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In temperate climates , winter deaths exceed summer ones . However , there is limited information on the timing and the relative magnitudes of maximum and minimum mortality , by local climate , age group , sex and medical cause of death . We used geo-coded mortality data and wavelets to analyse the seasonality of morta...	In the USA , more deaths happen in the winter than the summer . But when deaths occur varies greatly by sex , age , cause of death , and possibly region . Seasonal differences in death rates can change over time due to changes in factors that cause disease or affect treatment . Analyzing the seasonality of deaths can h...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health" ]	2018	National and regional seasonal dynamics of all-cause and cause-specific mortality in the USA from 1980 to 2016
Whether complement dysregulation directly contributes to the pathogenesis of peripheral nervous system diseases , including sensory neuropathies , is unclear . We addressed this important question in a mouse model of ocular HSV-1 infection , where sensory nerve damage is a common clinical problem . Through genetic and ...	Most people have likely experienced the discomfort of an eyelash falling onto the surface of their eye . Or that gritty sensation when dust blows into the eye and irritates the surface . These sensations are warnings from sensory nerves in the cornea , the transparent tissue that covers the iris and pupil . Corneal ner...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2019	Complement and CD4+ T cells drive context-specific corneal sensory neuropathy
Variation in the presentation of hereditary immunodeficiencies may be explained by genetic or environmental factors . Patients with mutations in HOIL1 ( RBCK1 ) present with amylopectinosis-associated myopathy with or without hyper-inflammation and immunodeficiency . We report that barrier-raised HOIL-1-deficient mice ...	The immune system protects an individual from invading bacteria , viruses and parasites , as well as malfunctioning or cancerous host cells . However , some people inherit genetic defects that cause part of the immune system to be missing or to not work properly . This is called a genetic immunodeficiency , and puts in...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2015	Phenotypic complementation of genetic immunodeficiency by chronic herpesvirus infection
Rapid and flexible interpretation of conflicting sensory inputs in the context of current goals is a critical component of cognitive control that is orchestrated by frontal cortex . The relative roles of distinct subregions within frontal cortex are poorly understood . To examine the dynamics underlying cognitive contr...	The brain adapts to control our behavior in different ways depending on the specific situation , which is particularly useful when deciding how to interpret conflicting sets of information . The 'Stroop task' is a classic demonstration of this process . In this task , individuals are shown words where the color and the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Cascade of neural processing orchestrates cognitive control in human frontal cortex
Myosin 5a is a dual-headed molecular motor that transports cargo along actin filaments . By following the motion of individual heads with interferometric scattering microscopy at nm spatial and ms temporal precision we found that the detached head occupies a loosely fixed position to one side of actin from which it reb...	Cells use motor proteins that to move organelles and other cargos from one place to another . The myosins are a family of motor proteins that pull cargo along filaments made of another protein called actin . The ‘head’ end of myosin attaches to the actin filament and the ‘tail’ end binds to the cargo . The head and tai...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	Structural dynamics of myosin 5 during processive motion revealed by interferometric scattering microscopy
The latent reservoir is a major barrier to HIV cure . As latently infected cells cannot be phenotyped directly , the features of the in vivo reservoir have remained elusive . Here , we describe a method that leverages high-dimensional phenotyping using CyTOF to trace latently infected cells reactivated ex vivo to their...	There is no cure for the human immunodeficiency virus infection ( HIV ) , but anti-retroviral drugs allow infected people to keep the virus at bay and lead a normal life . These drugs suppress the growth of HIV , but they do not eliminate the virus . If the treatment is interrupted , the virus bounces back within weeks...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2020	Phenotypic analysis of the unstimulated in vivo HIV CD4 T cell reservoir
Object manufacture in insects is typically inherited , and believed to be highly stereotyped . Optimization , the ability to select the functionally best material and modify it appropriately for a specific function , implies flexibility and is usually thought to be incompatible with inherited behaviour . Here , we show...	Male tree crickets produce sounds at a specific pitch to attract females . The louder the call , the further the sound travels and the more females he can attract . But making loud sounds is difficult for small animals like insects . To produce sounds , tree crickets rub their wings together and set them into vibration...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2017	Tree crickets optimize the acoustics of baffles to exaggerate their mate-attraction signal
Missense mutations of valosin-containing protein ( VCP ) cause an autosomal dominant disease known as inclusion body myopathy , Paget disease with frontotemporal dementia ( IBMPFD ) and other neurodegenerative disorders . The pathological mechanism of IBMPFD is not clear and there is no treatment . We show that endogen...	A disease called “inclusion body myopathy , Paget disease and frontotemporal dementia ( IBMPFD ) ” is an inherited disorder that can affect the muscles , brain and bones . People affected by the disease find that their muscles become progressively weaker , and may go on to develop a bone disorder and a form of dementia...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Valosin-containing protein (VCP/p97) inhibitors relieve Mitofusin-dependent mitochondrial defects due to VCP disease mutants
Mammals produce volatile odours that convey different types of societal information . In Homo sapiens , this is now recognised as body odour , a key chemical component of which is the sulphurous thioalcohol , 3-methyl-3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol ( 3M3SH ) . Volatile 3M3SH is produced in the underarm as a result of specific mi...	Human body odour contains a number of chemicals , but the most pungent and recognisable are thioalcohols . These molecules are created through a series of chemical reactions that start with an odourless precursor , a compound produced in glands located in our armpits . Then , a type of bacteria called Staphylococcus ho...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2018	Structural basis of malodour precursor transport in the human axilla
Monocytes are phagocytic effector cells in the blood and precursors of resident and inflammatory tissue macrophages . The aim of the current study was to analyse and compare their contribution to innate immune surveillance of the lung in the steady state with macrophage and dendritic cells ( DC ) . ECFP and EGFP transg...	White blood cells form part of the immune system , which protects the body against infectious diseases and other harmful agents . Some of these cells , including ‘mononuclear phagocytes’ , can reside within different tissues of the body , such as the lungs . Other less specialized cells , called monocytes , circulate i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2015	Immune surveillance of the lung by migrating tissue monocytes
Production of mRNA depends critically on the rate of RNA polymerase II ( Pol II ) elongation . To dissect Pol II dynamics in mouse ES cells , we inhibited Pol II transcription at either initiation or promoter-proximal pause escape with Triptolide or Flavopiridol , and tracked Pol II kinetically using GRO-seq . Both inh...	Many different factors determine how quickly the DNA in genes is transcribed to produce molecules of messenger RNA . The start of the transcription process features two milestones: first , an enzyme called RNA Polymerase II starts the process; shortly afterwards , however , the process pauses and only starts again when...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2014	Genome-wide dynamics of Pol II elongation and its interplay with promoter proximal pausing, chromatin, and exons
Ciliary and rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells represent two main lines of photoreceptor-cell evolution in animals . The two cell types coexist in some animals , however how these cells functionally integrate is unknown . We used connectomics to map synaptic paths between ciliary and rhabdomeric photoreceptors in the plan...	The animal kingdom contains many different types of eyes , but all share certain features in common . All detect light using specialized cells called photoreceptors , of which there are two main kinds: ciliary and rhabdomeric . Crustaceans and their relatives , including insects , have rhabdomeric photoreceptors; while...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Ciliary and rhabdomeric photoreceptor-cell circuits form a spectral depth gauge in marine zooplankton
In HIV-1 infection , a population of latently infected cells facilitates viral persistence despite antiretroviral therapy ( ART ) . With the aim of identifying individuals in whom ART might induce a period of viraemic control on stopping therapy , we hypothesised that quantification of the pool of latently infected cel...	HIV is a virus that can hide in , and hijack , the cells of the immune system and force them to make new copies of the virus . This eventually destroys the infected cells and weakens the ability of a person with HIV to fight off infections and disease . If diagnosed early and treated , most people with HIV now live lon...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2014	HIV-1 DNA predicts disease progression and post-treatment virological control
