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The city of Rithymno already existed from the Late Minoan Period III as at the settlement of Mastaba a Minoan cemetery of Ancient Rithymnas was found in 1947. Archaeological excavation discovered mosaics of the Roman and Byzantine age. But also during the 3 century A.D. the city seems to have acquired great significance as it was referred to a large village by Claudius Amiliano.
During the first Byzantine period the city is inhabited and the most important cities were Lappa and Eleftherna as the Sees of bishops.
During the period of Venetian rule, Rethymno begins to become a city, with its conquerors taking advantage of its geographical position and building the port which still survives, the Mandraki. Rethymno underwent many disaster from pirate (1538), raiders who (1567) pillage, rob and set it on fire. Later in 1590, a terrible flood was catastrophic for the island.
The Turks occupied the city afterwards after a 22 day siege in November of 1646. During the period of Turkish rule of Rethymno it followed the fortune of the other cities and many martyr heroes were distinguished in the struggle against the conqueror and who are commemorated.
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| 0.980651 | 257 | 3.546875 | 4 |
It’s no secret. The weather is dry in Texas and it doesn’t look like things are getting better any time soon.
In fact, climatologists predict that, without a big rain event, Texas will be in its worst recorded drought by October.
"We're living history right now,” Stacey Steinbach with the Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts said. “That drought from the ‘50s was really bad and this one is either as bad or may eventually exceed it."
That's why there's a sense of urgency at the Texas Groundwater Summit, a gathering of scientists, water managers and planners.
"We do not have enough water to sustain the growth the state is living with,” Dirk Aaron, manager of the the Clearwater Underground Water Conservation District, said. “The sense of urgency is for people in the community to understand that."
Based in Bell County, Aaron’s conservation district is the guardian of the water supply that feeds Salado Springs.
"We have to have a sustained change in our habits with water to live through a drought like this," Aaron said.
Managers of the Barton Springs portion of the Edwards Aquifer face similar challenges.
"We're knocking on the door of a stage four exceptional drought, which would be unprecedented for our district,” John Dupnik with the Barton Springs Edwards Aquifer Conservation District said. “We've never experienced one."
But some scientists think a solution may be coming to the surface: brackish water.
"A lot of people have stayed away from brackish groundwater because it is not potable, it's not freshwater, you can't use it for drinking purposes, but that is really being identified more and more as a source," water attorney Ty Embrey said.
Brackish water is loaded with dissolved salts and minerals and is costly to clean up.
"There's plenty of water there. It's just a matter of making it more usable," Dupnik said.
Experts estimate that the development of a cheap and effective way to clean up brackish water would double the state's underground water supply.
Water managers are still waiting on technology to catch up. Right now, there are 38 brackish water treatment plants in Texas, but their output is still very limited.
That leaves water managers—and the rest of Texas—hoping for rain.
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| 0.966865 | 498 | 3.109375 | 3 |
|Intensive culture of pike-perch fry with live food|
Klein Breteler, J.G.P. (1989). Intensive culture of pike-perch fry with live food, in: De Pauw, N. et al. (Ed.) Aquaculture: a biotechnology in progress: volume 1. pp. 203-207
In: De Pauw, N. et al. (Ed.) (1989). Aquaculture: a biotechnology in progress: volume 1. European Aquaculture Society: Bredene, Belgium. ISBN 90-71625-03-6. 1-592 pp., more
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Techniques are described for the intensive culture of pike-perch (Stizostedion lucioperca) fry to fingerling size (2,5cm) Artemia and zooplankton were used as live food. The survival amounted to 26,7% and the growth, nearly linear with time, to 0,8mm.d-1. Potential effects of cannibalism on survival and growth, and of light intensity on development of body deformations (lordosis) are discussed.
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| 0.765555 | 265 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The rewards of promiscuity for males are undisputed. But why should a female mate promiscuously, particularly when her partners offer no resources other than sperm and increase her chances of succumbing to predation or disease? This question has been hotly debated but at present remains largely unresolved [Jennions, M. D. & Petrie, M. (2000) Biol. Rev. 75, 21-64]. One possibility is that females exploit postcopulatory mechanisms, such as sperm competition, to increase both the quality and quantity of their offspring. In this paper, we use the Trinidadian guppy, a species with a resource-free mating system, to test the hypothesis that females gain multiple benefits from multiple mating. Our results indicate that multiply mated females secure substantive advantages: They have shorter gestation times and larger broods, and they produce offspring with better developed schooling abilities and escape responses than their singly mated counterparts.
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This species has been recorded from the Regions of Ancash (Pallasca), Cajamarca, and La Libertad (Santiago de Chuco and Otuzco), in Peru (Aguilar et al. 2010, 2012). It has an elevational range of 2,000–4,100 m asl.
Habitat and Ecology
This species inhabits puna and high-altitude plateaus, and dry scrubland. Breeding occurs in temporary small ponds and permanent shallow streams. It has also been found in agricultural land, particularly potato and maize fields, however it is unknown whether its presence in modified habitats suggests a tolerance to disturbance or if they represent relictual subpopulations.
This species was formerly a common and abundant species (Miranda Leiva 2008), however it is now considered an uncommon species. Between 1999 and 2000, specimens were observed at Granja Porcón and El Empalme in Cajamarca; however, subsequent surveys of the same sites during 2003-2004 were unable to record the species again (Miranda Leiva 2008). Several specimens were recorded in 2003 in a mining concession in La Libertad (J. Suarez pers. comm. In: Aguilar et al. 2012), in 2004 in a mining concession in Ancash (Aguilar et al. 2010), and in 2005 in a mining concession in Cajamarca (M. Medina pers. comm. in: Aguilar et al. 2012). However, these sites were visited again during 2005-2007 (Ancash), 2006-2007 (Cajamarca), and 2008 (La Libertad), but the species was not recorded (Aguilar et al. 2012). The species experienced a drastic population decline sometime between the years 2000 and 2005, and it has not been observed since 2005, despite efforts to find it. There is a possibility that this species may be extinct (A. Miranda Leiva pers. comm. March 2018), however if a population still exists it is thought to have less than 50 individuals.
One of the main threats is the loss of habitat and contamination of water bodies by mining activities, expansion of agriculture and livestock, and pine plantations (Miranda Leiva 2008, Aguilar et al. 2010, 2012). Formal, extensive mining concessions, as well as, small-scale, informal mining concessions occur throughout this species' range (Aguilar et al. 2010, 2012). The modification of water ways, including the construction of irrigation channels with cement and PCV pipes constitute another threat to its breeding habitat (A. Miranda Leiva pers. comm. March 2018). Other threats, including chytridiomycosis and climate change, cannot be not ruled out (Aguilar et al. 2010, A. Miranda Leiva pers. comm. March 2018), as its pattern of decline is similar to other amphibian species that have been impacted by chytridiomycosis. Occasionally it has been recorded in the national pet trade.
This species is believed to occur in Parque Nacional Huascarán and Zona Reservada Chancaybaños, and possibly Reserva Nacional Calipuy. In August 2008, the species was declared extinct throughout its range at the "Simpósio Internacional sobre Declinación de Poblaciones de Anfibios Altoandinos de los Países: Ecuador, Venezuela y Peru" (Miranda Leiva 2008, A. Miranda Leiva pers. comm. March 2018).
Conservation of remaining forest fragments in this species' range would be critical to its conservation, should it still be extant.
It is a very high priority to conduct surveys to locate this species and determine its current population status.
Red List Status
Least Concern (LC)
Listed as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) given that, after it experienced a precipitous population decline in the early to mid-2000s, no individuals have been reported since 2005, despite intensive and ongoing searches in suitable habitat in historical localities, suggesting that if this species is still extant the pool of remaining mature individuals is likely fewer than 50.
IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group 2018. Nannophryne cophotis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T54615A89196913. .Downloaded on 17 November 2018
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January 17, 1964 Electronics
[Table of Contents]
Wax nostalgic about and learn from the history of early electronics.
See articles from Electronics,
published 1930 - 1988. All copyrights hereby acknowledged.
Here is a chart you don't see
every day - "Temperature Rise in Rigid Waveguide." The company, Engineering Antenna Systems,
of Manchester, New Hampshire, that published the chart in a 1965 edition of Engineering
magazine, does not exist anymore. They were probably bought by someone else, but I could
not even find an honorable mention of them in a Google search. Given the very low attenuation
of properly sized and installed waveguide, it is hard to imagine a temperature rise of
500°F; however, when megawatts are pumped into it even a couple tenths of a decibel
of attenuation per 100 feet results in a lot of power loss. Noted is how attenuation
- and therefore temperature rise - is greater for frequencies at the lower end of the
waveguide's operational range. Temperature rise numbers are for natural convection in
free air (no forced air, heat sink, or liquid cooling).
Temperature Rise in Rigid Waveguide
By T. J. Vaughan
Manager of Engineering Antenna Systems, Inc.
Manchester, N. H.
Designers of waveguide components must be concerned with the temperature increase
above ambient due to the average power.
Knowing the average power in watts, the temperature rise above ambient of the waveguide
can be quickly determined from the graph. The heat is generated because of the power
lost due to the attenuation of the guide. The calculations are based on a 2:1 aspect
ratio and material emissivity of 0.5.
By plotting, attenuation of that waveguide is the bracketed figure on the right. Because
the attenuation varies for different materials available, the most common material used
for the respective waveguide size have been selected from: WR 2300 to WR 650 Aluminum
6061 T6; WR 430 to WR 284 Commercial Aluminum; and WR 187 to WR 90 Brass.
Data - The temperature rise plot represents averages: on the 30°F and 70°F
plots, for example, the slash line shows how the temperature varies within a waveguide
size as a function of frequency. For example, in WR-975, operating 755 to 1120 Mc,
attenuation varies from 0.115 db/100 ft at 1120 Mc to 0.18 db/100 ft
at 755 Mc. For the higher temperature this represents a worst case since natural
convection was assumed, for example even the smallest amount of forced convection will
drop the temperature.
For any given waveguide size, from the operating frequency the attenuation per unit
length can be determined from manufacturer supplied charts or available handbooks. Once
attenuation is known, temperature rise can be determined for the average power in question
from the above chart.
Example: WR-975 at a frequency of 755 Mc and an average power of 100 kW.
From charts or handbook the attenuation is 0.18 db/100 ft. Laying a straightedge
on the chart at this attenuation gives a temperature rise of 35°F above ambient.
This data, confirmed by myself in the 0.08 db/100 ft and 1 megawatt
region and by MIT-Lincoln Laboratory in 0.3 db/100 ft and 50 kW region,
can be useful to those who are unaware that with the high average powers now available
(and required in satellite communications) there can be a serious temperature problem.
This could limit the system noise temperature on a low noise tracking system.
Posted August 28, 2018
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Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
The Patient's Bill of Rights
Consumer Bill of Rights and ResponsibilitiesEdit
The following summarizes eight areas of consumer rights and responsibilities adopted by the President's Advisory Commission on Consumer Protection and Quality in the Health Care Industry in 1998 . Many health plans have adopted these principles:
- Information Disclosure. Consumers have the right to receive accurate, easily understood information and some require assistance in making informed health care decisions about their health plans, professionals, and facilities.
- Choice of Providers and Plans. Consumers have the right to a choice of health care providers that is sufficient to ensure access to appropriate high-quality health care.
- Access to Emergency Services. Consumers have the right to access emergency health care services when and where the need arises. Health plans should provide payment when a consumer presents to an emergency department with acute symptoms of sufficient severity -- including severe pain -- such that a "prudent layperson" could reasonably expect the absence of medical attention to result in placing that consumer's health in serious jeopardy, serious impairment to bodily functions, or serious dysfunction of any bodily organ or part.
- Participation in Treatment Decisions. Consumers have the right and responsibility to fully participate in all decisions related to their health care. Consumers who are unable to fully participate in treatment decisions have the right to be represented by parents, guardians, family members, or other conservators.
- Respect and Nondiscrimination. Consumers have the right to considerate, respectful care from all members of the health care system at all times and under all circumstances. An environment of mutual respect is essential to maintain a quality health care system.
- Confidentiality of Health Information. Consumers have the right to communicate with health care providers in confidence and to have the confidentiality of their individually identifiable health care information protected. Consumers also have the right to review and copy their own medical records and request amendments to their records.
- Complaints and Appeals. All consumers have the right to a fair and efficient process for resolving differences with their health plans, health care providers, and the institutions that serve them, including a rigorous system of internal review and an independent system of external review.
- Consumer Responsibilities. In a health care system that protects consumers' rights, it is reasonable to expect and encourage consumers to assume reasonable responsibilities. Greater individual involvement by consumers in their care increases the likelihood of achieving the best outcomes and helps support a quality improvement, cost-conscious environment.
McCain-Edwards-Kennedy Patients' Bill of Rights Senate bill S.1052Edit
The McCain-Edwards-Kennedy Patients' Bill of Rights Senate bill S.1052 was an attempt to providing comprehensive protections to all Americans in health plans in 2001.
The House of Representatives and Senate passed differing versions of the Patients' Bill of Rights. Although both bills would provide patients key rights such as prompt access to emergency care and medical specialists, only the Senate-passed measure would provide patients with adequate means to enforce their rights.
The Senate-passed Patients' Bill of Rights confers a broad array of rights on patients. The bill would ensure that patients have the right to:
- have their medical decisions made by a doctor;
- see a medical specialist;
- go to the closest emergency room;
- designate a pediatrician as a primary care doctor for their children;
- keep the same doctor throughout their medical treatment;
- obtain the prescription drugs their doctor prescribes;
- access a fair and independent appeals process if care is denied; and
- hold their health plan accountable for harm done.
The Congress did not pass this bill in 2002.
- Summary of the McCain-Edwards-Kennedy Patients' Bill of Rights S.1052 2001. from the Senate Democratic Caucus.
- Consumer Patient Rights and Responsibilities Advisory Commission on Consumer Protection and Quality in the Health Care Industry
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).|
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October 30, 2015
Suggested Tweet: The Florida red tide is naturally occurring and other facts you should know:http://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/FLFFWCC/bulletins/12277da #Redtide #FWCresearch #Florida
Red tide confirmed in Florida: What you need to know
Red tide is a naturally occurring, higher-than-normal concentration of microscopic algae. In Florida, the species that causes most red tides is Karenia brevis. This organism produces toxins that can affect the central nervous system of aquatic organisms such as fish and marine mammals. Red tide toxins also pose a human health risk. The toxins can aerosolize and be carried to beaches with onshore winds, leading to respiratory irritation in people. Toxins can accumulate in shellfish and result in illnesses if contaminated shellfish are consumed. Shellfish harvesting areas are closed when blooms are present.
Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) researchers are currently monitoring two blooms along Florida’s Gulf coast, one located in northwest Florida and the other in southwest Florida.
“We confirmed the presence of both blooms in September, and they have persisted since that time,” said Alina Corcoran, FWC research scientist. “The bloom in the Panhandle is currently affecting Santa Rosa, Okaloosa, Walton, Bay and Gulf counties. In southwest Florida, patchy blooms have been confirmed along Pinellas, Manatee, Sarasota, Charlotte and Lee counties. Extensive fish kills and respiratory irritation have been associated with the bloom in the Panhandle but in southwest Florida the effects have been less.”
Red tide public health tips:
- People in a red tide area can experience varying degrees of eye, nose and throat irritation. When a person leaves an area with a red tide, symptoms usually go away.
- People with severe or chronic respiratory conditions such as asthma or chronic lung disease are cautioned to avoid areas with active red tides.
- In some red tides, dead fish wash ashore; during these conditions it is advised that beachgoers avoid swimming in water where dead fish are present.
- Pet owners are advised that red tide poses a risk to animals brought to the beach. If a pet swims in a red tide patch at the beach, rinse off its fur and paws as soon as possible with fresh water. Also, do not let pets eat fish or drink water from the red tide.
- Recreational harvesting of bivalve mollusks such as hard clams, oysters and mussels from approved shellfish harvesting areas is banned during red tide closures. To determine whether harvesting of shellfish is permitted in an area, visit the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Aquaculture website.
FWC researchers work closely with partners, including Mote Marine Laboratory, the University of South Florida, Department of Health, Department of Agriculture and NOAA, to track blooms, share information and develop products that help to inform both citizens and scientists about bloom conditions.
“Citizen scientists play a vital role in tracking blooms. Volunteers can provide the majority of water samples for bloom tracking in regions like the Panhandle,” said Corcoran.
For updated red tide status reports, to track blooms or learn more about red tide, visitMyFWC.com/RedTide. To report fish kills to the FWC, contact the Fish Kill Hotline at 800-636-0511 or submit a report online.
Additional red tide resources:
- Mote Marine Laboratory Beach Condition Reporting System at Mote.org/Beaches
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Charter schools are public schools that operate independently through a contract (or charter) made between state officials and community or school leaders. Although they are publicly funded and tuition-free, they act more like private schools, in that they operate outside of many of the traditional regulations of the public system, such as how to hire teachers, the academic focus, and even the number of days and hours students must attend.
Why might a parent consider a charter school?
- Charters provide an alternative to assigned schools.
- Some charter schools offer special subject matter focus, such as science, engineering, art, music, or business.
- A charter school may offer extended learning time (longer school day, week, and/or year).
- Innovative teaching methods may be employed there.
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| 0.973047 | 161 | 3.640625 | 4 |
The National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC), the world's largest organization working on behalf of young children, has revised their Developmentally Appropriate Practice (DAP) position statement to define a child’s need for daily “opportunities to interact with the outdoor world” (2009. p. 17). This crucial interaction with nature however is definitely not contemporary knowledge. Friedrich Froebel understood this need when he founded the first ever Kindergarten in 1837.
Froebel believed highly in the value of children’s nature experiences and began creating his idea for the children’s garden based on the ideas of Rousseau and Pestalozzi. Froebel took Pestalozzi’s principals of observation and combined them with actions, specifically through inventive activities (Marenholtz-Buelow, 1887, para. 1). From the beginning, Froebel’s Kindergarten was always within nature, a garden of streams, trees and natural areas devoted specifically for young children (Johnson, Christie & Wardle, 2005, p. 362).
Urie Bronfenbrenner, the father of Head Start, looked at a child’s development within a system of relationships that make up the child’s environment, his Ecological Systems Theory. All four different systems within this theory, Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem and Macrosystem, relate in part to the outdoor environment. Within his theory, Bronfenbrenner proposed that development is influenced by all of these systems collectively. Meaning that a child’s opportunity to experience nature is effected by his family, his school, and his community (1998).
Here at Little Tot's we highly value the outdoors and provide significant time each day for children to play in our natural outdoor classroom. A founding principal at Little Tot’s has always been that children have the right to learn and grow in a healthy natural environment which includes the opportunity to play and learn outdoors as well as indoors. Experience and research have shown that there are a multitude of cognitive as well as physical, emotional and social benefits to experiencing natural outdoor settings. It has also been found that children need that direct connection to the earth to restore wellbeing and peace in their minds.
Johnson, J., Christie J., & Wardle, F. (2005). Play, Development, and Early Education. Pearson Education: United States
Marenholtz-Buelow, B. (1887). Reminiscences of Froebel. Retrieved from http://www.froebelweb.org/web3000.html
National Association for the Education of Young Children. (2009). Developmentally Appropriate Practice in Early Childhood Programs Serving
Children from Birth through Age 8. Retrieved from http://www.naeyc.org/files/naeyc/file/positions/position%20statement%20Web.pdf
In line with Little Tot's Philosophy...
In 2010, our proprietor Lisa Boni, began an action research study on the subject of the restorative effects of natural environments on children’s health and wellbeing. This research led Lisa on to devote her time to reviewing literature on the topic, and ultimately to writing her master’s thesis on the subject of advocating for children’s right to freely experience green settings. Below you will find various resources for parents centered around our philosophy here at Little Tot's.
Click on the words to view the document
The next best place to home...
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| 0.926107 | 729 | 3.359375 | 3 |
April 12, 2011
UPTON, NY — Scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), collaborating with scientists from the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) and the University of Zürich in Switzerland, have found that sandwiching a barrier layer between two superconductors can make it superconducting at significantly higher temperatures. The results will be published online in Nature Communications on April 12, 2011.
Conventional superconducting materials allow electricity to flow without any resistance or energy loss when cooled below a transition temperature (Tc) near absolute zero. High-temperature varieties discovered more recently can operate at warmer temperatures, but still require significant cooling, which hampers their use in many large-scale practical applications. Finding ways to raise the temperature further, such as the layering approach described in this paper, could lead to the realization of such applications as low-power consumption, ultra-fast superconducting electronic devices.
“For many years, we have known about a ‘Proximity Effect,’ that superconducting electron pairs from one superconducting electrode can drift and penetrate a very thin metallic layer, and then reach the other superconducting electrode without losing their coherence,” said Brookhaven physicist Ivan Bozovic, co-author of the paper. “More recently, we have observed a mysterious ‘Giant Proximity Effect’ in copper-oxide materials — cuprates — when supercurrent flows through much thicker barriers.”
Because thicker layers are easier to fabricate and work with, taking advantage of the Giant Proximity Effect could make it much easier to achieve on-chip device uniformity — the requirement that all devices on an electronic chip have similar parameters. “This has been a major technical hurdle for large-scale-integrated superconducting electronics,” Bozovic said.
To explore the Giant Proximity Effect, Bozovic and his team engineered complex cuprates using a process called molecular beam epitaxy. They synthesized samples of thin films containing layers of lanthanum-cuprate superconductors doped with strontium to various levels, to create a series with varying transition temperatures. The Brookhaven samples were studied at PSI using a unique technique called low-energy muon spin rotation to detect superconductivity in each sample’s outer and inner layers.
By mapping the magnetic fields for each structure, the scientists observed the Giant Proximity Effect and found that a thick barrier of superconductor with a Tc of 5 Kelvin could transmit supercurrent at a temperature four times higher, if it is sandwiched between two superconductors with a Tc of 40 Kelvin. Their results also proved that the entire barrier layer is affected by the Giant Proximity Effect.
“In addition to its potential importance for superconducting electronics, the Giant Proximity Effect could be an important hint of what is going on in cuprates — what drives the high-temperature superconductivity,” Bozovic added. Discovering that mechanism could open up a whole new field for engineering superconductors with desired properties.
This research was supported by DOE’s Office of Science.
2011-1263 | Media & Communications Office
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The Church calls the act of hearing God’s Word and taking it to heart the obedience of faith. St. Paul bookends his Letter to the Romans with that expression (1:5, 16:26; see also Catechism, nos. 144, 2087). In our time, Vatican II says that the obedience of faith “must be given to God as He reveals Himself,” which entails freely committing one’s “entire self to God.”
Interestingly, in both Greek and Latin there is an etymological connection between the word “obedience” and the verb meaning to “hear” or “listen.” We’re familiar with expressions such as “to hear is to obey,” and many an exasperated parent has complained that a disobedient child “just doesn’t listen.”
Not surprisingly, then, there’s a connection between effectively hearing God’s Word and what we call the obedience of faith. For example, St. Paul emphasizes that faith comes from “hearing” the Word of God (Rom. 10:17). Our Lord Himself also stresses that merely hearing His words but not acting upon them is as futile as building a house on sand. He calls His followers to build on rock–to hear His words and put them into practice (cf. Lk. 6:46-49).
That, in a nutshell, is the obedience of faith.
Mary’s obedience of faith is anticipated in her Immaculate Conception. “Full of grace” from the womb, and by a singular gift of God preserved from the stain of original sin, she was uniquely prepared to give her free, unflinching consent to God’s will for her.
Today when we use the word “fiat,” we typically refer to an arbitrary, capricious, or self-assertive act of the will. Mary’s “fiat” (Latin, meaning “let it be done”), on the other hand, was completely self-giving. This was the decisive moment when Mary freely entrusted her entire self to God and consented in faith to become the Mother of the Redeemer. She then faithfully devoted the rest of her life as “the handmaid of the Lord” to the Person and saving work of her Son.
She was in a real sense the first disciple of Jesus.
Our Lady’s “obedience of faith” was not a one-time occurrence, but rather an ongoing pilgrimage that constantly called her to empty herself, to give of herself, in imitation of her divine Son. In the Presentation at the Temple, she learned that her beloved Son would be opposed in fulfilling His mission and that a sword would pierce through her own soul. From the beginning, there was no mistaking that her obedience of faith would involve suffering (cf. Heb. 5:8).
Mary continued unswervingly in her pilgrimage of faith as the years quietly passed by. At some point, she encountered the natural human suffering of having St. Joseph, her loving husband, pass from this life. She was there at the beginning of her Son’s public ministry. At the Marriage of Cana, where Christ worked His first “sign,” she became a “spokesperson” for her Son’s will: “Do whatever he tells you” (Jn. 2:6). Not only does she hear the Word of God and keep it, but she exhorts others to do the same.
Vatican II beautifully summarizes the climax of our Blessed Mother’s mission:
“[T]he Blessed Virgin advanced in her pilgrimage of faith, and faithfully persevered in her union with her Son unto the cross, where she stood, in keeping with the divine plan, enduring with her only begotten Son the intensity of his suffering, associated herself with his sacrifice in her mother’s heart, and lovingly consenting to the immolation of this victim which was born of her” (Lumen Gentium, no. 58).
Mary’s motherhood did not end with bearing the Son of God. Rather, that’s only the beginning. Nor did it end with Jesus’ death on the Cross. At the foot of the Cross, Jesus entrusted Mary’s motherhood to St. John, the beloved disciple and, by extension, to the entire Church. She became the “New Eve,” the mother of all who are alive in Christ (cf. Jn. 19:26-27; Catechism, nos. 501, 511, and 969). Undoubtedly our Blessed Mother never tires of telling us to do whatever Jesus tells us. May we have “ears to hear” (Lk. 8:8) such wise motherly counsel!
For information on my book Catholic for a Reason II: Scripture and the Mystery of the Mother of God, which I co-edited with Dr. Scott Hahn, click here.
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After several speeches had been made, Stormy Wind rose and addressed the chief. His opinion was that the prisoner should suffer death. The Dahcotahs had always been enemies, and it was the glory of the Chippeways to take the lives of those they hated. His chief had taken the prisoner to his teepee; she was safe; she was a member of his family—who would harm her there? but now they were in council to decide upon her fate. He was an old man, had seen many winters—he had often travelled far and suffered much to take the life of an enemy; and here, where there is one in their power, should they lose the opportunity of revenge? She was but a woman, but the Dahcotah blood flowed in her veins. She was not fit to live. The Eagle spoke next. He was glad that the chief had taken the prisoner to his teepee—it had been always customary occasionally to adopt a prisoner, and the chief did well to keep up the customs of their tribe. The prisoner was young, she could be taught to love the Chippeway nation; the white people did not murder their prisoners; the Chippeways were the friends of the white people; let them do as they did, be kind to the prisoner and spare her life. The Eagle would marry the Dahcotah girl; he would teach her to speak the language of her adopted tribe; she should make his mocassins, and her children would be Chippeways. Let the chief tell the Eagle to take the girl home to his teepee.
The Eagle’s speech created an excitement. The Indians rose one after the other, insisting upon the death of their prisoner. One or two seconded the Eagle’s motion to keep her among them, but the voices of the others prevailed. The prisoner saw by the faces of the savages what their words portended. When the Eagle rose to speak, she recognized the warrior whose looks had frightened her; she knew he was pleading for her life too; but the memory of her husband took away the fear of death. Death with a thousand terrors, rather than live a wife, a slave to the Chippeways! The angry Chippeways are silenced, for their chief addresses them in a voice of thunder; every voice is hushed, every countenance is respectfully turned towards the leader, whose words are to decide the fate of the unhappy woman before them.
“Where is the warrior that will not listen to the words of his chief? my voice is loud and you shall hear. I have taken a Dahcotah woman prisoner; I have chosen to spare her life; she has lived in my teepee; she is one of my family; you have assembled in council to-day to decide her fate—I have decided it. When I took her to my teepee, she became as my child or as the child of my friend. You shall not take her life, nor shall you marry her. She is my prisoner—she shall remain in my teepee.”
Seeing some motion of discontent among those who wished to take her life, he continued, while his eyes shot fire and his broad chest heaved with anger:
“Come then and take her life. Let me see the brave warrior who will take the life of my prisoner? Come! she is here; why do you, not raise your tomahawks? It is easy to take a woman’s scalp.”
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The Peel Web
I am happy that you are using this web site and hope that you found it useful. Unfortunately, the cost of making this material freely available is increasing, so if you have found the site useful and would like to contribute towards its continuation, I would greatly appreciate it. Click the button to go to Paypal and make a donation.
Although slavery had been a feature of human life since at least as early as 2,600 B.C.E. in Egypt, it became an extremely lucrative European trade in the late fifteenth century. It did not take Britain long to cash in on the trade in human beings. Ships left British west coast ports like Liverpool and Bristol laden which firearms, gunpowder, metals, alcohol, cotton goods, beads, knives, mirrors - the sort of things which African chiefs did not have, and which were often of very poor quality. Many of the cheaper goods were made in Birmingham and were known as "Brummagem ware". These goods were exchanged for slaves - people who had been captured in local tribal wars perhaps, or who had been taken prisoner especially for this trade.
The slaves were then packed tightly into the slave ships, so that they could hardly move. Often they were chained down; they were allowed little exercise and they were kept in horrendous conditions in the hold of the ship. By the middle of the eighteenth century British ships were carrying about 50,000 slaves a year. Royal Navy sailors said that they could smell the stench of a ship carrying slaves anything up to 10 miles downwind. The slavers sailed from Africa across the Atlantic. Any slaves who had managed to survive the journey were taken to shore and were sold to plantation owners in the West Indies, the southern colonies of America (Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia) where they spent the rest of their lives working to produce goods like cotton, tobacco, sugar cane and coffee.
The slave-produced goods were shipped back to Britain - the "Mother Country" - where they were manufactured or refined (if necessary) and then either sold domestically or re-exported at a vast profit. The slave trade brought in huge amounts of money to Britain, and few people even knew what was going on in the plantations, let alone cared. Men who owned plantations in the West Indies, including Sir John, father of William Gladstone, formed an important political group which opposed the abolition of the slave trade.
One of the earliest voluntary organisations in Britain which was devoted to a single cause was the anti-slavery movement. In 1787 a committee of twelve was appointed, including six members of Society of Friends (Quakers). The Quakers had set up a committee of their own in 1783 in order to obtain and publish "such information as may tend to the abolition of the slave trade." Two other members of the committee were Thomas Clarkson and Granville Sharp. These men in particular went to great lengths to collect evidence, finding out precisely how little space was allotted to slaves on the ships and similar details. They began to publish pamphlets to stir public opinion against the trade. In parliament, both Charles James Fox and William Pitt the Younger agreed with the aims of the committee but some of the most powerful economic interests of the day opposed them. Consequently the committee had to concern itself with direct political action. Since Quakers were barred from becoming MPs until after 1828, their spokesman in parliament became the Evangelical William Wilberforce, author of Practical Christianity, one of the century's most widely read devotional works.
In 1793 Britain went to war against the French following the French Revolution and the cause of the slave-traders appeared to be a patriotic cause: the trade was seen as the "nursery of seamen." Abolition of the trade was postponed although Wilberforce regularly continued to propose legislation for abolition. His moral case was very strong and the evils of the trade were generally admitted. In 1807 the slave trade in the British colonies was abolished and it became illegal to carry slaves in British ships. This was only the beginning: the ultimate aim was the abolition of slavery itself.
In 1815 at the Congress of Vienna, European statesmen condemned slavery but nothing was done to improve the conditions of slaves. The campaign to abolish slavery continued in Britain. Wilberforce and his co-workers held meetings all over the country to try to persuade people that abolition should be supported. They discovered that many people were unaware of the horrors of slavery and that others were not interested in something which happened thousands of miles away. They also met opposition from the West India lobby.
After 1830 when the mood of the nation changed in favour of a variety of types of reform, the anti-slavery campaign gathered momentum. In 1833 Wilberforce's efforts were finally rewarded when the Abolition of Slavery Act was passed. Wilberforce, on his death-bed, was informed of the passing of the Act in the nick of time. The main terms of the Act were:
In the West Indies the economic results of the Act were disastrous. The islands depended on the sugar trade which in turn depended on slave labour. Ultimately, the planters were unable to make the West Indies the thriving centres of trade which they had been in the eighteenth century. However, a moral victory had been won and the 1833 Act marked the beginning of the end of slavery in the New World.
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|American Affairs 1760-83||The Age of the French Wars 1792-1815||Irish Affairs 1760-89|
|Economic Affairs in the Age of Peel||Irish
|Primary sources index||British Political Personalities||British Foreign policy 1815-65||European history||
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Clinton, Massachusetts facts for kids
Clinton Town Hall
|Nickname(s): Clintonville (Original part of Lancaster) and clowntown|
Location in Worcester County and the state of Massachusetts.
|• Total||7.3 sq mi (18.9 km2)|
|• Land||5.7 sq mi (14.8 km2)|
|• Water||1.6 sq mi (4.1 km2)|
|Elevation||366 ft (112 m)|
|• Density||2,387/sq mi (919.3/km2)|
|Time zone||Eastern (UTC-5)|
|• Summer (DST)||Eastern (UTC-4)|
|Area code(s)||351 / 978|
|GNIS feature ID||0618360|
Clinton was first settled in 1654 as a part of Lancaster. It was officially incorporated as a separate town on March 14, 1850, and named after the DeWitt Clinton Hotel in New York, a favorite place of the town's founders, Erastus Brigham Bigelow and his brother Horatio.
Clinton became an industrialized mill town, using the Nashua River as a source for water power. In 1897, construction began on the Wachusett Dam, culminating in the filling of the Wachusett Reservoir in 1908. This flooded a substantial portion of Clinton and neighboring towns, which had to be relocated. A noteworthy feature of the Boston metropolitan public water service was begun in 1896 in the Wachusett lake reservoir at Clinton. The basin excavated there by ten years of labour, lying 385 ft. above high-tide level of Boston harbour, had a capacity of 63,068,000,000 gallons of water and was the largest municipal reservoir in the world in 1911, yet was only part of a system planned for the service of the greater metropolitan area.
Part of the Central Massachusetts Railroad line abandoned in 1958 includes a tunnel near Clamshell Road. Railroads came to the town to serve this industry, including the Boston, Clinton, Fitchburg and New Bedford Railroad (Fitchburg Branch of the Old Colony Railroad), the Central Massachusetts Railroad, and the Worcester, Nashua and Rochester Railroad (the last two later merged into the Boston and Maine Railroad). By 1890, Clinton was noted for its manufacturing of carpets and woven wire.
