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39436108 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Man%20from%20U.N.C.L.E.%20%28film%29 | The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (film) | The Man from U.N.C.L.E. is a 2015 spy film directed by Guy Ritchie and written by Ritchie and Lionel Wigram. It is based on the 1964 MGM television series of the same name, which was created by Norman Felton and Sam Rolfe. The film stars Henry Cavill, Armie Hammer, Alicia Vikander, Elizabeth Debicki, and Hugh Grant. The film was produced by RatPac-Dune Entertainment and Davis Entertainment while Turner Entertainment Co., the original TV series current holder, was also involved.
In 1993, John Davis obtained the rights for a film adaptation based on the original series. However, the film fell into development limbo due to multiple script rewrites. Over the years, Matthew Vaughn, David Dobkin, and Steven Soderbergh were optioned for directing until Ritchie signed on in March 2013. The film premiered at Barcelona on August 2, 2015, and was released on August 14, 2015, by Warner Bros. It received mixed reviews from critics and was a box office bomb, grossing only $107 million worldwide on a $75–84 million budget. Rolling Stone listed this movie 45th on the best action movies of all time.
Plot
In 1963 CIA-Agent Napoleon Solo extracts Gaby Teller, daughter of nuclear scientist Dr. Udo Teller. Solo and KGB Agent Illya Kuryakin are ordered to team up and stop Alexander and Victoria Vinciguerra, Nazi sympathizers using Teller to build their own private nuclear weapon.
The men travel to Rome with Gaby, whose uncle Rudi works for the Vinciguerras. Muggers take Kuryakin's father's watch, but Kuryakin does not react in order to maintain his cover. Solo and Kuryakin break into a Vinciguerra shipping yard and find traces of uranium. While escaping into the water Kuryakin nearly drowns, but Solo saves him.
The following day, Gaby meets with Rudi and Alexander and betrays Kuryakin and Solo to them. Rudi tortures Solo, but Kuryakin rescues him and tortures Rudi. Rudi reveals the weapon is hidden in an island fortress where Gaby has been reunited with her father. Teller completes the weapon, and Victoria kills him.
Solo and Kuryakin are approached by Alexander Waverly, a MI6 officer who reveals Gaby is his undercover officer. They infiltrate the Vinciguerras' compound. Solo finds Kuryakin's stolen watch on a guard. Alexander attempts to escape with the warhead, but is intercepted and killed. Solo retrieves the disc with Teller's research but realizes Alexander's warhead was a decoy—Victoria has left with the real warhead. Solo distracts Victoria via radio while Waverly launches a homing missile, destroying the nuclear weapon and killing Victoria.
Kuryakin confronts Solo in his hotel room, and Solo returns the stolen watch. Kuryakin admits his assignment was to kill Solo and take the disc for his government. Solo replies that he knew this, and had the same orders. They instead burn the contents of the disc, to give neither side the upper hand in the arms race. Reuniting with Gaby and Waverly, the trio have been reassigned to Waverly's international organization. Waverly gives them a new mission under a new codename: U.N.C.L.E.
Cast
Henry Cavill as Napoleon Solo
Armie Hammer as Illya Kuryakin
Alicia Vikander as Gaby Teller
Elizabeth Debicki as Victoria Vinciguerra
Sylvester Groth as Uncle Rudi
Christian Berkel as Udo Teller
Luca Calvani as Alexander Vinciguerra
Misha Kuznetsov as Oleg
Jared Harris as Adrian Sanders
Hugh Grant as Alexander Waverly
Production
Development
Producer John Davis optioned the film rights to the 1960s TV series in 1993, setting up a development deal for an adaptation with Warner Bros. and series producer Norman Felton. Davis has estimated that he commissioned 12 or 14 different scripts over the course of 20 years, with writers Jim and John Thomas, John Requa, Glenn Ficarra, and Scott Z. Burns. Quentin Tarantino was briefly attached following the success of Pulp Fiction, but opted to make Jackie Brown instead. The Man from U.N.C.L.E. continued to labor in development hell with directors Matthew Vaughn and David Dobkin. Steven Soderbergh was attached to direct Scott Z. Burns' screenplay, with production slated to begin in March 2012. Executives from Warner Bros. wanted the budget to stay below $60 million, but Soderbergh felt that amount would not be adequate to fund the 1960s-era sets, props, and international settings required for the film. Emily Blunt was nearly cast as the female lead, but she left the project shortly after Soderbergh departed in November 2011.
Guy Ritchie signed on in March 2013. On July 31, 2013, it was announced that Ritchie's adaptation would start filming in September 2013 in London and Italy. The final production budget was approximately $75 million US.
Casting
In November 2010, George Clooney showed interest in the film, and was in talks for the lead role of Napoleon Solo, but he left in September 2011 due to a recurring back injury. After Clooney's departure, actors including Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Ryan Gosling, Channing Tatum, Alexander Skarsgård, Ewan McGregor, Robert Pattinson, Matt Damon, Christian Bale, Michael Fassbender, Bradley Cooper, Leonardo DiCaprio, Joel Kinnaman, Russell Crowe, Chris Pine, Ryan Reynolds, and Jon Hamm were considered for the lead role. On March 18, 2013, Tom Cruise was in early talks to take the lead in the film. Armie Hammer was cast in the second lead role as Illya Kuryakin on April 24, 2013, with Cruise set as Solo. Swedish actress Alicia Vikander joined the film on May 8, 2013, as the female lead. On May 23, 2013, Cruise dropped out of the film, due to his commitment to Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation. British actor Henry Cavill replaced Cruise. Elizabeth Debicki was cast in a femme fatale role on July 31, 2013; Rose Byrne and Charlize Theron were earlier considered for the same part. On August 8, 2013, Hugh Grant joined the cast as Alexander Waverly, the head of United Network Command for Law and Enforcement (U.N.C.L.E). Jared Harris was cast as Sanders on September 4, 2013, and Luca Calvani was cast as a villain, Alexander. Simona Caparrini was also cast to play Contessa.
Filming
Principal photography on the film commenced on September 9, 2013. In October 2013, filming was being under way at the Old Royal Naval College in Greenwich, Royal Victoria Docks, London and Goodwood Motor Racing Circuit in West Sussex, UK.
Two locations stood in place for Berlin sites on either side of the wall: the public toilet fight between Solo and Kuryakin was shot in Regent's Park in London, while the car chase during the movie's first act was shot in Chatham Historic Dockyard, Kent UK.
Director Guy Ritchie finalized the script throughout production: "He's quite intuitive and tends to constantly rewrite stuff, which he does even when they're shooting. He'll rewrite things in the morning if they're shooting that day, working with the actors if something doesn't feel right." says long-term collaborator David Allcock.
Music
The musical score for The Man from U.N.C.L.E. was composed by Daniel Pemberton. A soundtrack album was released by WaterTower Music on August 7, 2015. A behind the scenes video was also released. The musical score received many glowing reviews with the LA Times noting "it is composer Daniel Pemberton who in some ways seems to understand the idea of the movie even better than Ritchie, his score featuring breathy flutes, twangy guitar, spooky harpsichord and pounding drums and organ capturing the mixture of pastiche, homage and a twist of the new in a way the rest of the film rarely matches."
Release
The film was scheduled for a January 16, 2015 release, but on August 12, 2014, Warner Bros moved the film's release date from January 16, 2015, to August 14, 2015.
Home media
The Man from U.N.C.L.E. was released on DVD and Blu-ray on November 17, 2015, by Warner Home Video.
Reception
Box office
The Man from U.N.C.L.E. grossed $45.4 million in North America and $64.4 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $109.8 million, against a production budget of $75 million. The Hollywood Reporter estimated the film lost the studio at least $80 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues.
The film grossed $900,000 from its early Thursday screenings and $4.8 million on its opening day. In its opening weekend, the film grossed $13.4 million, which was about $5 million below expectations, finishing third at the box office. In its second weekend it dropped 45% to $7.3 million, finishing fifth.
It opened in Russia with $3.1 million. In the United Kingdom, it opened alongside Sony Pictures' Pixels, earning $2.3 million, debuting at number 4 for Friday-to-Sunday, while Pixels was at No. 1 with $4.2 million, including previews during the week. Warner Bros did not preview The Man from U.N.C.L.E. Across Asia, it generated $2.7 million from six countries and $1.7 million in Australia.
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 68% based on 291 reviews, with an average rating of 6.20/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Man from U.N.C.L.E. tries to distract from an unremarkable story with charismatic stars and fizzy set pieces, adding up to an uneven action thriller with just enough style to overcome its lack of substance." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 56 out of 100, based on 40 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". On CinemaScore, audiences gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.
Accolades
Soundtrack
"Compared to What" – performed by Roberta Flack
"" – performed by Suzanne Doucet
"" – performed by Rita Pavone
"Cry to Me" – performed by Solomon Burke
"Five Months, Two Weeks, Two Days" – performed by Louis Prima
"" – written and conducted by Stelvio Cipriani
"Banana Freak Out" – written and performed by George Guzman
"Man From U.N.C.L.E." – Theme (Instrumental) – performed by Hugo Montenegro & His Orchestra
"" – performed by Peppino Gagliardi
"" – written by Ennio Morricone
"Torture in D minor" – performed by Sergio Pizzorno
"" – performed by Tom Zé
"" – written and performed by Luigi Tenco
"Take Care of Business" – performed by Nina Simone
Possible sequel
In April 2017, it was reported that Wigram was working on the script for a sequel at the suggestion of Hammer. Cavill stated that he would be excited to return for the sequel.
Video game
A 3D action game based on the film titled Mission: Berlin was released on iOS and Android. It featured sneaking, shooting, and getting in and out of drivable vehicles in the style of open world games. The player can choose to play as Solo or Kuryakin. There was also a multiplayer death match. As of December 2018, the game has been removed from both marketplaces.
References
External links
2010s adventure films
2010s American films
2010s British films
2010s English-language films
2010s heist films
2010s spy comedy films
2015 action films
2015 black comedy films
2015 films
American action comedy films
American buddy action films
American chase films
American coming-of-age films
American heist films
American spy films
American vigilante films
British action comedy films
British buddy action films
British chase films
British coming-of-age films
British heist films
British spy films
Cold War spy films
Davis Entertainment films
Dune Entertainment films
Films about intelligence agencies
Films about neo-Nazis
Films about nuclear war and weapons
Films about terrorism
Films about the Berlin Wall
Films about the Central Intelligence Agency
Films about the KGB
Films about MI6
Films based on television series
Films directed by Guy Ritchie
Films produced by John Davis
Films scored by Daniel Pemberton
Films set in 1963
Films set in Berlin
Films set in East Germany
Films set in Rome
Films set in the Mediterranean Sea
Films set on islands
Films shot at Pinewood Studios
Films shot in Italy
Films shot in Kent
Films shot in London
Films shot in West Sussex
Films with screenplays by Guy Ritchie
IMAX films
The Man from U.N.C.L.E.
Warner Bros. films |
1136752 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefse | Lefse | Lefse () is a traditional soft Norwegian flatbread. It is made with riced potatoes, can include all purpose (wheat) flour, and includes butter, and milk, cream, or lard. It is cooked on a large, flat griddle. Special tools are used to prepare lefse, including a potato ricer, long wooden turning sticks and special rolling pins with deep grooves.
Flavoring
There are many ways of flavoring lefse. The most common is adding butter and sugar to the lefse and rolling it up. In Norway, this is known as . Other options include adding cinnamon, or spreading jelly, lingonberries, or gomme on it. Scandinavian-American variations include rolling it with a thin layer of peanut butter and sugar, with butter and white or brown sugar, with butter and corn syrup, or with butter and salt, or with ham and eggs. Also eaten with beef and other savory items like ribberull and mustard, it is comparable to a tortilla. Lefse is a traditional accompaniment to lutefisk, and the fish is often rolled up in the lefse.
Variations
There are significant regional variations in Norway in the way lefse is made and eaten, but it generally resembles a flatbread, although in many parts of Norway, especially Valdres, it is far thinner.
('thin lefse') is a variation made in central Norway. is rolled up with butter, sugar, and cinnamon (or with butter and brown sugar).
or is thicker and often served with coffee as a cake.
('potato lefse') is similar to and used like , but made with potatoes.
or is the smaller version of the potato lefse, and usually made with only boiled potatoes, flour and salt. It is often used in place of a hot dog bun and can be used to roll up sausages. This is also known as in Norway. Norway's Constitution Day on May 17 is one of the most popular days to eat the dish. Toppings include ketchup and mustard, but can also include raw or crispy onions, and other types of relish.
is a variation common to Salten district in Nordland in Northern Norway. is eaten with a sweetened sauce made of brunost, a type of cheese, flour, and sugar. It is ready when is warm and the butter is melted.
is a chunky small lefse. Made of butter, syrup, sugar, eggs, and flour. Originally created in western Norway as a treat for fishermen who worked at the Lofoten Fishery.
is made on the coast of Hordaland. It resembles thin lefse but is slightly thicker, and it is stained by large amounts of whole aniseed.
Hardangerlefse
Another variety, the (from Hardanger in Norway), is made from yeast-risen Graham flour or a fine ground whole wheat flour (krotekake). It is often made with egg yolks and buttermilk instead of potatoes. The dough is rolled with a conventional rolling pin (and much more flour) until it is thin and does not stick to the surface. It is then cut with a grooved rolling pin in perpendicular directions, cutting a grid into the dough which prevents it from creating air pockets as it cooks. The grid cut can also aid in thinner rolling of the lefse, as the ridges help preserve structural integrity. The lefse is cooked at high temperature (400 °F or 205 °C) until browned, and then left to dry. It can also be freeze-dried by repeatedly freezing and thawing.
Dried Hardangerlefse can be stored without refrigeration for six months or more, so long as it is kept dry. It is customarily thought that the bread (along with lutefisk) was a staple on the seagoing voyages as far back as Viking times.
The dry lefse is dipped in water, and then placed within a towel which has also been dipped in water and wrung out. Many people maintain that dipping in salted or seawater enhances the flavor. The dry lefse regains its bread-like texture in about 60 minutes. Often that time is used to prepare such ingredients as eggs or herring, which are wrapped in the lefse once it has softened.
Lefse in the United States
Holidays
Lefse is a Scandinavian treat that is especially popular around the Christmas holidays. Many Scandinavian-Americans eat lefse primarily around Thanksgiving and Christmas.
History
General
While the Midwest generally always makes its lefse with potatoes, this is not necessarily the case in Norway. When one uses the term lefse in the United States, it typically refers to what Norwegians call potato lefse. Norwegians, however, also make Hardangerlefse with egg yolks and buttermilk. The tradition of making lefse was brought over by Norwegian Americans, and potato lefse itself was made when their potato crop was successful. Due to this, it became more prevalent than other types in the United States. When lefse was able to be made, it was stored in small storage buildings called . When Norwegian immigrants first arrived in America, they did not have the usual foods they were used to back home, including milk and porridge, dried meat, and lefse, but early Norwegian-American immigrants brought folded lefse to eat for the beginning stages of their journey via ship. After these were eaten, the lack of food they were used to is likely why they turned back to tradition so quickly.
During World War I, Americans were encouraged to eat potatoes to be patriotic, as wheat was needed to feed the troops on the front lines. Lefse, a staple for Norwegian Americans, was eaten with gusto during this time.
While lefse is generally not eaten with day-to-day meals in Norway today, Norwegian Americans traditionally give prominence to having lefse with dinner.
Keeping the tradition alive
Family members often gather to cook lefse as a group effort because the process is more enjoyable as a traditional holiday activity. This gathering also provides training to younger generations keeping the tradition alive.
The Sons of Norway have lodges to teach making lefse to younger generations. A lodge in Vancouver, Washington, uses up to of potatoes to make lefse every month. While lefse used to be eaten as a snack food, it is now more often made in large quantities for such lutefisk dinners.
Some professional lefse makers can roll 85 to 100 lefse per hour, or even up to 140.
Where lefse is found
In Norway today, most families tend to purchase their lefse rather than making it. While today's Norwegian Americans consider making lefse at Christmas a tradition, more families are turning to purchase it from the store instead. For example, around $80,000 worth of lefse is generally sold around Christmastime from Ingebretsen's Scandinavian Gifts in Minneapolis, Minnesota, yearly. Lefse can also be found in many grocery stores around Midwestern states and the Pacific Northwest states, including Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Iowa, Wisconsin, Oregon, Alaska, and Washington. Norsland Lefse, a factory in Rushford, Minnesota, produces about a half million rounds of lefse each year. The foodway of Scandinavian lefse stretches from the Midwest all the way through northeastern Montana. Small lefse factories dot the landscape throughout this area, mostly in Norwegian communities. In the larger of these communities, Lefse can be found in grocery stores year round. In the Red River Valley specifically, "restaurants, supermarkets, and clubs all serve fish, lefse, and other specialties." Many United States Scandinavian festivals have booths to sell lefse, and it can also be ordered online.
World's largest lefse
The town of Starbuck, Minnesota, is the home of the world's largest lefse. It was made on July 1, 1983.
Celebrations and festivals
Lefse is celebrated in cities and towns with large Scandinavian populations. Fargo, North Dakota, hosts the popular Lutefisk and Lefse Festival in August each year. Fosston, Minnesota, invites area lefse makers to compete for the title of Champion Lefse Maker at its Lefse Fest in November. In Mankato, Minnesota, Minnesotans of Scandinavian descent celebrate lefse day, a day for cooking lefse, on the Sunday after Thanksgiving. The Potato Days festival has been taking place in Barnesville, Minnesota, since the early 1930s; this festival also takes part in the National Lefse Cookoff.
Rumors and jokes
Rumors surrounding the initial use of lefse are the claims by Norwegian Americans that it was made by and used to sustain the Vikings, but potatoes were not introduced into Norway until long after the Vikings' time.
Although many Scandinavian-Americans do enjoy and eat the foods of their ethnic traditions, there is no shortage of tall-tales and jokes surrounding certain food, as well. Lefse was not excluded from these rumors. Among other things, lefse has been said to be "so tasteless that many mistakenly eat the paper doily under the stack and do not know the difference."
Integrating lefse into other foodways
Sometimes Norwegian foods are integrated into other ethnic foodways. For example, one may use lefse to make enchilada. American lefse is sometimes served with butter, cinnamon sugar, brown sugar, or lingonberry jelly before being rolled, to be eaten like a crêpe. One may also add eggs, sausage, and cheese to make it into a breakfast burrito. One may even roll smørrebrød into their lefse.
See also
Chapati
Farl
Flatbrød
Potato scone
Svele
Tunnbröd
References
Other sources
Legwold, Gary (1991) The Last Word on Lefse (Adventure Publication)
Ojakangas, Beatrice (1999) The Great Scandinavian Baking Book (Univ Of Minnesota Press)
External links
Lefse Fest
Lakeland News at Ten (PBS) clip of Lefse Fest
A New Cook in the Kitchen A Lefse Recipe for Thanksgiving By SAM SIFTON, NOV. 20, 2014, NY Times
Potato dishes
Flatbreads
Norwegian cuisine
Cuisine of the Midwestern United States
Christmas food
Cuisine of Minnesota |
3344557 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald%20Grimk%C3%A9 | Archibald Grimké | Archibald Henry Grimké (August 17, 1849 – February 25, 1930) was an African-American lawyer, intellectual, journalist, diplomat and community leader in the 19th and early 20th centuries. He graduated from freedmen's schools, Lincoln University in Pennsylvania, and Harvard Law School and served as American Consul to the Dominican Republic from 1894 to 1898. He was an activist for rights for blacks, working in Boston and Washington, D.C. He was a national vice-president of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), as well as president of its Washington, D.C. branch.
Early life and education
Grimké was born into slavery on his father's plantation near Charleston, South Carolina, in 1849. He was the eldest of three sons of Henry W. Grimké, a widower, and Nancy Weston, a woman whom Henry held enslaved and who had been born into slavery as the daughter of an enslaved African or African-American woman. Henry acknowledged his sons, although he neither freed them nor told the rest of his family of their existence. Archibald's brothers were Francis and John. Henry was a member of a prominent, large slaveholding family in Charleston. His father and relatives were planters and active in political and social circles.
After becoming a widower, Henry moved with Weston to his plantation outside of Charleston. He was a father to his sons, teaching them and Nancy to read and write. In 1852, as he was dying, Henry willed Nancy, who was pregnant with their third child, and their two sons Archibald and Francis to his legal (white) son and heir Montague Grimké, whose mother was Henry's deceased wife. Henry was prohibited to free them by a South Carolina law, passed in 1841, that did not allow for the release of slaves through gifts or trusts. He directed that they "be treated as members of the family," but Montague never provided well for them.
Henry's sister Eliza, executrix of his will, brought the family to Charleston, but she did not aid them financially. Montague allowed Nancy and her children to live relatively freely for a time, with Nancy working as a laundress to sustain the family. In 1860, after marrying, Montague claimed the boys as house servants. Later he hired out both Archibald and Francis, due to their insubordination. After Francis rebelled, Montague Grimké sold him. Archibald ran away and hid for two years with relatives until after the end of the Civil War.
After the American Civil War ended, the three Grimké boys attended a freedmen's school which Gilbert Pillsbury, the brother of abolitionist Parker Pillsbury, and his wife had opened. The Pillsburys recognized Archibald's and Francis' talents and raised support to send them to the North. They studied at Lincoln University in Pennsylvania, established for the education of blacks. Their professors had found them extraordinary students, and both Archibald and Francis were graduated from Lincoln in 1870. A Lincoln catalog of 1871 lists Archibald as "Instructor of English grammar".
Career
Archibald Grimké lived and worked in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Boston area most of his career. Beginning in the 1880s, he began to get active in politics and speaking out about the rise of white supremacy following the end of Reconstruction in the South. From 1883 to 1885 he was editor of the Hub, a Republican newspaper that tried to attract black readers. Archibald supported equal rights for blacks, both in the paper and in public lectures, which were popular in the nineteenth century. He became increasingly active in politics, and was chosen for the Republican Party's state convention in 1884. That year he was also appointed to the board of Westborough Insane Hospital, a state hospital. Archibald became involved in the women's rights movement, which his aunts had supported, and addressed it in the Hub. He was elected as president of the Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association. Believing that the Republicans were not doing enough, he left the party in 1886. In 1889, he joined the staff of the Boston Herald as a special writer.
In the South, the situation for Blacks was deteriorating, and Archibald continued the struggle against racism, allying at times with other major leaders of the day. He had also become involved in Frederick Douglass' National Council of Colored People, a predecessor to the NAACP, which grappled with issues of education for blacks, especially in the South. Archibald disagreed with Booker T. Washington about emphasizing industrial and agricultural education for freedmen (the South still had a primarily agricultural economy). He believed there needed to be opportunities for academic and higher education such as he had.
In 1901, with several other men he started The Guardian, a newspaper in which they could express their views. They selected William Monroe Trotter as editor. Together Grimké and Trotter also organized the Boston Literary and Historical Association, which at the time was a gathering of men opposed to Booker T. Washington's views. For a time he was allied with W.E.B. Du Bois, but Grimké continued to make his own way between the two groups.
Despite earlier conflict with Washington and his followers, in 1905, Grimké started writing for The New York Age, the leading black paper; it was allied with Washington. Archibald wrote about national issues from his own point of view, for instance, urging more activism and criticizing President Theodore Roosevelt for failing to adequately support black troops in Brownsville, Texas, where they were accused of starting a riot.
Continuing his interest in intellectual work, he served as president of the American Negro Academy from 1903 to 1919, which supported African-American scholars and promoted higher education for blacks. He published several papers with them, dealing with issues of the day, such as his analysis in "Modern Industrialism and the Negroes of the United States" (1908). He believed that capitalism as practiced in the United States could help freedmen who left agriculture to achieve independence and true freedom.
In 1907 he became involved with the Niagara Movement and later with the NAACP, both of which were founded by Du Bois. Men continued to struggle to find the best way to deal with racism and advance equal rights, at a time when lynching of black men in the South continued.
After his daughter graduated from college, Archibald became increasingly active as a leader in the NAACP, which was founded in 1909. First he was active in Boston, for instance, writing letters in protest of proposed federal legislation. to prohibit interracial marriages. (The legislation was not passed.) In 1913, he was recruited by national leaders to become the president of the Washington, DC branch and moved to the capital with his daughter Angelina. As president, Grimké wrote detailed accounts of local racial injustices, such as inequitable distribution of educational funds, taking direct action in his community. His brother Francis and his wife Charlotte still lived there.
Grimké led the public protest in Washington, D.C., against the segregation of federal offices under President Woodrow Wilson, who acceded to wishes of other Southerners on his cabinet. Grimké testified before Congress against it in 1914 but did not succeed in gaining changes. About this time, he also became a national vice-president of the NAACP. The organization supported the U.S. in World War I, but Grimké highlighted the racial discrimination against blacks in the military and worked to change it.
He fell ill in 1928. At the time, he and Angelina were living with his brother Francis, by then a widower. His daughter and brother cared for him until his death in 1930.
Honors and awards
1919, the NAACP awarded him the Spingarn Medal for his life work for racial equality.
In 1934, the Phelps Colored Vocational School was renamed Grimke Elementary School in his honor. The school was closed in 1989 and the building served as headquarters for the Washington D.C. Fire and Corrections Departments until 2012, when the main building was left vacant. The gymnasium has housed the African American Civil War Museum since 2010.
Marriage and family
Grimké Sisters
By the time Henry began his relationship with Weston, his two half-sisters, Sarah and Angelina, had been gone from Charleston for years. Unwilling to live in a slave society, they left the South and their family and became noted abolitionists and feminists, drawing on their first-hand knowledge of slavery's horrors. Together known as the Grimké sisters, they were active as writers and speakers in Northern abolitionist circles, having joined the Quakers and the American Anti-Slavery Society. After Angelina married Theodore Weld, the three lived and worked for years in New Jersey. They operated a school together. In 1864, they moved to Hyde Park, Massachusetts, a new community outside Boston.
In February 1868 Angelina Grimké Weld read an article in which Edwin Bower, a professor at Lincoln University near Philadelphia, compared Lincoln's all-black student body favorably with "any class I have ever had," with special praise for a student named Grimké, who came to the university "just out of slavery." Stunned, she investigated, and found that Archibald and his siblings were her brother's children. She and Sarah acknowledged the boys and their mother Nancy Weston as family, and tried to provide them with better opportunities. They paid for their nephews' education: Archibald and Francis attended Harvard University and Howard University, respectively, for law. Francis shifted to Princeton Theological Seminary and became a minister. The Grimkés introduced the young men to their abolitionist circles.
Brothers
Francis J. Grimké did graduate work at Princeton Theological Seminary and became an ordained Presbyterian minister. He married Charlotte Forten, of the prominent Philadelphia black abolitionist family. She was also an abolitionist and a teacher, and became known for her diaries, written mostly from 1854 to 1864. He headed the 15th Street Presbyterian Church in Washington, DC, for more than 40 years. Francis died in 1939.
The youngest brother, John Grimké, did not stay in school. He moved South and had little to no contact with his family for the rest of his life. He died in 1915 in New York City.
Marriage and children
After getting established with his law practice in Boston, Massachusetts, Grimké met and married Sarah Stanley, a white woman from the Midwest. In 1880 they had a daughter, Angelina Weld Grimké, named after Archibald's aunt. They separated while their daughter was young, and Stanley returned with Angelina to the Midwest when the girl was three. When Angelina was seven, Stanley started working. She brought Angelina back to Archibald in Boston. The couple never reconciled, and Stanley never saw her daughter again; she committed suicide by poisoning in 1898.
In 1894, Grimké was appointed consul to the Dominican Republic. While he held this position, his daughter Angelina lived for years with his brother Francis and his wife Charlotte in Washington, D.C., where Francis was minister of the 15th Street Presbyterian Church.
After graduating from school, Angelina became a teacher and writer. Her essays and poetry were published by The Crisis of the NAACP. In 1916, she wrote the play Rachel, which addressed lynching, in response to a call by the NAACP for works to protest the controversial film The Birth of a Nation. It is one of the first plays by an African American considered to be part of the Harlem Renaissance. In addition, she wrote poetry, some of which is now considered the first lesbian work by an African American.
Published writings
Books
Pamphlets and articles (most recent first)
See also
Negro Academy
References
Further reading (most recent first)
Bruce, Dickson D., Jr. Archibald Grimke: Portrait of a Black Independent, Baton Rouge, La: Louisiana State University Press, 1993.
Starr, William W. "Bio of black activist restores his prestige," The State (Aug. 22, 1993), 4F.
External links
1849 births
1930 deaths
20th-century African-American lawyers
20th-century American lawyers
American lawyers
African-American journalists
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20808096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zola%20Jesus | Zola Jesus | Nika Roza Danilova (born Nicole Rose Hummel; April 11, 1989), known professionally by her stage name Zola Jesus, is an American singer, songwriter, and record producer. Her music has been noted for combining elements of electronic, industrial, classical, and goth. Born in Phoenix, Arizona, she spent her formative years in northern Wisconsin, where she began writing and recording music independently while attending college. During her second year of studies, she released two singles through the independent label Sacred Bones, followed by two EPs. Her debut album, The Spoils, was released in 2009.
After graduating from the University of Wisconsin–Madison, she released her second full-length record, Stridulum II (2010), followed by Conatus (2011). Her fourth album, Taiga (2014), released by Mute Records, marked a departure from her previous releases, and featured a more prominent pop-influenced sound. Her fifth studio album, Okovi, was released in 2017.
Biography
1989–2008: Early life and career beginnings
Nicole Rose Hummel was born April 11, 1989, in Phoenix, Arizona, where she spent her early years. Her parents are first-generation Americans, with combinations of Russian as well as German, Slovenian, and Ukrainian descent. Her grandparents immigrated to the United States from Odesa, Ukraine, and settled in North Dakota. Honoring her ancestry, she formally goes by her Slavic name, Nika Roza Danilova. She has one older brother.