Traditionally , drug dosing is based on a concentration-response relationship estimated in a population . Yet , in specific individuals , decisions based on the population-level effects frequently result in over or under-dosing . Here , we interrogate the relationship between population-based and individual-based respo...	Every year , millions of patients undergo general anesthesia for complex or life-saving surgeries . In the vast majority of cases , the drugs work as intended . But a minority of patients take longer than expected to regain consciousness after anesthetic , and a few wake up during the surgery itself . It is unclear wha...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "physics", "of", "living", "systems", "neuroscience" ]	2019	Analysis of stochastic fluctuations in responsiveness is a critical step toward personalized anesthesia
Visual speed is believed to be underestimated at low contrast , which has been proposed as an explanation of excessive driving speed in fog . Combining psychophysics measurements and driving simulation , we confirm that speed is underestimated when contrast is reduced uniformly for all objects of the visual scene indep...	The ways people respond to conditions of reduced visibility is a central topic in vision research . Notably , it has been shown that people tend to underestimate speeds when visibility is reduced equally at all distances , as for example , when driving with a fogged up windshield . But what happens when the visibility ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2012	Foggy perception slows us down
Planarians regenerate all body parts after injury , including the central nervous system ( CNS ) . We capitalized on this distinctive trait and completed a gene expression-guided functional screen to identify factors that regulate diverse aspects of neural regeneration in Schmidtea mediterranea . Our screen revealed mo...	Animals differ in the extent to which they can regenerate missing body parts after injury . Humans regenerate poorly after many injuries , especially when the brain becomes damaged after stroke , disease or trauma . On the other hand , planarians – small worms that live in fresh water – regenerate exceptionally well . ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "neuroscience" ]	2016	A functional genomics screen in planarians reveals regulators of whole-brain regeneration
Adenosine 5’ triphosphate ( ATP ) is a ubiquitous extracellular signaling messenger . Here , we describe a method for in-vivo imaging of extracellular ATP with high spatiotemporal resolution . We prepared a comprehensive set of cysteine-substitution mutants of ATP-binding protein , Bacillus FoF1-ATP synthase ε subunit ...	Biologists often refer to a small molecule called adenosine triphosphate – or ATP for short – as ‘the currency of life’ . This molecule carries energy all through the body , and most cells and proteins require ATP to perform their various roles . Nerve cells ( also known as neurons ) in the brain release ATP when activ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2020	Real-time in vivo imaging of extracellular ATP in the brain with a hybrid-type fluorescent sensor
Expression of the stress-induced ligands MICA , MICB and ULBP 1–6 are up-regulated as a cellular response to DNA damage , excessive proliferation or viral infection; thereby , they enable recognition and annihilation by immune cells that express the powerful activating receptor NKG2D . This receptor is present not excl...	Tumor cells differ from healthy cells in many aspects . Importantly , tumor cells have the ability to divide and grow much faster than normal cells . To protect ourselves from full-grown cancers , our bodies have developed a surveillance system: when a tumor cell starts to divide without restraint , “stress-induced” pr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2016	The RNA binding protein IMP3 facilitates tumor immune escape by downregulating the stress-induced ligands ULPB2 and MICB
Organisms often exhibit behavioral or phenotypic diversity to improve population fitness in the face of environmental variability . When each behavior or phenotype is individually maladaptive , alternating between these losing strategies can counter-intuitively result in population persistence–an outcome similar to the...	Many organisms , from slime molds to jellyfish , alternate between life as free-moving “nomadic” individuals and communal life in a more stationary colony . So what evolutionary reasons lie behind such stark behavioral diversity in a single species ? What benefits are obtained by switching from one behavior to another ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2017	Nomadic-colonial life strategies enable paradoxical survival and growth despite habitat destruction
Learning the spatial organization of the environment is essential for most animals’ survival . This requires the animal to derive allocentric spatial information from egocentric sensory and motor experience . The neural mechanisms underlying this transformation are mostly unknown . We addressed this problem in electric...	Finding their way around is an essential part of survival for many animals and helps them to locate food , mates and shelter . Animals have evolved the ability to form a 'map' or representation of their surroundings . For example , the electric fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus , is able to precisely learn the location of...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	A time-stamp mechanism may provide temporal information necessary for egocentric to allocentric spatial transformations
Prior studies have shown that high-frequency activity ( HFA ) is modulated by the phase of low-frequency activity . This phenomenon of phase-amplitude coupling ( PAC ) is often interpreted as reflecting phase coding of neural representations , although evidence for this link is still lacking in humans . Here , we show ...	Electrocorticography , or ECoG , is a technique that is used to record the electrical activity of the brain via electrodes placed inside the skull . This electrical activity repeatedly rises and falls , and can therefore be represented as a series of waves . All waves have three basic properties: amplitude , frequency ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Phase-amplitude coupling supports phase coding in human ECoG
Plasmodium falciparum causes the most severe form of malaria in humans and is responsible for over 700 , 000 deaths annually . It is an obligate intracellular parasite and invades erythrocytes where it grows in a relatively protected niche . Invasion of erythrocytes is essential for parasite survival and this involves ...	Malaria is a disease caused by a single-celled parasite called Plasmodium , which is transmitted between humans by mosquitoes . It is estimated that 3 . 4 billion people worldwide live in regions where they are at risk of malaria , and malaria infections cause hundreds of thousands of deaths each year . When a mosquito...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2014	Crystal structure of PfRh5, an essential P. falciparum ligand for invasion of human erythrocytes
Predator-prey interactions influence prey traits through both consumptive and non-consumptive effects , and variation in these traits can shape vector-borne disease dynamics . Meta-analysis methods were employed to generate predation effect sizes by different categories of predators and mosquito prey . This analysis sh...	Mosquitoes are often referred to as the deadliest animals on earth because some species spread malaria , West Nile virus or other dangerous diseases when they bite humans and other animals . Adult mosquitoes fly to streams , ponds and other freshwater environments to lay their eggs . When the eggs hatch , the young mos...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "ecology", "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health" ]	2022	Both consumptive and non-consumptive effects of predators impact mosquito populations and have implications for disease transmission
Predicting and constraining RNA virus evolution require understanding the molecular factors that define the mutational landscape accessible to these pathogens . RNA viruses typically have high mutation rates , resulting in frequent production of protein variants with compromised biophysical properties . Their evolution...	Influenza viruses , commonly called flu , can evade our immune system and develop resistance to treatments by changing frequently . Specifically , mutations in their genome cause influenza proteins to change in ways that can help the virus evade our defences . However , these mutations come at a cost and can prevent th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2017	Host proteostasis modulates influenza evolution
Impairment of peripheral nerve function is frequent in neurometabolic diseases , but mechanistically not well understood . Here , we report a novel disease mechanism and the finding that glial lipid metabolism is critical for axon function , independent of myelin itself . Surprisingly , nerves of Schwann cell-specific ...	Nerve cells transmit messages along their length in the form of electrical signals . Much like an electrical wire , the nerve fiber or axon is coated by a multiple-layered insulation , called the myelin sheath . However , unlike electrical insulation , the myelin sheath is regularly interrupted to expose short regions ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "neuroscience" ]	2017	Peroxisomal dysfunctions cause lysosomal storage and axonal Kv1 channel redistribution in peripheral neuropathy