Clinton claims to have the oldest continuously-used baseball field in the world, Fuller Field, created in 1878. This challenges the claim by London, Ontario, which argues for Labatt Memorial Park, established as Tecumseh Park in 1877. This is disputed by Clinton because the London field has been flooded and rebuilt twice, including a reorientation of the bases, and there is doubt Tecumseh Field was in continuous use after the 1883 flood.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 7.3 square miles (19 km2), of which 5.7 square miles (15 km2) is land and 1.6 square miles (4.1 km2), or 21.78%, is water. The Nashua River runs through the town, and the large Wachusett Reservoir lies to the south of the town center.
|* = population estimate.
Source: United States Census records and Population Estimates Program data.
As of the census of 2000, there were 13,435 people, 5,597 households, and 3,397 families residing in the town. The population density was 2,387 inhabitants per square mile (922/km2). There were 5,844 housing units at an average density of 1,024.7 per square mile (395.6/km2).
The racial makeup of the town was 88.20% White, 2.58% Black or African American, 0.22% Native American, 0.89% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 5.95% from other races, and 2.13% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race was 11.60% of the population. Ethnic heritages include Irish, Scottish, German, Québécois, Acadian, Swedish, Italian, Dominican, Puerto Rican, Mexican, Greek, and Polish. Many emigrants from the Louisburgh area of County Mayo settled in the small town in the early 1900s, giving Clinton a mainly Irish population till this day.
There were 5,597 households out of which 28.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.7% were married couples living together, 12.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.3% were non-families. 33.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 3.06.
In the town, the population was spread out with 23.0% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 32.9% from 25 to 44, 21.3% from 45 to 64, and 15.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 92.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.6 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $44,740, and the median income for a family was $53,308. Males had a median income of $37,263 versus $30,035 for females. The per capita income for the town was $22,764. About 4.9% of families and 7.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.4% of those under age 18 and 13.9% of those ages 65 or over.
The public library in Clinton opened in 1873. In fiscal year 2008, the town of Clinton spent 0.99% ($325,383) of its budget on its public library—some $23 per person.
Sites of interest
- Museum of Russian Icons
- Wachusett Reservoir Clinton Dam
- Central Park
- Clinton Business District
- South Meadow and Mossy Ponds
- Coffeelands, a fair trade cafe
Clinton, Massachusetts Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.
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BACKGROUND: The herb black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa L.) has been used as a traditional remedy for easing menopausal symptoms, such as hot flashes. Like other herbs, black cohosh may be a rich source of antioxidants, which may prevent free radical-induced DNA mutations involved in cancer development.
RESEARCH: In a series of experiments, researchers tested the overall activity of black cohosh extract, as well as the antioxidant activity of 10 individual compounds found in black cohosh, in the presence of menadione, a chemical known to cause free radical damage. These experiments were performed in breast cancer cells.
RESULTS: The experiments demonstrated that black cohosh extract is a potent antioxidant. In addition, six of the ten principal constituents also reduced the levels of DNA damage in breast cancer cells.
IMPLICATIONS: The findings of this study suggest that black cohosh may protect against cellular DNA damage caused by reactive oxygen species by acting as an antioxidant. The identification of new agents and sources of antioxidant compounds may help provide protection against oxidation-related diseases, such as aging, cancer, and inflammation. Burdette JE, Chen SN, Lu ZZ, et al, "Black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa L.) protects against menadione-induced DNA damage through scavenging of reactive oxygen species: bioassay-directed isolation and characterization of active principles," Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2002; 50:7022-7028.
For the original abstract, visit: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12428954&dopt=Abstract
The worldwide VERIS Research Information Service disseminates nutritional information, emphasizing the potential health-enhancing benefits of antioxidants and botanicals. Cognis Nutrition and Health, a global leader in the manufacture and innovation of nature-based ingredients and application technology for health and food products, provides a grant to
VERIS in support of its mission to communicate scientific news and research findings. VERIS began in 1985 as one of the first science-based resources for information on natural ingredients found in dietary supplements and foods, and continues to serve in this role as a credible communications resource.
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While being a construction worker can be very beneficial towards your family and community, it is no secret that the job has far more safety hazards than many career paths. There are numerous incidents or injuries that could occur that would impair your ability to work and cost you thousands in medical bills. It is imperative that you take as many measures as you can to ensure your personal safety.
Wear the correct protective gear.
No matter how well you know the equipment’s functionality on the site, failure to apply the correct protective equipment can result in short and long-term injuries. Hard hats can minimize damage from falling objects, and protective facial gear can protect you from foreign substances that contain harmful chemicals found in the materials you work with.
Make sure your gear correlates with the tasks you perform. If you work near loud equipment, use earplugs or headphones to prevent long-term hearing disabilities. There are multiple types of gloves to be used for different tasks such as welding or insulation, so ask your site leads for their recommendations on gloves and any other type of equipment you might need for the task.
Inspect all equipment.
If it is not carefully examined, it can collapse and cause injuries, potential fatalities and cost millions of dollars in property damage. Doing this will reinforce site efficiency and overall safety. Any heavy machinery also requires proper inspection to ensure the safety of the workers and the construction.
Make sure the site has fall prevention equipment.
According to recent studies, almost half of construction worker fatalities are from falling. Over half of those deaths are because the workers do not have access to a personal fall arrest system.
Whether you are building a house or skyscraper, the right preparations will prevent these accidents from happening. Plan out how many people will be operating from higher locations and the best places to put fall arrest systems. Even a short fall can cause serious injuries. It can take as little as five or six feet.
In addition to the lack of fall prevention equipment like harnesses, studies also show that nearly a fifth of all fall-related fatalities were inexperienced construction workers. This reinforces the importance of proper training and mentoring while on the job.
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The official name for the Philippines is the 'Republic of the Philippines', known in Filipino as 'Pilipinas' or 'Republika ng Pilipinas'. The Philippines are an archipelago made up of over 7,100 islands in southeast Asia. To the north is China and the island of Taiwan. Indonesia and Malaysia are to the south and Vietnam is to the east. To the west is the vast Pacific Ocean.
Though distinct, the culture has been heavily influenced by Spanish occupation from the 16C to the 20C followed by American occupation. The Philippines finally gained independance from America in 1946 following the Treaty of Manila which ended the Philippine-American War. Influence from Spain remains strong, Spanish was an official language until 1973 and much of the country is Roman Catholic. Today, the official languages are Filipino and English, but over 180 different language are spoken throughout the islands.
Philippines Map and Panoramas
This map of the Philippines shows the regions and areas where we have beautiful 360 panoramas taken around the country. Simply select a pin on the Google map of the Philippines to be taken to the region of interest. There you will be able to explore the Philippines in depth as each panorama is accompanied by some local and travel information. This collection of panoramic images is contributed by numerous photographers who have visited, or live in, the Philippines and presents a unique insight into the country. The collection will continue to grow as more panoramas of the sights and attractions in the Philippines are added in the future.
More information on the Philippines
The Philippine archipelago is made up of three island groups, known as Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. Manila, the capital city of the Philippines, is on Luzon.
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Tiffany Funderburg knows reading, literacy, and writing is important for young learners. As a matter of fact, she teaches it all day long at Ethel W. Kight Elementary School (EKES) to fourth graders. As an English Language Arts and Read 180 instructor, she understands why one of the three priority goals for Troup County School System (TCSS) is Literacy, with the other two being Rigorous and Relevant Learning and Creating a Culture of Success.
Funderburg believes literacy taps into a world of success, especially for young learners, “I am a believer in preparing students for the real world even at a young age. In my classroom, we often discuss being successful beyond the fourth grade. The students and I have weekly quotes that we make relevant in our learning for that week. Our favorite one so far is ‘Someone has to be a champion, it might as well be you’. It is good to have the children still quoting that because they believe it.”
Read entire story here
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Posted on 02 Jan 2020 by Admin | 4 min read
The temperatures are dropping. Winter has already arrived. Preparing food during winter months must be at the top of all mother’s minds, especially if you have a young child. A balanced and nutritious diet plays a very important role in keeping them warm during winter. Ensure that your child stays warm and comfortable with meal options this winter season. Kid’s diet should include foods that enhance their immunity and protect them from cold and flu.
As your kids start enjoying the winter season, you need to be a little creative to get him to eat healthy food. Here are some food recipes that will give your baby the right nourishment and won’t take up a lot of your time.
1. Dry Fruits, Dates, and Nuts
Include the goodness of dry fruits, dates, and nuts in your child’s diet during the winter season. This is a wonderful way of keeping your little ones warm and helping them develop immunity. Dry fruit powder mixed with milk helps your toddler stay healthy and fit. Also, its mid aromatic flavor makes it a delicious drink for kids. Besides being sweet and yummy in taste, dates also contain many essential nutrients like vitamins and minerals like calcium, iron, and potassium. They keep the body warm in winters.
2. Carrot Halwa
Carrot halwa, a traditional sweet prepared in Indian homes has the essential nutrients to boost the immune system during winter. Loaded with ghee, nuts, and milk, this dessert is prepared from fresh and juicy carrots. Rich in beta-carotene, carrots maintain healthy eyesight while protecting your body against viral infections. This dessert also keeps the body warm and insulated.
3. Fresh Fruits
Fruits taste the best and contain enhanced nutritional values when consumed in their natural harvest season. While pomegranate is a rich source of antioxidants, oranges are a rich source of Vitamin C and fiber, packed with antioxidants that help in maintaining a healthy immune system in kids. Amla also gives an antioxidant boost to the body and is a rich source of Vitamin C. Cut fruits of different colors in small dices and serve them in an attractive bowl to your children
4. Badam Halwa
Badam halwa is a delicious and healthy Indian dessert cooked with milk, sugar, ghee, and soaked almonds. Almonds keep your child’s body warm and help in the stimulation of digestion. They are also a good source of protein that is essential for bone strengthening. Winter is the best season to consume almonds daily.
Don’t forget to include the goodness of veggies in children’s winter diet. Peas, beans, beetroot, cabbage, cauliflower, garlic, carrots, radish, turnip, sweet potatoes are some of the vegetables with which you can create a canvas of healthy food on your kid’s plate. Beetroots contain antioxidants, vitamins A, B, C, and potassium and are a good source of natural sugar to satisfy your child’s sugar cravings. Sweet potatoes packed with vitamin A and potassium are an excellent substitute for french fries for kids.
6. Greens and Leafy Vegetables
Convincing kids to consume leafy vegetables and greens is nothing lesser than a difficult task for parents. Fresh leafy vegetables like fenugreek, spinach, wild spinach, etc. are rich in minerals, vitamins, and phytonutrients. Spinach is a healthy choice for kids in winter. The dietary fiber packed in spinach keeps the kid’s digestive system clean.
7. Vegetable/Lentil Soup
Vegetable/lentil soups are wholesome and healthy. You can prepare soup with your kid’s choice of fresh vegetables/cooked lentils, cream, and spices. The goodness of vitamins in these vegetables energizes your kids and is refreshing too. Soups are best to offer when your child skips the meal or does not like an elaborate meal.
Your child’s daily food intake should include all of the above. Wintertime is for comfort food and warmth giving your little ones good food to treat winter blues.Back to Blog
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- Literary a person, now esp. a woman, who keeps a brothel; madam
- Rare a prostitute
Origin of bawdMiddle English baude, lewd person ; from uncertain or unknown; perhaps Old French baud, merry, licentious (; from Frankish bald, bold) from source French baudet, donkey, also (in Picardy) loose woman
- A woman who keeps a brothel; a madam.
- A woman prostitute.
Origin of bawdMiddle English, probably from Old French baud, merry, licentious, from Old Saxon bald, bold, merry; see bhel-2 in Indo-European roots.
(third-person singular simple present bawds, present participle bawding, simple past and past participle bawded)
From Middle English bawde, baude, noun form of Old French baud (“bold, lively, jolly, gay”), from Old Low Frankish *bald (“bold, proud”), from Proto-Germanic *balþaz (“strong, bold”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel-, *bʰlē- (“to inflate, swell”). Cognate with Old High German bald (“bold, bright”), Old English beald (“bold, brave, confident, strong”). More at bold.
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Why is my lake water lowered in the winter?
Water drawdown is one tool that can be used to manage aquatic weed problems. Lake level drawdowns often start in the fall and continue through the winter when water recreation uses are at their lowest.
Some riparian owners hate seasonal drawdowns on lake or reservoir because it restricts recreation access and can look unsightly for a time. However, there are several reasons for this practice. The practice of water level lowering is not new and had historically been done to control increased rain and winter snow melt runoff from late fall through early spring. This also helped to reduce shoreline erosion during these heavy flooding periods.
Other reasons besides shoreline protection include:
- Aquatic weed control. Most aquatic weeds are found near the shallow shoreline. Drawdowns during the winter can dry and freeze the offending plants helping to control invasive species.
- Reduce ice damage to shorelines from ice push during the winter.
- Water storage level and flow regulation
- Shoreline access for clean-up and sediment removal
- Allows access to docks, seawalls and other installations for inspection and repair
There are some detrimental impact that a drawdown can have as well, including:
- May not kill the desired invasive plant
- Exposed sediments may release nutrients once exposed to rain events
- Invertebrates may not be able to migrate quickly enough with the changing water conditions and die
- May restrict access to mammals and birds
When lake managers decide to lower water levels in a lake or other detention system, they take into consideration the many effects that may occur from this practice. One of the most motivating factor is to use this chemical free method to control Eurasian watermilfoil. Drying out this plant from lake lowering exposure is an effective organic approach to managing this aquatic invasive plant.
For more information about the Clean Boats, Clean Waters program and aquatic invasive species contact Beth Clawson, MSU Extension Educator. To learn more about invasive organisms and invasive aquatic plants contact Michigan State University Extension Natural Resources educators who are working across Michigan to provide aquatic invasive species educational programming and assistance. You can contact an educator through MSU Extension’s “Find an Expert” search tool using the keywords “Natural Resources Water Quality.”
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Odo of France
||This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in the French Wikipedia. (November 2012)|
|King of Western Francia|
The Coronation of Odo, from the Grandes Chroniques de France
|Coronation||February 888, Compiègne|
|Predecessor||Charles the Fat|
|Father||Robert the Strong|
|Mother||Adelaide of Tours|
|Died||1 January 898
La Fère, France
Odo (or Eudes) (c. 852 – 1 January 898) was a King of Western Francia, reigning from 888 to 898. He was a son of Robert the Strong, count of Anjou, whose branch of the family is known as the Robertians. Odo is also known as the Duke of France and Count of Paris.
Odo was the eldest son of Robert the Strong, Duke of the Franks and Marquis of Neustria, belonging to the branch known as the Robertians. After his father's death in 866, Odo inherited his father's title of Marquis of Neustria. Odo lost this title in 868 when King Charles the Bald appointed Hugh the Abbot to the title, but regained it following the death of Hugh in 886. After 882, he held the post of Count of Paris. Odo was also the lay abbot of St. Martin of Tours.
Odo married Théodrate of Troyes and had two known sons, Arnulf (born probably about 885) and Guy (born probably about 888), neither of whom lived past the age of fifteen.
For his skill and bravery in resisting the attacks of the Vikings at the Siege of Paris, Odo was chosen by the western Franks to be their king following the removal of emperor Charles the Fat. He was crowned at Compiègne in February 888 by Walter, Archbishop of Sens.
Odo continued to battle against the Vikings and defeated them at Montfaucon, but he was soon involved in a struggle with powerful nobles who supported the claim of Charles the Simple to the Frankish throne.
In 889 and 890 Odo granted special privileges to the County of Manresa in Osona. Because of its position on the front line against Moorish aggression, Manresa was given the right to build towers of defence known as manresanas or manresanes. This privilege was responsible for giving Manresa its unique character, distinct from the rest of Osona, for the next two centuries.
To gain prestige and support, Odo paid homage to the Eastern Frankish King Arnulf of Carinthia. But in 894 Arnulf declared his support for Charles, and after a conflict which lasted three years, Odo was compelled to come to terms with his rival and surrender a district north of the Seine to him.
Odo died in La Fère on 1 January 898.
- Ernest Lavisse, Histoire de France, tome ii. (Paris, 1903)
- E. Favre, Eudes, comte de Paris et roi de France (Paris, 1893)
- Gwatking, H. M., Whitney, J. P., et al. Cambridge Medieval History: Volume III—Germany and the Western Empire. Cambridge University Press:London(1930)
Charles the Fat
|King of Western Francia
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Waste management and promotion of source separation by the public requires identification of the determinants of waste separation behavior, raising awareness, and reinforcing such behaviors. The present study aimed to determine the status of source separation behavior and identify the barriers, benefits, and factors affecting this behavior in Iran. This is a descriptive-analytic cross-sectional study conducted on 300 women selected through stratified sampling. The questionnaire applied included three sections. The validity and reliability of the self-made questionnaire were confirmed. In this study, descriptive statistics including the percentage, frequency, mean and standard deviation were used to describe the data, while chi-square and Fisher exact tests were applied to analyze the data. Logistic regression test was also used to determine the predictors of waste separation behavior. Only 17.7% of the respondents separated the wastes regularly. The age, level of education, benefits (OR = 6.746; 95% CI = 2.534–17.959), structural barriers (OR = 12.734; 95% CI = 3.516–46.119), motivation (OR = 9.613; 95% C I= 3.356–27.536), awareness (OR = 3.917; 95% CI = 3.351–11.356), and social norms (OR = 2.905; 95% CI = 1.030–8.191) were the determinants of source separation behavior. Considering the low participation rate in waste separation, efforts required to enhance such behavior need proper policy-making, training programs, and infrastructure to encourage the individuals to participate actively in waste separation. Educational interventions and campaigns are recommended to be designed to raise awareness and empower people.
DOI: 10.12924/cis2021.09010016 |Publication Date: 26 May 2021
Determinants of Sustainability in Recycling of Municipal Solid Waste: Application of Community-Based Social Marketing (CBSM)
|1 Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Faculty of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran|
|2 Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran|
|* Corresponding author|
Keywords: community-based social marketing; municipal solid waste; recycling; source separation
|1.||Determinants of sustainability in Recycling of Solid Waste: Application of Community-Based Social Marketing||cis-9.1.16-SUP1.docx|
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How does Heat Therapy work?
Heat therapy works to increase blood circulation which promotes healing and relaxing of your muscles. Heat therapy is great for stiff joints and for relaxing muscles prior to sports or exercising. However, heat can also increase swelling in an injured area if it is used too soon after the injury so you need to be careful. Your Physio will recommend a suitable time, placement and duration for heat therapy.
Heat Therapy is also used in conjunction with other Physio treatment programmes to relieve pain such as Rheumatic pain, Sciatica, Lumbago, Sprains and Muscle stiffness. Depending on your needs, our Chartered Physiotherapists can determine if and when Heat Therapy is right for you.
Key aspects of Heat Therapy
The key aspects of heat therapy within an overall Physiotherapy treatment are:
- Heat can improve the flexibility of your tendons and ligaments
- Heat will reduce muscle spasms
- Heat may alleviate pain (heat may induce the release of endorphins, powerful opiate-like chemicals which block pain transmission.)
- Heat will elevate blood flow (heat tends to relax the walls of blood vessels)
- Heat will boost metabolism.Heat can help when stretching muscles and increasing overall flexibility.
Heat Therapy can be used to treat
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Kumana Bird Sanctuary Sri Lanka
A total of 255 species of birds have been recorded in Kumana. Regular sightings include species such as Pelicans, Painted Storks, Spoonbills, White Ibis and Cormorants. The very rare Black-necked Stork has also been spotted in the swamp.Besides the prolific bird life, Kumana is also home to some of the mammals found in the neighbouring Yala National Park such as elephants and leopards which can also be seen on safari. Other animals which reside inside the Kumana National Park include the Golden Jackal and the European Otter. It is also reported that approximately 30 to 40 Sri Lankan Elephants reside in the Park, although they do crossover to neighbouring Yala.
Bird life in the Kumana National Park
With mahoora luxury safaris Kumana is a very important national park for bird life. An incredible 255 species of birds have been recorded here and from April to July tens of thousands of birds migrate to the Kumana swamp area. Rare species such as Black-necked Stork, Lesser Adjutant, Eurasian Spoonbill and the Great Thick-knee are breeding inhabitants while the waders and waterfowl visit too.
The Asian Openbill, Glossy Ibis, Purple Heron, Great Egret, Indian Pond Heron, Black-crowned Night Heron, Intermediate Egret, Little Egret, Spot-billed Pelican, Indian Cormorant, Little Cormorant, Common Moorhen, Watercock, Purple Swamphen, White-breasted Waterhen, Pheasant-tailed Jacana, Black-winged Stilt, Lesser Whistling Duck and Little Grebe migrate here in large flocks while the Pintails fly 9,000 kilometres from far away Siberia. Rare migrant birds include the Yellow-footed Green Pigeon, Greater Racket-tailed Drongo, Malabar Trogon, Red-faced Malkoha and Sirkeer Malkoha.
Most commonly seen are the Pacific Golden Plover, Greater Sand Plover, Lesser Sand Plover, Grey Plover, Ruddy Turnstone, Little Ringed Plover, Wood Sandpiper, Marsh Sandpiper, Common Redshank, Common Sandpiper, Curlew Sandpiper, Little Stint, Common Snipe and Pintail Snipe.
Reptiles and amphibians in the Kumana National Park
Fish species to be found in the lakes and tanks include the Tilapia and common Mullet. Due to its coastal location, turtles are sometimes spotted coming ashore to lay their eggs. These turtles include the Indian Black turtle and the Indian Flap-shelled turtle. Mugger crocodiles can also be seen here.
Flora in the Kumana National Park
The Park's wetland areas are surrounded by dry zone tropical thorn forest. The inland forest's flora is dominated by Manilkara hexandra which is known as Palu in Sinhala. There is also a range of aquatic plants, trees and reeds.
The Kumana National Park - History and Geography
Kumana national park Sri Lanka originally known as the Yala East National Park, it was renamed Kumana National Park in 2006. Its elevation ranges from sea-level to the low height of 90 metres, has an average annual temperature of 27°C and an annual rainfall of 1,300 mm.
Birders who visit the Park are usually amazed at the sheer diversity of species that call Kumana home, a fact which can be attested to by the presence of 20 lagoons and tanks. These tanks are generally less than 2 metres deep and are often flooded by seawater and frequently dot the landscape of the Park. The Kumana Bird Sanctuary, within the boundaries of the Kumana National Park, was declared a protected area in 1938, and is rated as one of the most important breeding grounds in Sri Lanka.
Ancient cave inscriptions have been discovered here dating back to the 1st and 2nd Centuries BC. Buddhist and Hindu devotees annually cross the Kumana area on their foot pilgrimage to the nearby Temple in Kataragama.
Getting the most out of your Kumana National Park wildlife safari
When it comes to identifying birds and tracking animals, an expert naturalist guide is a must. And with Mahoora, this will be provided so that visitors can really have an optimal Kumana National Park wildlife safari experience in Sri Lanka. When navigating off the beaten track on the varied terrain, make sure you have the right kind of safari jeep as well.
Climate in the Kumana National Park
Around 20 lagoons and tanks support the extensive bird life of the national park. The Kumana Villu is subject to occasional inundation with seawater. The elevation of the area ranges from sea level to 90 metres, the mean annual temperature is 27°C and the area receives 1,300 mm of annual rainfall.
The best time to visit the Kumana National Park
Bird life can be observed in the Kumana National Park throughout the year but the best time to visit is during the first half of the year when the waterholes are full.
How to get to the Kumana National Park
There are two routes from Colombo, they fork off at Pelmadulla and meet again at Wellawaya, one going via Beragala and Koslanda and the other via Thimbolketiya, Udawalawe and Thanamalwila. From Wellawaya the road goes through Moneragala, Pottuvil and Panama. There is only one entrance to the Park from Panama, through the Kudumbigala Sanctuary. The distance from Colombo is approximately 391 km. You can also take an air taxi from Colombo (Peliyagoda) and land in Arugam Bay. From there reach the Kumana National Park by road. By helicopter: take off either from the Bandaranaike Airport or Ratmalana and land in Kumana and then reach the Park by road.
Read more about Mahoora Kumana National Park
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We now come to the sixth of seven feasts commanded by God—the Feast of Tabernacles. Like the Days of Unleavened Bread, the Feast of Tabernacles is a seven-day feast, but with only the first day as a Holy Day.
Christ’s gospel focused on the good news of the coming kingdom of God. The Feast of Tabernacles pictures the rule of the government of God on earth under the reign of Christ, which will continue for one thousand years. After this millennial reign, other crucial steps in the Plan of God must occur in sequence, such as the second and third resurrections, to be discussed in Lesson 29. This 1,000-year period is only the beginning, as the saints of the First Resurrection are set up and trained for even greater things ahead.
The Feast of Tabernacles represents this joyous, utopian time of peace and fulfillment that has always been the hope and focus of true Christians. We now begin the lesson on the meaning of this great festival.
LESSON 28: Feast of Tabernacles
The Biblical Precedents
(1) Where is the biblical command to keep the Feast of Tabernacles? Leviticus 23:34-36.
Comment: This Feast begins on the 15th day of the 7th month and continues for 7 days. The first day is a Holy Day with a commanded assembly. Verse 36 shows that an offering was given each day of this Feast under the Levitical system. Yet, today, an offering is only given on the first day of the Feast of Tabernacles, as verse 37 indicates for Holy Days. The convocation and offering commanded on the eighth day (vs. 36) are part of a separate feast altogether.
(2) Was the Feast of Tabernacles known by any other names? Exodus 34:22.
Comment: The Feast of Ingathering was the major annual harvest in the fall of the year. As explained in Lesson 25, the spring harvest was very small in comparison to the fall harvest.
The spiritual harvest will follow this same pattern. God shows that He gives the former rain moderately, but the latter rain will come down abundantly and will yield a plentiful harvest (Joel 2:23-24). The Feast of Tabernacles typifies this plentiful spiritual harvest.
(3) What is the overriding theme of the Feast of Tabernacles? Leviticus 23:40 (last part); Deuteronomy 16:13-15.
Comment: This is the one Feast in particular in which God commands everyone to rejoice! This Feast looks forward in time to the most joyful occasion of all time.
(4) How are people to finance their travel, food and lodging for a feast lasting this long? Deuteronomy 14:22-27.
Comment: This special festival tithe (known as second tithe) was used to finance not only the expenses of the Feast of Tabernacles, but the other Holy Days, as well. God blesses those who are faithful in keeping this tithe, which the people are to spend for their own needs and desires in order to rejoice before the Eternal.
(5) Is this Feast commanded to be observed forever? Leviticus 23:41; Zechariah 14:16-19.
Comment: The account in Zechariah 14 emphasizes the fact that this Feast is a statute forever. All nations will observe this Feast in the millennium whether they prefer to do so, or not. Eventually, all nations will come to understand and appreciate God’s commanded Feasts.
(6) Does God promise to protect the property of those who leave their homes and businesses to keep the Feast of Tabernacles? Exodus 34:24.
Comment: God mandates that His people keep all of His Feasts: Unleavened Bread (includes Passover), Pentecost, and Tabernacles (includes all four fall Feasts). God intends that His people keep these feasts without distraction or worry—and with the full joy of these annual events. Although we are expected to plan ahead and do our part to ensure the preservation of our property, business, and/or farm in our absence, God promises to protect our interests while we are rejoicing at His feasts—and He delivers on this promise.
Observed by Ancient Israel
(1) Even when Israel was in the depths of disarray, were some still faithful in keeping the Feast of Tabernacles? Judges 21:19.
Comment: The tabernacle had been set up at Shiloh since the time of Joshua. Yet, much of Israel was oblivious to this crucial knowledge by the period of time that Judges 21:19 discusses. This was during the time Israel had deteriorated to the level described in verse 25. About 250 years earlier, all Israel had assembled in Shiloh (Josh. 18:1) and had proven themselves faithful and obedient to God’s laws and statutes (Josh. 24:31). The term “statutes” refers to the portion of God’s laws generally applying to worship on the national level. This included the proper keeping of the annual feast days.
(2) Did Elkanah and Hannah, to whom Samuel was born, go up to keep the Feast of Tabernacles at Shiloh each year? I Samuel 1:3.
Comment: God intervened and granted Hannah a child, Samuel, whom she dedicated to God. After Samuel was weaned, she presented him to the high priest and visited the child every year at the Feast of Tabernacles, at which her husband always offered the yearly sacrifice of burnt offerings (I Sam. 2:19).
(3) Was the Feast of Tabernacles observed when the Temple was dedicated by Solomon? I Kings 8:1-2, 65-66.
Comment: When the Temple was dedicated, a period of seven days was set aside for this dedication immediately before the Feast of Tabernacles. Then, the seven days of the Feast were kept and the people were sent home on (after) the eighth day (vs. 66). This eighth day following the Feast was the same day we read about in Leviticus 23:36. The month Ethanim was the original Hebrew name for the 7th month and meant the month of “permanence or permanent things”—representing events in the future leading to spiritual permanence or eternity.
(4) Had ancient Israel been negligent in keeping the annual Sabbaths and the weekly Sabbath? Ezekiel 22:26.
Comment: Because of this long-term negligence, Israel and Judah were taken into captivity—Israel first and Judah just over a century later. The blessings and cursings recorded in Leviticus 26 and Deuteronomy 28 became a painful reality to all of ancient Israel. Read Ezekiel 20:1-44 to better grasp how Israel repeatedly ignored God’s Sabbaths. (Ezekiel 20:25 means that God gave Israel over to their own ways.)
(5) Did the Jews who returned from captivity in the time of Ezra and Nehemiah greatly rejoice to keep the Feast of Trumpets and the Feast of Tabernacles? Nehemiah 8:1-2, 6, 8-10, 14, 17-18.
Comment: To these Jews, who were old enough to remember the feasts from their childhood, after 70 years of captivity, the feasts now held a deeper, more profound meaning than ever. Those who can come to this level of appreciation will have greater capacity to draw closer to God, by identifying with and fervently treasuring His laws and statutes as a way of life.
The statement in verse 17 pertaining to the Feast not having been kept in this fashion since the time of Joshua was referring to the booths that were made from tree branches. Certainly, this Feast had been kept since the time of Joshua, but not exclusively in such booths and possibly not with the desire and passion that these Jews displayed—prophetic of those who will survive to keep the feasts as the millennium begins.
(6) Are we commanded to dwell in booths during the Feast of Tabernacles? Leviticus 23:40, 42.
Comment: Verse 40 describes the use of boughs or branches of trees such as palms or willows with thick or abundant leaves for coverings of temporary dwellings. The Hebrew word cukkah (pronounced as sook-kaw) means “a booth, tent or tabernacle”—basic temporary dwellings. Verse 40 shows the least expensive way to provide shelter for the Feast of Tabernacles. The reason God commanded Israel to dwell in such tabernacles is shown in verse 43—to show that God had Israel dwell in booths when he brought them out from Egypt. The lesson for us is that this life is temporary, and all our long-term hopes and plans should point to the coming kingdom of God. Hence, we are to live in temporary tabernacles during the Feast of Tabernacles—whether we stay in tents, campers, motels or hotels.
Observed by Christ and the Apostolic Church
(1) Is there any biblical evidence that Christ actually observed the Feast of Tabernacles? John 7:1-2, 8-11.
Comment: John’s use of the phrase, “the Jews’ feast of tabernacles,” was necessary since the vast majority of the readers of his gospel were non-Jewish. This phrase showed that the Jews were the only ones keeping God’s feasts in Christ’s time, as the other descendants of Israel had not returned to keeping them.
Yet, we see in verse 8 that Christ charged His physical family to keep this Feast. In verse 10, Christ also went to keep this Feast, after His brothers had left. Verse 11 shows that the Jews were looking for Him at this Feast, because they were well aware that He kept all of God’s commanded feasts.
Christ’s example shows that He was not deterred from keeping the Feast of Tabernacles, despite the fact that the Jewish religious leaders sought to kill Him. Verse 14 shows that it was not until the middle of the Feast that He made His presence known, due to the precautions He had to take with His life in danger. This Feast was so important to Christ that He attended even under such threats—negating any excuses we could ever have to not attend.
(2) Does Scripture show that the first-century apostles kept the Feast of Tabernacles? Acts 18:21.
Comment: The Feast to which Paul was referring could only have been the Feast of Tabernacles, as it fell within the fall season. Looking back, it was late summer of A.D. 50 that Paul had arrived in Corinth (vs. 1) where he stayed at the home of Justus for his final 18 months (vs. 11). By the time Paul passed through Ephesus en route to Jerusalem, two full years had elapsed. He traveled through Syria toward his destination of Jerusalem for this Feast season in the fall of A.D. 52—primarily the Feast of Tabernacles.
(3) Does Church history reveal specific references to the true Church observing the Feast of Tabernacles?
Comment: There are a number of references that the feasts continued to be observed throughout history. One particular source, Sabbatarians in Transylvania by Samuel Kohn, noted that the Sabbath-keepers in this region were observing the feasts during the early 1600s. Besides numerous songs commemorating the weekly Sabbath, the hymnal of these Sabbatarians contained songs dedicated to the following feast days: eleven songs for Passover and the Days of Unleavened Bread, six songs for Pentecost, three songs for the Feast of Trumpets, one song for the Day of Atonement, and six songs for the Feast of Tabernacles. Unlike the Jews of their time, there is strong evidence that they understood the general meaning of the feast days.
The Kingdom of God Ruling on Earth
Finally, after 6,000 years of being under the sway of Satan’s deceptions and attitudes, the world will be free of such influence. At last, the truth and God’s Law will be the established way that the vast majority will be seeking.
(1) Does the Bible explicitly state that in the coming millennium, the world will no longer be subject to angelic powers? Hebrews 2:5.
(2) Who is the supreme ruler during this time? Revelation 11:15; 19:6; Daniel 7:13-14.
(3) Who will be ruling under Christ in the kingdom of God? Revelation 20:4; 5:10; Daniel 7:27.
(4) Will Christ’s rulership be firm when necessary? Isaiah 2:4; Ezekiel 20:33-38.
(5) Will Christ rule the people in the millennium with understanding and mercy?
Jeremiah 31:8-9; Isaiah 30:19; 40:10-11; 61:3.
Comment: God’s mercy is infinitely greater than mankind’s, as we find in Psalm 103:8, 11. His approach to people depends chiefly upon their character, as we read in Psalm 18:24-26.
(6) Will those ruling under Christ be able to manifest themselves to those they are teaching? Isaiah 30:19-20.