During her childhood, she and her family relocated to Merrill, Wisconsin, where they lived on a rural property situated in of forest. "I resented my parents for having moved me away from Phoenix because I thought Phoenix was much more interesting than Wisconsin," she said. "It's a great place and it's very interesting there, beautiful."
She attended Wausau West High School, and after, enrolled at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee to study business. She began recording music at home while still in college, using keyboards, drum machines and other instruments. Her performing name, Zola Jesus, is a compound derived from the French writer Émile Zola, and the Christian messiah.
While studying at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, she debuted the singles "Poor Sons" on Die Stasi and "Soeur Sewer", released in 2008 by Sacred Bones Records, after which she transferred to the University of Wisconsin–Madison. In 2009, while still in college, she recorded her debut full-length The Spoils, released by Sacred Bones in July 2009. In 2010, she graduated from the University of Wisconsin–Madison with a double major in French and philosophy.
2009–2012: Stridulum II and Conatus
Then followed Tsar Bomba EP (on Troubleman), New Amsterdam compilation on Sacred Bones and an untitled, limited-edition vinyl split with Burial Hex (Aurora Borealis). For touring she recruited Dead Luke (synths), bassist Lindsay Mikkola and drummer Max Elliott. Later the line-up changed to Shane Verwey and Nick Turco (synth), Alex DeGroot, and Nick Johnson, a drummer with metal band Jex Thoth.
Zola Jesus has also played with Former Ghosts. On Fever Ray's 2010 European tour, she performed as a support act and also toured with The xx. In the late 2009 collaboration between Zola Jesus and Rory Kane took shape (as Nika+Rory), a demo being put out on MySpace.
In March 2010, Zola Jesus released the Stridulum EP, named after the 1979 horror film of the same name by director Giulio Paradisi. After the release Zola Jesus performed at the SXSW Festival, for her second time. The same year, she issued a second EP, Valusia, also released on Sacred Bones. In July 2010, a collaborative third EP LA Vampires Meets Zola Jesus, was released. A collaboration with Amanda Brown of Pocahaunted, this EP presented "a dingy, lower-than-lo-fi sound and very little of what one would call traditional songwriting," according to Larry Fitzmaurice of Pitchfork.
Danilova followed these three EPs with her second full-length album, Stridulum II, which was released in August 2010, one month after LA Vampires Meets Zola Jesus. This album marked her feature full-length release in the United Kingdom, combining all six songs from the Stridulum EP (in a different sequence), along with three of the four tracks on the Valusia EP; the cover artwork is a slightly altered version of the artwork from the Stridulum EP. Laura Snapes of NME praised the album as a "gorgeously ethereal soundscape of a thousand years of heartbreak unleashed into one might howl." Additionally, NME ranked it the seventh-best album of the year.
In 2011, Danilova began composing her third full-length studio album, Conatus, which she co-produced with Brian Foote of Jackie-O Motherfucker and Cloudland Canyon. The album, released in September 2011 and named for the Latin word for "moving forward," featured less electronic components than Danilova's previous records, and included cello, double bass, violin, and viola. "I just wanted to try out new ways to produce and different ways to write," Danilova commented. "And with this new record it's a lot more stripped down and there are way more acoustic elements as opposed to no acoustic elements ... I just wanted more breathing room, so people could insert their own experiences into the song, their own feelings into the song, as opposed to me forcing it on them with the densest sound possible." Additionally, Danilova provided guest vocals on the song "Intro" by M83 from their 2011 album Hurry Up, We're Dreaming. She also sang on "New France" by Orbital, from their 2012 album Wonky.
2013–present: Taiga and Okovi
In August 2013, Versions, a set of neo-classical reworkings of previous tracks from Zola Jesus releases, in a collaboration with producer JG Thirlwell, was released through Sacred Bones.
After having resided in Los Angeles for a period, Danilova found living in a large city was negatively impacting her ability to concentrate, and relocated to Vermont, followed by her native Wisconsin, before settling in Washington to begin completing her new record. On June 18, 2014, she announced the release of her fourth studio album, Taiga. This album, released by Mute Records, features a more prominent pop influence than her previous releases, with Danilova drawing inspiration from popular vocalists such as Mariah Carey and Barbra Streisand. "I was a child of the Nineties," she commented. "I grew up on Britney Spears, the Spice Girls, and I was listening to a lot of vocal music. You know, divas — Mariah Carey, Aaliyah, Barbra Streisand — strong female vocals. [On this record] I wanted to be really confident in my voice, which is usually very intense."
In 2017, Danilova relocated to her hometown of Merrill, Wisconsin, and built a home on her family's property. In September 2017, she returned to Sacred Bones to release her fifth studio album, Okovi, which she wrote after a protracted bout of depression. Prior to composing the album, Danilova said she spent time "watching movies, reading books, then I moved back to Wisconsin, started building my house, but mostly I was just trying to give myself time to live, because you write an album, then you tour and you forget you are a human being, you become a gipsy in a way, so it has been important to me to give myself more time to live outside of the music." The album marked her first to feature guitar instrumentation.
In May 2020, Danilova announced the release of her first live album, Live at Roadburn 2018, which features 12 live tracks from the 2018 Roadburn Festival in the Netherlands. It was initially made available via Bandcamp, and scheduled for a CD and double-LP release in June 2020.
In 2021, Danilova was reported to be appearing on the podcast Storybound.
Artistry
Influences
Danilova has stated that she has been influenced by a number of singers and bands, including Ian Curtis, Lydia Lunch, Diamanda Galás, Throbbing Gristle, Swans, Bauhaus and Cristina. On her fourth album, Taiga, she mentioned mainstream pop artists such as Mariah Carey and Barbra Streisand as being influences on her vocal performance.
Vocals and musical style
Her style has been described variously as "commanded by ominous lyrics and a sultry Goth delivery," According to the NME, Zola Jesus "wails like Kate Bush" on a music sometimes evoking Joy Division. Q magazine noted her for her "haunting vocals and swirling, electronic atmospherics... located midway between Florence Welch and Siouxsie and the Banshees." She has also been compared to Nico, Lisa Gerrard of Dead Can Dance and Elizabeth Fraser of the Cocteau Twins.
Numerous Zola Jesus music videos have been directed by Canadian-American director Jacqueline Castel, including "Vessel," "Seekir," "Night," "Nail," and "Exhumed."
Since 2012, Zola Jesus has collaborated with New York-based costume designer and wardrobe stylist Jenni Hensler, whose work can be seen in the videos for "Dangerous Days," "Seekir," and "Hunger," and who also co-directed the remix video for "Ash to Bone".
Personal life
She is a cousin of Minnesota Senator and former 2020 Democratic presidential candidate Amy Klobuchar.
Band members
Nika Danilovavocals, electronics
Alex DeGrootguitar
Louise Woodwardviolin, viola
Nick Johnsondrums
Discography
The Spoils (2009)
Stridulum II (2010)
Conatus (2011)
Taiga (2014)
Okovi (2017)
Arkhon (2022)
References
External links
– official site
L.A. Record interview
Too Cool To Die interview
1989 births
21st-century American singer-songwriters
American women singer-songwriters
Record producers from Arizona
American contraltos
American synth-pop musicians
Art pop musicians
Dark wave musicians
Living people
Musicians from Phoenix, Arizona
People from Merrill, Wisconsin
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni
American women in electronic music
21st-century American women singers
Sacred Bones Records artists
American women record producers
American people of Slovenian descent
American people of Ukrainian descent
American people of German descent
American people of Russian descent
Singer-songwriters from Arizona
Singer-songwriters from Wisconsin |
74442705 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crueize%20Viaduct | Crueize Viaduct | The Crueize viaduct is a railway viaduct on the Béziers to Neussargues line, located in the commune of Saint-Léger-de-Peyre, in the Lozère département of France. It is nicknamed the "Viaduc de l'Enfer" after the valley it crosses.
Built by the French government under the direction of Léon Boyer, it was commissioned in 1887 by the Compagnie des chemins de fer du Midi et du Canal latéral à la Garonne (Cie du Midi), the concession holder for the line and viaduct. It should not be confused with the Crueize road bridge.
Location
At an altitude of 905 metres, the Crueize viaduct is located at kilometric point (KP) 629.723 on the Béziers to Neussargues line, between the Marvejols and Saint-Sauveur-de-Peyre stations (the latter currently closed). It is flanked by the Lestoura tunnel at KP 628.977 and the Born tunnel at KP 634.564.
History
Marvejols to Neussargues section, where the Crueize viaduct is located, is a textbook case for successful route selection in a difficult environment, due to steep-sided valleys. The initial studies, carried out by engineers from the French government, concluded that the route should be a conventional one through the valleys, and this project was validated shortly before the arrival of the young engineer Léon Boyer, who was put in charge of this section.
He resumed the studies, proposing a route over the top of the plateau, which offered the advantage of avoiding a multitude of secondary structures and limiting the number to a few major or even exceptional ones. The difference in cost is significant, since the initial estimate was 9,500,000 francs, whereas it was reduced to 6,500,000 francs in Léon Boyer's project. The revised project also makes for an easier line profile (less gradient), with the track remaining on a relatively flat plateau.
Léon Boyer undertook the study of the line and the design of its many engineering structures. The most remarkable of these are the Garabit and Crueize viaducts, as well as the Chanteperdrix, Sénouard and Piou viaducts. On the Crueize project, he directed the work with the support of his chief engineer Charles Bauby.
In May 1879, the Ministry of Public Works published an announcement in the Journal officiel de la République française (Official Journal of the French Republic) calling for the adjudication of works to be carried out on the railway from Marvejols to Neussargues. This involved the 4th construction lot, between KP 8.400 and 11.290, over a length of 2,890.50 m, with the main structure being the "Crueize viaduct", with 216 m long and 63.20 m high. The total cost of the project, excluding contingencies, was estimated at 2,717,203.08 francs at the time.
Following the tender, the viaduct construction site was opened in early 1880. During 1882, work progressed rapidly. In August 1884, the engineering structures were completed and the company began laying the track for the section.
The viaduct was put into service on May 9, 1887, when the Compagnie des chemins de fer du Midi et du Canal latéral à la Garonne opened the Marvejols to Saint-Chély section.
Characteristics
General description
The viaduct is set in the Crueize valley, in a steep, wild spot known as the "gorge de l'Enfer". It has a slightly pinkish hue, with slender piers that stand out against the dark background of a pine forest.
Designed for two railroad lines, it comprises six 25-meter arches and has a total length of 218.80 m, with a maximum height of 63.30 m, measured from rail level to the lowest point in the valley. Its width between parapets is generally 8 m, but reaches 10 m at the pier buttresses. The structure is straight, with a gradient of 27.5 millimetres per meter as it descends towards Marvejols.
The viaduct in August 1883
Project plans
Construction techniques
"The arch vaults have an intrados composed of two quarter-circles with a radius of 12.915 m and 12.085 m, respectively. This is intended to compensate for the gradient while keeping the bases of two adjacent arches at the same level. This method has the advantage of bringing the resultant pressure back towards the center of the pile. These arch vaults have a thickness of 1.30 m at the keystone. The structure is refined by three longitudinal vaults, each 1.20 m wide".
"The pillars show, on all sides, a progressive fruit (decrease in thickness) from the bottom to the top. This system, first used by Messrs Robaglia, Inspector General of Ponts et Chaussées, and Pader, Chief Engineer, on the Vezouillac Viaduct (currently on the section between Millau and Séverac-le-Château), has the effect of levelling the pressures on the different piers. It eliminates the protrusions (the part that forms an overhang on the vertical plane) that would have been necessary to create at different heights. By eliminating the protrusions, the edges are left in all their purity, and their continuity helps to mark the height of the structure". Nevertheless, "to facilitate the laying of the rubble stones for the edges and facing, the theoretical curve is replaced by a series of straight lines 5 m long, forming a polygon inscribed within the theoretical curve". Because of its distance, an observer at first glance sees only a regular curve.
"The buttresses are set against the piers and rise up to the top of the viaduct. They are two meters wide at the base, and extend one meter beyond the spandrels at the plinth. The maximum depth of the foundations is ten meters, and on average 6.50 m".
Materials used
Only the capping is in ashlar. "The bands of the arches, as well as the corners of the piers, abutments, and buttresses, are in smoothed rubble, while the other visible facings are in stubbed rubble. Double chiseling is used along the edges to define the lines and ensure accuracy". The blockwork is made out of gneiss rubble, the cladding is in sandstone and the ashlar capping stone is in granite.
The lime used comes from factories in Le Teil and Cruas. The sand comes from a variety of sources: "some is extracted from the bed of the Colagne, some comes from an open quarry in deposits of ancient formation, yielding sand of superior quality, and a smaller quantity is obtained by crushing and washing soft granite supplied by a trench. Mortar for vaulted masonry is made up to 1.50 m above the joints and up to 1.50 m on either side of the keystone, by adding 200 kg of slow-setting cement per cubic meter of mortar. The three layers of cladding are finished with slow-setting cement mortar".
Centring
"The centring (a temporary wooden structure used for vault construction) was supported by a double row of rails running through the masonry of the piers. The first supports for the legs of the rafters were established at the level of the crossheads. Each support consisted of two rails weighing 36 kg per running meter. The second row of supports, placed four meters below, consisted of a single rail on which, via a sole plate, struts supported the main crossbeams towards the middle. These centrings were hoisted onto the upper floor of the service bridge established for the construction of the piers". Each one required 156.117 m3 of wood and 4,958 kg of iron (bolts and various reinforcements).
When the centring was dismantled, the compaction of the arches was measured at 0.009 m.
Costs
The total cost of building the viaduct was 1,290,000 francs at the time, comprising 589,885.82 Fr for the piers and abutments, 527,030.21 Fr for the plinths and parapets, 19,841.17 Fr for the foundations and 63,136.23 Fr for the centrings.
Notes
See also
Saint-Léger-de-Peyre
List of bridges in France
References
Bibliography
Charles Talansier, "Travaux publics : le viaduc de Crueize sur la ligne du chemin de fer de Marvéjols à Neussargues", Le Génie civil : revue générale des industries française & étrangères, t. XVIII, no 10, January 2, 1891, p. 145-146 (read online archive, accessed January 20, 2016)
Paul Séjourné, Grandes voutes, t. IV: Pratique des voutes, Bourges, Imprimerie Veuve Tardy-Pigelet et Fils, 1916 (read online archive), pp. 54, 58–61, 71, 83, 96, 237
"La ligne des Causses: viaduc de la Crueize", in Jean-Luc Flohic (ed.), Le Patrimoine de la SNCF et des chemins de fer français, t. I, Paris, Flohic éditions, coll. "Le patrimoine des institutions économiques", 1999 (ISBN 2-84234-069-8), p. 132
External links
Architecture resource: Structurae
"Viaduc de la Crueize" archive, on Massif Central ferroviaire.
Railway bridges in France
Arch bridges in France
Viaducts in France |
19879517 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham/Talent%20WMD%20Commission | Graham/Talent WMD Commission | The Commission on the Prevention of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation and Terrorism (commonly known as the Graham/Talent WMD Commission) of the United States Congress was set up "to assess, within 180 days, any and all of the nation's activities, initiatives, and programs to prevent weapons of mass destruction proliferation and terrorism." The Graham/Talent WMD Commission was also asked to provide concrete recommendations- a roadmap- to address these threats.
The Graham/Talent WMD Commission is a legacy of the 9/11 Commission, which within the 9/11 Commission Report recommended for the creation of a commission to further examine these grave threats. House Resolution 1 (Sec. 1851) established the Graham/Talent WMD Commission.
Chaired by former U.S. Senator Bob Graham of Florida, along with vice-chair and former U.S. Senator Jim Talent of Missouri, the commission consists of seven additional individuals.
The commission's final report was released on December 3, 2008. The report was based on extensive research and provides 13 recommendations. The Commission held more than 250 interviews with government and nongovernmental experts, eight major commission hearings and one public hearing.
The risk assessment of the report states, “Unless the world community acts decisively and with great urgency, it is more likely than not that a weapon of mass destruction will be used in a terrorist attack somewhere in the world by the end of 2013.” After the publication of its final report, the commission was reauthorized by Congress to implement the recommendations.
History
The creation of the Commission, which was established by House Resolution 1, implements a key recommendation of the independent, bipartisan 9/11 Commission to address the grave threat that the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction poses to our country.
In its first year, the Commission assessed the nation's current activities, initiatives, and programs aimed at preventing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and terrorism while providing a clear, comprehensive strategy with concrete recommendations to achieve this crucial goal. The Commission issued its report in December 2008.
During its second year of activity, the Commission is working to improve understanding of its findings—and to turn those concrete recommendations into actions. Specifically, the Commission is focusing on activities relating to:
Threat awareness, which helps generate urgency, particularly in this time of many competing government priorities
Bioterrorism, which the Commission identified as the most likely threat
Nuclear proliferation, which most of the recommendations address
Government reform, especially steps that will make addressing bio and nuclear threats more effective
Citizen/community engagement, to encourage an engaged citizenry.
Members
Chairman
Bob Graham
Vice Chairman
Jim Talent
Commissioners
Graham Allison
Robin Cleveland
Wendy Sherman
Henry Sokolski
Stephen Rademaker
Timothy Roemer
Richard Verma
Commission Staff
Evelyn N. Farkas, Executive Director
Eric K. Fanning, Deputy Director
Rajesh De, General Counsel
Professional Staff
Amir M. Abdmishani, Professional Staff Member
Erin R. Mahan, Professional Staff Member
Georgia A. Adams, Professional Staff Member
Maurice A. Mallin, Professional Staff Member
Amy A. Berg, Staff Assistant
David E. McCracken, Professional Staff Member
Jennifer C. Boone, Professional Staff Member
Jamison D. Pirko, Staff Assistant
Sylvia Boone, Administrative Officer
Neal A. Pollard, Director for Counterterrorism
Robert DiNardo, Professional Staff Member
Don A. Puglisi, Professional Staff Member
Andrew B. Duberstein, Intern
William R. Reed, Professional Staff Member
Alice Falk, Editor
Constance T. Rybka, Chief of Security
Thomas W. Graham, Professional Staff Member
Martin Schram, Consultant
Stephen G. Heil, Professional Staff Member
Wade R. Sharp, Security Officer
Joseph Helman, Director for Intelligence
Jonathan B. Tucker, Professional Staff Member
Adam J. Jones, Professional Staff Writer
Jenee B. Tyler, Intern
Abraham C. Kanter, Staff Assistant
Adam K. VanDervort, Professional Staff Member
Sam E. Kessler, Special Assistant to the Executive Director
Kenneth D. Ward, Professional Staff Member
George W. Look, Director for Nonproliferation/Counterproliferation
Resolution creating the Commission
Subtitle E: Commission on the Prevention of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation and Terrorism - (Sec. 1851) Establishes the Commission on the Prevention of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation and Terrorism to assess and provide a clear and comprehensive strategy and concrete recommendations for prevention activities, initiatives, and programs.
Directs the Commission to: (1) give particular attention to activities, initiatives, and programs to secure all nuclear weapons-usable material around the world; (2) significantly accelerate, expand, and strengthen U.S. and international efforts to prevent, stop, and counter the spread of nuclear weapons capabilities and related equipment, material, and technology to terrorists and states of concern; (3) address the roles, mission, and structure of all relevant government agencies and other actors, interagency coordination, U.S. commitments to international regimes and cooperation with other countries, and the threat of WMD proliferation and terrorism to the United States and its interests and allies; (4) reassess, update, and expand on the conclusions and recommendations of the Baker-Cutler Report; and (5) submit a final report on corrective measures to the President and Congress.
Recommendations
The 13 Recommendations from the report, World at Risk, are listed below.
The United States should undertake a series of mutually reinforcing domestic measures to prevent bioterrorism.
The United States should undertake a series of mutually reinforcing measures at the international level to prevent biological weapons proliferation and terrorism.
The United States should work internationally toward strengthening the nonproliferation regime, reaffirming the vision of a world free of nuclear weapons.
The new President should undertake a comprehensive review of cooperative nuclear security programs, and should develop a global strategy that accounts for the worldwide expansion of the threat and the restructuring of our relationship with Russia from that of donor and recipient to a cooperative partnership.
As a top priority, the next administration must stop the Iranian and North Korean nuclear weapons programs.
The next President and Congress should implement a comprehensive policy toward Pakistan that works with Pakistan and other countries to (1) eliminate terrorist safe havens through military, economic, and diplomatic means; (2) secure nuclear and biological materials in Pakistan; (3) counter and defeat extremist ideology; and (4) constrain a nascent nuclear arms race in Asia.
The next U.S. administration should work with the Russian government on initiatives to jointly reduce the danger of the use of nuclear and biological weapons.
The President should create a more efficient and effective policy coordination structure by designating a White House principal advisor for WMD proliferation and terrorism and restructuring the National Security Council and Homeland Security Council.
Congress should reform its oversight both structurally and substantively to better address intelligence, homeland security, and crosscutting 21st-century national security missions such as the prevention of weapons of mass destruction proliferation and terrorism.
Accelerate integration of effort among the counterproliferation, counterterrorism, and law enforcement communities to address WMD proliferation and terrorism issues.
The United States must build a national security workforce for the 21st century.
U.S. counterterrorism strategy must more effectively counter the ideology behind WMD terrorism. The United States should develop a more coherent and sustained strategy and capabilities for a global ideological engagement to prevent future recruits, supporters, and facilitators.
The next administration must work to openly and honestly engage the American citizen, encouraging a participatory approach to meeting the challenges of the new century.
See also
Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction
Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission
References
"The Report of the Commission on the Prevention of WMD Proliferation and Terrorism". . 2008. Washington, DC.
External links
Commission for the Prevention of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation and Terrorism Official Site
WORLD AT RISK: The Report of the Commission on the Prevention of WMD Proliferation and Terrorism -verified link
WORLD AT RISK: The Report of the Commission on the Prevention of WMD Proliferation and Terrorism
United States national commissions |
177694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological%20economics | Ecological economics | Ecological economics, bioeconomics, ecolonomy, eco-economics, or ecol-econ is both a transdisciplinary and an interdisciplinary field of academic research addressing the interdependence and coevolution of human economies and natural ecosystems, both intertemporally and spatially. By treating the economy as a subsystem of Earth's larger ecosystem, and by emphasizing the preservation of natural capital, the field of ecological economics is differentiated from environmental economics, which is the mainstream economic analysis of the environment. One survey of German economists found that ecological and environmental economics are different schools of economic thought, with ecological economists emphasizing strong sustainability and rejecting the proposition that physical (human-made) capital can substitute for natural capital (see the section on weak versus strong sustainability below).
Ecological economics was founded in the 1980s as a modern discipline on the works of and interactions between various European and American academics (see the section on History and development below). The related field of green economics is in general a more politically applied form of the subject.
According to ecological economist , ecological economics is defined by its focus on nature, justice, and time. Issues of intergenerational equity, irreversibility of environmental change, uncertainty of long-term outcomes, and sustainable development guide ecological economic analysis and valuation. Ecological economists have questioned fundamental mainstream economic approaches such as cost-benefit analysis, and the separability of economic values from scientific research, contending that economics is unavoidably normative, i.e. prescriptive, rather than positive or descriptive. Positional analysis, which attempts to incorporate time and justice issues, is proposed as an alternative. Ecological economics shares several of its perspectives with feminist economics, including the focus on sustainability, nature, justice and care values. Karl Marx also commented on relationship between capital and ecology, what is now known as ecosocialism.
History and development
The antecedents of ecological economics can be traced back to the Romantics of the 19th century as well as some Enlightenment political economists of that era. Concerns over population were expressed by Thomas Malthus, while John Stuart Mill predicted the desirability of the stationary state of an economy. Mill thereby anticipated later insights of modern ecological economists, but without having had their experience of the social and ecological costs of the Post–World War II economic expansion. In 1880, Marxian economist Sergei Podolinsky attempted to theorize a labor theory of value based on embodied energy; his work was read and critiqued by Marx and Engels. Otto Neurath developed an ecological approach based on a natural economy whilst employed by the Bavarian Soviet Republic in 1919. He argued that a market system failed to take into account the needs of future generations, and that a socialist economy required calculation in kind, the tracking of all the different materials, rather than synthesising them into money as a general equivalent. In this he was criticised by neo-liberal economists such as Ludwig von Mises and Freidrich Hayek in what became known as the socialist calculation debate.
The debate on energy in economic systems can also be traced back to Nobel prize-winning radiochemist Frederick Soddy (1877–1956). In his book Wealth, Virtual Wealth and Debt (1926), Soddy criticized the prevailing belief of the economy as a perpetual motion machine, capable of generating infinite wealth—a criticism expanded upon by later ecological economists such as Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen and Herman Daly.
European predecessors of ecological economics include K. William Kapp (1950) Karl Polanyi (1944), and Romanian economist Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen (1971). Georgescu-Roegen, who would later mentor Herman Daly at Vanderbilt University, provided ecological economics with a modern conceptual framework based on the material and energy flows of economic production and consumption. His magnum opus, The Entropy Law and the Economic Process (1971), is credited by Daly as a fundamental text of the field, alongside Soddy's Wealth, Virtual Wealth and Debt. Some key concepts of what is now ecological economics are evident in the writings of Kenneth Boulding and E.F. Schumacher, whose book Small Is Beautiful – A Study of Economics as if People Mattered (1973) was published just a few years before the first edition of Herman Daly's comprehensive and persuasive Steady-State Economics (1977).
The first organized meetings of ecological economists occurred in the 1980s. These began in 1982, at the instigation of Lois Banner, with a meeting held in Sweden (including Robert Costanza, Herman Daly, Charles Hall, Bruce Hannon, H.T. Odum, and David Pimentel). Most were ecosystem ecologists or mainstream environmental economists, with the exception of Daly. In 1987, Daly and Costanza edited an issue of Ecological Modeling to test the waters. A book entitled Ecological Economics, by Joan Martinez Alier, was published later that year. He renewed interest in the approach developed by Otto Neurath during the interwar period. 1989 saw the foundation of the International Society for Ecological Economics and publication of its journal, Ecological Economics, by Elsevier. Robert Costanza was the first president of the society and first editor of the journal, which is currently edited by Richard Howarth. Other figures include ecologists C.S. Holling and H.T. Odum, biologist Gretchen Daily, and physicist Robert Ayres. In the Marxian tradition, sociologist John Bellamy Foster and CUNY geography professor David Harvey explicitly center ecological concerns in political economy.
Articles by Inge Ropke (2004, 2005) and Clive Spash (1999) cover the development and modern history of ecological economics and explain its differentiation from resource and environmental economics, as well as some of the controversy between American and European schools of thought. An article by Robert Costanza, David Stern, Lining He, and Chunbo Ma responded to a call by Mick Common to determine the foundational literature of ecological economics by using citation analysis to examine which books and articles have had the most influence on the development of the field. However, citations analysis has itself proven controversial and similar work has been criticized by Clive Spash for attempting to pre-determine what is regarded as influential in ecological economics through study design and data manipulation. In addition, the journal Ecological Economics has itself been criticized for swamping the field with mainstream economics.
Schools of thought
Various competing schools of thought exist in the field. Some are close to resource and environmental economics while others are far more heterodox in outlook. An example of the latter is the European Society for Ecological Economics. An example of the former is the Swedish Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics. Clive Spash has argued for the classification of the ecological economics movement, and more generally work by different economic schools on the environment, into three main categories. These are the mainstream new resource economists, the new environmental pragmatists, and the more radical social ecological economists. International survey work comparing the relevance of the categories for mainstream and heterodox economists shows some clear divisions between environmental and ecological economists. A growing field of radical social-ecological theory is degrowth economics. Degrowth addresses both biophysical limits and global inequality while rejecting neoliberal economics. Degrowth prioritizes grassroots initiatives in progressive socio-ecological goals, adhering to ecological limits by shrinking the human ecological footprint (See Differences from Mainstream Economics Below). It involves an equitable downscale in both production and consumption of resources in order to adhere to biophysical limits. Degrowth draws from Marxian economics, citing the growth of efficient systems as the alienation of nature and man. Economic movements like degrowth reject the idea of growth itself. Some degrowth theorists call for an "exit of the economy". Critics of the degrowth movement include new resource economists, who point to the gaining momentum of sustainable development. These economists highlight the positive aspects of a green economy, which include equitable access to renewable energy and a commitment to eradicate global inequality through sustainable development (See Green Economics). Examples of heterodox ecological economic experiments include the Catalan Integral Cooperative and the Solidarity Economy Networks in Italy. Both of these grassroots movements use communitarian based economies and consciously reduce their ecological footprint by limiting material growth and adapting to regenerative agriculture.
Non-traditional approaches to ecological economics
Cultural and heterodox applications of economic interaction around the world have begun to be included as ecological economic practices. E.F. Schumacher introduced examples of non-western economic ideas to mainstream thought in his book, Small is Beautiful, where he addresses neoliberal economics through the lens of natural harmony in Buddhist economics. This emphasis on natural harmony is witnessed in diverse cultures across the globe. Buen Vivir is a traditional socio-economic movement in South America that rejects the western development model of economics. Meaning Good Life, Buen Vivir emphasizes harmony with nature, diverse pluralculturism, coexistence, and inseparability of nature and material. Value is not attributed to material accumulation, and it instead takes a more spiritual and communitarian approach to economic activity. Ecological Swaraj originated out of India, and is an evolving world view of human interactions within the ecosystem. This train of thought respects physical bio-limits and non-human species, pursuing equity and social justice through direct democracy and grassroots leadership. Social well-being is paired with spiritual, physical, and material well-being. These movements are unique to their region, but the values can be seen across the globe in indigenous traditions, such as the Ubuntu Philosophy in South Africa.