Adult stem cells are responsible for life-long tissue maintenance . They reside in and interact with specialized tissue microenvironments ( niches ) . Using murine hair follicle as a model , we show that when junctional perturbations in the niche disrupt barrier function , adjacent stem cells dramatically change their ...	Most , if not all , tissues of an adult animal contain stem cells . These stem cells regenerate and repair damaged tissues and organs for the entire lifetime of an animal , contributing to a healthy life . They divide to make daughter cells that become either new stem cells or specialized cells of that organ . Adult st...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine" ]	2018	Stem cells repurpose proliferation to contain a breach in their niche barrier
The correct distribution and activity of secreted signaling proteins called morphogens is required for many developmental processes . Nodal morphogens play critical roles in embryonic axis formation in many organisms . Models proposed to generate the Nodal gradient include diffusivity , ligand processing , and a tempor...	Animals develop from a single fertilized egg cell into multicellular organisms . This process requires chemical signals called “morphogens” that instruct the cells how to behave during development . The morphogens move across cells and tissues to form gradients of the signal . Cells then respond in different ways depen...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2016	Extracellular interactions and ligand degradation shape the nodal morphogen gradient
CHC22 clathrin plays a key role in intracellular membrane traffic of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter GLUT4 in humans . We performed population genetic and phylogenetic analyses of the CHC22-encoding CLTCL1 gene , revealing independent gene loss in at least two vertebrate lineages , after arising from gene du...	When we eat carbohydrates , they are digested into sugars that circulate in the blood to provide energy for the brain and other parts of the body . But too much blood sugar can be poisonous . The body regulates blood sugar balance using the hormone insulin , which triggers the removal of sugar from the blood into muscl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2019	Genetic diversity of CHC22 clathrin impacts its function in glucose metabolism
Over 500 genetic loci have been associated with risk of cardiovascular diseases ( CVDs ) ; however , most loci are located in gene-distal non-coding regions and their target genes are not known . Here , we generated high-resolution promoter capture Hi-C ( PCHi-C ) maps in human induced pluripotent stem cells ( iPSCs ) ...	Our genomes contain around 20 , 000 different genes that code for instructions to create proteins and other important molecules . When changes , or mutations , occur within these genes , malfunctioning proteins that are damaging to the cell may be produced . Researchers of human genetics have tried to spot the genetic ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2018	A promoter interaction map for cardiovascular disease genetics
Mimicry complexes typically consist of multiple species that deter predators using similar anti-predatory signals . Mimics in these complexes are assumed to vary in their level of defence from highly defended through to moderately defended , or not defended at all . Here , we report a new multi-order mimicry complex th...	Many animals use bright colours to warn a potential predator that they can defend themselves . Wasps , for instance , are armed with a harmful sting and advertise this fact via their distinctive yellow and black stripes . Predators often learn to heed such warnings and avoid these unpalatable animals in future . As a r...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology" ]	2017	The golden mimicry complex uses a wide spectrum of defence to deter a community of predators
Episodic memory has a dynamic nature: when we recall past episodes , we retrieve not only their content , but also their temporal structure . The phenomenon of replay , in the hippocampus of mammals , offers a remarkable example of this temporal dynamics . However , most quantitative models of memory treat memories as ...	When we recall a past experience , accessing what is known as an ‘episodic memory’ , it usually does not appear as a still image or a snapshot of what occurred . Instead , our memories tend to be dynamic: we remember how a sequence of events unfolded , and when we do this , we often re-experience at least part of that ...	[ "Abstract", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2021	Continuous attractors for dynamic memories
Tissue organization is often characterized by specific patterns of cell morphology . How such patterns emerge in developing tissues is a fundamental open question . Here , we investigate the emergence of tissue-scale patterns of cell shape and mechanical tissue stress in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc during larval ...	During development , carefully choreographed cell movements ensure the creation of a healthy organism . To determine their identity and place across a tissue , cells can read gradients of far-reaching signaling molecules called morphogens; in addition , physical forces can play a part in helping cells acquire the right...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "physics", "of", "living", "systems" ]	2021	Self-organized patterning of cell morphology via mechanosensitive feedback
HIV-1 Vpr is necessary for maximal HIV infection and spread in macrophages . Evolutionary conservation of Vpr suggests an important yet poorly understood role for macrophages in HIV pathogenesis . Vpr counteracts a previously unknown macrophage-specific restriction factor that targets and reduces the expression of HIV ...	Human cells have defense mechanisms against viral infection known as restriction factors . These are proteins that break down parts of a virus including its DNA or proteins . To evade these defenses , viruses in turn make proteins that block or break down restriction factors . This battle between human and viral protei...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2020	Mannose receptor is an HIV restriction factor counteracted by Vpr in macrophages
The balance between self-renewal and differentiation of neural progenitor cells ( NPCs ) dictates neurogenesis and proper brain development . We found that the RNA- binding protein Sam68 ( Khdrbs1 ) is strongly expressed in neurogenic areas of the neocortex and supports the self-renewing potential of mouse NPCs . Knock...	Neurons develop from cells called neural progenitors . These cells can either divide to produce more progenitor cells or develop into specific types of neurons . These two activities – known as self-renewal and differentiation – must be balanced to produce the right number of specialized neurons , without depleting the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2016	Sam68 promotes self-renewal and glycolytic metabolism in mouse neural progenitor cells by modulating Aldh1a3 pre-mRNA 3'-end processing
Dominant theories of hippocampal function propose that place cell representations are formed during an animal's first encounter with a novel environment and are subsequently replayed during off-line states to support consolidation and future behaviour . Here we report that viewing the delivery of food to an unvisited p...	As an animal explores an area , part of the brain called the hippocampus creates a mental map of the space . When the animal is in one location , a few neurons called ‘place cells’ will fire . If the animal moves to a new spot , other place cells fire instead . Each time the animal returns to that spot , the same place...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "method" ]	[ "short", "report", "neuroscience" ]	2015	Hippocampal place cells construct reward related sequences through unexplored space
Leading strand DNA synthesis requires functional coupling between replicative helicase and DNA polymerase ( DNAP ) enzymes , but the structural and mechanistic basis of coupling is poorly understood . This study defines the precise positions of T7 helicase and T7 DNAP at the replication fork junction with single-base r...	DNA replication is the process whereby a molecule of DNA is copied to form two identical molecules . First , an enzyme called a DNA helicase separates the two strands of the DNA double helix . This forms a structure called a replication fork that has two exposed single strands . Other enzymes called DNA polymerases the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	Cooperative base pair melting by helicase and polymerase positioned one nucleotide from each other
The brain regulates fertility through gonadotropin-releasing hormone ( GnRH ) neurons . Estradiol induces negative feedback on pulsatile GnRH/luteinizing hormone ( LH ) release and positive feedback generating preovulatory GnRH/LH surges . Negative and positive feedbacks are postulated to be mediated by kisspeptin neur...	Female reproduction relies on a complex balance of hormones that drive the reproductive cycle ( menstrual cycle in humans ) and influence fertility . A hormone called GnRH , which stands for gonadotropin-releasing hormone , plays a major role in regulating this balance . GnRH is transmitted from the brain and stimulate...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2019	Genetic dissection of the different roles of hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons in regulating female reproduction
Molecular recognition is integral to biological function and frequently involves preferred binding of a molecule to one of several exchanging ligand conformations in solution . In such a process the bound structure can be selected from the ensemble of interconverting ligands a priori ( conformational selection , CS ) o...	Proteins are the workhorses of a cell and are involved in almost all biological processes . Newly made proteins need to ‘fold’ into precise three-dimensional shapes in order to carry out their roles . However , proteins sometimes fold incorrectly or unfold . These protein forms are not able to work effectively and in s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2018	Conserved conformational selection mechanism of Hsp70 chaperone-substrate interactions