(7) Will the natural ecosystem—including all plant life, the soil, atmosphere, and all bodies of water—be healed during this time? Ezekiel 47:1, 8-9; Amos 9:13-14; Isaiah 35:1-2, 7.
Comment: As described in Ezekiel 47, the stream of water that flows from under the Temple to be built on Mount Zion will bring healing to the oceans and waters as God renews the environment.
(8) Will people be healed of physical impairments and afflictions, as well? Isaiah 35:3-6.
(9) When Christ begins to rule the earth with His saints, does the very creation—hills, trees, water, etc.—rejoice, in a figurative sense? Psalm 96:10-13; 98:8-9; Romans 8:19-23.
Comment: So great is the relief, joy and celebration that the land, sea and sky, which will all be restored to their original purity, reverberate with similar cheerfulness. The term “creature” in Romans 8:19, 20 and 21 is derived from the same Greek word translated as “creation” in verse 22. Thus, “creature” should be read as “creation” in all these verses.
(10) As a result of the restored environment, restored health and true knowledge, will people’s lives be more fulfilled? Micah 4:4; Isaiah 25:9; Zechariah 10:7.
(11) Will the nature of carnivorous animals and dangerous reptiles be changed? Isaiah 11:6-9.
(12) Is the millennium the time the apostle Peter referred to when he spoke of “the restitution of all things”? Acts 3:19-21.
Comment: The millennium is, indeed, the only time that could be described as “the times of refreshing” and “the restitution of all things,” as these verses clearly depict.
Israel Elevated in the Millennium
(1) Will Israel have received double punishment for her sins before the Return of Christ? Isaiah 40:1-2; Jeremiah 16:18.
(2) After Israel has been humbled, will she be doubly rewarded in the millennium? Isaiah 61:7.
Comment: The context for most of this chapter is directed to “those that mourn in Zion.” This is referring to Israel in general, not just the tribe of Judah. Israel will be given honor after having suffered extensively in concentration camps and with relatively few remaining survivors.
(3) Will the Gentiles honor Israel at that time? Isaiah 61:4-6, 9; Zechariah 8:23.
(4) As various Gentile peoples bring former Israelite captives back to unite with their families in the region of the Holy Land, will these Gentiles also present treasures to physical Israel? Isaiah 60:3-5, 11.
Comment: The phrase in verses 5 and 11, “forces of the Gentiles,” means “wealth of the Gentiles.” God will cause Israel to be highly honored in the sight of all nations, as they lavish riches upon them.
(5) Is this the time in which Israel will truly begin to fulfill God’s promise to Abraham? Genesis 22:18; 26:4.
Comment: Even the blessings of the birthright nations of Israel in this present age will pale into insignificance compared to what will be bestowed upon them during the millennium.
At that time, physical Israel will truly become “as the sand of the seashore” and will finally live up to the standard that God had intended for them (Deut. 4:5-8).
In the millennium, all the world will begin to live the way that produces happiness, peace and every desirable outcome, as God always intended.
The Feast of Tabernacles is full of meaning that can only be truly appreciated by observing this convocation each year as commanded.
Lesson Twenty-Nine: The Final Judgment – The Last Great Day
This lesson addresses the last of the seven annual feasts that God has commanded His people to observe. The Last Great Day represents more than one significant event, in contrast to most of the preceding feast days. This final feast commemorates the time of final judgment and crucial events that follow the millennial rule of the kingdom of God on earth. Truly, the millennium is only the beginning of eternity, as the saints of the First Resurrection are trained and prepared for greater things ahead—a time of laying the foundation for even greater joy and achievements beyond the Millennium.
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“All we need to live a good life surrounds us. Sun,wind, people, buildings, stones, sea, birds and plants. Cooperation with all these things brings harmony, opposition to them brings disaster and chaos.”
Permaculture is an ethically based solutions oriented system that encompasses ecologically sound technologies into a design pattern, it emphasis the connections between a diversity of elements, which when implemented will lead to the regeneration and permanence of the culture.
Through working with rather than against nature and the integration of landscape and people, Permaculture systems can provide food, energy, shelter, and other material and non-material needs in a sustainable way.
Permaculture can be looked at as a toolbox full of different handy tools such as regenerative agriculture, water harvesting and hydrology, energy, natural building, forestry, waste management, animal systems, aquaculture, appropriate technology, economics and community development.These tools could be used for the betterment of the system wherever they fit appropriately to create abundant futures.
“A system of design that provides all the needs of humanity in a way that benefits the environment.”
If you would like to know more about the work we do please do get in touch.
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|Ardley, Neil and Matthews, Robert. Physics Today.Chicago:World Book, 1985: 99.||"These gamma rays constitute electromagnetic radiation of extremely short wavelength, from about 10−10 m down to 10−15 m or less … … …."||< 10−15 m|
|"Electromagnetic Radiation". Encyclopedia Americana. Vol. 10. Danbury, Connecticut: Grolier, 1994: 156.||"Beyond X-rays lie gamma rays, with wavelengths of 0.01 Å or smaller. These are the shortest electromagnetic waves known."||< 10−12 m|
|Gamma. Abbey Newsletter. Vol. 8, No. 2 (April 1984).||"High-energy photons of wavelength shorter than 0.1 nm emitted from atomic nuclei during radioactive decay."||< 10−10 m|
|"Color". The New Book of Popular Science. Vol. 6. Danbury, Connecticut: Grolier, 1980: 287.||"The waves of gamma rays emitted from radioactive materials may be less than 5/100,000,000,000 of a centimeter in length."||< 5 × 10−11 m|
|Davidson, Michael W. & Abramowitz, Mortimer. The Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation. Molecular Expressions. Florida State University: Olympus America Inc., 2001.||"This high energy radiation has wavelengths ranging from 0.1 to 0.000001 nanometers."||10−15 m|
5.5 trillionths of an inch! It sounds very infinitesimal, but gamma rays of the electromagnetic spectrum have wavelengths of that size and shorter. The lengths range from 10−10 meters to 10−15 meters or shorter. There is no absolute lower limit to the extent of the shortest wavelength because it has not yet been reached. These waves are generated by radioactive atoms and in nuclear explosions, such as supernova explosions or the destruction of atoms. Things like neutron stars and pulsars, and black holes are all sources of gamma rays in space. These rays have the most electromagnetic energy of any other rays in the spectrum. They have tremendous penetrating ability and have been reported to be able to pass through 3 meters of concrete. Also, as a medicinal advantage, gamma rays can be used to kill cancerous cells.
Unlike visible light and X-rays, gamma rays cannot be captured and reflected in mirrors. The high-energy photons would pass right through. Gamma-ray telescopes use a process called Compton scattering, where a gamma-ray strikes an electron and loses energy.
Today, there are bursts of gamma rays in deep space, which happen at least once a day. They last for fractions of a second to a minute. Gamma-ray bursts can release more energy in 10 seconds than the Sun will emit in its entire 10 billion-year lifetime!
If we had gamma-ray vision, we would be able to peer into the hearts of solar flares, supernovae, neutron stars, black holes, and galaxies. It is a wonder that such powerful energies are generated from such a tiny wavelength.
Elena Won -- 2001
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The First Electronic Church of America
Heinrich Hertz, a German physicist who was born in 1857 and died of blood poisoning in 1894 at the age of 37, applied Maxwell's theories to the production and reception of radio waves. In recognition of his work, the unit of frequency of a radio wave -- one cycle per second -- is named the hertz, in honor of Heinrich Hertz.
In 1888, in a corner of his physics classroom at the Karlsruhe Polytechnic in Berlin, Hertz generated electric waves by means of the oscillatory discharge of a condenser through a loop provided with a spark gap, and then detecting them with a similar type of circuit. Hertz's condenser was a pair of metal rods, placed end to end with a small gap for a spark between them. When these rods were given charges of opposite signs, strong enough to spark, the current would oscillate back and forth across the gap and along the rods. With this oscillator, Hertz solved two problems: 1) timing Maxwell's waves (he had demonstrated, in the concrete, what Maxwell had only theorized: that the velocity of radio waves was equal to the velocity of light), and 2) how to make the electric and magnetic fields detach themselves from wires and go free as Maxwell's waves.
Hertz's students were impressed, and wondered what use might be made of this marvelous phenomenon. But Hertz thought his discoveries were no more practical than Maxwell's. "It's of no use whatsoever," he replied. "This is just an experiment that proves Maestro Maxwell was right -- we just have these mysterious electromagnetic waves that we cannot see with the naked eye. But they are there."
"So, what next?" asked one of his students at the University of Bonn.
Hertz shrugged. He was a modest man, of no pretensions and, apparently, little ambition. "Nothing, I guess."
But, even at a theoretical level, Hertz's accomplishments were quickly seen by others as the beginning of a new "electric age." The English mathematical physicist, Sir. Oliver Heaviside, said in 1891, "Three years ago, electromagnetic waves were nowhere. Shortly afterward, they were everywhere."
Summing up Hertz's importance: his experiments dealing with the reflection, refraction, polarization, interference and velocity of electric waves would trigger the invention, soon after, of the wireless telegraph and of radio.
It happened this way: in 1888, Hertz described in an electrical journal how he was able to trigger his electromagnetic waves with his oscillator. A young man in his teens happened to read the article while he was vacationing in the Alps. For him, Hertz's discovery gave him an idea: why not use the waves set off by Hertz's spark oscillator for signaling? Guglielmo Marconi was that young man. He rushed back home to Italy to give the idea a try.
When Hertz died in Bonn, Germany, in 1894, Sir Oliver Lodge gave Hertz credit for accomplishing what the great English physicists of the time were unable to do. It was not hard to give Hertz credit. Not only had he established the validity of Maxwell's theorems, he had done so with a winning modesty. "He was a noble man," said one eulogist in 1894, "who had the singular good fortune to find many admirers, but none to hate or envy him; those who came into personal contact with him were struck by his modesty and charmed by his amiability. He was a true friend to his friends, a respected teacher to his students, who had begun to gather around him in large numbers, some of the coming from great distances; and to his family a loving husband and father."
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Then there's the very fine German composer Friedrich Gernsheim:
Friedrich Gernsheim (July 17, 1839 – September 10, 1916) was a German composer, conductor and pianist.
Gernsheim was born in Worms. He was given his first musical training at home under his mother's care, then starting from the age of seven under Worms' musical director, Louis Liebe, a former pupil of Louis Spohr. His father, a prominent Jewish physician, moved the family to Frankfurt am Main in the aftermath of the year of revolutions, 1848, where he studied with Edward Rosenhain, brother of Jakob Rosenhain. He made his first public appearance as a concert pianist in 1850 and toured for two seasons, then settled with his family in Leipzig, where he studied piano with Ignaz Moscheles from 1852. He spent the years 1855–1860 in Paris, meeting Gioacchino Rossini, Édouard Lalo and Camille Saint-Saëns.
His travels afterwards took him to Saarbrücken, where in 1861 he took the conductor post vacated by Hermann Levi; to Cologne, where in 1865 Ferdinand Hiller appointed him to the staff of the Conservatory (one of his pupils was Engelbert Humperdinck); he then served as musical director of the Philharmonic Society of Rotterdam, 1874-1890. In the latter year he became a teacher at the Stern Conservatory in Berlin, and in 1897 moved there to teach at the Academy of Arts, where he was elected to the senate in 1897.
Gernsheim was a prolific composer, especially of orchestral, chamber and instrumental music, and songs. Some of his works tend to Jewish subject-matter, notably the Third Symphony on the legend of the Song of Miriam. His earlier works show the influence of Schumann, and from 1868, when he first became friendly with Brahms, a Brahmsian influence is very palpable. Gernsheim's four symphonies (the first of which was written before the publication of Brahms' First Symphony) are an interesting example of the reception of Brahmsian style by a sympathetic and talented contemporary. Gernsheim's last works, most notably his Zu einem Drama (1902), show him moving away from that into something more personal. He died in Berlin.
Symphony no. 1 in G minor, op. 32, 1875
Symphony no. 2 in E♭ major, op. 46, 1882
Symphony no. 3 in C minor ('Miriam' or 'Mirjam'), op. 54, 1887
Symphony no. 4 in B♭ major, op. 62, 1895
Piano Concerto in C minor, op. 16
Violin Concerto no. 1 in D major, op. 42
Violin Concerto no. 2 in F, op. 86
Fantasy Piece for violin with orchestra, op. 33
Cello Concerto in E minor, op. 78
Zu einem drama, op. 82 (given a radio recording by Klaus Arp and the SWR Radio Orch.
Divertimento, op. 53
String Quartet no. 1 in C minor, op. 25
String Quartet no. 2 in A minor, op. 31, 1875 (recorded on Audite)
String Quartet no. 3 in F major, op. 51, 1886
String Quartet no. 4 in E minor, op. 66
String Quartet no. 5 in A major, op. 83 (Republished recently by Walter Wollenweber-Verlag, pub. originally ca 1911.)
Piano Quartet no. 1 in E♭, op. 6
Piano Quartet no. 2 in C minor, op. 20 (Pub. ca. 1870.)
Piano Quartet no. 3 in F major, op. 47, 1883
Piano Quintet no. 1 in D minor, op. 35
Piano Quintet no. 2 in B minor, op. 63, pub. ca. 1897 (definitely by 1898)
String Quintet no. 1 in D major, op. 9
String Quintet no. 2 in E♭ major, op. 89 (premiered in Feb. 1916 and mentioned in the Neue Zeitschrift that year. Two-cello quintet. Given its modern premiere in 2003 along with his string trio op. 74.)
Violin sonata no. 1 in C minor, op. 4, pub. ca. 1864
Violin sonata no. 2 in C, op. 50, pub. ca. 1885
Violin sonata no. 3 in F, op. 64, pub. ca. 1898
Violin sonata no. 4 in G, op. 85
Piano trio no. 1 in F, op. 28
Piano trio no. 2 in B, op. 37
Two other piano trios, in manuscript (search at the Altenberg Trio site. #2 in B is in their repertoire.)
Cello sonata no. 1 in D minor, op. 12
Cello sonata no. 2 in E minor, op. 87
Piano sonata in F minor, op. 1
Fantasy and Fugue for Organ, op. 76
Choral works and orchestral works:
Salamis, for men's chorus and orchestra op. 10
Nibelungen wiederfahrt, op. 73
Nornen wiegenlied, op. 65
Agrippina, op. 77
Several Gernsheim CDs have now been released, but most of his works still remain unrecorded.
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Birds of Deer Flat National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) in Idaho. Published by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (USFWS).
|Idaho Pocket Maps|
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Stone Lakes Deer Flat National WildlifeRefuge National Wildlife Refuge Birds Watchable Wildlife The Lake Lowell and Snake River Islands Units of Deer Flat National Wildlife Refuge provide a watery oasis for resident and migratory wildlife. Introduction The Refuge Deer Flat National Wildlife Refuge has two units. The Lake Lowell Unit has over 10,000 acres, including the almost 9,000-acre Lake Lowell and surrounding lands. The Snake River Islands Unit contains about 1,200 acres on over 100 islands. The Refuge has been designated an Important Bird Area by the National Audubon Society. Over one hundred species are known to nest at the Refuge, so spring and early summer are good times to observe nesting activities and young birds. As summer progresses and the lake is slowly drawn down for irrigation, large numbers of shorebirds come to feed on the exposed mudflats. As fall approaches, the number of birds using the refuge increases. Resident flocks of ducks and Canada geese are usually on Lake Lowell by the second week of October. As colder weather drives migrating ducks and geese south, migratory birds join the resident birds at the lake. Some birds pass through while others spend the winter. By mid-November, the goose population peaks at up to 15,000 birds. 2 Canada geese. ©Mike Shipman Duck populations peak in midDecember, with up to 150,000 on Lake Lowell. Geese and ducks roost on the lake at night, their activity usually keeping patches of water open all winter. Bald eagles, which move into the area to feed on weak and injured birds, can often be seen around the lake. The Snake River also provides a winter home for a variety of waterfowl, including goldeneyes, scaup, mergansers, buffleheads, wood ducks, greenwinged teals and a large number of mallards. 3 Getting the Most from Your Visit The Refuge is open to the public all year from sunrise to sunset. Please help protect wildlife and their habitats by obeying all regulations. Some areas are closed to public use, so please observe signs. The Lake Lowell Unit is easily accessible by road from Nampa and Caldwell, Idaho. The Snake River Islands Unit is accessible only by boat, although some sections can be viewed from roads along the river. The Refuge Visitor Center is located about 5 miles southeast of Nampa and is open 8:00 am to 4:00 pm weekdays and 10:00 am to 4:00 pm Saturdays. It provides an observation room overlooking Lake Lowell, interpretive panels about the wildlife and history of the Refuge, and a Kids' Activity Area. Nearby are several trails, as well as a viewing blind and viewing platforms. Ask for Refuge brochures and information on areas open for your enjoyment. You will see more birds if you time your visit for early morning or evening hours, sit quietly, and wait for the birds to come to you. If walking, move slowly and quietly to avoid scaring wildlife. Be sure to listen for calls and songs. A good field guide and binoculars or a spotting scope will help you identify what you see. If driving, your car is an excellent blind; for better viewing opportunities, stay in your car. Lake Lowell and Snake River Islands driving tours are available. Whether you are a seasoned “birder” or are just beginning, we wish you rewarding and memorable experiences from this visit to the refuge. Come back again soon! 4 Checklist Notes This list includes 249 species that have been observed on the Refuge since 1950. Habitat, seasonal occurence, and abundance are coded as follows. Habitats W - On or near water G - Grassland and dry uplands D - Deciduous woodlands and riparian areas A - Agriculture S - Species more likely to be seen on the Snake River Islands Unit Seasons Sp - Spring = March-May S - Summer = June-August F - Fall = September-November W - Winter = December-February Abundance a - abundant = a common species that is very numerous c - common = certain to be seen in suitable habitat u - uncommon = might be seen in suitable habitat o - occasional = seen only a few times during a season r - rare = seen at intervals of 2-5 years v - vagrant = highly unusual * - species that nest on the refuge Refuge personnel, visiting professionals, and amateur ornithologists have contributed observations for this list. This list is undoubtedly incomplete; other species probably use the Refuge. To improve future editions of this list, please provide confirmed sightings of species listed as rare or vagrant, as well as of species not on this list. American White Pelicans. ©Dick McKee 5 Birds of Deer Flat NWR Common Name Habitat Sp S Geese, Swans, and Ducks Greater White-fronted Goose Snow Goose Ross's Goose *Canada Goose Trumpeter Swan Tundra Swan *Wood Duck *Gadwall Eurasian Wigeon *American Wigeon *Mallard *Blue-winged Teal *Cinnamon Teal *Northern Shoveler *Northern Pintail *Green-winged Teal Canvasback *Redhead Ring-necked Duck Greater Scaup Lesser Scaup Harlequin Duck White-winged Scoter Long-tailed Duck Bufflehead Common Goldeneye Barrow's Goldeneye Hooded Merganser *Common Merganser Red-breasted Merganser *Ruddy Duck W,A W,A W,A W,A W W W,D W W W W,A W W W W W W W W W W S,W S,W W S,W W S,W W W W W o u r c o u c u r c a o c o c c o u o o u G,D,A G,A S,G,A G,A G,A S,D a r r o c o o c r u u o u r c r c u u c u c u c c u r F W u u o a o u c o r a a u u c a a o u u o c o r u a r u c u u a r r o c o a r o o c o o u o o o a o o r c a o c a r o o u v r r o a u o c u Common Name Loons Pacific Loon Common Loon Habitat Sp S F W W W o o r o *Pied-billed Grebe Horned Grebe *Eared Grebe *Western Grebe *Clark's Grebe W W W W W u r o c c u o r a a u o u c c Pelicans and Cormorants American White Pelican *Double-crested Cormorant W W c c c c o c W W W,D W,D W,D W,A W S,W,D o v c c c r o r c c a c r r r c W o u r o Grebes u u r r u Bitterns, Herons and Egrets *American Bittern Least Bittern *Great Blue Heron *Great Egret *Snowy Egret Cattle Egret Green Heron *Black-crowned Night-Heron Ibis and Spoonbills White-faced Ibis r c u o Gallinaceous Birds *California Quail Northern Bobwhite *Chukar *Gray Partridge *Ring-necked Pheasant Wild Turkey 6 a r o o c o Right: Great blue herons in a rookery. ©Fritzi Newton, with permission. 7 Common Name Habitat Sp S F New World Vultures Turkey Vulture S,G,A u u u Osprey, Kites, Hawks and Eagles *Osprey *Bald Eagle *Northern Harrier Sharp-shinned Hawk *Cooper's Hawk Northern Goshawk *Swainson's Hawk *Red-tailed Hawk Ferruginous Hawk Rough-legged Hawk Golden Eagle W,D W,D W,G,A G,D G,D D G,A G,D,A G,A G,A S,G c c c u o o c c r o o c c c c o r c c r c c c c o o o c r u u Falcons *American Kestrel Merlin Gyrfalcon Peregrine Falcon Prairie Falcon Rails *Virginia Rail *Sora *American Coot Cranes Sandhill Crane Plovers Black-bellied Plover American Golden-Plover Snowy Plover Semipalmated Plover *Killdeer G,D,A G,D G, A W,G,A S,G,A W W W W,G W W W W W,G S,W S,W o c o c r c o r o o u o u u u a r c c a u u a 8 u c c u u o c u u c u v r o o u o r a v u a u c o u u c u Common Name o Habitat Sp S Sandpipers *Spotted Sandpiper Solitary Sandpiper Greater Yellowlegs Willet Lesser Yellowlegs Long-billed Curlew Marbled Godwit Red Knot Sanderling Semipalmated Sandpiper Western Sandpiper Least Sandpiper Baird's Sandpiper Pectoral Sandpiper Dunlin Stilt Sandpiper Short-billed Dowitcher Long-billed Dowitcher S,W W W W W W,G W W W W W W W W W W W W u o u o u o o u o u o u o o v u o c o o o Snipe *Wilson's Snipe Phalaropes Wilson's Phalarope Red-necked Phalarope r Stilts and Avocets *Black-necked Stilt *American Avocet W Gulls and Terns Sabine's Gull Bonaparte's Gull Franklin's Gull *Ring-billed Gull *California Gull Herring Gull Thayer's Gull Lesser Black-backed Gull Glaucous-winged Gull *Caspian Tern *Black Tern Common Tern Forster's Tern F W u o u o u o r r u o v r u c u u o o o r u W c u u W W u o u r u o r o a a v r u a a v o o a a o c u u o u o o o W W W W,A W,A W W W W W W W W r c o r o a c o r r r 9 Common Name Habitat Sp Doves *Rock Pigeon *Eurasian Collared-Dove *Mourning Dove Cuckoos Yellow-billed Cuckoo D,A G,D,A G,D,A a a a D S a a a F a a a W a a a v Owls *Barn Owl Flammulated Owl *Western Screech-Owl *Great Horned Owl Snowy Owl Northern Pygmy-Owl Burrowing Owl Barred Owl *Long-eared Owl Short-eared Owl Northern Saw-whet Owl G,D,A D D G,D,A G G G,A D D W,A D u o r o o r G,D G u c v c c r r u c c u r c c r r r o r o Nightjars *Common Nighthawk Common Poorwill u u c c v r r r u r o Common Name Habitat Sp S F W Swifts Vaux's Swift White-throated Swift S,W S,W,G r o r o D D D u c u r o c u r o W,D u u c c D D D D o c o c o c o c o c o c c o c D D D G,A D G,D D D,A G,D o u o r o u o o o c u r u r c u S,G,A G,A u u D D D D o o u o Hummingbirds *Black-chinned Hummingbird Calliope Hummingbird Broad-tailed Hummingbird Rufous Hummingbird Kingfishers *Belted Kingfisher Woodpeckers Lewis's Woodpecker *Downy Woodpecker Hairy Woodpecker *Northern Flicker Flycatchers Olive-sided Flycatcher *Western Wood-Pewee Willow Flycatcher Gray Flycatcher Cordilleran Flycatcher *Say's Phoebe Ash-throated Flycatcher *Western Kingbird *Eastern Kingbird u r r u o Shrikes *Loggerhead Shrike Northern Shrike Vireos Plumbeous Vireo Cassin's Vireo *Warbling Vireo Red-eyed Vireo 10 Western screech-owl.©Dick McKee u o u o u o o u o 11 Common Name Jays, Magpies, and Crows Steller's Jay Blue Jay *Black-billed Magpie *American Crow *Common Raven Habitat Sp S D D G,D,A D,A S,G,D a c c G S,W,D S,W,D S,W S,W,A S,W,G W,A F W a c c v a a c r v a a c o o o o o c c c a a o u c c a a o u c u a c Larks *Horned Lark Swallows *Tree Swallow *Violet-green Swallow *Northern Rough-winged *Bank Swallow *Cliff Swallow *Barn Swallow Titmice and Chickadees *Black-capped Chickadee Mountain Chickadee Bushtits Bushtit D D c D,S u D D Creepers Brown Creeper D 12 Kinglets, Bluebirds, and Thrushes Golden-crowned Kinglet Ruby-crowned Kinglet Western Bluebird Mountain Bluebird Townsend's Solitaire Swainson's Thrush Hermit Thrush *American Robin Varied Thrush Mockingbirds and Thrashers Gray Catbird Northern Mockingbird *Sage Thrasher S,G S,G D D W c o c c u o o u c Pipits American Pipit Waxwings Bohemian Waxwing *Cedar Waxwing u o o o c c u Habitat Sp D D G,D G,D D D D G,D D o c r r o r u a D G,D,A S,G v r o G,D,A S u o a F W o u r r o r o c r u c r o r c r r u v r o a a a a W,G o o u u D D r u o c o c D D D D D D D D D S,D o o u v u o o c u c o o o c o c o u Starlings *European Starling Nuthatches Red-breasted Nuthatch White-breasted Nuthatch Wrens *Rock Wren *Canyon Wren *House Wren Pacific Wren *Marsh Wren Common Name o r u o u u o o o o c o o r o Warblers Orange-crowned Warbler Nashville Warbler *Yellow Warbler Black-throated Blue Warbler Yellow-rumped Warbler Townsend's Warbler MacGillivray's Warbler *Common Yellowthroat Wilson's Warbler *Yellow-breasted Chat c v o r c o c r u 13 Common Name Habitat Sp S Towhees and Sparrows Green-tailed Towhee Spotted Towhee American Tree Sparrow Chipping Sparrow Brewer's Sparrow *Vesper Sparrow *Lark Sparrow Black-throated Sparrow Sage Sparrow *Savannah Sparrow Grasshopper Sparrow Fox Sparrow *Song Sparrow Lincoln's Sparrow White-throated Sparrow Harris's Sparrow White-crowned Sparrow Dark-eyed Junco Lapland Longspur Snow Bunting S,D D G,D G,D G G S,G G G G G D W,D D D G,D G,D,A D G G Grosbeaks and Allies Western Tanager *Black-headed Grosbeak *Lazuli Bunting Indigo Bunting r u u o o u r c o u o u o u v v u v F W u r o u o u u o r u r c c u c u o a c D D S,D D,A u c u o c c v c u r W,A G,A W,A G,A G,A G,A G,A W,D a c c a a c c a r c c r c c a a o a v r u u r c u v r c a r r Common Name Finches Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch Black Rosy-Finch Cassin's Finch *House Finch Common Redpoll Pine Siskin *American Goldfinch Evening Grosbeak Habitat Sp S S,G S,G D D D D G,D D F W r a r a r a c o c r o c o o o o c v c c u a a a a Weaver Finches *House Sparrow D Field Notes Blackbirds and Orioles *Red-winged Blackbird *Western Meadowlark *Yellow-headed Blackbird *Brewer's Blackbird Common Grackle Great-tailed Grackle *Brown-headed Cowbird *Bullock's Oriole 14 u u o c v r 15 Deer Flat National Wildlife Refuge 13751 Upper Embankment Road Nampa, Idaho 83686 Telephone: 208/467 9278 FAX: 208/467 9278 http://www.fws.gov/deerflat U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service http://www.fws.gov Refuge Information 1 800/344 WILD September 2011 Western Grebe. USFWS/Addison Mohler Equal opportunity to participate in and benefit from programs and activities of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is available to all individuals regardless of physical or mental disability. For more information please contact the U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Equal Opportunity, 1849 C Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service StoneFlat Lakes Deer National WildlifeRefuge National Wildlife Refuge Birds Watchable Wildlife
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Newswise — The phenomenon of quantum nonlocality defies our everyday intuition. It shows the strong correlations between several quantum particles some of which change their state instantaneously when the others are measured, regardless of the distance between them. While this phenomenon has been confirmed for slow moving particles, it has been debated whether nonlocality is preserved when particles move very fast at velocities close to the speed of light, and even more so when those velocities are quantum mechanically indefinite. Now, researchers from the University of Vienna, the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the Perimeter Institute report in the latest issue of Physical Review Letters that nonlocality is a universal property of the world, regardless of how and at what speed quantum particles move.
It is easy to illustrate how correlations can arise in everyday life. Imagine that each day of the month you send two of your friends, Alice and Bob, a toy engine of a set of two for their collection. You can choose each of the engines to be either red or blue or either electric or steam. Your friends are separated by a large distance and do not know about your choice. Once their parcels arrive, they can check the colour of their engine with a device that can distinguish between red and blue or check whether the engine is electric or steam using another device. They compare the measurements made over time to look for particular correlations. In our everyday world, such correlations obey two principles – "realism" and "locality". "Realism" means that Alice and Bob reveal only what colour or the mechanism of the engine you had chosen in the past, and "locality" means that Alice's measurement cannot change the colour or the mechanism of Bob's engine (or vice versa). Bell's theorem, published in 1964 and considered by some to be one of the most profound discoveries in the foundations of physics, showed that correlations in the quantum world are incompatible with the two principles – a phenomenon known as quantum non-locality.
Quantum nonlocality has been confirmed in numerous experiments, the so-called Bell tests, on atoms, ions and electrons. It not only has deep philosophical implications, but also underpins many of the applications such as quantum computation and quantum satellite communications. However, in all of these experiments, the particles were either at rest or moving at low velocities (scientists call this regime "non-relativistic"). One of the unsolved problems in this field, which still puzzles physicists, is whether nonlocality is preserved when particles are moving extremely fast, close to the speed of light (i.e., in the relativistic regime), or when they are not even moving at a well-defined speed.
For two quantum particles in a Bell's test which move at high speeds researchers predict that the correlations between the particles are, in principle, reduced. However, if Alice and Bob adapt their measurements in a way that depends on the speed of the particles the correlations between the results of their measurements are still nonlocal. Now imagine that not only are the particles moving very fast, but their velocity is also indefinite: each particle moves in a so-called superposition of different velocities simultaneously, just as the infamous Schrödinger's cat is simultaneously dead and alive. In such a case, is their description of the world still non-local?
Researchers, led by Časlav Brukner at the University of Vienna and the Austrian Academy of Sciences, have shown that Alice and Bob can indeed design an experiment which would prove that the world is nonlocal. For this they used one of the most fundamental principles of physics namely that physical phenomena do not depend on the frame of reference from which we observe them. For example, according to this principle, any observer, whether moving or not, will see that an apple falling from a tree will touch the ground. The researchers went a step further and extended this principle to reference frames "attached" to quantum particles. These are called "quantum reference frames." The key insight is that if Alice and Bob could move with the quantum reference frames along with their respective particles, they could perform the usual Bell test, since for them the particles would be at rest. In this way, they can prove quantum nonlocality for any quantum particle, regardless of whether the velocity is indefinite or close to that of light.
Flaminia Giacomini, one of the study's authors, says, "Our result proves that it is possible to design a Bell experiment for particles moving in a quantum superposition at very high speeds." The co-author, Lucas Streiter, concludes, "We have shown that nonlocality is a universal property of our world." Their discovery is expected to open applications in quantum technologies, such as quantum satellite communications and quantum computation, using relativistic particles.
Publication in Physical Review Letters:
L. F. Streiter, F. Giacomini, Č. Brukner, "Relativistic Bell Test within Quantum Reference Frames", Phys. Rev. Lett., 2021 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.230403
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A new study by researchers at the School of Public Health at Georgia State University reveals that using a combination of two blood sugar tests rather than a single test would improve detection of prediabetes in American children and adults.
In "Improving Detection of Prediabetes in Children and Adults: Using Combinations of Blood Glucose Tests," published in Frontiers in Public Health, the researchers noted that 24 million Americans have type 2 diabetes--a number that is projected to grow to 39 million by 2050. Another 65 million Americans have prediabetes, a figure that could double by 2030.
‘With the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes, coming up with methods to catch and stop the disease is a public health imperative.’
AdvertisementDr. Ike S. Okosun, director of the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics at the School of Public Health, said improving detection of prediabetes would save the American health care system and patients money by "motivating subjects with prediabetes to seek preventative care."
"Given the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes, coming up with methods to catch the disease and stop the disease is a public health imperative," Okosun said. Current methods can miss cases of prediabetes, giving some people a false sense that they are free of the condition.
Most people being tested for prediabetes undergo either a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test, which measures their blood sugar after a period of not eating--usually a few hours--or an oral glucose test (OGT), which measures their blood sugar soon after consuming a certain amount of carbohydrate. The American Diabetes Association supports the use of a different test, the hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) test, to diagnose patients with type 2 diabetes.
Okosun's study noted that the OGT is the benchmark diagnostic but is also "laborious and uncomfortable to patients." Measuring both a person's fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) results in more accurate prediabetes detection across age, race/ethnicity and body mass than using only one of the tests, the researchers found.
Combining all three tests did not improve the overall detection of prediabetes beyond what was observed using the FBG test along with the HbA1C, the researchers found. The research findings were based on analysis of data from the 2007-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys provided by the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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So why should we be content with #43? Yes, believe it or not, the US is #43 on a list we ought to be ranked higher on.
Recently, there's been some good news when it comes to US greenhouse gas emissions: They're actually going down. The bad news, though, is that despite this progress, we still only rank 43rd in the world for the overall effectiveness of our climate policies.
That's the upshot of a new report by the Climate Action Network Europe and Germanwatch, a public policy think tank with offices in Bonn and Berlin. The two groups release an annual Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) to assess how much individual countries are contributing to the global carbon problem, and how much they're trying to do about it. The rankings include the globe's 58 leading countries for greenhouse gas emissions—countries that, together, account for 90 percent of the globe's carbon emissions from fossil energy use. Each country is assessed based its emissions trends, its energy efficiency, its progress on renewable energy, and its overall climate policies.