Differences from mainstream economics
Ecological economics differs from mainstream economics, in that it heavily reflects on the ecological footprint of human interactions in the economy. This footprint is measured by the impact of human activities on natural resources and the wastes generated in the process. Ecological economists aim to minimize the ecological footprint, taking into account the scarcity of global and regional resources and their accessibility to an economy. Some ecological economists prioritise adding natural capital to the typical capital asset analysis of land, labor, and financial capital. These ecological economists then use tools from mathematical economics as in mainstream economics, but may apply them more closely to the natural world. Whereas mainstream economists tend to be technological optimists, ecological economists are inclined to be technological sceptics. They reason that the natural world has a limited carrying capacity and that its resources may run out. Since destruction of important environmental resources could be practically irreversible and catastrophic, ecological economists are inclined to justify cautionary measures based on the precautionary principle. As ecological economists try to minimize these disasters, calculating the fallout of environmental destruction becomes a humanitarian issue as well. Already, the Global South has seen trends of mass emigration due to environmental changes. Climate refugees from the Global South are adversely affected by changes in the environment, and some scholars point to global wealth inequality within the current neoliberal economic system as a source for this issue.
The most cogent example of how the different theories treat similar assets is tropical rainforest ecosystems, most obviously the Yasuni region of Ecuador. While this area has substantial deposits of bitumen it is also one of the most diverse ecosystems on Earth and some estimates establish it has over 200 undiscovered medical substances in its genomes – most of which would be destroyed by logging the forest or mining the bitumen. Effectively, the instructional capital of the genomes is undervalued by analyses that view the rainforest primarily as a source of wood, oil/tar and perhaps food. Increasingly the carbon credit for leaving the extremely carbon-intensive ("dirty") bitumen in the ground is also valued – the government of Ecuador set a price of US$350M for an oil lease with the intent of selling it to someone committed to never exercising it at all and instead preserving the rainforest.
While this natural capital and ecosystems services approach has proven popular amongst many it has also been contested as failing to address the underlying problems with mainstream economics, growth, market capitalism and monetary valuation of the environment. Critiques concern the need to create a more meaningful relationship with Nature and the non-human world than evident in the instrumentalism of shallow ecology and the environmental economists commodification of everything external to the market system.
Nature and ecology
A simple circular flow of income diagram is replaced in ecological economics by a more complex flow diagram reflecting the input of solar energy, which sustains natural inputs and environmental services which are then used as units of production. Once consumed, natural inputs pass out of the economy as pollution and waste. The potential of an environment to provide services and materials is referred to as an "environment's source function", and this function is depleted as resources are consumed or pollution contaminates the resources. The "sink function" describes an environment's ability to absorb and render harmless waste and pollution: when waste output exceeds the limit of the sink function, long-term damage occurs. Some persistent pollutants, such as some organic pollutants and nuclear waste are absorbed very slowly or not at all; ecological economists emphasize minimizing "cumulative pollutants". Pollutants affect human health and the health of the ecosystem.
The economic value of natural capital and ecosystem services is accepted by mainstream environmental economics, but is emphasized as especially important in ecological economics. Ecological economists may begin by estimating how to maintain a stable environment before assessing the cost in dollar terms. Ecological economist Robert Costanza led an attempted valuation of the global ecosystem in 1997. Initially published in Nature, the article concluded on $33 trillion with a range from $16 trillion to $54 trillion (in 1997, total global GDP was $27 trillion). Half of the value went to nutrient cycling. The open oceans, continental shelves, and estuaries had the highest total value, and the highest per-hectare values went to estuaries, swamps/floodplains, and seagrass/algae beds. The work was criticized by articles in Ecological Economics Volume 25, Issue 1, but the critics acknowledged the positive potential for economic valuation of the global ecosystem.
The Earth's carrying capacity is a central issue in ecological economics. Early economists such as Thomas Malthus pointed out the finite carrying capacity of the earth, which was also central to the MIT study Limits to Growth. Diminishing returns suggest that productivity increases will slow if major technological progress is not made. Food production may become a problem, as erosion, an impending water crisis, and soil salinity (from irrigation) reduce the productivity of agriculture. Ecological economists argue that industrial agriculture, which exacerbates these problems, is not sustainable agriculture, and are generally inclined favorably to organic farming, which also reduces the output of carbon.
Global wild fisheries are believed to have peaked and begun a decline, with valuable habitat such as estuaries in critical condition. The aquaculture or farming of piscivorous fish, like salmon, does not help solve the problem because they need to be fed products from other fish. Studies have shown that salmon farming has major negative impacts on wild salmon, as well as the forage fish that need to be caught to feed them.
Since animals are higher on the trophic level, they are less efficient sources of food energy. Reduced consumption of meat would reduce the demand for food, but as nations develop, they tend to adopt high-meat diets similar to that of the United States. Genetically modified food (GMF) a conventional solution to the problem, presents numerous problems – Bt corn produces its own Bacillus thuringiensis toxin/protein, but the pest resistance is believed to be only a matter of time.
Global warming is now widely acknowledged as a major issue, with all national scientific academies expressing agreement on the importance of the issue. As the population growth intensifies and energy demand increases, the world faces an energy crisis. Some economists and scientists forecast a global ecological crisis if energy use is not contained – the Stern report is an example. The disagreement has sparked a vigorous debate on issue of discounting and intergenerational equity.
Ethics
Mainstream economics has attempted to become a value-free 'hard science', but ecological economists argue that value-free economics is generally not realistic. Ecological economics is more willing to entertain alternative conceptions of utility, efficiency, and cost-benefits such as positional analysis or multi-criteria analysis. Ecological economics is typically viewed as economics for sustainable development, and may have goals similar to green politics.
Green economics
In international, regional, and national policy circles, the concept of the green economy grew in popularity as a response to the financial predicament at first then became a vehicle for growth and development.
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) defines a 'green economy' as one that focuses on the human aspects and natural influences and an economic order that can generate high-salary jobs. In 2011, its definition was further developed as the word 'green' is made to refer to an economy that is not only resourceful and well-organized but also impartial, guaranteeing an objective shift to an economy that is low-carbon, resource-efficient, and socially-inclusive.
The ideas and studies regarding the green economy denote a fundamental shift for more effective, resourceful, environment-friendly and resource‐saving technologies that could lessen emissions and alleviate the adverse consequences of climate change, at the same time confront issues about resource exhaustion and grave environmental dilapidation.
As an indispensable requirement and vital precondition to realizing sustainable development, the Green Economy adherents robustly promote good governance. To boost local investments and foreign ventures, it is crucial to have a constant and foreseeable macroeconomic atmosphere. Likewise, such an environment will also need to be transparent and accountable. In the absence of a substantial and solid governance structure, the prospect of shifting towards a sustainable development route would be insignificant. In achieving a green economy, competent institutions and governance systems are vital in guaranteeing the efficient execution of strategies, guidelines, campaigns, and programmes.
Shifting to a Green Economy demands a fresh mindset and an innovative outlook of doing business. It likewise necessitates new capacities, skills set from labor and professionals who can competently function across sectors, and able to work as effective components within multi-disciplinary teams. To achieve this goal, vocational training packages must be developed with focus on greening the sectors. Simultaneously, the educational system needs to be assessed as well in order to fit in the environmental and social considerations of various disciplines.
Topics
Among the topics addressed by ecological economics are methodology, allocation of resources, weak versus strong sustainability, energy economics, energy accounting and balance, environmental services, cost shifting, modeling, and monetary policy.
Methodology
A primary objective of ecological economics (EE) is to ground economic thinking and practice in physical reality, especially in the laws of physics (particularly the laws of thermodynamics) and in knowledge of biological systems. It accepts as a goal the improvement of human well-being through development, and seeks to ensure achievement of this through planning for the sustainable development of ecosystems and societies. Of course the terms development and sustainable development are far from lacking controversy. Richard B. Norgaard argues traditional economics has hi-jacked the development terminology in his book Development Betrayed.
Well-being in ecological economics is also differentiated from welfare as found in mainstream economics and the 'new welfare economics' from the 1930s which informs resource and environmental economics. This entails a limited preference utilitarian conception of value i.e., Nature is valuable to our economies, that is because people will pay for its services such as clean air, clean water, encounters with wilderness, etc.
Ecological economics is distinguishable from neoclassical economics primarily by its assertion that the economy is embedded within an environmental system. Ecology deals with the energy and matter transactions of life and the Earth, and the human economy is by definition contained within this system. Ecological economists argue that neoclassical economics has ignored the environment, at best considering it to be a subset of the human economy.
The neoclassical view ignores much of what the natural sciences have taught us about the contributions of nature to the creation of wealth e.g., the planetary endowment of scarce matter and energy, along with the complex and biologically diverse ecosystems that provide goods and ecosystem services directly to human communities: micro- and macro-climate regulation, water recycling, water purification, storm water regulation, waste absorption, food and medicine production, pollination, protection from solar and cosmic radiation, the view of a starry night sky, etc.
There has then been a move to regard such things as natural capital and ecosystems functions as goods and services. However, this is far from uncontroversial within ecology or ecological economics due to the potential for narrowing down values to those found in mainstream economics and the danger of merely regarding Nature as a commodity. This has been referred to as ecologists 'selling out on Nature'. There is then a concern that ecological economics has failed to learn from the extensive literature in environmental ethics about how to structure a plural value system.
Allocation of resources
Resource and neoclassical economics focus primarily on the efficient allocation of resources and less on the two other problems of importance to ecological economics: distribution (equity), and the scale of the economy relative to the ecosystems upon which it relies. Ecological economics makes a clear distinction between growth (quantitative increase in economic output) and development (qualitative improvement of the quality of life), while arguing that neoclassical economics confuses the two. Ecological economists point out that beyond modest levels, increased per-capita consumption (the typical economic measure of "standard of living") may not always lead to improvement in human well-being, but may have harmful effects on the environment and broader societal well-being. This situation is sometimes referred to as uneconomic growth (see diagram above).
Weak versus strong sustainability
Ecological economics challenges the conventional approach towards natural resources, claiming that it undervalues natural capital by considering it as interchangeable with human-made capital—labor and technology.
The impending depletion of natural resources and increase of climate-changing greenhouse gasses should motivate us to examine how political, economic and social policies can benefit from alternative energy. Shifting dependence on fossil fuels with specific interest within just one of the above-mentioned factors easily benefits at least one other. For instance, photo voltaic (or solar) panels have a 15% efficiency when absorbing the sun's energy, but its construction demand has increased 120% within both commercial and residential properties. Additionally, this construction has led to a roughly 30% increase in work demands (Chen).
The potential for the substitution of man-made capital for natural capital is an important debate in ecological economics and the economics of sustainability.
There is a continuum of views among economists between the strongly neoclassical positions of Robert Solow and Martin Weitzman, at one extreme and the 'entropy pessimists', notably Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen and Herman Daly, at the other.
Neoclassical economists tend to maintain that man-made capital can, in principle, replace all types of natural capital. This is known as the weak sustainability view, essentially that every technology can be improved upon or replaced by innovation, and that there is a substitute for any and all scarce materials.
At the other extreme, the strong sustainability view argues that the stock of natural resources and ecological functions are irreplaceable. From the premises of strong sustainability, it follows that economic policy has a fiduciary responsibility to the greater ecological world, and that sustainable development must therefore take a different approach to valuing natural resources and ecological functions.
Recently, Stanislav Shmelev developed a new methodology for the assessment of progress at the macro scale based on multi-criteria methods, which allows consideration of different perspectives, including strong and weak sustainability or conservationists vs industrialists and aims to search for a 'middle way' by providing a strong neo-Keynesian economic push without putting excessive pressure on the natural resources, including water or producing emissions, both directly and indirectly.
Energy economics
A key concept of energy economics is net energy gain, which recognizes that all energy sources require an initial energy investment in order to produce energy. To be useful the energy return on energy invested (EROEI) has to be greater than one. The net energy gain from the production of coal, oil and gas has declined over time as the easiest to produce sources have been most heavily depleted.
Ecological economics generally rejects the view of energy economics that growth in the energy supply is related directly to well-being, focusing instead on biodiversity and creativity – or natural capital and individual capital, in the terminology sometimes adopted to describe these economically. In practice, ecological economics focuses primarily on the key issues of uneconomic growth and quality of life. Ecological economists are inclined to acknowledge that much of what is important in human well-being is not analyzable from a strictly economic standpoint and suggests an interdisciplinary approach combining social and natural sciences as a means to address this.
Thermoeconomics is based on the proposition that the role of energy in biological evolution should be defined and understood through the second law of thermodynamics, but also in terms of such economic criteria as productivity, efficiency, and especially the costs and benefits (or profitability) of the various mechanisms for capturing and utilizing available energy to build biomass and do work. As a result, thermoeconomics is often discussed in the field of ecological economics, which itself is related to the fields of sustainability and sustainable development.
Exergy analysis is performed in the field of industrial ecology to use energy more efficiently. The term exergy, was coined by Zoran Rant in 1956, but the concept was developed by J. Willard Gibbs. In recent decades, utilization of exergy has spread outside of physics and engineering to the fields of industrial ecology, ecological economics, systems ecology, and energetics.
Energy accounting and balance
An energy balance can be used to track energy through a system, and is a very useful tool for determining resource use and environmental impacts, using the First and Second laws of thermodynamics, to determine how much energy is needed at each point in a system, and in what form that energy is a cost in various environmental issues. The energy accounting system keeps track of energy in, energy out, and non-useful energy versus work done, and transformations within the system.
Scientists have written and speculated on different aspects of energy accounting.<ref>Stabile, Donald R. "Veblen and the Political Economy of the Engineer: the radical thinker and engineering leaders came to technocratic ideas at the same time," American Journal of Economics and Sociology (45:1) 1986, 43-44.</ref>
Ecosystem services and their valuation
Ecological economists agree that ecosystems produce enormous flows of goods and services to human beings, playing a key role in producing well-being. At the same time, there is intense debate about how and when to place values on these benefits.
A study was carried out by Costanza and colleagues to determine the 'value' of the services provided by the environment. This was determined by averaging values obtained from a range of studies conducted in very specific context and then transferring these without regard to that context. Dollar figures were averaged to a per hectare number for different types of ecosystem e.g. wetlands, oceans. A total was then produced which came out at 33 trillion US dollars (1997 values), more than twice the total GDP of the world at the time of the study. This study was criticized by pre-ecological and even some environmental economists – for being inconsistent with assumptions of financial capital valuation – and ecological economists – for being inconsistent with an ecological economics focus on biological and physical indicators.
The whole idea of treating ecosystems as goods and services to be valued in monetary terms remains controversial. A common objection is that life is precious or priceless, but this demonstrably degrades to it being worthless within cost-benefit analysis and other standard economic methods. Reducing human bodies to financial values is a necessary part of mainstream economics and not always in the direct terms of insurance or wages. One example of this in practice is the value of a statistical life, which is a dollar value assigned to one life used to evaluate the costs of small changes in risk to life–such as exposure to one pollutant. Economics, in principle, assumes that conflict is reduced by agreeing on voluntary contractual relations and prices instead of simply fighting or coercing or tricking others into providing goods or services. In doing so, a provider agrees to surrender time and take bodily risks and other (reputation, financial) risks. Ecosystems are no different from other bodies economically except insofar as they are far less replaceable than typical labour or commodities.
Despite these issues, many ecologists and conservation biologists are pursuing ecosystem valuation. Biodiversity measures in particular appear to be the most promising way to reconcile financial and ecological values, and there are many active efforts in this regard. The growing field of biodiversity finance began to emerge in 2008 in response to many specific proposals such as the Ecuadoran Yasuni proposalMultinational Monitor, 9/2007. Accessed: December 23, 2012. or similar ones in the Congo. US news outlets treated the stories as a "threat" to "drill a park" reflecting a previously dominant view that NGOs and governments had the primary responsibility to protect ecosystems. However Peter Barnes and other commentators have recently argued that a guardianship/trustee/commons model is far more effective and takes the decisions out of the political realm.
Commodification of other ecological relations as in carbon credit and direct payments to farmers to preserve ecosystem services are likewise examples that enable private parties to play more direct roles protecting biodiversity, but is also controversial in ecological economics. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization achieved near-universal agreement in 2008 that such payments directly valuing ecosystem preservation and encouraging permaculture were the only practical way out of a food crisis. The holdouts were all English-speaking countries that export GMOs and promote "free trade" agreements that facilitate their own control of the world transport network: The US, UK, Canada and Australia.
Not 'externalities', but cost shifting
Ecological economics is founded upon the view that the neoclassical economics (NCE) assumption that environmental and community costs and benefits are mutually canceling "externalities" is not warranted. Joan Martinez Alier, for instance shows that the bulk of consumers are automatically excluded from having an impact upon the prices of commodities, as these consumers are future generations who have not been born yet. The assumptions behind future discounting, which assume that future goods will be cheaper than present goods, has been criticized by David Pearce and by the recent Stern Report (although the Stern report itself does employ discounting and has been criticized for this and other reasons by ecological economists such as Clive Spash).
Concerning these externalities, some like the eco-businessman Paul Hawken argue an orthodox economic line that the only reason why goods produced unsustainably are usually cheaper than goods produced sustainably is due to a hidden subsidy, paid by the non-monetized human environment, community or future generations. These arguments are developed further by Hawken, Amory and Hunter Lovins to promote their vision of an environmental capitalist utopia in Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial Revolution.
In contrast, ecological economists, like Joan Martinez-Alier, appeal to a different line of reasoning. Rather than assuming some (new) form of capitalism is the best way forward, an older ecological economic critique questions the very idea of internalizing externalities as providing some corrective to the current system. The work by Karl William Kapp explains why the concept of "externality" is a misnomer. In fact the modern business enterprise operates on the basis of shifting costs onto others as normal practice to make profits. Charles Eisenstein has argued that this method of privatising profits while socialising the costs through externalities, passing the costs to the community, to the natural environment or to future generations is inherently destructive. As social ecological economist Clive Spash has noted, externality theory fallaciously assumes environmental and social problems are minor aberrations in an otherwise perfectly functioning efficient economic system. Internalizing the odd externality does nothing to address the structural systemic problem and fails to recognize the all pervasive nature of these supposed 'externalities'.
Ecological-economic modeling
Mathematical modeling is a powerful tool that is used in ecological economic analysis. Various approaches and techniques include:Faucheux, S., Pearce, D., and Proops, J. (eds.) (1995), Models of Sustainable Development, Edward Elgar evolutionary, input-output, neo-Austrian modeling, entropy and thermodynamic models, multi-criteria, and agent-based modeling, the environmental Kuznets curve, and Stock-Flow consistent model frameworks. System dynamics and GIS are techniques applied, among other, to spatial dynamic landscape simulation modeling. The Matrix accounting methods of Christian Felber provide a more sophisticated method for identifying "the common good"
Monetary theory and policy
Ecological economics draws upon its work on resource allocation and strong sustainability to address monetary policy. Drawing upon a transdisciplinary literature, ecological economics roots its policy work in monetary theory and its goals of sustainable scale, just distribution, and efficient allocation. Ecological economics' work on monetary theory and policy can be traced to Frederick Soddy's work on money. The field considers questions such as the growth imperative of interest-bearing debt, the nature of money, and alternative policy proposals such as alternative currencies and public banking.
Criticism
Assigning monetary value to natural resources such as biodiversity, and the emergent ecosystem services is often viewed as a key process in influencing economic practices, policy, and decision-making.Dasgupta P. Nature’s role in sustaining economic development. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2010 Jan 12;365(1537):5–11. While this idea is becoming more and more accepted among ecologists and conservationist, some argue that it is inherently false.
McCauley argues that ecological economics and the resulting ecosystem service based conservation can be harmful. He describes four main problems with this approach:
Firstly, it seems to be assumed that all ecosystem services are financially beneficial. This is undermined by a basic characteristic of ecosystems: they do not act specifically in favour of any single species. While certain services might be very useful to us, such as coastal protection from hurricanes by mangroves for example, others might cause financial or personal harm, such as wolves hunting cattle. The complexity of Eco-systems makes it challenging to weigh up the value of a given species. Wolves play a critical role in regulating prey populations; the absence of such an apex predator in the Scottish Highlands has caused the over population of deer, preventing afforestation, which increases the risk of flooding and damage to property.
Secondly, allocating monetary value to nature would make its conservation reliant on markets that fluctuate. This can lead to devaluation of services that were previously considered financially beneficial. Such is the case of the bees in a forest near former coffee plantations in Finca Santa Fe, Costa Rica. The pollination services were valued to over US$60,000 a year, but soon after the study, coffee prices dropped and the fields were replanted with pineapple. Pineapple does not require bees to be pollinated, so the value of their service dropped to zero.
Thirdly, conservation programmes for the sake of financial benefit underestimate human ingenuity to invent and replace ecosystem services by artificial means. McCauley argues that such proposals are deemed to have a short lifespan as the history of technology is about how Humanity developed artificial alternatives to nature's services and with time passing the cost of such services tend to decrease. This would also lead to the devaluation of ecosystem services.
Lastly, it should not be assumed that conserving ecosystems is always financially beneficial as opposed to alteration. In the case of the introduction of the Nile perch to Lake Victoria, the ecological consequence was decimation of native fauna. However, this same event is praised by the local communities as they gain significant financial benefits from trading the fish.
McCauley argues that, for these reasons, trying to convince decision-makers to conserve nature for monetary reasons is not the path to be followed, and instead appealing to morality is the ultimate way to campaign for the protection of nature.
See also
Agroecology
Circular economy
Critique of political economy
Deep ecology
Earth Economics (policy think tank)
Earth system governance
Eco-socialism
Ecofeminism
Ecological economists (category)
Ecological model of competition
Ecological values of mangrove
Ecology of contexts
Emergy
Embodied water
Energy quality
Harrington paradox
Green accounting
Gund Institute for Ecological Economics
Human development theory
Human ecology
Inclusive Democracy
Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare
International Society for Ecological Economics
Natural capital accounting
Natural resource economics
Outline of green politics
Social metabolism
Spaceship Earth
Steady-state economy
Sustainability
Thermodynamics
Thermoeconomics
Value of Earth
References
Further reading
Common, M. and Stagl, S. (2005). Ecological Economics: An Introduction. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Costanza, R., Cumberland, J. H., Daly, H., Goodland, R., Norgaard, R. B. (1997). An Introduction to Ecological Economics. St. Lucie Press and International Society for Ecological Economics, (e-book at the Encyclopedia of Earth)
Daly, H. (1980). Economics, Ecology, Ethics: Essays Toward a Steady-State Economy, W.H. Freeman and Company, .
Daly, H. and Townsend, K. (eds.) 1993. Valuing The Earth: Economics, Ecology, Ethics. Cambridge, Mass.; London, England: MIT Press.
Daly, H. (1994). "Steady-state Economics". In: Ecology - Key Concepts in Critical Theory, edited by C. Merchant. Humanities Press, .
Daly, H., and J. B. Cobb (1994). For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy Toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future. Beacon Press, .
Daly, H. (1997). Beyond Growth: The Economics of Sustainable Development. Beacon Press, .
Daly, H. (2015). "Economics for a Full World." Great Transition Initiative, https://www.greattransition.org/publication/economics-for-a-full-world.
Daly, H., and J. Farley (2010). Ecological Economics: Principles and Applications. Island Press, .
Fragio, A. (2022). Historical Epistemology of Ecological Economics. Springer.
Georgescu-Roegen, N. (1999). The Entropy Law and the Economic Process. iUniverse Press, .
Greer, J. M. (2011). The Wealth of Nature: Economics as if Survival Mattered. New Society Publishers, .
Hesmyr, Atle Kultorp (2020). Civilization: Its Economic Basis, Historical Lessons and Future Prospects. Nisus Publications.
Huesemann, Michael H., and Joyce A. Huesemann (2011). Technofix: Why Technology Won't Save Us or the Environment, New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, British Columbia, Canada, , 464 pp.
Jackson, Tim (2009). Prosperity without Growth - Economics for a finite Planet. London: Routledge/Earthscan. .
Kevlar, M. (2014). Eco-Economics on the horizon, Economics and human nature from a behavioural perspective.
Krishnan R., Harris J. M., and N. R. Goodwin (1995). A Survey of Ecological Economics. Island Press. .
Martinez-Alier, J. (1990). Ecological Economics: Energy, Environment and Society. Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell.
Martinez-Alier, J., Ropke, I. eds. (2008). Recent Developments in Ecological Economics, 2 vols., E. Elgar, Cheltenham, UK.
Soddy, F. A. (1926). Wealth, Virtual Wealth and Debt. London, England: George Allen & Unwin.
Stern, D. I. (1997). "Limits to substitution and irreversibility in production and consumption: A neoclassical interpretation of ecological economics". Ecological Economics 21(3): 197–215.
Tacconi, L. (2000). Biodiversity and Ecological Economics: Participation, Values, and Resource Management. London, UK: Earthscan Publications.
Vatn, A. (2005). Institutions and the Environment. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Vianna Franco, M. P., and A. Missemer (2022). A History of Ecological Economic Thought. London & New York: Routledge.
Vinje, Victor Condorcet (2015). Economics as if Soil & Health Matters. Nisus Publications.
Walker, J. (2020). More Heat than Life: The Tangled Roots of Ecology, Energy, and Economics''. Springer.
Industrial ecology
Natural resources
Environmental social science
Environmental economics
Schools of economic thought
Political ecology |
12710384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickie%20Fowler | Rickie Fowler | Rick Yutaka Fowler (born December 13, 1988) is an American professional golfer who plays on the PGA Tour. He was the number one ranked amateur golfer in the world for 36 weeks in 2007 and 2008. On January 24, 2016, he reached a career high fourth in the Official World Golf Ranking following his victory in the Abu Dhabi HSBC Golf Championship. He is one of only 3 golfers to shoot 62 in a major championship, achieving the feat at the 2023 U.S. Open, played at the Los Angeles Country Club.
Amateur career
Fowler was born and raised in Murrieta, California. He attended Murrieta Valley High School. For years, he played only on a driving range and is almost entirely self-taught. In his senior year in high school, Fowler won the SW League Final with a total score of 64-69=133 and led his team to the state final in 2007.
After high school, Fowler attended Oklahoma State University in Stillwater. He posted his first collegiate victory at the Fighting Illini Invitational hosted by the University of Illinois on October 1, 2007, by shooting a 203 (70-63-70) to win the tournament by one stroke. In the summer of 2005, Fowler won the Western Junior and competed in the U.S. Amateur, where he was defeated by the eventual champion Richie Ramsay.
In 2006, Fowler shot a 137 for two rounds at the U.S. Junior Amateur and was knocked out in the second round of match play. The championship was won by Philip Francis. Fowler represented the United States in its victory at the 2007 Walker Cup. His record was 2–0 in foursomes and 1–1 in singles making his overall record 3–1. Billy Horschel was his partner for both of their foursome victories. That year Fowler won the Sunnehanna Amateur in June and the Players Amateur in July. In 2008, Fowler repeated as Sunnehanna Amateur champion. In the first round of the U.S. Open, Fowler shot a −1 (70) and was in a tie for 7th place. He was one of three amateurs to make the cut, along with Derek Fathauer and Michael Thompson. He ended the tournament tied for 60th.
In October 2008, Fowler played on the Eisenhower Trophy team that finished second. He was the leading individual player. In 2009, Fowler made his second and last appearance in the Walker Cup. He won all four matches in which he played as the U.S. won by a seven-point margin. His partner in both foursomes matches was Bud Cauley. He also finished third in the Sunnehanna Amateur in 2009. Fowler was given the 2008 Ben Hogan Award.
Professional career
2009
In 2009, Fowler had the first runner-up finish of his career on the Nationwide Tour in the Nationwide Children's Hospital Invitational losing in a playoff to Derek Lamely. After the Walker Cup, Fowler turned professional and played the Albertsons Boise Open on the Nationwide Tour for his pro debut.
In September 2009, it was announced that Fowler signed a multi-year equipment deal with Titleist. He has since signed a deal with Rolex. Fowler's first PGA Tour event as a professional was the Justin Timberlake Shriners Hospitals for Children Open where he finished tied for seventh. His second PGA Tour event was at the Frys.com Open played at Grayhawk Golf Club in Scottsdale, Arizona. He finished tied for second after losing to Troy Matteson in a three-way playoff that included Jamie Lovemark. Fowler's score of 18-under-par included a hole-in-one on the fifth hole in his final round. Fowler also notched an eagle in each of his four rounds. In November, he finished T2 with D. A. Points, two shots behind the winner Mark Brooks in the Pebble Beach Invitational an unofficial money event on the PGA Tour. In December 2009, Fowler successfully gained his PGA Tour card for 2010 through qualifying school, finishing T15.
2010
In February 2010, Fowler finished second at the Waste Management Phoenix Open with a score of 15-under-par at the TPC of Scottsdale course. In June, Fowler notched his third PGA Tour runner-up finish at the Memorial Tournament in Dublin, Ohio. Fowler entered the final round in the lead, but shot a 73 to finish behind Justin Rose, who recorded his first PGA Tour victory. This performance took Fowler into the top 50 of the Official World Golf Ranking.
In September, he signed a clothing deal with Puma. In the same month, he was also chosen as a captain's pick for the U.S. Ryder Cup team. At age 21 years and 9 months when the matches began, Fowler became the youngest U.S. Ryder Cup player of all time, and only European Sergio García was younger when he made his Ryder Cup debut in 1999. Fowler forfeited a hole during foursomes competition on the first match day because of a rules violation, by taking a permissible free drop from muddy conditions in an improper location, a mistake U.S. captain Corey Pavin attributed to Fowler's inexperience. On the final day of the competition in his singles match against Edoardo Molinari, Fowler birdied the last 4 holes to halve the match after having been 4 down after 12 holes. Fowler won the Rookie of the Year award, controversially claiming the award over Northern Ireland's Rory McIlroy.