T cells discriminate between self and foreign antigenic peptides , displayed on antigen presenting cell surfaces , via the TCR . While the molecular interactions between TCR and its ligands are well characterized in vitro , quantitative measurements of these interactions in living cells are required to accurately resol...	The immune system identifies and combats foreign objects , including pathogens , in the body . T cells are key components of the immune system , and each has a unique variant of a signalling complex known as the T cell receptor on its surface . T cells scan the surfaces of other cells in search of antigens , which are ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2013	Direct single molecule measurement of TCR triggering by agonist pMHC in living primary T cells
Bacterial phototaxis was first recognized over a century ago , but the method by which such small cells can sense the direction of illumination has remained puzzling . The unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp . PCC 6803 moves with Type IV pili and measures light intensity and color with a range of photoreceptors...	Cyanobacteria are blue-green bacteria that are abundant in the environment . Cyanobacteria in the oceans are among the world’s most important oxygen producers and carbon dioxide consumers . Synechocystis is a spherical single-celled cyanobacterium that measures about three thousandths of a millimetre across . Because S...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "physics", "of", "living", "systems", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2016	Cyanobacteria use micro-optics to sense light direction
While the dynamin GTPase Drp1 plays a critical role during mitochondrial fission , mechanisms controlling its recruitment to fission sites are unclear . A current assumption is that cytosolic Drp1 is recruited directly to fission sites immediately prior to fission . Using live-cell microscopy , we find evidence for a d...	Inside cells , structures called mitochondria supply the energy needed to carry out the processes that sustain life . Mitochondria constantly divide ( a process known as fission ) or fuse together , which helps to keep them in good working condition and well distributed around the cell . Several neurological disorders ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Actin filaments target the oligomeric maturation of the dynamin GTPase Drp1 to mitochondrial fission sites
Each Drosophila muscle is seeded by one Founder Cell issued from terminal division of a Progenitor Cell ( PC ) . Muscle identity reflects the expression by each PC of a specific combination of identity Transcription Factors ( iTFs ) . Sequential emergence of several PCs at the same position raised the question of how d...	Animals have many different muscles of various shapes and sizes that are suited to specific tasks and behaviors . The fruit fly known as Drosophila has a fairly simple musculature , which makes it an ideal model animal to investigate how different muscles form . In fruit fly embryos , cells called progenitor cells divi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2016	Genetic dissection of the Transcription Factor code controlling serial specification of muscle identities in Drosophila
Age-related hearing loss ( ARHL ) is the most common sensory deficit in the elderly . The disease has a multifactorial etiology with both environmental and genetic factors involved being largely unknown . SLC7A8/SLC3A2 heterodimer is a neutral amino acid exchanger . Here , we demonstrated that SLC7A8 is expressed in th...	Age-related hearing loss affects about one in three individuals between the ages of 65 and 74 . The first symptom is difficulty hearing high-pitched sounds like children’s voices . The disease starts gradually and worsens over time . Changes in the ear , the nerve that connects it to the brain , or the brain itself can...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2018	Mutations in L-type amino acid transporter-2 support SLC7A8 as a novel gene involved in age-related hearing loss
The first S-adenosyl methionine ( SAM ) degrading enzyme ( SAMase ) was discovered in bacteriophage T3 , as a counter-defense against the bacterial restriction-modification system , and annotated as a SAM hydrolase forming 5’-methyl-thioadenosine ( MTA ) and L-homoserine . From environmental phages , we recently discov...	Bacteria can be infected by viruses known as bacteriophages . These viruses inject their genetic material into bacterial cells and use the bacteria’s own machinery to build the proteins they need to survive and infect other cells . To protect themselves , bacteria produce a molecule called S-adenosyl methionine , or SA...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2021	Structure and mechanism of a phage-encoded SAM lyase revises catalytic function of enzyme family
Host antiviral proteins engage in evolutionary arms races with viruses , in which both sides rapidly evolve at interaction interfaces to gain or evade immune defense . For example , primate TRIM5α uses its rapidly evolving ‘v1’ loop to bind retroviral capsids , and single mutations in this loop can dramatically improve...	The evolutionary battle between viruses and the immune system is essentially a high-stakes arms race . The immune system makes antiviral proteins , called restriction factors , which can stop the virus from replicating . In response , viruses evolve to evade the effects of restriction factors . To counter this , restri...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2020	Mutational resilience of antiviral restriction favors primate TRIM5α in host-virus evolutionary arms races
The TIM22 complex mediates the import of hydrophobic carrier proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane . While the TIM22 machinery has been well characterised in yeast , the human complex remains poorly characterised . Here , we identify Tim29 ( C19orf52 ) as a novel , metazoan-specific subunit of the human TIM22 ...	Mitochondria are like tiny bean-shaped “power stations” that provide our cells with the vast majority of the energy that they need . These structures , however , are not self-sufficient and instead rely on proteins and chemicals that are imported from elsewhere in the cell . Two layers of membrane enclose the mitochond...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Tim29 is a novel subunit of the human TIM22 translocase and is involved in complex assembly and stability
All cells maintain ionic gradients across their plasma membranes , producing transmembrane potentials ( Vmem ) . Mounting evidence suggests a relationship between resting Vmem and the physiology of non-excitable cells with implications in diverse areas , including cancer , cellular differentiation , and body patterning...	All living cells are like tiny batteries . As long as a cell is alive , it actively maintains a difference in electrical charge between its interior and exterior . This charge difference , or voltage , is called the membrane potential , and it is vital for our bodies to work properly . For example , fast changes in mem...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "physics", "of", "living", "systems", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2019	Optical estimation of absolute membrane potential using fluorescence lifetime imaging
Events separated in time are associatively learned in trace conditioning , recruiting more neuronal circuits and molecular mechanisms than in delay conditioning . However , it remains unknown whether a given sensory memory trace is being maintained as a unitary item to associate . Here , we used conditioned taste avers...	The survival of animals , including us humans , depends on the ability to discriminate good food from bad . We would prefer eating a given taste if it did not cause any negative feelings after eating it for the first time; however , we would avoid eating that specific taste if it caused any digestive discomfort . This ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "neuroscience" ]	2015	A molecular mechanism underlying gustatory memory trace for an association in the insular cortex
Virophages can parasitize giant DNA viruses and may provide adaptive anti-giant virus defense in unicellular eukaryotes . Under laboratory conditions , the virophage mavirus integrates into the nuclear genome of the marine flagellate Cafeteria burkhardae and reactivates upon superinfection with the giant virus CroV . I...	Viruses exist in all ecosystems in vast numbers and infect many organisms . Some of them are harmful but others can protect the organisms they infect . For example , a group of viruses called virophages protect microscopic sea creatures called plankton from deadly infections by so-called giant viruses . In fact , virop...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2021	Virophages and retrotransposons colonize the genomes of a heterotrophic flagellate
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy ( FSHD ) is a muscular dystrophy caused by inefficient epigenetic repression of the D4Z4 macrosatellite array and somatic expression of the DUX4 retrogene . DUX4 is a double homeobox transcription factor that is normally expressed in the testis and causes apoptosis and FSHD when m...	Genes are sequences of DNA that contain instructions for the cell that must be carefully controlled because it is not always appropriate or safe for these instructions to be followed . When genes are active , copies of the DNA are made using molecules of ribonucleic acid ( RNA ) and these can then be used as templates ...	[ "Abstract", "Main", "text", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2015	A feedback loop between nonsense-mediated decay and the retrogene DUX4 in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy
Cell cycle arrest is an active response to stresses that enables organisms to survive under fluctuating environmental conditions . While signalling pathways that inhibit cell cycle progression have been elucidated , the putative core module orchestrating cell cycle arrest in response to various stresses is still elusiv...	During environmental stresses , such as high light or a drought , plants do not have the opportunity to up and leave . Instead , they need to buy time and energy by pausing their growth , which means stopping their cells from dividing . In this case , the cell cycle , a series of stages during which a cell prepares its...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology" ]	2019	A regulatory module controlling stress-induced cell cycle arrest in Arabidopsis
The endosomal sorting complexes required for transport ( ESCRT ) machinery mediates the physical separation between daughter cells during cytokinetic abscission . This process is regulated by the abscission checkpoint , a genome protection mechanism that relies on Aurora B and the ESCRT-III subunit CHMP4C to delay absc...	Our cells multiply by dividing into two . Many proteins are involved in this process , including a group called the ESCRT-III complex . This group is required to complete the final stage of cell division when the single membrane that surrounds the two new daughter cells separates . Before the cell divides , its DNA—whi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	ULK3 regulates cytokinetic abscission by phosphorylating ESCRT-III proteins
A process of global importance in carbon cycling is the remineralization of algae biomass by heterotrophic bacteria , most notably during massive marine algae blooms . Such blooms can trigger secondary blooms of planktonic bacteria that consist of swift successions of distinct bacterial clades , most prominently member...	Small algae in the world's oceans remove about as much carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as land plants . These algae do not grow continuously , but often surge in numbers during temporary blooms . Such blooms can be large enough to be seen from space by satellites . The lifespan of algae within such blooms is short ,...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2016	Recurring patterns in bacterioplankton dynamics during coastal spring algae blooms
Actions motivated by rewards are often associated with risk of punishment . Little is known about the neural representation of punishment risk during reward-seeking behavior . We modeled this circumstance in rats by designing a task where actions were consistently rewarded but probabilistically punished . Spike activit...	When deciding what to do , we usually try to predict the likely outcomes of our actions . This helps us choose behaviors that will lead to positive outcomes , or rewards , and avoid those that will lead to negative outcomes , or punishments . But in practice , actions that offer the possibility of reward often involve ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Risk of punishment influences discrete and coordinated encoding of reward-guided actions by prefrontal cortex and VTA neurons
Biogenic amines are important signaling molecules , and the structural basis for their recognition by G Protein-Coupled Receptors ( GPCRs ) is well understood . Amines are also potent odors , with some activating olfactory trace amine-associated receptors ( TAARs ) . Here , we report that teleost TAARs evolved a new wa...	Many organisms make molecules called biogenic amines . These molecules , which include the human hormones adrenaline and histamine , have important roles in regulating the biology and behaviour of many animals . Some biogenic amines bind to receptor proteins called GPCRs on the surface of cells . Many drugs can affect ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2015	Non-classical amine recognition evolved in a large clade of olfactory receptors
Animals have evolved intricate search strategies to find new sources of food . Here , we analyze a complex food seeking behavior in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans ( C . elegans ) to derive a general theory describing different searches . We show that C . elegans , like many other animals , uses a multi-stage searc...	How an animal forages for food can make the difference between life and death , and there are several different searching strategies that may be adopted . Foraging could be more productive if animals could take into account any of the patterns with which food is distributed in their environment , but how much could the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	Maximally informative foraging by Caenorhabditis elegans
Genetically encoded calcium indicators ( GECIs ) allow measurement of activity in large populations of neurons and in small neuronal compartments , over times of milliseconds to months . Although GFP-based GECIs are widely used for in vivo neurophysiology , GECIs with red-shifted excitation and emission spectra have ad...	Neurons encode information with brief electrical pulses called spikes . Monitoring spikes in large populations of neurons is a powerful method for studying how networks of neurons process information and produce behavior . This activity can be detected using fluorescent protein indicators , or “probes” , which light up...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "tools", "and", "resources", "neuroscience" ]	2016	Sensitive red protein calcium indicators for imaging neural activity
Convergent evolutionary events in independent lineages provide an opportunity to understand why evolution favors certain outcomes over others . We studied such a case where a large set of genes—those coding for the ribosomal proteins—gained cis-regulatory sequences for a particular transcription regulator ( Mcm1 ) in i...	Sometimes evolution repeats itself . For example , independent butterfly species can evolve the same warning pattern to ward off predators . In many cases , the reason that a certain trait crops up again and again in parallel evolution is unknown . One example is from the evolution of fungi , where a particular DNA seq...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2018	Intrinsic cooperativity potentiates parallel cis-regulatory evolution
Cells harbor two systems for fatty acid synthesis , one in the cytoplasm ( catalyzed by fatty acid synthase , FASN ) and one in the mitochondria ( mtFAS ) . In contrast to FASN , mtFAS is poorly characterized , especially in higher eukaryotes , with the major product ( s ) , metabolic roles , and cellular function ( s ...	In human , plant and other eukaryotic cells , fats are an important source of energy and also play many other roles including waterproofing , thermal insulation and energy storage . Eukaryotic cells have two systems that make the building blocks of fats ( known as fatty acids ) and one of these systems , called the mtF...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2020	Mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis coordinates oxidative metabolism in mammalian mitochondria
Vertebrates acquired dim-light vision when an ancestral cone evolved into the rod photoreceptor at an unknown stage preceding the last common ancestor of extant jawed vertebrates ( ∼420 million years ago Ma ) . The jawless lampreys provide a unique opportunity to constrain the timing of this advance , as their line div...	The eyes of humans and many other animals with backbones contain two different types of cells that can detect light , which are known as rod and cone cells . Rod cells are much more sensitive to light than cone cells . The rods allow us to see in dim light by amplifying weak light signals and transmitting information t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	A Cambrian origin for vertebrate rods
The mammalian genome is punctuated by CpG islands ( CGIs ) , which differ sharply from the bulk genome by being rich in G + C and the dinucleotide CpG . CGIs often include transcription initiation sites and display ‘active’ histone marks , notably histone H3 lysine 4 methylation . In embryonic stem cells ( ESCs ) some ...	The building blocks of DNA are four molecules commonly named ‘A’ , ‘T’ , ‘C’ and ‘G’ . The order of these DNA letters in a gene contains the instructions to make specific proteins or other molecules . Other stretches of DNA contain codes that direct the cell's machinery to genes that need to be switched on or switched ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2014	Synthetic CpG islands reveal DNA sequence determinants of chromatin structure
γδ T cells contribute to first line immune defense , particularly through their ability for rapid production of proinflammatory cytokines . The cytokine profile of γδ T cells is hard-wired already during thymic development . Yet , the molecular pathways underlying this phenomenon are incompletely understood . Here we s...	Our bodies are protected from infection and disease by several different types of immune cells . Gamma delta T cells are unusual in that they only make up a small proportion of the immune cells of the body , yet are present in many different animal species . These peculiar T cells are primarily found in the tissues tha...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2015	The NFκB-inducing kinase is essential for the developmental programming of skin-resident and IL-17-producing γδ T cells
Long-term flight depends heavily on intensive energy metabolism in animals; however , the neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying efficient substrate utilization remain elusive . Here , we report that the adipokinetic hormone/corazonin-related peptide ( ACP ) can facilitate muscle lipid utilization in a famous long-term m...	Flight allows insects to find food or seek a better environment . Some insects have developed the ability of ‘long-term flight’ , which allows them to make continuous journeys over large distances . For example , one locust species regularly crosses the Red Sea which is up to 300 km wide – a spectacular feat for insect...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2021	Neuropeptide ACP facilitates lipid oxidation and utilization during long-term flight in locusts