The US ranked 43rd last year and ranks 43rd this year as well, right between New Zealand and Croatia. We get particularly good marks for our 8-percent decrease in carbon emissions from energy sources in the last half decade, but we still fall well short of a stance that could be considered truly progressive or proactive on climate and energy. Still, if we want to gloat then it's easy to compare ourselves to our northern neighbor, Canada, which was "the worst performer of all industrialised countries" and only fared better than Iran, Kazakhstan, and Saudi Arabia.
Hooray, we beat Canada! And we beat Iran & Saudi Arabia! Isn't that awesome?!
Not really. Now yes, we've actually made some progress on tackling climate change. And now that President Obama's executive actions are kicking in, that should help some more.
But why are we still ranked so low? Here's a hint: Congress. Because the G-O-TEA run House and chronically logjammed Senate won't consider any climate legislation (except for stuff that would worsen the crisis), we have a major impediment to serious action on Capitol Hill.
Here in Nevada, we know all too well the promise of action... And the perils of inaction. And while we've seen some progress on the state level, we badly need more federal action to finally rise above #43... And rise to the occasion.
Are we willing to rise to this occasion? Are we ready to take on this challenge. We will need to be ready, willing, and able very soon. After all, it's not just about bragging rights (though come on, being #43 on this sucks). It's about our future survival.
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The study focused on the relationship between oil exploration activities and lard conflicts in
Buseruka Sub-county. The study objectively sought to; examine the extent to which seismic surve~
activities contribute to land conflicts in Buseruka Sub-county in Hoima district; to assess how
exploratory well drilling activities contribute to land conflicts in Buseruka Sub-county in
Hoima district; and, to find out how building of roads contributes to land conflicts in Buseruka
Sub-county in Hoima district. The study employed descriptive and Correlational research design.
A sample of 158 respondents was selected using purposive and simple random sampling
teclmiques. Both quantitative (questionnaire) and qualitative (interviewing) data collection
approaches were used. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Scientists
(SPSS) and MS Excel software package to generate descriptive and inferentia’ ~tistics. The
findings of the study were that a strong positive relationship (r=. 703 * *, p
seismic survey activities and land conflicts, (r.603**, p
activities and land conflicts, (r=.503**, p
Respondents never appreciated the role played by the government in combating land conflicts or
remained predominantly negative. In conclusion oil exploration activities had negative effects on
the people of Buseruka sub-County to a large extent, therefore the researcher calls upon the oil
exploration companies, government and the indigenous people who remain incompatible in goals
to foster a sustainable peace building mechanism in oil exploration. The study recommends that
oil exploration companies should collaborate with the government, community and develop a comprehensive monitoring system and the urgent need for understanding conflict management
methods like early warning mechanisms by the government official LOCAL
Research, S. & JOHNSON, B (2021). Oil Discovery And Land Conflicts In Hoima District: A Case Of Buseruka Sub-County. Afribary. Retrieved from https://afribary.com/works/oil-discovery-and-land-conflicts-in-hoima-district-a-case-of-buseruka-sub-county
Research, SSA, and BWANAKWERI JOHNSON "Oil Discovery And Land Conflicts In Hoima District: A Case Of Buseruka Sub-County" Afribary. Afribary, 11 Jun. 2021, https://afribary.com/works/oil-discovery-and-land-conflicts-in-hoima-district-a-case-of-buseruka-sub-county. Accessed 28 May. 2022.
Research, SSA, and BWANAKWERI JOHNSON . "Oil Discovery And Land Conflicts In Hoima District: A Case Of Buseruka Sub-County". Afribary, Afribary, 11 Jun. 2021. Web. 28 May. 2022. < https://afribary.com/works/oil-discovery-and-land-conflicts-in-hoima-district-a-case-of-buseruka-sub-county >.
Research, SSA and JOHNSON, BWANAKWERI . "Oil Discovery And Land Conflicts In Hoima District: A Case Of Buseruka Sub-County" Afribary (2021). Accessed May 28, 2022. https://afribary.com/works/oil-discovery-and-land-conflicts-in-hoima-district-a-case-of-buseruka-sub-county
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Open-File Report 2011–1160
Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Oregon Department of State Lands
Preliminary Assessment of Channel Stability and Bed-Material Transport along Hunter Creek, Southwestern Oregon
By Krista L. Jones, J. Rose Wallick, Jim E. O’Connor, Mackenzie K. Keith, Joseph F. Mangano, and John C. Risley
This preliminary assessment of (1) bed-material transport in the Hunter Creek basin, (2) historical changes in channel condition, and (3) supplementary data needed to inform permitting decisions regarding instream gravel extraction revealed the following:
- Along the lower 12.4 km (kilometers) of Hunter Creek from its confluence with the Little South Fork Hunter Creek to its mouth, the river has confined and unconfined segments and is predominately alluvial in its lowermost 11 km. This 12.4-km stretch of river can be divided into two geomorphically distinct study reaches based primarily on valley physiography. In the Upper Study Reach (river kilometer [RKM] 12.4–6), the active channel comprises a mixed bed of bedrock, boulders, and smaller grains. The stream is confined in the upper 1.4 km of the reach by a bedrock canyon and in the lower 2.4 km by its valley. In the Lower Study Reach (RKM 6–0), where the area of gravel bars historically was largest, the stream flows over bed material that is predominately alluvial sediments. The channel alternates between confined and unconfined segments.
- The primary human activities that likely have affected bed-material transport and the extent and area of gravel bars are (1) historical and ongoing aggregate extraction from gravel bars in the study area and (2) timber harvest and associated road construction throughout the basin. These anthropogenic activities likely have varying effects on sediment transport and deposition throughout the study area and over time. Although assessing the relative effects of these anthropogenic activities on sediment dynamics would be challenging, the Hunter Creek basin may serve as a case study for such an assessment because it is mostly free of other alterations to hydrologic and geomorphic processes such as flow regulation, dredging, and other navigation improvements that are common in many Oregon coastal basins.
- Several datasets are available that may support a more detailed physical assessment of Hunter Creek. The entire study area has been captured in aerial photographs at least once per decade since the 1940s. This temporally rich photograph dataset would support quantitative analyses of changes in channel planform as well as vegetation cover. Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) data collected in 2008 would facilitate hydraulic and sediment-transport modeling and characterization of bar elevations throughout most of the study area.
- Few studies describing channel morphology and sediment transport exist for the Hunter Creek basin. The most detailed study reported channel incision and bank instability as well as the loss of point bars and pools in the lower 3.9 km of Hunter Creek from slightly downstream of its confluence with Yorke Creek to its mouth (EA Engineering, Sci-ence, and Technology, 1998).
- Repeat channel cross-sections collected from 1994 to 2010 at four bridges indicate that Hunter Creek is dynamic and subject to channel shifting, aggradation, and incision. Despite this dynamism, the channel at three bridge crossings showed little net change in thalweg elevation during this period. However, the channel thalweg aggraded 0.55 m from 2004 to 2008 near the bridge at RKM 3.5.
- Systematic delineation of gravel bars from aerial photographs collected in 1940, 1965, 2005, and 2009 indicates a 52-percent reduction in the area of bed-material sediment throughout the study area from 1940 to 2009. Net bar loss was greatest in the Lower Study Reach from RKM 1–4 and mainly is associ-ated with the encroachment of vegetation onto upper-bar surfaces lacking apparent vegetation in 1940.
- Bar-surface material was approximately equal in size to bar-subsurface material at Conn Creek Bar, whereas it was distinctly coarser than the subsurface material at Menasha Bar. Armoring ratios, which indicate the coarseness of the bar surface relative to the bar subsurface, were calculated as 0.97 for Conn Creek Bar and 1.5 for Menasha Bar. These ratios tentatively show that transport capacity and sediment supply are relatively balanced at these sites.
- On the basis of datasets reviewed in this reconnaissance-level study, study results indicate that (1) the size and overall position of gravel bars in the lower 12.4 km of Hunter Creek are determined largely by valley physiography such that unconfined alluvial sections have large channel-flanking bars, whereas confined reaches accommodate only relatively smaller bars, (2) the alluvial segments are prone to vertical and lateral channel adjustments, (3) substantial aggrada-tion or incision did not occur except near RKM 3.5, where the channel aggraded 0.55 m (meters) from 2004 to 2008, and (4) bed-material transport in Hunter Creek is tentatively considered unlimited rel-ative to sediment supply.
- Study findings indicate that more detailed investigations are needed to assess channel condition in the Lower Study Reach as well as longitudinal trends in particle size, the relative balance between sediment supply and transport capacity, and potential drivers of bar area loss (such as vegetation encroachment and peak-flow patterns) throughout the study area.
First posted June 30, 2011
Part or all of this report is presented in Portable Document Format (PDF); the latest version of Adobe Reader or similar software is required to view it. Download the latest version of Adobe Reader, free of charge.
Jones, K.L, Wallick, J.R., O’Connor, J.E., Keith, M.K., Mangano, J.F., and Risley, J.C., 2011, Preliminary assessment of channel stability and bed-material transport along Hunter Creek, southwestern Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011–1160, 41 p.
Physical Characteristics of the Hunter Creek Basin
Land Uses in the Basin
Approach and Key Findings
Summary of Findings
Outstanding Issues and Possible Approaches
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WATCH: What’s Really Going on With Arctic Sea Ice?
Slate writer Phil Plait debunks the recent misinformation about melting ice and explains why you should care about climate change.
Scientists announced today that Arctic sea ice has officially reached its minimum extent for the summer, shrinking to 5.1 million square kilometers. That’s significantly higher than last year’s record low of just over 3.4 million square kilometers, a fact that has led conservative news outlets and even members of Congress to suggest that worries about global warming and melting ice are overstated.
But as astronomer and Slate writer Phil Plait explains in this video, these claims are “incredibly misleading.”
“You can’t look year-to-year, that’s not the right way to do this,” says Plait. “The right way to do this is to look over a long period of time. And when you do that, you see that the minimum extent of sea ice in the Arctic is decreasing over time…the trend is definitely downward.”
According to the National Snow & Ice Data Center, which tracks the ice melt, this year’s minimum extent was the sixth lowest in the 35-year satellite record. “The pattern we’ve seen so far is an overall downward trend in summer ice extent, punctuated by ups and downs due to natural variability in weather patterns and ocean conditions,” said NSIDC director Mark Serreze in a press release. “We could be looking at summers with essentially no sea ice on the Arctic Ocean only a few decades from now.”
Or, as Plait puts it: “We’re below average. It’s getting worse over time. The cause is global warming. And the cause of that is us.”
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The Humberhead Levels is a naturally wet landscape where four of England’s major rivers meet, forming the Humber Estuary.
Made up of arable farmland, rivers and a patchwork of wetlands, the Levels are home to cranes, bitterns and marsh harriers, as well as otters and water voles.
However, large areas of the Levels’ important wetlands have been lost to drainage schemes which keep the landscape dry for farming. This has resulted in isolated areas which are too small and disjointed for wildlife to thrive.
Working with various partners under the Humberhead Levels Partnership, we want to create and restore ribbons of wetland habitats extending along the rivers and streams, linking the major wetlands in the Derwent Ings, Aire Valley, Humber Estuary and Thorne and Hatfield Moors.
Improving this landscape for nature will also increase the wellbeing of local communities and provide new opportunities for local businesses.
By restoring and creating wetlands we can reduce flood risk to property, helping farmers and wildlife in hot dry summers and lock up carbon dioxide, a gas known to contribute to climate change.
Reserves and other protected areas are a key part of Futurescapes. They provide core areas for nature to thrive and eventually repopulate the surrounding landscapes. The key RSPB reserves within this Futurescape are:
Come to Blacktoft Sands throughout the year and see how many of our 270 species of birds you can see! The tidal reedbed is the largest in England and is important for breeding bearded tits, bitterns and marsh harriers.
With pond dipping, regular fun events and walks to help you get away from it all, RSPB Fairburn Ings is the ideal place for adults and children to discover more about the natural world.
St Aidan's is a perfect place to relax, unwind or exercise in a stress-free environment and get up close to nature.
Futurescapes is all about collaboration. There are many organisations and people involved in managing land in the Humberhead Levels. Our challenge is working together to find ways of making more space for nature. To achieve this we’re working with:
- Doncaster Metropolitan Borough Council
- English Heritage
- The Environment Agency
- Isle of Axholme and North Nottinghamshire Water Level Management Board
- Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust
- Natural England
- North Lincolnshire Council
- Nottinghamshire Wildlife Trust
- Ouse and Humber Drainage Board
- Shire Group of Internal Drainage Boards
- Yorkshire Wildlife Trust
Saving special places
Victory for Harapan Rainforest
Beautiful Hutan Harapan forest is a precious remnant of the rainforest that once covered much of Sumatra (Photo: RSPB-images/Steve Roland) Hutan Harapan is one of the last remaining areas of dry lowland Sumatran forest and is among the most th...(r...Posted 12/04/2019 by Heather Mitchell
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Daniel Pullan, our International Casework Manager writes: I was thrilled last week when my Bulgarian colleague Irina Mateeva told me that the Bulgarian Government had designated the last part of the Rila Mountains as a Special Protection Area. This a...Posted 04/04/2019 by Heather Mitchell
A net gain for nature
How can built development leave the natural environment in a better shape than it was before? This is the question at the heart of Defra’s recent consultation on ‘biodiversity net gain’. We know from the State of Nature 2016 report ...(read more)Posted 01/03/2019 by Simon Marsh
What will the new NPPF mean for places, people and nature?
On Tuesday the Government published a new National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) for England. You can see our previous commentary on the draft version here , here and here . The NPPF sets out the Government’s planning policies for England...(read ...Posted 27/07/2018 by Steph
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The breakthrough medical technology of organ transplants on the human body is nothing short of miraculous and has saved and improved countless lives — but not without a price. The transplant process is messy and prolonged: the patient must wait for a matching organ to become available, then wait for it to be transported, and undergo a complicated and risky surgery, only to simply hope that their body doesn’t reject it. How can this process be improved?
The answer may be in the material called graphene, discovered in 2004 by two researchers at the University of Manchester. Some of graphene’s properties include a large surface area, high electrical and thermal conductivity, unmatched strength, ability to combine with other substances, ease in mass production, and flexibility. These characteristics and many more make it an ideal pairing with stem cells used in tissue regeneration, specifically for organs.
Graphene’s discovery showed that it has excellent physicochemical properties and a unique two-dimensional planar structure. Therefore, when used in stem cells, graphene oxide functions as scaffolding for their buildup. This ability earned it a label of the “next generation” of nanomaterials for stem cell control. Stem cells have shown to grow faster and better with the help of graphene-based nanomaterials. Therefore, using graphene could be just what organ cells need to reproduce more efficiently.
Stem cells can help various bodily tissues repair themselves. The use of graphene in stem cell regeneration could bypass many of the current requirements for organ transplants. Therefore, using graphene to regenerate tissue can be the golden ticket for improved organ replacements without another person dying. The question is, how can this be done sooner rather than later?
Though the discovery of graphene in tissue engineering has enormous potential, there is a long road before it is mainstream. A primary example is the use of 3D printers for graphene tissue cells. 3D printers have entered the market and are already helping advance medical research. However, using them to print organ cells has downfalls yet to be solved. Organ cells from 3D printers tend to die sooner due to lack of nutrients to the center of the organ and its cells. Other challenges to graphene’s regular use include safety regulations and costs.
The road is long before graphene completely transforms modern tissue engineering, but there are daily advances that ensure its future success. 3D printers can now produce blood vessels, which helps solve the problem of nutrient delivery to outermost parts of the organ. As a result, the organ lives longer. It’s already being used in biological cases such as gene and drug deliveries and cancer therapy.
When researchers find the perfect mixture of stem cells and graphene production, the field of regenerative medicine can leap forward. Its potential is unlimited to save and improve lives for those with organ transplants. That’s just the beginning of how graphene can elevate modern medicine, and the world at large.
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- Posted May 19, 2011 by Mallusatish Reddy Viewed 4742 times
- This is a migrated legacy post. Image resolution is low. Info
At the outset, I tried to find out what the museum in Raja Mahal, the main structure at the fort, had to offer. As my eyes glided over the exhibits, I found myself racing back in time, through the centuries, to a summer day in 1000 A.D. when Immadi Narasinga Yadava Raya surveyed the land where the fort stands today. Then I began tracing the rise of the Vijayanagara Empire and, with it, the growing importance of the fort. However, the fort saw its best days only after the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire. After the decisive battle of Rakkasa-Tangadi (1565 A.D.) Chandragiri Fort came into its own. For, the victor Venkatapatideva Maharaya of the Aravidu Dynasty chose to rule from Chandragiri and not Hampi. Since then, the fort grew in importance. After a tour that took in bronze gods, cannon balls and swords.
Chandragiri Fort is not just about the past. A stroll around the place was all that it took to convince me of that. Several improvements have been made to what the ancients left behind. An indication of this is the boating facility at what is called the Collection Tank. I was told that the tank derived its name from the fact that the rainwater skips down the hillocks and gets “collected” in it.
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Swarms of Asian Giant Hornets Leave 41 Dead and 1,600 Injured
Reports of Giant Hornets attacks have surged recently in the Shaanxi province, China. Currently, there have been 41 confirmed deaths and over 1,600 more people injured as a result of these insects stinging their victims.
The Asian Giant Hornet can grow to be 5 cm long or more which is why they are the largest species of Hornet in the world. These insects are a force to be reckoned with because they are known for their aggression. Their favorite meal is typically honeybees but they also eat wasps, preying mantises, and other large insects.
Not only is the Asian Giant Hornet equipped with a stinger that is about 1/4 of an inch long, but it their sting is venomous. Their venom is composed of eight different chemicals which cause complications with breathing, skin degeneration, anaphylactic shock, and even renal failure.
Pheromones injected by their stinger informs the rest of the hornets to sting you until you are able to get away. Good luck trying to outrun these giants, estimations put their top speed at 25 mph and they have been known to travel 60 miles when chasing their dinner. Victims can be stung multiple times due to the fact that their stingers do not have a barb, they remain attached.
You might be thinking well at least they are half-way around the world, but reports have indicated that these deadly insects have been spotted in Arlington Heights, Illinois. Some people might have mistaken Asian Giant Hornets to be a Cicada Killer Wasp because they are not native to the US. In this blog, a beekeeper describes his encounter with one of these honeybee killers in his home. The keeper described the buzzing sound of the Asian Giant Hornet to be “earth-shatteringly” louder than your average honeybee.
The method used by these insects to hunt for food resembles a military movement. Scouts are sent out to locate potential prey and when they find it they mark it with a pheromone and return their nest. When they return, they bring along 30 Asian Giant Hornets and they will begin their attack. It only takes this group of hornets three hours or so to kill a hive of about 30,000 honeybees and their intent is to find the larvae in the nest. They then bring back the larvae to their own nest to feed themselves and the rest of the hive.
Since 97% of climate scientists agree that climate change is real, the warmer fall and winter months have recently allowed these insects to dramatically increase their population number. It is believed that these giants are invading areas populated with humans because of rising temperatures as well as deforestation. They are migrating from their native habitat into cities which means that the chances are greater that the numbers of attacks will increase.
Humans are the only predator for the Asian Giant Hornet, which are the apex predator in their native habitat. Some people actually consider these insects to be part of their daily diet. In Asia, people who share the same habitat as the hornets will actually catch and deep fry them. The combination of humans using these insects as a food source and deforestation, the Asian Giant Hornet could be threatened with extinction if humans continue to remove their natural habitat.
These hornets have keen senses and can smell human sweat, perfume, and they are sensitive to bright colors. While there is a concern about their diminishing population, don’t forget they they are dangerous to humans. Their natural enemies have diminished due to the changes in their ecosystem allowing the hornet population to increase. The months of September and October are their mating season which means they are more likely to show aggression during this time. The areas which have seen more frequent attacks from Asian Giant Hornets are the cities of Shangluo, Ankang, and Hanzhong.
Click here to go to article source.
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What Type of Septic System Do I Have: Dry Well Septic
Homeowners Order here Septic Professionals Order here
- Wastewater flows from the home or business into a septic tank
- Solids settle on the bottom of the tank, and less dense materials, such as grease, oils and soap, float to the top.
- The liquid in the middle of the tank (“wastewater”) flows under baffles that prevent soap and grease from entering the septic drywell.
- The wastewater flows via a pipe into the drywell, usually a tall concrete cylinder that has holes in the side and an open bottom, covered in soil.
- The wastewater then seeps out into the surrounding soil, which filters the effluent.
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Bat Conservation Ireland supports the Nature Alert! campaign to facilitate people across the 28 EU countries to participate in the European Commission public consultation to help save nature conservation laws.
The campaign, which is being organised by BirdLife, the European Environmental Bureau, Friends of the Earth Europe and WWF, is part of a joint action of over 90 environmental NGOs across Europe to save European nature from Commission President Juncker’s deregulation agenda.
Irish bats are particularly at risk of any degradation of wildlife laws and are vulnerable to habitat loss, pollution and deliberate killing. We urge you to click through to the Nature Alert campaign hosted by our friends in the Irish Wildlife Trust and pass your comments to the EU before it is too late.
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Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection that can affect a dog’s blood, liver, and kidneys. The bacteria that cause the illness are carried primarily by rats and other rodents, but dogs that are infected with the disease can infect other dogs as well. Ingestion of the urine of an infected animal is the most common means of transmission, but the bacteria can be contracted through damaged or thin skin as well.
Leptospirosis is an odd disease that can often show no signs or symptoms at all. In these cases the bacteria are eventually defeated by the dog’s natural defenses. Other times, and more often, however, the disease can be life threatening to the infected dog. The three main forms of the disease are hemorrhagic (infection in the blood, causing bleeding), renal (infecting the kidneys), and icteric (infecting the liver).
Hemorrhagic Leptospirosis tends to start with a high fever, loss of appetite, and general lethargy. Small hemorrhages start to occur in the mouth and eyes and the dog may develop extreme bloody vomiting and diarrhea. This form of the disease is often fatal.
Icteric Leptospirosis will often start the same way as the hemorrhagic form; with fever, lethargy, and loss of appetite. The mouth and whites of the eyes will take on a yellow appearance, similar to victims of jaundice. In some cases the dog’s skin may also appear yellow and jaundiced.
Renal Leptospirosis also starts with fever, appetite loss, and lethargic depression, but eventually leads to kidney failure.
All three forms of the disease are treatable and curable and all three forms can be potentially fatal. Often dogs that survive renal Leptospirosis will have chronic kidney disease for the rest of their lives.
Treatment is accomplished with the use of antibiotics and, if the disease is caught early enough, is generally successful. Cases of Leptospirosis in North America are fairly rare, thanks to the development of a vaccine. Puppies are inoculated for the disease as early as six weeks of age and receive annual renewal shots to maintain their immunity.
Vaccination and clean, hygienic conditions are the best way to avoid Leptospirosis in dogs. If the animal is not able to come into contact with disease carrying rats and their urine, the dog is unlikely to become infected, even if unvaccinated. The leptospirosis vaccine is the most likely of all dog vaccinations to cause an adverse reaction in the dog. This reaction is generally mild and most often includes lethargy, loss of appetite, and depression. These effects last only a few days and afterward the dog is fine and, more importantly, protected from the disease.
Leptospirosis is one of the nastier diseases a dog can get and no one wants to see his or her pet suffer with this illness. Fortunately, thanks to the existence of a good vaccine, few dogs have to endure this life threatening illness in today’s day and age.
About the Author: Kirsten Hawkins is a dog lover and animal expert from Nashville, TN. Visit http://www.doghealth411.com/ for more information on dog health, the care of dogs, and dog travel.
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MOBE2001 writes: There has been a lot of talk lately about how the use of multiple concurrent threads is considered harmful by a growing number of experts. I think the problem is much deeper than that. What many fail to realize is that multithreading is the direct evolutionary outcome of single threading. Whether running singly or concurrently with other threads, a thread is still a thread. In my writings on the software crisis, I argue that the thread concept is the root cause of every ill that ails computing, from the chronic problems of unreliability and low productivity to the current parallel programming crisis. Obviously, if a single thread is bad, multiple concurrent threads will make things worse. Fortunately, there is a way to design and program computers that does not involve the use of threads at all. See Parallel Computing: Why the Future Is Non-Algorithmic for the full article.
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Research by the University College London (UCL) has found that more than a quarter of people who regularly attend residential meditation programs such as Vipassana or Koan experience “unpleasant” episodes including feelings of fear and anxiety.
According to The Telegraph, the study found that, overall, more than a quarter of people who regularly meditate experience such feelings. Of the 1,232 people who participated in the survey, 25.6 percent said they had previously encountered “particularly unpleasant” meditation-related experiences.
Interestingly, men were more likely to suffer these experiences than women, The Telegraph reports, “as were people who did not have a religious belief compared to people who were religious.”
Researchers also found that those who engage in the fashionable “deconstructive” forms of Buddhist meditation such as Vipassana and Koan are more likely to be affected. These forms of meditation “encourage insight through questioning permanence of the self and the reality of sensations,” The Telegraph explains.
For those who are unfamiliar with these practices, Vipassana is described as “an observation-based, self-exploratory journey that focuses on deep interconnection between the mind and body, which is realized through disciplined attention to the physical sensations.”
Koan meditation is based on the use of a koan, which is a riddle or puzzle, that Zen Buddhists use during meditation “to help them unravel greater truths about the world and about themselves.”
“Insight meditation practices often encourage meditators to attune their attention to the impermanent, unsatisfactory, and impersonal nature of thoughts, feelings, and body sensations that arise within the space of awareness,” the study reads.
“Perceiving phenomena that might commonly be conceived of as inherently permanent and separate (e.g., the sense of self) as a vibrating field of fleeting and interpenetrating sensations could, for instance, give rise to a fear of annihilation.”
Particularly for those who are inexperienced in meditation, these techniques can result in feelings of vulnerability and fear.
Typically, the meditation retreats that offer these forms of meditation consist of long days of silent meditation, restricted access to the outside world and highly regulated sleep and diet regimes often take the form of days’ long silent retreats where participants’ access to the outside world is very restricted, and their sleep and diet regimes are highly regulated.
One of the most tragic cases of meditation gone wrong occurred two years ago in Pennsylvania when a perfectly healthy 25-year-old woman named Megan Vogt committed suicide after experiencing a psychotic episode during a vipassana retreat.
“Meditation has become quite trendy and an image has been constructed – perhaps explicitly by the mindfulness industry – that its a panacea, but it’s not,” said Marco Schlosser, lead researcher for the UCL. “It’s benefits may have been exaggerated.”
© All Rights Reserved, Living His Life Abundantly®/Women of Grace® http://www.womenofgrace.com
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What recommendation can be made when grammar problems arise?
Grammatical mistakes should not always be viewed negatively. The child exhibits phases when he structures his speech properly and then there are phases where the child begins to use intuitively his own interpretation of grammar (specifically during the ages of 5 and 7) and when mistakes are inadvertently committed. The mistakes made show us in effect progress, that the comprehension of this complex language system.
In this case the following is recommended:
- Have patience since the child being raised bilingually really learns, for the most part, the rules of grammar unconsciously.
- Emphasize the grammatical differences of the language as well as the grammatical similarities.
- Strengthen the knowledge of grammar by the use of various materials and sources: computer programs and/or language tutors.
- Try not to always correct your child at every mistake since this can discourage his desire to learn. Sometimes it is better to overlook a mistake.
Tip: Do not correct the spelling on the original document but rather use a fresh sheet of paper to correct possible spelling mistakes. It is advisable to make the corrections on another sheet than to spoil the letter to Grandma or Granddad.
Further: Language Stimulation
Back to Typical Problems: Reading and Writing
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Last year, China overtook the U.S. to become the world's largest emitter of carbon dioxide. And China is worried.
The government has set ambitious goals for reducing emissions and increasing energy efficiency by 2010.
One way China is trying to reach those goals is by focusing on buildings. The U.S.-based, nonprofit Natural Resources Defense Council estimates the country expends nearly half its total energy output on buildings: through manufacturing and transportation of materials, construction, then heating and cooling.
A nine-story, modern-looking office building in Beijing provides one example of how the government is tackling the problem.
China's Ministry of Science and Technology built it a few years ago, in collaboration with the U.S. Department of Energy and the defense council.
In 2005, the structure became China's first to get gold-level certification from the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design rating system, recognized internationally as a standard of excellence.
A Model of Efficiency
Yang Guoxiong is one of the brains behind the building. On a tour, he points out features such as double-paned, argon-filled windows that reduce heating and air-conditioning costs by limiting the transfer of heat through glass, lights that turn on automatically when it's too dark to read and elevators that sense the passenger load and adjust energy use accordingly.
The roof has solar panels and rainwater collection tanks. But it's a serene spot, with seating areas in a garden of grass, trees and shrubs — grown on a shallow bed of volcanic ash that is lighter and less water-dependent than traditional soil.
"When this building went up, the neighborhood lost green space. So we're returning that bit of green with this roof garden. Moreover, the garden helps insulate the building," Yang says.
Yang is proud that the entire structure cost less than the average government building in Beijing.
The reason? More than 90 percent of the technology used was made in China. Importing hundreds of windows from overseas, for instance, would undercut energy savings and add additional costs and greenhouse gas emissions.
Falling Short of Goal
China's goal is to make all new buildings 50 percent more efficient by 2010. China's state media recently reported, however, that only half are meeting those standards.
From the rooftop, the challenge and the stakes are in plain view. Construction cranes reach skyward in every direction. New skyscrapers will soon sprout in their place.
All this steel, concrete and glass underscore China's enormous appetite for energy.
It's clear that this rapidly modernizing country has learned much about conservation. People are taking the challenge seriously — the showcase "green" office building is evidence of that.
But if China hopes to meet its efficiency goals, that showcase must become more of a standard.
Alex Wang, director of the China environmental law project for NRDC, says anyone working on climate issues in the country has reason to be optimistic. At the same time, he says the challenges China faces are unlike anything in its past.
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The fourth-preferred, or inferior, function tends to be the least interesting to individuals, and they tend to have even fewer skills associated with it. Development of this function tends to come in late midlife. It can be the source of great stress, or it can be a seed for significant development.
For example, if Thinking were your dominant function, Feeling would be your least-preferred function. You would probably have significantly less interest in and fewer skills with the Feeling function (e.g., attending to harmony in relationships, giving weight to the personal aspects of decision making).
We often call the fourth function the inferior function when it emerges without conscious intention and tries to overpower the dominant and auxiliary. This can lead to a person feeling in the grip of his or her inferior function. The inferior may also manifest under stress, when resources of the dominant and auxiliary are exhausted. When the inferior function manifests in someone's life, that person may say, I don't know what got into me. It often feels like being out of control (outside the conscious ego). The inferior may manifest in negative, immature ways.
For example, Intuition as an inferior Intuition may manifest not as creative possibilities, but rather as worry over every possibility that can go wrong. Sensing may manifest not as attention to details, but rather as an obsession with them.
Was That Really Me by Naomi L. Quenk (The Myers-Briggs Company 2002)
In the Grip by Naomi L. Quenk (The Myers-Briggs Company 2000)
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Helping people with computers... one answer at a time.
Closing and Killing programs are both ways to shut down programs from current use, but the ramifications are very, very different.
What's the difference between Closing and Killing a program?
There is a difference, and it's an important one.
I liken it to the difference between asking someone to leave, and physically kicking them out of the door.
When you close a program - through any of a number of standard ways - what you're actually doing is asking the program to close itself.
When a program shuts down or "closes", it has the opportunity to finish writing to any files it might have open, save your settings, save your documents, delete any temporary files, and otherwise perform an orderly exit.
It's like asking a guest to leave, and as they take their time on the way out they make sure to finish their drink and take their coat.
"Killing" a program - which typically takes a special utility like Task Manager or Process Explorer - doesn't ask the program anything. The operating system is instructed to stop running the program immediately. The program has no say in the matter. It doesn't get a chance to clean up on the way out, and thus documents may not be saved, temporary files may not be deleted, and so on.
If you physically kick your guest out, their drink might be left half-empty, and they might well leave their coat behind. But one way or another, the guest is gone.
Now, things can get a tad confusing because some programs don't really exit when you ask them to close. Continuing the metaphor, after asking them to go it's as if your guest ducked into the closet instead of leaving. They're still around, you just can't see them.
I see this in Microsoft Outlook from time to time - you type ALT+F4 to exit, and by all appearances it has. But if you fire up process explorer you'll see that OUTLOOK.EXE might still be running. You can then use Task Manager to kill it, if you like.
Programs do this for various reasons - the most common being that when you then ask them to start again they appear more quickly. (No, I'm not going to extend my metaphor any further, even though it's tempting to have something about your guest suddenly jumping out of hiding when you call and ask him to return. )
Other programs may have other reasons for hanging around; perhaps they actually appear to exit very quickly, but the actual process of closing and cleaning up might take some time.
As you can imagine, actually killing a program shouldn't be done lightly. In fact, it should never really be necessary, but reality is that sometimes you have to kick out your misbehaving guest. The risk is that you might lose whatever data that program was operating on, and might leave orphaned temporary files that otherwise would have been automatically cleaned up.
In addition, it can be risky to kill system processes like svchost, lsass and others. If they can be killed (some cannot), it's possible to crash your system on the spot.
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This content has been archived. It may no longer be relevant
We had so much fun during science week, trying out a lot of cool experiments. First we tried the skittles rainbow experiment. Next, we looked at the effects of water, vinegar and salt water on jelly babies. Then, we designed and made buildings using spaghetti and marshmallows. Finally, we looked at the effects of coke, coffee, vinegar and water on our teeth.
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PilgrimageIndia 'the land of culture and heritage', is blessed with numerous historical monuments that reflect the magnificent architectural work of India. These monuments silently narrate the grandeur and legacy of the bygone era. These famed historical monuments were mainly constructed during the regime of the three powerful kingdoms namely- Rajputana empire, Dravidian empire and most important during the Mughal empire. These monuments are not just the brick structures, they are living symbols of the excellence and genius of the ancient workers, that reflect the golden age of India's historical past.
Arts & Culture
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Miri and Miro's Magical Journey to the Solar System: An Introduction to Astronomy for Kids in Czech Language
Once upon a time, there were two children named Miri and Miro. Miri was 6 years old and Miro was 8 years old. They were very curious about the stars, planets, and other heavenly bodies in the night sky.
One day, Miri and Miro asked their mother if they could learn about the solar system. Their mother said yes, so the two children eagerly got ready for their first astronomy lesson!
Miri and Miro went outside to their backyard with their mother to begin their lesson. She pointed up at the night sky and asked them: "Do you see all these stars twinkling?"
The children nodded in amazement as they looked up into the clear night sky filled with twinkling stars. Miri then asked her mother: "What are those bright white dots?"