2011
In July 2011, Fowler tied the 54-hole lead at the AT&T National, but an early double bogey on Sunday derailed his opportunity for his first PGA Tour win. Two weeks later Fowler finished tied for 5th in The Open Championship at Royal St George's. In August, Fowler finished in a tie for second at the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational behind winner Adam Scott, lifting him to 28 in the world rankings.
At the PGA Championship, Fowler carded 74-69-75-68 to finish with a six-over par total of 286, in a tie for 51st place. Early on the third day Fowler rocketed up the leaderboard with three birdies in the first five holes only to falter later in the round with two triple bogeys, effectively ending his hopes of a first major championship and PGA Tour win.
At the first FedEx Cup playoff event, Fowler finished T52 at The Barclays in the last week in August. The following week he again finished T52 at the Deutsche Bank Championship, the second FedEx Cup playoff event, after carding a disappointing six-over par final round 77. At that point Fowler was positioned 37 in the FedEx Cup points standings and required a strong performance at the BMW Championship to qualify in the top thirty for The Tour Championship; a performance which eluded him, finishing in 48th place. In finishing 43rd in the FedEx Cup, Fowler earned a $132,000 bonus.
In October, Fowler enjoyed his first professional win with victory in the OneAsia Tour's Kolon Korea Open, securing a six-shot victory over Rory McIlroy.
Fowler ended 2011 ranked 32nd in the world.
In September, Fowler, along with Graeme McDowell, was part of the PGA Tour's These Guys are Good campaign.
2012
In May 2012, Fowler won the Wells Fargo Championship in Charlotte on the first extra hole of a sudden-death playoff. Replaying the 18th hole, he defeated Rory McIlroy and D. A. Points with a birdie to gain his first PGA Tour win. Fowler shot a 69 (−3) in the final round to finish in a three-way tie after 72 holes at Quail Hollow Club. This win enabled Fowler to break the top-25 in the world, placing him at number 24. The following week at The Players Championship in Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida, Fowler played the final hole at −11 under par and had a birdie opportunity to bring him within one of leader and eventual winner Matt Kuchar. Fowler, however, pushed his putt to the right and finished in a tie for second, the fifth second-place finish of his career.
2013
In 2013 Fowler finished runner-up in the Australian PGA Championship, four shots behind the tournament winner Adam Scott.
2014
After a tie for fifth at the Masters in April, Fowler had his best finish of 2014 at the U.S. Open at Pinehurst No. 2 in North Carolina. Fowler was runner-up with Erik Compton at −1, best finishes for both at a major, but they were eight strokes behind champion Martin Kaymer. Fowler had another second-place finish, at the Open Championship at Royal Liverpool Golf Club in Hoylake, England. He began the final round six strokes behind Rory McIlroy and finished the day tied for second with Sergio García at −15, two strokes behind McIlroy.
At the next major in August, the PGA Championship, Fowler, Phil Mickelson, Henrik Stenson, and McIlroy battled for the title on a rain-soaked Valhalla Golf Club, near Louisville. Despite holding the lead for a good portion of the day, Fowler tied for third. He was only the third player, along with Jack Nicklaus and Tiger Woods, to have finished in the top 5 in all four majors in one calendar year, but the first not to win (Jordan Spieth became the fourth player in 2015). Fowler had 10 top-10 finishes during the 2013–14 season. His 8th-place finish at The Tour Championship moved him to 10th in the world golf rankings.
2015
After a T-12 finish at the Masters, Fowler earned his first win in over three years with a playoff victory at The Players Championship in May. Trailing Sergio García midway through the final round by five shots, Fowler played the final six holes in 6-under par, including an eagle at the par-5 16th. After a birdie at the 17th hole, Fowler's final birdie of the round on 18 left him at 12-under par. Both García and Kevin Kisner had birdie attempts to win at the 18th in regulation, but both missed and the three men went to a three-hole aggregate playoff to decide a winner on holes 16–18. Fowler and Kisner went par-birdie-par to tie at −1 while García's three pars left him at even and he was eliminated. Thus Fowler and Kisner went to sudden death starting at the 17th, where Kisner's tee shot landed within about of the cup. Fowler's tee shot finished inside of five feet, and when Kisner's birdie attempt slid by, Fowler responded by making his short birdie to claim the championship. Fowler played his final 10 holes in 8-under par. On July 12, he won the Aberdeen Asset Management Scottish Open on the European Tour, shooting a 12-under-par 268. On September 7, he won the Deutsche Bank Championship, the second FedEx Cup Playoffs event, by one stroke over Henrik Stenson, for his third victory on the PGA Tour.
2016
After finishing fifth in the Hyundai Tournament of Champions in Hawaii, Fowler claimed his first victory of 2016 in the Abu Dhabi HSBC Golf Championship on the European Tour. He shot a final round of 69 to finish one clear of Belgium's Thomas Pieters. Two weeks later, Fowler was in contention to win again but lost out to Japan's Hideki Matsuyama in a playoff at the Waste Management Phoenix Open. On March 7, Fowler sparked fantastic scenes after sinking a hole-in-one with fellow tour pro Luke Donald's pitching wedge to win $1 million for Ernie Els' charity, Els for Autism.
In June, Fowler announced that he would not defend his Scottish Open title at Castle Stuart, citing the tight schedule due to golf's return to the Olympic Games as the main reason. At the 2016 Olympics, he came in 37th place.
At the first FedEx Cup playoff event of the season, The Barclays, Fowler went into the final round leading the event by one stroke. He endured a difficult final round, shooting a two-over-par 74. His challenge was ended with a double-bogey at the 16th hole that put him four strokes behind playing partner Patrick Reed. He went on to finish T7, three strokes behind the winner Reed. As a result of this, Fowler also failed to secure his automatic Ryder Cup spot, which he would have done with a top-three finish. Fowler moved up from 28th to 16th in the FedEx Cup standings with this result.
2017
On February 26, Fowler won The Honda Classic for his fourth PGA Tour win. For the first time in his career, Fowler preserved his 54-hole lead to win. The title saw Fowler move back up into the top 10 of the world rankings.
On June 16, Fowler carded a round of 65 at Erin Hills to take the first round lead at the 2017 U.S. Open. Fowler equaled the lowest first round score at the U.S. Open and led by one stroke from Paul Casey and Xander Schauffele. He followed this up with a one over par 73 in the second round to fall out of the lead by one stroke, held by four other players. He shot 68–72 over the weekend to finish in a tie for fifth place. Fowler started the PGA Championship with a 2-under 69 which was two strokes behind the leaders. After rounds of 70–73, he closed out the year's last major with a 4-under 67, including a run of four consecutive birdies on holes 12 through 15. Despite his solid finish, Fowler ended up tied for fifth and was 3 strokes behind the winner, and friend, Justin Thomas. It was his seventh top-5 major finish, meaning he has had multiple top-5 finishes at every major.
2018
On November 12, 2017, Fowler started his 2018 season at the OHL Classic at Mayakoba where he shot rounds of 65-67-67-67 for an 18-under-par total, one stroke shy of winner, Patton Kizzire. It was his 12th tour runner-up finish and he became just the 27th golfer in PGA Tour history to win $30,000,000 in Tour earnings.
On December 3, 2017, Fowler recorded a 61, 11-under-par, in the fourth round to win the Hero World Challenge. He came from 7 strokes behind the 54-hole leader, Charley Hoffman and claimed a four-stroke victory. The round of 61 was a course and tournament record, as well as being a personal best round for Fowler as a professional.
At the 2018 Waste Management Phoenix Open, Fowler birdied his final three holes during the third round to take the 54-hole lead by a stroke. This was his 6th 54-hole lead/co-lead of his career but had only converted once in the previous five attempts. In the final round, Fowler shot a 72 (+2) to finish T11.
At the 2018 Masters Tournament, Fowler shot a 72-hole score of −14 (274) to finish in 2nd place to champion Patrick Reed by 1 stroke. It was his eighth top-5 major finish, giving him multiple top-5 finishes at every major, however, he still has yet to win one.
In September 2018, Fowler qualified for the U.S. team participating in the 2018 Ryder Cup. Europe defeated the U.S. team 17 1/2 to 10 1/2. He went 1-3-0. He lost his singles match against Sergio García.
2019
In January, Fowler signed a multi-year deal to use TaylorMade golf balls and gloves. On February 3, Fowler won the Waste Management Phoenix Open after having a four-stroke lead in the final round, losing the lead, then regaining the lead for a two-stroke victory.
In December 2019, Fowler played on the U.S. team at the 2019 Presidents Cup at Royal Melbourne Golf Club in Australia. The U.S. team won 16–14. Fowler went 1–0–3 and halved his Sunday singles match against Marc Leishman.
2020
At the Sentry Tournament of Champions, Fowler finished T5th. The following week at The American Express, Fowler finished T10th. This would be Fowler's last top-10 finishes on the PGA Tour for a while as he started to struggle.
The 2019–20 PGA Tour season was suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Once the season resumed, Fowler's struggles continued with up and down results. Fowler's best results after the restart included T12th at the Rocket Mortgage Classic and a T15th at the 2020 WGC-FedEx St. Jude Invitational. However, Fowler struggled at times to make the cut at many tournaments and missed 6 cuts out of 14 tournaments Fowler played in the period of January to August. Fowler missed the cut at the 2020 PGA Championship. For the FedEx Cup playoffs, Fowler finished T49th at The Northern Trust and failed to qualify for the BMW Championship. After a month of rest, Fowler returned to compete in the 2020 U.S. Open. Fowler finished T49th. At the 2020 Masters Tournament, Fowler would finish T29th.
2021
As Fowler continued to struggle with a missed cut at the 2021 Players Championship and a T65th at the Honda Classic, he was at risk of missing the 2021 Masters Tournament heading into the Valero Texas Open. Fowler finished T17th, and therefore missed the Masters. This was the first major Fowler missed since not qualifying for the 2010 U.S. Open.
Fowler missed cuts at the Wells Fargo Championship and the AT&T Byron Nelson. At the 2021 PGA Championship, he finished T8th, his first top-10 finish in an event since the 2020 Sentry Tournament of Champions.
2022
Fowler's struggles continued into 2022, missing his first three cuts until a T55th finish at the Genesis Invitational. He only played one major, the PGA Championship, where he tied for 23rd. Fowler barely retained his Tour card, finishing 125th in the FedEx Cup, claiming the last spot.
In the off-season, Fowler parted ways with long-time caddie Joe Skovron, who spent 13 years with Fowler, replacing him with Ricky Romano. Fowler also fired swing coach John Tillery, bringing back his old swing coach, Butch Harmon. These changes produced improved results, as Fowler finished tied for 6th in the season opening Fortinet Championship. After a missed cut at the Shriners Children's Open, Fowler tied for second at the Zozo Championship, one shot behind winner Keegan Bradley. This was Fowler's best finish on Tour since the 2019 Honda Classic, where he also tied for second.
2023
In July, Fowler won the Rocket Mortgage Classic in a playoff over Collin Morikawa and Adam Hadwin. It was his first win on the PGA Tour since the 2019 Waste Management Phoenix Open.
Personal life
Fowler resides in Jupiter, Florida, relocating from Las Vegas following the 2010 season. Fowler's middle name, Yutaka, comes from his maternal grandfather, who is Japanese. His maternal grandmother is Navajo Native American. On the final day of a golf tournament Fowler wears orange in honor of Oklahoma State University.
Fowler is one of four golfers in the "Golf Boys" group along with fellow PGA Tour players Ben Crane, Bubba Watson and Hunter Mahan. The Golf Boys released a YouTube video of the song "Oh Oh Oh" on the eve of the 2011 U.S. Open. Farmers Insurance donated $1,000 for every 100,000 views of the video. The charitable proceeds went to support both Farmers and Ben Crane charitable initiatives.
In 2012, Fowler filmed a commercial for Crowne Plaza Hotels entitled "It's Good to be Rickie" with golf commentator Ian Baker Finch. He was featured in an ESPN "This is SportsCenter" commercial with sportscaster John Anderson in 2013. On November 28, 2015, Fowler was the guest picker on ESPN's College GameDay (his picks went 7–4). In 2015, Fowler was announced as an official ambassador for PGA Junior League Golf, a program owned and operated by the PGA of America.
Fowler has at least six tattoos. One is a block "G" near his left elbow in honor of Georgia Veach, the daughter of a Seattle pastor and friend. Georgia was diagnosed with lissencephaly. Fowler got the tattoo just before the 2015 Presidents Cup. The second is from January 2016 and contains the name Yutaka Tanaka (Rickie's grandfather) in Japanese script on his left biceps. The third tattoo came just weeks after playing at the 2016 Summer Olympics and is of the Olympic symbols. Fowler also has smaller tattoos, including a capital F at the base of his right wrist, a cross on his left index finger, and a phrase at the base of his right left wrist.
Fowler started dating track and field amateur athlete Allison Stokke in 2017. They became engaged in June 2018, and married in October 2019. The couple have a daughter, born November 2021.
Amateur wins
2005 Western Junior
2007 Sunnehanna Amateur, Players Amateur
2008 Sunnehanna Amateur, Big 12 Championship
Professional wins (10)
PGA Tour wins (6)
PGA Tour playoff record (3–2)
European Tour wins (2)
OneAsia Tour wins (1)
1Co-sanctioned by the Korean Tour
Other wins (1)
Playoff record
Nationwide Tour playoff record (0–1)
Results in major championships
Results not in chronological order in 2020.
CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" = tied
NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic
Summary
Most consecutive cuts made – 14 (2016 Open – 2019 Open)
Longest streak of top-10s – 4 (2014 Masters – 2014 PGA)
The Players Championship
Wins (1)
Results timeline
CUT = missed the halfway cut
"T" indicates a tie for a place
C = Canceled after the first round due to the COVID-19 pandemic
Results in World Golf Championships
Results not in chronological order prior to 2015.
1Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic
QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play
NT = No tournament
"T" = tied
Note that the Championship and Invitational were discontinued from 2022. The Champions was discontinued from 2023.
PGA Tour career summary
*As of the 2021 season.
U.S. national team appearances
Amateur
Walker Cup: 2007 (winners), 2009 (winners)
Palmer Cup: 2008
Eisenhower Trophy: 2008 (individual leader)
Professional
Ryder Cup: 2010, 2014, 2016 (winners), 2018, 2023
Presidents Cup: 2015 (winners), 2017 (winners), 2019 (winners)
World Cup: 2016
See also
2009 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
References
External links
Profile on Oklahoma State's official site
American male golfers
Oklahoma State Cowboys golfers
PGA Tour golfers
Ryder Cup competitors for the United States
Olympic golfers for the United States
Golfers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Golfers from California
Golfers from Nevada
Golfers from Florida
Sportspeople from Anaheim, California
People from Murrieta, California
Sportspeople from Las Vegas
Sportspeople from Jupiter, Florida
Murrieta Valley High School alumni
Native American sportspeople
American people of Navajo descent
American sportspeople of Japanese descent
1988 births
Living people |
43462236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community%20amateur%20sports%20club | Community amateur sports club | The Community Amateur Sports Club (CASC) scheme was introduced in 2002 by the then Labour government to support grass roots sport. The original legislation was drafted by Andrew Phillips. It recognises the importance of sport in the community by allowing local amateur sports clubs to register with HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) as a sports club rather than a business for rates and tax purposes. As such, clubs can benefit from a range of tax reliefs, including Gift Aid and rate relief. Both property and non-property owning clubs can significantly benefit from the scheme.
A community amateur sports club (CASC) in the United Kingdom is an amateur sports club eligible for favourable treatment for taxation purposes, with some similarities to charitable status. The benefits include eligibility for Gift Aid tax relief on donations, relief from at least 80% of business rates, and special treatment for capital gains tax and corporation tax purposes.
The main criteria for registration are:
"the club must be open to the whole community"
"the club's main purpose must be to provide facilities for eligible sports, and to encourage people to take part in them"
"the club must be organised on an amateur basis"
More than 6,200 clubs, including more than 425 rugby clubs, are registered as CASCs.
The Sport and Recreation Alliance (formerly the Central Council for Physical Recreation) maintains an information service cascinfo.co.uk which provides information about the CASC system.
History
Following the issuing of a consultation document by Her Majesty's Treasury in 2001, the Sport and Recreation Alliance (then CCPR) - who had campaigned for tax relief for clubs since 1999 - provided HMT with two proposals to help local sports clubs which HMT accepted:
Following a Charity Commission policy change, sports clubs could register as charities; and
Sports clubs could register as a Community Amateur Sport Club under a tax scheme
On 30 November 2001, the Charity Commission announced that it would now recognise as charitable: "The promotion of community participation in healthy recreation by the provision of facilities for the playing of particular sports."
Then on 17 April 2002, in his Budget, the Chancellor of the Exchequer introduced a package of tax reliefs to support Community Amateur Sports Clubs (CASCs) as an alternative route for those CASCs unable or unwilling to apply for charitable status.
Key dates
In 2002 the CASC scheme was established in Schedule 18 of the Finance Act with effect from April 2002 but has since been replaced with Chapter 9 Part 13 of the Corporation Tax Act 2010. CASCs were granted the opportunity to claim Gift Aid on donations meaning up to an additional £28 for every £100 donated. Since 6 April 2011 the amount that can be reclaimed has been reduced to £25 for every £100 donated.
The 2003 Local Government Act enabled registered CASCs to claim 80% mandatory rate relief on business rates providing CASCs "parity with charity" from April 2004. Local authorities can grant an additional 20% rate relief to clubs at their discretion.
In 2004, the threshold for exemption from corporation tax on trading and rental income were raised.
CASC rules
In order to be eligible for CASC status clubs need to meet certain qualifying conditions. For a club to be eligible for CASC status it must be able to demonstrate that it meets a number of conditions shown below.
Open to the whole of the community
Clubs will need to ensure that they are open to the whole community. One aspect of this is to ensure that the cost to participate is not prohibitive. To be considered open to the whole of the community:
a club must be open to all without discrimination (membership or use of facilities)
When determining who can join or make use of a club's facilities, a CASC cannot discriminate on the grounds of ethnicity, nationality, sexual orientation, religion or belief, sex, age or disability – except when it's necessary for taking part in a particular sport.
costs associated with membership must not represent a significant obstacle to membership, use of facilities or full participation in the club's activities
CASCs must ensure that costs associated with membership of the club are not a significant obstacle to membership or to the use of its facilities. If the sport is an expensive one, the club must show what it does to make membership affordable for the whole community.
Clubs where membership and participation costs are £520 or less a year will be considered to be open to the whole community.
Clubs where membership and participation costs are in excess of £520 a year will need to demonstrate that there are special provisions in place, and the provisions are used in practice, for members on low or modest incomes to be able to participate fully in the club's activities for £520 or less a year.
Examples include:
Open days and taster sessions
Free coaching and equipment loan
Discounted and concessionary membership fees, possibly including means tested membership
Charitable fund/bursaries for young people who may not be able to afford membership, coaching and / or equipment
Clear advertisement of all the opportunities and packages available to play at the club
Clubs can charge a maximum annual membership fee of £1,612 or £31 per week and be a CASC but have to offer a range of concessions to people who can't afford membership at this level.
Participate fully
Members must be able to participate fully in a club's sporting activities. The Government recognises that sports clubs will have different membership structures and levels of access to the activities of the club and will vary by club and by sport.
Clubs that are open seven days a week will need to provide a member with full access at least three days a week on days that suit the member, including weekends.
Where a club is open on limited days of the week, for example at weekends only, or at certain times of the year, clubs must ensure that members have access to facilities at least half the time they are open, at times convenient to the member, so that any member can participate fully in the sporting activities of the club even if they are paying a lower amount than other members because they are on a low income.
Costs associated with membership and participation
The costs associated with membership of the club will include all the mandatory costs that arise as a result of taking part in a particular sport, and not just the annual subscription or membership fee. They will also include the cost of any specialised or mandatory equipment.
For example, membership fees may include insurance costs, joining fee and affiliation fees (if required) and exclude for example, optional coaching fees or national fees.
Costs associated with membership also include the cost of specialist equipment or items that are required to take part in a sport. There are a number of options for clubs to consider.
A club can hire out equipment to members – they would need to account only for the hire cost.
A club can loan equipment for free.
A club can arrange a rota system to share equipment.
If a member has to provide their own specialised equipment then the cost must be included as part of the costs of being a member of the club. In calculating these costs a club does not need to take into account the most expensive equipment, just the cost of equipment that will allow a person to participate. For example, if a second-hand set of golf clubs is acceptable, then the typical cost of such a set needs to be included.
Specialised equipment or items do not include objects that a member would normally be expected to own, such as trainers, basic gym clothing and waterproofs.
If the club requires specific branded equipment or clothing then these costs will count towards the costs associated with the sport.
Temporary members
Some clubs will have some form of temporary membership to encourage new members into the sport without having to commit to pay for a full year's membership.
Clubs that allow temporary members to use their facilities will need to charge fees equivalent to the annual costs to full members, to include match fees and fees for hiring courts and so on. For example, if the annual costs of membership were £240 for twelve months then temporary membership for two months would need to cost no more than £40. All income from a temporary member will be considered as coming from a non-member and will count towards the clubs non-member income threshold.
Different membership rates for different people
Clubs may still be open to the community if they charge different groups of people different amounts. However, clubs will still need to ensure that they do not discriminate against any particular groups or individuals. For example, it may be acceptable to charge a lower fee for a membership class in return for reduced access to the club's facilities, subject to ensuring that the members continue to be able to participate fully in the sport.
Organised on an amateur basis
Clubs must be organised on an amateur basis although under the new rules clubs will be able to financially support players subject to a limit of £10,000 a year per club.
A club is organised on an amateur basis if it meets the following conditions:
it is non-profit making
it only provides its members and their guests with the sort of benefits an amateur sports club would normally provide ('ordinary benefits')
it does not exceed the limit on paid players
its rules provide that if the club is wound up, any property left after the payment of debts will be used for approved sporting or charitable purposes.
Paying players
Clubs will be allowed to pay a maximum of £10,000 a year in total to players to play for that club. There will be no limit on the number of players a club can pay at any one time.
The £10,000 limit includes the cost of benefits a player receives in consequence of playing for the club. For example, for an overseas player, the cost of flights, obtaining a visa and accommodation would need to be included.
Even where there has been no actual cost to the club this must be included. A common example is where a member provides accommodation free of charge to an overseas player. This is a benefit and will need to be factored in when the club calculates its payments to players.
The rule on paying players will have no effect on the tax position of the player or the club. It is simply a rule about qualification as a CASC. Players should be taxed under the normal rules for employment or self-employment as appropriate.
Reimbursement of travel and subsistence payments that were incurred as a result of an away match would not be a benefit, so long as the rest of the team, including players who are not paid players, also had their expenses reimbursed.
Payments to players must be agreed and minuted by the club's committee and the amounts must be determined on an arm's length basis.
Officials of the club will not be entitled to receive payments for playing for the club.
Travel and subsistence
Clubs will be allowed to pay appropriate and reasonable travel and subsistence costs to members who travel to away matches and sporting events as well as travel expenses where the time spent in travelling in each direction is two hours or more (four hours in total).
This applies to players and a small number of officials who will be participating in the match. Spectators and other supporters will not be eligible to receive expenses.
Clubs can reimburse reasonable overnight expenses where it is not practical to make the journey home. This includes costs such as a hotel and an evening meal within standard limits.
HMRC standard rates for travel and subsistence will apply to all CASCs.
Clubs will be allowed to pay expenses to members for the cost of touring with a club. Players will be expected to play, compete or train on at least 75% of the days on tour.
HMRC standard rates for overseas travel and subsistence will apply.
Where a club pays for a member to go on tour the club will need to demonstrate that the tour promoted and encouraged sporting participation.
Main purpose is the provision of facilities for, and the promotion of participation in, one or more eligible sports
In order to be eligible for the CASC scheme, a clubs main purpose must be to providing facilities for eligible sports and to encourage people to take part in them. As a result, under the new rules at least 50% of members must be participating members of the club, i.e. they participate in the sport at least 12 times a year.
An eligible sport is defined as a sport recognised by certain Sports Councils (Sport England, Sport Scotland, Sports Council of Wales, Sports Council of Northern Ireland and UK Sport).
Participating members
The main purpose of the club must be to provide facilities for an eligible sport and to encourage participation in that sport. To qualify as a CASC at least 50% of all members must be participating members, that is they must participate in the sporting activities of the club on a regular basis.
This threshold ensures that the main purpose of the club is clearly the provision of facilities for and promotion of, sport and is not used primarily as a social club.
To be considered a participating member, individuals will need to be participating in an eligible sporting activity on at least 12 occasions a year.
A participating member will be an individual who:
plays in the sport (adults and juniors) or
has a specific volunteer role in the running of the club which facilitates the effective provision of the club's eligible sport. Members that do not meet these conditions will be deemed to be social members.
The income condition
All CASCs must meet the new income condition which ensures that CASCs are mainly sports clubs rather than mainly commercial clubs with sports activities.
Clubs will be able to generate unlimited income from transactions with their members. Membership fees, income from transactions with members such as the sale of food and drink or equipment, hiring club premises for private parties and so on will be excluded from the income condition.
Investment income and donations received will also be excluded from the income condition.
The income condition will apply to the turnover or receipts received from broadly commercial transactions with non-members, where the club is offering a commercial service or supply, for example:
sales of food and drink
sales of equipment
hiring out facilities.
Non-members include:
guests
parents of junior members (if they are not members in their own right)
temporary members
visiting players or teams.
The maximum amount of turnover or receipts that a club may receive under the income condition will be £100,000 a year, excluding VAT. Clubs generating higher levels of income will need to consider setting up a trading subsidiary.
The thresholds on the exemptions for UK trading income and property UK income will be increased to:
£50,000 of receipts (from £30,000) for trading income
£30,000 of receipts (from £20,000) for property income.
Where receipts exceed the threshold then, as now, all the income received will become chargeable to corporation tax.
The location condition
The location condition makes it clear that the CASC scheme is open to qualifying sports clubs in other European Community Member States or relevant territories.
The management condition
This condition is met where a club has managers that are fit and proper persons to be managers of the club. Club managers mean persons having the general control and management of the administration of the club.
References
External links
ACASC "The Association of Community Amateur Sports Clubs providing compliance information and guidance for individual CASC registered clubs and clubs aspiring to become CASC registered."
Cascinfo.co.uk "The definitive guide for Community Amateur Sports Clubs"
gov.uk "Gov.uk CASC portal"
sportscotland.org.uk "Sport Scotland CASC summary"
National governing body guidance for clubs
archerygb.org "Archery GB CASC guidance for clubs"
bowlsscotland.com "Bowls Scotland CASC guidance for clubs"
bef.co.uk "British Equestrian Federation CASC guidance for clubs"
englandathletics.org "England Athletics CASC guidance for clubs"
ecb.co.uk "English Cricket Board CASC guidance for clubs"
englandgolf.org "England Golf CASC guidance for clubs"
thefa.com "The Football Association CASC guidance for clubs"
lta.org.uk "Lawn Tennis Association CASC guidance for clubs"
Taxation in the United Kingdom
Sport in the United Kingdom |
599217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTTE | WTTE | WTTE (channel 28) is a television station in Columbus, Ohio, United States, airing programming from the digital multicast network TBD. It is owned by Cunningham Broadcasting, which maintains a local marketing agreement (LMA) with Sinclair Broadcast Group, owner of ABC/MyNetworkTV/Fox affiliate WSYX (channel 6), for the provision of certain services. However, Sinclair effectively owns WTTE as the majority of Cunningham's stock is owned by the family of deceased group founder Julian Smith. Sinclair also operates Chillicothe-licensed CW affiliate WWHO (channel 53) under a separate LMA with Manhan Media. The stations share studios on Dublin Road in Grandview Heights (with a Columbus mailing address), while WTTE's transmitter is located in the Franklinton section of Columbus.
A charter Fox affiliate from the network's sign-on from 1986 to 2021, WTTE also served as the Fox station of record for the nearby Zanesville, Ohio, market.
History
WTTE began operations on June 1, 1984, as the first general-entertainment independent station in central Ohio. The station was founded by the Commercial Radio Institute, a subsidiary of the Baltimore-based Sinclair Broadcast Group (at the time, called Chesapeake Broadcasting Corporation) as the company's third television station after WPTT-TV (now WPNT) in Pittsburgh and flagship station WBFF in Baltimore. The station originally operated from studio and office facilities at 6130 South Sunbury Road in Columbus.
WTTE quickly became the dominant independent station in the area largely because its programming policy was far less conservative than that of the other independent in the area, Christian-oriented WSFJ-TV (channel 51). Channel 28 was a charter affiliate of Fox, having joined the network at its launch on October 9, 1986. From 1995 until 1997, WTTE also carried a secondary affiliation with UPN which was then picked up by WWHO. Early in that run, the station listed both affiliations on an equal level (as "the best of both worlds") in its station identifications of the time, including a period where Fox logos were dropped entirely.
Merger with WSYX
In 1996, Sinclair merged with River City Broadcasting, owner of WSYX. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) rules at the time did not allow one person to own two stations in a single market. Sinclair kept the longer-established WSYX and nominally sold WTTE to Glencairn, Ltd. owned by former Sinclair executive Edwin Edwards. However, nearly all of Glencairn's stock was held by the Smith family, founders and owners of Sinclair. In effect, Sinclair still owned WTTE, and now had a duopoly in Columbus in violation of FCC rules. Sinclair and Glencairn further circumvented the rules by moving WTTE's operations into WSYX's Dublin Road studios under a local marketing agreement, with WSYX as senior partner. Glencairn owned ten other stations—all in markets where Sinclair also had a station. Sinclair was eventually fined $40,000 for its illegal control of Glencairn. The two companies attempted to merge in 2001 after the FCC allowed duopolies. However, the FCC would not allow Sinclair to repurchase WTTE. The FCC does not allow duopolies between two of the four highest-rated stations in a single market. Also the Columbus market, despite its relatively large size, has only seven full-power stations—too few to legally permit a duopoly. WTTE thus remained under the banner of Glencairn, which was then renamed Cunningham Broadcasting. However, the Smith family still controls nearly all of Cunningham's stock, so Sinclair still effectively had a duopoly in Columbus. By nearly all accounts, Sinclair has used Glencairn/Cunningham as a shell corporation to evade FCC ownership rules.
