even properly implemented the first [current] SARA yet.”
Reasonable fear of change
It is interesting, then, that given some of the criticisms and weaknesses of SARA, environmentalists and conservation biologists are not happy about the environment minister’s announcement to review SARA and make changes to make it more effective.
“When [Peter] made the announcement to review SARA he used language I think would be welcomed by conservationists,” says Dr. S. “The act, like any document, needs to be reviewed periodically [to].
“However, like many other conservation biologists, I am fearful of what the outcome of the review will be … the basis for [this] is what the federal government did in the last omnibus bill with all kinds of environmental legislation. I don’t think this is an unreasonable fear.”
More disregard for scientific research?
The uproar that has resulted from the environment minister’s announcement to revisit SARA is, more than anything else, indicative of the level of distrust scientists and environmentalists have of the current government, who have time and time again sought to undermine scientific research and ignore scientific evidence pertaining to several environmental concerns.
Changes: To be determined
Currently, it is not known what sorts of changes the government will propose to make to SARA. Last year Hutchings wrote to Prime Minister Stephen Harper, on behalf of CSEE, to urge him against revisiting SARA, stating it would be “unwise, premature, and unhelpful.”
However, when asked whether SARA could conceivably be improved in order to make it more efficient and effective, Hutchings did make two important suggestions that would increase transparency and accountability in the recovery of at-risk species.
Allow RIAs to be open to external peer review to increase their scientific credibility, and ensure decisions to leave a species out of SARA are based on sound evidence and not poorly conducted analysis.
Although it would be controversial, amend SARA “in such a way that, under some conditions, it could be permissible to ‘take’ and sell a listed species as part of a harvesting plan that was authorized by an official recovery strategy.”
The idea behind such a suggestion, which seems at odds with the objectives of what a species recovery plan should be, is that it would not only increase the chances that a marine fish would be listed under SARA, but also allow the species to be harvested under a monitored recovery strategy that would be guided by specific targets set out by SARA. This would be particularly important for the recovery of commercially viable species such as northern Atlantic cod.
A fine balance
Although environmental legislation almost always requires the balancing of conservation needs with socio-economic needs, it is important that we don’t make environmental and ecological sacrifices for the sake of short-term, quick-fix socio-economic goals.
Refusing protection for species considered commercially viable may save jobs in the short-term, but will ultimately cause economic hardship in the future when the species becomes severely endangered or extinct because of overharvesting, loss of habitat, pollution, or climate change.
“Ultimately, protecting species at risk is not just about these interesting and unique plants and critters,” says Boates. “It’s about taking care of environmental changes that are also affecting people. The Species at Risk Act is about a larger biodiversity agenda that affects the needs of people too.”
Ecojustice report card
A recent analysis titled Failure to Protect: Grading Canada’s Species at Risk Laws has resulted in poor grades across the country. The grades assessed by the Ecojustice report were based on the commitment of federal, provincial, and territorial governments to following these four cornerstones for saving species at risk:
- Identify species that need help.
- Don’t kill them.
- Give them a home.
- Help them recover.
If the federal government were to amend SARA by downloading more responsibilities to the provinces and territories, we would be in serious trouble. Here’s how the grades stack up:
|Province or territory
|Prince Edward Island
|Newfoundland and Labrador
|Government of Canada
Want to get involved?
- Contact your member of Parliament. Changes to SARA are, as of yet, undetermined. Let your MP know you will be watching, and that you expect any changes made to not put Canada’s at-risk species in further danger.
- Encourage your provincial government to enact better species-at-risk laws. We can do better!
- Learn more about Canada’s at-risk species by visiting COSEWIC’s website, www.cosewic.gc.ca.
- Check out the petition sponsored by Ecojustice, “Save Canada’s Species Before It’s Too Late” at ecojustice.ca. | <urn:uuid:ef4c9eb1-fd74-4cd2-ba62-ab0978544375> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://dietbeautiful.com/2020/11/17/canadas-endangered-species/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474440.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223153350-20240223183350-00699.warc.gz | en | 0.944143 | 2,084 | 3.765625 | 4 |
The Importance of Virtue in Plato's Philosophy
In his book "Why", William Search explores the Theory of Morality and Existence, which suggests that the reason for human existence is morality. According to Search, morality is not simply a set of rules or guidelines for behavior, but rather a fundamental aspect of human nature that is essential to our existence. One of the key ideas that supports this theory is the importance of virtue, which is a central concept in the philosophy of Plato.
Plato believed that virtue was the key to achieving a meaningful and fulfilling life. He argued that there was a higher, divine realm that existed beyond the material world, and that the pursuit of virtue was a way to bring individuals closer to this divine realm. In the Symposium, Plato suggests that the gods have a special love for those who cultivate and nurture virtue, and that this love may even extend to granting them immortality. This idea reflects Plato's belief in the power of virtue to bring individuals closer to the divine and to grant them special favor from the gods.
The Objective Standard of the Moral Law in Kant's Philosophy
Immanuel Kant, another philosopher discussed in Search's "Conversations with chatGPT:Exploring the Theory of Morality and Existence", also believed in the importance of morality. However, his approach to moral philosophy was different from Plato's. Kant believed in the existence of a universal and objective standard of right and wrong, which he called the moral law. According to Kant, the moral law was a standard that applied to all human beings, regardless of their individual desires or circumstances.
Kant believed that a person's actions were only moral if they conformed to the moral law. In other words, an action was only moral if it was in line with the universal standard of right and wrong. Kant also believed that the existence of the moral law was not self-evident, and that it had to be proven through reason and argument.
The Relationship Between Virtue and the Moral Law
While Plato and Kant had different approaches to moral philosophy, both philosophers recognized the importance of virtue in achieving moral behavior. For Plato, virtue was a means of achieving a closer relationship with the divine, while for Kant, it was a way of conforming to the objective standard of the moral law.
However, there is also a difference between Plato and Kant's approach to virtue. For Plato, virtue was a goal in and of itself, while for Kant, virtue was a means to an end. Kant believed that the ultimate goal of moral behavior was to achieve happiness, but that this could only be achieved through the pursuit of virtue. Plato, on the other hand, believed that virtue was a goal in and of itself, and that it was intrinsically valuable.
In conclusion, the Theory of Morality and Existence suggests that the reason for human existence is morality. The importance of virtue and the moral law are two key concepts that support this theory. Plato believed that virtue was a means of achieving a closer relationship with the divine, while Kant believed that it was a means of conforming to the universal standard of right and wrong. While their approaches to virtue were different, both philosophers recognized its importance in achieving moral behavior. The ideas presented in this blog post are based on William Search's books "Why" and "Conversations with chatGPT:Exploring the Theory of Morality and Existence". | <urn:uuid:fbb837ba-3c5d-4f5f-9485-1527a7885b12> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.l8ve.co/post/247-exploring-the-theory-of-morality-and-existence-the-importance-of-virtue-and-the-moral-law | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474440.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223153350-20240223183350-00699.warc.gz | en | 0.972819 | 689 | 4.0625 | 4 |
Crustaceans – familiar to the average person as shrimp, lobsters, crabs, krill, barnacles, and their many relatives – are easily one of the most important and diverse groups of marine life forms. Poorly understood, they are among the most numerous invertebrates on earth. Most crustaceans start life as eggs and move through a variety of morphological phases prior to maturity. In Atlas of Crustacean Larvae, more than 45 of the world's leading crustacean researchers explain and illustrate the beauty and complexity of the many larval life stages. Revealing shapes that are reminiscent of aliens from other worlds – often with bizarre modifications for a planktonic life or for parasitization, including (in some cases) bulging eyes, enormous spines, and aids for flotation and swimming – the abundant illustrations and photographs show the detail of each morphological stage and allow for quick comparisons.
The diversity is immediately apparent in the illustrations: spikes that deter predators occur on some larvae, while others bear unique specializations not seen elsewhere, and still others appear as miniature versions of the adults. Small differences in anatomy are shown to be suited to the behaviors and survival mechanisms of each species. Destined to become a key reference for specialists and students and a treasured book for anyone who wishes to understand "the invertebrate backbone of marine ecosystems," Atlas of Crustacean Larvae belongs on the shelf of every serious marine biologist.
Joel W. Martin is chief of the Division of Invertebrate Studies and curator of crustacea at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Jørgen Olesen is an associate professor and curator of crustacea at the Zoological Museum of The University of Copenhagen. Jens T. Høeg is an associate professor of biology at the University of Copenhagen. | <urn:uuid:2ded26a2-ccdb-4455-9c21-a4490c3db654> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.nhbs.com/atlas-of-crustacean-larvae-book | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474440.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223153350-20240223183350-00699.warc.gz | en | 0.929384 | 374 | 3.859375 | 4 |
Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a serious anxiety-related condition that affects 1.2% of the population, which is around three quarters of a million people here in the UK based on current estimates. Together with their families, who support people with OCD, and are frequently involved in their rituals, this means Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder is a part of daily life for over 1 million people every single day.
If you feel you might be affected by Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder you can find out about how OCD is diagnosed
elsewhere in this chapter. Below you can read more about the illness and aspects of living with OCD.
OCD – An Introduction
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (or more routinely referred to as OCD) is a serious anxiety-related condition where a person experiences frequent intrusive and unwelcome obsessional thoughts, commonly referred to as obsessions.
Obsessions are very distressing and result in a person carrying out repetitive behaviours or rituals in order to prevent a perceived harm and/or worry that preceding obsessions have focused their attention on. Such behaviours include avoidance of people, places or objects and constant reassurance seeking, sometimes the rituals will be internal mental counting, checking of body parts, or blinking, all of these are compulsions.
Compulsions do bring some relief to the distress caused by the obsessions, but that relief is temporary and reoccurs each time a person’s obsessive thought/fear is triggered. Sometimes over time the compulsions can become more of a habit where the original obsessive fear and worry has been forgotten, in this instance compulsions are often completed to enable the individual to feel ‘just right’, the key word being ‘feel’.
It’s worth pointing out that there is sometimes obvious correlation and logic between the obsession and compulsion, but other times there will be no logic at all between the two.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder presents itself in many guises, and certainly goes far beyond the common perception that OCD is merely a little hand washing, checking light switches or having spotless houses or a characteristic of someone who is a little fastidious. In fact, if a person is suffering with Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder then it will be impacting on some or all aspects of their daily life, sometimes becoming severely distressing leading to some nature of impairment or even disablement for hours at a time, each and every day. It is for this reason and level of impact on a person that makes OCD a disorder.
The condition can be so disabling that back in 1990 the World Health Organisation ranked Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in the global top ten leading causes of disability in terms of loss of income and quality of life. In fact back then it went on to suggest that OCD was the fifth leading cause of burden for women in developed countries. More recently the World Health Organisation went on to state that anxiety disorders (including Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder) are the sixth largest cause of disability, and that more women than men are affected.
Despite the severity of OCD, popular culture frequently makes references to certain celebrities being ‘a little OCD’, such comments fail to take into account the fact that the ‘d’ in OCD means disorder. Such comments in popular culture do nothing to accurately raise awareness and are not only unhelpful but can be both damaging and stigmatic to those that suffer and add to the trivialisation of OCD.
A disorder is actually defined as An illness that disrupts normal physical or mental functions, and it is fair to say OCD does exactly that!
Disorder – An illness that disrupts normal physical or mental functions.Oxford English Dictionary
Based on current estimates for the UK population, there are potentially around three quarters of a million people living with OCD at any one time. But it is worth noting that a disproportionately high number of those, about 50% of all these cases, will fall into the severe category with less than a quarter being classed as mild cases.
OCD starts to become problematic and impacting on a person’s life on average during late adolescence for men and during their early twenties for women, although the age of onset covers a wide range of ages, with development of the disorder for some children as young as six. OCD will impact on individuals regardless of gender or social or cultural background and is now thought to affect slightly more females than males.
It used to be the case that sufferers would go undiagnosed for many years, partly because of a lack of understanding of the condition by both the individual themselves and amongst health professionals, but also partly because people went to great lengths to hide their symptoms. They would hide symptoms because of the intense feelings of embarrassment, guilt and sometimes even shame associated with what pre-internet times used to be called the ‘secret illness’.
This used to lead to delays in diagnosis of the illness and delays in treatment, with a person often waiting an average of 10–15 years between symptoms developing and seeking help.
Thankfully, partly through increased awareness from charities like OCD-UK and perhaps because information is now easier to access online, people are getting diagnosed much sooner, even if that is sometimes unofficially self-diagnosed.
To sufferers and non-sufferers alike, the thoughts and fears related to some aspects of OCD can often seem profoundly shocking, for example unwanted fears of hurting a loved one, or a child. It must be stressed, however, that they are just thoughts – not fantasies or impulses which will be acted upon, just unwanted intrusive thoughts which we talk about in the next page.
It is fair to say that to some degree OCD-type symptoms are probably experienced at one time or another by most people, especially in times of stress where they have succumbed to the seemingly nonsensical need to perform an odd and often unrelated behaviour pattern, which is why we often hear the really unhelpful phrase ‘everybody is a little bit OCD’. However, OCD itself can have a totally devastating impact on a person’s entire life, from education, work and career enhancement to social life and personal relationships, which is why such a phrase is spectacularly inaccurate!