Their mother explained that those bright white dots were actually planets! She then proceeded to tell them about each planet in our solar system, starting with Mercury and ending with Neptune.
After talking about each planet one by one, she pointed out some of the constellations in the night sky such as Orion's belt and The Big Dipper. Then she taught them how to find north using Polaris – also known as The North Star!
Miri and Miro were fascinated by all of this new knowledge that they had just learned about our solar system! They asked their mom many more questions as they gazed up at the starry night sky for hours until it was time for bed.
Before getting ready for bed, Miri and Miro looked outside one last time before closing their eyes for sleep — just in case a shooting star flew by! And sure enough – between drifting off into dreamland – they saw a bright streak across the dark sky shooting from one side to the other – what a sight!
Everytime they looked at the night sky after that day; they remembered all of the things their mom had taught them during their astronomy lesson! Just like that, Miri & Miro had become mini astronomers! 10 And every time they went outside together; they made sure to take a few moments to appreciate how amazing our universe is – reminding themselves how lucky we are to be able to witness such beauty every single day!
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Blue Ridge red salamander (Pseudotriton ruber nitidus)
This subspecies of the northern red salamander, Pseudotriton ruber ruber, is small, reaching a maximum length of 4 5/8 in. 912 cm.). It is similar to the northern red salamander in its red to red-orange color with many irregular, small black spots, except that it lacks the black spots on the tip half of the tail and on chin, and older adults retain their vivid colors. Older specimens of the northern red salamander become a purplish-brown color. The iris of the eye is usually yellow. Clutch size averages 70 eggs; these are attached to the underside of large rocks that are well embedded in the soils of seeps and streams.
This salamander is found in and about clear, cold springs and small streams of wooded ravines, swamps, open fields, and meadows at elevations as high as 5000 ft (1500 m), north and east of French Broad Run in Floyd County. Adults live in leaf accumulations in spring fed brooks and nearby crevices and burrows. They also live under logs, boards, stones, and leaves in more terrestrial habitats.
There is no information about the food preference of this species but it probably eats small invertebrates.
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It’s bad enough when your car or truck doesn’t start, but when you find out your battery is frozen solid, now that’s brutal. When your battery freezes, it usually needs to be replaced. Also a frozen battery is not covered under the manufacturer’s warranty. When the liquid inside the battery freezes, it can break the electrical connections inside and bend the plates. This lowers the battery’s output, often far enough that the battery is useless.
What Causes a Frozen Battery?
When your battery gets low on charge, it can freeze. Whether you have a draw or short in your electrical system that’s draining your battery, your alternator isn’t working right and keeping it charged, or if your battery is just old and not holding a charge as well as it used to, low voltage is bad news if it’s cold outside.
The reference chart below shows how a battery is more likely to freeze when it’s low on charge.
|% of Full Charge||12-volt Battery Voltage||6-Volt Battery Voltage||Freezing Point|
|100%||12.78 V||6.39 V||-92.0 °F|
|92%||12.66 V||6.33 V||-71.3 °F|
|85%||12.57 V||6.28 V||-62.0 °F|
|62%||12.27 V||6.13 V||-16.0 °F|
|40%||11.97 V||5.98 V||+5.0 °F|
|20%||11.67 V||5.84 V||+19.0 °F|
Will My Frozen Battery Still Work After I Thaw It Out?
Probably not. If it does, it will be weaker and it won’t last long. A frozen battery can be thawed and charged back up, but this won’t always work. It’s best to replace a battery that’s been frozen. You risk the battery dying and leaving you stranded if you try to use it again. Safe is much better than sorry with batteries.
How to Avoid a Frozen Battery
One way to avoid a frozen battery is to check your battery often. If you do find that it could use a charge, your local Blain’s Farm & Fleet has a wide selection of battery chargers, and our Automotive Blog will help you find the right one.
Also, make sure you have your electrical systems checked by a professional automotive technician at least twice per year. This will help prevent a bad alternator or a short or draw from causing your battery to die. Get your systems checked once before winter and once in the spring.
The final way to avoid getting stuck with a frozen battery is to replace your battery every five years. Blain’s Farm & Fleet offers battery installation service in our Automotive Service Centers. We are happy to help you take the best care of your car or truck.
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Next week’s learning:
Maths – times tables
English – narrative writing
Big question –
In maths, we looked at area this week. We began by looking at areas by sight and what shapes would have a bigger area. We then moved onto counting squares to find the square units. To develop this, we used our knowledge of arrays and multiplied the squares in the columns by the amount of rows. We ended the week by looking at comparing areas.
In English, we were looking at adverts. We began by looking at the features of adverts and what they use to persuade people to buy the product. We were introduced to superlatives like ‘best’ and ‘nicest’ as well as the term imperative verbs for bossy verbs. We then planned and created our own adverts as if we were traders in Ancient Rome.
In computing, we began our new topic looking at working online collaboratively. We went onto Google jamboard and wrote our favourite colour. Then we created a story altogether.
In Science, we began our new topic looking at States of Matter. We explored solids liquids and gasses. We looked at different materials and decided which state they were. We then moved our learning onto looking at the particles of these states. We learnt at solids are rigid and don’t move. Liquid particles move around slightly, over lapping each other. Solids have particles which move around fast all over the place.
We had so much doing different activities celebrating bees. Here are the photos of the children making felt bees!
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Purpose of Assignment The assignment for Week 4 gives students a chance to examine their own decision-making process as well as use a creative method to illustrate the stages of the process. This gives students the opportunity to take their real world, personal decision and relate it to their future work and careers. Assignment Steps 1. Develop a 700-word evaluation of a recent business decision in your work or desired career. Include the following: •Discuss the influence the decision-making process had on the outcome. •Evaluate the effectiveness of the process. What stages were most challenging and why. 2. Create a “Decision-Making Process” infographic in an appropriate format for the organization based on the action plan. This can be done using Microsoft® PowerPoint®, Microsoft® Publisher®, Word, or sites such as Glogster® and PiktoChart®. •Select a decision you made recently as it relates to your work or desired career. •Identify the stages of the decision making process as it relates to your decision. Note there are two deliverables for this week’s assignment 1 – Paper 2 – Presentation (Note: Cover and reference Page not included in word count) References – All written assignments require support from external references. They can be used to support your ideas and conclusions, contrast them, or relate them to a personal experience. The following are examples of some acceptable original sources •Scholarly Periodicals •Scholarly Books •Reputable Translations of Foreign Works •Research Forums or Hotlines on the Internet •Internet Periodicals by Reputable Organizations A minimum of two separate references are required for all written assignments. Assignment’s submitted without a minimum of 2 separate citations will receive a Zero Grade Format consistent with APA guidelines.
https://primewriters.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/LOGO2.png 0 0 Joseph https://primewriters.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/LOGO2.png Joseph2021-05-03 05:31:092021-05-03 05:31:09Develop a 700-word evaluation of a recent business decision in your work or desired career.
Do you need a similar assignment done for you from scratch? We have qualified writers to help you. We assure you an A+ quality paper that is free from plagiarism. Order now for an Amazing Discount!
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An Act of Repentance
The United Methodist Church takes the pivotal step of repentance to forge new relationships with indigenous peoples.
Delegates to General Conference observed “An Act of Repentance Toward Healing Relationships with Indigenous People” during the April 28 evening plenary session. The service was prompted in part by the 1864 massacre of 168 unarmed Cheyenne and Arapaho near Sand Creek, Colo., an atrocity of special significance for Methodists because the army officer leading the raid, John Chivington, was an ordained Methodist pastor, and the commanding officer who approved the raid was Methodist also. However, the service emphasized the continuing impact of genocidal policies and actions against indigenous people in the Americas and around the world and repentance as a journey toward healing.
To prepare for this journey, each General Conference delegate received a copy of Giving Our Hearts Away: Native American Survival by Thom White Wolf Fassett, United Methodist Women’s 2008-2009 mission study text used in its annual Schools of Christian Mission. The Rev. Carol Lakota Eastin, pastor of Rantoul First United Methodist Church in Rantoul, Ill., also gave the book away in the Act of Repentance booth in the General Conference exhibit hall.
“Last quadrennium we were mandated to plan an Act of Repentance, which would launch a process of healing relationships between the people called United Methodist and indigenous peoples, wherever they are,” explained Ms. Eastin, co-chair of the Act of Repentance Task Force convened by the United Methodist General Commission on Christian Unity and Interreligious Concerns. “Some people said, ‘How can we do this? People are not ready.’ But I said, ‘This is the perfect time: United Methodist Women has been studying this since 2008. And what better resource for this task than the book Thom wrote for the United Methodist Women mission study on Native American survival?’ We can do this now because United Methodist Women has prepared so many women.”
The task force reprinted the mission study book as a resource for the church’s repentance work. United Methodist Women’s Voices of Native American Women, another resource for the mission study, was also available in the Act of Repentance booth.
The litany for the repentance service named the wrongs committed by European ancestors and colonial powers against indigenous people — massacres, policies to destroy their cultures, confiscation of their lands — and acknowledged the role of the U.S. government, economy and the church in these actions.
Many indigenous peoples, including Native Americans, still suffer under the effects of this history, and so the wounds have not healed, Ms. Eastin said. Part of the ongoing work of repentance begins with knowing this history, hearing and believing the often-painful stories of native peoples and reaching out to indigenous communities, she said.
“In the United States, there may be a reservation nearby or a community in the city,” she said. “In some places, people will say, ‘We already have a relationship with the Native American community,’ while in other places people will say, ‘We didn’t know they were here.’ Still in other places, people will say, ‘They’re not here anymore.’ That’s when people must ask, ‘What happened to them?’
“This is hard work, servant work. You may meet with indigenous people who are hard and resistant because of what’s happened — and that’s ok if they choose not to be in conversation with the church.”
The Rev. George Tinker, who teaches at United Methodist-related Iliff School of Theology in Denver, Colo., gave the sermon for the service of repentance and spoke at a press conference earlier in the day. A member of the Osage Nation and a Lutheran clergyman, Mr. Tinker said he deeply respected United Methodists for starting the process of repentance, which he said is complex and dangerous.
“The major impediment is that white Christian Americans have been shielded from the truth for so long,” he said. “The truth is that white settlement in America was actually a military invasion, a conquest to kill indigenous people to take away land. Racism was involved. Religion was involved. That in no way is how most Christians would want to envision themselves.”
Mr. Tinker said many of the crimes committed against indigenous peoples are again underway today — particularly relating to the confiscation of land, water and minerals — because of corporate globalization.
“What we have today is a new kind of colonialism that no longer functions by sending armies for a country; instead, you send armies of MBAs, lawyers and business people to wrest the last remaining lands from indigenous peoples,” he said. “It hasn’t stopped. It’s still going on, and most Americans are oblivious to the fact that indigenous peoples exist.”
Mr. Tinker said the repentance service is an important step toward healing, but it does not complete the task.
“Repentance is not a one-time incident,” he said. “Repentance must be repeated, every day. Jesus said to keep on repenting. Repentance must become a way of life.”
Blenda Smith, also co-chair of the Act of Repentance Task Force, said United Methodist Women could offer leadership as the church lives repentance and reconciliation with indigenous peoples.
“Without the United Methodist Women mission study, we wouldn’t have pockets of women around the country ready to lead,” said Ms. Smith, a member of Fairview United Methodist Church in Binghamton, N.Y. “Indigenous peoples are watching, which is why what we do when we get back home is essential to this act of repentance.”
The service in Tampa was the denomination’s third act of repentance, said the Rev. Stephen Sidorak, chief executive of the United Methodist Commission on Christian Unity and Interreligious Concerns. The previous occasions, at the General Conferences of 2000 and 2004, related to Methodist treatment of African Americans.
Yvette Moore is editor of response. This article includes reporting by Elliott Wright, former public relations officer for the General Board of Global Ministries and a long-time reporter on United Methodist news.
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By UCA News
Christian and Muslim schools in Madhya Pradesh defied an order to participate in a mass Hindu sun-worshiping ritual being staged today by the government to remember a renowned ascetic and to gain entry into the Guinness Book of World Records.
Television channels reported students from more than 6,000 schools were among 10 million people who joined the surya namaskar (salute to the sun) in the central Indian state.
The ritual involves practicing a specific sequence of movements in what was traditionally a form of worship to the sun deity Surya.
Participants included state Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan. The signal to start the ritual was given over government-owned All India Radio.
The event marked the birthday of Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902), an Indian ascetic who introduced Hindu philosophy to the West and who was a participant at the Parliament of the World’s Religions in Chicago, in 1893.
The government had originally ordered students from all schools to practice the ritual, but made it optional after Christian and Muslim groups protested.
However, some principals from Christian schools later said government officials had insisted that all students must take part.
Father Anand Muttungal, a Catholic Church spokesman, said no Christian school participated in the ritual.
The Church had earlier instructed them not to do so.
The Catholic Church manages around 500 formal schools and equal number of non-formal schools in the state.
Father Muttungal said the ritual is a Hindu form of worship that cannot be allowed in their institutions.
Muslims also refused to take part, saying it was against the tenets of their religion.
Father Muttungal accused the government of attempting to promote communal hatred among students.
Ordering the practice of rites from one particular religion on others in schools is not acceptable in a country that upholds secularism, he said.
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Table of Contents
Here’s Places Holiday Forest Reserve In Mount Muria – The protected forest is among God’s creations and has an important function in helping the lives of most living creatures around him, from people, animals etc. Protection Forest includes a very important purpose because it functions among the lungs of life for the survival of ecosystems that exist across the world. Humans are also allowed to handle and utilize prevailing natural sources in guarded forests wisely so that forests remain sustainable and beneficial for the survival of all of us. Preserving the preservation of shielded forests is certainly tantamount to protecting the ecosystems and habitats in them so that our children and grandchildren still have time and energy to see the family pets and bodies that exist today.
Talking about Here’s Places Holiday Forest Reserve In Mount Muria, you already know that this forest itself features many types ranging from rain forests and one of them is really a protected woodland. The protected forest itself is really a region or part of the forest that’s set by the community and the government as a safe forest because it has a ethnical heritage that must definitely be maintained presence her, for instance towards a specific plant species or certain types of endangered fauna. Covered forests should not be used as a place to hunt creatures because the regulations are obvious if there are individuals who hunt in guarded forests they’ll be subject to sanctions or fines following suitable laws.
According to Laws Little. 32 of 1990, upkeep of protected forest, the woodland includes a basic performance in safeguarding the entire daily life assistance method to regulate water technique, preventing occurrence floods, handling erosion, avoiding seawater handle and intrusion of soil fertility. It is not surprising that a number of the functions and benefits of this protected forest certainly are a parameter for the federal government and the community to differentiate between protected forest and non-protected forest. Hence, covered forests in Indonesia will be so important life her because of protected forests can be a natural history for individuals of Indonesia.
Video Of Here’s Places Holiday Forest Reserve In Mount Muria
Unique flora and Fauna and Here’s Places Holiday Forest Reserve In Mount Muria
Johannesteijsmannia Altifrons Forest Reserve In Mount Muria
There is a unique tree-plant in Indonesia that resembles a palm tree nest, this reforest has a local proclaim as the Sang leaf plant. Unique and rare flora and fauna that exist in Indonesia are yet included as members of the tribe of palm (Arecaceae). It has a leaf length of practically 6 meters considering a width of approximately 1 meter, making this reforest thrive in the forests of Borneo and Sumatra Forest. Usually, these birds will fix to extra nature or amass directly in the soil. This plant is definitely usual to be used as prettification because it has unique and pretty leaves.
Anaphalis Javanica Forest Reserve In Mount Muria
Then one of the unique birds that you can find in Indonesia is the Edelweiss Plant, this plant can lonely be found by mountain climbers or a plants lover. This forest grows with ease in several mountains in Indonesia such as Mount Rinjani and Mount Jaya Wijaya. The fascinating thing that you can get past looking at this forest is that even if it is picked from the stems it will stay vivacious and will not wither at all. You can see Edelweiss flowers in some mountains in Java. The important event you need to understand here, although this plant is easy to cultivate, it is not allowed to be picked because this forest is a protected tree-plant type.
Nepenthes Maxima Forest Reserve In Mount Muria
One of the unique flora and fauna in Indonesia may already be quite well-known among students and environmental watchdogs, the Semar bag is one of the many types of natural world found in Indonesia and is included in the category of unique plants bearing in mind peculiar shapes. Of course, as the state implies, the seminar bag has a fake resembling an right to use bag and facing up. Semar bags have protease enzymes or commonly referred to as liquids that enactment to kill insects. There are just about 64 species in Indonesia.
Myrmecodia Tuberose Forest Reserve In Mount Muria
The last unique plant in Indonesia is the ant nest plant that you may never have seen. This plant is unique because it has a peculiar shape, at the bottom of this forest past an ant’s nest, even while later seen more observant, it is a root that integrates as soon as new nature (host). This type of tree-plant is a parasite because it lives on extra plants. In Indonesia, many people talk to to it as Benalu, even even though it is yet a devotee of the Orchid reforest.
Ficus Annulata Forest Reserve In Mount Muria
This adjacent rare and unique forest has the read out of a strangler fig or a strangler banyan. Although the publicize itself is a bit spooky, the shape of this plant is unique because it is so lush and can be used as titivation outdoor the home. This plant is a type of parasitic forest that can breathing by sticking to further plants, this forest can go to in several regions such as Malaysia, Java, Sumatra, Sulawesi, and Kalimantan.
Names of Tutelage Forests and Here’s Places Holiday Forest Reserve In Mount Muria
The following Are the Names of Protected Forests in Indonesia
Alas Kethu Sponsorship Forest Forest Reserve In Mount Muria
If you go to Wonogiri City, then consent your trip to one of the protected forests there. This protected plant has the proclaim Alas Kethu which grows several types of large trees such as mahogany trees, teak trees, eucalyptus trees, and acacia trees. The forest similar to an area of not far off from 40 hectares is smaller than the existing guidance plant in Kalimantan, but despite its size that is not too large, this protected tree-plant remains a source of oxygen and becomes the lung of life. This protected tree-plant in Wonogiri has a proceed as a water catchment that can prevent erosion and flooding.
Wehea Protection Forest Forest Reserve In Mount Muria
The protected reforest in the East Kutai area is afterward quite famous, the protected forest place in East Kalimantan Province has an place of approximately 38,000 Ha and is yet a place of local tribes in Kalimantan, the Dayak tribe. Dayak tribes, there nevertheless use protected forests as their homes to find food and new sources of life. This protected tree-plant is along with dexterous to hold 3 rivers that are nearby, namely Seleq River, Melinyiu River, and Sekung River.
River Wain Support Forest Forest Reserve In Mount Muria
One of the auspices Forests in Indonesia is in the area of Balikpapan, East Kalimantan Province. The protected forest, named Sungai Wain, has an place of 9,782.80 hectares and is one of the protected forests and home to orang-utan habitats, probosci’s monkeys and some scarce and epidemic birds that may not be found in further protected forests. This protected reforest next provides several places for tourists who desire to visit and see its beauty, correspondingly it is get into to the public.
Until here first, our information more or less the Here’s Places Holiday Forest Reserve In Mount Muria. Hopefully, this little recommendation gives you brief knowledge that Indonesia has a lot of uniqueness both in terms of plants, animals, and culture. That’s all and thank you for visiting our website, waiting for our latest article.
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According to Special Days in March, 2018 , the week beginning March 11 is overly full of learning potential! In fact, this week has so many “daily specials” that it’s proving difficult to narrow our learning topics down. Regardless of what direction we go with this week’s learning, I have some terrific resources available.
“Ag Week” begins March 11 with another agriculture learning opportunity, “Ag Day” coming next week on the 20th.
Dozens of Lesson Plans for K-12 Teachers – http://www.agclassroom.org/teacher/index.htm
Kid Zone, Virtual Tours, and Ag Facts for Students – http://www.agclassroom.org/student/index.htm
“Brain Awareness Week” begins March 12th
Learning Resources and Activities – https://stilllearningsomethingnew.com/2015/03/16/brain-awareness-week-2/
Shakespeare Week also begins March 12th! These resources were originally gathered up for his birthday in April but will work for this week too! https://stilllearningsomethingnew.com/2013/04/23/happy-birthday-william-shakespeare/
And, March 12 is the beginning of “National Wildlife Week”
K-12 Resources for “teaching about various aspects of the wilderness around them” – http://sciencenetlinks.com/collections/national-wildlife-week/
Pi Resources for Activities, Music, and Articles – http://www.teachpi.org/
Printable Pi Lessons and Activities https://www.yummymath.com/2019/get-ready-for-pi-day/?fbclid=IwAR23wjT0m1r936hkHa2-OSmomW-SmbhjYvMUXprWIEwv6kRaTFtqMiRYizA
The 14th is also “Learn About Butterflies Day”. Butterfly research project, activities, ideas, and resources! http://www.franw.com/2014/06/butterflies.html
Friday, March 16 – World Sleep Day
“This sleep education program has been released in conjunction with World Sleep Day and aims to teach students why sleep deserves its place alongside diet and exercise as one of the pillars of good health.” – http://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/childrens/world-sleep-day.html
Saint Patrick’s Day is March 17
Learning Resources and Activities – https://stilllearningsomethingnew.com/2014/03/15/learning-resources-for-st-patricks-day/
I’d love to hear about how you’re using Special Days this week! Leave a comment and share your plans.
Reblogged this on Still Learning Something New and commented:
What a Week! So many learning possibilities!
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A BA degree in English Language and Culture or in English Linguistics (or equivalent)
Linguists agree nowadays that standard languages are idealized constructs that are resistant to variation in writing and speech. What is more, these idealized constructs are often politically biased and are imposed by educational institutions (amongst others). But where does this standard language ideology come from, who was involved in its creation, when did it emerge and how do standard ideologies relate to the linguistic reality?
Traditional students’ textbook accounts of the emergence of written Standard English tend to trace its beginnings back to a particular place and time in history; it was directly derived from a Middle English written variety that was used in the London area. The argument that is generally provided for this hypothesis is that this variety gained wide currency due to the prestige it was attributed as the language of the capital, the government, and the London elite. More recent studies, however, have convincingly challenged this single-ancestor hypothesis and propose that the development of standard English comprised a complex set of processes that were at work concurrently in various urban centres.
Within the context of the history of the English language, this course will trace the standardisation processes of written English, as well as the development of the standard language ideology. We will critically discuss conflicting accounts of the development of Standard English and explore alternative approaches. Most notably, we will shift focus to standardization processes in other urban centres and zoom in on supralocalisation and dialect leveling processes. Taking a historical sociolinguistic angle, we will look at language change within its sociohistorical context and scrutinize what factors may play a role in (linguistic) standardisation, e.g. language policy, dialect contact, social stance, urbanization and migration, literacy practices, text-type conventions. Covering the period 1400-1800, we will study a variety of text types such as Late Middle English civic records and Early and Late Modern letters to trace the development of a few linguistic features that have become part of what we now call written Standard English. Examples are the replacement of third persion singular -th by -s, (he walks vs he walketh) and the development of the relative pronoun who.
The successful participant will:
-have a good understanding of various aspects of dialect convergence and relevant linguistic standardisation theories
-be able to critically evaluate relevant literature
-have gained knowledge about the socio-historical context in which written English developed
-have a good overview of major linguistic changes that took place between 1400-1800
-have gained experience reading and transcribing older handwritings
-have gained experience analysing historical linguistic data
-have gained experience applying historical sociolinguistic research methods, i.e. corpus linguistics
The timetable is available on the MA Linguistics website
Mode of instruction
• Time spent on attending the seminars: 26 hours
• Time for studying the weekly background literature and doing weekly assignments: 130 hours
• Time to prepare for making a presentation (40 hours) and writing a research proposal and paper (84 hours) (including reading/research): 124 hours
• presentation 20%
• a research proposal 20%, resulting in a final paper 40%
• weekly reader response 20%
The final grade consists of the weighted average of the above components.
To pass, your final weighted average grade should be a 6 at the lowest and no component mark should be lower than 5. Students who fail the course can only rewrite the paper and/ or the presentation.
Blackboard will be used for:
• Course information, including course preparations
• Online discussion and general communication
• Submission of assignments
• Provision of additional materials
-Gordon, M.S. (2017) The urban vernacular of Late Medieval and Renaissance Bristol. Utrecht: LOT (downloadable as free open access PDF)
-Articles and chapters that can be downloaded from the university library
Registration Studeren à la carte and Contractonderwijs
Please contact Student administration van Eyckhof for questions.
The coordinator of studies is Else van Dijk
Much of the theory and material that will covered in this course is based on the work of the Emergence Standards Project. For more info, go to: http://anitaauer.emergingstandards.eu/
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Key activities of the COP
Focal Points in all UNESCO regions – carrying out regional activities through the coordination of prestigious curriculum specialists and developers.
Inter-regional comparative studies – finding out commonalities and differences between education systems and curriculum processes taking place in different regions.
Approaches by competencies – providing a plural and open space for the inter-regional production and sharing of experiences of curriculum dévelopment and competency-based development.
Curriculum resource packs – disseminating the Asia-Pacific Resource Pack for Capacity Building activities in curriculum development and management as well as piloting the Worldwide Resource Pack, containing a balanced set of relevant case studies covering all UNESCO regions.
University partnerships around Education for All (EFA) goals – promoting and facilitating the production and sharing of research about critical issues in education.
Forum on Curriculum Change for Quality in Basic Education – annually carrying out an international forum among Community of Practice members aimed at facilitating policy dialogue on key issues in curriculum reform, as well as to exchange information and share good practices and lessons learned.
Community of Practice resource sharing – sharing visions, experiences, information and research among the Community of Practice members through news messages on a weekly basis.
Community of Practice interaction – providing and facilitating conditions and opportunities for realising varied types of activities such as e-forums, training programmes, access to networks in curriculum development, research partnerships, call for papers/presenters etc.
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11th March 13:57
Nutrition and Diet Recommendations for people with Chronic Hepatitis C (carbohydrates diet down electrolytes cholesterol)
Nutrition and the Liver:
The liver is the major organ responsible for regulating and responding to your
body's metabolic demands. Your liver must be functioning well to maintain
normal metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and protein; it is also responsible
for processing and using several vitamins. This section deals with the role and
healthy liver (and a healthy, well-balanced diet) plays in these nutritional
The most common sources of dietary carbohydrate are sugars, such as sucrose
(table sugar), fructose (corn syrup), and lactose (milk sugar), and starches,
such as breads, pasta, grains, cereals, fruits, vegetables, and potatoes. When
you eat carbohydrates, specialized enzymes in the pancreas and gut process them
to yield simple sugars (glucose, galactose, fructose, maltose).
These sugars are absorbed by intestinal lining cells, enter the portal
circulation, and travel to the liver via the portal vein. During overnight
fasting, blood sugar levels dip to a relatively low level, insulin secretion is
suppressed, and blood insulin levels diminish. After a meal, blood sugar
increases (stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas), and insulin
levels rise. Insulin, which rises in response to a meal, is the hormone that
stimulates the liver to take in more glucose and to move the glucose into
storage -- mainly in the form of glycogen. The liver can then release glycogen
to your muscles for energy during periods of fasting or exercise. Although the
liver can store considerable amounts of glycogen, it is the first energy source
used during periods of prolonged fasting or caloric deprivation, and it can be
depleted rapidly. After glycogen, the body taps other energy sources --
including protein and fat.
We take in dietary protein from dairy products, produce, and meats. Enzymes
produced by the pancreas and intestine break down the protein into its amino
acids and small peptides. The intestine rapidly absorbs the amino acids with
specific transport systems within its lining cells and then delivers the amino
acids to the liver via the portal vein. When they reach the liver, they are
used for energy or for making (synthesizing) new proteins. The newly
synthesized proteins perform specific body functions.
In general, fats are neutral lipids (triglycerides), acidic lipids (fatty
acids), and sterols (cholesterol, plant sterols). Triglycerides (dairy
products, meats, oils, butter, margarine) are the most common type of dietary
fat and represent a major source of energy. The liver is uniquely suited to
regulate and process triglycerides.
Dietary triglyceride is digested in the intestine by lipase, an enzyme secreted
by the pancreas in response to meals. Bile, secreted by the liver, makes the
digested fat soluble and promotes its absorption. Absorbed fat is then
repackaged and transported into blood, where the liver ultimately removes it
from the circulation. Fat that reaches the liver is processed in three ways:
(1) stored as fat droplets in liver cells, (2) metabolized as a source of
energy, and (3) repackaged, secreted back into blood, and delivered to other
cells in the body.
The liver is also intimately involved with the processing of dietary
cholesterol and is the main source of newly synthesized cholesterol in the
body. Liver disease may be associated with both high or low blood cholesterol
levels. In general, as liver disease progresses in patients with hepatitis C,
the blood level of cholesterol drops.
The liver produces and secretes a fluid (bile) that enters the intestine to aid
in digestion and absorption. Bile is clear yellow to golden-brown and contains
water, electrolytes (salts), cholesterol, bile salts (detergents),
phospholipids, and proteins. Bile helps to activate enzymes secreted by the
pancreas and is essential for the digestion and absorption of fat or fat-
The liver plays a role in several steps of vitamin metabolism... Vitamins are
either fat-soluble (Vitamins A, D, E, and K) or water-soluble (Vitamin C and
the B-complex vitamins).
Patients with advanced liver disease may become deficient in water-soluble
vitamins, but this is usually due to inadequate nutrition and poor food intake.
Vitamin B12 storage usually far exceeds the body's requirements; deficiencies
rarely occur due to liver disease or liver failure. When dietary intake drops,
however, thiamine and folate commonly become deficient. Oral supplementation is
usually all that you need to restore thiamine and folate stores to the normal
Fat-soluble vitamins require not only adequate dietary intake but also good
digestion and absorption by the body. That's why normal production of bile is
essential. Bile in the gut is required for the absorption of fat-soluble
vitamins into the body because these vitamins are relatively insoluble in
water. Bile acts as a detergent, breaking down and dissolving these vitamins so
they may be properly absorbed.
If bile production is poor, oral supplementation of vitamins A, D, E, and K may
not be sufficient to restore vitamin levels to normal. The use of a detergent-
like solution of liquid vitamin E (TPGS) improves the absorption of vitamin E
in patients with advanced liver disease. The same solution may also improve the
absorption of vitamins A, D, and K if the latter are taken simultaneously with
the liquid vitamin E.
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Energy efficiency investments are widely popular because they are believed to deliver a double win: saving consumers money by reducing the amount of energy they use, while cutting climate-forcing greenhouse gas emissions and other pollutants harmful to human health. But a new study by a team of economists finds residential energy efficiency investments may not deliver on all that they promise. Through a randomized controlled trial of more than 30,000 households in Michigan – where one-quarter of the households were encouraged to make residential energy efficiency investments and received assistance – the economists find that the costs to deploy the efficiency upgrades were about double the energy savings.
“Energy efficiency investments hold great potential as a means to fight climate change. However, we found that, at least in the case of residential energy efficiency investments, the projected savings overestimate the reality on the ground,” says Michael Greenstone, the Milton Friedman professor of economics and director of the Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago (EPIC). “A problem as urgent as climate change must be addressed using policies that deliver the greatest bang for their buck. As policymakers design climate policies, these findings suggest that a market-based approach that puts a price on carbon would likely be more effective. In the meantime, it is critical that we field test energy efficiency programs to determine which investments offer the greatest potential.”
The study – a part of The E2e Project and led by Greenstone, as well as Meredith Fowlie and Catherine Wolfram of UC Berkeley – assessed the nation’s largest residential energy efficiency program, the Federal Weatherization Assistance Program (WAP). Participating low-income households were provided with about $5,000 worth of weatherization upgrades (e.g. furnace replacement, attic and wall insulation, and weather stripping) per home at zero out-of-pocket costs. While the researchers found that the upgrades did reduce the households’ energy consumption by about 10 to 20 percent each month that only translated into $2,400 in savings over the lifetime of the upgrades – half of what was originally spent to make the upgrades, and less than half of projected energy savings.
“Energy efficiency programs are generally viewed as cost effective. This view is often based on engineering calculations and associated savings projections,” says Fowlie, an associate professor of resource economics and Class of 1935 Endowed Chair in Energy at UC Berkeley. “Our data-driven analysis that measures the actual returns on energy efficiency investments shows how these projections can be quite flawed. In actuality, the energy efficiency investments we evaluated delivered significantly lower savings than the models predict.”
Past studies have claimed that energy efficiency investments don’t deliver the expected energy savings because of a ‘rebound effect’: households adjust their behaviors and consume more energy services than they had before the investments were made. However, the economists could find no evidence of this ‘rebound effect’ in the households they studied.
Further, some say that the broader societal benefits – savings as a result of reductions in pollution from energy production– justify the investments. Again, the findings did not support this. The cost per ton of CO2 avoided in the sample amounted to $329, significantly larger than the $38 per ton that the federal government estimates as the social cost of carbon.
Another claim is that energy efficiency programs have a low take-up rate because consumers don’t know about the programs or how to participate, driving down the expected benefits. To investigate this, the authors studied whether extensive outreach and assistance would boost the take-up rate of the program. Using a firm with extensive experience in managing outreach campaigns, the research team made almost 7,000 home visits, more than 32,000 phone calls, and 2,700 follow-up appointments. Yet, despite this aggressive outreach and personal assistance, only 6 percent of households in the treatment group participated in the program, compared to 1 percent in the control group. In the end, it cost more than $1,000 for each additional household encouraged to undertake these free energy efficiency investments.
“At the end of the day, the models don’t capture some of the hard-to-quantify costs involved in making energy efficient choices, which could help explain why people aren’t taking advantage of the opportunities as much as the models predict,” says Wolfram, the Cora Jane Flood professor of business administration at UC Berkeley’s Haas School of Business and faculty director at the Energy Institute at Haas. “This is another reason why potential energy efficiency investments need to be rigorously tested in real-world conditions before relying too heavily on them to solve climate change.”
This research was made possible thanks to generous support from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the MacArthur Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the UC Berkeley Energy and Climate Institute.
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Environment Secretary Michael Gove will today set out plans to create more than 40 new Marine Conservation Zones across the UK – safeguarding almost 12,000 square kilometres of marine habitats and marking the most significant expansion of the UKs Blue Belt of protected areas to date.
The proposed protections – announced on World Oceans Day – will cover an area almost eight times the size of Greater London.
The new sites will reach right the way across Englands coastline – from the South West to Berwick on the Scottish border, with two sites in Northern Irish offshore waters.
No new activities deemed damaging – such as dredging, or significant coastal or offshore development – will be allowed to take place in these areas. Existing harmful activities will be minimised or stopped to allow important habitats to be restored over time.