In 2000, WWHO switched its affiliation to UPN, but signed a deal with The WB to retain its programming on a secondary basis through what a Paramount Stations Group executive described as a "program license agreement." As a result, WTTE picked up half of Kids' WB!'s weekday programming and aired it alongside its usual Fox Kids programming. This arrangement continued until 2001.
In 2006, all Sinclair-controlled Fox affiliates including WTTE extended their affiliation contracts until at least March 2012. WTTE-DT2 was formerly an affiliate of The Tube, a 24-hour digital music channel. Like other Sinclair-owned stations, this was dropped in January 2007, due to a disagreement between Sinclair and The Tube over E/I programming. The network ceased operations that October due to the lack of advertising.
According to Nielsen Media Research in the May 2011 ratings period, WTTE was the second most watched Fox affiliate in the United States in prime time. The station remained intensely competitive in the Columbus television market with it remaining an extremely strong competitor against WBNS-TV and WCMH-TV averaging roughly 300,000 viewers each night during the station's 10 o'clock newscast despite its earlier time slot. As WTTE-DT1 or currently, WSYX-DT3, it typically wins the demographic viewership battle each and every ratings period. The demographic win is a much sought after attribute for television sales associates in the area for local advertising purposes.
On October 18, 2010, the station reactivated its 28.2 digital subchannel for the first time since December 2006, with theCoolTV, a music video network which, unlike The Tube, had E/I programming pre-inserted as part of its national schedule. The network was discontinued as of August 31, 2012.
WTTE was also considered an alternate ABC affiliate airing that network's programs when WSYX is unable to do so such as during a breaking news emergency or local special.
On May 15, 2012, Sinclair and Fox agreed to a five-year extension to the network's affiliation agreement with the 19 Fox stations owned or controlled by Sinclair, including WTTE, allowing them to continue carrying the network's programming through 2017.
On June 23, 2014, Sinclair signed a deal with Sony Pictures Entertainment to carry the GetTV network as a subchannel on 33 of its stations; WTTE was one such station, and the 28.2 subchannel was reactivated.
On June 1, 2017, Sinclair replaced GetTV with TBD on WTTE's 28.2 subchannel. TBD is operated by Sinclair Television Group, a subsidiary of Sinclair Broadcast Group.
On August 21, 2017, WTTE's 28.3 subchannel began carriage of Stadium, which replaced ASN.
Move of Fox to WSYX-DT3 and new affiliation with TBD TV
On January 1, 2021, Sinclair quietly sent a letter to cable and satellite providers saying that it had consolidated the Fox affiliations of stations in markets where it had been on a sister Cunningham or Deerfield-owned station onto Sinclair owned stations, putting those affiliations directly in Sinclair's control. While most markets transitioned on that day, the transition of WTTE-DT1's programming schedule onto WSYX's spectrum would be held off until January 7, as that would be the day WWHO would convert to being the market's ATSC 3.0 lighthouse station, and it would easier for the transition of all the channels being moved or launched to occur then.
On that day, Sinclair began simulcasting "Fox 28" programming on WSYX-DT3, while moving Antenna TV to the newly created 6.4. WTTE's main signal would eventually carry Sinclair-owned TBD full-time. The simulcast continued until February 3 at 10 a.m., when the "Fox 28" schedule was now only available through WSYX-DT3.
With the move of the "Fox 28" schedule to WSYX-DT3, it became the largest-market subchannel-only Fox affiliate, surpassing Albuquerque, New Mexico's KRQE-DT2 for that distinction, along with the largest station by market size holding two affiliations with the Big Four networks (also ahead of KRQE). The transition also meant that WTTE began to host WWHO's main ATSC 1.0 signal on its spectrum (mapping to 53.1).
The switch was contractually proper for cable and satellite providers, who continue to carry Fox programming on all of "Fox 28"'s existing low-number channel positions, while WTTE-DT1's carriage now depends on provider; some carry it as a low-number channel, while others no longer carry any of WTTE's channels.
In April 2021, Antenna TV and Stadium swapped channels, with Stadium moving to 6.4 and Antenna TV moving to WTTE-DT2.
News operation
Sinclair never launched an independent news department for WTTE prior to its acquisition of WSYX, though with WBFF and WPGH-TV in Pittsburgh launching news departments in the 1990s (WPGH-TV has since shut theirs down in favor of airing a 10 p.m. newscast from WPXI), it is likely Sinclair would have launched a news department for WTTE had it not acquired WSYX.
As a Fox affiliate, WTTE broadcast 25½ hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with four hours each weekday, three hours on Saturdays and 2½ hours on Sundays).
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
Analog-to-digital conversion
WTTE was one of only two full-power television stations in the Columbus market (the other being WWHO) that honored the original DTV transition date of February 17, 2009. The station shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 28, at 11:59 p.m. on that date, as part of the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 36, using PSIP to display WTTE's virtual channel as 28 on digital television receivers.
However, until March 3, as part of the SAFER Act, analog channel 28 aired a repeating loop of a short informational film (in both English and Spanish) about the DTV changeover and how to upgrade to digital television. Analog channel 28 has since gone dark.
See also
Channel 27 digital TV stations in the United States
Channel 28 virtual TV stations in the United States
References
External links
TBD (TV network) affiliates
Antenna TV affiliates
TTE
Sinclair Broadcast Group
Television channels and stations established in 1984
1984 establishments in Ohio |
20302618 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Bank%20of%20Uzbekistan | National Bank of Uzbekistan | National Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan for Foreign Economic Activity' Joint Stock Company (Uzbek National Bank or NBU RUz) (uzbek - O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Tashqi iqtisodiy faoliyat milliy banki), same as the National Bank of Uzbekistan (NBU) is universal commercial bank of Uzbekistan. It is the largest bank of Uzbekistan in the volume of assets combining the functions of project financing, universal commercial, investment and savings banks.
The principal business of the bank focuses on the policy of the Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan within international economic relations, promotion in development and strengthening of economic cooperation with other countries, expansion of the Republican's export potential, improvement of exports and imports of goods and services, operation of foreign economic activity, collection of foreign exchange funds, protection of foreign exchange interests
The bank promotes and actively supports economic reforms ongoing in the Republic of Uzbekistan due to its large-scale infrastructure.
History
It was established under the decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan I. Karimov on September 7, 1991. The bank started its operations on October 7, 1991. The staff amounted to one hundred positions. The first office of the National Bank was located at 23, Akhunbabayeva street.
In 1992, the bank made approximately 95% of the country's international payments, which enabled development of correspondent banking with leading global banks. Towards the end of the year, this network already involved 83 foreign banks. The Government appointed Chairman of the Board R. Azimov as the EBRD Governor for Uzbekistan. Uzbekistan is the fourth CIS country to receive approval of the EBRD strategy. The EBRD opens its first credit line of $60 million to support small and medium enterprises.
In 1993, cooperation with foreign banks was actively developing. The bank established correspondent relations with 120 banks in 35 countries, including with banks in the CIS countries: Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan. NBU joins the international financial telecommunications system SWIFT, REUTERS, DOW JONES TELERATE , BLOOMBERG. The foundation of a new NBU tower was settled and the construction began.
In 1994, the bank opened more than 100 specialized exchange offices in Tashkent and in regional centers of the Republic of Uzbekistan purchasing and selling foreign currency, traveller's checks and currencies of the CIS countries for national currency. The bank took upon itself to serve as the country's agent to attract and service foreign loans and investments.
In 1995, the bank stood forth as the main founder when establishing the Association of Banks of Uzbekistan. In 1996, the number of employees reached 2,000 positions. The client base, which previously represented export-oriented industries, began to expand with small and private enterprises. In 1997, the number of employees increased up to 3,4 thous. positions.
In 1998, the bank joined the Association of Asian Banks (ABA). The National Bank was the first bank in Uzbekistan and Central Asia to switch to a new chart of accounts meeting international accounting standards. An increase in the bank's own capital up to US$571 million provided its position among the 500 largest banks in the world and additional base for banking operations. The correspondent banking network increased to 432 banks, including 30 banks in Uzbekistan and 402 - foreign banks in 66 countries all over the world. The end of the year was marked by a change in management. R.S. Azimov was appointed the Minister of Finances. According to the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Zaynutdin Mirkhodjayev was appointed his successor. Previously, he worked as Deputy Minister of Foreign Economic Relations of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
The year 1999 became a foundation for expanding cooperation between the Association of Banks of Asia and ADFIAP. The parties agreed on joint arrangement of large forums and conferences in Uzbekistan to disclose investment potential of the country's economy to the Asian financial community, as well as establish partnership within specific projects and training programs. In terms of capital adequacy the bank is among the 50 largest banks in the world.
In 2000, being a member of the Association of Banks of Asia (ABA) and the Association of Development Financing Institutions in Asia and the Pacific (ADFIAP), the NBU held a meeting of the board of directors of ADFIAP. In the same year, the bank founded its professional football club "NBU-Asia."
In 2001, about 120 delegations from foreign financial institutions visited the bank. The correspondent network has expanded to 500 banks, including 472 foreign ones in 66 countries and 28 banks in Uzbekistan. The bank's website was launched.
The National Bank was the first financial institution in the CIS region to build a geographically distributed cluster data center on the IBM eServer p690 UNIX platform using SAN technology.
'Science and technology', Moscow - Tashkent, 2004.
In 2003, the bank adopted corporate bond underwriting. The bank’s debut was evaluated by the Uzbek Stock Exchange and awarded the title of 'Best Underwriting Company'. In 2004, the bank held a public international tender on banking software and selected GLOBUS Automated Banking Software as the best option, which has been integrated this year to the bank system. The same year was marked by a new product - American Express cheques for home storage. Since 2005, the bank joined the Interbank Association of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and started cooperation with all members of the SCO Interbank Association participating in all events held.
In 2006, the bank rendered more than 70 kinds of retail services and made money transfers through the Western Union system. In April, the NBU and its subsidiary bank, Asia-Invest, adopted own express money transfer system 'Asia Express'. In 2009, Expert RA - Credit Rating Agency assigned the National Bank a high level of credit rating ('A' rating). In 2010, the correspondent network was expanded to 657 banks, including 30 banks in Uzbekistan and 627 foreign banks in 75 countries.
In 2012, the property of 66 enterprises in default was signed off to the bank. The investments in enterprises in default amounted to 116.2 billion . In 2013, the credit portfolio of the National Bank amounted to UZS 5.2 trillion. The number of attending customers amounted to more than 3 million.
As of January 1, 2014, the credit portfolio of the National Bank amounted to UZS 6.8 trillion . The property of 68 enterprises in default was signed off to the bank. The investments in enterprises in default amounted to UZS 208 billion. The corresponding banking network amounted to 670 international banks .
In December 2018, joint efforts of Visa International and Uzbekistan Airways provided the issue of co-branded NAK-NBU Visa Gold and Visa Platinum cards. [1]
In July 2019, the National Bank issued the first Visa Infinite premium card in Uzbekistan with exclusive privileges and opportunities. [2]
With the aim of adopting modern generally accepted principles of corporate Bank's management, according to the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated November 30, 2019, No. PP-4540 on Measures to Transform the Unitary Enterprise 'National Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan for Foreign Economic Activity' into Joint Stock Company, the NBU was transformed to 'National Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan for Foreign Economic Activity' Joint Stock Company (NBU JSC).
According to this Decree of the President, the founder of the NBU JSC is the State represented by the Ministry of Finance and the Fund for Reconstruction and Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Besides, NBU JSC is the successor of rights, obligations and agreements, including international ones, of the transformed Uzbek National Bank.
Owners and management
The Founder of the bank and the main holder of the Authorize Fund until November 30, 2019, was the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The Cabinet of Ministers owned at least 60% of the bank’s Authorized Fund; RUB 2 billion and US$200 million were allocated from the state budget for these purposes .
According to the Decree of the President No. 4540, since November 30, 2019, the founder of the NBU JSC is the State represented by the Ministry of Finance and the Fund for Reconstruction and Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
List of managers
Operations
As for January 1, 2005 credit portfolio volume totaled 2, 418.4 billion soums (if compared with January 1, 2004 — 2,312.3 billion soums).
By 2014 the bank serviced more than 70% of Uzbekistan's foreign trade turnover, using credit lines offered by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Asian Development Bank and the International Finance Corporation, the bank finances investment projects involving the construction, modernization and technical re-equipment of industries as well as purchase of raw materials.
The National Bank of Uzbekistan is a universal commercial bank rendering a full range of banking services, including investment business, project and foreign trade financing, asset management, cash management services for private and corporate clients, mortgage and consumer lending.
The bank has an extensive branch network.In 2018, the bank's assets amounted to 56,524.57 billion soums, own capital - 5,722.02 billion soums, net profit - 506.56 billion soums
Foreign economic activity
Foreign economic activity of Uzbek National Bank is aimed at deepening the economic and commercial relations of the Republic of Uzbekistan with foreign countries, attracting investments and advanced technologies to the country's economy through cooperation with foreign banks and international financial institutions (IFIs).
The cooperation permanently provides further strengthening of positions of Uzbek National Bank in the global financial market by expanding cooperation with foreign banks within commercial and project financing, attraction of credit lines, international settlements, and treasury operations in the monetary and foreign exchange markets.
Uzbek National Bank has approximately 700 correspondent banks in 81 countries all over the world. The largest partner banks with opened correspondent accounts are such globally famous banks as: JP Morgan Chase, Citibank, The Bank of New York Mellon, Commerzbank, Deutsche Bank, Societe Generale, Credit Suisse, SMBC, MUFG Bank, Sberbank of Russia, etc.
The partners among foreign banks and IFIs are the China Development Bank, the Export-Import Bank of China, the Export-Import Bank of Korea, USA Exim Bank, Gazprombank, VEB.RF, Sberbank of Russia, Credit Suisse, AKA Bank, Raiffeisen Bank, ODDO BHF, NATIXIS, Credit Agricole, Commerzbank, Deutsche Bank, Landesbank Baden-Wuerttemberg, the European Bank of Reconstruction & Development, etc.
On August 26, 2019, in Beijing, the National Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan for Foreign Economic Activity signed a loan agreement with the China Development Bank (CDB) to attract a credit line in CNY amounted to 500 million under the 5th meeting of Uzbek-Chinese Intergovernmental Cooperation Committee. The CNY loan agreement is the first such document signed with a leading Chinese financial institution in the history of NBU cooperation.
On December 14, 2019, 'National Bank of Uzbekistan' JSC signed an agreement to attract funds in national currency to finance small and medium-sized business projects amounted to UZS 953 billion (US$100 million) with Frontera Capital (Great Britain). This is the first transaction of a financial institution to raise funds in national currency.
Plastic cards
In 1994, the National Bank joined Visa International and was the first bank in the country to provide Visa Classic plastic cards in the Uzbek market.
On April 10, 1996, the NBU launched the issue and servicing of cards in national currency. In 1997, it adopted the first project in Uzbekistan to issue wages using cards .
In 1998, the bank adopted a multi-issue banking transfer system using DUET microprocessor plastic cards and established own settlement and emission center in every regional center. In the same year, Visa Electron plastic cards were issued.
In May 2001, the NBU initiated the operation of interbank system of settlements using UZS plastic cards involving the NBU, Pakhtabank and Asaka Bank.
In 2002, the bank finished development and expansion of the service network for plastic cardholders and the transition from a single-issue to a multi-issue system for plastic cards. This resulted in a network of settlement and issue centers for issuing and servicing cards throughout the Republic, and a large infrastructure of ATM and terminal equipment.
Since May 2003, international VISA cards begin to be additionally serviced by NBU ATMs.
In 2004, due to the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Measures to Further Develop Plastic Cards-based Settlement System, the share of plastic cards issued by the NBU reaches 60% of the total number of plastic cards in Uzbekistan.
Since 2007, the NBU has been offering credit overdraft cards issued as part of salary projects .
In 2008, the bank expanded its network of commercial and service enterprises approving plastic cards for payment from 2,653 to 3,553 units, and as of October 1, 2009 - up to 4,760 .
Since 2009, information kiosks approve payments with UZS plastic cards .
2010 was marked by a pilot project to provide information on UZS plastic cards via sms, e-mail and web.
In 2011, the bank began to issue online plastic cards via EMV standard UzCard interbank payment system.
In 2013, there were changes in the operation of exchange offices . On February 1, the sale of cash foreign currency was abolished . The bank adopted the sale of foreign currency to individuals in non-cash form using international payment cards .
Since 2016, the National Bank has been a principal member of MasterCard International payment system.
September 2017 was marked by an e-commerce project via Visa International cards. The new Internet acquiring (e-commerce) service in Uzbekistan enabled Visa cards acquiring on the global Internet, ensuring an increase in cashless payments and reduction of costs for enterprises, in particular, small and medium-sized businesses.
In November 2017, the bank launched Milliy mobile application enabling remote money transfers from one card to another, payment for various domestic and foreign services, opening of deposits, repayment of loans, etc.[3]
Since February 2017, transaction security when paying for goods and services on the Internet using Visa cards of the National Bank became supported by 3D Secure (Verified by Visa) minimizing the risks of card fraud.
In May 2018, the NBU became a principal member of the Union Pay International payment system.
In December 2018, joint efforts of Visa International and Uzbekistan Airways provided the issue of co-branded NAK-NBU Visa Gold and Visa Platinum cards. Their holders were able to receive bonus miles when paying for goods and services in commercial and service enterprises and the Internet. According to the UzAirPlus NAC loyalty program, accumulated miles can be exchanged for upgrading a service class, air ticket, etc. [4]
In February 2019, the NBU began to issue Visa International cards for corporate customers, i.e. Visa Business.
In March 2019, the bank launched e-commerce project using MasterCard International payment system providing approval of payment via MasterCard for goods and services provided online.
In April 2019, the bank began issuing contactless cards via VISA International (PayWave Visa) payment system.
In May 2019, the bank launched contactless acquiring via VISA International (PayWave Visa) payment system. Since May, there is an issue of HUMO contactless cards within National Payment System.
In July 2019, the National Bank supported by Visa International issued the first Visa Infinite premium card in Uzbekistan with exclusive privileges and opportunities. [5]
The number of issued cards as of January 1, 2019, was 2.03 million.
Number of ATMs as of January 1, 2019, is 24,113 units.
Money transfers
Since 2002, the bank has been rendering services of money transfers for individuals based on an agreement on cooperation within money transfers via Western Union system signed with NPO Western Union DP Vostok. In 2006, the subsidiary bank of the National Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan for Foreign Economic Activity in the Russian Federation - Joint-Stock Commercial Asia-Invest Bank has developed its own money transfer system called Asia Express to transfer money of individuals. The main direction of transfers is the Russian Federation - the Republic of Uzbekistan .
In March 2007, the bank entered into an agreement on accelerated non-trading transfers via MIGOM system with the European Trust Bank.
In April 2009, the National Bank's units servicing organizations started Quick Mail operations. Since March 2012, the bank's institutions launched MoneyGram transfer system operations.
In April 2012, the bank signed an agreement with Russlavbank CJSC to connect to Contact money transfer system and have operations to send and pay money transfers via this system in USD and EURO.
In 2013, the bank became a member of KoronaPay service .
In 2013, there were changes in the operation of exchange offices . On February 1, the sale of cash foreign currency was abolished . The bank adopted the sale of foreign currency to individuals in non-cash form using international payment cards .
September 2017 was marked by an e-commerce project via Visa International cards. The new Internet acquiring (e-commerce) service in Uzbekistan enabled Visa cards acquiring on the global Internet, ensuring an increase in cashless payments and reduction of costs for enterprises, in particular, small and medium-sized businesses.
Investment activity
The NBU is the largest investment bank in the country. The bank's large-scale infrastructure enables development of the financial and industrial sectors that actively support economic reforms in Uzbekistan.
The bank's capital incorporation in strategically important enterprises of the Republic enables its participation in investment in enterprises of various sectors of the economy, their modernization, technological and technical re-equipment.
Businesses
Support for high-tech and socially significant sectors of the national economy, financing of modernization of existing and implementation of new productions, support for small businesses, creation and development of consumer goods productions based on processing of local raw materials.
The main borrowers of the bank are large domestic manufacturers, small and private businesses.
Most of the investments are allocated to develop oil production and refining, mechanical engineering, food industry, non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, textile industry, agricultural production, communications infrastructure, transport and tourism.
Financing of national-scale facilities
Loans from the National Bank are involved in almost all sectors of the economy of Uzbekistan. The great share in the structural transformations of the economy covers the development of communication systems - rail, road and aviation. The loans are also allocated to the development of priority sectors of the economy, financing of modernization of existing and implementation of new high-level productions, support for small businesses, creation and development of import-substituting consumer goods industries based on the processing of local raw materials.
Bank is systemically important for the Reporting and provides loans to the largest enterprises of the Republic of Uzbekistan under government guarantees. This determines low diversification of the loan portfolio, low return on assets, as well as a strong dependence on the financial policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
Irina Veliyeva - RA Expert, 2009
The bank provided financing for the development of many strategically important business facilities:
construction of the Bukhara Oil Refinery.
construction of Tashguzar - Boysun - Kumkurgan railway line.
reconstruction of the Fergana Oil Refinery.
modernization of Navoi TPP.
reconstruction and modernization of the airport in Navoi city.
upgrade and unification of the aircraft fleet of 'Uzbekistan Airways' NAC.
supply of mining equipment for the Navoi Mining and Metallurgical Combine.
construction of 'Akhangaran - Pungan gas pipeline.
purchase of CASE agricultural machinery for Uzagromashservis Association and Uzprommashimpeks State Joint Stock Foreign Trade Company.
construction of a propane-butane mixture plant to increase the production of liquefied gas at the Mubarak Gas Processing Plant.
purchase of Daimler-Chrysler buses for the Tashgorpasstrans Association.
purchase of passenger electric locomotives for Temir Yollari State Joint Stock Railway Company.
upgrade and equipage of the existing fleet of drilling installations of Uzbekneftegaz NHC.
construction of gas dehydration at the Kungrad compressor station.
As well as number of other investment projects implemented .
Indicators
In 2008, the share of the NBU in the total assets of Uzbek banks amounted to more than 40%. In the same year, the bank served about 20% of the country's enterprises, including almost 40% of joint ventures
In 2018, the bank's assets amounted to UZS 56,524.57 billion, own capital - UZS 5,722.02 billion, net profit - UZS 506.56 billion (See details in the electronic annual report for 2018).
In 2019, the bank's assets amounted to UZS 66,604.99 billion, own capital - UZS 13,141.07 billion, net profit - UZS 1,043.65 billion.
Ratings
The NBU is a credit and financial institution of the country rated by such international agencies as Moody’s Investors Service and Standard & Poor’s. The receiving and confirmation of high marks from leading international rating agencies remains relevant and important for the NBU.
December 24, 2018 was marked by an increase in long-term credit rating by Standard & Poor’s international rating agency from 'B+' to 'BB-'.
since 1993, according to the ratings of The Banker magazine, the National Bank is in the first thousand of the largest banking institutions all over the world with 862nd place .
1998 - the Euromoney magazine recognized the National Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan as the best bank in Uzbekistan, and in 2002, according to the same magazine, the NBU was recognized as the “Bank of the Year" .
2000 - Thomson Bank wath (TBW) confirmed a credit rating of LC-1 and a country rating of IC-B / C .
2001 - 'The Best Bank of Uzbekistan' from The Banker.
2002 - 'The Best Bank of Uzbekistan' from Euromoney and Global Finance .
2004 - The Best Bank of Uzbekistan' from Global Finance.
2012 - the bank recognized as the best bank of the year in attracting deposits in a contest held by the Central Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Association of Banks of Uzbekistan . According to the study of the CIS banking sector by the RIA Rating Agency, the bank was ranked 50th in the 'list of the largest CIS banks' .
2013 - the bank recognized as the best bank of the year in attracting deposits and the most innovative bank in a contest held by the Central Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Association of Banks of Uzbekistan . According to RIA Rating Agency, the bank was ranked 55th in the 'list of the CIS largest banks' .
Subsidiaries
Asia-Invest Bank
JSC "Asia-Invest Bank" was established in 1996, in accordance with the intergovernmental Agreement between Russia and Uzbekistan "On the basic principles and directions of economic cooperation for 1996-1997" in Russia (Moscow), in order to further develop cooperation in the financial and banking sector, the first Uzbek-Russian Joint Bank.
NBU Invest group
On March 31, 2008, a subsidiary company, Open Joint-Stock Company NBU Invest Group, was established with a charter capital of $25 million. The main purpose of the creation of the NBU Invest Group is to establish a company capable of restructuring and managing the assets of Uzbekistan’s enterprises, as well as attracting foreign investment to develop the real sector of the country's economy.
The main business is asset management. Operational management of industrial enterprises is aimed at improving production efficiency and includes business planning, marketing, monitoring the activities of the enterprise, managing sales channels and supplier relations, personnel management, cost and performance analysis. Participation in investment projects of the NBU.
References
Official site
National Bank for Foreign Economic Activity of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Banks of Uzbekistan
Banks established in 1991
1991 establishments in Uzbekistan |
4554751 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humayun%20Saeed | Humayun Saeed | Humayun Saeed Ansari (born 27 July 1971), popularly known as Humayun Saeed, is a Pakistani actor and producer.
He has appeared in dozens of Pakistani television dramas and a limited number of films and earned Lux Style Awards, and ARY Film Awards. Primarily known as an actor, Saeed also runs the Six Sigma Plus media production house which produces television drama serials and commercial movies.
Additionally, he has also worked in modeling and fashion designing.
Early life and family
Saeed was born on 27 July 1971 in Karachi into “a liberal and well-educated Punjabi family.”
Saeed attended Nasra School in Karachi where he excelled in his studies and earned distinction throughout his academic career until matriculation.
Later he enrolled himself at a prominent institution St. Patrick's College in Karachi and earned a bachelor's degree in commerce. Saeed stated he was happily employed at a garments factory, as a general manager, before he got into showbiz.
He described himself as "shy" when growing up. Saeed married TV producer Samina in 1995, and the two are one of the top power couples in the industry.
He said in an interview, that at the start of his career, his parents were against him acting. They did not approve of his showbiz career. But with the passage of time, they saw his passion and started supporting him. On the other hand, he mentioned that his wife Samina comes from a very conservative family. She initially had a lot of problems with his career of choice but now supports him.
Saeed has four younger brothers, with Salman Saeed also being an actor.
Career
Debut and breakthrough
Saeed began his career as a television producer in the late 80s. His maiden production did not produce favorable results. After stepping into showbiz, Saeed's powerful presence caught the eye of directors and he was cast in the TV shows for acting roles. He made his acting debut in 1995 with Karooron Ka Aadmi produced by Nadeem Ali Khan, followed by Ye Jahaan, a musical that was telecast in 1996. The same year he was declared best actor for his performance in Ab Tum Ja Saktay Ho, directed by Mehreen Jabbar, in which he was cast opposite Sania Saeed and Khalida Riyasat.
Saeed continued doing TV productions alongside. He partnered with Sultana Siddiqui in the late 90s and then Abdullah Kadwani in 2000s for 7th Sky Entertainment. Later, he started his own production house along with "Shehzad Nasib" under the banner "Six Sigma Plus". Since then he has produced notable content for Pakistani television viewers.
Saeed's initial notable TV work as an actor includes Mehndi, Doraha, Kabhi Kabhi Pyar Mein, Kaafir, Uraan, Hum Se Juda Na Hona, Ladies Park and guest roles in Meri Zaat Zarra-e-Benishan and Daam.In 2005, Saeed starred in Hadiqa Kiani's award-winning music video called Iss Baar Milo, directed by Jami. Saeed has made appearances on reality shows like Living on the edge as a participant. He also judged a dancing reality show on ARY Digital in 2009. He has also worked in an Indian Bollywood movie "Jashan" in 2009 where he was given a negative role. In 2016, He gained recognition by playing Mohid in Dil Lagi among television audience. In 2020, he returned to television and played the role of Danish in drama serial Meray Paas Tum Ho, where he took all the credit for making it the best serial ever made in the history of Pakistan. The drama went so far in fame that India which is known for their movies also appreciated the performance and drama storyline. On social media Indian people reacted very positively and showed their love for Humayun openly, comparing him with their topline actor Shahrukh Khan.
In January, 2022, Saeed was cast as Dr. Hasnat Khan (known for his romantic involvement with Princess Diana), in the fifth season of The Crown.
Films
Saeed made his film debut in 1999 with Samina Peerzada's movie Inteha. He portrayed the negative role in Inteha and went on to receive the National Award – Best Actor – for his role in his very first film. Due to poor conditions of Pakistan Film Industry at that time, he did only limited number of movies until the revival of cinema began in 2013. He has done many movies since the resurgence of cinema in 2013. These include commercially successful films such as Main Hoon Shahid Afridi, Bin Roye, Jawani Phir Nahi Ani and Punjab Nahi Jaungi. His film Jawani Phir Nahi Ani holds the record of being the fourth highest-grossing Pakistani film of all time, while his another film Punjab Nahi Jaungi has been declared as the second highest-grossing Pakistani film of all time and the highest-grossing film of 2017 in Pakistani cinema. In 2018, he starred in film Jawani Phir Nahi Ani 2. As of 2019, the film is the highest-grossing Pakistani film of all time. After its huge box office success, he announced three more films in an interview with Dawn Images, saying that third film in JPNA franchise is in plans to be out "in two years", while he added, "We're working on two other films, one's being written by Khalil-ur-Rehman Qamar and the other by Vasay Chaudhry." In 2022, he appeared in Nadeem Baig's London Nahi Jaunga.