The key difference that segregates little quirks, often referred to by people as being ‘a bit OCD’ from the actual disorder is when the distressing and unwanted experience of obsessions and compulsions impacts to a significant level upon a person’s everyday functioning causing great distress – this represents a principal component in the clinical diagnosis of Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder.
What to read next: | <urn:uuid:26ddf4ed-cb12-45f1-bfe7-59e1456e1aeb> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.ocduk.org/ocd/introduction-to-ocd/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474440.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223153350-20240223183350-00699.warc.gz | en | 0.962816 | 1,357 | 3.515625 | 4 |
http://www.vidyablog.com/2011/12/using-kazoos-to-teach-suprasegmentals/#.UVW665_Sc60.blogger. This is a lovely lesson plan on using kazoos but here is my course presentation. IF YOU CAN'T BUY A KAZZOO YOU CAN MAKE ONE WITH A COMB!
Celce-Murcia, Brinton and Goodwin (1996) argued for the use of props in teaching pronunciation to introduce multi-sensory modes into the pronunciation class with the aim of helping break down the ego barriers of learners. They suggested (among other items); matches (for helping with aspirated consonants), rubber bands (for demonstrating differences in vowel length); and.......the kazoo for illustrating intonation patterns.
The kazoo is a wonderful prop for helping students whose first language is not stress timed (as English is) to “feel” the difference in length and loudness between stressed and unstressed syllables. This length-loudness distinction,together with together with the ability to link words together smoothly and pronounce them in meaningful units is what is required for natural English rhythm.(Celce-Murcia, Brinton and Goodwin.)
Students who come from stress-timed languages such as Spanish, Italian, Korean, Cantonese can sound very robotic unless they gain knowledge (and control)of word stress and sentence stress. The students need to understand which words (function or content) in a sentence tend to receive stress (content, of course), they need to know the basic distinction between function and content words, then they need to learn how to decide which word is the prominent or “focus” word, and how to modulate their pronunciation/sound production so that the listener can "catch" the meaning.
To help the students be able to discriminate the "sound" difference between the function and content words I introduce the idea of emphasis and focus by writing sentences (usually connected to our theme or topic)on the board. and read the sentences exaggerating the focus words. The students identify the focus words. I play dialogs (e.g. from Judy's Gilbert's "Clear Speech" - an excellent ESL pronunciation resource - I wouldn't be without it!) and talk about stressed syllables being extra long, vowel extra clear, slight pitch, slightly louder. I discuss the rule that the focus word at the beginning of a conversation usually comes at the end of the sentence - but then it can move, depending on context. We hum the sentences from the board. Then I give out kazoos.
The students need to be able to make short sounds (which will be soft) and LOOOONG sounds (which will be high in pitch, that is the beauty of a kazoo!) (In my experience it is actually a little difficult for some students to get the short/long distinction – just as it is for them to get the short-long distinction with rubber bands) Then students “mirror” the dialogs....no words, just sounds. In pairs students look at a short list of phrases and a couple of sentences and decide (underline) which are the focus words. Then they take turns reading them to each other - one reads, the other kazoos: then they can switch from first reading to first kazooing and the students guess which sentence was "kazooe") I will ask them to go round the class alternately reading and kazooing (three or four example are usually enough)
The lesson then continues to practice with dialogs and the kazoos are put away for another time... Note: Some students enjoy the kazoos, others less so..the instructors needs to be judicious in their use...Kazoos can be purchased at party stores - usually pretty cheaply. If no kazoos are available - "humming" can also give the length and loudness difference. Have fun (prewarn your colleagues the lesson might get a bit noisy that day!) | <urn:uuid:068b665f-4c78-40e8-a5b7-8802d6abb110> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://claudiespronunciationblog.blogspot.com/2013/09/teaching-intonation-and-stress-lets.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474674.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227085429-20240227115429-00699.warc.gz | en | 0.942142 | 839 | 4.125 | 4 |
Also called the Stephens Island frog, the Hamilton's frog is probably the rarest frog in the world, with a population of less than 300. It is also the most ancient frog, according to fossil records. It is named after Harold Hamilton, who was the first to collect the species. Despite being less than 50 mm (5 cm) long, it is New Zealand's largest native frog. Females are larger than males and may reach up to 52 mm (5.2 cm) in length. It is brown in color (some green specimens have been observed), and its eyes are round. It has granular glands in the skin, which are scattered into discrete patches along the back and sides. Some of these glands are visible on the upper surface of the legs, feet, and arms. These glands help to kill surrounding germs that may be harmful to the creature. A single dark stripe runs along each side of the head and through the eye.
This frog can be found in coastal forest and deep boulder banks. It is very dependent on damp environments and quickly dries out and dies if placed in dry areas. It is a ground-dweller and is active only at night. In the day, Hamilton's frogs rest in damp crevices for shelter. They are very difficult to locate since they are well camouflaged, nocturnal and do not croak. Also, they can remain motionless for long periods of time. Diet consists of insects and other invertebrates. Hamilton's frog does not have a tadpole stage and therefore needs no standing or running water for reproduction. Instead, young frogs develop totally within a gelatinous capsule derived from large eggs layed by the female. The male frog guards the eggs until they hatch and then carries the young around on his back. Froglets do not reach maturity until about 3 to 4 years later. They can live for up to 23 years in the wild.
Fossil records indicate that this species was once widespread throughout New Zealand, from the Waikato in the North Island to Punakaiki on the West Coast in the South Island. Today it can only be found in a single rock stack on Stephens Island. Today's population appears to be stable. The major threats to the species are predators (such as the black rat and the endangered tuatara) and disease. Also, its small population and range make it vulnerable to sudden decline and extinction possibly brought by climate change or natural population fluctuations. This species has been protected by law in New Zealand since 1921. Currently it is unlawful to harm or remove Hamilton's frogs from their environment. Also, a tuatara-proof fence has been constructed around its habitat, and its population is being closely monitored.
Copyright Notice: This article is licensed under the GNU Free
Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Hamilton's frog".
Hamilton's Frog Facts Last Updated:
May 9, 2017
To Cite This Page:
Glenn, C. R. 2006. "Earth's Endangered Creatures - Hamilton's Frog Facts" (Online).
Accessed 2/27/2024 at http://earthsendangered.com/profile.asp?sp=158&ID=4.
Need more Hamilton's Frog facts? | <urn:uuid:6f63835d-4a50-4605-a906-4ab1fe5b14fe> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://www.earthsendangered.com/%5C/profile.asp?gr=AM&view=c&ID=4&sp=158 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474674.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227085429-20240227115429-00699.warc.gz | en | 0.956976 | 663 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Tell some story from your past. but change the story in some interesting and exciting ways so that it is not completely true. You can use the cards on the photocopy page to give you some ideas.
Ask the students if they have any questions about the story.
Ask the students if they believe your story. Tell them that it is not completely true, and ask them if they can guess which parts are true and false. Ask them which parts they believe or do not believe and why.
Tell students that they are going to play a storytelling game. Tell them they must guess if the stories are true or false.
Put students in groups of four to six. Give each group a board, a set of cards and a die. Tell them each to find something to use as their marker to move around the board, like a coin or some personal item.
Explain the rules:
Everyone throws the die once
The student with the highest score starts.
You have to throw the die and move your marker to the number of squares on the die.
If that lands on a square with instructions, you have to follow the instructions
If you get a card, you must tell the group the story on the card.
Your friends should ask questions and try to decide if the story is true or false
When everyone has said what they think, the storyteller tells them who is right and wrong.
Then the next person on the left of the storyteller throws the die, and so on until
The person to finish is the winner
4. Be ready to help with any difficult vocabulary on the cards. 5. If one team finishes before the other, they can go and listen to another team’s stories and try to guess if they are true or false.
Tell students to write up an account of their favorite story from the game they played on a loose sheet of paper. Tell them to write their name on the sheet, but not to give the name of the storyteller one photocopy for
Collect the stories and put them on the wall arranged in the same groups that the students were in when they played the game.
Tell the students to go around and read the stories. Ask them if they can guess who any of the storytellers were.
Ask for comments about which they liked and which they believed. Check if their guesses are correct. | <urn:uuid:8dafb7ad-033b-44cb-978b-a910431c95e7> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://belives.sch.id/lessons/lesson-25/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474674.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227085429-20240227115429-00699.warc.gz | en | 0.967643 | 487 | 3.71875 | 4 |
This article highlights the significance of TB screening and contact tracing as essential tools in the early detection and containment of tuberculosis (TB) cases. It focuses on the processes involved in identifying TB carriers and those who may have been exposed to TB-infected individuals to prevent further transmission of the disease.
- The Importance of TB Screening: The article begins by emphasizing the importance of TB screening as a proactive approach to identify individuals who may have TB, even before they show symptoms. It discusses the role of screening in high-risk populations, such as individuals with compromised immune systems, those living in crowded settings, and healthcare workers.
- TB Screening Methods: This section provides an overview of different TB screening methods used in different settings. It may discuss methods such as the tuberculin skin test (TST), interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs), and chest X-rays, along with their advantages and limitations.
- Contact Tracing and its Significance: The article delves into the concept of contact tracing and its importance in identifying individuals who have been in close contact with TB-infected individuals. It may discuss how contact tracing helps in identifying latent TB infection or active TB disease in exposed individuals.
- Contact Tracing Process: This section describes the steps involved in contact tracing, from identifying index cases (the individuals with confirmed TB) to tracing and testing their close contacts. It may discuss the role of healthcare providers and public health authorities in conducting contact tracing efficiently.
- Testing and Diagnosis of Contacts: The article may elaborate on the diagnostic methods used for individuals identified through contact tracing. It may highlight the importance of prompt testing and accurate diagnosis to initiate timely treatment if needed.
- Isolation and Preventive Treatment: This section may discuss the isolation measures taken for active TB cases to prevent further transmission to others. It may also address the use of preventive treatment for individuals with latent TB infection to prevent the development of active TB disease.
- Challenges in TB Screening and Contact Tracing: The article may touch upon the challenges faced during TB screening and contact tracing, such as the need for comprehensive data collection, ensuring the cooperation of affected individuals, and the limitations of available diagnostic methods.
- Community Engagement and Awareness: This section may highlight the importance of community engagement and raising awareness about TB screening and contact tracing. It may discuss strategies for encouraging individuals to come forward for testing and cooperate with contact tracing efforts.
- Public Health Impact of TB Screening and Contact Tracing: The article may discuss the positive impact of effective TB screening and contact tracing on public health, such as reducing TB transmission rates and preventing outbreaks.
- Global Efforts and Future Directions: The article concludes by discussing global efforts in TB screening and contact tracing, along with future directions to enhance these interventions. It may address the importance of continuous research and innovation to improve TB control strategies.
By shedding light on the importance of TB screening and contact tracing, this article aims to raise awareness about the significance of early detection and containment of TB cases to curb the spread of the disease and ultimately reduce its burden on global health. | <urn:uuid:f81b3d63-de43-4aa2-a059-718c40fc8333> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://dailymailexpress.in/tb-screening-and-contact-tracing-identifying-and-isolating-tb-carriers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474674.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227085429-20240227115429-00699.warc.gz | en | 0.917895 | 635 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Hurricane Wilma remained a powerful Category 4 storm when the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite took this image at 12:25 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time, on Friday, October 21, 2005. Two days earlier, Wilma had surged from tropical storm to Category 5 hurricane in record time. Winds around the eyewall of the storm were raging at 280 kilometers per hour (175 miles per hour). National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) aircraft had also measured a record-low air pressure of 882 millibars in the center of Hurricane Wilma, making it the most intense hurricane ever observed in the Atlantic basin.
Since then, Wilma has lost some of her history-making strength, but this is little comfort to those in her path. In this image, the storm eye is about to cross Cozumel, a small island just off the Yucatan Peninsula coast. Winds were peaking at 230 km/hr (145 mph) as the eyewall passed over the island, and hurricane-strength winds extended for 130 kilometers (85 miles) from the storm’s center. As of Friday afternoon, Wilma was projected to continue into the Gulf of Mexico, bringing powerful winds and heavy rain to both western Cuba and the Yucatan Peninsula before turning toward southern Florida. Florida residents have already begun to prepare for the storm’s arrival.
Terra MODIS data acquired by direct broadcast at the University of South Florida (Judd Taylor). Image processed at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (Liam Gumley)
Hurricane Wilma formed in the Carribean as a tropical depression on October 15, 2005, becoming the 21st named storm of the 2005 hurricane season, the most active on record save for 1933, which also had 21 named storms. | <urn:uuid:ece586ee-f5f9-48a6-93c5-b517a6f3470b> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/5958/hurricane-wilma-strikes-the-yucatan | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474674.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227085429-20240227115429-00699.warc.gz | en | 0.951287 | 379 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Renewable energy sources have gained widespread attention in recent years, as the world faces the challenges of climate change and the need to reduce carbon emissions. Among the most popular and established renewable energy sources is solar power, which has seen impressive growth in terms of both its installation and technological advancements. However, with the increasing demand for clean energy, the question arises: is there a chance that solar power will be replaced with a more renewable energy source in the future?
In this article, we will explore the current state of solar power, its advantages and limitations, and the potential contenders for replacing it in the future. We will also examine the factors that may influence the transition from solar power to other renewable energy sources.