Rare or threatened marine habitats and species which will be protected include the short snouted seahorse, stalked jellyfish and peacocks tail seaweed.
At the same time, the Prime Minister will be making a call for urgent global action to protect the worlds oceans from plastics and other harmful waste.
Speaking at the G7 summit in Canada, she will implore other world leaders to follow the UK lead in working with business, industry and Non-Governmental Organisations to find innovative and effective solutions to this issue.
She will say that without joined-up, global action, we cannot effectively tackle this shared environmental challenge.
The Prime Minister is expected to say:
Marine plastics pollution is one of the greatest environmental challenges facing the world today.
The UK government is a world leader on this issue, with our 25 Year Environment Plan setting out a clear ambition to eliminate avoidable plastic waste to protect our rivers and seas.
There is an urgent need for greater global action and co-ordination on marine plastics pollution, including working with business, industry and Non-Governmental Organisations to find innovative and effective solutions.
This is a global problem, requiring global solutions.
The Environment Secretary is today announcing a total of 41 new Marine Conservation Zones.
Some 50 zones have already been designated around England as part of the UKs ambitious Blue Belt programme, including the first tranche of 27 zones designated in 2013, followed by the second tranche of 23 sites in 2016.
This third and final tranche will be designated within 12 months of the consultation, which will last for a period of six weeks. It will cover approximately 11,700 square km, bringing the total area of protection to over 32,000 square km.
Marine Conservation Zones are just one type of the many Marine Protected Areas in place around the UK to conserve rare, threatened and nationally important habitats and species for future generations. Marine Protected Areas currently cover a total of 209,000 square km.
If approved, the new tranche will take the total figure to around 220, 000 square km – meaning two fifths of the UK coast would be protected.
Environment Secretary, Michael Gove, said:
The UK is surrounded by some of the richest and most diverse sea life in the world. We must protect these precious habitats for future generations.
Today marks an important step towards completing our Blue Belt. We are creating safe havens for our cherished wildlife and putting the UK at the forefront of marine protection.
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A recent poll by Smart Growth America has found that in the midst of a struggling U.S. economy, support for smart growth strategies remains high among Americans across the country and on both sides of the political aisle.
The poll focused specifically on support for sustainable communities: urban, suburban or rural communities that have more housing and transportation choices, are closer to jobs, shops or schools, are more energy independent and help protect clean air and water. Making communities more sustainable means generating more jobs, lowering housing and transportation costs and using limited public funds more wisely.
As the U.S. economy incrementally recovers, Americans want the federal government to stop spending into deficit and use the money it does have more effectively. Smart growth strategies do just that by reducing infrastructure costs at the state and federal level, strengthening local and state revenues and building economic wealth by investing in existing communities. Among the poll’s major findings:
- Most Americans – regardless of political affiliation – support sustainable communities.
- Most Americans believe their region needs more sustainable communities.
- Most Americans believe that sustainable communities are an important part of rebuilding the national economy.
- Most Americans agree about a number of problems facing our country, including our dependence on oil, the high cost of housing and transportation, the troubles facing our economy and spending existing federal funds more wisely. Smart growth solutions help address all of these issues.
- Americans overwhelmingly support the guiding principles of the federal Partnership for Sustainable Communities.
The strong support for sustainable communities revealed by this poll should encourage lawmakers at both the state and federal level to support smart growth strategies. This approach to community development is fiscally responsible, creates economically strong communities and, as this poll details, is widely popular with voters across the country and across the political spectrum.
The poll of 1,200 people was conducted in late 2010 by Collective Strength and reviewed by Harris Interactive. The results are calibrated to mirror current U.S. Census estimates for age, race, income, gender and region, with a +/- 3% margin of error. The poll was made possible through funding from the Ford Foundation.
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-This post is excerpted, with changes, from the book Darwin, God and the Meaning of Life by Steve Stewart-Williams - available now from Amazon.com, Amazon.ca, and Amazon.uk.
Evolutionary theory answers one of the most profound and fundamental questions human beings have ever asked themselves, a question that has plagued reflective minds for as long as reflective minds have existed in the universe: Why are we here? The question was answered in 1859 by the English naturalist Charles Darwin, and the answer can be stated in just six words:
We are here because we evolved.
"What?" I hear you exclaim. "Is that it? That's no answer!" Even people who fully accept that we evolved are liable to have this reaction. It just doesn't seem to be a satisfactory answer to the question of why we are here. Certainly, it's a good answer to one interpretation
of the question. But this is not the interpretation most people have in mind when they reflect on the issue. The real intent behind the question is better captured with another question:
For what purpose are we here?
What I'm going to argue in this post is that evolutionary theory provides an answer to this sense of the question as well. But before I get to that, let's survey some of the interesting answers that people have given to the question of the meaning of life over the ages.
A lot of answers have come from religion. Among the views associated with the Western religions is that the purpose of life is...
- to serve or submit to God (the word "Islam" means submission)
- to fulfil the purpose for which God made us
- to gain entrance to heaven
- to look after the planet
- to convert people to one's religion
Eastern answers have a very different flavour. They include such ideas as that the purpose of life is...
- to break free of the cycle of reincarnation and karma
- to achieve enlightenment and be extinguished as an individual conscious entity, or merge back into some kind of collective consciousness
There are also various secular or religion-neutral answers; I googled "meaning of life" and came up with some very cool quotations on the topic (I particularly like the fourth):
- Kurt Vonnegut: "We are here to help each other get through this thing, whatever it is."
- The Dalai Lama: "The purpose of our lives is to be happy."
- Ralph Waldo Emerson: "The purpose of life is not to be happy. It is to be useful, to be honorable, to be compassionate, to have it make some difference that you have lived and lived well."
- Nelson Henderson: "The true meaning of life is to plant trees, under whose shade you do not expect to sit."
- H. L. Mencken: "You come into the world with nothing, and the purpose of your life is to make something out of nothing."
- Monty Python: "It's nothing very special. Try to be nice to people, avoid eating fat, read a good book every now and then, get some walking in, and try to live together in peace and harmony with people of all creeds and nations."
Another non-religious idea I'm very fond of is that the purpose of life is to create something that no one else could have created, and thus to bring into existence something that wouldn't exist if you hadn't existed. In any case, let's now turn our attention to the question of what evolutionary theory brings to the party.
Evolution and the Meaning of Life
First, I should make clear what I'm not going to argue. I'm not going to argue that evolutionary theory implies that the meaning of life is to survive and reproduce, or put forward our genes, or enhance our fitness or anything like that. Evolutionary theory tells us where we came from, not what we should do now that we're here. So what does the theory imply?
To answer this, we need to look at some background ideas. Traditional explanations for the "design" found in organisms (e.g., the design found in the human eye) involved a style of explanation known as teleological explanations. Teleological explanations are framed in terms of purposes and future consequences. For example, we might say that the giraffe has a long neck for the purpose of feeding on leaves high in trees. From a Darwinian perspective, this is actually the wrong answer. In fact, it's not just the wrong answer; it's the wrong kind of answer to questions in biology. The giraffe does not have a long neck in order to achieve this or any other future goal. It has a long neck because long-necked giraffes in the past were more likely to survive and reproduce than were their short-necked counterparts, and thus long-necked giraffes were more likely to pass on the genes contributing to their longer necks. This point is crucial to a proper understanding of evolutionary theory: There is no teleological explanation for long necks, only a historical explanation. A historical explanation focuses not on future effects, but on the past circumstances that brought adaptations about.
With this in mind, let's return to the question of the purpose of life. You probably already know where I'm going with this. We've considered various suggestions about why we are here: to get to heaven, to help other people, to propagate our genes. These are all teleological answers. On an evolutionary view, these are not simply wrong answers to the question; they are the wrong kind of answer. Darwin showed that we don't need to posit any kind of foresight or future-directed purpose underlying the apparent design in the biological world. In doing so, he showed us that there is no reason to think that there is a teleological answer to the question of why we are here. There is only a historical one.
Thus, evolutionary theory provides answers to both senses of the question of why we are here, the historical and the teleological:
Historical: We are here because we evolved.
Teleological: We are not here for any purpose.
That's right; that's what I'm saying: We are not here for any purpose. Of course, we all have our own little purposes in life that we choose and that make our lives meaningful in the emotional sense. But if we're interested in the question of whether life is ultimately meaningful, rather than whether it's potentially emotionally meaningful, well after Darwin, there is no reason at all to suppose that it is - there is no reason to assume that life has any ultimate meaning or purpose.
A Gloomy Conclusion?
This might sound like a gloomy conclusion, especially for those of us who were brought up believing that there is some overarching purpose to the universe or meaning to our lives. The first point to make is that, even if it is a gloomy conclusion, this says absolutely nothing about whether it's a true or an accurate conclusion. But as it happens, it's not necessarily such a gloomy conclusion anyway. There's an important distinction between the idea that life is ultimately meaningless (which is an abstract, philosophical conclusion), and the feeling that one's own life is meaningless (which is a symptom of depression). Most people can live perfectly happy lives even while accepting that life has no ultimate meaning , at least once they get used to the idea. Some even cheerfully accept that life is meaningless and view it as amusing in a strange kind of way - a cosmic joke but without a joke teller.
This is an issue that the existentialist philosophers grappled with and agonized over, and a lot of them came to the same conclusion that I have: that life is ultimately meaningless. But many found a silver lining in this cloud. They concluded that, if there's no meaning or purpose imposed on us from outside ourselves, then that leaves us in the position where we are free to choose our own meanings and purposes in life, both as individuals and as a species. And for many people, this is a deeply liberating idea. I'll leave the final word to the philosopher E. D. Klemke, who wrote...
"An objective meaning - that is, one which is inherent within the universe or dependent upon external agencies - would, frankly, leave me cold. It would not be mine... I, for one, am glad that the universe has no meaning, for thereby is man all the more glorious. I willingly accept the fact that external meaning is non-existent... for this leaves me free to forge my own meaning."
Follow Steve on Twitter
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of articles on the
March 25, 1911.
“I think it speaks to people because it’s about immigrant issues, women’s issues, workers’ issues, so it’s all these communities and it feels very important to them.”
- Sherry Kane, a spokesman for Workers United,
the union that today represents garment workers.
Mural by Ernest Fiene depicts the Triangle fire,
in which 147 mostly women and teenage girls were killed.
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Credentialing is an umbrella time period referring to the assorted means employed to designate that individuals or organizations have met or exceeded established standards. Although most health educators work in places of work, they might spend numerous time away from the office to carry out applications or attend meetings. Educators and directors are looking for educational environments that interact and join college students with their studying space to capitalize and foster information, development and learning.
7.2.1 Show healthy practices and behaviors to take care of or enhance personal health. Prior to this, there was no certification for particular person health educators, with exception to the licensing for varsity health educators. Many nonprofits give attention to a particular disease or audience, so well being educators in these organizations restrict programs to that specific topic or viewers.
College students will exhibit the flexibility to make use of objective-setting skills to boost well being. There is additionally the Grasp Certified Health Schooling Specialist (MCHES) credential for well being educators with superior education and experience. 6.8.3 Apply strategies and expertise wanted to realize a personal health aim.
Enter a fast rising area and work with folks to enhance their lives by educating them about essential well being issues. Well being educators collect and analyze information with a view to evaluate packages and to determine the wants of the folks they serve.
Health educators also write proposals to develop programs and apply for funding. The Code of Ethics gives a framework of shared values inside which Well being Education is practiced. The Well being Training Code of Ethics has been a work in progress since roughly 1976, begun by the Society of Public Health Education (SOPHE).
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You probably recognize this scene:
Bethlehem (around 2,000 years ago): Joseph and Mary arrive at the sleepy town in the middle of the night. Mary, already in labor, remains on the donkey while Joseph frantically searches for a room at the local inns. Desperate, he begs one reluctant innkeeper for any place at all to have this baby. The innkeeper finally relents and makes room for them in a tumbledown stable with the cows.
There’s just one problem. This isn’t what the Bible teaches. The true history has gotten choked out by myth. Stories, plays, and movies have dramatized the event for the sake of entertainment, but the real birth account is a bit different. Here’s what Luke tells us:
Joseph also went up from Galilee, out of the city of Nazareth, into Judea, to the city of David, which is called Bethlehem, because he was of the house and lineage of David, to be registered with Mary, his betrothed wife, who was with child. So it was, that while they were there, the days were completed for her to be delivered. And she brought forth her firstborn Son, and wrapped Him in swaddling cloths, and laid Him in a manger, because there was no room for them in the inn [kataluma]. (Luke 2:4–7)
Notice what’s missing? First, there’s no urgency. Joseph wouldn’t have taken a ready-to-deliver Mary on such an arduous journey. Instead, “while they were there, the days were completed for” Jesus to be born (in other words, they stayed a while). Also, there’s no begrudging innkeeper (in fact, there was no inn at all, as you’ll see). Nowadays families might stay at a hotel, but not in Israel at that time. Back then, family stayed with family—especially pregnant family members.
Perhaps most importantly, the Greek word most Bibles render “inn” (kataluma) doesn’t mean what we think in modern English. Tradition has obscured the true meaning here. Instead of “inn,” the word actually means “guest room.” In fact, you’ll find the same exact word used just that way in Luke 22:11 and Mark 14:14. Consistent with this, the 2011 update to the NIV now reads, “
because there was no guest room available for them.”
So, rather than being turned away from hotels, Joseph found his relatives’ house filled with guests who were likely there for the census. The couple didn’t face closed doors. They just had to live in the lower level of the house—a place that often housed animals in ancient Israel.
A Gift for You
Even though layers of “extras” have been added to the true meaning of Christmas—from innkeepers to Santa Claus—what really happened 2,000 years ago is nothing short of astounding.
God came down.
Jesus stepped into our world. When He was conceived in Mary by the power of the Holy Spirit, Jesus willingly took on flesh, fully aware of how His life would turn out. He knew He’d be in danger from childhood on. He knew He’d be mocked and harrassed. He knew He’d be beaten, flogged, and crucified.
Even still, He chose to be born. But why would He? Love.
For God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son, that whoever believes in Him should not perish but have everlasting life. (John 3:16)
Love makes humans do some pretty amazing things—you’ve probably got your stories. But God has us all beat. He humbled Himself to become one of us, and then He died on purpose to take away the sin of the world. He died—we live.
So, when Christmas trees sparkle in shop windows and carols fill up the radio airwaves, remember the real reason we celebrate: “
Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners” (1 Timothy 1:15).
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Paper Chromatography: Is Black Ink Really Black?
|Areas of Science||
|Time Required||Very Short (≤ 1 day)|
|Material Availability||For your convenience a kit is available from our partner Home Science Tools.|
|Cost||Low ($20 - $50)|
|Safety||Alcohol is flammable and toxic. Adult supervision is recommended while working with the isopropyl alcohol.|
AbstractHave you ever looked at sunlight through a prism? If so, you know that the prism can separate the sunlight into many different colors of light — a rainbow. Like sunlight, chemical mixtures can also be broken into their component parts. One way of doing this is a simple technique called paper chromatography. What do you think you will see if you use paper chromatography to look at the components of black ink? Is black ink just black? Find out for yourself!
The objective of this project is to use paper chromatography to analyze ink components in black markers/pens.
Editors: Andrew Olson, PhD and Sandra Slutz, PhD, Science Buddies
Cite This PageGeneral citation information is provided here. Be sure to check the formatting, including capitalization, for the method you are using and update your citation, as needed.
Last edit date: 2020-11-20
What color is black ink? Sounds like a trick question doesn't it! But sometimes things are not just what we think they are. Often things can be broken down into component parts. For example, milk looks like one thing but it is actually made up of several components including water, fat, and protein. Which brings us back to black ink — it looks like one thing, but is it actually made up of more than one component? One way to find out it to use a common chemistry technique called chromatography.
Chromatography is a technique used to separate the various components in a complex mixture or solution. There are two parts: a stationary phase and a mobile phase. The stationary phase does not move. It is the platform on which you put the mixture you want to analyze on. The mobile phase does exactly what you would expect given the name — it moves. It sweeps the components in the mixture along the stationary phase separating them by how much they "stick" to each other. It is also referred to as the solvent.
In this science project you will use paper chromatography to see if black ink can be separated into components. The ink will be spotted onto strips of chromatography paper and put in a beaker containing a solution of alcohol and water. The paper (or more precisely the water that is adsorbed to the paper molecules) is the stationary phase and the alcohol and water solution is the solvent (mobile phase). The solvent will move by capillary action. The attraction of the solvent to the water embedded in the paper (adhesion force) is larger than the attraction of the solvent to itself (cohesion force), hence the solvent moves up the paper. The ink will also be attracted to the adsorbed water inside the paper, to itself, and to the solvent differently, and thus a different component will move a different distance depending upon the strength of attraction to each of these objects, as shown in Figure 1. As an analogy, let's pretend you are at a family reunion. You enjoy giving people hugs and talking with your relatives, but your cousin does not. As you make your way to the door to leave, you give a hug to every one of your relatives, and your cousin just says "bye." So, your cousin will make it to the door more quickly than you will. You interact more with your relatives, just as some chemical samples may interact more with the stationary phase than the solvent, and thus will not move up the stationary phase as quickly. Your cousin is more attracted to the idea of leaving, which is like the solvent (the mobile phase).
A homemade paper chromatography testing box is made from a tall box with a lid. A dowel spanning the width of the box is placed near the top with a binder clip to hold a paper strip that has been marked by colored pigments. The paper strip is long enough to reach the bottom of the box where there is a small pool of solvent. As the solvent is absorbed by the paper and moves upward it brings some of the colored pigment markings with it.
Figure 1. Paper chromatography. Molecules are separated from each other, depending on how fast they migrate with the solvent up the chromatography paper. (Wikipedia, 2008.)
In paper chromatography, you can see the components separate out on the chromatography paper and identify the components based on how far they travel. To do this, we calculate the retention factor (Rf value) of each component. The Rf value is the ratio between how far a component travels and the distance the solvent (mobile phase) travels from a common starting point (the origin). For example, if one of the sample components moves 2.5 centimeters (cm) up the paper and the solvent moves 5.0 cm, as shown in Figure 2 below, then the Rf value is 0.5. You can use Rf values to identify different components as long as the solvent, temperature, pH, and type of paper remain the same. In Figure 2, the light blue shading represents the solvent and the dark blue spot is the colored solution sample.
Diagram of a paper chromatography strip shows how marker ink travels up the length of a paper strip when the strip absorbs a liquid solvent. An origin line marks the original position of the ink and the solvent is colored blue so the distance the solvent travels up the paper strip can be measured. In the diagram, solvent traveled 5 centimeters, while the sample traveled 2.5 centimeters from the origin line.
Figure 2. For each compound, an Rf value is calculated based on how far it traveled along the stationary phase. In paper chromatography, Rf values are used to compare different components to each other.
Rf values are calculated by looking at the distance each component travels on the chromatography paper compared to the distance traveled by the solvent front. This ratio will be different for each component due to its unique chemical properties.
When measuring the distance the component traveled, you should measure from the origin (where the middle of the spot originally was) and then to the center of the spot in its new location. To calculate the Rf value, we then use Equation 1 below.
In our example, this would be:
Note that an Rf value has no units because the units of distance cancel.
Chromatography is used in many different industries and labs. The police and other investigators use chromatography to identify clues at a crime scene like blood, ink, or drugs. More accurate chromatography in combination with expensive equipment is used to make sure a food company's processes are working correctly and they are creating the right product. This type of chromatography works the same way as regular chromatography, but a scanner system in conjunction with a computer can be used to identify the different chemicals and their amounts. Chemists use chromatography in labs to track the progress of a reaction. By looking at the sample spots on the chromatography plate, they can easily find out when the products start to form and when the reactants have been used up (i.e., when the reaction is complete). Chemists and biologists also use chromatography to identify the compounds present in a sample, such as plants.
In this science project, you can use a simple paper chromatography setup to see if black ink is just one component or a mixture of several components. Will the answer be the same for all types of black ink?
Terms and Concepts
- Stationary phase
- Mobile phase
- Capillary action
- Adhesion force
- Cohesion force
- Why do different compounds travel different distances on the piece of paper?
- How is an Rf value useful?
- What is chromatography used for?
- Andrew Rader Studios. (2012). Chem4Kids. Retrieved November 29, 2012.
- Clark, Jim. (2007). Paper Chromatography. Retrieved August 20, 2013.
- United States Geological Survey Staff. (2012, October 31). Capillary Action. Retrieved November 29, 2012.
- Waters Corporation Staff. (2012). High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Retrieved November 29, 2012.
- Science Buddies. (n.d.). Paper Chromatography Resources. Retrieved January 14, 2018.
These specialty items can be purchased from our partner Home Science Tools:
- Candy Chromatography Science Kit (1). You will need these items from the kit:
- Chromatography paper strips; at least 10. The kit comes with 20 strips; additional chromatography paper can be purchased separately from our partner Home Science Tools.
- 100 mL beaker
- 500 mL beaker
- 90% isopropyl alcohol
- Mini binder clips (2)
- Wooden splints
- Different black pens and markers (3):
- Permanent marker
- Washable black marker
- Black ballpoint pen
- Note: This kit contains additional items to do other chromatography science projects. See the kit instructions page for details. Downloadable materials safety data sheets (MSDS) are available for all kit chemicals if required by your science fair.
You will also need to gather these items:
- Ruler; metric
- Plastic wrap
- Lab notebook
Disclaimer: Science Buddies participates in affiliate programs with Home Science Tools, Amazon.com, Carolina Biological, and Jameco Electronics. Proceeds from the affiliate programs help support Science Buddies, a 501(c)(3) public charity, and keep our resources free for everyone. Our top priority is student learning. If you have any comments (positive or negative) related to purchases you've made for science projects from recommendations on our site, please let us know. Write to us at [email protected].
Recommended Project Supplies
To make sure you can compare your results, as many of your materials as possible should remain constant. This means that the temperature, type of water used, size of paper strips, where the ink is placed onto the paper etc. should remain the same throughout the experiment.
- Cut the chromatography paper into strips approximately 2 centimeters (cm) wide by 6.5 cm long. Prepare a total of 15 chromatography strips this way.
- Science Buddies Kit: The kit comes with 20 long strips of chromatography paper; two 6.5 cm strips can be cut from each long strip.
- Take one of the chromatography strips and use a ruler and pencil to draw a line across it horizontally 1 cm from the bottom. This is the origin line, see Figure 3 below for details. Repeat this step for all 15 of the chromatography strips.
Figure 3. Each chromatography strip will have an origin line. The pen/marker ink to be tested will be spotted in the middle of the origin line.
- Using one of the pens/markers, place a small dot of ink at the center of the origin line of a chromatography strip. This is your spotted sample as shown in Figure 4 below.
- Use a pencil to label which pen/marker you spotted on the chromatography strip. Do not use a pen labeling the strips: the ink will run when the solvent passes through the strips.
- Repeat this step until you have spotted ink on 5 chromatography strips for each pen/marker.
Figure 4. A marker or pen should be used to put a single spot of black ink in the middle of the origin line on the chromatography strip.
- Make a 45% isopropyl alcohol solution to use as your chromatography solvent.
- Pour 20 milliliters (mL) of 90% isopropyl alcohol into the 100 mL beaker. Add 20 mL of water to the beaker so that the final volume is 40 mL. Stir thoroughly with the wooden splint.
- Pour the 40 mL of approximately 45% isopropyl alcohol solution into the 500 mL beaker. Cover the beaker with plastic wrap, so that the solution does not evaporate. This is your solvent, or mobile phase.
- Pour about 8 mL of the solvent back into the 100 mL beaker and run two prepared chromatography strips in the beaker.
- Clip two of the prepared chromatography strips to a wooden splint. Make sure the two strips do not touch each other and the bottoms align. Rest the splint on top of the beaker so that the strips hang into the beaker and do not touch the sides of the beaker.
- If necessary, add more solvent to the small beaker. The goal is to have the end of each chromatography strip just touching the surface of the solvent solution as shown in Figure 5 below. Add solvent as needed to achieve this goal.
- Cover the top of the beaker with plastic wrap.
- Set aside the remainder of the unused solvent (covered with a lid or plastic wrap) for additional runs.
Figure 5. The edge of the chromatography strips should just barely touch the solvent. Remember to cover the top with plastic wrap so that the solvent does not evaporate.
- Let the solvent rise up the strip (by capillary action) until it is about 0.5 cm from the top, then remove the strip from the solvent. Keep a close eye on your chromatography strip and the solvent front — if you let it run too long the dye may run off the paper and become distorted.
- Use a pencil to mark how far the solvent rose.
- Allow the chromatography strip to dry, then measure (in centimeters) and calculate the Rf value for each pen/marker dye component. Record your results in your lab notebook.
- Tip: The equation for calculating the Rf value is given in the Introduction.
- Repeat steps 5 - 8 until you have run all of the chromatography strips.
- Each time you run the experiment make sure there is enough solvent in the beaker. The chromatography strips should be just touching the surface of the solvent. Add more solvent (45% alcohol solution) as needed.
- Using the five repeated strips for each pen/marker, calculate the average Rf for each dye component.
Analyzing Your Results
- Create a data table like Table 1 for each marker or pen that you tested in your lab notebook.
|Type of Marker or Pen:|
|Component Color||Component Rf value|
|Total number of components:|
- Record all your results for one marker/pen in a different data table.
- Make a pie chart for each marker/pen. The pie chart should show the number of components (one wedge per color), the color of each component (label and color each wedge appropriately), and the Rf value for each component (part of the wedge's label).
- Did the inks from the different pens/markers separate differently? By looking at the Rf values, can you tell if any of the ink components from the different pens/markers are the same?
- If the ink components separated differently for each marker, why did this happen? Hint: Think about the strength of the attractions.
For troubleshooting tips, please read our FAQ: Paper Chromatography: Is Black Ink Really Black?.
If you like this project, you might enjoy exploring these related careers:
- You could try using other solvents than 45% isopropyl alcohol (or mixture of solvents) and see if the inks are separated differently (rubbing alcohol, vinegar, nail polish remover, and turpentine would be good to try). Which solvent separates the ink the best? Why? (Remember to account for attractions between chemicals.)
- After buying a black light, you could try to see if any more components are visible on the paper. Some chemicals are invisible under white light, but can be seen with a black light. If you decide to do this variation, you should analyze the paper strips the same day or the next day, otherwise the spots will fade! Why are some chemicals visible under one type of light but not another? Read more here:
- For more advanced chromatography projects, see:
Explore How Chromatography Can Unmix Mixtures
Discover Chlorophyll Variety in Different Plants Using Paper Chromatography
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Ask an ExpertThe Ask an Expert Forum is intended to be a place where students can go to find answers to science questions that they have been unable to find using other resources. If you have specific questions about your science fair project or science fair, our team of volunteer scientists can help. Our Experts won't do the work for you, but they will make suggestions, offer guidance, and help you troubleshoot.
Ask an Expert
Contact UsIf you have purchased a kit for this project from Science Buddies, we are pleased to answer any question not addressed by the FAQ above.
In your email, please follow these instructions:
- What is your Science Buddies kit order number?
- Please describe how you need help as thoroughly as possible:
Good Question I'm trying to do Experimental Procedure step #5, "Scrape the insulation from the wire. . ." How do I know when I've scraped enough?
Good Question I'm at Experimental Procedure step #7, "Move the magnet back and forth . . ." and the LED is not lighting up.
Bad Question I don't understand the instructions. Help!
Good Question I am purchasing my materials. Can I substitute a 1N34 diode for the 1N25 diode called for in the material list?
Bad Question Can I use a different part?
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What causes Achilles Tendonitis?
Frequent straining due to overuse causes inflammation of the Achilles tendon. In rare cases, the strenuous activity may force the tendon to rupture. Increase in strenuous activity often leads to micro-injury to the fibres of the tendon. With ongoing strain on the tendon, the body can’t repair the injured tissue.
Most athletes will develop Achilles Tendonitis as athletes commonly put excessive stress on their feet and ankles as a rsult of chronic overuse. This overuse injury causes degeneration of the tendon and worsens the condition. Stiff calf muscle may also lead to Achilles Tendonitis. With growing age, our tendons degenerate and begin to suffer from wear and tear thus resulting in the weakening of the fibers within the tendon. Like any other tissue in the human body, the tendons tend to become rigid with enhanced susceptibility to injuries. So, middle-aged athletes are more prone to Achilles Tendonitis than young adults.
Two major causes of Achilles Tendonitis are inflexibility and over-pronation. People with extreme pronation tend to develop this medical disorder at a faster pace. This is mainly due to the fact that these people place greater stress on the tendons when they walk. Most people roll their feel inwards and force the lower leg to swivel internally, thus creating pressure on the calf muscles. As these calf muscles are attached to Achilles tendon, it is natural that achilles tendon gets overstretched and leads to inflammation. If people wear faulty shoes, it is natural that over-pronation will occur and result in the aggravation of the Achilles tendon.
Another cause of Achilles Tendonitis is changes in exercising schedule and footwear. The symptom of this medical disorder is widely found in runners who try to constantly enhance their mileage and indulge in strenuous hill training sessions.
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| 0.933024 | 381 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Focusing on the language needs of expectant mothers and enhancing food safety in hospitals could reduce cases of foodborne illness caused by listeria.
Australian researchers report in the current Epidemiology and Infection that of 136 cases of listeriosis in Australia between Nov. 2001 and Dec. 2004, 40 per cent of cases with prior hospitalization were exposed to high-risk foods during hospitalization; consumption of camembert cheese was an additional risk factor.
Of the 19 perinatal cases — defined as illness in a pregnant woman, fetal loss, or illness in a baby aged less than 3 months with isolation of L. monocytogenes from at least one of the maternofetal pair — living in a household where a language other than English (LOTE) was spoken was the primary risk factor associated with listeriosis.
The numbers are small, but the researchers have identified a persistent problem – providing information is nice, but what if the target can’t read or understand (in this case) English?
“The Food Standards Australia and New Zealand (FSANZ) website only provides a brochure on listeriosis and food in English. Languages used in State and Territory brochures vary widely with some only including English while others provide up to 14 languages other than English.
“This study identified that listeriosis prevention messages need to be disseminated in multiple languages and primary-care practitioners should ensure that patients from households speaking a LOTE receive counselling on listeriosis prevention.”
Which sounds nice, but since hospitals are serving high-risk foods to others at risk, maybe the medical community is a limited source of information. And just because a brochure is in another language doesn’t mean anyone will read it or act upon the information. That requires far more rigorous evaluation in terms of information needs, delivery, messages and accuracy. The morons at Toronto Sick Kids hospital told moms-to-be that cold-cuts and raw fish were OK (they’re not).
As the authors conclude,
“The effectiveness of the implementation of the new food safety programs for food service to vulnerable persons should be carefully evaluated to ensure optimal protection of this group.”
A national case-control study of risk factors for listeriosis in Australia
Epidemiology and Infection (2011), 139: 437-445
C.B. Dalton, T.D. Merritt, L.E. Unicomb, M.D. Kirk, R.J. Stafford, K. Lalor and the OzFoodNet Working Group
Listeriosis is a foodborne disease associated with significant mortality. This study attempts to identify risk factors for sporadic listeriosis in Australia. Information on underlying illnesses was obtained from cases’ treating doctors and other risk factors were elicited from the patient or a surrogate. We attempted to recruit two controls per case matched on age and primary underlying immune condition. Between November 2001 and December 2004 we recruited 136 cases and 97 controls. Of perinatal cases, living in a household where a language other than English was spoken was the main risk factor associated with listeriosis (OR 11·3, 95% CI 1·5–undefined). Of non-perinatal cases we identified the following risk factors for listeriosis: prior hospitalization (OR 4·3, 95% CI 1·0–18·3), use of gastric acid inhibitors (OR 9·4, 95% CI 2·4–37·4), and consumption of camembert (OR 4·7, 95% CI 1·1–20·6). Forty percent of cases with prior hospitalization were exposed to high-risk foods during hospitalization.
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|Named By:||CasanovasinCladellas, SantafeinLlopis & IsidoroinLlorens in 1993|
|Time Period:||Late Cretaceous, 67.5 Ma|
|Location:||Spain - Tremp Formation. Possibly France|
|Size:||Roughly estimated to be around 6 meters long|
|Fossil(s):||Partial and fragmentary post cranial remains|
|Classification:||| Chordata | Reptilia | Dinosauria | Ornithischia | Ornithopoda | Iguanodontidae | Hadrosauroidea | Hadrosauridae | Lambeosaurinae ||
Pararhabdodon (meaning "similar to Rhabdodon" ["bar-tooth"]) is a genus of tsintaosaurin hadrosaurid dinosaur, from the Maastrichtian-age Upper Cretaceous Tremp Formation of Spain. It is based on assorted postcranial remains, mostly vertebrae, and is notable for the reassignments it has undergone in regard to classification.
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PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT INTERMEDIATE ENGLISH READING AND COMPREHENSIION
Reading English texts that are created especially for ESL students like you is a critical part to learning the language, but that does not mean you have to be bored with the subjects! Created by expert ESL instructor Diane Engelhardt, Practice Makes Perfect: Intermediate English Reading and Comprehension features 15 engaging readings on interesting topics such as the technology of 21stcentury deep–sea treasure hunting, Pixar Studios' computer–generated movie magic, the Flying Doctors of Australia, and more.
You will, of course, get plenty of practice, practice, practice on understanding and comprehending vocabulary. You'll master how to read for main ideas, summarize texts, make outlines, remember facts and figures, and more. Before you know it, your reading skills will be stronger and your comprehension will grow, enabling you to get more out of English–language texts.
Practice Makes Perfect: Intermediate English Reading and Comprehension will help you:
- Develop your reading comprehension skills at the intermediate level
- Build your English vocabulary
- Prepare for the comprehension sections of ESL tests
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We’re celebrating the release of Higgs: The Invention and Discovery of the ‘God Particle’ with a series of posts by science writer Jim Baggott over the week to explain some of the mysteries of the Higgs boson. Read the previous posts: “What is the Higgs boson?”, “Why is the Higgs boson called the ‘god particle’?”, “Is the particle recently discovered at CERN’s LHC the Higgs boson?”, and “How does the Higgs mechanism create mass?”
By Jim Baggott
The 4 July discovery announcement makes it clear that the new particle is consistent with the long-sought Higgs boson. The next step is therefore reasonably obvious. Physicists involved in the ATLAS and CMS detector collaborations at the LHC will be keen to push ahead and fully characterize the new particle. They will want to know if this is indeed the Higgs boson.
How can they tell?