Plasma membrane-located transport proteins are key adaptations for obligate intracellular Microsporidia parasites , because they can use them to steal host metabolites the parasites need to grow and replicate . However , despite their importance , the functions and substrate specificities of most Microsporidia transpor...	Microsporidia are a group of microscopic parasites that spend part of their lives inside the cells of a broad range of animal hosts , including humans . These parasites are considered to be related to fungi , some of which also live within the cells of other species and are known as fungal endoparasites . One of the sh...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2019	A new family of cell surface located purine transporters in Microsporidia and related fungal endoparasites
Exploration of developmental mechanisms classically relies on analysis of pattern regularities . Whether disorders induced by biological noise may carry information on building principles of developmental systems is an important debated question . Here , we addressed theoretically this question using phyllotaxis , the ...	Plants grow throughout their lifetime , forming new flowers and leaves at the tips of their stems through a patterning process called phyllotaxis , which occurs in spirals for a vast number of plant species . The classical view suggests that the positioning of each new leaf or flower bud at the tip of a growing stem is...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "developmental", "biology" ]	2016	A stochastic multicellular model identifies biological watermarks from disorders in self-organized patterns of phyllotaxis
Atopic dermatitis can result from loss of structural proteins in the outermost epidermal layers , leading to a defective epidermal barrier . To test whether this influences tumour formation , we chemically induced tumours in EPI−/− mice , which lack three barrier proteins—Envoplakin , Periplakin , and Involucrin . EPI−...	Skin cancer is a common and growing problem—according to the World Health Organization , skin cancers account for one in every three cancers diagnosed world wide . There is some evidence from epidemiological studies that patients with certain allergies might be protected against cancer and , in particular , that the al...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2014	Epidermal barrier defects link atopic dermatitis with altered skin cancer susceptibility
Dephosphorylation of translation initiation factor 2 ( eIF2α ) terminates signalling in the mammalian integrated stress response ( ISR ) and has emerged as a promising target for modifying the course of protein misfolding diseases . The [ ( o-chlorobenzylidene ) amino]guanidines ( Guanabenz and Sephin1 ) have been prop...	Most drugs work by tweaking the way that cells are regulated . Adding or removing a phosphate group from proteins regulates many cellular decisions . There are known drugs that bind to and inhibit the enzymes that add phosphate to proteins , thereby controlling various aspects of cell behaviour . However , drug develop...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2017	PPP1R15A-mediated dephosphorylation of eIF2α is unaffected by Sephin1 or Guanabenz
Somatosensory stimuli guide and shape behavior , from immediate protective reflexes to longer-term learning and higher-order processes related to pain and touch . However , somatosensory inputs are challenging to control in awake mammals due to the diversity and nature of contact stimuli . Application of cutaneous stim...	To safely navigate their world , animals need to be able to tell apart a gentle touch from an eye-watering pinch , detect cold water or sense the throbbing pain stemming from an infected cut . These ‘somatic’ sensations are relayed through thousands of nerve endings embedded in the skin and other tissues . Yet the neur...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "tools", "and", "resources", "neuroscience" ]	2021	Scanned optogenetic control of mammalian somatosensory input to map input-specific behavioral outputs
Many bacterial genes are regulated by RNA elements in their 5´ untranslated regions ( UTRs ) . However , the full complement of these elements is not known even in the model bacterium Escherichia coli . Using complementary RNA-sequencing approaches , we detected large numbers of 3´ ends in 5´ UTRs and open reading fram...	In most organisms , specific segments of a cell’s genetic information are copied to form single-stranded molecules of various sizes and purposes . Each of these RNA molecules , as they are known , is constructed as a chain that starts at the 5´ end and terminates at the 3´ end . Certain RNAs carry the information prese...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2021	Regulatory roles of Escherichia coli 5' UTR and ORF-internal RNAs detected by 3' end mapping
Lymph nodes ( LNs ) are highly confined environments with a cell-dense three-dimensional meshwork , in which lymphocyte migration is regulated by intracellular contractile proteins . However , the molecular cues directing intranodal cell migration remain poorly characterized . Here we demonstrate that lysophosphatidic ...	Small organs called lymph nodes are found throughout the body and help to filter out harmful particles and cells . Lymph nodes are packed with different types of immune cells , such as the T-cells that play a number of roles in detecting and destroying bacteria , viruses and other disease-causing microbes . Within the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2016	Fibroblastic reticular cell-derived lysophosphatidic acid regulates confined intranodal T-cell motility
Recurrent somatic mutations of H3F3A in aggressive pediatric high-grade gliomas generate K27M or G34R/V mutant histone H3 . 3 . H3 . 3-G34R/V mutants are common in tumors with mutations in p53 and ATRX , an H3 . 3-specific chromatin remodeler . To gain insight into the role of H3-G34R , we generated fission yeast that ...	Children suffering from a brain cancer called high-grade glioma rarely recover because there are no therapies that can effectively target this disease . Recently , mutations in a gene that encodes a protein called histone H3 were found in children’s glioma cells . Histone proteins bind to DNA to help package it into ce...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2017	Histone H3G34R mutation causes replication stress, homologous recombination defects and genomic instability in S. pombe
Defective primary ciliogenesis or cilium stability forms the basis of human ciliopathies , including Joubert syndrome ( JS ) , with defective cerebellar vermis development . We performed a high-content genome-wide small interfering RNA ( siRNA ) screen to identify genes regulating ciliogenesis as candidates for JS . We...	Joubert syndrome is a rare disorder that affects the brain and causes physical , mental , and sometimes visual impairments . In individuals with this condition , two parts of the brain called the cerebellar vermis and the brainstem do not develop properly . This is thought to be due to defects in the development and ma...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2015	Functional genome-wide siRNA screen identifies KIAA0586 as mutated in Joubert syndrome
It is now clear that microglia and macrophages are present in brain tumors , but whether or how they affect initiation and development of tumors is not known . Exploiting the advantages of the zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) model , we showed that macrophages and microglia respond immediately upon oncogene activation in the ...	Brain tumors can be aggressive , difficult to treat and are often incurable . Removing brain tumors by surgery can be challenging because the tumor cells infiltrate into the healthy tissue . Brain tumors grow in close physical contact with other cells , such as cells of the immune system . This includes cells called ma...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation", "cancer", "biology" ]	2018	Tumor initiating cells induce Cxcr4-mediated infiltration of pro-tumoral macrophages into the brain
The urokinase receptor ( uPAR ) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol ( GPI ) -anchored protein that promotes tissue remodeling , tumor cell adhesion , migration and invasion . uPAR mediates degradation of the extracellular matrix through protease recruitment and enhances cell adhesion , migration and signaling through vit...	Every process in the body , from how cells divide to how they move around , is tightly regulated . For example , cells only migrate when they receive the correct signals from their environment . These signals are recognised by receptor proteins that sit on the cell surface and connect the outside signal with the cell’s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2017	Negative regulation of urokinase receptor activity by a GPI-specific phospholipase C in breast cancer cells
The ecological importance of viruses is now widely recognized , yet our limited knowledge of viral sequence space and virus–host interactions precludes accurate prediction of their roles and impacts . In this study , we mined publicly available bacterial and archaeal genomic data sets to identify 12 , 498 high-confiden...	Viruses are infectious particles that can only multiply inside the cells of microbes and other organisms . Little is known about the genetic differences between virus particles ( so-called ‘genetic diversity’ ) , especially compared to what we know about the diversity of bacteria , archaea , and other single-celled mic...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "tools", "and", "resources", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2015	Viral dark matter and virus–host interactions resolved from publicly available microbial genomes