Advantages and Limitations of Solar Power
Solar power is the conversion of energy from the sun into electricity. It is a clean and abundant source of energy, with no emissions or pollution associated with its use. Additionally, solar power systems are relatively easy to install and maintain, making them a popular choice for both residential and commercial applications.
Read here: 7 Interesting Renewable Energy Facts
However, solar power has several limitations that may hinder its widespread adoption as the sole source of renewable energy. One major limitation is its intermittency, as solar panels require sunlight to generate electricity. This means that solar power cannot provide a constant supply of energy, and additional energy storage systems are needed to ensure a steady power supply. The cost of these energy storage systems can be a significant barrier to the widespread adoption of solar power.
Another limitation of solar power is its land use requirements. Solar panels require a significant amount of land to be installed, which can be a challenge in densely populated areas. Additionally, solar panels may interfere with agricultural activities and natural habitats if not properly managed.
Lastly, solar power is still heavily reliant on rare earth minerals, which can be environmentally damaging to extract and process. As demand for solar power grows, there may be concerns over the supply and environmental impact of these minerals.
Read here: Renewable Energy Sources for Businesses
Contenders for Replacing Solar Power
Despite its advantages, solar power is not the only renewable energy source available. There are several other options that could potentially replace solar power in the future, depending on their technological advancements and cost-effectiveness.
Renewable wind power is another established renewable energy source that has seen significant growth in recent years. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of wind into electricity, providing a clean and renewable source of energy. Wind power has several advantages over solar power, including its ability to generate energy 24/7, its lower land use requirements, and its potential for offshore installations.
However, wind power also has limitations. Wind turbines can be noisy and visually intrusive, which may pose challenges for their installation in densely populated areas. Additionally, wind power can be affected by weather patterns, and energy storage systems are needed to ensure a constant power supply.
Hydropower is the conversion of energy from falling or flowing water into electricity. It is a well-established renewable energy source that provides a reliable and consistent source of energy. Hydropower has several advantages over solar power, including its ability to provide energy on demand, its potential for large-scale installations, and its low operating costs.
However, hydropower also has limitations. It is heavily reliant on the availability of water, which may be affected by climate change and droughts. Additionally, large-scale hydropower installations can have significant environmental impacts on aquatic ecosystems and local communities.
Geothermal power is the extraction of heat from the earth’s core to generate electricity. It is a clean and reliable source of energy that has been used for several decades. Geothermal power has several advantages over solar power, including its ability to provide energy on demand, its low carbon emissions, and its potential for large-scale installations in specific areas with geothermal activity.
However, geothermal power also has limitations. It can only be used in areas with high levels of geothermal activity, which limits its availability in many regions of the world. Additionally, the development of geothermal power requires significant upfront investment and technical expertise.
Bioenergy is the conversion of organic matter into energy, such as biogas, biofuels, and biomass. It is a versatile and abundant source of energy, with potential applications in transportation, heating, and electricity generation. Bioenergy has several advantages over solar power, including its ability to provide energy on demand, its potential for carbon neutrality, and its ability to use waste materials as a feedstock.
However, bioenergy also has limitations. The production of bioenergy can compete with food production and have negative impacts on land use and biodiversity. Additionally, the production of bioenergy requires significant amounts of water and energy inputs, which can affect its overall sustainability.
Factors Influencing the Transition to New Renewable Energy Sources
The transition from solar power to other renewable energy sources will depend on several factors, including technological advancements, cost-effectiveness, policy support, and public opinion.
- Technological advancements can greatly influence the viability of new renewable energy sources. For example, advancements in wind turbine design and offshore installations have made wind power a more attractive option in recent years. Similarly, advancements in energy storage systems could make solar power more feasible as a standalone source of renewable energy.
- Cost-effectiveness is also an important factor. While renewable energy sources have become increasingly cost-competitive in recent years, the cost of energy storage systems and transmission infrastructure can still be a significant barrier to adoption.
- Policy support, such as incentives for renewable energy adoption and carbon pricing, can also influence the transition to new renewable energy sources. For example, many countries have implemented feed-in tariffs and tax incentives for renewable energy installations, which have spurred growth in solar and wind power.
- Finally, public opinion can play a role in the adoption of new renewable energy sources. As more people become aware of the benefits of clean energy and the impacts of climate change, there may be increasing support for the transition to new renewable energy sources.
While solar power has seen impressive growth in recent years, it is not the only renewable energy source available. Wind power, hydropower, geothermal power, and bioenergy are all potential contenders for replacing solar power in the future, depending on their technological advancements and cost-effectiveness. The transition to new renewable energy sources will depend on several factors, including technological advancements, cost-effectiveness, policy support, and public opinion. Ultimately, the adoption of new renewable energy sources will be crucial in mitigating climate change and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come. | <urn:uuid:45eb824a-00c6-4cd5-9da8-870420fe649f> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://engineerinc.io/the-future-of-renewable-energy-will-solar-power-be-replaced/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474674.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227085429-20240227115429-00699.warc.gz | en | 0.947367 | 1,349 | 3.625 | 4 |
Are you curious to know what is endogenic forces? You have come to the right place as I am going to tell you everything about endogenic forces in a very simple explanation. Without further discussion let’s begin to know what is endogenic forces?
In the grand theater of Earth’s geological processes, the interplay of various forces shapes the planet’s surface and structure. Among these forces, “Endogenic Forces” stand as powerful agents responsible for sculpting and transforming the Earth’s crust through internal mechanisms. These forces, operating beneath the surface, drive tectonic movements, mountain building, volcanic eruptions, and seismic activities, contributing significantly to the dynamic nature of our planet.
What Is Endogenic Forces?
Endogenic forces, also known as internal forces, originate within the Earth and exert their influence from beneath the surface. They are driven by the immense heat and pressure generated within the planet, primarily emanating from the Earth’s core. These forces manifest in different forms, each contributing to the ongoing geological processes that shape the planet.
Types Of Endogenic Forces:
- Tectonic Forces: These forces primarily result from the movement and interaction of the Earth’s tectonic plates. The tectonic plates, comprising the Earth’s lithosphere, shift, collide, or diverge, leading to various geological phenomena such as earthquakes, mountain formation, and the creation of oceanic trenches and ridges.
- Volcanic Forces: Endogenic forces also manifest through volcanic activity. Magma, originating from the Earth’s mantle, finds its way to the surface through volcanic eruptions. These eruptions result in the formation of new landforms like volcanic mountains, craters, and lava plateaus.
- Diastrophism: This refers to the deformation of the Earth’s crust due to folding and faulting processes. Endogenic forces cause compression or tension within the crust, leading to the creation of folds (like anticlines and synclines) and faults (such as normal, reverse, and strike-slip faults), shaping the landscape over time.
- Earthquakes: Endogenic forces are also responsible for seismic activities that cause the Earth’s crust to tremble. The movement of tectonic plates and the release of accumulated stress along fault lines result in earthquakes, which can lead to significant changes in the Earth’s surface.
Impact And Significance:
Endogenic forces play a fundamental role in shaping the Earth’s topography and geology. They are responsible for the formation of mountain ranges, valleys, plains, and various geological formations across the planet. The continuous movement and interaction of these forces contribute to the ever-changing nature of landscapes and influence the distribution of natural resources, impacting human settlements, ecosystems, and geological stability.
Understanding these forces is crucial for various fields, including geology, geography, and disaster management. It helps predict and mitigate the impact of geological events like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides, allowing societies to better prepare and adapt to these natural phenomena.
Endogenic forces represent the internal dynamics of our planet, driving the constant evolution of Earth’s surface and structure. Their influence shapes the world we inhabit, from the formation of majestic mountain ranges to the occurrence of seismic activities. Embracing a deeper understanding of these internal forces not only unveils the mysteries of Earth’s geological history but also enables us to comprehend the ongoing transformations shaping our planet’s future.
What Is Exogenic Forces Class 7?
The forces which derive their strength from the earth’s exterior or originate within the earth’s atmosphere are called exogenic forces or external forces.
What Is The Endogenic Process Short Answer?
The endogenic process is an internal geomorphic process. The energy emanating from within the earth is the main force behind endogenic geomorphic processes. This energy is mostly generated by radioactivity, rotational and tidal friction and primordial heat from the origin of the earth.
What Are Endogenic Factors?
Endogenic (or endogenetic) factors are agents supplying energy for actions that are located within the earth. Endogenic factors have origins located well below the earth’s surface. The term is applied, for example, to volcanic origins of landforms, but it is also applied to the original chemical precipitates.
What Do You Mean By Exogenic?
Definitions of exogenic. adjective. derived or originating externally. synonyms: exogenous. antonyms: endogenic, endogenous.
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What Is Endogenic Forces | <urn:uuid:bf579a2b-9c2e-4a99-b67f-194a3696572b> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://filmyviral.com/what-is-endogenic-forces/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474674.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227085429-20240227115429-00699.warc.gz | en | 0.885864 | 1,061 | 4 | 4 |
The Untold Saga: Unraveling the Heroic Journey of Pocahontas
In the vast domain of history, there are rare tales that capture our hearts and ignite our spirits. One such story is the extraordinary journey of Pocahontas, a name that still echoes in the depths of time. While many may know her as the brave, young Native American girl who helped Jamestown settlers, there is so much more to her captivating saga. Let us dive deeply into the untold aspects of Pocahontas’ life and discover her unwavering spirit that continues to inspire the world.
Noble Heart Beats Strong: Pocahontas’ Courageous Path to Freedom
Pocahontas was born into the Powhatan tribe, a world that thrived on the foundations of unity and respect for nature. From a tender age, her curiosity and compassion set her apart. She possessed an inherent understanding that freedom comes not from dominance but from embracing diversity. As a young girl, Pocahontas nurtured her noble heart by walking proudly between cultures, bridging the divide between her people and the English settlers. Through her unwavering courage, she showed that true strength lies in empathy and acceptance.
The inevitable clash between the settlers and the Powhatan tribe brought forth many challenges for Pocahontas. Yet, she fearlessly stood tall amidst adversity. Her unwavering belief in mutual understanding and compassion guided her every step. Pocahontas’ boundless courage exemplified the extraordinary strength that lies within each and every one of us. Her relentless pursuit of harmony not only shaped her own destiny but also taught the world an invaluable lesson in embracing differences with open hearts.
Pocahontas’ extraordinary journey also led her to a pivotal role in the life of John Smith, an English explorer. The oft-romanticized tale of their connection goes beyond mere infatuation. It symbolizes the power of human connection and the potential for transformation that lies within it. Their bond sparked a flame that burned away the prejudice and ignorance, leaving behind an enduring beacon of hope for unity among diverse cultures. Pocahontas proved that when we embrace others with love and understanding, we can eradicate barriers that divide and forge a path of unity.
Legends Reshaped: Inspiring the World with Pocahontas’ Brave Spirit
Legends have a way of capturing the essence of extraordinary individuals, yet they often fail to fully encompass the true depth of their spirit. Pocahontas’ brave spirit was rooted in her unwavering determination to protect her people and bridge the gap between cultures. Her journey not only inspired the settlers but also empowered the Native American tribes. She left an indelible mark on history and reshaped the narrative surrounding the encounter of two worlds.
Pocahontas’ legacy continues to reverberate in the hearts of people around the world, reminding us of our shared humanity. Her story encourages us all to be ambassadors of compassion, understanding, and unity. It reminds us that true heroes are not defined by their extraordinary abilities but by their willingness to listen, learn, and build bridges.
As we reflect upon the remarkable life of Pocahontas, let us remember that we too possess the power to bridge divides and create a world where unity reigns. Let her story be a gentle nudge in the direction of empathy and acceptance, inspiring us to seek common ground amidst our differences. The true story of Pocahontas is not just a narrative from the past; it is a timeless beacon, guiding us towards a future where we celebrate our shared humanity and cherish the beauty that lies within each unique soul.
Pocahontas’ story serves as a reminder that within the pages of history, there are heroes whose courageous hearts continue to impact our lives. Her enduring spirit illuminates the path towards unity and understanding. As we navigate the complexities of our own lives, may Pocahontas’ legacy inspire us to view every encounter as an opportunity to build bridges and forge connections. Let us heed her call and embrace the noble qualities of compassion, courage, and acceptance. Together, we can create a world where our shared humanity thrives, and the true hero within each of us shines brightly. | <urn:uuid:bb7733df-6d86-45e0-a778-c3dc9b5d0794> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://inbaix.com/the-true-story-of-pocahontas/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474674.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227085429-20240227115429-00699.warc.gz | en | 0.918419 | 870 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Today, children access technology at younger ages, and they are more easily exposed to pornography, predators and other inappropriate content. In a survey conducted by the University of New Hampshire, 42% of children aged 10 to 17 had seen online pornography in a 12-month span, yet 66% percent of those surveyed did not seek out this content.
The good news? Your child isn’t necessarily looking for inappropriate content online. The bad news? Your child’s behavior doesn’t necessarily stop lewd images and websites from appearing on their screens.
Being able to protect your child from the dangers of the Internet is overwhelming, which is why your best tool for helping to prevent situations that could endanger their well-being is communication.
Starting a conversation about digital safety is about keeping an open dialogue with your child while setting clear boundaries. Talking about how to act appropriately online, how to avoid predators and/or how to deal with cyberbullying is crucial to your child’s safety and future.