I mentioned in the third post in this series that the physicists at Fermilab’s Tevatron and CERN’s LHC have been searching for the Higgs boson by looking for the tell-tale products of its different predicted decay pathways. The current standard model of particle physics is used to predict the rates of production of the Higgs boson in high-energy particle collisions and the rates of its various decay modes. After subtracting the ‘background’ that arises from all the other ways in which the decay products can be produced, the physicists are left with an excess of events that can be ascribed to Higgs boson decays.
Now that we know the new particle has a mass of between 125-126 billion electron-volts (equivalent to the mass of about 134 protons), both the calculations and the experiments can be focused tightly on this specific mass value.
So far, excess events have been observed for three important decay pathways. These involve the decay of the Higgs boson to two photons ( H → γγ), two Z bosons (H → ZZ → ι+ι–ι+ι–) and two W particles (H → W+W– → ι+υ ι–υ). You will notice that these pathways all involve the production of bosons. This should come as no real surprise, as the Higgs field is responsible for breaking the symmetry between the weak and electromagnetic forces, giving mass to the W and Z particles and leaving the photon massless.
The decay rates to these three pathways are broadly as predicted by the standard model. There is an observed enhancement in the rate of decay to two photons compared to predictions, but this may be the result of statistical fluctuations. Further data on this pathway will determine whether or not there’s a problem (or maybe a clue to some new physics) in this channel.
But the Higgs field is also involved in giving mass to fermions (matter particles, such as electrons and quarks). The Higgs boson is therefore also predicted to decay into fermions, specifically very large massive fermions such as bottom and anti-bottom quarks, and tau and anti-tau leptons. Bottom quarks and tau leptons (heavy versions of the electron) are third-generation matter particles with masses respectively of about 4.2 billion electron volts (about 4 and a half proton masses) and 1.8 billion electron volts (about 1.9 proton masses).
These decay pathways are a little more problematic. The backgrounds from other processes are more significant and considerably more data are required to discriminate the background from genuine Higgs decay events. The decay to bottom and anti-bottom quarks was studied at the Tevatron before it was shut down earlier this year. But the collider had insufficient collision energy and luminosity (a measure of the number of collisions that the particle beams can produce) to enable independent discovery of the Higgs boson.
ATLAS physicist Jon Butterworth, who writes a blog for the British newspaper The Guardian, recently gave his assessment:
If and when we see the Higgs decaying in these two [fermion] channels at roughly the predicted rates, I will probably start calling this new boson the Higgs rather than a Higgs. It won’t prove it is exactly the Standard Model Higgs boson of course, and looking for subtle differences will be very interesting. But it will be close enough to justify [calling it] the definite article.
When will this happen? This is hard to judge, but perhaps we will have an answer by the end of this year.
Jim Baggott is author of Higgs: The Invention and Discovery of the ‘God Particle’ and a freelance science writer. He was a lecturer in chemistry at the University of Reading but left to pursue a business career, where he first worked with Shell International Petroleum Company and then as an independent business consultant and trainer. His many books include Atomic: The First War of Physics (Icon, 2009), Beyond Measure: Modern Physics, Philosophy and the Meaning of Quantum Theory (OUP, 2003), A Beginner’s Guide to Reality (Penguin, 2005), and A Quantum Story: A History in 40 Moments (OUP, 2010). Read his previous blog posts.
On 4 July 2012, scientists at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC) facility in Geneva announced the discovery of a new elementary particle they believe is consistent with the long-sought Higgs boson, or ‘god particle’. Our understanding of the fundamental nature of matter — everything in our visible universe and everything we are — is about to take a giant leap forward. So, what is the Higgs boson and why is it so important? What role does it play in the structure of material substance? We’re celebrating the release of Higgs: The Invention and Discovery of the ‘God Particle’ with a series of posts by science writer Jim Baggott over the week to explain some of the mysteries of the Higgs. Read the previous posts: “What is the Higgs boson?”,“Why is the Higgs boson called the ‘god particle’?”, “Is the particle recently discovered at CERN’s LHC the Higgs boson?”, and “How does the Higgs mechanism create mass?”
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Oral Health Tips
What Can Adults Do to Maintain Good Oral Health?
You can keep your teeth for your lifetime. Here are some things you can do to maintain a healthy mouth and strong teeth.
- Drink fluoridated water and brush with fluoride toothpaste.
- Practice good oral hygiene. Brush teeth thoroughly twice a day and floss daily between the teeth to remove dental plaque.
- Visit your dentist at least once a year, even if you have no natural teeth or have dentures.
- Do not use any tobacco products. If you smoke, quit.
- Limit alcoholic drinks.
- If you have diabetes, work to maintain control of the disease. This will decrease risk for other complications, including gum disease. Treating gum disease may help lower your blood sugar level.
- If your medication causes dry mouth, ask your doctor for a different medication that may not cause this condition. If dry mouth cannot be avoided, drink plenty of water, chew sugarless gum, and avoid tobacco products and alcohol.
- See your doctor or a dentist if you have sudden changes in taste and smell.
- When acting as a caregiver, help older individuals brush and floss their teeth if they are not able to perform these activities independently.
- CDC: Tips From Former Smokers
- CDC: Managing Diabetes
- Working Together to Manage Diabetes: A Toolkit for Pharmacy, Podiatry, Optometry, and Dentistry (PPOD)
- National Institutes of Health: Chemotherapy and Your Mouth pdf icon[PDF – 326KB]external icon
- National Institute on Aging: Taking Care of Your Teeth and Mouthexternal icon
Page last reviewed: September 17, 2019
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What are guitar tabs?
Guitar tablature, usually called as guitar tabs, is a method of notating music that empowers learners and beginner guitarists for to learn songs easily. Guitar tabs or Guitar tablature share similarities with music staff notation by showing you
- which notes to play,
- how long to play them, and
- techniques to use your fingers on them
After comparing it to the standard music notation, guitar tablature offers an advantage. It shows you where to play the notes on your guitar.
Table of contents
Tablature reading seems to be an easy process at first glance.
We learn much more from the details, however.
- We should learn and memorize all of the guitar tab symbols that accompany the language of tablature.
- Our eyes are guided to understand how a piece of music should be played with these symbols.
- It helps our hands develop better technique and feeling when we have a lot of musical direction.
We will explore the most common symbols you will find in guitar tab books and online resources in today’s lesson.
A beginners guide to the ultimate guitar tabs and their symbols explained –
It’s all about practice, more practice, an occasional guitar lesson, and more practice. You will receive private instruction on how to play the guitar during guitar lessons. In addition to learning the beginner’s basics, you’ll also learn more advanced techniques with understanding rhythm.
You will need to learn how to fingerpick, which is used for playing single notes, in order to become proficient at playing the guitar using the guitar tab method. The best sound will come from holding the string firmly down. Watch others play to see what they do.
How to Read Guitar Tabs and Play Them
Here are a few critical pointers for reading and playing guitar tabs.
- The tabs should be read from left to right as if they were books. From left to right, you’ll move on to the next line, once you’ve reached the end of the first.
- One number will appear on a single string to represent a single note. You can play the numbers on top of each other if they are stacked-that’s a chord.
- Apps like Songsterr and the web provide complete guitar tab guides. Your understanding of guitar tab symbols and terminology will advance as you progress.
How to Read Guitar Tabs for Chords
You’ll learn how to read guitar chords after you’ve mastered single notes. In tab, chords are written as shown in the diagram below, with all the chord notes stacked directly on top of each other.
Simple chords are a good place to start. Finger placement can be difficult for beginners when learning chords. The first few times can be awkward. When it comes to learning chords, switching from one to the next takes more time.
It will take you a lot of practice to overcome the awkwardness.
How to Read Guitar Tabs for Riffs
Throughout a song, blues guitar riffs are repeated lines of notes. Beginning guitarists will appreciate how easily these catchy guitar riffs can be played. To get a knack of ultimate guitar tabs, you should be well versed with the basics.
The tab shown above shows how riffs appear in a guitar tab. Play each note from left to right, starting from the left.
Do not get overwhelmed if you can’t sound as good as the Beatles right away when you begin playing guitar. Feel free to go slow and understand that mistakes are OK.
Tablature for guitar does not show a rhythm; only the notes are shown. It is always a good idea to listen to the music while you study the tab to get an idea of the song’s rhythm. When you have mastered the finger placements, try playing along with the recording. For example, you might consider the rhythm and the timing in order to find the best way to reproduce a tune.
Other Symbols in Guitar tabs for beginners-
Learning guitar tabs under ultimate guitar tabs guide will get more difficult as you begin to see letters and symbols along with the numbers. You can learn a few different guitar techniques from these letters and symbols and get an idea of the outline of guitar.
We’ve listed some of the most common signs below, along with what you should do if you see them.
1. Text tabs
Among all formats of tablature, text tablature is the earliest. You might encounter this pretty often, so you should become familiar with it, even though other more complete options are available very easily.
Text files (.txt, Notepad) are the most convenient to use, edit, and share since they are written on text files. As you can see from this image, a text tab looks like this.
The letter H may appear between two numbers when you are reading guitar tabs for the first time. For example: 5-H-7. This represents a technique known as a “hammer on.” In the ultimate guitar tabs.
The first note would be played on the fifth fret and, while it is still sounded, the seventh fret would be played on the same string. Fast note changes are common in guitar solos with this technique.
Pull-offs are notated the same way as hammer ons, with a P between two notes, as in 7-P-5. If you play a message on the seventh fret, you will be able to play the pull off from ultimate guitar tabs.
Put another finger on the fifth fret while you are playing the seventh fret, then pull your index finger off the seventh fret and one of the easy guitar tabs for beginners.
A forward slash or backward slash designates slide positions, as in: 5/7 or 75. Slide your finger up or down the neck of your guitar as you play the note to move to the other letter while you hold a message with your finger. A forward slash indicates that you need to slide up the neck, while a backslash represents a slide down.
Other popular guitar solo techniques include bends. 5-B-7 is a guitar tab representation of them. A bend is played by holding the note at the fifth fret, then bending the string until the pitch matches the pitch the exact line has typically on the seventh fret. As you play, try to maintain a gently bending motion with your left fingers while playing under the ultimate guitar tabs.
You can create a vibrato effect by fast bending and releasing the bend on the fretboard, which is similar to a kind of vibration. Vibratos are indicated on the tab by this symbol:
7. Muted Notes
X marks muted notes in guitar tabs. It is possible to obtain this sound by holding your finger on the line and not pressing down on the frets. The result is a muted, soft sound.
Practice a particular guitar technique every time you see a particular symbol in a guitar tab by listening to recordings of the song. The best way for you to master these techniques and incorporate new sounds into your repertoire is to take lessons from a qualified guitar teacher.
Learn the ultimate guide to best free guitar plugins.
How to read bass tabs ?
Bass tab on guitar learnings shows the strings of the bass drawn horizontally. Mostly the bass tab is written for 4-string bass. You may also see it for 5-string and 6-string basses in the same. It will vary on whether more strings are required to play the song of your choice.
The bass strings are drawn with the lowest-pitched string (the fattest one) at the bottom.
A Standard bass tuning from lowest to highest is E-A-D-G which looks like the following :
Let’s play an easy guitar riffs and intros-
Now that you have a basic ideas of guitar tabs, it’s time to plug into your overdrive and distortion pedals, turn on the amp and go for some tunes that are lovable to your ears with these most easy and timeless guitar riffs and intros for beginners.
2 easiest and common songs that for the beginners to learn –
1. “Twinkle Twinkle Little Star”
We all are mostly familiar with this tune. Have an easier time learning the fingerings and rhythm because you already know the tune of this song and how it is supposed to sound like. Play a wide range of notes without sliding all over your guitar neck in the intergalactic anthem, “Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star.”
2. “Happy Birthday”
“Happy Birthday” is the most common key phrase a beginner will learn on guitar. Knowing how to play ‘happy birthday’ on the guitar always comes in handy and natural. All you need to do is Grab your guitar and send your happiest birthday wishes to the loved ones or the guest of honor while you try out this familiar tune.
Follow the keynotes below and sing it right –
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a small device to protect a computer, telephone, television set, or the like from damage by high-voltage electrical surges.
A device, typically portable and containing its own electrical outlets, used to provide regulated electric power for other electric devices. Surge protectors get their power from standard household or industrial electrical sources and contain circuitry that prevents damaging or disruptive spikes or surges in the source voltage from reaching the devices plugged into them.
noun, plural surgeries for 3–5. 1. the art, practice, or work of treating diseases, injuries, or deformities by manual or operative procedures. 2. the branch of medicine concerned with such treatment. 3. treatment, as an operation, performed by a surgeon. 4. a room or place for surgical operations. 5. British. a doctor’s or dentist’s office […]
noun 1. a large surge chamber. noun 1. (engineering) a tank used to absorb surges in flow
- Surge tide
noun 1. a powerful and often destructive tide that may occur when an abnormally high tide (e.g. at the autumn equinox) coincides with high wind and low atmospheric pressure
adjective 1. pertaining to or involving surgery or surgeons. 2. used in surgery. 3. characterized by extreme precision or incisiveness: a surgical air strike against enemy targets. adjective 1. of, relating to, involving, or used in surgery 2. (of an action) performed with extreme precision: a surgical air attack on the missile complex surgical sur·gi·cal […]
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If a partial pivoting strategy is observed (pivoting is restricted to row interchanges), factorization produces matrices L and U which satisfy the following equation.
P is a permutation matrix that is derived as follows:
P is initialized to I.
Each row interchange that occurs during the decomposition of A causes a corresponding row swap in P.
Recalling the definition of a linear system of equations
and premultiplying both sides by P
Using Equation 38 to substitute for PA yields
Observe that the product Pb is computed before forward substitution begins. Computationally, this implies that P can be implemented as a mapping that is applied to b before substitution.
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You have unprotected sex with someone from the opposite sex, just that once.
You realize later that the person is HIV positive, meaning that he/she is infected with the HIV (human immunodeficiency virus).
You want to know what are the odds of you getting infected from exposure with that single unprotected encounter.
You could also have a blood transfusion once or share an injection needle with an infected partner just that once. What are the chances of contracting this viral disease?
The odds vary and depend on a few factors.
The first factor that determines your risk is the type of sexual act you indulged in; whether anal, vaginal or oral and again whether you were the active partner (insertive) or the passive (receptor) partner.
It was and is very difficult to get accurate numbers. But, according to history taken from infected persons, some figures have been arrived at by studies.
Certain facts have been established:
- You can get infected by the HIV after a single exposure.
- The risk is much higher in the presence of certain biological risk factors such as sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or a high viral load in the infected partner.
- More exposures to HIV increase the overall risk of transmission.
The type of sex you have also has a role regarding the risk you carry and which can increase your chances of getting the infection.
The following facts tell you the amount of risk of getting HIV from vaginal sex, anal sex, and from oral sex for both the active partner and the passive partner.
Receptive anal sex carries a much greater risk of HIV infection transmission than receptive vaginal sex.
Research indicates that the risk of HIV transmission from receptive anal sex is 18 times higher than transmission from receptive vaginal sex.
According to CDC, for the passive partner in receptive anal sex, the risk is 138 per 10,000 exposures or 1.38 percent
The passive partner in anal sex (receptor) faces a higher risk than the active partner (inserter).
Research suggests the risk of HIV transmission from a single receptive anal sex is 3 to 23 times higher than from insertive anal sex.
Receptive vaginal sex is riskier than insertive vaginal sex. The risk from receptive vaginal sex is about twice as high as that of insertive vaginal sex.
It is unclear exactly how much less risky oral sex is compared to vaginal and anal sex.
What is the per sexual act probability of acquiring HIV from an infected partner?
The CDC figures look like this for the type of exposure and the risk of it per 10,000. It should be noted that these figures are for that one night stand or one-time exposure. Repeated exposures potentially increase the risk.
1. Receptive anal intercourse — chances are 138 per 10,000 – that means, the chances of contracting HIV from one sexual act with an infected partner will be 1.38 percent.
2. Insertive anal intercourse — 11 per 10,000 or 0.11 percent
3. Receptive Penile-Vaginal Intercourse (woman’s risk) — 8 per 10,000 or 0.08 percent
4. Insertive Penile-Vaginal Intercourse (man’s risk) — 4 per 10,000 or 0.04 percent
5. Oral sex, whether receptive or insertive – chances are low
CDC mentions as “low” the chances of getting HIV from one act of oral sex.
According to poz.com, the risk from giving a blowjob to an HIV-positive man, not on treatment is at most 1 in 2,500 (or 0.04 percent per act). Similarly, HIV is present in vaginal secretions so performing oral sex on an HIV positive woman can be risky.
For other modes of HIV transmission such as biting, spitting or sharing sex toys, the chances are negligible.
HIV risk with sharing of needle one single time
Sharing a needle one single time with an HIV infected drug user can carry an HIV risk of 63 in 10,000 or 0.63 percent, which can also be stated as 1 in 149. Certain estimates, however, put the risk as high as 2.4%.
Whenever a syringe is used to inject a drug into the vein, a small amount of blood is initially pulled into the syringe to confirm that the needle is in the vein.
Now, when the same needle is used by another individual, the blood from the previous HIV positive person that has stayed in the needle can get injected into the blood stream of the HIV negative person.
HIV does not generally survive well outside the body, but it can survive for long periods of time (over 28 days) in an airtight syringe.
Besides the intravenous injection route, the risk exists even if the injection is given by the intramuscular route or the subcutaneous route.
HIV risk from a single blood transfusion
Because of careful donor selection criteria, HIV risk from a single blood transfusion has very much reduced due to strict screening measures.
HIV seroprevalence in blood donors is less than 2 percent of the adult American population because of strict screening measures.
Despite this, HIV transmission may still occur due to three reasons:
Blood may be collected during the window period of infection, when the donor is infectious but has not yet developed positive result on the HIV laboratory tests.
Infection with variant strains of HIV that may not be detected by regular screening tests.
However, according to CDC,
“the risk of HIV transmission by transfusion was low, even before screening, and has been virtually eliminated by the routine screening of donated blood and plasma”.
But, in case HIV positive blood is given to an HIV negative individual, the risk of HIV infection with a single transfusion exceeds that of any other risk. More than ninety percent of recipients transfused with HIV positive blood are found to be infected with the virus.
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Octopuses are one of the few invertebrate animals whose intelligence rivals our own, yet they evolved their brains in an environment which is completely alien to us. Lisa O’Dowd explores.
In the 1980s, several rare fish disappeared from their tank at an aquarium in Boston. Workers were scratching their heads wondering what had happened. A researcher arrived early one morning and caught an octopus mid-dinner. The octopus had been escaping its tank and entering the fish tank for an extra feed before returning to his own tank in time for the morning. This octopus was the culprit for the missing fish.
In late February 2009, an aquarium in Santa Monica, California was flooded with saltwater. CCTV footage filmed the unravelling scene. It showed an octopus disassembling a water recycling valve and directing a tube to spew out of the tank. When workers arrived, the octopus in question was in its tank looking on at the chaos around him, innocent as could be.
“These animals are unique amidst
invertebrates as they have an extremely large nervous system that contains a similar amount of neurons as the brain of a dog or a human infant.”
In the fifth episode of Blue Planet, ‘Green Seas,’ viewers witnessed an octopus performing an act that would be sure to be guaranteed an Oscar. A pyjama shark is seen hunting down a common octopus. The two got into a tussle, and when death seemed almost inevitable, the octopus plugged her tentacles into the shark’s gills, forcing the shark to release its hold to breathe. The octopus then created a cunning camouflage by attaching empty shells to the suckers on her arms, forming a dome and protecting herself inside. The structure made of shells fooled the shark for just long enough for the octopus to escape. It came as no surprise when the cameraman exclaimed that the octopus was a “Rockstar!”
Anecdotes such as these have circled the oceans for centuries, but photographic evidence of the octopus’ incredible behaviours is now accessible to the world of science.
Octopuses belong to a class of animal called Cephalopods, which also includes squid and cuttlefish. These animals are unique amidst invertebrates as they have an extremely large nervous system that contains a similar amount of neurons as the brain of a dog or a human infant. Peter Godfrey-Smith, in his book Other Minds: Octopus and the Evolution of Intelligence describes cephalopods as “an island of mental complexity in the sea of invertebrates.” Cephalopods developed independently of vertebrates which makes their development of large brains and complex behaviours extraordinary, as vertebrates have a veritable monopoly on intelligence.
Invertebrate as they are, octopuses are extremely flexible morphologically. They are a delicate mixture of utter simplicity and sophisticated intricacy. Despite our limited knowledge and understanding of these creatures it is agreed that they are a tremendous evolutionary success. The oldest known octopus fossil is Pohlsepia and lived around 296 million years ago. However, as octopuses are mostly made of soft tissue, with their only hard body part being their beak, fossils are so rare that they may have existed further back than this.
“They change colour and shape to
themselves against the surrounding environment or to morph into the shapes of other species such as sea snakes, flatfish, or lionfish.”
Octopuses have a remarkable ability to solve the problems posed by their ever-changing underwater environment. They change colour and shape to camouflage themselves against the surrounding environment or to morph into the shapes of other species such as sea snakes, flatfish, or lionfish. It is not yet understood how these defence mechanisms arose in their evolution.
In the words of David Attenborough, “Octopuses are extraordinary animals.” Unlike vertebrates, their neurons are found throughout their body, especially in their arms. The density of neurons found here is greater than that found in their brain. There is an evolutionary niche for intelligence in the oceans, and octopuses fill a lot of it. It is thought that the origins of the intelligence exhibited by the octopus evolved in the tropical coral reef, an ecosystem of outstanding beauty, diversity, and complexity. To survive here you must either be armoured by thick skin or a quick wit. As large jelly-like, soft-bodied creatures they are immediately flagged as an easy target. Predators exert strong selection pressure on these creatures. The result is the survival of the intelligent, the greatest hider, the best at leading a solitary life, and the most efficient at adopting tools.
“It is thought that the origins of the intelligence exhibited by the octopus evolved in the tropical coral reef, an ecosystem of outstanding beauty, diversity, and complexity.”
In the face of their apparent intelligence, beauty, and uniqueness we must be careful not to anthropomorphize. Evolutionary chance separates us from them. They were around to see the creation of glaciers, to view the first flight of the birds, to observe the dawn of the dinosaurs, and ultimately to witness the evolution of man. Human intelligence, like most vertebrate intelligence, evolved due to our nature as long-lived social animals. Octopuses developed differenlty over a longer period, and so we must open-mindedly seek to understand how their unique intelligence arose.
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Media release from the U.S. fish & Wildlife Service
Agency Seeks Information from the Public, Scientific Community before Making Final Decision
Current evidence suggests that 15 species on the island of Hawaii are in danger of becoming extinct in the foreseeable future, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service announced today. As a result, the Service has proposed to protect the species under the Endangered Species Act, and is seeking new information from the public and the scientific community that will assist the agency in making a final determination.
Comments and information will be accepted until December 17, 2012.
The 15 species proposed for listing (13 plants, a picture-wing fly and an anchialine pool shrimp) are found in 10 ecosystem types on the island of Hawai‘i: anchialine pool, coastal, lowland dry, lowland mesic, lowland wet, montane dry, montane mesic, montane wet, dry cliff and wet cliff.
The Service first identified seven of the 15 species as candidates for ESA protection from 1996 to 1999, due to threats throughout their ranges, including habitat destruction and modification caused by invasive, nonnative plants, feral pigs, sheep and goats, and agricultural and urban development. Other threats include consumption of rare species by nonnative feral pigs, sheep and goats, and other introduced species such as rats and nonnative invertebrates. Native habitat is also threatened by the effects of climate change, which may intensify existing natural threats such as fire, hurricanes, landslides and flooding. In addition, existing regulatory mechanisms are inadequate to protect the species.
Service biologists also have identified habitat that is essential to the conservation of one of the 15 proposed plant and animal species – Bidens micrantha ssp. ctenophylla (ko‘oko‘olau) – and of two previously listed plant species – Mezoneuron kavaiense (uhiuhi) and Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho kula) – that do not have designated critical habitat on the island of Hawai‘i. All three species ooccur in the same lowland dry ecosystem on the island of Hawai‘i and share many of the same physical or biological features (e.g., elevation, annual rainfall, substrate and associated native plant genera) as well as the same threats from development, fire and nonnative ungulates and plants.
The essential areas, proposed as critical habitat, include seven units totaling approximately 18,766 acres (7,597 hectares) on the island of Hawai‘i that may contain coastal, lowland dry, montane mesic or other habitat essential to the conservation of the species. The proposed critical habitat designation includes both occupied and unoccupied habitat. Approximately 55 percent of the area being proposed as critical habitat is already designated as critical habitat for 42 plants and the Blackburn’s sphinx moth. Of the total acreage identified, 64 percent is located on state lands, 2 percent on federal lands, less than 1 percent on county lands, and 34 percent on private lands.
For the other 14 species proposed for listing, the Service finds that critical habitat is not determinable at this time due to the lack of analysis needed to identify those areas.
“The Hawai‘i Island listing and critical habitat designation, if finalized, will allow us to better address and manage Hawaii’s endangered species and the unique ecosystems on which these species depend,” said Loyal Mehrhoff, field supervisor for the Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office.
The ESA requires the Service to identify the location of habitat essential for the conservation of the species, which the Act terms “critical habitat.” This identification helps federal agencies identify actions that may affect listed species or their habitat, and to work with the Service to avoid or minimize those impacts. Identifying this habitat also helps raise awareness of the habitat needs of imperiled species and focus the conservation efforts of other partners such as state and local governments, non-governmental
organizations, and individual landowners.
Although non-federal lands have initially been included in these areas, activities on these lands are not affected now, and will not necessarily be affected if the species is protected under the ESA in the future. Only if an activity is authorized, funded or carried out by a federal agency will the agency need to work with the Service to help landowners avoid, reduce or mitigate potential impacts to listed species or their identified habitat.
Today’s proposal is part of the Service’s efforts to implement a court-approved work plan that resolves a series of lawsuits concerning the agency’s ESA Listing Program. The intent of the agreement is to significantly reduce litigation-driven workloads and allow the agency to focus its resources on the species most in need of the ESA’s protections over the next five years.
The final decision to add the 15 species to the Federal List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants, as well as the final identification of areas containing habitat essential to the species, will be based on the best scientific information available. In addition, the Service will utilize an economic analysis to inform and refine its identification of this habitat. Only areas that contain habitat essential to the conservation of the species, and where the benefits of this habitat outweigh potential economic impacts,
will be included in the final identification.
The Service is opening a 60-day public comment period today to let the public review and comment on the proposal and provide additional information accept comments and additional information. All relevant information received from the public, government agencies, the scientific community, industry, or any other interested parties will be considered and addressed in the agency’s final listing determination for the species and identification of habitat essential to its conservation.
The Service will consider comments from all interested parties received by December 17, 2012. Requests for a public hearing must be received in writing by December 3, 2012. Comments can be sent by one of the following methods:
- Federal eRulemaking Portal at http://www.regulations.gov . Follow the instructions for submitting comments. Docket No. FWS–R1–ES–2011–0070.
- Via U.S. mail or hand delivery to Public Comments Processing, Attn: FWS–R1–ES–2011–0070; Division of Policy and Directives Management; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; 4401 N. Fairfax Drive, MS 2042–PDM, Arlington, VA 22203.
Copies of the proposed rule may be downloaded from the Service’s website at
http://www.fws.gov/pacificislands/. For further information contact: Loyal Mehrhoff, Field Supervisor, Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 300 Ala Moana Boulevard, Room 3-122, Box 50088, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96850; telephone 808/792-9400 or fax 808/ 792-9581.
The species proposed for endangered species status are:
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| 0.922319 | 1,448 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Remnants of the popularly elected Missouri legislature gathered in the Masonic Hall at Neosho, 70 miles southwest of Major General John C. Fremont’s Federal Army of the West at Springfield. The lawmakers met to consider leaving the Union, even though a new Unionist government claimed to be the legitimate governing body over Missouri.
One of the few Unionist legislators in attendance claimed that only 10 senators and 39 representatives were present, short of the 17 senators and 67 representatives needed for a quorum under Missouri law. Nevertheless, exiled secessionist Governor Claiborne F. Jackson addressed the body:
“It is in vain to hope for a restoration of amicable relations between Missouri and the other United States of America under the same government, and it is not desirable if it could be accomplished… Men, women and children, in open day and in the public thoroughfares, were shot down and murdered by a brutal soldiery with the connivance of Government officers. Our citizen soldiers were arrested and imprisoned, State property was seized and confiscated without warrant of law, private citizens were insecure in their persons and property; the writ of Habeas Corpus had been nullified and the brave Judges who had attempted to protect by it, the liberties of the citizens had been insulted and threatened and a tyrant president revealing in unencumbered powers had crowned all these acts of unconstitutional aggression by declaring war against a number of the States comprising the former Union.”
Both houses approved an “Act Declaring the Political Ties Heretofore Existing Between the State of Missouri and the United States of America Dissolved.” Jackson signed the Ordinance of Secession into law three days later, officially taking Missouri out of the Union. Since the legislators had been popularly elected, the Confederacy joined the U.S. in claiming that Missouri was one of its states. Anticipating admission into the Confederacy, the exiled legislature approved a motion appointing two senators and seven representatives to the Confederate Congress.
However, a second state government also operated in Missouri, having been created by Unionist delegates to the Missouri constitutional convention in July. The convention reassembled this month to consider further measures to ensure that the provisional government remained loyal to the U.S. Delegates approved a measure suspending the upcoming popular elections until the following August. This gave provisional Governor Hamilton R. Gamble time to replace elected officials suspected of favoring secession with Unionists. Another measure permitted administering “test oaths” to disqualify anti-Unionist voters or elected officials.
The delegates also approved organizing a provisional state militia, with men between the ages of 18 and 45 who passed the “test oath” eligible for duty; the Federal government would fund this new militia. In addition, delegates adopted measures to raise revenue by issuing bonds, and they voted to cut the salaries of state employees by 20 percent.
For the time being, two governing bodies would operate Missouri, with the United States recognizing the provisional government at Jefferson City, and the Confederacy recognizing the elected government at Neosho.
- Catton, Bruce and Long, E.B. (ed.), Terrible Swift Sword: Centennial History of the Civil War Book 2. New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc. (Kindle Edition), 1963.
- Long, E.B. with Long, Barbara, The Civil War Day by Day. New York: Da Capo Press, Inc., 1971.
- Robbins, Peggy (Patricia L. Faust ed.), Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Civil War. New York: Harper & Row, 1986.
- Thomas, Emory M., The Confederate Nation. HarperCollins e-books, Kindle Edition, 1976.
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| 0.95213 | 754 | 3.484375 | 3 |
A sedimentary rock, which was originally a coarse-grained sandstone. It is one of the hardest rocks used by the Ancient Egyptians. Quartzite was mainly used for sarcophagi and sculpture.
Egyptian words and phrases referring to quartzite include biAt, inr n Dw dSr, inr n bnwt
Copyright © 2002 University College London. All rights reserved.
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http://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/stone/quartzite.html
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| 0.9014 | 81 | 2.765625 | 3 |
A copyright, under intellectual property law, protects works of authorship from being used by other parties other than the owner of the work. If an owner discovers that another party has used or sold his or her work without obtaining a proper license or permission, the owner has the right to file a lawsuit in court if:
They have ownership of the copyrighted material;
The actual copying took place by the defendant;
The areas of the copyrighted material are protected by intellectual law.
Once these are established, the author may secure a victory in the case.
The Process of a Copyright Infringement Lawsuit
When an owner of a creative work has discovered a copyright infringement upon their work, he or she should contact an experienced intellectual property attorney. That attorney will be experienced with handling copyright infringement claims and is likely to help reach a satisfying outcome in the case. With the help of the attorney, the copyright infringement lawsuit is set into motion by filing a claim at the local chapter of the Federal Bureau of Investigation specializing in intellectual property crimes.
Cease and Desist Notice
Following the initial claim, a cease and desist notice is sent to the violating party. The function of the cease and desist notice is to order or request the immediate stoppage of all activity which is involved with the infringement or face legal action. A cease and desist order will be issued by a judge or court, while a cease and desist letter can be sent by anyone, usually with the aid of a qualified attorney.
In the case of copyright infringement, the illegal activity which prompted retaliatory action has already done damage to the owner of creative work. As a result, the cease and desist letter functions as a “damage control” option, in which illegal activity is halted so that no further damage can be done to the owner’s work pending the outcome of the copyright infringement lawsuit. In some copyright disputes, an owner of creative work may drop the civil lawsuit if the infringing party immediately complies with the cease and desist letter.
Copyright Infringement Lawsuits
As soon as the legal activity is halted by the infringing party, the owner of the creative work may go ahead with the civil lawsuit. The grounds for the lawsuit are sent to both parties and the amount of damages sought by the plaintiff is outlined. If the defendant believes that he or she did not infringe on copyrights held by the plaintiff because of “fair use” or due to a lack of awareness of the copyright due to the plaintiff’s negligence, he or she will fight to minimize or eradicate the possible damages of a verdict. If the defendant is successful in the case, the lawsuit may even be dismissed.
During the copyright infringement trial, an injunction is usually placed on the violating party. An injunction is a court order which requires a party to do or refrain from doing a certain act. In the case of copyright infringement lawsuits, the defendant is ordered to stop actions which violate the copyright of the plaintiff. For example, if a defendant is producing and selling music that the plaintiff claims is a copyright violation, the defendant will be forced to cease production and the selling of that music.
After the trial proceedings finish, the court comes to a verdict. A judge may find the claims of the plaintiff to be accurate and award monetary damages to the plaintiff from the defendant, often including additional money for payment of their legal fees. If the infringement is serious enough, the defendant may also face criminal charges.
A judge may also agree that the defendant has violated copyright law and disagree with the monetary damage claims. In this case, the judge may alter the final monetary sum. The judge may also dismiss a case in favor of the defendant if the judge believes there was no infringement or if there is not enough evidence to support the plaintiff’s claim.
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https://copyright.laws.com/copyright-infringement/copyright-infringement-lawsuits
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| 0.954204 | 775 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The Resurrection of Hungary: A Parallel for Ireland.
GRIFFITH, Arthur (Introduction by Patrick Murray).
University College Dublin Press, 2003 (reprint). First published 1904. xxxii, 170 pages. Paperback.