Awards
Saeed is one of the most famous Pakistani actors. He has received numerous award nominations and honours including a minimum of 5 Lux Style Awards. He received special recognition awards at Pakistan Achievement Awards 2015 UK and Europe and at fourth Hum Awards in 2016 for his invaluable contribution towards revival of Pakistani cinema. Saeed's film Jawani Phir Nahi Ani swept the ARY Film Awards ceremony with total of 17 awards, also earning him the award for the best male actor in a leading role. He was awarded the Pride of Performance by the President of Pakistan on 23 March 2021.
Filmography
Television
As an actor
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Network
! Notes
|-
|1996
|Farar
|Asad
|Pakistan Television Corporation
|Telefilm
|-
|rowspan="2"|1998
|Dhoop Mein Sawan
|Taimoor
|Pakistan Television Corporation
|
|-
|Ghazi Shaheed
|Lieutenant Bashir
|Pakistan Television Corporation
|
|-
|2000
|Aur Zindagi Badalti Hai|Zain
|PTV Home
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2001
|Pehli Khwahish
|
|PTV Home
|
|-
|The Castle: Aik Umeed|
|PTV Home
|
|-
|2002
|Chaandni Raatain|Asim
|PTV Home
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2003
|Mehndi|Shahzaib
|PTV Home
|
|-
|Umrao Jaan Ada|Faiz Ali
|Geo TV
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2004
|Ana|
|Geo TV
|
|-
|Anjaane Raaste|
|PTV Home
|
|-
|2005
|Riyasat|Ahmed Nawaz
|ARY Digital
|
|-
|2007
|Wilco|
|PTV Home
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2008
|Doraha|Umer
|Geo TV
|
|-
|Dil Kay Afsanay|
|ARY Digital
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2009
| Ishq Junoon Deewangi|Sahil Sher
|Hum TV
|
|-
| Aashti|Abrash
|Hum TV
|
|-
| 2010
|Ijazat|Hamza
|ARY Digital
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2009-2010
|Ishq Ki Inteha|Malik Farhad
|Geo TV
|
|-
|Meri Zaat Zarra-e-Benishan|Shuja
|Geo TV
|
|-
|2010
|Daam|
|ARY Digital
|Guest Appearance
|-
| rowspan="2"|2010-2011
|Yeh Zindagi Hai|
|Geo TV
|Guest Appearance
|-
|Uraan|Dr.Faraz
|Geo TV
|
|-
| rowspan="5"|2011
|Ladies Park|Sarmad (Sarmi)
|Geo TV
|
|-
|Mohabbat Rooth Jaye Toh|Shahnawaz
|Hum TV
|
|-
|Kaafir|Shahan Ali Khan
|ARY Digital
|
|-
|Neeyat|Sikandar
|ARY Digital
|
|-
|Omar Dadi aur Gharwalay|
|ARY Digital
|
|-
|2016
|Dil Lagi
|Mohid
|ARY Digital
|
|-
|2016-2017
|Bin Roye|Irtaza Muzaffar
|Hum TV
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2019-2020
|Meray Paas Tum Ho|Danish Akhtar
|ARY Digital
|
|-
|Ehd-e-Wafa|Humayun
|Hum TV
|Guest Appearance
|-
|2020-2021
| Jeeto Pakistan League|Himself
|ARY Digital
|Captain Karachi Lions
|-
| rowspan="2"|2022
|The Crown|Dr Hasnat Khan
|Netflix
| Recurring
|}
Meri jan Drama Hum Tv
Ab Tum Ja Sakhtey ho Telefilm Ptv
As producerMooratRiyasatMakanDorahaMeri Zaat Zarra-e-BenishanDaamRoshan Sitara ManzilSarkar Sahab Woh Pagal Si Full FryMere HumsafarHabsKuch Ankahi''
Awards and nominations
Other awards and honours
Best Actor for musical telefilm "Zeher" by Yasir Akhtar
Best Actor Award at Pakistan Achievement Awards
Pride of Performance by President of Pakistan
Recognition for contribution to Pakistani cinema
Lux Style Awards
Acting Awards
Production Awards
See also
List of Pakistani actors
References
External links
Living people
Pakistani male film actors
Pakistani male television actors
Male actors from Karachi
Pakistani television producers
Pakistani male models
Punjabi people
1971 births
St. Patrick's High School, Karachi alumni
PTV Award winners
Six Sigma Plus
People from Karachi
Actors from Karachi |
71431355 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt%20Saint-Denis | Benoît Saint-Denis | Benoît Saint-Denis (born 18 December 1995), is a French professional mixed martial artist who competes in the lightweight division in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). He is the first French fighter having competed and won on a UFC card on the French soil.
Early life
Benoît Saint-Denis was born in Nîmes, on December 18, 1995. His father was a French Army officer practising judo at a good level, and his mother was a teacher. Saint-Denis practised judo in France and Germany from the age of 8 to 16 and earned a black belt. He also played football and rugby union in his youth.
Prior to his MMA career, Saint-Denis was a member of the 1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, a unit of the French Army Special Forces Command. He served in Mali during the war and more generally in West Africa, fighting terrorist groups. He was awarded the Medal of the Nation's gratitude and the Combatant's cross in September 2017. He left the Army after five years of service in March 2019.
Mixed martial arts career
BJJ and MMA debut (2017–2018)
Saint-Denis began kick-boxing with Stéphane Susperregui and Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) with Christophe Savoca in 2017 in the Bayonne region close to his regiment.
He also competed in BJJ, winning the medium-heavyweight (under 88,3 kg/194 lbs) division, in blue belt, at the 2017 West Zone Championship in France, he also participated in the 2017 Paris International Open IBJJF Jiu Jitsu No Gi Championship, in the medium-heavyweight (under 88,3 kg/194 lbs) division, taking 3rd place.
He won the middleweight (under 82,3 kg/181 lbs) division, at blue belt, in the absolute category, and took 2nd place on the regular category at the 2018 West Zone Championship in France.
He was also the winner of both GI and NO Gi in the 2019 France National Championship, at blue belt in the middleweight (under 82,3 kg/181 lbs) division.
He also participated in two shows for ACB JJ notably facing Yusup Raisov, losing by points.
In 2018, he tried MMA and won the Invictus amateur tournament, on December 15, 2018 in San Sebastián, Spain.
Early MMA career (2019–2021)
Late 2018, Saint-Denis stood out among sixty fighters during a test organized by Daniel Woirin, a French coach renowned for having won three belts at UFC and two at Strikeforce with MMA champions Anderson Silva, Dan Henderson and Lyoto Machida. Saint-Denis, ending his contract with the army, decided to embark on a career as a professional MMA fighter early 2019. He gave himself two years to break through to the highest level in MMA. Two years was the time he had with his savings to train full time and get signed by the UFC.
He joined the Bulgarian Top Team of French manager Giom Peltier and won six fights in eleven months. Then the pace of the fights slowed down due to the COVID-19 pandemic. With Daniel Woirin, he stayed undefeated and went eight wins by finish in middleweight, welterweight and super lightweight divisions half of them at the Brave Combat Federation.
Ultimate Fighting Championship (2021–present)
Saint-Denis made his UFC debut in the welterweight division on short notice against Elizeu Zaleski dos Santos on October 30, 2021 at UFC 267. After nearly being finished multiple times in the second round, Saint-Denis lost the fight via unanimous decision.
Cutting to lightweight, Saint-Denis faced Niklas Stolze on June 4, 2022 at UFC Fight Night: Volkov vs. Rozenstruik. He won the bout after submitting Stolze via rear-naked choke in the second round.
He was scheduled to face Christos Giagos on September 3, 2022 at UFC Fight Night 209, in Paris. However, Giagos pulled out in August after severing a tendon of his little finger during a domestic accident. Consequently, Saint-Denis faced Gabriel Miranda. He won the fight via technical knockout in the early second round. This win earned him the Performance of the Night award.
Saint-Denis was scheduled to face Joe Solecki on February 18, 2023 at UFC Fight Night 219. However, Saint-Denis withdrew from the bout due to ankle injury.
Saint-Denis was scheduled to face Vinc Pichel on July 1, 2023, at UFC on ESPN 48. However, Pichel pulled out in late-May due to injury and was replaced by Ismael Bonfim. Saint-Denis won the fight via a first round rear-naked choke submission.
For the beginning of his second contract with the UFC, Saint-Denis faced Thiago Moisés on September 2, 2023 at UFC Fight Night 226, in Paris. He won the fight by TKO at the second round. This fight earned him the Fight of the Night bonus award.
He is scheduled to face Matt Frevola on November 11, 2023 at UFC 295.
Mixed martial arts style
Saint-Denis mixed martial arts combat style is built around wrestling and submissions, and though he’s willing to stand and trade, he typically uses his striking to force opponents to the fence so he can look for takedowns and submissions.
Saint-Denis is a Finisher. He exerts constant pressure on his opponent until he manages to finish him, ignoring counter strikes. This materializes in all twelve wins by finish including three knockouts and nine submissions. Half of them occurred within the first round.
Saint-Denis chose God of War nickname, on the advice of his brothers, after his third professional victory. This is reflecting his Special Force and MMA warrior attitude.
Saint-Denis walkout track is based on the French Commandos’ song and Seine St.Denis style from the Hip hop group Supreme NTM.
Personal life
Besides his MMA career, Saint-Denis sometimes works as an instructor and a trainer for a French private security company named Chiron.
He married his fiancée Laura, a week before his fight at UFC Fight Night 209. Laura is a former French international futsal player who won the European Champions league with Toulouse Metropole FC. She is now working as a dog trainer and shooting instructor in the police. She was the first French female police officer undergoing Special weapons and Tactics (SWAT) course. The couple had a daughter in July 2023.
Saint-Denis wears four tattoos: the dagger from the French Special Forces, the samurai helmet from his first BJJ club, Joan of Arc for chivalrous spirit, and a Templar cross reminding the security missions he carried out in Mali.
Championships and accomplishments
Mixed martial arts
Ultimate Fighting Championship
Performance of the Night (One time)
Fight of the Night (One time) and Fight of the Month
First French fighter to compete and to win on a UFC card in France.
Brave Combat Federation
2020 Brave CF Submission of the Year.
Mixed martial arts record
|-
| Win
| align=center| 12–1 (1)
| Thiago Moisés
| TKO (punches)
| UFC Fight Night: Gane vs. Spivak
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 4:44
| Paris, France
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 11–1 (1)
| Ismael Bonfim
| Submission (face crank)
| UFC on ESPN: Strickland vs. Magomedov
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:48
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center|
| Gabriel Miranda
| TKO (punches)
| UFC Fight Night: Gane vs. Tuivasa
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 0:16
| Paris, France
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 9–1 (1)
| Niklas Stolze
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| UFC Fight Night: Volkov vs. Rozenstruik
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 1:32
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 8–1 (1)
| Elizeu Zaleski dos Santos
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC 267
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 8–0 (1)
| Arkaitz Ramos Gudari
| Submission (arm-triangle choke)
| Brave CF 52
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:09
| Milan, Italy
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 7–0 (1)
| Luan Santiago
| Submission (arm-triangle choke)
| Brave CF 49
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 3:51
| Arad, Bahrain
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 6–0 (1)
| Mario Saeed
| TKO (punches)
| Brave CF 38
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 1:49
| Stockholm, Sweden
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 5–0 (1)
| Ivica Trušček
| Submission (kneebar)
| Brave CF 34
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:39
| Ljubljana, Slovenia
|
|-
| NC
| align=center| 4–0 (1)
| Paweł Kiełek
| NC (accidental clash of heads)
| Brave CF 28
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| Bucharest, Romania
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 4–0
| Ibragim Baisarov
| Submission (armbar)
| European Beatdown 7
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:47
| Mons, Belgium
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 3–0
| Antoine Bensimon
| Submission (guillotine choke)
| Vic Fight: French Championship 2019
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:00
| Longjumeau, France
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 2–0
| Artur Szczepaniak
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Staredown Fighting Championship 14
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 3:00
| Antwerp, Belgium
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 1–0
| Marc Domont
| Technical Submission (guillotine choke)
| Lions Fighting Championship 8
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:29
| Neuchâtel, Switzerland
|
|-
See also
List of current UFC fighters
List of male mixed martial artists
Notes
References
External links
Living people
1995 births
French male mixed martial artists
Lightweight mixed martial artists
Welterweight mixed martial artists
Middleweight mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists utilizing judo
Mixed martial artists utilizing kickboxing
Mixed martial artists utilizing boxing
Mixed martial artists utilizing wrestling
Mixed martial artists utilizing Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Ultimate Fighting Championship male fighters
French male judoka
French practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Sportspeople from Nîmes
French Army personnel
Special forces of France |
15194771 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Fox | Kim Fox | Kim Fox (also Fox-Hubbard) is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders, played by Tameka Empson. She is the half-sister of Denise Fox (Diane Parish), and aunt to Chelsea Fox (Tiana Benjamin/Zaraah Abrahams) and Libby Fox (Belinda Owusu). She first appeared as a guest character on 24 November 2009, and was reintroduced in 2010 as a regular character after piquing the interest of new executive producer Bryan Kirkwood. Empson took maternity leave in October 2013 and after appearing several times during her break via webcam, Kim returned to Albert Square on 30 December 2014. It was announced on 16 July 2019 that Empson would be taking a break from the show but will return at some point in the future. She departed on 23 July 2019. Kim made a special appearance via webcam on 25 December 2019. Empson returned following her maternity break in the episode broadcast on 16 November 2020.
Kim is described as "viscous and bubbly" on the outside, but hiding vulnerability and low self-esteem. The EastEnders website describes Kim as having big hair, a loud personality, hyperactive and a big heart. She is sharp, family-orientated and cares about her appearance, having a loud dress sense and being the life and soul of any party. She chooses the wrong men to have relationships with, but knows what she wants when it comes to love. Kim makes her first appearance for Denise's wedding to Lucas Johnson (Don Gilet). She briefly returns after Denise is presumed dead, but makes a more permanent return when she separates from her boyfriend Dexter Mulholland (Robbie Gee). Kim kisses Ricky Butcher (Sid Owen), sparking a brief feud with his wife, Bianca (Patsy Palmer). She establishes a short-lived speakeasy and later opens a bed and breakfast. Kim also goes through an HIV scare and has a relationship with Ray Dixon (Chucky Venn). Kim gave birth to a baby girl, Pearl, prematurely during EastEnders Live Week, which celebrated EastEnders 30th anniversary. In later storylines, Kim has suffered a miscarriage and had to cope with becoming a single mother to her and Vincent Hubbard's (Richard Blackwood) children, Pearl and Mica, following Vincent's mysterious disappearance in April 2018.
Kim is often shown in a comedic light and as a result, Empson earned a nomination for "Best Comedy Performance" at the 2011 British Soap Awards. That same year she won the "Funniest Performance" award at the Inside Soap Awards and again the following year. Ruth Deller from entertainment website Lowculture praised the character during her guest appearance in 2009 and later said Kim is a "big, ballsy, whirlwind", who provides some light relief to the show. Daniel Maier from The Guardian has criticised Kim's B&B venture, calling it a "holding pen for characters who are 'between homes' within Albert Square's hermetically sealed biosphere."
Storylines
Kim visits Walford to attend the wedding of her sister, Denise Fox (Diane Parish). She is disappointed by her plans for a low-key hen night, so organises a livelier event. During her visit, Kim's partner, Dexter Mulholland (Robbie Gee), makes a pass at her niece, Chelsea Fox (Tiana Benjamin), but she chooses to forgive him. She makes a repeat visit seven months later and reveals that she has broken up with Dexter, as he was unfaithful to her. The following month, Kim is told that Denise has committed suicide. She returns to Walford for the funeral, as does her sister, Daphne (Emi Wokoma). It later transpires that Denise is still alive, as her death was staged by her husband, Lucas Johnson (Don Gilet). Kim comes to stay with her, having once more separated from Dexter. She begins working at the local beauty salon and establishes a short-lived speakeasy. Kim causes trouble by kissing her married neighbour, Ricky Butcher (Sid Owen). His wife, Bianca (Patsy Palmer), finds out and is initially furious, but she and Kim forge a bond and become friends. Despite earlier conflict over her speakeasy, Kim also becomes friends with Kat Moon (Jessie Wallace), landlady of the local pub. When Dexter buys Kim out of their restaurant business, she purchases the house next door to Denise's and opens a bed and breakfast, called "Kimberley's Palace". It becomes her sole source of income when she is fired from the beauty salon for her lax attitude to work. Walford's new GP, Yusef Khan (Ace Bhatti), makes a long term booking at the B&B. Kim is initially attracted to him, but refrains from pursuing him as Denise is also interested in him. She accidentally tells Masood Ahmed (Nitin Ganatra) that Denise and Yusef haven't had sex yet which Masood uses to his advantage by telling Denise. Denise is at first annoyed with Kim for telling people about her private life, but they later reconcile. The next day, Kim helps out at Tommy Moon's christening.
Kim wakes up in a skip and after initially lets Patrick and Denise believe she may have been attacked. However, Patrick find CCTV footage of a drunken Kim entering the local shop, the Minute Mart, late at night and taking alcohol. Kim explains to Denise that her erratic behaviour is due to a former boyfriend telling her that he has contracted HIV. Denise persuades Kim to take a HIV test which comes back negative, leaving Kim relieved. After Yusef sets the B&B on fire, Kim, Patrick and Denise are left homeless, so they move in with brothers Anthony (Matt Lapinskas) and Tyler Moon (Tony Discipline) and borrow clothes from friends. Kim starts spending money, thinking that insurance will cover the damage, but Patrick tells her that he was holding illegal alcohol and fireworks in the B&B, which made the fire worse, and the insurance may not pay out. Kim is angry and says she no longer wants to live with Patrick, but Denise later convinces Kim that her material possessions are not what matters and they should be a family. After the insurance company refuse to pay for the damage, Patrick decides to retire and offers Kim and Denise the Minute Mart. Kim arranges a blind date, and on her way to it, is saved by Ray Dixon (Chucky Venn) from a falling ladder. She is attracted to him, and later when he sees she has been stood up, he offers to get her another drink. However, she is disappointed to learn that he has two children, saying she is fed up of men with "baggage". She then tries to chat up Gethin Williams (Bradley Freegard), but he harshly rejects her.
She turns her attention back to Ray after seeing him running and tells him she has started a fitness venture called "Kimba". She enlists some people to come to the class but Ray does not come. Ray asks Kim out but she says she has a date, and then meets Sinclair (Colin Michael Carmichael) from the Internet. Sinclair makes inappropriate comments about Kim's race. Ray calls Kim easy so she slaps him, and she then slaps Sinclair for his comments. When Zainab Masood (Nina Wadia) inherits all of Yusef's money, she gives it to Kim and Denise but is unhappy when they start spending it frivolously. Kim and Ray eventually reconcile and they share a kiss, although Kim continues to play hard to get, pretending she does not like him. Kim dislikes it when she sees Ray and Roxy Mitchell (Rita Simons) playfight in the kitchen. She also becomes jealous when she overhears him flirting with Bianca whilst helping in the kitchen. As a result, she accidentally slices off the top of Ray's finger when he tries to help her fillet some fish. She accompanies him to the hospital where they open up to one another and decide to start a relationship. Ray is upset when his son, Morgan (Devon Higgs) moves away. To cheer him up, Kim organises an intimate evening for them, however Ray arrives with his daughter, Sasha (Rebecca Sanneh). Kim is shocked and tells Ray that, although she is interested in him, she does not think she can take on his children. Denise convinces Kim that she needs to accept Sasha and arranges for Kim to look after her. It goes well and she promises to do it again.
Meanwhile, a man from the local council tells Kim that the new name for the B&B, Kim's Olympic Palace, infringes copyright. The next day, Kim is disappointed as the B&B's sign is taken down. Kim and Sasha start to bond and Kim and Ray declare their love for one another. When the B&B opens, Denise is annoyed by Kim's apathetic approach to running the place and quits. Kim struggles to run the B&B by herself and they later reconcile. When playing basketball with Sasha and Morgan, Kim smashes a window in the charity shop. Sasha takes the blame and works there, but she is unhappy, so Kim says she will organise some work experience for Sasha with a forensic scientist. Kim later admits this was a lie, leading to Ray moving out. Kim then gets Sasha a placement with Les Coker's (Roger Sloman) firm of funeral directors, and Ray and Kim make up. Kim discovers that Ray has been looking for flats locally and she assumes that Ray is looking for somewhere for them both to live. However, she is left upset and humiliated when Ray reveals that the flat is actually for Sasha's mother, Deanne, so that they can both be closer to Sasha. Ray affirms his love for her and they reconcile. A few months later, Ray kisses Denise, and when Kim finds out, Ray says Denise initiated it. Kim slaps Denise and disowns her, however they soon reconcile. Ray ends his relationship with Kim, who is devastated and blames Denise, saying she does not want to see her again. Kim and Denise reconcile again when Ray admits he kissed Denise. A few months later Kim and Ray resume their relationship. Ray learns that Deanne has been in an accident and so decides to move to Essex to be closer to Sasha. Kim agrees to move with him, but at her birthday party she realises they do not have much in common and decides to stay, saying a tearful goodbye to him. Kim departs to work on a cruise ship, and during her time away, she marries Vincent Hubbard (Richard Blackwood).
Kim returns to Walford after splitting from Vincent and reveals to Denise that she is pregnant. Kim struggles with caring for Patrick, who has suffered a stroke. Kim goes into premature labour and gives birth to a girl, Pearl. She briefly falls out with Denise when she insults Kim's failed marriage, and leaves a voicemail and a text message for Vincent, informing him that he is a father. She regrets this afterwards and confides in Kat, Patrick, Linda Carter (Kellie Bright) and Shirley Carter (Linda Henry) that after the cruise, she visited Vincent to tell him she was pregnant but discovered he was a criminal when she saw him covered in blood and fled. Pearl develops an infection and is ill in hospital for several months, and when she brings her daughter home, Kim finds Vincent waiting for her. He explains that he was helping the victim of a mugging when she saw him, and although she is still suspicious, she reunites with him. She provides him with a false alibi for the assault on a drug dealer and key witness at Dot Branning's (June Brown) trial, and later discovers from his foster sister Donna Yates (Lisa Hammond) that he did this for Ronnie Mitchell (Samantha Womack), a former girlfriend of his. She confronts Ronnie thinking she is having an affair with Vincent, but they explain they are no longer together, although Kim tells Ronnie to stay away from Vincent. Vincent cons Phil Mitchell (Steve McFadden) into giving him his wife, Sharon Mitchell's (Letitia Dean) bar, The Albert. Sharon reinvests in the bar and Kim competes with Sharon to manage it. Vincent surprises Kim with news that he has bought them a house, but Denise tells Kim that he is just sweetening her up and Patrick throws him out of the house. Vincent tries to win Kim back by saying the new house is for Pearl. Kim decides to move on from Vincent but soon changes her mind and they kiss. Kim and Vincent's mother, Claudette Hubbard (Ellen Thomas), then realise that Vincent has invited them both to live with him without telling them. When Claudette accuses Kim of freeloading, Kim decides to sell her share of her house, where Denise and Patrick live, which leaves them with a smaller home.
Kim is shocked to discover Vincent has taken delivery of a large amount of drugs, but he tells her that it is so he can set up Phil by planting them in his house as revenge for his father, Eric (George Russo), killing Vincent's father, Henry. Vincent tells Kim how this happened, and Claudette confirms it, but convinces Kim not to tell anyone. When Phil deliberately scares Kim, Kim and Sharon attempt to end the feud and with Ronnie's help, Phil and Vincent agree. However, Phil later kidnaps Pearl from the house, and Vincent refuses to call the police, instead revealing he has a gun and will end it his own way. However, it soon emerges that Claudette killed Henry, not Eric, and Kim is reunited with Pearl.
Kim and Claudette clash at Pearl's first birthday party, and when Claudette's foster son Linford Short (Leon Lopez) announces that she is a finalist in the Pride of Walford Awards, Kim tries to take the attention away by jumping on Pearl's bouncy castle, which Claudette then punctures; Denise tells Kim that Claudette did this deliberately. Kim is horrified when Donna decides she wants Vincent to be a sperm donor so she can have a baby, but Vincent convinces her it is the right thing to do, however, it does not work and Donna changes her mind. When Kim finds out that Denise is pregnant but wants the baby adopted, Kim decides she and Vincent should adopt the child, but Denise is against this. Vincent discovers that Kim has received a parking fine in his car for parking in a bus lane; she discovers that Donna has a disabled parking permit so Kim uses Claudette as a way into Donna's flat and steals the permit to go shopping. Vincent discovers this and tells Donna, who tells her it is wrong; Patrick reveals Kim has never passed her driving test so Vincent bans her from driving his car. Vincent then gives Kim driving lessons, but she is angry that people are taking bets on whether she will pass or fail her test. She also worries when Denise does not want to tell her daughters that she is pregnant; Kim tells Libby, prompting her return to Walford. She passes her driving test but breaks her arm, so she is annoyed that she is unable to drive. Kim and Vincent travel to Montserrat and Denise is upset to learn that Kim has told their mother, Emerald Fox (Doña Croll), that Denise is pregnant. Denise gives birth to a boy, but Kim becomes angry when she discovers that Denise still plans to have her son adopted and tries to reason with her. Denise refuses to change her mind, so Kim brands her a "cold-hearted bitch". Vincent comforts Kim but advises her to accept and respect Denise's decision otherwise she would lose her sister, however, Kim stands by her own decision and decides to cut all ties with Denise. When Denise survives a bus crash, Denise rejects Kim's support. Kim throws Emerald a farewell dinner and invites Denise but Emerald and Patrick suspect that she has planned it for the same time as Denise's class to make her look bad. Kim embarrasses Denise by interrupting her class and revealing that Denise abandoned her son. An angry but defiant Denise eventually goes to the dinner but confronts Kim, telling her that she realises that Kim still sees Denise as a mother and fears being abandoned by her. At Emerald's leaving party, Kim and Denise stand up for each other against Emerald when she criticises Kim's parenting, and when Kim says she is thankful for her sister, Emerald declares that they are not really sisters, explaining that Denise was brought to her as a baby. This causes Kim and Denise to reunite. After learning that Denise's friends know the identity of her son's biological father, Kim decides to find out the truth herself, concluding that Denise's former fiancé Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt) is the father. Kim confronts Ian but his wife Jane Beale (Laurie Brett) informs her that he has had a vasectomy so cannot father any more children. Denise eventually tells Kim that Phil is the father, which shocks Kim; Denise begs her not to tell anyone. When Kush Kazemi (Davood Ghadami) suffers a cardiac arrest, Kim assists Sonia Fowler (Natalie Cassidy), who performs CPR. Kim is interviewed by a local radio station and plans to use the opportunity to advertise The Albert, but changes her mind after seeing Ian, who has lost his son and business in a fire.
Kim thinks she has food poisoning but later finds out she is being sick because she is pregnant. She tells Vincent but he refuses to show interest of the idea of having another child, which hurts and confuses Kim, but they later are both excited by this. However, Kim suffers a miscarriage, which devastates her. She continues to pretend she is pregnant and tries to get pregnant but this fails and she eventually tells Denise and Carmel Kazemi (Bonnie Langford) the truth. After much consideration, Kim decides to have a DNA test to confirm whether she and Denise really are sisters. The DNA results confirm that Kim and Denise are in fact biological sisters, and that had Emerald lied to them out of spite. Kim suspects Vincent is cheating on her but he is selling The Albert, which he has been forced to do by Aidan Maguire (Patrick Bergin). Aidan buys it from Vincent for £1, and Kim discovers that she and Vincent risk losing their home due to Vincent's loss of income. Vincent decides to return to his police informant days, offering information on the heist in return for cash. However, Phil discovers Vincent is talking to the police and has a corrupt officer threaten Vincent. Vincent disappears and Kim is forced to move in with Denise and get a job at the Minute Mart. While searching for Vincent, Kim collapses and is informed that she is pregnant again. Her search for Vincent becomes desperate as she wants him to have a role in their baby's life, however Phil continues to warn Kim and Denise that pursuing Vincent is dangerous. On Christmas Eve 2018, Phil and Kim find themselves locked in the staff room of the Minute Mart during an argument over Vincent, only for Kim to go into labour. Phil is forced to deliver Kim's baby son, who she decides to name Mica.
Creation and development
Introduction
Kim was referenced multiple times following Denise's arrival in EastEnders. She initially appeared as a guest character, along with her boyfriend Dexter, between 24 and 27 November 2009. In December 2009, executive producer Diederick Santer was asked by entertainment website Digital Spy if there were plans for Kim and Dexter to return. He said, "There's nothing currently storylined for Kim and Dexter, but they really caught my eye. I know they've caught [incoming executive producer] Bryan [Kirkwood]'s eye, too, because we were only talking about them recently. They work brilliantly with the rest of the family. I hope that if the actors are up for it and if me or Bryan find the right moment, we'll see them again." Kim was subsequently brought back as a regular character by Kirkwood in 2010, on which he said, "I'm a huge fan of Tameka. She is a real talent and will bring a fresh, funny and exciting new flavour to the show." Empson said "I'm really thrilled and excited to be returning to EastEnders. I've always loved the show and working with such fantastic actors makes the whole experience even sweeter. Kim Fox is such a great character to play and gives me scope to do things I usually wouldn't get away with." Kim's return was aired on 4 June 2010. Empson also believes that she is different from Kim, commenting : "I don't know if I am, you know! In a way yes, and no. She's bolder than myself. She can go on all night – I need a break in between dancing and stuff! I like good shoes, comfortable shoes. But it all works [for Kim], from the toes right the way up." Empson managed to win the 'Funniest Female' award at the 2012 Inside Soap Awards.