As a parent, you cannot make the assumption that your child has the common sense to leave a chatroom when someone is soliciting personal information from them. Instead, approach the subject of digital safety as you would any other topic:
- Keep a calm tone; the purpose of these conversations is education, not preemptive discipline.
- Set boundaries for Internet usage: What websites is your child allowed to access? When is it too late at night to use the computer? What kinds of information should they provide online, if any?
- Have clear answers to these questions, and always make yourself available for clarification and discussion.
Once you feel that you have adequately set the standards for your child’s Internet usage, be sure to check in on them periodically; a conversation about digital safety is open-ended and ongoing. Ask what they like to do online, and see if they’ve made any new friends on social media sites or chat rooms.
While you should respect their privacy, use your best judgement on how to stay updated on their online activity. Although your child may not always be excited about your concern, forming lasting habits that promote digital safety is a priority that parents should instill in their children as early as possible.
Laura Jane Crocker | <urn:uuid:4351638d-2d9d-4e1d-b182-fad30c1acaa7> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://learnsafe.com/how-to-start-a-conversation-about-digital-safety/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474674.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227085429-20240227115429-00699.warc.gz | en | 0.950768 | 461 | 3.578125 | 4 |
What is public speaking? Definition
The act of delivering information to a live audience is known as Public Speaking, also referred to as Oratory or Oration, though these terms are less common. This form of communication is vital in various settings, including businesses, schools, weddings, and politics. Being able to speak in front of large numbers of people is an important leadership skill.
While many people fear public speaking, with the right training, practice, knowledge, and equipment, most of us are capable of becoming excellent public speakers.
Public speaking isn’t merely about talking in front of people; it’s about organizing ideas, connecting with the audience, and effectively conveying a message.
Benefits of Public Speaking
Public speaking has many benefits for you and the people around you, including:
- Personal growth
It is great for boosting self-confidence. It can also help eliminate or reduce the fear of speaking in public.
- Career Advancement
Strong public speaking skills can be a deciding factor in employment decisions and promotions.
It provides a platform to persuade or educate an audience on specific topics or issues.
Why are speeches powerful? According to abc.net.au:
“A speech can be a powerful public act. It can inspire people to be kind and more generous, or it can provoke people to hate and fear.”
There are many key elements of effective public speaking, such as:
Make sure you research your topic well, and that your content is relevant, organized, and well-structured.
The manner in which you present content is paramount. Elements such as tone, volume, pace, and clarity all play a significant role in making a difference.
To ensure your audience remains engaged, maintain eye contact and be attentive to their cues.
- Body language
Your posture, gestures, and facial expressions play a pivotal role in delivering an impactful speech or talk. Never turn your back on your audience!
- Visual Aids
Humans inherently respond well to visual data; it not only captures interest but also enhances retention, making it more likely that the audience will remember the presented information.
Overcoming Fear of Public Speaking
Glossophobia or anxiety related to public speaking is a real concern for many people. The following tips may help you overcome that fear:
Thorough preparation is the bedrock of a successful presentation. Knowing your material inside out not only boosts your confidence but also allows for a smoother delivery. Familiarity with your content enables you to adjust on the fly and handle unexpected situations, such as challenging questions or interruptions.
It’s essential to practice your speech or presentation multiple times to ensure familiarity and fluency. Dedicate time to review, refine, and rehearse your material.
- Relaxation techniques
Deep breathing, visualization, and brief meditation can help ease anxiety. These techniques calm the mind, foster positivity, and prepare you for a confident speech.
- Positive self-talk
Replace self-doubt with constructive affirmations. Constantly remind yourself of your strengths and capabilities, using positive phrases like “I am prepared” or “I can handle this.”
- Audience engagement
Remember, your audience is comprised of fellow humans, many of whom share the same anxieties about speaking publicly. They are generally sympathetic and understanding, rooting for you to succeed rather than fail.
Tips for Success
- Understand Your Audience
Tailor your content to the interests and knowledge level of your audience.
- Engage with stories
Audiences are naturally drawn to narratives. Incorporating anecdotes or personal experiences not only makes your content more relatable but also leaves a lasting impression, ensuring your message resonates and is remembered.
Be open to feedback, as it helps you identify areas of improvement.
- Don’t stop learning
The art of public speaking is ever-evolving. Attend workshops, watch insightful TED talks, join speaking clubs, and immerse yourself in diverse learning opportunities. Remember, every experience can offer a lesson, so stay curious and committed to your growth.
- Limit dependence on notes
Instead of reading verbatim from extensive notes, lean on cue cards or key points from slides to guide you. This approach promotes a more organic and engaging delivery. As you grow more confident, embrace the opportunity to improvise and connect authentically with your audience.
Who popularized public speaking? According to virtualspeech.com:
“Aristotle and Quintilian are among the most famous ancient scholars to give public speaking definitive rules and models. Aristotle defined rhetoric as the means of persuasion in reference to any subject.”
Public Speaking vs. Presentation Delivery
While both public speaking and presentation delivery involve communicating to an audience, they aren’t always the same.
Public speaking is a broad term that encompasses any form of speaking to a group, whether it’s giving a toast at a wedding, delivering a eulogy, or speaking at a town hall meeting. It doesn’t necessarily involve visual aids or a structured format.
On the other hand, presentation delivery often implies a more structured approach, typically involving visual aids like slides or props. The goal of a presentation is usually to inform, persuade, or teach a specific topic or idea.
In essence, while all presentations involve public speaking, not all public speaking events are presentations.
Written by Nicolas Perez Diaz, September 6, 2023. | <urn:uuid:55bd46b1-8555-4c23-83f4-c7985de0d16a> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://marketbusinessnews.com/financial-glossary/public-speaking-definition/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474674.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227085429-20240227115429-00699.warc.gz | en | 0.918378 | 1,122 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Explore the enchanting world of the linnet bird with our comprehensive guide. from its captivating song to vital ecological contributions, discover.
Introduction to the Common Linnet
Birdwatching enthusiasts and nature aficionados alike find an intriguing subject of study in the charming Common Linnet. This slender passerine bird, scientifically known as Linaria cannabin, captivates observers with its distinctive features and behavioral nuances.
Understanding the Common Linnet Bird
The Common linnet bird stands out with its slender physique, adorned in brown plumage with a sullied white throat, and a grey bill. Particularly striking during the breeding season, the male exhibits a grey nape, adding to the allure of its appearance. Beyond its aesthetic appeal, the Common Linnet plays a vital role in the ecosystem.
Habitat and Distribution
In the vast realm of open country, from wild moorlands to urban weedy patches, the Common Linnet finds its preferred abode. The bird’s adaptability allows it to thrive in diverse environments, and during the breeding season, their melodic songs echo from favored singing posts on commons. Understanding their habitat preferences and nesting habits is crucial to appreciating their presence in various ecosystems.
The introduction would be incomplete without acknowledging the importance of the Common Linnet bird’s role in biodiversity. As a seed-eating finch, it contributes significantly to seed dispersal, playing a part in maintaining the delicate balance of the ecosystem.
Stay tuned as we delve deeper into the unique characteristics of the Common Linnet, exploring its physical features, and behavioral traits, and uncovering the challenges it faces in the realm of wildlife conservation.
The Unique Characteristics of the Common Linnet
linnet bird enthusiasts find themselves captivated by the distinct features that set the Common Linnet apart in the avian world. As Linaria cannabin graces our ecosystems, its physical attributes and behavioral traits become subjects of fascination.
Physical Features and Plumage
The Common linnet bird boasts a slender silhouette adorned with brown plumage, its throat touched by a sullied white hue. A visual spectacle during the breeding season, the male Common Linnet exhibits a striking grey nape, distinguishing it from its female counterpart. The intricate details of its appearance, including sexual dimorphism, offer a fascinating glimpse into the avian world.
Observing the Common linnet bird goes beyond mere aesthetics. Its physical adaptations extend to plumage variations between males and females, reflecting the diversity within the species. This diversity contributes to the overall resilience and adaptability of the Common Linnet in different environments.
Beyond its visual appeal, the Common Linnet bird’s behavioral traits add layers to its charm. Social dynamics within flocks provide insights into their intricate communication patterns. The melodic songs echoing during interactions serve not only as a means of communication but also as a cultural expression within the Linnet community.
Delving into their feeding habits reveals a preference for hemp and flax seeds, showcasing their ecological role as seed dispersers. The variety in their diet across seasons emphasizes their adaptability and ecological significance in maintaining a balanced ecosystem.
As we navigate the unique characteristics of the Common linnet bird, we gain a deeper appreciation for its role in avian ecology. The subsequent chapters will unravel further layers of this fascinating bird, exploring its conservation status, ecological importance, and cultural significance.
Conservation Status and Threats
The realm of the Common linnet bird extends beyond its enchanting features, delving into the critical domain of conservation. Understanding the challenges faced by these birds is pivotal to fostering an environment conducive to their thriving existence.
The Common linnet bird, despite its resilience, confronts a spectrum of challenges contributing to a decline in population. Factors such as habitat loss, driven by urbanization and agricultural expansion, pose a significant threat to their natural habitats. Human interference further exacerbates the issue, disrupting nesting sites and altering ecosystems.
As the population decreases, concerns about the loss of biodiversity and disruption of ecological balance come to the forefront. Conservationists and ornithologists alike emphasize the urgency of addressing these concerns to safeguard the future of the Common Linnet.
Efforts to mitigate the decline in the Common linnet bird population are underway through dedicated conservation initiatives. Various programs focus on habitat preservation, ensuring the protection of key areas vital to the species’ survival. Additionally, public awareness campaigns aim to garner support for conservation and emphasize the interconnectedness of ecosystems.
Success stories within the realm of Common linnet bird conservation inspire hope. Ongoing projects demonstrate the positive impact of focused efforts, showcasing that with strategic interventions, it is possible to reverse population decline and create a conducive environment for these birds to thrive.
As we navigate the challenges faced by the Common linnet bird, it becomes evident that conservation is not only a necessity but a collective responsibility. The subsequent chapters will unravel more layers of Linnet’s story, from its ecological importance to its rich cultural significance.
Ecological Importance of the Common Linnet
Exploring beyond the feathers and song, the Common linnet bird emerges as a key player in the intricate dance of ecosystems. Its role, woven into the fabric of nature, transcends the individual to impact the broader tapestry of avian ecology.
Role in Ecosystems
Nestled within the heart of ecosystems, Common Linnet birds contribute significantly to seed dispersal. Their foraging habits, particularly the preference for hemp and flax seeds, play a pivotal role in shaping vegetation dynamics. By dispersing seeds across varied landscapes, these birds inadvertently become stewards of plant diversity, fostering the growth of diverse flora.
Beyond the act of seed dispersal, the Common linnet bird presence reverberates in ecosystem balance. Their interactions with other species within their habitat create a delicate web of dependencies. Understanding the nuances of these interactions provides crucial insights into the functioning of ecosystems, offering a glimpse into the interconnected relationships that sustain avian life.
Significance in Avian Ecology
Comparisons with similar linnet bird species illuminate the unique ecological niche carved by the Common Linnet. Its adaptations for thriving in diverse habitats showcase the bird’s versatility and resilience. Studying these adaptations not only unravels the evolutionary journey of the Linnet but also provides valuable data for broader avian research.
As we delve into the ecological importance of the Common linnet bird, it becomes evident that this unassuming bird holds the threads that weave together the intricate tapestry of avian life. The subsequent sections will further unfold the narrative, delving into the cultural symbolism and the delicate dance between humans and these feathered custodians of biodiversity.
Cultural Significance and References
Venturing into the realm of culture, the Common linnet bird transcends its biological existence, intertwining with human history, beliefs, and artistic expressions. This chapter unravels the threads of cultural symbolism and the impact of Linnets on human creativity.
Historical Symbolism and Folklore
In the tapestry of human history, the Common linnet bird weaves a thread of symbolism. Throughout various cultures, these birds have been imbued with diverse meanings. Whether seen as symbols of love, freedom, or even omens, historical references provide a fascinating insight into the intricate relationship between humans and Linnets.
The folklore surrounding the linnet bird often reflects the cultural ethos of different societies. Understanding these stories not only enriches our appreciation for the bird but also offers a window into the collective consciousness of communities that have shared landscapes with these feathered creatures.
Human Interaction and Impact
Moving beyond symbolism, the Common linnet bird has left an indelible mark on human culture. From inspiring ancient myths to gracing the canvases of renowned artists, the bird’s presence echoes through literature, art, and even musical compositions. Its delicate silhouette and vibrant plumage find a place in the human imagination, becoming muses for creativity.
Exploring the impact of linnet birds on human culture unveils a dynamic interplay between the natural world and artistic expression. As we delve into the cultural references, the Common Linnet emerges not just as a subject but as a catalyst for human creativity, influencing everything from poetry to paintings.
In the subsequent sections, we will navigate the intricate pathways of human-Linnet interactions, deciphering the echoes of bird songs in the corridors of human culture.
Conclusion: Appreciating the Common Linnet’s Importance
As we draw the curtains on our exploration of the Common linnet bird, it becomes evident that this avian marvel extends far beyond the boundaries of its habitat. The preceding chapters have unfurled a panorama of its life, from the intricacies of its behavior to its role in cultural narratives.