N-glycosylation – the sequential addition of complex sugars to adhesion proteins , neurotransmitter receptors , ion channels and secreted trophic factors as they progress through the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus – is one of the most frequent protein modifications . In mammals , most organ-specific N-gl...	Information is carried around the nervous system by cells called neurons . The ability of neurons to communicate with each other relies on many proteins that are found on the surfaces of the cells . Like in all animal cells , surface proteins are made inside the cell in a compartment called the endoplasmic reticulum . ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2016	Unconventional secretory processing diversifies neuronal ion channel properties
Humans have relied on sourdough starter microbial communities to make leavened bread for thousands of years , but only a small fraction of global sourdough biodiversity has been characterized . Working with a community-scientist network of bread bakers , we determined the microbial diversity of 500 sourdough starters f...	Sourdough bread is an ancient fermented food that has sustained humans around the world for thousands of years . It is made from a sourdough ‘starter culture’ which is maintained , portioned , and shared among bread bakers around the world . The starter culture contains a community of microbes made up of yeasts and bac...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2021	The diversity and function of sourdough starter microbiomes
The transcription factor ASCIZ ( ATMIN , ZNF822 ) has an unusually high number of recognition motifs for the product of its main target gene , the hub protein LC8 ( DYNLL1 ) . Using a combination of biophysical methods , structural analysis by NMR and electron microscopy , and cellular transcription assays , we develop...	Proteins help to regulate almost every process in the body , and come in various forms , sizes and purposes . Cells contain thousands of different proteins , but not every protein is needed at all times . To create new proteins , the information on a gene first needs to be transcribed into RNA ( template molecules of t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2018	Multivalency regulates activity in an intrinsically disordered transcription factor
Sustained changes in mood or action require persistent changes in neural activity , but it has been difficult to identify the neural circuit mechanisms that underlie persistent activity and contribute to long-lasting changes in behavior . Here , we show that a subset of Doublesex+ pC1 neurons in the Drosophila female b...	Long-term mental states such as arousal and mood variations rely on persistent changes in the activity of certain neural circuits which have been difficult to identify . For instance , in male fruit flies , the activation of a particular circuit containing ‘P1 neurons’ can escalate aggressive and mating behaviors . How...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2020	The neural basis for a persistent internal state in Drosophila females
Intergroup conflict contributes to human discrimination and violence , but persists because individuals make costly contributions to their group’s fighting capacity . Yet how group members effectively coordinate their contributions during intergroup conflict remains poorly understood . Here we examine the role of oxyto...	Conflict between groups is a recurring theme in human history . We tend to form social bonds with others who share the same characteristics as ourselves , whether that is nationality , ethnicity , or supporting the same football team . Individuals that belong to the same group as us comprise our ‘in-group’ . All other ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "research", "communication", "neuroscience" ]	2019	Oxytocin promotes coordinated out-group attack during intergroup conflict in humans
Phytochemical diversity is thought to result from coevolutionary cycles as specialization in herbivores imposes diversifying selection on plant chemical defenses . Plants in the speciose genus Erysimum ( Brassicaceae ) produce both ancestral glucosinolates and evolutionarily novel cardenolides as defenses . Here we tes...	Plants are often attacked by insects and other herbivores . As a result , they have evolved to defend themselves by producing many different chemicals that are toxic to these pests . As producing each chemical costs energy , individual plants often only produce one type of chemical that is targeted towards their main h...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2020	Independent evolution of ancestral and novel defenses in a genus of toxic plants (Erysimum, Brassicaceae)
In our prior work by Hose et al . , we performed a genome-sequencing survey and reported that aneuploidy was frequently observed in wild strains of S . cerevisiae . We also profiled transcriptome abundance in naturally aneuploid isolates compared to isogenic euploid controls and found that 10–30% of amplified genes , d...	Cells package their DNA into structures called chromosomes . Sometimes when a cell divides , it fails to allocate the right number of chromosomes to each new cell and so they end up with too many or too few chromosomes . The extra copies of the genes on an additional chromosome can be harmful to the cells , because the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "short", "report", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2016	Further support for aneuploidy tolerance in wild yeast and effects of dosage compensation on gene copy-number evolution
Proximity biotinylation based on Escherichia coli BirA enzymes such as BioID ( BirA* ) and TurboID is a key technology for identifying proteins that interact with a target protein in a cell or organism . However , there have been some improvements in the enzymes that are used for that purpose . Here , we demonstrate a ...	Proteins in a cell need to interact with each other to perform the many tasks required for organisms to thrive . A technique called proximity biotinylation helps scientists to pinpoint the identity of the proteins that partner together . It relies on attaching an enzyme ( either BioID or TurboID ) to a protein of inter...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2020	AirID, a novel proximity biotinylation enzyme, for analysis of protein–protein interactions
In animal oocytes and early embryos , mRNA poly ( A ) -tail length strongly influences translational efficiency ( TE ) , but later in development this coupling between tail length and TE disappears . Here , we elucidate how this coupling is first established and why it disappears . Overexpressing cytoplasmic poly ( A )...	Cells are microscopic biological factories that are constantly creating new proteins . To do so , a cell must first convert its master genetic blueprint , the DNA , into strands of messenger RNA or mRNA . These strands are subsequently translated to make proteins . Cells have two ways to adjust the number of proteins t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2021	The molecular basis of coupling between poly(A)-tail length and translational efficiency
Understanding information flow through neuronal circuits requires knowledge of their synaptic organization . In this study , we utilized fluorescent pre- and postsynaptic markers to map synaptic organization in the Drosophila antennal lobe , the first olfactory processing center . Olfactory receptor neurons ( ORNs ) pr...	Just as progress in science relies on researchers communicating their findings to other people working in their field , our bodies rely on neurons being able to communicate with other neurons . This is where structures called synapses come in: synapses allow signals to be passed from one neuron to another . Neurons and...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	Synaptic organization of the Drosophila antennal lobe and its regulation by the Teneurins
The contribution of sensory and decisional processes to perceptual decision making is still unclear , even in simple perceptual tasks . When decision makers need to select an action from a set of balanced alternatives , any tendency to choose one alternative more often—choice bias—is consistent with a bias in the senso...	Imagine that every day , you split a chocolate bar into two and offer one half to your friend . Even though you take care to divide the bar into equal pieces , your friend nearly always chooses the left half . Why is that ? One possibility is that sensory bias in her visual system makes her perceive the left half of th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2019	Decoupling sensory from decisional choice biases in perceptual decision making
Efficient mitochondrial function is required in tissues with high energy demand such as the heart , and mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with cardiovascular disease . Expression of mitochondrial proteins is tightly regulated in response to internal and external stimuli . Here we identify a novel mechanism regula...	Cells need to make proteins to survive , so they have protein-making machines called ribosomes . Ribosomes are themselves made out of proteins and RNA ( a molecule similar to DNA ) , and they are assembled by other proteins that bring ribosomal components together and modify them until the ribosomes are functional . Mi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2020	Cardiac mitochondrial function depends on BUD23 mediated ribosome programming
Despite recent advances in the study of animal flight , the biomechanical determinants of maneuverability are poorly understood . It is thought that maneuverability may be influenced by intrinsic body mass and wing morphology , and by physiological muscle capacity , but this hypothesis has not yet been evaluated becaus...	The ability of an animal to maneuver can determine its success at avoiding predators , catching prey , and outperforming its competitors . However , little is known about the characteristics that determine maneuverability . Why are some individuals more maneuverable than others ? To investigate this question , Segre et...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "neuroscience" ]	2015	Burst muscle performance predicts the speed, acceleration, and turning performance of Anna’s hummingbirds