Characterisation and style
With the announcement of Kim's permanent return to Albert Square, the character was described as "viscous and bubbly" on the outside, but hiding vulnerability and low self-esteem by Kris Green of Digital Spy. The EastEnders website describes Kim as having "big hair", a "loud personality" and a big heart to match." It continues to read: "With dress sense louder than Bianca Jackson's brood and an unsuitable boyfriend in toe, you will definitely know when Kim Fox enters the building! With her big hair and loud personality she is always the life and soul of the party. Kim's appearance is important to her, but she's not concerned about labels – for her it is 'upkeep on the cheap'. She might look like a long in the tooth ghetto princess, but scratch beneath the surface and you will find a sharp, family-orientated person with a big heart." Kim has also been described as "feisty".
While speaking to the Press Association, Empson said she felt good about bringing humour to EastEnders through her character. The actress explained "I think people want to smile, people want to have a laugh and I love Kim. You get so much theatre with Kim. I'm not actually like her but I love it. I like to party like Kim, but Kim can out-drink me any time." Empson said of the character and her style: "I like to have a good time but Kim's like ten times more full-on than me. Her outfits—I could only dream about wearing her outfits. The tighter the better for Kim! I like a bit of comfort and to be able to breathe. [...] Kim knows no bounds—she feels no shame. Kim's very feminine and she's all about 'the look' and pampering herself."
Storyline development
Speaking in July 2010 about the storyline where Denise is discovered to be alive, Empson told Digital Spy that finding out was "crazy" for Kim, but said that "It's the start of a new direction for Kim and Denise, though." Speaking about Kim's relationship with Denise, Empson said that they are "chalk and cheese—and the macaroni's yet to be made. You'll start to see—even more than you can now—that Denise and Kim are very different. You'll start to wonder how they can be sisters! They're Foxes by blood, though. They'll watch each other's backs but at the same time, they'll tear each other down. They won't let anyone else tear the other down, though—that's their job!"
In September 2010, Empson teased that Kim would stir things up with her kiss with Ricky Butcher (Sid Owen): "Well put it this way, all the men are in my eyesight. [...] I don't think anybody is safe from Kim."
Empson revealed in December 2011 that both Kim and Denise will stand up to Phil Mitchell after they receive incriminating evidence about him on Christmas Day. They are both shocked when they find a USB stick which contains a recording of Phil confessing the role he had in Kevin's death. Speaking to Inside Soap, Empson commented: "When all the information about Kevin Wicks and Phil blows up, it comes out of nowhere for the Fox girls. Kevin's death was way before Kim's time, so she's bewildered by the whole thing. They wonder why someone would tell them about such a thing on Christmas Day. Kim knows no fear. It might be Phil, but she's not afraid to take him on. The Mitchells think that they're the big guns in the Square – but as far as Kim's concerned, the Fox family are the same. They might not have the same numbers as the Mitchells, but they won't shy away from a fight." Empson added that she gets on much better with McFadden when not filming. She commented: "He's such a great actor because he's not like his character Phil at all. He's so lovely."
Temporary departure (2019)
On 16 July 2019, Empson announced that she would be taking a break from the soap. She did not specify the length of her break, but confirmed that she would return to EastEnders at some point in the future. In response to her break, Kim was written to have a job offer in Scotland as a tour guide. Despite still being on a break, Empson featured as Kim for a special webcam appearance in December 2019, talking to her family at Christmas dinner. Then in July 2020, it was confirmed on This Morning that Empson would be reprising her role of Kim, and would return to filming in the near future. She also confirmed on Loose Women that the break was her maternity leave for her second child, and that she did not deliberately keep it a secret, but she "just wanted to enjoy it".
The B&BThe B&B (also called The B&B – Kim's Palace''') is a mock–documentary focussing on Kim and her life running her bed and breakfast. There have been four episodes, plus one video featuring outtakes. Empson wrote the entire series, which was produced by Matt Taylor. Kim's sister Denise features in two of the episodes, and Lorna Sinclair plays a B&B guest in the third episode. The official synopsis says: "A camera crew is given access to all areas of 'Kim's Palace'. The team focus on her adventures (and mishaps) as she strives to raise her small business from the ashes of disaster, catapulting her into the realm of the Alan Sugars and Richard Bransons of this world. With Kim at the helm, surely nothing can go wrong. Can it?! Watch this space..." Empson revealed in an interview with Digital Spy that she came up with the idea for the spin-off when she was on set thinking that the B&B should be used more, and more people should be seen staying there, but as most regular characters have their own homes, Empson though of a "behind-the-scenes" look at the B&B. Bryan Kirkwood was EastEnders executive producer at the time, and Empson had heard the B&B would be burnt down, but she was reassured that it would be refurbished. Lorraine Newman took over from Kirkwood and agreed to Empson's idea. Empson worked with the EastEnders web team to create the series, and they wanted it to be shorter than she did, so her scripts were edited but all her jokes were kept. Empson said of the series: "It's still EastEnders, but at the same time it's going to be its own show. It's a standalone thing and Kim is showing how to run a successful business. She thinks that she's a bit like Hilary Devey, but she would give Hilary Devey a run for her money! It's a bit of Dragons' Den, a bit of The Apprentice and The Hotel Inspector all rolled into one."
Reception
Daniel Maier from The Guardian criticised Kim's B&B, saying, "There's been a [...] futile relaunch afoot in EastEnders, in which the B&B has reopened as Kimberley's Palace. Who stays there? Really, though? Tourists? Escaped convicts? Delegates for Whelk 2011, Europe's leading mollusc expo at Walford International Conference Centre? By the look of it, the place is actually a holding pen for characters who are "between homes" within Albert Square's hermetically sealed biosphere.
Ruth Deller from Lowculture praised Kim on her guest appearance in 2009 saying, "Denise Johnson's sister, Kim, has only been in the show five minutes and has already stolen the limelight big style. Tameka [Empson] is a joy in everything she appears in and she was the only thing that made those terrible wedding episodes worth watching. A new Aunt Sal type recurring character, perhaps? She's a much more interesting prospect than yet another new Mitchell/Branning/Slater/etc, though I'd fear for her if she was made a permanent fixture and had to complete the obligatory Phil Mitchell shagging initiation ritual. Some people are just too good for all that nonsense". Deller later praised Kim when she had returned saying, "It's widely acknowledged that EastEnders can't do comedy very well, but that's only because it tries to do comedy the way Coronation Street or Neighbours do, which just won't wash in Britain's most miserable postcode. What it can do is provide characters who offer some light relief to the show, whilst still functioning (just about) as believable human beings. Kim Fox is one such character—a big, ballsy, whirlwind, she brings a sense of fabulousness to all her scenes and works well as the kind of character that can sympathise with those going through the usual Walford misery whilst encouraging them to embrace their inner fag/hag. Cherish her before she succumbs to the inevitable marriage to Phil/Ian/Max/Whoever."
Empson received a nomination in the "Best Comedy Performance" category at the British Soap Awards 2011, 2012, 2015, 2016 and 2017
for her portrayal of Kim. She later won "Funniest Performance" at the 2011 Inside Soap Awards. Of her win, she said "It feels amazing. All those days in the bedroom practising with the hairbrush, now I've finally got my award and it feels great." In October 2011, Empson was nominated for one award, at the Screen Nation Awards which celebrate the best British Black talent. She was nominated for the Favourite Female TV Star. In August 2017, Empson was longlisted for Funniest Female at the Inside Soap Awards. She made the viewer-voted shortlist, but lost out to Dolly-Rose Campbell, who portrays Gemma Winter in Coronation Street.
Claire Crick of All About Soap said "Blimey, that Kim Fox is a feisty one isn't she?" She said that Kim has a good "right hook" and said that Kim and Ray should just get together as soon as possible. Lucy Mangan of The Guardian said that Kim "walks and talks like an actual warm, funny, normal person", adding that she "has dropped into Walford like manna-with-comedy-chops from heaven". Mangan also said that Kim "moves across [Albert Square] like a shaft of sunlight, piercing the gloom. She laughs. She cracks jokes. She is warm, funny, vivacious and we must enjoy her while we can. Because eventually the dank, fetid air of Walford will poison her lungs and the cold, clammy hand of 'Enders-doom will lay itself upon her soul and quieten it forever."
In 2020, Sara Wallis and Ian Hyland from The Daily Mirror placed Kim 79th on their ranked list of the best EastEnders'' characters of all time, writing that she is"big hearted with a big mouth to match" and that she "brings much-needed comic relief".
See also
List of EastEnders characters (2009)
List of EastEnders: E20 characters
References
External links
EastEnders characters
Television characters introduced in 2009
Fictional Black British people
Fictional beauticians
Fictional shopkeepers
Fictional female businesspeople
Fictional bartenders
British female characters in television
Fictional hoteliers
Fictional prisoners and detainees
Fictional characters with post-traumatic stress disorder |
71477061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT%20culture%20in%20Vienna | LGBT culture in Vienna | Vienna, the capital of Austria, has an active LGBTQIA+ community. Vienna is considered Austria's queer capital, with several LGBTQIA+ spaces, organisations and a history of LGBTQIA+ activism going back to the late 19th century.
History of LGBT culture of Vienna
Late 19th century and early 20th century
Vienna was an important city for progressive thinkers and researchers around sexuality in the late 19th century. Austrian-Hungarian activist and author Karl Maria Kertbeny, who coined the terms homosexuality and heterosexuality, was socialized in the Viennese arts scene. Psychialist Richard von Krafft-Ebing, who was an influence on Magnus Hirschfeld's activities in Berlin, was active in Vienna. Eugen Steinach was important in developing the first sex reassignment surgery, also with Hirschfeld.
Vienna had a vibrant gay and lesbian culture in the Interwar period during the time of Red Vienna, when the Social Democratic Party had unilateral control of the city. LGBT people were criminalised, but still several LGBT spaces existed. An example in literature is Grete von Urbanitzky who was a Viennese-based author. In 1927, she published her novel Der Wilde Garten that dealt with theme of lesbian love. The novel was later censored and burned by the Nazis in 1935.
In 1930, Vienna hosted the Weltliga für Sexualreform, a conference around progressive approaches to sexuality founded by queer activist and researcher Magnus Hirschfeld, with 2000 people participating.
Vienna during National Socialism
Laws against gay and lesbians were strengthened after the Austria annexion to Germany in 1938, which had a devastating effect on the LGBT culture of the city. Both men and women were prosecuted. Men could be sent into concentration camps and forced labor. Women, while less targeted, could also be sent to camps for "asocial" behavior. As homosexuality was still illegal after the war, it was difficult for queer people to be recognized as victims. The book The Men with the Pink Triangles about Viennese concentration camp survivor Josef Kohout's is one of the most important documents of gay persecution during National Socialism.
1960s-1980s : New movements
After the decriminalisation of homosexuality in 1971, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the queer movement started being more and more active in Vienna. In January 1980, HOSI Wien was founded as the first queer organisation in Austria, first only run by gay men, from 1981 on together with lesbian women. Activists around HOSI Wien organised the first gay pride of Vienna taking place in 1982 and a protest for the lack of recognition of gay and lesbian victims of National Socialism that took place in 1988.
The squatting scene became an important part of the queer movement of the city in the early 1980s. This part of the movement criticized HOSI Wien for being too inefficient in their approach. In 1982, queer activists occupied an empty building in the 5th district and turned it into the LGBT center Rosa Lila Villa. Activists from Rosa Lila Villa staged a nude protest during the New Year's concert at Wiener Musikverein in 1982, demanding gay liberation.
The AIDS crisis
The first wave of the AIDS epidemic in Vienna started in 1983 and at this time there were already a lot of victims. Reinhard Brandstater, the vicepresident of the hospital, reached out to three experts: Cristian Kunz, director of virology of the University of Vienna, Klaus Wolff, director of the first university dermatological clinical, and Alois Stacher, the city counsellor for public health. When they decided to publish an informative brochure on AIDS, the city council covered all the costs and helped for its distribution. This city was the first one in Europe to do so.
Geography
The Naschmarkt area in Vienna, that connects the 4th and the 6th district of the city, is a gay village. In this area one can find mainly gay bars, clubs and gay saunas.
Demographics
According to some estimates, around 5-10% of Vienna's population identify as LGBT+ (90.000 to 180.000 people).
Politics
Queerphobia in Vienna
Queerphobia in Vienna was quite prominent years ago due to laws related to the criminalisation of homosexuality. Nowadays, Vienna can be considered as a relatively safe city for queer people. However, there are still some prominent homophobic and queerphobic attacks. The Austrian Green MEP Ulrike Lunacek was a victim of an acid attack during a Pride parade in Vienna. And in 2015, a Lesbian couple was thrown out of traditional coffeehouse Café Prückel for kissing in public, which led to a protest with over 1000 attendees.
City politics
Vienna has traditionally been more progressive than the rest of Austria. Some first anti-discrimination laws were passed in 1996 and 1997, and activism already had garnered the support of then-mayor Gertrude Fröhlich-Sandner as early as 1982, when homosexuality was still not supported politically widely in the country. In 1998, the city established the Viennese Anti-Discrimination Unit for Gay, Lesbian and transgender issues (Wiener Antidiskriminierungsstelle), which works with a five-year action plan. The purpose was to bring up LGBT topics into all the different levels of administration, but also to mainstream LGBT issues among the Viennese public.
The city has introduced rainbow crossings, rainbow benches, the flagging of public buildings and pedestrian crossing symbols. The city transport including trams and subways can be seen displaying rainbow flags and supportive messages such as "We ride with Pride" during the Pride Month. In 2015, the city of Vienna introduced traffic lights with same-sex couples before hosting the Eurovision Song Contest that year, which attracted media attention internationally. The official website of Vienna city has a guide for LGBT+ visitors with detailed information about the city's queer and queer-friendly spaces.
In 2016, the city of Vienna started handing out honorary awards to LGBT activists: Helmut Graupner received the Ehrenzeichen für Verdienste um das Land Wien award in 2016.
The city has a memorial for gay concentration camp survivors, most notably Josef Kohout, situated in Heinz-Heger-Park. There is also a monument to the victims of persecution of homosexuals in the Nazi era in Resselpark.
In December 2014, Vienna joined the Rainbow Cities Network by declaring itself a Human Rights City. Vienna became a fast-track city in the fight against HIV/AIDS in June 2017.
Institutions and Media
LGBT associations
HOSI Wien
HOSI Wien (Homosexual Initiative Vienna) is the oldest Austrian Lesbian and Gay organization, founded in 1979. They work on lesbian and gay issues through political lobbying as well offering support to lesbians and gays through the coming out process and in case of discrimination.
Trans X
TransX is an Austrian organization located in Vienna which focuses on the rights of trans people and who understand transitioning as fluid. They organize excursions, workshops, festivals and work on political actions and legal lobbying. The organization also operates on special-interest-issues with the goal of creating programs which appeal to everyone within the community. Within their political and legal activism, the organization started a number of initiatives. For example, the First European Transgender council on Civil and Political Rights and a petition for a free chose of one's first name, which was signed by more than three thousand people.
FAmOS Rainbow Families
FAmOS Rainbow Families is an association that supports, represents the interests of families and children. It helps create networks of families within the Austrian Rainbow concept, which includes all people who identify with the LGBTQIA+ movement. They work on networking, raising awareness in society, and compliance with equal rights. Also, they organise meetings to share topics related to fertility, fears, pregnancy, bureaucratic support, etc. They founded the Network of European Associations of LGBT Families (NELFA) and are members of the International Association of Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals, Trans and Intersexuals (ILGA Europe). Additionally, they organized the International Day of Family Equality 2022, the publication of a commemorative magazine of its 10 years. They have created a self-help group for "trans and trans" parents who want to have children, have organized different counselling and support workshops.
Health institutions
Even if in Vienna everyone has the same legal right to access healthcare, LGBT people might still face discrimination. In order to fight against that, some associations have been created to give access to healthcare for LGBT people.
AIDS-Hilfe, a non-profit association that seeks to reduce the number oh HIV infections and to help infected people to live with the diseases.
Diversity Care Wien, a support organization for people with HIV that provide home-car for older and disabled people. This association is recognized by the Vienna Social Fund, and benefits from facilities provided by the City of Vienna.
Schalk und Pichler, a medical office specialized in fighting HIV and other STIs that are more common in homosexuals communities.
Media
Vangardist
Vangardist is a progressive queer magazine based in Vienna. In 2015, a special HIV edition was published aimed at raising awareness about the virus. In order to help break the stigma surrounding HIV, the ink used to print the magazine was mixed with blood pigments of three HIV positive blood donors. The aim was to convey that it is as safe to make physical contact with an HIV+ person as it is to touch that magazine edition. The edition managed to reach more than 40 million people through media coverage and the idea won international awards.
Recreation and culture
Film festivals
Vienna is home to a number of queer film festivals. The most important between 1994 and 2017 was Identities Queer Film Festival, which took place bi-annually. It was founded by Barbara Reumüller under the association DV8-Film and was part of Viennale, Vienna's biggest film festival, from 1996 to 2001. Filmcasino, a cinema in the 5th district, was one of its primary venues. Identities came to an end in 2017 due to lack of funding.
After Identities was discontinued, Gabi Frimberger, then head of the FrauenFilmTag Wien, Dagmar Fink, and Katja Wiederspahn in 2019 decided to create Queertactics - Queer_Feminist Film Festival. The festival takes place annually at Le Studio and Admiralkino.
The Transition International Queer & Minorities Festival has a focus on minorities within the queer community. It was founded in 2012 by Yavuz Kurtulmus and was formerly known as the “internationale queere migrantische filmtage” (English: international queer migrant film days).
Cruising
Vienna has several cruising spots. The Central Bathhouse Vienna was regularly frequented by Archduke Ludwig Viktor of Austria, whose homosexuality was an open secret, and is now the city's most important gay sauna. Rathauspark right by the City Hall used to be a popular meeting spot for gay men. Toter Grund on the Danube Island and Dechantlacke are two nudist beaches frequented by gay men along the Danube.
Cafés and nightlife
The biggest amount of LGBT cafés, bars and restaurants is in the 6th district. Of these, the oldest one is Café Savoy. It was opened in 1896 and eventually became a point of attraction among LGBT community and tourists. Other bars in the area include Village, Das Gugg (run by HOSI Wien), Villa Vida (run by Rosa Lila Villa), Café Willendorf, Mango Bar and Marea Alta. Why not is a club that hosts theme parties and drag shows.
Café Flinte was founded in 1977 by a feminist collective and is run by Lesbian women, targeting a female and trans audience.
Regular parties in 2022 include Männer im Garten at Volksgarten Pavillon, Rhinoplasty at Club-U (since 2007) and G-Spot.
Queer music scene
UNRECORDS is a queer-feminist record label founded in 2012 in Vienna. The label's aim is to support experimental/noise/punk/rock music in a queer-feminist context.
Vienna-based collectives working with electronic music, sound art and queer activism include Sounds Queer? and Fibrig. They share knowledge and tools and they believe that music can create a safer space to exchange experiences and express yourself. They organise workshops, collective jams, performances and shows.
The 60th Eurovision Song Contest was held in May 2015 in Vienna after drag queen Conchita Wurst had won the contest the previous year. The event took place in Wiener Stadthalle.
In April 2022, the 4th Symposium of the LGBTQ+ Music Study Group took place in University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna.
Events and protests
Parades
Every year in June Vienna Pride takes place in the first district of the city. Starting in front of the town hall, the parade follows the Ringstraße, past important historical and political buildings. Vienna Pride has taken place continuously since 1996. In 2022, according to the organizers 250.000 people were part of the parade fighting for the rights and for visibility of queer people.
Vienna hosted EuroPride in 2001 and in 2019. The latter was attended by an estimated 500.000 people.
Balls and festivals
The Regenbogenball takes place in Vienna once a year. It is hosted by the HOSI Wien. After a break of 3 years caused by COVID-19 the Regenbogenball took place at a hotel in Schönbrunn in May 2022. The aim of the Rainbow Ball is to celebrate diversity, to fight against discrimination of any kind and to promote acceptance of queer people.
The Life Ball in Vienna is the biggest charity event in Europe supporting people with HIV or AIDS. The event is organized by the nonprofit organization AIDS LIFE, which was founded in 1992 by Gery Keszler and Torgom Petrosian. The Diversity Ball was launched in 2008 by Monika Haider, founder of equalizent Schulungs- und Beratungs GmbH.
In 2021, the Rosa Lila Villa organised the Queer Feminist Festival, abbreviated QF². The goal was to provide a platform for queer artists and entrepreneurs and took part in front of the Rosa Lila villa.
References
LGBT history in Austria |
1238631 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Texas%20Corridor | Trans-Texas Corridor | The Trans-Texas Corridor (TTC) was a proposal for a transportation network in the U.S. State of Texas that was conceived to be composed of a new kind of transportation modality known as supercorridors. The TTC was initially proposed in 2001 and after considerable controversy was discontinued by 2010 in the planning and early construction stages.
The network, as originally envisioned, would have been composed of a network of supercorridors up to wide to carry parallel links of tollways, rails, and utility lines. It was intended to route long-distance traffic around population centers, and to provide stable corridors for future infrastructure improvements–such as new power lines from wind farms in West Texas to the cities in the east–without the otherwise often lengthy administrative and legal procedures required to build on privately owned land. The tollway portion would have been divided into two separate elements: truck lanes and lanes for passenger vehicles. Similarly, the rail lines in the corridor would have been divided among freight, commuter, and high-speed rail. The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) intended to "charge public and private concerns for utility, commodity or data transmission" within the corridor,
in essence making a toll road for services such as water, electricity, natural gas, petroleum, fiber optic lines, and other telecommunications services. The network would have been funded by private investors and built and expanded as demand warrants.
In 2009, TxDOT decided to phase out the all-in-one corridor concept in favor of developing separate rights-of-way for road, rail, and other infrastructure using more traditional corridor widths for those modes. In 2010, official decision of "no action" was issued by the Federal Highway Administration, formally ending the project. The action eliminated the study area and canceled the agreement between TxDOT and ACS-Zachry.
In 2011, the Texas Legislature formally canceled the Trans-Texas Corridor with the passage of HB 1201.
Network
The TTC was hoped to be a multi-use, statewide system that would have included new and existing highways, railways, and utility rights-of-way. According to the Houston Chronicle, on January 6, 2009, "In response to public outcry, the ambitious proposal to create the Trans-Texas Corridor network has been dropped and will be replaced with a plan to carry out road projects at an incremental, modest pace".
The network was proposed to include separate lanes for passenger and truck traffic, freight and high-speed commuter railways, and infrastructure for utilities, including water, oil, and gas pipelines; electricity; along with broadband and other telecommunications services. Although the model corridor design incorporates all of these elements running in parallel within a shared right-of-way, more recent plans suggested that existing rail and road corridors could be used for some components of the TTC. The model corridor design also represented the ultimate build-out of a corridor section, which would not have been realized for decades, if at all, as corridor segments and components were planned to be built based on traffic demand.
The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) attempted to provide oversight for planning, construction, and maintenance while day-to-day operations would have been performed by private companies. In March 2005, TxDOT and ACS-Zachry signed a comprehensive development agreement which authorized $3.5 million of planning for TTC-35. This agreement did not designate the alignment, authorize construction, set toll rates or who collects them, and did not eliminate competition for future services. There were no contracts awarded to develop or finance any other corridor.
Corridors
There were two initial trans-Texas corridors under consideration: One would have paralleled Interstate 35 (I-35), from Gainesville to Laredo and passing the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex, Austin and San Antonio. The other would have been an extension of the proposed I-69 corridor, generally following US 59, from Texarkana past Houston to either Laredo or the Rio Grande Valley. Both of these corridors have seen large increases in freight traffic demand over the past two decades due to increased trade with Mexico.
Two additional high priority potential corridors would have paralleled Interstate 45 from Dallas to Houston and Interstate 10 from El Paso to Orange.
TTC-35
ACS-Zachry, a partnership between Spanish-based toll-road developer/operator ACS and Texas-based Zachry Construction, was awarded a $3.5 million contract to help plan the entire TTC-35 route in March 2005. The study area for Trans-Texas Corridor-35 (TTC-35) generally followed Interstate 35 from Laredo to the Oklahoma border. The environmental study for the project proceeded in two tiers: a first tier that refined the study area to a wide study corridor and a second tier that selected particular alignments for the various corridor components; where all corridor components (rail, highway, and utilities) were planned to be built adjacent to one another, this corridor would have been approximately wide.
The TTC-35 Tier 1 draft environmental impact statement (EIS) was published in April 2006. The final EIS was expected originally to be submitted to the Federal Highway Administration in 2007; , preparation of the final EIS was listed as "ongoing."
The draft EIS included 12 different study corridor alternatives by choosing among four variations along the route. The first variation, from Laredo to southeast of San Antonio, would have included either the current I-35 alignment until curving off to the east at a point south of San Antonio or would have followed a more direct route to the east. The study area for all alternatives continued northeast, paralleling I-35. The second variation would have either passed just to the east of the municipal boundaries along I-35 from Austin to Temple or further east. The third variation would have passed either to the west of Fort Worth or east of Dallas. The fourth variation was dependent on the eastern third variation and would have either rejoined the western third variation near the Oklahoma border or would have ended at the Oklahoma border near U.S. Route 75. The draft EIS designated a recommended preferred alternative corridor running to the east of I-35 and I-35E from near Gainesville to south of San Antonio, where the corridor would join I-35 to run south to Laredo.
On October 7, 2009, TxDOT officials announced that the department would recommend the "No Action Alternative", which effectively ended the efforts to develop the Interstate 35 corridor through the TTC concept.
SH 130
State Highway 130 is a component of the Central Texas Turnpike System, much of which was thought likely to be incorporated into TTC-35. Segments 1-4 of SH 130 were built by Lone Star Infrastructure in the Austin metropolitan area as an eastern relief route for Interstate 35.
On June 28, 2006, ACS-Zachry reached a $1.3 billion agreement with the state to build segments 5 and 6 of SH 130, which could have represented the alignment of TTC-35's highway component between Interstate 10 at Seguin east of San Antonio and U.S. Route 79 near Taylor, Texas. According to the "Facility Plan of Finance," $412 million of financing for the project would be a federally-guaranteed loan under the Transportation Infrastructure Financing and Innovation Act, while the remaining financing would be from equity put forward by ACS-Zachry and bank loans from private lenders. Per the agreement, TxDOT would receive between 4.65% and 50% of toll revenues depending on the performance of the facility, with a smaller share due to TxDOT if TxDOT does not authorize posting of daytime speed limits of or higher along the route.
The ACS-Zachry Preliminary Financial Plan showed the expected toll revenue to be collected for Segment 5 and 6 at $14.9 billion over 50 years. The Preliminary Financial Plan for Segment 5 and 6 also showed $12.4 billion in earnings before taxes for the developer.
I-69/TTC
The second priority corridor for development was the Interstate 69 extension through Texas, which would have roughly followed the route of US 59 from Laredo via Houston to Carthage; there, the national I-69 corridor would have continued northeast into Louisiana and a spur route north to Texarkana would have continued along US 59 to Interstate 30. The original national plan for I-69 also included two spur routes to the Rio Grande Valley following US 281 and US 77; Texas was also studying a connection between the I-69 corridor near Laredo and Corpus Christi known as the "Port to Port Corridor". South Texas officials have pointed out that the Rio Grande Valley is the largest metropolitan area to not have an Interstate Highway system.
Texas' portion of I-69 was originally planned to be developed as a traditional Interstate highway (with a mixed-use freeway component only), as it is being developed in other states, but was rolled into the Trans Texas Corridor concept soon after the latter's announcement due to their substantial overlap in purpose and scope. However, on June 11, 2008, TxDOT announced they planned to limit further study of I-69 to existing highway corridors–U.S. 59, U.S. 77, U.S. 281, U.S. 84, and SH 44–outside transition zones in the lower Rio Grande Valley, Laredo, Houston, and Texarkana. TxDOT also announced it was reverting to building I-69 as a standard 4-lane freeway instead of a multi-modal corridor as previously envisioned under the Trans-Texas Corridor concept. The latest plan called for adding a second carriageway and eliminating at-grade intersections along US-59 and US-77 in rural areas, with tolled bypasses around major cities and towns along the I-69 route.
According to the Deep East Texas Council of Governments, I-69 is a "future NAFTA Superhighway". It will enter the U.S. from the Mexican state of Tamaulipas.
Other potential corridors
Texas officials identified several other possible TTC corridors in the long-range plan. Interstate 10 through the southern part of the state, Interstate 20 from east of the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex to I-10 near Midland, along an extended Interstate 27 through western Texas, and a new terrain corridor along the northern Texas border paralleling sections of Interstate 30 from the Arkansas line at Texarkana to Fort Worth, US-287 from Fort Worth to Amarillo, and Interstate 40 from Amarillo to New Mexico.
As alternatives to California seaports
One component of TTC-69 could have been part of a freight corridor that stretched from ports on the Pacific coast of Mexico to the Great Lakes. Depending on the level of traffic on that route, opponents argued that it would draw shipping traffic away from U.S. ports in California (San Diego, Long Beach and Los Angeles) in favor of Mexican seaports.
Criticism
A citizens uprising was started in 2003 by Linda and David Stall of Fayette County, after reading a small notice in a trade paper about a hearing to be held by TxDOT in their rural town of Fayetteville, Texas. The Stalls notified their friends and neighbors. Eight hundred people showed up to a town hall with a seating capacity of 100. David Stall, a city manager, and Linda Stall, an escrow officer of a Texas title company, founded CorridorWatch.org to lead the building of a network of people who worked together to defeat the construction project. The Motorcycle Riders Caucus, active within both the Democratic and Republican parties, was categorically opposed to toll roads, and they were the most powerful caucus in Texas. Its chair Sputnik helped to develop Stall's network into an immense, diverse coalition of voters opposed to the corridor. As lobbyist for the Texas Motorcycle Rights Association, Sputnik convinced many state legislators to vote against it.