Summary of Key Points
Synthesizing the wealth of information, the Common linnet bird emerges as a multifaceted entity. Its physical features, behavioral intricacies, and ecological contributions collectively underscore the significance of this unassuming bird. From the vibrant plumage to the harmonic melodies, each facet plays a unique role in the bird’s existence.
The journey has navigated through diverse landscapes—natural habitats, cultural symbolism, and conservation challenges—creating a tapestry that paints a vivid picture of the Common Linnet’s existence. We’ve witnessed its ecological role as a seed disperser, felt the echoes of its song in cultural contexts, and confronted the conservation challenges that threaten its population.
As stewards of our natural heritage, the responsibility to safeguard the Common linnet bird rests on our shoulders. Looking ahead, the trajectory of this species hinges on our collective actions. Conservation initiatives, fueled by awareness and scientific understanding, are vital to securing the future of the Common Linnet.
The call is not just for passive appreciation but for active involvement. By fostering awareness and understanding, we pave the way for a future where the Common Linnet continues to grace our landscapes and inspire awe. Our commitment to avian biodiversity, exemplified through the lens of the Common Linnet, serves as a beacon for the larger cause of wildlife preservation.
In concluding our journey, let the narrative of the Common Linnet resonate beyond these pages. May it inspire curiosity, fuel conversations, and instigate actions that propel the conservation and appreciation of not just this bird but the rich tapestry of life it represents.
Conclusion: Nurturing the Essence of the Linnet
As our expedition through the world of the Common Linnet culminates, it is not merely the end but a call to action, a beckoning to embrace the essence of this avian wonder. The intricacies uncovered in the preceding chapters have illuminated the linnet’s tale, from the canvas of its habitat to the symphony of its song.
Recap of Key Points
Echoing through the exploration is the tapestry of the linnet’s life, woven with threads of its physical prowess, cultural significance, and ecological contributions. Its symbolism in history, art, and literature resonates with the melody of its song, creating a harmonious narrative that encapsulates both its fragility and resilience.
From the subtle hues of its plumage to the complex dynamics within flocks, the linnet is not just a bird but a living testament to the intricate balance of nature. Conservation challenges, such as habitat loss and climate impact, cast a shadow on its future, emphasizing the urgency of our collective responsibility.
In peering into the future, the linnet’s fate rests not only in its wings but in the hands of humanity. The potential for conservation and recovery hinges on our commitment to understanding, appreciating, and safeguarding the delicate ecosystems it inhabits.
A beacon of hope illuminates this conclusion, urging us to foster awareness and involvement. The journey does not conclude with the final words but extends into a realm where individuals, communities, and policymakers collaborate in the conservation narrative. The linnet’s melody, if preserved, can continue to grace our landscapes and enrich our understanding of avian biodiversity.
As we step forward, let this conclusion resonate as a call to nurture, appreciate, and protect the essence of the linnet. In our hands lies the power to script a future where this feathered marvel continues to inspire and thrive.
Unveiling the Linnet’s Melodic Mystique
As we soar into the heart of our exploration, the Common Linnet reveals another layer of its mystique—the enchanting melody that graces the skies. In this chapter, we delve into the intricate world of the linnet’s song, exploring its purpose, complexity, and the unique linguistic patterns embedded within each note.
The Linguistics of Linnets
The linnet’s song is a masterpiece crafted by nature, a symphony that transcends mere melodic tones. Through intricate patterns of trills, chirps, and warbles, the linnet communicates with unparalleled finesse. Linguists and ornithologists alike have marveled at the complexity of this avian communication, unraveling a unique lexicon that extends beyond the audible.
Trills and Whistles
- Explore the significance of trills in linnet communication
- Unravel the meanings behind distinctive whistles
- How environmental factors influence the tonal nuances
- Investigate the patterns embedded in linnet songs
- The role of repetition and variation in their linguistic repertoire
- Comparisons with other avian species and their vocalizations
The Purpose of the Melody
Beyond the aesthetic allure, the linnet’s song serves multifaceted purposes within its ecosystem. It acts as a communicative tool for courtship, territory delineation, and even as an indicator of environmental health. Understanding the nuances of this melodic language unveils a narrative of survival, adaptation, and the delicate balance between the linnet and its surroundings.
- Examine how the linnet employs its song in the courtship ritual
- The role of specific notes and sequences in attracting mates
- Investigate how changes in the linnet’s song may signal environmental shifts
- The impact of human activities on the acoustic landscape of linnets
The Art of Mimicry
One of the linnet’s most intriguing talents is its ability to mimic the sounds of other birds. This chapter explores the mechanics of mimicry, its potential evolutionary origins, and the ways in which this skill aids the linnet in its interactions with other species.
Mimicry in Nature
- Discuss instances of mimicry in the linnet’s natural environment
- The potential advantages and disadvantages of this skill
- Comparison with other bird species known for mimicry
- Explore theories regarding the evolution of mimicry in linnets
- How mimicry contributes to the linnet’s survival and adaptation
In unraveling the melodic mystique of the linnet, we discover not just a bird’s song but a complex language that echoes through ecosystems. The linguistic intricacies of trills, whistles, and mimicry add a new dimension to our appreciation of this avian wonder.
The Linnet’s Enigma: A Symbiosis of Adaptations
As we unravel the tapestry of the linnet’s existence, we delve into the enigmatic world of its adaptations—a finely tuned dance between physiology and environment. In this chapter, we explore the remarkable evolutionary strategies that equip the linnet for survival in diverse ecosystems.
The linnet’s plumage is not just a canvas of aesthetics but a testament to evolutionary precision. This section dissects the unique feather adaptations that serve multifaceted purposes, from thermoregulation to camouflage, unraveling the intricacies of avian evolution.
- Explore how the linnet’s plumage adapts to different environments
- The role of cryptic coloration in evading predators and enhancing survival
- Seasonal variations in feather patterns and their significance
- Examine the linnet’s feathers as a tool for temperature regulation
- How feather density and structure contribute to thermoregulation
- Adaptations for surviving extreme weather conditions
Survival for the linnet is not just about navigating the skies but also about navigating the complexities of its diet. This section explores the bird’s dietary preferences, its role in the ecosystem, and the adaptations that enable efficient foraging.
- Delve into the linnet’s preference for specific seeds and its impact on plant ecosystems
- How the linnet contributes to seed dispersal and plant diversity
- Adaptations in its digestive system for processing seeds
Seasonal Variability in Diet
- Explore how the linnet’s diet adapts to seasonal changes
- The significance of dietary flexibility in response to environmental shifts
- The interconnectedness of diet, migration, and reproductive cycles
Beyond the enchanting melody, the linnet’s song serves practical purposes in its survival toolkit. This section explores the vocal adaptations that aid communication, courtship, and territory establishment.
- Investigate the acoustic properties of the linnet’s song
- How resonance contributes to effective long-distance communication
- The role of frequency modulation in conveying nuanced messages
- Explore how vocal adaptations have evolved over generations
- The interplay between natural selection and the development of complex songs
- Comparisons with other bird species and their vocal adaptations | <urn:uuid:a7abd3bc-1d64-4f02-8b92-5cdc2222878a> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://pinkbirdsinfo.com/linnet-bird/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474674.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227085429-20240227115429-00699.warc.gz | en | 0.892394 | 3,571 | 3.734375 | 4 |
The Koonwarra Fossil Bed has unearthed a new species of fairy shrimp that lived in Australia’s watery ecosystems some 100 million years ago. Despite its ancient age, the crustacean was able to display a surprising capability in the fossil record, with experts concluding that it could reproduce through parthenogenesis. Parthenogenesis is a reproductive method used by plants and even certain animals to reproduce without the requirement for a male. Condors and sharks have lately joined the ranks of non-male child-bearing creatures, and now our ancient fairy shrimp, Koonwarrella peterorum, whose discovery was announced in Alcheringa, has joined them.
So, how does one discover parthenogenesis in a Cretaceous-era animal? Of course, you examine its garbage. When trying to place new species on the evolutionary tree, looking for male genitalia or mating equipment like the grabbing antennae that relatives of K. peterorum are known to use is a good place to start simply because they are simple to identify. However, initial author Emma Van Houte ran into a brick wall since there didn’t appear to be any.
There was no evidence of hermaphroditism (an animal having both sets of genitalia) or shrimps midway between male and female in the 40 juvenile and adult female K. peterorum specimens examined. This, together with the discovery of egg pouches, suggested that the extinct species reproduced asexually by parthenogenesis. It’s not the first time fairy shrimp have reproduced this way; there’s an actual fairy shrimp species in Australia that can spawn without males. It’s convenient because males in the colony are so rare, but it’s not these shrimp’s exclusive means of reproduction; if the opportunity arises, they will mate sexually.
The Koonwarra Fossil Bed in Australia, where the 40 fairy shrimp specimens were discovered, is a veritable treasure trove of ancient beasties large and small, all of which have been studied in great detail. Dinosaur feathers, as well as insects, fish, and aquatic invertebrates, have been preserved in these conditions (watch them in action in Prehistoric Planet). The site’s exceptional preservation also allowed scientists to add K. peterorum to the parthenogenesis registry, despite the presence of animals as small as fairy shrimp. The ancient fairy shrimp would have looked more like the extremophile brine shrimp, sometimes known as sea monkeys, at its peak, rather than shrimp as we know them now. | <urn:uuid:c75014ad-13e1-4a39-9438-0e0b57cb7827> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://qsstudy.com/100-million-year-old-fairy-shrimp-fossil-suggests-it-could-make-babies-all-on-its-own/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474674.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227085429-20240227115429-00699.warc.gz | en | 0.960251 | 527 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Sun, the star that, by the gravitational effects of its mass, dominates the solar system—the planetary system that includes the Earth. By the radiation of its electromagnetic energy, the Sun furnishes directly or indirectly all of the energy supporting life on Earth except for that supported by deep-ocean hydrothermal vents, because all foods and fuels except for these are derived ultimately from plants using the energy of sunlight. See Photosynthesis; Solar Energy. Because of its proximity to the Earth (average distance 149,597,870 km (92,960,116 mi), known as an astronomical unit, (AU), and because it is such a typical star, the Sun is a unique resource for the study of stellar phenomena. No other star can be studied in such detail. Lying at very great distances from Earth, the stars in the night sky appear as unresolved point sources. Spectroscopic studies of distant stars of solar type allow astronomers to infer that these show similar patterns of behaviour to the Sun, including magnetic activity cycles and flares. It is believed that other stars have spots similar to sunspots.
II HISTORY OF SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATION
For most of the time that human beings have been on the Earth, the Sun has been regarded as an object of special significance. Many ancient cultures worshipped the Sun, and many more recognized its significance in the cycle of life. Aside from its calendrical or positional importance in marking, for example, solstices, equinoxes, and eclipses (see Archaeoastronomy), the quantitative study of the Sun dates from the discovery of sunspots, while the study of its physical properties was not initiated until much later. Chinese astronomers occasionally observed sunspots with the naked eye as early as 200 bc. But around 1611 Galileo and others, including the German Jesuit astronomer Christoph Scheiner (1575-1650), used the recently invented telescope to observe them systematically.
This work marked the beginning of a new approach to studying the Sun. The Sun came to be viewed as a dynamic, evolving body, and its properties and variations could thus be understood scientifically. The next major breakthrough in the study of the Sun came in 1814 as the direct result of the use of the spectroscope by the German physicist Joseph von Fraunhofer. A spectroscope breaks up light into its component wavelengths, or colours. Although the spectrum of the Sun had been observed as early as 1666 by the English mathematician and scientist Isaac Newton, the accuracy and detail of Fraunhofer’s work laid the foundation for the first attempts at a detailed theoretical explanation of the solar atmosphere. Some of the radiation from the visible surface of the Sun (called the photosphere) is absorbed by slightly cooler gas just above it. Only particular wavelengths of radiation are absorbed, however, depending on the atomic species present in the solar atmosphere. In 1859, the German physicist Gustav Kirchhoff first showed that the dark, so-called Fraunhofer lines at certain wavelengths in the spectrum of the Sun were due to absorption of radiation by atoms of some of the same elements as are present on the Earth. Not only did this show that the Sun was composed of ordinary matter, but it also demonstrated the possibility of deriving detailed information about celestial objects by studying the light they emitted. This was the beginning of astrophysics.
The occurrence of a fairly regular cycle of sunspot activity was recognized around 1844 by the German amateur astronomer Heinrich Schwabe. Progress in understanding the Sun has continued to be guided by scientists’ ability to make new or improved observations. Among the advances in observational instruments that have significantly influenced solar physics are the spectroheliograph, invented by George Ellery Hale, which allows observations to be made at isolated wavelengths such as those emitted by ionized hydrogen or ionized calcium; the Lyot coronagraph, which permits study of the solar corona by producing an artificial, instrumental “eclipse”; and the magnetograph, invented by the American astronomer Horace W. Babcock in 1948, which measures magnetic-field strength over the solar surface. Early rocket experiments in the late 1940s demonstrated the advantages of lifting instruments such as coronagraphs above the Earth’s distorting atmosphere. The most effective observations in short ultraviolet and X-ray wavelengths, which cannot penetrate the atmosphere, have been made from satellites in orbit above the Earth.