A molecular model that provides a framework for interpreting the wealth of functional information obtained on the E . coli F-ATP synthase has been generated using cryo-electron microscopy . Three different states that relate to rotation of the enzyme were observed , with the central stalk’s ε subunit in an extended aut...	ATP synthase is a biological motor that produces a molecule called adenosine tri-phosphate ( ATP for short ) , which acts as the major store of chemical energy in cells . A single molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups: the cell can remove one of these phosphates to make a molecule called adenosine di-phosphat...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2016	Cryo-EM structures of the autoinhibited E. coli ATP synthase in three rotational states
Axons contain a smooth tubular endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) network that is thought to be continuous with ER throughout the neuron; the mechanisms that form this axonal network are unknown . Mutations affecting reticulon or REEP proteins , with intramembrane hairpin domains that model ER membranes , cause an axon degen...	The way we move – from simple motions like reaching out to grab something , to playing the piano or dancing – is coordinated in our brain . These processes involve many regions and steps , in which nerve cells transport signals along projections known as axons . Axons rely on sophisticated ‘engineering’ to work properl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2017	Modeling of axonal endoplasmic reticulum network by spastic paraplegia proteins
Retinitis pigmentosa ( RP ) and associated inherited retinal diseases ( IRDs ) are caused by rod photoreceptor degeneration , necessitating therapeutics promoting rod photoreceptor survival . To address this , we tested compounds for neuroprotective effects in multiple zebrafish and mouse RP models , reasoning drugs ef...	Photoreceptors are the cells responsible for vision . They are part of the retina: the light-sensing tissue at the back of the eye . They come in two types: rods and cones . Rods specialise in night vision , while cones specialise in daytime colour vision . The death of these cells can cause a disease , called retiniti...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2021	Large-scale phenotypic drug screen identifies neuroprotectants in zebrafish and mouse models of retinitis pigmentosa
Gene regulatory networks ( GRNs ) provide a systems-level orchestration of an organism's genome encoded anatomy . As biological networks are revealed , they continue to answer many questions including knowledge of how GRNs control morphogenetic movements and how GRNs evolve . The migration of the small micromeres to th...	Within an animal embryo , groups of cells tend to move , or migrate , between different areas before they form into tissues and organs . These cell migrations are regulated by hundreds of genes , which must be expressed at the right time and in the right place . Cells use proteins called transcription factors to regula...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2015	Deployment of a retinal determination gene network drives directed cell migration in the sea urchin embryo
CARM1 is a cancer-relevant protein arginine methyltransferase that regulates many aspects of transcription . Its pharmacological inhibition is a promising anti-cancer strategy . Here SKI-73 ( 6a in this work ) is presented as a CARM1 chemical probe with pro-drug properties . SKI-73 ( 6a ) can rapidly penetrate cell mem...	Drugs that are small molecules have the potential to block the individual proteins that drive the spread of cancer , but their design is a challenge . This is because they need to get inside the cell and find their target without binding to other proteins on the way . However , small molecule drugs often have an electr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2019	A chemical probe of CARM1 alters epigenetic plasticity against breast cancer cell invasion
Outer membrane proteins ( OMPs ) in Gram-negative bacteria dictate permeability of metabolites , antibiotics , and toxins . Elucidating the structure-function relationships governing OMPs within native membrane environments remains challenging . We constructed a diverse library of >3000 monoclonal antibodies to assess ...	The overuse and misuse of antibiotics has led to the rise of multi-drug resistant bacteria which threaten global public health . Antibiotics interfere with essential processes in bacteria so they are unable to divide or survive , but over time , the microbes have found ways to become immune to the drugs . New antibioti...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2019	Massive antibody discovery used to probe structure–function relationships of the essential outer membrane protein LptD
Intermediate neural progenitor cells ( INPs ) need to avoid differentiation and cell cycle exit while maintaining restricted developmental potential , but mechanisms preventing differentiation and cell cycle exit of INPs are not well understood . In this study , we report that the Drosophila homolog of mammalian Sp8 tr...	Whereas the majority of cells in the brain are unable to divide to produce new cells , neural stem cells can divide numerous times and have the potential to become many different types of brain cells . However , in between these two extremes there is another group of cells called neural progenitors . These cells can gi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2014	The Drosophila Sp8 transcription factor Buttonhead prevents premature differentiation of intermediate neural progenitors
The 21-subunit Mediator complex transduces regulatory information from enhancers to promoters , and performs an essential role in the initiation of transcription in all eukaryotes . Structural information on two-thirds of the complex has been limited to coarse subunit mapping onto 2-D images from electron micrographs ....	Inside a cell , proteins are made from instructions encoded by DNA . To produce a particular protein , a section of DNA within a gene is copied into a molecule of messenger ribonucleic acid ( or mRNA ) . This process is called transcription and is carried out by an enzyme known as RNA polymerase . Transcription begins ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	Molecular architecture of the yeast Mediator complex
Complex cognition relies on flexible working memory , which is severely limited in its capacity . The neuronal computations underlying these capacity limits have been extensively studied in humans and in monkeys , resulting in competing theoretical models . We probed the working memory capacity of crows ( Corvus corone...	Working memory is the brain’s ability to temporarily hold and manipulate information . It is essential for carrying out complex cognitive tasks , such as reasoning , planning , following instructions or solving problems . Unlike long-term memory , information is not stored and recalled , but held in an accessible state...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2021	Working memory capacity of crows and monkeys arises from similar neuronal computations
The molecular force of blood-stage infection ( molFOB ) is a quantitative surrogate metric for malaria transmission at population level and for exposure at individual level . Relationships between molFOB , parasite prevalence and clinical incidence were assessed in a treatment-to-reinfection cohort , where P . vivax ( ...	Malaria is caused by five different species of parasites that are transmitted to humans by bites from parasite-carrying mosquitos . Once in human blood , the parasites rapidly multiply . People who live in countries where malaria is common may become infected and never show any symptoms because their immune systems are...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2017	The complex relationship of exposure to new Plasmodium infections and incidence of clinical malaria in Papua New Guinea
Cytokinesis in eukaryotic cells is often accompanied by actomyosin cortical flow . Over 30 years ago , Borisy and White proposed that cortical flow converging upon the cell equator compresses the actomyosin network to mechanically align actin filaments . However , actin filaments also align via search-and-capture , and...	Just under the surface of every animal cell , a thin and dynamic network of filaments called the cell cortex acts as a scaffold and determines the cell’s shape . When the cell divides , this material re-organizes to make a ring of filaments – known as the cytokinetic ring – across the middle of the cell . This ring the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "physics", "of", "living", "systems" ]	2016	Cortical flow aligns actin filaments to form a furrow
Gene activator proteins comprise distinct DNA-binding and transcriptional activation domains ( ADs ) . Because few ADs have been described , we tested domains tiling all yeast transcription factors for activation in vivo and identified 150 ADs . By mRNA display , we showed that 73% of ADs bound the Med15 subunit of Med...	Cells adapt and respond to changes by regulating the activity of their genes . To turn genes on or off , they use a family of proteins called transcription factors . Transcription factors influence specific but overlapping groups of genes , so that each gene is controlled by several transcription factors that act toget...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2021	Simple biochemical features underlie transcriptional activation domain diversity and dynamic, fuzzy binding to Mediator

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