"The case of Ireland is as nearly as possible parallel to the case of Hungary" - William Smith O'Brien. The Resurrection of Hungary, first published in 1904 and twice reprinted, strongly influenced nationalist debate between 1904 and 1921. Its central proposal - the withdrawal of Irish elected representatives from Westminster - was inherited from the Hungarian Franz Deak's policy of non co-operation with the Imperial parliament in Vienna in the 1860s. The idea of the dual monarchy, adopted by Austria and Hungary in 1867 in which each recognised the Austrian Emperor but had separate parliaments, continued to be advocated by a few Irish politicians in the 1920s. Griffith also expounds here his protectionist economic views which influenced Irish government policy for several decades. Arthur Griffith (1872-1922) was a journalist and politician. He founded Sinn Fein in 1905, and at the time of his sudden death was President of Dail Eireann. (reprint).
NEW. A very good copy
Shipping Information | Currency Converter
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Newswise — The U.S. Department of Agriculture today released a report that, for the first time, provides uniform scientific methods for quantifying the changes in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and carbon storage from various land management and conservation activities.
Colorado State University faculty members served as authors and external science advisors on the new report, and a CSU team is leading the implementation of a new online tool that provides customized GHG reports and management plans in accordance with the new guidelines.
The report, Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Agriculture and Forestry: Methods for Entity-Scale Inventory, will help the USDA evaluate greenhouse gas mitigation programs and develop new tools to help farmers, ranchers and forest landowners participate in emerging carbon markets.
“This report provides science-based methods for quantifying greenhouse gas emissions and carbon storage on local farms, ranches and forests, allowing managers of these entities to calculate reductions in greenhouse gas emissions while building carbon storage and improving production efficiency on their lands,” said Stephen Ogle, associate professor in CSU’s Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability and senior scientist at the Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory (NREL).
Ogle was the lead author of the cropland/grassland working group and the wetlands working group, two of the four groups convened by the USDA for the methods development, which also included forestry and livestock.
To help make the new GHG guidelines more accessible and applicable, an interdisciplinary research team led by CSU soil and crop sciences professor Keith Paustian is implementing the new web-based tool, COMET-Farm (http://cometfarm.nrel.colostate.edu) in conjunction with the report. The site will allow users to select their land use (including cropland, grassland, livestock and agroforestry), enter information about their management practices, and then generate a report on their current baseline emissions and how emissions could be reduced with GHG management practices.
“Quantifying greenhouse gas emissions from land use is particularly difficult, because there are so many interacting processes and factors that affect emissions,” said Paustian, who is also a senior scientist with NREL. “COMET-Farm is unique in that it allows non-experts to use very advanced methods, databases and models for greenhouse gas inventory, via a fully spatial, user-friendly interface. We think it will be a very powerful tool to aid land managers and others working to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from land-use activities.”
Paustian also served as an external science advisor on the USDA report, along with Shawn Archibeque, associate professor of animal sciences at CSU. CSU researchers Mark Easter and Ernie Marx also contributed to the report. The lead software engineer on COMET-Farm, CSU computer science alumnus Kevin Brown, is the lead software engineer on COMET-Farm, and his team includes several CSU undergraduate students in computer science, engineering and agriculture.
The USDA report is the work of 38 experts in GHG estimation in the cropland, grazing land, livestock and forest management sectors across academia, the USDA and other agencies of the federal government. The report was reviewed by an additional 29 scientists, other federal experts, and the public. While developing the report, reviewers considered scientific rigor, transparency, completeness, accuracy, and cost effectiveness, as well as consistency and comparability with other federal GHG inventory efforts.
The report can be downloaded at www.usda.gov/oce/climate_change/estimation.htm.
For more information on the USDA’s climate change activities, visit www.usda.gov andclick on “Climate Solutions.”
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| 0.929043 | 769 | 2.953125 | 3 |
False accusations are nothing new. People have probably been falsely accusing each other of vile and awful deeds for centuries. Defamation laws remain a person's best defense against false accusations. But the issue has become increasingly worrisome as the world adjusts to the common use of the internet to communicate.
What Is Defamation?
Defamation means making a false statement about another person that damages her reputation. Business entities can also be defamed. Defamation is a crime in some states, but is more commonly used as a cause of action in a civil action for damages. It is also called libel and slander.
False statements are at the core of a defamation charge. Some false statements are communicated in writing, like false accusations made in a newspaper article. These are termed libel.
False statements that are heard rather than read are called slander. These include communications passed from one person to another or false statements made in a radio broadcast.
What Are the Elements of Defamation?
The person that brings a defamation action is called the plaintiff, while the person or entity being sued is called the defendant. Before the plaintiff files her action, it's important for her to understand the elements that must be proved in order to win the case.
Generally, a plaintiff has to prove four elements in a defamation case:
- A false statement that is represented as fact.
- Publication or communication of that statement to someone else.
- The defendant acted with at least negligence in making the statement.
- Some harm occurred to the plaintiff as a result of the false statement.
Falsity of Statement Is Critical
In order to collect damages in a defamation case, the plaintiff has to prove that the defendant made a false statement that he either knew was false or should have known was false. What if someone publishes a statement of vile things a person did when she was young that were not generally known? This will not support a defamation charge since truth is an absolute defense.
Note that the false statement must clearly and specifically identify the plaintiff as the subject of the accusations. If the statement is vague and general, such as: "Politicians in this state are taking money from the oil lobby," the court will not construe it as targeting the plaintiff.
Public Figure Exception
The more famous a person is, the harder it is for him to sue for defamation. Many defamation laws have a public figure exception that applies to celebrities, politicians and other prominent people. In order to win a defamation claim, a public figure has to show that the person publishing the false statement acted with actual malice. This means actual knowledge of the falsity of the statement made or reckless disregard as to whether it is true or false.
Defamatory Internet Content
For all of the benefits society has reaped from the internet, it is also a fertile breeding ground for defamatory statements. People may libel others in their own blogs, in comments on other's blog posting, in social media sites or in chat rooms. Some websites say that they screen posts for illegal content, but they cannot examine every single post and evaluate it for defamatory content, so many defamatory postings end up online.
Complexity of Bringing an Internet Defamation Case
While someone who posts false statements on the internet about another person may be committing libel, it is far more complicated than other types of defamation cases. The plaintiff must figure out whom to sue and what is the appropriate court.
A plaintiff cannot sue website hosts and Internet Service Providers since the Communications Decency Act exempts them from most defamation claims. And it may be difficult to find the real identity of the person making those false allegations. In addition, the suit can only be brought in a state where the poster has significant contacts. The best idea is to contact an attorney with experience in internet defamation suits.
Read More: Two Types of Defamation
- The best way to preserve and protect your rights in any potential legal action is to consult a lawyer who is a specialist in that subject of law, and who is familiar with those laws in your geographic region.
- Release any information you have that objectively corroborates the truth as soon as you can. Nothing takes the steam out of a lie as quickly as the truth does -- especially when the truth is from a credible source.
- Ensure your efforts to suppress the original false accusations don't give them a greater audience than your accuser would ever achieve. By calling too much attention to an otherwise obscure false accusation, you may actually amplify its damage.
Teo Spengler earned a J.D. from U.C. Berkeley's Boalt Hall. As an Assistant Attorney General in Juneau, she practiced before the Alaska Supreme Court and the U.S. Supreme Court before opening a plaintiff's personal injury practice in San Francisco. She holds both an M.A. and an M.F.A in creative writing and enjoys writing legal blogs and articles. Her work has appeared in numerous online publications including USA Today, Legal Zoom, eHow Business, Livestrong, SF Gate, Go Banking Rates, Arizona Central, Houston Chronicle, Navy Federal Credit Union, Pearson, Quicken.com, TurboTax.com, and numerous attorney websites. Spengler splits her time between the French Basque Country and Northern California.
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| 0.952845 | 1,073 | 3.21875 | 3 |
▶ Discovered a PAM regulator that binds well to the adenosine A1 receptor
▶ Researchers from the Australian rice plant era, thesis in the journal ‘Nature’
Chronic pain is one of the issues that place a great burden on the global health and medical community.
The number of patients with pain is increasing, but there is no proper treatment method, so the reality is that we rely heavily on opioid analgesics using opioids.
However, these narcotic analgesics have limited effectiveness and cause serious side effects such as respiratory function deterioration and drug addiction.
Neuropathic pain, a type of chronic pain, is also a disease in which opioid analgesics are frequently used.
Neuropathic pain can come from multiple sources, including bodily injury, viral infection, complications of multiple sclerosis or diabetes, and cancer treatment.
It is likely to open the way for the development of non-narcotic analgesics that safely and effectively treat such neuropathic pain.
A modulator that binds well to the adenosine A1 receptor, a potent therapeutic target for non-narcotic analgesics, has been discovered.
The results of this study, conducted by Arthur Christopoulos, a professor of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences in Australia, were published as a thesis in the journal ‘Nature’ on the 8th (local time).
The adenosine A1 receptor has long been recognized as a potent target of non-narcotic analgesics for neuropathic pain.
However, it has not been developed as an analgesic because it has not been able to find a molecule with accurate on-target selectivity and there is a high risk of side effects.
The research team of Monae era found that PAM (positive allosteric modulator) modulators that are positive for allosteric effects acted much more selectively on A1 receptors.
The allosteric effect refers to a change in the structure of the active site by binding of an activator to a specific site other than the active site that performs the original function of the protein.
By binding to other regions of the A1 receptor, PAM not only relieves neuropathic pain with minimal side effects, but also raises the level of action according to the strength of the spinal cord pain signal.
The research team also used cryoEM (cryoEM) to unravel the high-resolution structure of the A1 receptor, which binds both PAM and adenosine, which have analgesic effects.
This is the first time that the high-resolution atomic structure of the A1 receptor, which acts directly on non-narcotic analgesics, has been elucidated.
Wendy Imlach, Associate Professor, Head of the Pain Mechanism Lab at the Biomedical Discovery Institute (BDI), said, “This study has given us a deeper understanding of the mechanism of action of allosteric drugs.” .
Professor Christopoulos, the co-corresponding author of the paper, said, “As we are currently experiencing a global drug crisis, it is urgent to develop a safe and effective non-narcotic analgesic.” By leveraging that insight, we will be able to design non-narcotic allosteric drugs that effectively treat chronic pain.”
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CC-MAIN-2021-43
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https://www.archyde.com/it-is-possible-to-develop-a-pain-reliever-without-the-use-of-opioids/
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| 0.935306 | 681 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Betrayal is the breaking or violation of a presumptive contract, trust, or confidence that produces moral and psychological conflict within a relationship amongst individuals, between organizations or between individuals and organizations. Often betrayal is the act of supporting a rival group, or it is a complete break from previously decided upon or presumed norms by one party from the others. Someone who betrays others is commonly called a traitor or betrayer. Betrayal is also a commonly used literary element, also used in other fiction like films and TV series, and is often associated with or used as a plot twist.
It may be that the speed of change in the former Soviet Union was such that it was almost impossible to ward off a reactionary coup. By the end of the eighties, reformist change in the former Soviet Union was becoming a transformation. Gorbachev had facilitated and protected that process to a degree underestimated by Soviet radicals who had ceased to be his supporters. Some of those who should have been his friends had, unfortunately, forgotten. His chances would have been greater if radical democrats had realized how much danger Gorbachev was in, and had offered him more support as well as constructive -- not destructive -- criticism. These guilty men have deposed the most enlightened leader their country ever had.
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http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/problem/political-betrayal
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| 0.988685 | 258 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Eager gardeners often start vegetable gardens as soon as the threat of frost is gone. Planting vegetables, especially tomatoes, in cooler weather doesn't mean that you will be harvesting before your neighbors. Instead, you may be exposing your plants to disease and growth problems that could be minimized by waiting. Daytime temperatures below 70 degrees F or evening temperatures consistently below 50 degrees F can damage or destroy tomato plants.
Blossom drop is one of the most obvious effects of cold weather on tomato plants. When overnight temperatures consistently drop below 50 degrees F, or daytime temperatures do not reach 70 to 75 degrees F for several days, tomato blossoms fall off the plant. Cooler temperatures slow the germination process and make it harder for fruit to set.
Temperatures consistently below 70 degrees F, coupled with wet weather, encourages development of gray mold. Gray mold affects both tomato plants and developing fruit, with no effective treatment once a plant is infected. Young seedlings, and distressed and injured plants are the most susceptible to gray mold. Gray mold spores spread easily with wind. Gray mold is best prevented through adequate ventilation between tomato plants in fields, and relative humidity below 80 percent in greenhouses. Infected plants should be destroyed, not composted.
Cooler weather early in the growing season inhibits phosphorus absorption in tomato plants. Phosphorus is essential for tomato plants to flower and produce fruit. Plants with a phosphorus deficiency will have purple leaf veins, or the entire plant may have a purple cast to it, according to Texas A&M's agricultural website. Adequate fertilizing can help control phosphorus deficiency problems.
Tomato plants rely on a complex deep root system to produce an abundant harvest. Cool and freezing weather inhibits adequate root development. As a result, plants do not absorb enough nutrients to stay healthy or produce fruit. If roots are too damaged or undeveloped, the plant dies.
You have several options to protect your tomato plants from cooler temperatures. Plastic mulch helps warm the soil and keep moisture levels consistent. Carefully covering plants helps trap heat by creating a "greenhouse effect" around the covered plants. Use row covers designed for this use; heavier materials like sheets can get too heavy and damage plants. If you are unable to cover your plants, hanging a white sheet near tomato plants reflects the sun's heat and helps plants stay warm.
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| 0.901689 | 477 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Lions (Panthera leo) are not only known for their iconic manes and powerful roars but also for their intricate social structures, hunting strategies, and territorial instincts.
Understanding Lion Habits provides valuable insights into their cooperative nature, unique roles within pride, and the challenges they face in the wild.
From their crepuscular activity patterns to the significance of roaring communication, delving into Lion Habits unravels the intricacies of these awe-inspiring creatures and highlights the importance of conservation efforts to protect their natural behaviors and habitats.
1. Lion Physical Characteristics
Lions are some of the most recognizable animals in the world. With their big, powerful bodies and impressive manes, they always stand out in a crowd.
They have many features that make them well-suited for life as apex predators in their environment. Here we take a closer look at some of the lion’s physical characteristics.
The first thing to note about lions is their size and strength. Male lions can reach a head-to-body length of up to 82 inches and weigh up to 500 pounds, while females can reach a head-to-body length of up to 72 inches and weigh 260 pounds.
Lions also have incredibly strong legs and shoulders which allow them to charge forward with incredible force when hunting prey or defending themselves from danger.
In addition to size and strength, lions have luxurious manes that set them apart from other cats. The mane is used to attract mates and intimidate rivals.
2. Lion Habits
A. Lion Diet in the Wild
Lions have an incredibly varied diet, with their dietary needs changing throughout the year depending on what is available in their habitat. Lions primarily hunt large ungulates such as cape buffalo, wildebeest, zebra, giraffe, and antelope.
Lions typically hunt in groups for larger animals, a tactic, known as cooperative hunting, which significantly increases their chances of success.
Lions will typically start their hunt by stalking the prey until they are close enough to attack and kill it. They will then wait for other lions to arrive, before starting to eat.
B. Lion Habitat in Africa
Lions are amongst the most recognizable animals in the world, and their habitat can be easily found throughout Africa. These majestic creatures live and roam through grasslands, woodlands, savannahs, and other wild areas in which they can hunt for food.
However, despite their large ranges of habitats across Africa, these big cats have faced serious threats to their survival due to the loss of their natural environment caused by poaching and human-induced environmental destruction.
In recent years conservation efforts have been put into action to help preserve the lion population in African countries such as Kenya and Tanzania. National parks have been established with protected boundaries that prevent human interference or exploitation within these areas.
These parks also allow lions to move freely without any danger of being hunted or displaced from their territories which helps ensure a healthy survival rate.
Lion Habitat Facts
To help protect these animals, it is important to understand the facts about lion habitats so that we can work together to preserve them for generations to come.
Lions prefer open plains and savannahs with access to water sources such as rivers, streams, or lakes. They also need grasslands and trees for shade from the strong African sun.
Lions also require a large area of land to roam and hunt which can be up to 100 square miles depending on prey availability. These wide ranges mean that lions need protection from poachers who target their valuable hides and other body parts for commercial purposes.
C. Lion Mating Habits
The mating season for lions occurs throughout the year and there is no specific time for mating. This period is a very exciting time for the big cats as they search for a partner to settle down with and start a family.
Lions form strong bonds of loyalty with their mates and work together to protect their territory and cubs from outside threats.
The male lions begin with an elaborate courtship ritual that includes roaring and showing off their manes. This helps them attract females and establish their dominance over other males.
The female will then accept or reject the male based on his performance, though she might not be ready to mate until a few weeks later due to her hormones cycling. During this time, the male will mark his territory with urine to keep away potential rivals.
Female lions also scent-mark certain areas with urine or feces to attract potential suitors. During mating, male lions may rub against female lions to establish physical contact and show interest.
Once both parties are ready for mating, it isn’t just a one-time thing. Lions have been known to engage in multiple matings over several days or even weeks!
After mating, the lioness gives birth to 1-4 cubs after a gestation period of 110 days. At birth, lion cubs are helplessly dependent on their mother’s milk for nourishment until they reach 6-7 months of age.
During this time, the female will move her cubs several times to prevent their detection by predators.
In the wild, lions have a lifespan of 10-14 years, while in captivity, they can live for up to 17 years.
D. Lion Social Behavior
Lions are known for their social behavior, as they live and hunt in groups called “pride”. Pride typically consists of up to 15 individuals, including one or two males that are dominant.
The female lions in the pride are related to each other and take on the responsibility of hunting for food. They also have specific roles when it comes to caring for their cubs.
The male lions have a more solitary lifestyle than the females since they spend most of their time patrolling and defending their territory from rival pride.
Male lions often engage in battles over territories but rarely harm each other during these conflicts. Instead, they will roar loudly at each other or display aggressive behaviors such as pawing with their claws extended.
These displays help establish dominance between males and can even prevent clashes between them in some cases.
Alpha Male Lion Behavior
Alpha male lion behavior is a fascinating phenomenon to observe in the wild. As top lions of the pride hierarchy, alpha males are responsible for establishing and protecting their territory, as well as defending their pride from outside threats.
With their impressive size and strength, it’s no wonder that alpha male lions evoke awe and admiration from those who witness their behavior in action.
Alpha males play a crucial role within the social structure of pride by providing leadership, establishing clear boundaries on territory and resources, warding off potential threats, and ensuring that order is maintained among members of the group.
They also enforce discipline when needed; if any member violates established rules or threatens to disrupt the harmony within the pride, they are often quickly put back into line by an alpha male.
E. Lion Learned Behavior
Studies have shown that lions in pride learn behaviors from each other. For example, young cubs watch as their parents teach them hunting techniques such as stalking and killing their prey. Lions also observe each other’s successful hunting strategies and copy them accordingly.
In addition, lions may even share a “talk” with one another using roars and growls when teaching or communicating an idea or concept.
3. Lion Behavioral Adaptations
Lions are known for their strength and power, as they are one of the top predators in the animal kingdom. As such, they have developed a variety of behaviors to hunt and survive in the wild. Lions have evolved over time to possess remarkable adaptations that allow them to live in their natural environments.
The most notable behavioral adaptation of lions is their ability to cooperate with other members of their pride while hunting. By working together, lions can take down larger prey that would otherwise be too difficult or dangerous to hunt alone.
Additionally, lions use vocalizations and body language to communicate with each other during hunts. This coordination helps them coordinate attacks and catch food more efficiently than solitary hunters.
In addition to hunting behavior, lions also display numerous social behaviors within the pride they inhabit. Male lions are the most social of the species, often living with multiple females and cubs in a group called a coalition.
This group is led by the oldest and strongest male (the alpha), who will defend his pride from intruders to maintain access to this valuable territory.
4. Facts about Lions
Known as the “king of the jungle,” lions are iconic symbols of strength, courage, and pride. They are social animals, living in groups called prides, and are renowned for their distinct manes and impressive roars.
Here are some interesting facts about these regal creatures:
- Social Structure: Lions are unique among big cats for their social behavior. They live in prides, which typically consist of related females and their offspring, along with a coalition of males. This social structure provides advantages in hunting and protection.
- Manes: Male lions are easily recognized by their impressive manes, which vary in color and size. The mane not only serves as a symbol of strength but also indicates the lion’s health and vigor. Darker, fuller manes are often associated with healthier individuals.
- Hunting Roles: While females are primarily responsible for hunting, males play a crucial role in defending the pride’s territory. Lions are known for their cooperative hunting strategies, where they work together to take down larger prey.
- Roaring Communication: Lions are famous for their resonant roars that can be heard over long distances. Roaring is a vital form of communication among pride members, helping to coordinate activities and establish territory boundaries.
- Territorial Behavior: Lions are territorial animals, and prides defend their territories against intruders. Territorial disputes can lead to intense and sometimes fatal confrontations between rival prides.
- Sleeping Habits: Lions are often associated with being lazy or inactive, but they are actually crepuscular, meaning they are most active during the dawn and dusk. During the day, lions rest and conserve energy, sometimes sleeping for up to 20 hours.
- Speed and Agility: Despite their large size, lions are surprisingly agile and capable of reaching speeds of up to 35 miles per hour in short bursts. This agility is useful for both hunting and evading potential threats.
- Conservation Status: Lions are listed as a vulnerable species, with their populations declining due to habitat loss, human-wildlife conflict, and poaching. Conservation efforts are underway to protect these iconic animals and their habitats.
- Dietary Preferences: Lions have a diverse diet that includes various ungulates, such as wildebeest, zebras, and buffalo. They are also known to scavenge and may steal kills from other predators, especially hyenas.
- Cubs and Parenting: Lion cubs are born blind and rely on their mothers for care and protection. The entire pride participates in raising the cubs, teaching them essential hunting and survival skills.
Lions continue to captivate the world with their majestic presence and fascinating behaviors, making them a symbol of both the beauty and challenges faced by wildlife in today’s changing world.
5. Frequently Asked Questions About Lion Habits
Do Lions Eat Humans?
Many experts agree that there is no evidence for lions hunting, killing, and eating humans on purpose. While some isolated incidents have occurred where people were killed or injured by lions, these cases are typically attributed to an animal with an injury or illness rather than a healthy lion actively seeking out human prey.
Lions usually avoid contact with people because they perceive them to be dangerous, so attacks against humans are rare unless provoked by other factors such as hunger or territorial disputes.
What Is the Habitat of the Lion?
The lion has a very wide range and can be found in various parts of Africa, including the savannahs, grasslands, open woodlands, thick bush, and semi-desert regions. Lions are also found in some parts of Asia including India’s Gir Forest National Park.
These animals provide them with great hunting opportunities and their habitats must have these food sources for them to survive.
Lions need enough space for themselves so they generally avoid densely populated areas where there may be other predators competing with them for prey.
Can Lions Be Friendly?
Though it’s rare for a wild lion to become truly friendly with a human, instances do exist where this has happened. For example, the famous lioness named Elsa was adopted by game warden George Adamson and his wife Joy in Kenya during the 1950s after she became separated from her family.
With their help, Elsa learned how to hunt for herself and eventually developed an affectionate bond with them, despite being a wild animal.
Cases like this show us that in some special circumstances, lions can be trained to respond positively to people they know, even if they are not related by blood or species!
Do Lions Like to Be Petted?
In general, wild animals are unpredictable and should never be approached without caution. Lions usually have a natural fear of humans and may view us as a threat or potential prey.
Therefore, it is important to remember that lions do not generally seek out human contact and should never be touched without proper safety measures in place.
While it may seem tempting to get close to these majestic creatures, it is important for humans to respect their space for everyone involved, both animals and humans, to stay safe.
Do Lions love their Cubs?
According to research and observation of lions in the wild, experts believe that mother lions certainly have a strong bond with their cubs. This bond is so strong that mothers will risk their own lives to protect their young from predators. Lions also display other signs of affection like licking and playfully wrestling their cubs.
Female lions form pride with other adult females and all share in rearing the pride’s cubs together, which could be seen as a communal form of love for the young animals.
The male lion may not be as involved in raising the cubs, but he does provide protection for them against other male predators who would seek to take over his pride or harm his young offspring.
Do Lions Know Their Cubs?
Female lions use olfactory cues to identify their cubs and may even be able to distinguish between litters. The mothers will stay with one litter of cubs while other adult females will take charge of the other litter, indicating a recognition system within pride.
However, male lions are thought to have less of an understanding or attachment to the cubs. They tend not to associate with the young and can even be seen attacking them when attempting to assert dominance over another male lion.
Conclusion on Lion Habits
Exploring Lion Habits unveils a captivating world of social intricacies, cooperative hunting, and territorial dynamics within these iconic big cats.
The unique behaviors exhibited by lions, from their majestic roars to the cooperative roles within pride, contribute to their enduring allure.
As we delve into the realm of Lion Habits, it becomes clear that a deeper understanding of these creatures is not only crucial for wildlife enthusiasts but also plays a vital role in conservation initiatives.
Preserving the natural habits of lions is essential for maintaining the delicate balance of ecosystems and ensuring the continued existence of these regal animals.
By fostering awareness and supporting conservation efforts, we can contribute to the safeguarding of Lion Habits for generations to come.
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Working the night shift may reduce glucose tolerance and increase a person’s risk of developing Type 2 diabetes, according to a new study from researchers in Boston. Nearly 24 million people in the United States have Type 2 diabetes, and roughly 8.6 million Americans work the night shift.
Previous studies have shown that people who work the night shift have an increased risk of developing Type 2. To determine what factors might contribute to this increase in risk, researchers recruited 13 healthy, nonobese adults who did not have a significant history of night-shift work. The participants were assigned to complete two eight-day procedures in the laboratory in random order. Both procedures included four baseline days, which were then followed by either four days of daytime work or four days of nighttime work.
The content of meals provided to both groups was identical; however, people working the day shift began eating at 8 AM, while people working the night shift began eating at 8 PM. Participants had a fasting blood sample taken before the meal, with additional samples taken every 10 minutes for 90 minutes following the meal and every 30 minutes for 90 minutes thereafter.
The researchers found that peak blood glucose levels were 16% higher during the nighttime shifts compared to during the daytime shifts. They also discovered that, although the meals given to each group were identical, the insulin levels in the night-shift workers were 40% to 50% higher between 80 and 90 minutes after their meal than the insulin levels in daytime workers during the same time frame.
“It is surprising that just a single night shift can significantly impair glucose tolerance and increase insulin levels. These findings are important because they demonstrate, under highly controlled lab conditions, that acute exposure to night work impairs glucose tolerance. Chronic impaired glucose tolerance is likely to lead to Type 2 diabetes,” noted lead author Christopher Morris, PhD.
For more information, read the article “Night Work May Impair Glucose Tolerance” or download a copy of the journal SLEEP’s abstract supplement and view the study abstract on page A182. And to learn more about getting the sleep you need, read this piece by nurse David Spero.
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Naturalization is a process by which Greek Citizenship is granted to a Third Country National of Greek Origin (born and residing abroad) if he/she meets the requirements of Greek Citizenship Law. Said process can become difficult and confusing as applicants must complete several steps while meeting various requirements and deadlines. The naturalization process is followed when the applicant’s ancestor’s registration with the Greek Authorities is not valid (for example, in the case of old registration records with the Municipal Rolls) or no record of his/her ancestor can be located with the Greek Authorities.
An applicant submits a petition and an application to the Greek Consulate of his/her place of residence abroad (signed by him/her), in the presence of two witnesses (who need to be Greek Citizens), requesting to acquire the Greek Citizenship. An interview of the applicant at the Consulate General is required. An applicant should exhibit a strong connection to Greece (evidenced –among other things-by visits to Greece, involvement with the Greek Community at the country of his/her residence, existing relatives in Greece and command of the Greek language). While speaking Greek is not absolutely necessary, it is a fact taken into consideration. The Greek Consulate receives the application and petition with all the supporting documents and forwards the file to the Hellenic Ministry of Interior. Once the file arrives at the Naturalization Department of the Ministry, the Ministry following review, issues a Decision granting or denying the Greek Citizenship. The Ministry may reject an applicant’s application if the requirements are not met. Said process usually takes more than (1) one year.
Once a Decision is issued by the Ministry of Interior, it is published on the National Gazette. Following that, the Ministry issues a “Notice of Naturalization Oath Ceremony” which is forwarded to the competent Greek Consulate abroad. The Greek Consulate should schedule the Oath Ceremony and the applicant should attend it within one (1) year from the issuance of the Decision issued by the Ministry of Interior. The applicant at the citizenship oath ceremony swears allegiance and faith to the state of Greece. In case the applicant does not attend the oath ceremony within the specific time, the Decision is revoked.
After the applicant takes the oath, a report is drafted by the Competent Greek Consulate stating the Municipality the applicant wishes to register with, which is forwarded to the competent Greek Citizenship Department of the Decentralized Administration in Greece. The Decentralized Administration (its Department of Greek citizenship handling Greek citizenship applications of individuals of Greek origin) is a legal body established by the Hellenic Ministry of Interior and each region in Greece is assigned to a Decentralized Administration. The Decentralized Administration processes the applicant’s file and forwards the file to the competent Municipality, which –in turn- completes the registration. Once the registration with the Municipal Rolls is completed, the third country national is officially a Greek Citizen!
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| 0.93765 | 596 | 2.625 | 3 |
In the first part, we established the purpose of Service Mesh and explained the Authentication part of the process. In this article, we’ll focus on Authorization.
Once the identity of the requester is known, the next step is to check whether the requester is authorized to access the requested data.
User to service
Users must have access to Application Service to submit applications.
When a request reaches the Application Service, the service must first check the "internal token" to ensure that a valid user sent the request. Then it checks whether the requesting user has access to the service or a specific endpoint of the service. In this case, this is done by checking the description of the user access in the "internal token." As this process has nothing to do with the business logic for the Application Service, it’s better to delegate it to a sidecar.
Service to service
A request from a user can be handled entirely by one microservice in the system, or by multiple microservices together. For microservices, the requester can be a user or other microservice. In our system, there will be interactions between microservices, but they are limited. When Application Service receives a request for creating an application, it needs to access the Domain Specific User Information Service for user data to create the application. For Domain Specific User Information Service, requests from Application Service should be processed, otherwise they should be rejected.
The accessibility configuration between services is provided by another service. When performing this check, we must first retrieve the accessibility configuration between services so that we can handle the request according to the configuration. Since this process also has nothing to do with the business logic for the Domain Specific User Information Service, it’s better to delegate it to a sidecar as well.
User to data from services
Access data from Application Service as a team member in an application
When a team member submits an application on behalf of the team, the system needs to allow other team members to view the application. Since the application contains team members’ mobile numbers, the system can know who can access the application according to authenticated users’ mobile numbers. In this scenario, the configuration of whether the application can be accessed is from the application itself. In other words: only Application Service itself knows who can access what applications.
Authorization check delegated to a sidecar
Since the authorization information can only be from the Application Service, the microservice must provide an API for the sidecar to perform the authorization check, which results in the microservice being essentially involved in the authorization check and the authorization check not being fully delegated to the sidecar.
Authorization check within the service
For many microservices that use relational databases, authorization checks may be just the filtering of the INNER JOIN in SQL without doing anything more. If we need to filter the data received from the database, communicating within a service is easier than communicating between services.
As we mentioned, only Application Service itself knows who can access what applications. Therefore, in this scenario, incorporating the authorization check within the service can make the logic more coherent and reduce unnecessary work if the microservices do it themselves.
Access data from Application Service as an application reviewer
Assume that applicants come from 10 cities. There are 5 application reviewers, with each reviewer taking responsibility for applications from 2 cities. No information is shared among them.
City 1 and city 2 are under the management of reviewer 1. When reviewer 1 wants to view applications under their management, they need to call an endpoint similar to the following.
The reviewer may only want to view applications from city 1 submitted in recent days.
The reviewer isn’t authorized to view applications from cities other than 1 and 2. So the request below must be rejected.
Delegate the authorization check to a sidecar
Since the accessibility configuration is provided by other services, the microservice doesn’t need or have the ability to provide support for the sidecar, or to know that the sidecar exists. But the sidecar, which is used for the authorization check, needs to learn the microservice's business.
Although the sidecar must learn the business of the microservice and become the service’s exclusive sidecar, from the perspective of the microservice, the logic of data authorization checking is completely delegated, and the microservice can be cleaner. When developers build the microservice, they can also focus more on implementing the business.
Before microservices process requests, identifying the requesting user, meaning verifying the authentication, should be delegated to the infrastructure layer.
When the authorization configuration is provided by other services, if it's "service to service" or "user to service," it should be delegated to the infrastructure layer. If it's "user to data from service," like the scenario where application reviewers review applications, delegating the authorization check to the infrastructure layer should be considered a priority.
When the authorization configuration can only be provided by the microservice itself, if it's "user to data from services," maintaining the configuration is the service’s job. Like the scenario where the relationship between team members and applications. Having the microservice to perform the authorization check should be considered a priority.
Disclaimer: The statements and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the positions of Thoughtworks.
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The enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is an essential component of cellular metabolism. It is the target for a number of drugs, some of which are directed towards the bacterial form of the enzyme and function as antibiotics. Trimethoprim (TMP) is one such compound. Unfortunately, bacteria quickly evolve variants of DHFR that are both active and resistant to TMP. We have used directed evolution to mimic this evolutionary process, and have produced mutants that are both active and bind TMP with very low affinity. Analysis of these mutants reveals a great deal about DHFR as well as providing a great deal of useful information for designing new drugs.
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Some have interpreted the “Hockey Stick” as definitive proof of the human influence on climate. However, others have suggested that the data and methodologies used to produce this type of figure are questionable (e.g. von Storch et al. 2004), because widespread, accurate temperature records are only available for the past 150 years. Much of the temperature record is recreated from a range of ‘proxy’ sources such as tree rings, historicalrecords, ice cores, lake sediments and corals.This simple fact - that carbon dioxide and methane reflect more infrared radiation than other gases - is incontrovertible, as solidly known as the force of gravity at the Earth's surface. There is no question that an atmosphere with more CO2 in it will reflect more infrared radiation than one with less. These are laws of physics, not models or conjecture.
Climate change arguments do not rest on “proving” that the warming trend is unprecedented over the past Millennium. Whether or not this debate is now settled, this is only one in a number of lines of evidence for human-induced climate change. The key conclusion, that the build-up of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere will lead to several degrees of warming,rests on the laws of physics and chemistry and a broad range of evidence beyond one particular graph.
Somehow, this always gets lost in the discussion. To claim that continuing emissions of CO2 won't lead to climate change is to claim that up is down, black is white, and the laws of physics no longer apply. Very, very good of Stern to state the facts of this matter.
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| 0.947145 | 335 | 3.359375 | 3 |
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