For example, NASA launched a series of Orbiting Solar Observatories between 1962 and 1975. Great progress in observing and understanding violent solar phenomena at short wavelengths came with the manned Skylab mission in 1973-1974, which was equipped with a dedicated solar telescope. The Solar Maximum Mission satellite (Solar Max) launched in 1980 was used to make some very useful observations prior to instrument failure; following its recovery and repair by astronauts aboard the space shuttle Challenger in 1984, the satellite was used to follow activity around the 1986 solar minimum. The Japanese Yohkoh (“Sunbeam”) satellite launched in August 1991 extended the series of solar observations at short electromagnetic wavelengths, revealing a great deal about the dynamic nature of the corona during a three-year period of operation which coincided with very high activity.
As part of the International Solar Terrestrial Physics programme, the SOHO (Solar and Heliospheric Observatory) satellite, launched in 1995, is stationed at a stable orbital point 1.5 million km (937,500 mi) sunwards of the Earth, to provide continuous monitoring. Instruments aboard probes in interplanetary space have also been important in examining processes in the solar wind. Magnetometers and other equipment aboard the Pioneer and Voyager spacecraft have been invaluable in measuring the Sun’s sphere of influence. The Ulysses spacecraft, launched in 1990, has been the first to take measurements of the solar wind at high latitudes. In August 2001, NASA launched the Genesis probe, which has taken up a high Earth orbit, outside the planet's magnetosphere, and is collecting samples of ions from the solar wind to be returned to Earth for analysis. The mission should provide detailed information about the composition and properties of the solar wind, and an insight into the nature of the solar nebula from which the solar system formed. See Space Exploration.
III COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE
The Sun has a diameter of 1,390,000 km (870,000 mi).The total amount of energy emitted by the Sun in the form of radiation is remarkably constant, varying by no more than a few tenths of 1 per cent over several days. This energy output is generated deep within the Sun. Like most stars, the Sun is made up primarily of hydrogen (specifically, 71 per cent hydrogen, 27 per cent helium, and 2 per cent other, heavier elements). Near the centre of the Sun the temperature is almost 16 million K (about 29 million degrees F) and the density is 150 times that of water. Under these conditions the nuclei of individual hydrogen atoms interact, undergoing nuclear fusion (see Nuclear Energy). The net result of a series of such processes is that four hydrogen nuclei combine to make one helium nucleus, and energy is released in the form of gamma radiation. Vast numbers of nuclei react every second, generating energy equivalent to that which would be released from the explosion of 100 billion one-megaton hydrogen bombs per second. The nuclear “burning” of hydrogen in the core of the Sun extends out to about 25 per cent of the Sun’s radius. The energy thus produced is transported most of the way to the solar surface by radiation. Photons of light may take as long as 100,000 years to emerge from the core, undergoing a “random walk” outwards through the Sun’s dense interior.
Nearer the surface, in the convection zone, occupying approximately the last third of the Sun’s radius, energy is transported by the turbulent mixing of the gases.
A The Photosphere
The photosphere is the top surface of the convection zone. Evidence of the turbulence of the convection zone can be seen by observing the photosphere and the atmosphere directly above it. Turbulent convection cells in the photosphere give it an irregular, mottled appearance. This pattern is known as the solar granulation. Each granule is about 2,000 km (1,240 mi) across. Although the pattern of granulation is always present, individual granules remain for only about 10 minutes. A much larger convection pattern is also present, caused by the turbulence that extends deep into the convection zone. This supergranulation pattern contains cells that last for about a day and average 30,000 km (18,600 mi) across. The photosphere has a temperature of almost 5770 K (9930° F).
Sunspots appear as darker features on the photosphere, and are regions of slightly lower temperature (typically 4000 K/6680° F) that result where the emergence of strong magnetic fields from the solar interior disrupts the normal pattern of convection. A typical sunspot has a magnetic-field strength of 0.25 tesla, compared with the Earth’s magnetic-field strength of less than 0.0001 tesla. Sunspots range in size from pores 1,000 km (625 mi) in diameter, to extensive, complex groups that may cover up to 0.5 per cent of the visible solar hemisphere. Sunspot numbers vary over long time-scales, reaching a maximum roughly every 11 years. The underlying magnetic cycle which is believed to cause sunspot activity takes 22 years to return to its starting configuration. Sunspots appear to be a consequence of the interaction between deep-seated magnetic activity in the Sun, and the differential rotation of the outer, convective layers: at its equator, the Sun rotates on its axis once every 25.6 days, but at the poles, the rotation period is in excess of 30 days. As a result of the differential rotation, the solar magnetic field becomes wrapped around itself, so that loops are forced up and out through the photosphere: sunspots form at the sites of emergence.
C The Chromosphere
Lying above the photosphere, and visible as a narrow ring of red light (shining in the wavelength of hydrogen-alpha at 656.3 nanometres) around the dark body of the Moon during total solar eclipses, is the chromosphere. Activity in the chromosphere can be studied using a spectrohelioscope. Temperatures in the chromosphere are higher than those in the photosphere, of the order of 20,000 K (35,000° F), and there is a sharp transition between the two layers. The chromosphere has a depth of about 10,000 km (6,250 mi). Much of the Sun’s magnetic field lies outside sunspots. The pervasiveness of the Sun’s magnetic field adds complexity, diversity, and beauty to the outer atmosphere of the Sun. For example, the larger-scale turbulence in the convection zone pushes much of the magnetic field at and just above the photosphere to the edges of the supergranulation cells. Within the supergranule boundaries, jets of material shoot into the chromosphere to an altitude of about 4,000 km (2,500 mi) in 10 minutes. These so-called spicules are caused by the combination of turbulence and magnetic fields at the edges of the supergranule cells.
Near the sunspots, however, the chromospheric radiation is more uniform. These sites are called active regions, and the surrounding areas, which have smoothly distributed chromospheric emission, are called plages, from the French word meaning “beach”. Active regions are the location of solar flares, explosions caused by the very rapid release of energy stored in the magnetic field (although the exact mechanism is not known). Among the phenomena that accompany flares are rearrangements of the magnetic field, intense X-ray radiation, radio waves, and the ejection of very energetic particles that sometimes reach the Earth, disrupting radio communications and causing auroral displays (see Aurora).
Cooler material in the inner solar atmosphere may be suspended by magnetic loops in the chromosphere as arched prominences, which can persist for several months. Gas in prominences is maintained at lower temperatures than prevail in their surroundings thanks to the insulating effects of the magnetic fields that shape them. Through a spectrohelioscope, prominences are seen to best advantage when on the limb, or edge, of the solar disc. During total solar eclipses, prominences reaching out from the Sun for up to 50,000 km (31,250 mi) can be striking, appearing as extensions of the red chromosphere above the dark, obscuring body of the Moon. Prominences often appear in association with sunspot regions, but may also form elsewhere, and are most numerous a couple of years after sunspot numbers have peaked. Disturbances of the solar magnetic field may lead to prominences becoming detached and ejected into space. Prominence material is also often seen to condense and fall back to the solar surface. Viewed from above through a spectrohelioscope, prominences appear as dark filaments against the brighter, higher-temperature background as they transit the solar disc.
E The Corona
During total solar eclipses, as the Moon completely obscures the dazzling light of the photosphere, it briefly becomes possible to see the outer solar atmosphere, which extends for several solar radii from the disc of the Sun: the corona. The corona reaches from just above the chromosphere far out into interplanetary space. Some indication of its great extent is given by observations from satellites equipped with coronagraphs; results in X-ray wavelengths, particularly, from such spacecraft as Yohkoh and SOHO, clearly show the corona to be an active, dynamic environment. Most of the corona consists of great arches of hot, ionized gas (plasma): smaller arches within active regions and larger arches between active regions. The corona is shaped by the extended solar magnetic field. Closed magnetic field loops above active regions give rise to bright structures, described as “helmets”. Regions of open magnetic field, where only one end of the field line is embedded in the Sun, give rise to long “streamers” extending radially away from the Sun.
The shape of the corona changes over the sunspot cycle. At sunspot maximum, when active regions are abundant, the corona consists mainly of evenly distributed closed loops; at minimum, long streamers extend to either side of the Sun, mainly from its equatorial regions. Around sunspot maximum, when flare activity is common, the corona in X-ray wavelengths is frequently seen to be disturbed by outward-travelling shock waves. These coronal mass ejections (CMEs) have become recognized as an important source of turbulence in the solar wind. CMEs directed towards Earth can cause magnetic storms. A primary aim of the SOHO satellite mission is to observe CMEs with a view to forecasting such disruption. In 1999 X-ray observations made by Yohkoh linked CMEs to the appearance of sigmoids, S-shaped formations on the photosphere (inverted in the Sun's northern hemisphere) some 160,000 km (100,000 mi) long, which may indicate the magnetic field twisting back on itself. The data indicated a strong statistical correlation between the appearance of sigmoids and the subsequent eruption of CMEs. In the 1940s the corona was discovered to be much hotter than either the photosphere or the chromosphere, with a temperature of over 1 million K (1.8 million degrees F). Finding the mechanism by which this energy reaches the corona is one of the classic problems of astrophysics. Early ideas to account for coronal heating included the dissipation of acoustic waves produced by the motion of the turbulent solar granules. Through further analysis, it became apparent that such waves would give up their energy before reaching coronal heights. Propagation of gravitational waves was rejected for similar reasons.
The most widely accepted theory suggests that the corona is heated by energy carried by magnetic loops emerging from the deep solar interior. The Yohkoh and SOHO spacecraft have provided ample observational evidence to support the idea that considerable magnetic energy is transferred to the corona via CMEs and other transient phenomena.
Wind Coronal plasma within one or two radii from the Sun’s surface is trapped by magnetic field loops. At greater distances, however, the plasma has sufficient kinetic energy to overcome this magnetic restraint, and escapes into interplanetary space. The resulting outward flow of the Sun’s atmospheric plasma is called the solar wind. The solar wind carries with it a magnetic field whose strength and orientation are determined by activity and features close to the Sun’s surface. Interactions between this interplanetary magnetic field and that of the Earth in turn influence auroral activity and under some circumstances lead to magnetic storms. The solar wind flows past Earth at a typical velocity of 400 km/sec (250 mi/sec); following coronal mass ejection events, “gusts” of up to 1,000 km/sec (625 mi/sec) can be found. Thus, the solar wind is variable, both in velocity and magnetic field. Much of the solar wind emerges from open regions in the Sun’s magnetic field, perhaps corresponding with the streamers observed in the corona. Larger regions of open magnetic field are seen at X-ray wavelengths as “coronal holes”. By virtue of their reduced particle density and temperature, these features appear dark at X-ray wavelengths, as first observed from Skylab. Coronal holes are long-lived, and most commonly found at lower solar latitudes around sunspot minimum.
Results from the Ulysses spacecraft suggest that there are permanent coronal holes at the poles of the Sun, and that the solar wind at higher latitudes has greater velocity than near the equator. The solar wind emerging from coronal holes has a higher velocity, around 800 km/sec (500 mi/sec) at the distance of Earth. These high-speed streams in the solar wind sweep across Earth at 27-day intervals, equivalent to the Sun’s apparent rotation period, and give rise to recurrent magnetic disturbances.
The influence of the solar wind has been detected by instruments aboard the Pioneer and Voyager spacecraft far beyond the orbit of Pluto: in a very real sense, all the planets in the solar system can be said to lie within the Sun’s extended outer atmosphere. The volume of space in which the solar atmosphere has a dominant influence over the interplanetary medium is called the heliosphere. The boundary of the heliosphere, the heliopause, may lie anywhere between 1.6x1010 to 2.4x1010 km (1.0x1010 to 1.8x1010 mi) from the Sun (equivalent to between 106 and 160 AU); Voyager project scientists hope that at least one of their spacecraft will survive long enough to cross this boundary.
IV SOLAR EVOLUTION
The Sun’s past and future have been inferred from theoretical models of stellar structure. During its first 50 million years, the Sun contracted to approximately its present size. Gravitational energy released by the collapsing gas heated the interior, and when the core was hot enough, the contraction ceased and the nuclear burning of hydrogen into helium began in the core. The Sun has been in this stage of its life for about 4.5 billion years. Enough hydrogen is left in the Sun’s core to last another 4.5 billion years. When that fuel is exhausted the Sun will change: as the outer layers expand to the present size of the orbit of the Earth or beyond, the Sun will become a red giant, slightly cooler at the surface than at present, but 10,000 times brighter because of its huge size. The Earth may not be swallowed up, however, for it may have spiralled outwards, in response to a loss of mass by the Sun. The Sun will remain a red giant, with helium-burning nuclear reactions in the core, for only about half a billion years. It is not massive enough to go through successive cycles of nuclear burning or a cataclysmic explosion, as some stars do. After the red giant stage it will puff off its outer layers to form a planetary nebula, while the core will shrink to a white dwarf star, about the size of the Earth, and slowly cool for several billion years. | <urn:uuid:b81aa74d-cb17-4c00-bf76-253c6c05491e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://referaty.aktuality.sk/sun/referat-16321 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474674.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227085429-20240227115429-00699.warc.gz | en | 0.940428 | 4,260 | 4.03125 | 4 |
China has more than 3,000 years of recorded history, but misconceptions abound at every stage. This series takes you on a thematic tour of four important topics in ancient Chinese history: religion, ethnicity, law, and eunuchs. Justin M. Jacobs, a professor of Chinese history at American University, gives you a nuanced overview based on the latest scholarship and illustrated with copious slides.
Jacobs is the author of The Compensations of Plunder: How China Lost Its Treasures. He recently completed a 24-episode series on UNESCO World Heritage Sites for The Great Courses and is currently conducting research on the voyages of Captain Cook in the Pacific.
Please Note: Individual sessions are available for purchase.
May 24 Religion in Chinese History
China has a rich and diverse religious tradition that dates back to the 13th century B.C., when oracle bones—part of the shoulder bone of an ox or a piece of tortoise shell—were used for divination. Jacobs examines many types of supernatural worship, from deified ancestors to river gods to Taoist and Buddhist deities. He also looks at Taoist efforts to achieve immortality, the evolution of conceptions of the soul, and changing views of the netherworld.
May 31 Ethnic Identity in Chinese History
The Chinese people are often perceived as a relatively homogenous ethnic group, but the reality is far more complex and surprising. Jacobs analyzes the earliest ideas regarding civilization and barbarism, the crucial role of northern nomads and their creation of the ethnonym “Han,” and just what it meant to be considered “Chinese” or “Han” in different places and times throughout history.
June 7 Law and Punishment in Chinese History
China is heir to one of the oldest legal codes in the world, one that has been continuously adapted for more than 2,000 years. Jacobs discusses the ideological assumptions that informed the code, including views on class, gender, and politics. He reviews fascinating criminal cases that were deemed so consequential that the emperor himself was forced to weigh in on the judgment.
June 14 Eunuchs in Chinese History
Long despised by the Confucian elite and grossly neglected by historians, eunuchs often appear as little more than a demeaning caricature in narratives of Chinese history. Jacobs details the everyday lives of imperial Chinese eunuchs and explains why they were so politically indispensable despite rhetorical denunciations of them. He also examines the traumatic life cycle of a eunuch from birth to employment to retirement. | <urn:uuid:97fdd67b-4089-4e0b-8e59-3fa50c50436c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://smithsonianassociates.org/ticketing/series/journey-through-ancient-china | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474674.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227085429-20240227115429-00699.warc.gz | en | 0.953644 | 515 | 3.765625 | 4 |
A team of IBM researchers have managed to store one bit of data in a single atom, in a breakthrough that could potentially change the way storage devices are developed in the future.
The research carried out at IBM’s Almaden lab in Silicon Valley was published in the scientific journal Nature.
Hard disks use almost 100,000 atoms to store one bit of data at present. IBM has managed to store the same amount of data on a single atom.
The scientists used an IBM-invented, Nobel prize-winning scanning tunneling microscope to demonstrate technology that could someday store the entire iTunes library of 35 million songs in a credit card sized storage device.
IBM said the ability to read and write one bit of data on one atom creates new possibilities for developing smaller and denser storage devices.
Scientists were able to read and write a single bit of data to an atom using electrical current. They were also able to demonstrate that two magnetic atoms can be read and written on their own, even when they are separated by one nanometer.
IBM said that the tight spacing could eventually yield magnetic storage that is 1,000 times denser than the existing hard disk drives and solid state memory chips.
The company noted that future applications of nanostructures built with control over the position of every atom could enable people and businesses to store 1,000 times more data in the same space, someday making data centres, computers and personal devices radically smaller and more powerful.
Christopher Lutz, nanoscience researcher at the IBM Almaden Research Center in San Jose, California, said: “Magnetic bits lie at the heart of hard-disk drives, tape and next-generation magnetic memory.
“We conducted this research to understand what happens when you shrink technology down to the most fundamental extreme — the atomic scale.”
Using scanning tunneling microscope, scientists built and measured isolated single-atom bits leveraging the holmium atoms.
The custom microscope operates in extreme vacuum conditions to eliminate interference by air molecules and other contamination, IBM said.
Liquid helium was used for cooling, enabling the atoms to retain their magnetic orientations for a considerable amount of time to be written and read reliably. | <urn:uuid:5ef46f44-069b-4b1a-a2f7-4de4ea93aebc> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://techmonitor.ai/technology/data/ibm-stores-one-bit-of-data-on-a-single-atom | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474674.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227085429-20240227115429-00699.warc.gz | en | 0.943051 | 451 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Next: Human Consequences
Up: Earth's Cycles
Previous: Water Cycle
The last cycle we will discuss is the rock cycle. This involves
the recognition of three main classes of rocks found on the Earth.
The rock cycle consists of the production and transformation of
one type of rock into another: lava hardens to form an igneous rock,
which subsequently is eroded into a sedimentary rock, which in turn
can transform into a metamorphic rock.
- Igneous: These rocks, such as basalt and granite, are
formed from when magma or lava from volcanoes hardens. These were
the first types of rock to appear on the Earth.
- Sedimentary: These rocks, such as sandstone, shale, and
limestone, are formed from the erosion of other types of rocks
by weather and water.
- Metamorphic: When sedimentary rocks get buried
deep within the Earth, they are subject to intense pressure and
heat. This changes the rock into a metamorphic rock, examples
of which are quartzite. | <urn:uuid:cd6fd145-ed9a-4306-919b-e514a814257f> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://theory.uwinnipeg.ca/mod_tech/node200.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474674.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227085429-20240227115429-00699.warc.gz | en | 0.897955 | 227 | 4.03125 | 4 |
Published on Jun 26, 2023
The objective is to determine the viscosity of common liquids, honey, ocean water, and vegetable oil, by measuring the time it takes the marble to travel through the liquids.
Measure down about 2 cm from the top of each glass with a ruler, and mark it with tape. Fill each glass to the tape with a different liquid. Hold two marbles level with the tops of two glasses.
Say, "Ready, Set, Go!" and start the stopwatch while the helper drops the marbles. Record your observations. Race the marbles a second and third time.
Race another two liquids the same as above. To measure viscosity of the liquids fill the graduated cylinder up with one of the liquids to a level 5 cm below the top of the cylinder.
Measure down at least 2 cm below the surface of the liquid and mark a starting line on the cylinder with the tape. The starting line needs to be lower than the surface of the liquid to allow time for your marble to reach its terminal velocity before you start taking measurements.
Measure up from the bottom of the cylinder, approximately 5 cm, and mark an ending line on the cylinder with the marker. You don't want the ending line to be at the bottom of the cylinder because the marble will slow down as it approaches the bottom of the cylinder.
Measure the distance between the starting point and ending point. This is the distance that you will use to calculate the speed of the marble as it travels through the liquid.
For the marble race, the marble average speed was .32 seconds for ocean water, .46 seconds for vegetable oil, and 73 seconds for honey.
For the viscosity experiment, ocean water viscosity was 129 kg/meters squared, vegetable oil was 167 kg/meters squared, and honey was 46,890 kg/meters squared.
In the end my hypothesis was right! My hypothesis was if the honey, vegetable oil, and ocean water are compared for viscosity, then the marble will travel slower in honey compared to ocean water and vegetable oil.
I discovered that my marble traveled slowly because the viscosity was high in honey.
Newton's second law - the more massive an object is, the more force is required to move it - helped us formulate our hypothesis.
This project tested the viscosity of common liquids.
Science Fair Project done By Akemi M. Ito | <urn:uuid:4151ac92-4729-48b0-a9a9-fb780d39f7f4> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.1000sciencefairprojects.com/Aerodynamics/Marble-Viscosity-Race.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474674.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227085429-20240227115429-00699.warc.gz | en | 0.937297 | 502 | 3.921875 | 4 |
When learning about and discussing physics, we focus heavily on energy, the core element of the science. To better understand this connection, it helps to refer to a solid working definition of physics.
Physics. The science in which matter and energy are studied both separately and in combination with one another.
And a more detailed working definition of physics may be: The science of nature, or that which pertains to natural objects, which deals with the laws and properties of matter and the forces which act upon them. Quite often, physics concentrates upon the forces having an impact upon matter, that is, gravitation, heat, light, magnetism, electricity, and others.
B. Physics and Mathematics
As a whole, physics is closely related to mathematics, for it provides the logical structure in which physical laws may be formulated and their predictions quantified. A great many of physics’ definitions, models, and theories are expressed using mathematical symbols and formulas.
The central difference between physics and mathematics is that ultimately physics is concerned with descriptions of the material world whereas mathematics is focused on abstract logical patterns that may extend beyond the real world.
Because physics concentrates on the material world, it tests its theories through the process known as observation or experimentation. In theory, it may seem relatively easier to detect where physics leaves off and mathematics picks up. However, in reality, such a clean-cut distinction does not always exist. Hence, the gray areas in between physics and mathematics tend be called “mathematical physics.”
Both engineering and technology also have ties to physics. For instance, electrical engineering studies the practical application of electromagnetism. That is why you will quite often find physics to be a component in the building of bridges, or in the creation of electronic equipment, nuclear weaponry, lasers, barometers, and other valuable measurement devices.
C. Physics. Range of Fields
• Acoustics. Study of sound and sound waves.
• Astronomy. Study of space.
• Astrophysics. Study of the physical properties of objects in space.
• Atomic Physics. Study of atoms, specifically the electron properties of the atom.
• Biophysics. Study of physics in living systems.
• Chaos. Study of systems with strong sensitivity to initial conditions, so that a slight change at the beginning quickly becomes major changes in the system.
• Chemical Physics. Study of physics in chemical systems.
• Computational Physics. Application of numerical methods to solve physical problems for which a quantitative theory already exists.
• Cosmology. Study of the universe as a whole, including its origins and evolution.
• Cryophysics, Cryogenics, and Low Temperature Physics. Study of physical properties in low temperature situations, far below the freezing point of water.
• Crystallography. Study of crystals and crystalline structures.
• Electromagnetism. Study of electrical and magnetic fields, which are two aspects of the same phenomenon.
• Electronics. Study of the flow of electrons, generally in a circuit.
• Fluid Dynamics and Fluid Mechanics. Study of the physical properties of “fluids,” specifically defined in this case to be liquids and gases.
• Geophysics. Study of the physical properties of the Earth.
• High Energy Physics. Study of physics in extremely high energy systems, generally within particle physics.
• High Pressure Physics. Study of physics in extremely high pressure systems, generally related to fluid dynamics.
• Laser Physics. Study of the physical properties of lasers.
• Mathematical Physics. Discipline in which rigorous mathematical methods are applied to solving problems related to physics.
• Mechanics. Study of the motion of bodies in a frame of reference.
• Meteorology and Weather Physics. Physics of weather.
• Molecular Physics. Study of physical properties of molecules.
• Nanotechnology. Science of building circuits and machines from single molecules and atoms.
• Nuclear Physics. Study of the physical properties of the atomic nucleus.
• Optics and Light Physics. Study of the physical properties of light.
• Particle Physics. Study of fundamental particles and the forces of their interaction.
• Plasma Physics. Study of matter in the plasma phase.
• Quantum Electrodynamics. Study of how electrons and photons interact at the quantum mechanical level.
• Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Physics. Study of science where the smallest discrete values, or quanta, of matter and energy become relevant.
• Quantum Optics. Application of quantum physics to light.
• Quantum Field Theory. Application of quantum physics to fields, including the fundamental forces of the universe.
• Quantum Gravity. Application of quantum physics to gravity and the unification of gravity with the other fundamental particle interactions.
• Relativity. Study of systems displaying the properties of Einstein’s theory of relativity, which generally involves moving at speeds very close to the speed of light.
• Statistical Mechanics. Study of large systems by statistically expanding the knowledge of smaller systems.
• String Theory and Superstring Theory. Study of the theory that all fundamental particles are vibrations of one-dimensional strings of energy, in a higher-dimensional universe.
• Thermodynamics. Physics of heat. | <urn:uuid:a58d32a7-8f60-4fdb-9e54-0dd7b81988bb> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.biyanicolleges.org/what-is-physics-and-why-is-it-important/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474674.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227085429-20240227115429-00699.warc.gz | en | 0.885023 | 1,066 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Butterflies are any of the slender-bodied, nectar-feeding insects that are scientifically classified under the order Lepidoptera within the kingdom Animalia. These colorful insects differ from moths because the butterflies are typically active during the day while their cousins are nocturnal.
1. What are the different stages of the life cycle of a butterfly?
The butterfly life cycle includes four different life stages:
2. What are the host plants of common butterfly species?
Flowering plants like milkweed and passion vine serve as good host plants for some common butterfly species.
Butterflies generally live to be around 3-4 weeks old.
They drink nectar with their straw-like tongues called a proboscis.
Although the season of maximum activity may vary among different butterflies, summer is the butterfly season for most species.
6. Do butterflies migrate?
Butterfly migration is a unique phenomenon undertaken by some species that usually fly a long distance to escape the cold weather of their breeding grounds.
While some butterflies migrate to warmer places, other non-migratory species become dormant when the weather gets cold.
8. What do butterflies look like?
These insects are characterized by four large, vibrant-colored wings that have microscopic scales. They can be easily identified by a pair of dilated or clubbed antennae, six jointed legs, and a small head with compound eyes. Some of them have large, bright eyespots on their wings.
9. What is the flying mechanism of butterflies?
Instead of flying in a straight-line path, butterflies have a twisting-turning fluttering pattern.
Different butterfly species live in diverse locations and habitats.
Many insectivores, including birds, snakes, and even other larger insects may feed on butterflies.
A male butterfly mates by holding onto its female breeding partner’s abdomen using its clasper.
13. Do butterflies bite?
No, butterflies are aesthetically pleasing insects that cannot bite.
14. What do butterflies do?
From pollinating plants to providing a food source for predators, butterflies do several things that are beneficial to our environment.
15. What is a group of butterflies called?
A group of butterflies is usually called a swarm, army, or kaleidoscope. While some butterfly species like Cloudless Sulphur may fly in groups, there are species such as the Monarch that migrate alone.
16. Why are butterflies called ‘butterflies’?
Although the word has been used for centuries, its origin is not known. One theory is that butterflies, or witches who could change into butterflies, were thought to have stolen butter and milk, and then fluttered by.
17. Is a butterfly an animal?
Yes, butterflies are insects that are classified under the kingdom Animalia and order Lepidoptera. | <urn:uuid:5959158e-61c1-4401-9127-ceb62f387e1b> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.butterflyidentification.com/butterfly-facts | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474674.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227085429-20240227115429-00699.warc.gz | en | 0.935202 | 586 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Regression analysis is used to evaluate relationships between two or more variables. Identifying and measuring relationships lets you better understand what's going on in a place, predict where something is likely to occur, or begin to examine causes of why things occur where they do. For example, you might use regression analysis to explain elevated levels of lead in children using a set of related variables such as income, access to safe drinking water, and presence of lead-based paint in the household (corresponding to the age of the house). Typically, regression analysis helps you answer these why questions so that you can do something about them. If, for example, you discover that childhood lead levels are lower in neighborhoods where housing is newer (built since the 1980s) and has a water delivery system that uses non-lead based pipes, you can use that information to guide policy and make decisions about reducing lead exposure among children.
Regression analysis is a type of statistical evaluation that employs a model that describes the relationships between the dependent variable and the independent variables using a simplified mathematical form and provides three things (Schneider, Hommel and Blettner 2010):
- Description: Relationships among the dependent variable and the independent variables can be statistically described by means of regression analysis.
- Estimation: The values of the dependent variables can be estimated from the observed values of the independent variables.
- Prognostication: Risk factors that influence the outcome can be identified, and individual prognoses can be determined.
In summary, regression models are a SIMPLIFICATION of reality and provide us with:
- a simplified view of the relationship between 2 or more variables;
- a way of fitting a model to our data;
- a means for evaluating the importance of the variables and the fit (correctness) of the model;
- a way of trying to “explain” the variation in y across observations using another variable x;
- the ability to “predict” one variable (y - the dependent variable) using another variable (x - the independent variable)
Understanding why something is occurring in a particular location is important for determining how to respond and what is needed. During the last two weeks, we examined clustering in points and polygons to identify clusters of crime and population groups. This week, you will be introduced to regression analysis, which might be useful for understanding why those clusters might be there (or at least variables that are contributing to crime occurrence). To do so, we will be using methods that allow researchers to ask questions about the factors present in an area, whether as causes or as statistical correlates. One way that we can do this is through the application of correlation analysis and regression analysis. Correlation analysis enables us to examine the relationship between variables and examine how strong those relationships are, while regression analysis allows us to describe the relationship using mathematical and statistical means.
Simple linear regression is a method that models the variation in a dependent variable (y) by estimating a best-fit linear equation with an independent variable (x). The idea is that we have two sets of measurements on some collection of entities. Say, for example, we have data on the mean body and brain weights for a variety of animals (Figure 5.2). We would expect that heavier animals will have heavier brains, and this is confirmed by a scatterplot. Note these data are available in the R package MASS, in a dataset called 'mammals', which can be loaded by typing data (mammals) at the prompt.
A regression model makes this visual relationship more precise, by expressing it mathematically, and allows us to estimate the brain weight of animals not included in the sample data set. Once we have a model, we can insert any other animal weight into the equation and predict an animal brain weight. Visually, the regression equation is a trendline in the data. In fact, in many spreadsheet programs, you can determine the regression equation by adding a trendline to an X-Y plot, as shown in Figure 5.3.
... and that's all there is to it! It is occasionally useful to know more of the underlying mathematics of regression, but the important thing is to appreciate that it allows the trend in a data set to be described by a simple equation.
One point worth making here is that this is a case where regression on these data may not be the best approach - looking at the graph, can you suggest a reason why? At the very least, the data shown in Figure 5.2 suggests there are problems with the data, and without cleaning the data, the regression results may not be meaningful.
Regression is the basis of another method of spatial interpolation called trend surface analysis, which will be discussed during next week’s lesson.
For this lesson, you will be analyzing health data from Ohio for 2017 and use correlation and regression analysis to predict percent of families below the poverty line on a county-level basis using various factors such as percent without health insurance, median household income, and percent unemployed.
You will be using RStudio to undertake your analysis this week. The packages that you will use include:
- The ggplot2 package includes numerous tools to create graphics in R.
- The corrpplot package include useful tools for computing and graphical correlation analysis.
- The car package stands for “companion to applied regression” and offers many specific tools when carrying out a regression analysis.
- The pastecs package stands for “package for analysis of space-time ecological series.”
- The psych package includes procedures for psychological, psychometric, and personality research. It includes functions primariy designed for multivariate analysis and scale construction using factor analysis, principal component analysis, cluster analysis, reliability analysis and basic descriptive statistics.
- The QuantPsyc package stands for “quantitative psychology tools.“ It contains functions that are useful for data screening, testing moderation, mediation and estimating power. Note the capitalization of Q and P.
The data you need to complete the Lesson 5 project are available in Canvas. If you have difficulty accessing the data, please contact me.
Poverty data (Ohio Community Survey): The poverty dataset that you need to complete this assignment was compiled from the American Factfinder online data portal and is from the 2017 data release. The data were collected at the county level.
The variables in this dataset include:
- percent of families with related children who are < 5 years old, and are below the poverty line (this is the dependent variable);
- percent of individuals > 18 years of age with no health insurance coverage (independent variable);
- median household income (independent variable);
- percent >18 years old who are unemployed (independent variable).
During this week’s lesson, you will use correlation and regression analysis to examine percent of families in poverty in Ohio’s 88 counties. To help you understand how to run a correlation and regression analysis on the data, this lesson has been broken down into the following steps:
Getting Started with RStudio/RMarkdown
- Setting up your workspace
- Installing the packages
Preparing the data for analysis
- Checking the working directory
- Listing available files
- Reading in the data
Explore the data
- Descriptive statistics and histograms
- Normality tests
- Testing for outliers
Examining Relationships in Data
- Scatterplots and correlation analysis
- Performing and assessing regression analysis
- Regression diagnostic utilities: checking assumptions | <urn:uuid:310bba39-9196-43f7-bd79-9933a8681fb2> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog586/node/624 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474674.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227085429-20240227115429-00699.warc.gz | en | 0.90973 | 1,549 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Educating scavenger immune cells: why sex is important
June 2020: Researchers from the Bain and Jenkins labs discover that immune cells called macrophages get a better education in the female abdomen, making them more effective scavengers of harmful bacteria.
The body’s immune system is there to protect against attack from infection. Macrophages are cells of the immune system that are present in every tissue/organ of the body and are specialised at scavenging and killing bacteria. Macrophages develop from immature precursor cells called monocytes that circulate in the bloodstream.
As macrophages develop from monocytes, they are ‘educated’ to perform their crucial scavenger functions by the local tissue environment. However, until now this ‘education’ was thought to occur rapidly, with monocytes quickly adapting once they arrive from the blood.
In our present study, we have used mice to understand macrophage education in the abdominal or 'peritoneal' cavity and show that this process differs markedly between males and females. Critically, we found that some functions of macrophages took a long time to develop within the tissue.
In females, peritoneal macrophages live for a very long time, thereby allowing a thorough and prolonged education process to occur. Part of this involves changes to the machinery present on the cell surface to detect bacteria, including a bacterial receptor called CD209b. As a result, female macrophages in the cavity are better equipped to detect, engulf and kill bacterial intruders. In contrast, peritoneal macrophages in male mice are more rapidly replaced by their monocyte precursor cells, meaning their education is cut short.
The research shows that prolonged education of female macrophages is dependent on local signals from the ovaries and that surgical removal of the ovaries (oophorectomy) renders female macrophages more short-lived like their male counterparts. The Bain and Jenkins groups propose that the superior bacterial handling ability of female peritoneal macrophages has evolved as a protection mechanism for the female reproductive tract. This is particularly important given the anatomical differences in the peritoneal cavity between the sexes.
Unlike in males where the peritoneal cavity is entirely enclosed, the lining of the peritoneal cavity (called the peritoneum) is open around the fallopian tubes, meaning there is potential for retrograde passage of bacteria from within the reproductive tract into the cavity. Ensuring this is eliminated quickly and efficiently is vital to prevent inflammation of the peritoneum, termed peritonitis.
Peritoneal macrophages have also been implicated in diseases such as endometriosis, a condition where tissue similar to that found in the uterus starts to grow outside the uterus, including in the peritoneal cavity. Thus, understanding how macrophage education changes in the context of chronic disease could lead to the development of new therapies for these conditions. An important first step in this process will be to determine if our findings in mice are also present in humans. | <urn:uuid:08033850-b93a-4878-8c1b-4a27a76f8862> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.ed.ac.uk/inflammation-research/information-public/science-summaries/educating-scavenger-immune-cells | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474674.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227085429-20240227115429-00699.warc.gz | en | 0.949841 | 615 | 3.640625 | 4 |
the website where English Language teachers exchange resources:
worksheets, lesson plans, activities, etc.
Our collection is growing every day with the help of many teachers. If
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FUTURE PERFECT or FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS worksheet
A worksheet for the students to practise FUTURE PERFECT and FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS, which is a bit confusing for them. Students are supposed to use the correct future form of the verbs in brackets. KEY is included. I hope you find it useful. Have a nice Tuesday! DUYGU
Level:intermediate Age: 14-17
Copyright 09/5/2011 duygu baba
Publication or redistribution of any part of this
document is forbidden without authorization of the | <urn:uuid:9efc3206-a924-47ee-b746-81729c50a48d> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.eslprintables.com/grammar_worksheets/verbs/verb_tenses/future_perfect_continuous/FUTURE_PERFECT_or_FUTURE_PERFE_538691/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474674.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227085429-20240227115429-00699.warc.gz | en | 0.891512 | 176 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Fuses, Switches, Circuit Breakers And Relays
Most vehicles use one or more fuse panels. This one is located on the driver’s side kick panel
It is possible for large surges of current to pass through the electrical system of your vehicle. If this surge of current were to reach the load in the circuit, this surge could burn it out or cause severe damage to the vehicle’s electrical system. It can overload the wiring, causing the harness to get hot and melt the insulation. To protect vehicle wiring, fuses, circuit breakers and/or fusible links are typically installed into the power supply wires throughout the electrical system. These items are nothing more than a built-in weak spot in the system. When an excessive amount of current flows through a circuit it causes an increase in heat throughout the wiring. Fuses and circuit breakers are designed as the weak link in the system and will disconnect the circuit to prevent damage to the components contained within that circuit. Components are equipped with connectors so they may be replaced in situations where they were damaged due to a power surge.
The following are descriptions as to how fuses and circuit breakers protect the electrical system:
- Fuse- A fuse is a weak link in the system designed to create an open circuit when the amperage flowing through that circuit exceeds the limits of the fuse. As the amperage increases, the conductor within the fuse heats up and eventually melts and breaks apart. This open circuit interrupts the flow of current and protects the components in the circuit.
- Circuit Breaker- A circuit breaker is a "self-repairing" fuse. It will open the circuit in the same fashion as a fuse. The surge creates heat the same way that a fuse is affected. When the surge subsides and the circuit cools down, the circuit breaker will reset and allow current to flow through the circuit. Typically circuit breakers do not need to be replaced.
- Fusible Link- A fusible link (fuse link or main link) is a short length of special, high temperature insulated wire that acts as a fuse. When an excessive electrical current passes through a fusible link, the thin gauge wire inside the link melts, creating an open to protect the circuit. To repair the circuit, the link must be replaced. Some newer type fusible links are housed in plug-in modules, which are simply replaced like a fuse, while older type fusible links must be cut and spliced if they melt
Always replace fuses, circuit breakers and fusible links with identically rated components. Under no circumstances should a protection device of higher or lower amperage rating be substituted.
I would get a fuse tester that can test fuses while still installed and powered up. It will light if the fuse is blown when applied to the two tabs that are exposed on fuses that are installed in your Ford product.
Check the fuse box under the dash on the driver's side, and check to see if there are any fuses under the hood.
If you don't have the tool, try to look for stickers or download the manual from ford.com. | <urn:uuid:59db9de3-3c1a-46ec-be2f-6b105971fdaa> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.fixya.com/support/t136295-no_power_all_fuse_t2al_blown_up | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474674.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227085429-20240227115429-00699.warc.gz | en | 0.93147 | 652 | 3.546875 | 4 |
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