American author and conservative activist Jerome Corsi vehemently opposed the corridor and wrote a book titled The Late Great USA: NAFTA, the North American Union, and the Threat of a Coming Merger with Mexico and Canada.
In 2002, the TTC was estimated to cost between US$145.2 billion to $183.5 billion to complete the entire network. Some criticisms have focused on the enormous width of the corridors. The planned system, if built out to its fullest extent, could have required about of land to be purchased or acquired through the state's assertion of eminent domain. Environmentalists were concerned about the effects of such wide corridors and private land owners have expressed concerns about property rights.
Opponents also alleged that noise from the TTC would be of such a high volume that it would render the area within one mile (1.6 km) of the corridor uninhabitable by humans, at least during periods of peak traffic on all components of the corridor (freight and passenger rail, truck lanes, and passenger lanes) if they are colocated and built to full capacity.
According to TxDOT documents released in June 2002, "Governor Rick Perry wrote Transportation Commission Chairman John W. Johnson on January 30, 2002 to outline his vision for the Trans Texas Corridor. The governor asked the three-member commission to assemble the Texas Department of Transportation’s top talent to create and deliver a Trans Texas Corridor implementation plan in 90 days."
In spite of public complaints–and both the 2006 platforms of the Texas Republican and Democratic parties opposing the plan–Governor Rick Perry continued to support the TTC.
Among the opponents to the corridor was the Republican State Representative Lois Kolkhorst of Washington County, who opposed on the basis that the project would undermine private property rights.
In the 2010 gubernatorial elections, Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison ran several attack advertisements regarding the TTC as Perry's attempts to expand government and take land from the average Texan. Ultimately, the advertisements did not have a great effect as Hutchison bowed out following her loss in the Republican primary.
Financing
To help pay for building the roads and rails, the highways would have been partially financed through private investment. The investors would have then operated the highways as toll roads.
Based on The ACS-Zachry Preliminary Financial Plan (TTC-35 Development Agreement, Exhibit C) funding the TTC-35 Corridor awarded to ACS-Zachry showed that 22%(1) of the initial infrastructure costs were shown to be funded with equity provided by ACS-Zachry. The other 78% was to be provided by bank loans or bonds arranged by ACS-Zachry. Based on then-current federal regulations these bonds could have been tax-exempt. It was also noted in the financial plan that ACS-Zachry expected to have 12% return on investment for their equity partners. The 12% return was after taxes, which would have been approximately equivalent to 16% before taxes. The plan called for paying off the bank loans and the bonds prior to retiring the equity as shown in cash flow diagrams of the Preliminary Financial Plan (TTC-35 Development Agreement, Exhibit C). With usual bond financing there is a 3:1 ratio between total fees collected and value of capital infrastructure built. With TTC-35 the ratio was in the order of magnitude of 13:1. So while TTC-35 committed to construct $8 billion in infrastructure ACS-Zachry expected to collect $114 billion in toll revenues as shown in the preliminary plan. A report by the Texas State Auditor estimated the toll to be collected for TTC-35 to be $104 billion or more, confirming the order of magnitude of tolls collected.
See also
International Mid-Continent Trade Corridor
Interstate 69
North American SuperCorridor Coalition
References
External links
(Anti-TTC) CorridorWatch.org: A monitor of the Anti-TTC Movement.
(Anti-TTC) Somervell County Salon : Video and audio of citizen comments
(Anti-TTC) Texans Uniting for Reform and Freedom : Group critical of TTC in particular, and toll road proliferation in general
TxDoT Maps
Transportation in Texas
State highways in Texas
Interstate 69
Proposed state highways in the United States
Proposed roads in the United States
Trilateral relations of Canada, Mexico, and the United States
Proposed railway lines in Texas
Rick Perry |
65309248 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20topologies | List of topologies | The following is a list of named topologies or topological spaces, many of which are counterexamples in topology and related branches of mathematics. This is not a list of properties that a topology or topological space might possess; for that, see List of general topology topics and Topological property.
Discrete and indiscrete
Discrete topology − All subsets are open.
Indiscrete topology, chaotic topology, or Trivial topology − Only the empty set and its complement are open.
Cardinality and ordinals
Cocountable topology
Given a topological space the on is the topology having as a subbasis the union of and the family of all subsets of whose complements in are countable.
Cofinite topology
Double-pointed cofinite topology
Ordinal number topology
Pseudo-arc
Ran space
Tychonoff plank
Finite spaces
Discrete two-point space − The simplest example of a totally disconnected discrete space.
Either–or topology
Finite topological space
Pseudocircle − A finite topological space on 4 elements that fails to satisfy any separation axiom besides T0. However, from the viewpoint of algebraic topology, it has the remarkable property that it is indistinguishable from the circle
Sierpiński space, also called the connected two-point set − A 2-point set with the particular point topology
Integers
Arens–Fort space − A Hausdorff, regular, normal space that is not first-countable or compact. It has an element (i.e. ) for which there is no sequence in that converges to but there is a sequence in such that is a cluster point of
Arithmetic progression topologies
The Baire space − with the product topology, where denotes the natural numbers endowed with the discrete topology. It is the space of all sequences of natural numbers.
Divisor topology
Partition topology
Deleted integer topology
Odd–even topology
Fractals and Cantor set
Apollonian gasket
Cantor set − A subset of the closed interval with remarkable properties.
Cantor dust
Cantor space
Koch snowflake
Menger sponge
Mosely snowflake
Sierpiński carpet
Sierpiński triangle
Smith–Volterra–Cantor set, also called the − A closed nowhere dense (and thus meagre) subset of the unit interval that has positive Lebesgue measure and is not a Jordan measurable set. The complement of the fat Cantor set in Jordan measure is a bounded open set that is not Jordan measurable.
Orders
Alexandrov topology
Lexicographic order topology on the unit square
Order topology
Lawson topology
Poset topology
Upper topology
Scott topology
Scott continuity
Priestley space
Roy's lattice space
Split interval, also called the and the − All compact separable ordered spaces are order-isomorphic to a subset of the split interval. It is compact Hausdorff, hereditarily Lindelöf, and hereditarily separable but not metrizable. Its metrizable subspaces are all countable.
Specialization (pre)order
Manifolds and complexes
Branching line − A non-Hausdorff manifold.
Double origin topology
E8 manifold − A topological manifold that does not admit a smooth structure.
Euclidean topology − The natural topology on Euclidean space induced by the Euclidean metric, which is itself induced by the Euclidean norm.
Real line −
Unit interval −
Extended real number line
Fake 4-ball − A compact contractible topological 4-manifold.
House with two rooms − A contractible, 2-dimensional simplicial complex that is not collapsible.
Klein bottle
Lens space
Line with two origins, also called the − It is a non-Hausdorff manifold. It is locally homeomorphic to Euclidean space and thus locally metrizable (but not metrizable) and locally Hausdorff (but not Hausdorff). It is also a T1 locally regular space but not a semiregular space.
Prüfer manifold − A Hausdorff 2-dimensional real analytic manifold that is not paracompact.
Real projective line
Torus
3-torus
Solid torus
Unknot
Whitehead manifold − An open 3-manifold that is contractible, but not homeomorphic to
Hyperbolic geometry
Gieseking manifold − A cusped hyperbolic 3-manifold of finite volume.
Horosphere
Horocycle
Picard horn
Seifert–Weber space
Paradoxical spaces
Gabriel's horn − It has infinite surface area but finite volume.
Lakes of Wada − Three disjoint connected open sets of or that they all have the same boundary.
Unique
Hantzsche–Wendt manifold − A compact, orientable, flat 3-manifold. It is the only closed flat 3-manifold with first Betti number zero.
Related or similar to manifolds
Dogbone space
Dunce hat (topology)
Hawaiian earring
Long line (topology)
Rose (topology)
Embeddings or maps between spaces
Alexander horned sphere − A particular embedding of a sphere into 3-dimensional Euclidean space.
Antoine's necklace − A topological embedding of the Cantor set in 3-dimensional Euclidean space, whose complement is not simply connected.
Irrational winding of a torus/Irrational cable on a torus
Knot (mathematics)
Linear flow on the torus
Space-filling curve
Torus knot
Wild knot
Counter-examples (general topology)
The following topologies are a known source of counterexamples for point-set topology.
Alexandroff plank
Appert topology − A Hausdorff, perfectly normal (T6), zero-dimensional space that is countable, but neither first countable, locally compact, nor countably compact.
Arens square
Bullet-riddled square - The space where is the set of bullets. Neither of these sets is Jordan measurable although both are Lebesgue measurable.
Cantor tree
Comb space
Dieudonné plank
Double origin topology
Dunce hat (topology)
Excluded point topology − A topological space where the open sets are defined in terms of the exclusion of a particular point.
Fort space
Half-disk topology
Hilbert cube − with the product topology.
Infinite broom
Integer broom topology
K-topology
Knaster–Kuratowski fan
Long line (topology)
Moore plane, also called the − A first countable, separable, completely regular, Hausdorff, Moore space that is not normal, Lindelöf, metrizable, second countable, nor locally compact. It also an uncountable closed subspace with the discrete topology.
Nested interval topology
Overlapping interval topology − Second countable space that is T0 but not T1.
Particular point topology − Assuming the set is infinite, then contains a non-closed compact subset whose closure is not compact and moreover, it is neither metacompact nor paracompact.
Rational sequence topology
Sorgenfrey line, which is endowed with lower limit topology − It is Hausdorff, perfectly normal, first-countable, separable, paracompact, Lindelöf, Baire, and a Moore space but not metrizable, second-countable, σ-compact, nor locally compact.
Sorgenfrey plane, which is the product of two copies of the Sorgenfrey line − A Moore space that is neither normal, paracompact, nor second countable.
Topologist's sine curve
Tychonoff plank
Vague topology
Warsaw circle
Topologies defined in terms of other topologies
Natural topologies
List of natural topologies.
Adjunction space
Corona set
Disjoint union (topology)
Extension topology
Initial topology
Final topology
Product topology
Quotient topology
Subspace topology
Weak topology
Compactifications
Compactifications include:
Alexandroff extension
Projectively extended real line
Bohr compactification
Eells–Kuiper manifold
Projectively extended real line
Stone–Čech compactification
Stone topology
Wallman compactification
Topologies of uniform convergence
This lists named topologies of uniform convergence.
Compact-open topology
Loop space
Interlocking interval topology
Modes of convergence (annotated index)
Operator topologies
Pointwise convergence
Weak convergence (Hilbert space)
Weak* topology
Polar topology
Strong dual topology
Topologies on spaces of linear maps
Other induced topologies
Box topology
Compact complement topology
Duplication of a point: Let be a non-isolated point of let be arbitrary, and let Then is a topology on and and have the same neighborhood filters in In this way, has been duplicated.
Extension topology
Functional analysis
Auxiliary normed spaces
Finest locally convex topology
Finest vector topology
Helly space
Mackey topology
Polar topology
Vague topology
Operator topologies
Dual topology
Norm topology
Operator topologies
Pointwise convergence
Weak convergence (Hilbert space)
Weak* topology
Polar topology
Strong dual space
Strong operator topology
Topologies on spaces of linear maps
Ultrastrong topology
Ultraweak topology/weak-* operator topology
Weak operator topology
Tensor products
Inductive tensor product
Injective tensor product
Projective tensor product
Tensor product of Hilbert spaces
Topological tensor product
Probability
Émery topology
Other topologies
Erdős space − A Hausdorff, totally disconnected, one-dimensional topological space that is homeomorphic to
Half-disk topology
Hedgehog space
Partition topology
Zariski topology
See also
Citations
References
External links
π-Base: An Interactive Encyclopedia of Topological Spaces
General topology
Mathematics-related lists
Topological spaces |
6846416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV%20Tres | MTV Tres | MTV Tres is an American owned by Paramount Media Networks, a subsidiary of Paramount Global.
The channel is targeted toward bilingual Latinos and non-Latino Americans aged 12 to 34, and its programming formerly included lifestyle series, customized music video playlists, news documentaries that celebrate Latino culture, music and artists and English-subtitled programming in Spanish, imported from MTV Spain and MTV Latin America, as well as Spanish-subtitled programming from MTV. The network's logo is rendered as tr3s, with an acute accent over the number 3 (which in the actual audible name is a reversed capital É).
As of August 2013, MTV Tres was available to approximately 36 million pay television households (totaling 32% of households with television) in the United States.
History
MTV Español
On August 1, 1998, MTV Networks launched a 24-hour digital cable channel, MTV S (the "S" standing for "Spanish"). On October 1, 2001, the channel was relaunched as MTV Español, focusing on music videos by Latin rock and pop artists. The rebranded network mainly utilized the eight-hour automated music video playlist wheel used by sister networks MTV2, MTV Hits and MTVX (later MTV Jams) without any original programming, except for repurposed content from MTV's Latin America networks.
Acquisition of MásMúsica TeVe
Más Música TeVe, founded in 1998, was a network distributed in the United States on pay television that aired music videos from diverse Latin music styles, including salsa, cumbia, regional Mexican, and contemporary Spanish-language hits. Founded by Eduardo Caballero of Caballero Television, MásMúsica TeVe carried the minimum requirements of educational and public affairs programming on weekends, and it was carried mainly on low-power television stations throughout the United States.
In December 2005, Viacom acquired MásMúsica and ten of the network's affiliated stations. The sale was closed down in January 2006.
Launch of MTV Tres
MTV Tres unofficially launched on September 4, 2006, when it became available on all subscription providers that recently carried MTV Español. On September 25, 2006, MTV Español and MásMúsica TeVe officially merged. The first program to air on the newly formed channel was the premiere of Mi TRL at 4:30 p.m. Eastern Time.
In its beginnings, MTV Tres's programming schedule was significantly more repetitive than MTV Español was in its last days. The channel aired shows such as Hola, My Name is MTV Tres, the Top 20 Countdown, Los Hits, Mis #1s, Sucker Free Latino (only running two new shows per week), Latina Factor, Mi TRL, MTV Trespass, Los Premios MTV Latinoamérica 2006, Making the Video and Diary; the latter two and many other programs from MTV are merely subtitled into Spanish rather than carrying re-dubbed versions. These programs were repeated for most of the day, which greatly reduced the amount of freeform music videos played on the channel. As months passed, however, the programming became more varied and different, with changing music video blocks airing several times in the day.
Relaunch as Tres
On July 12, 2010, MTV Tres dropped the MTV name from its logo and name, officially rebranding as simply Tres. With the rebrand, the network expanded its programming to include additional acquired MTV programs and series from Viacom's Latin American networks. Eventually, Viacom re-sold some of the stations acquired in the Más Música deal in California and Texas back to Caballero Television, and after its 2019 sale of its last broadcast asset before the re-acquisition of CBS Corporation, the network is cable-only.
Programming
Tres broadcasts on an Eastern Time schedule with one national feed for all providers.
Music video programs
Since 2014, MTV Tres broadcasts music videos for at least 22 hours each day (though like their sister networks NickMusic and CMT Music, the titles of the 'programs' now merely delineate an hour for electronic program guides than provide any actual video theming).
Current
Exitos – Current hits
2x2 – Two videos from the same artist are played consecutively
Fresh – Videos recently added to the network's playlist
La Hora Nacional – Independent artists
Tropicalismo – Reggaeton, Bachata and Tropical
ReMexa – Banda, Ranchera, Duranguense and Norteña
Former
Classic Co. – The program, which aired weekdays at 10:00 a.m. Eastern Time, featured a mix of videos from Latino artists of the 1980s and 1990s such as Selena, Ricky Martin, and Marc Anthony. The title is most likely an English-language play on the Spanish term for "classic", clásico, as the title might stand for "Classic Company". The program was discontinued in early 2008.
Los Hits – Based on MTV's Big Ten and Más Música's Los Top 10, this program featured the most popular videos in rotation on MTV Tr3s. It was hosted by Carlos Santos or Denise Ramirez featuring interviews with popular artists, however the program would drop its VJ format in March 2007. The program was discontinued in mid-2007.
Tr3s or False – This program was a music video/text message-based game show that awarded viewers points, which could be redeemed for prizes, for answering questions correctly. The program was discontinued in early 2009.
Music My Guey – This program focuses on viewer requested music videos.
Top 20 – Similar to Las 40 Principales from Más Música, this program is a countdown of the top 20 videos in rotation on the channel during the week. In late June 2008, the network changed the show's format; most music videos are no longer played in their entirety; the show has been hosted since that point by Carlos Santos.
TXTO (pronounced "texto", Spanish for "text") – This program is a block of music videos requested by callers who send text messages to the channel, in English or Spanish, dedicating videos to friends or family. Although it is loosely based on Tu Email from Más Música, TXTO does not feature a VJ who reads the e-mails. However, there may be occasional VJ spots in the program. TXTO URB is a spinoff series that is dedicated to urban music videos.
¡Rock! – This program aired mostly during the late night hours, and featured a mix of rock music videos from U.S. and Latin American bands. Among the U.S. bands featured in the lineup were the Deftones, which contain Latino vocalist Chino Moreno and turntablist Frank Delgado, and Incubus, which contain Latino drummer Jose Pasillas. The program was discontinued in October 2007.
MixMex – A music video program featuring artists from Mexico; it was replaced with ReMexa in March 2009.
Street Mix (later known as El Sonidero) – A block of urban music videos, focusing on hip-hop, reggaeton and R&B artists, and includes Spanish-speaking artists with occasional American videos from non-Latino, English-speaking artists.(was called EL Sonidero until September 2008)
Videoteca (formally known as V.P.M., short for Video Party Music) – This program focused on rhythmic videos; Videoteca was cancelled on July 12, 2010, concurrent with the network's relaunch.
Videorama – General music video mix that aired during the daytime hours
Videosomnia – General music video mix that aired during the overnight hours (Similar to MTV After Hours)
Clasicos – Classic music videos (though most are from after 2010 but before 2015)
Cafeina – Early morning music video mix
El Flow – Latin urban contemporary music videos
The following music video programs were hosted by VJ's who primarily host in English:
Sucker Free Latino – Hosted by L. Boogs; this program is similar to Más Música's Zona Urbana and is based on MTV's Sucker Free, featuring popular hip-hop, R&B and reggaeton music videos, mostly from Latino artists; however, some of the featured videos may be performed by U.S. artists like The Fugees or Ludacris, with interviews included (replaced with SFL5)
Mi TRL – Based on MTV's Total Request Live and Más Música's Pidelo, and hosted by Carlos Santos, new episodes air each Thursday at 4:30 p.m. Eastern Time (with rebroadcasts throughout the week on Tr3s as well as rebroadcasts on MTV Hits); the program featured the ten most requested videos based on voting on the MTV Tr3s website, featuring live performances and interviews (discontinued along with TRL in November 2008, then revived in February 2009 as Entertainment as a Second Language)
Indie 101 – Hosted by Martin Chan, this program – which is similar in format to Más Música's Rokmania – focuses on indie rock bands from Latin America.
Non-music programming
Some reality and scripted series formerly aired on the channel, including MTV originals featuring Spanish subtitling, as well as from MTV Latin America and Nickelodeon Latin America (which were natively broadcast in Spanish and subtitled in English for broadcast on U.S. television). These types of programs aired for no more than three hours at a time. Some of the programs had little or nothing to do with Latino culture and possibly only aired on Tres to allow Viacom to maintain syndication rights to the programs without threatening ratings on higher-profile networks.
For a short time from July until October 2010, Tres carried a block of programming known as "Tres Jr.", which carried Spanish-language dubs of the Nick Jr. Channel's Blue's Clues (Spanish-titled as Pistas de Blue and featuring Steve Burns-era episodes) and Wonder Pets.
Class A affiliates (and previously, former full-power affiliate KBEH-TV) carried a second feed of the network with English-language repeats of Allegra's Window and Gullah Gullah Island in order to fulfill E/I programming requirements set by the Federal Communications Commission.
Former programming
Beavis and Butt-Head (dubbed in Spanish)
Bellator Fighting Championships
Blue's Clues (Pistas de Blue, dubbed in Spanish)
Boiling Points
Casados con Hijos (Colombian version of Married... with Children, subtitled)
Dancelife
Dismissed
George Lopez
I Bet You Will
Impact Wrestling (wrestling show, translated in Spanish)
Isa TKM
Jersey Shore
Juegos Prohibidos
Lucha Libre USA: Masked Warriors
Mind of Mencia
Ninas Mal
Quiero Mi Boda – a show involving elaborate weddings
Quiero Mis Quinces – a Latin American version of My Super Sweet 16, though instead involving quinceañeras
Room Raiders
Short Circuitz
SpongeBob SquarePants (Bob Esponja, dubbed in Spanish)
Wonder Pets (Las Mascotas Maravilla, dubbed in Spanish)
Entertainment as a Second Language
Karlifornia
Lugar Heights
Mis ViDeos Locos!
Music My Güey
Pimpeando
Rock Dinner
Speak Tr3s
Yo Soy Jenny Rivera
Free-to-air affiliates
Most of the broadcast stations that aired MTV Tres served communities with large Hispanic populations. Upon the merger of Más Música and MTV Tres, however, former Más Música affiliate WZXZ-CA in Orlando, Florida, switched to MTV2, before affiliating with America TéVé, and WUBX-CA and WBXU-LP in the Raleigh/Durham/Fayetteville, North Carolina, market ceased operations completely. Eventually Viacom let their affiliation agreements lapse with their broadcast affiliates, and those other stations have become affiliates of other networks, or ceased all operations. Viacom's carriage agreements with cable providers also often saw the Tres cable channel preferred for carriage over a local affiliate, and most stations were unable to find cable coverage with Tres programming, notwithstanding existing complications involving low-power stations and cable carriage. KVMM-CD, channel 41 of Santa Barbara, California, was the only MTV Tres affiliate that still broadcast free-to-air until May 20, 2019, as well as the only over-the-air broadcast asset that Viacom had remaining, until it was sold to HC2 Holdings on February 15, 2019.
Former affiliates
References
MTV channels
Music video networks in the United States
Spanish-language television networks in the United States
Television channels and stations established in 2006 |
1985783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemnitz%20University%20of%20Technology | Chemnitz University of Technology | Chemnitz University of Technology () is a public university in Chemnitz, Germany. With over 9,000 students, it is the third largest university in Saxony. It was founded in 1836 as Königliche Gewerbschule (Royal Mercantile College) and was elevated to a Technische Hochschule, a university of technology, in 1963. With approximately 1,500 employees in science, engineering and management, Chemnitz University of Technology is among the most important employers in the region.
History
Foundation
The tradition of science in this region goes back to the 16th century when Georg Agricola (1494–1555), a famous German scholar of minerals, served as the city's mayor. Historically, the university emerged from the Gewerbschule (trade school) founded in 1836. One year later, a Baugewerkenschule (school for the building trades) became affiliated with the Königliche Gewerbschule (Royal Trade School), which was followed by a Königliche Werkmeisterschule (Royal School for Master Craftsmen) in 1855. An existing Fabrikzeichenschule (Factory Mark School) in Chemnitz was affiliated to the Gewerbeschule at the time of its founding, but it was separated from the Gewerbschule for budgetary reasons in 1858. These four schools existed side by side and were unified by their director. In 1878, these schools were formally united in a school association – the Kasse der Technischen Staatslehranstalten (Office of the Technical Educational Institutions). The Gewerbeschule in particular, which was renamed the Gewerbeakademie in 1900 and the Staatliche Akademie für Technik (Public Academy of Technology) in 1929, achieved high recognition in Germany and a special position among the technical colleges and technical schools.
During the German Democratic Republic Era
After World War II, the association was reopened as a purely technical school under the name Technische Lehranstalten (Technical Academy) in 1947. In 1953, the Hochschule für Maschinenbau Karl-Marx-Stadt (Karl-Marx-Stadt College of Mechanical Engineering) was reestablished at the same location and in the same building. Over the course of the adjustment of the technical school landscape in the GDR, the old technical school was dissolved in 1955. The College of Mechanical Engineering was elevated to the status of a technical college in 1963 and to that of a technical university in 1986.
For basic Marxist-Leninist studies, which had been obligatory since 1951 for students of all disciplines in the GDR, there was also an Institute for Marxism-Leninism at the school. It later also had to take over the scientific staff, lecturers and professors' ongoing ideological training.
After Germany's Reunification
At the end of the German Democratic Republic, the academic system of Eastern Germany was absorbed by the West German system. Chemnitz University of Technology was actively supported to remain as a third university in Saxony besides University of Leipzig and TU Dresden. In 1992, the former Pädagogische Hochschule Zwickau was incorporated and the university was renamed Technische Universität Chemnitz-Zwickau. With the establishment of the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration (1993) and the Faculty of Humanities (1994), the university's profile shifted from technical to a more comprehensive university. In 1997, another renaming took place and the institution received its current name, Chemnitz University of Technology. In September of the same year, the Saxon state government made the decision to end elementary school teacher training in Chemnitz. As of the winter semester 1999/2000, no more students were enrolled in the teacher training programs. The state government made the decision to center teacher training in Leipzig and Dresden. These decisions were accompanied by massive protests from the ranks of the students but also from the Faculty of Humanities.
In 2009, when the Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences was spun off from the Faculty of Humanities, the university consisted of 159 professorships spread across eight faculties. With more than 9,000 students, Chemnitz University of Technology is the third largest university in Saxony after the University of Leipzig and the TU Dresden.
As part of the Excellence Initiative of the German federal and state governments, the Cluster of Excellence MERGE – Technology Fusion for Multifunctional Lightweight Structures was funded at the university until 2017. After the additional funding expired on 31 October 2019, MERGE became a central institution of the university.
Teacher education returned to the university with the establishment of the Centre for Teacher Training in 2013 as a central institution for training elementary school teachers. In 2014, the Centre for Knowledge and Technology Transfer was founded as a central institution of Chemnitz University of Technology.
Chemnitz University of Technology successfully participated in both rounds of the Female Professors Program, which is funded by the federal and state governments. In 2019, the university participated in the Female Professors Program for the third time and was the only university in Saxony to receive the "Equality Excellent" rating.
Since April 2019, the university has received funding from the program WIR! – Change through Innovation in the Region. Up to 15 million euros are available for the two joint projects – Smart Rail Connectivity-Campus and SmartERZ. The aim of the Smart Rail Connectivity-Campus is to establish a research campus in Annaberg-Buchholz for research into autonomous train traffic.
Also in 2019, Chemnitz University of Technology received the Award for University Communication for its overall communicative concept and its advocacy against violence and xenophobia following the racist riots in Chemnitz in 2018.
Organization and Administration
Faculties
The university is organised into the following eight faculties:
Faculty of Computer Science
Faculty of Economics and Business Administration
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology
Faculty of Mathematics
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Faculty of Natural Sciences
Faculty of Humanities
Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences
Central Institutions
Cluster of Excellence MERGE
Saxony's Centre for Teaching and Learning
University Library
Foreign Language Centre
Internationales Universitätszentrum
Centre for Young Scientists
Centre for Knowledge and Technology Transfer
Research Centre MAIN
International Office
University Computer Centre
Centre for Teacher Training
Centre for Sports and Health Promotion
An-Institutes
Cetex Institute for Textile and Processing Machines gemeinnützige GmbH
Institute of Mechatronics e.V.
Saxony Textile Research Institute e.V.
TUCed – An-Institut für Transfer und Weiterbildung GmbH
Center for Criminological Research Saxony
Campus
Chemnitz University of Technology's growth led it to have buildings in various parts of Chemnitz. The campus on Reichenhainer Staße is the main campus. There are currently four parts of the university:
Campus at Straße der Nationen 62
The campus at Straße der Nationen 62 is in the center of Chemnitz across from the bus station. This includes the buildings at Straße der Nationen 62 (the Böttcher Building), Bahnhofstraße 8 (Patent Information Center), Carolastraße 8 (Department of Human Resources, Department of Budget and Economics), and the Alte Aktienspinnerei (University Library and University Archives).
Eduard-Theodor-Böttcher-Bau
The Böttcher-Bau or Böttcher Building is the main and oldest building at Chemnitz University of Technology. The natural stone facade of the building consists of granite, porphyry, and sandstone elements. The most prominent part of the historical building is the four-meter long and 21-meter high facade. Behind the main entrance doors there is a vestibule with a historical cross vault. After the staircase, the student secretariat is located to the right.
This building is home to the university administration (President and Vice-Presidents' offices, office of the chancellor, some departments), the University Computer Centre as well as the Faculty of Computer Science and the Institute of Chemistry. Furthermore, the Böttcher-Bau is home to a cafeteria and a canteen which are operated by the Studentenwerk Chemnitz-Zwickau. Also located in this building is part of the TUClab, Chemnitz University of Technology's start-up support network.
The Böttcher Building, whose cornerstone was laid on 2 September 1875, was named after Professor Eduard Theodor Böttcher (1829–1893). Böttcher was a professor of mechanics and for many years the director of the Royal Higher Industrial School in Chemnitz. The laboratory building facing the railroad station was handed over as early as 1876. The busts of Jöns Jakob Berzelius and Alexander von Humboldt in the staircase there also date from this time. On 16 October 1877, this building was consecrated as the State Technical School. Under this collective name, it united the Higher School of Trades, the School of Construction Trades, the School of Master Craftsmen and the School of Trades Marks. The building, which was equipped according to the most modern standards and in which 612 students were taught at the time, had 105 rooms with a total area of 6,613 square meters. Since the 150th anniversary of engineering education in 1986, the main building at the university has borne the name "Eduard-Theodor-Böttcher-Bau". In 1986, a sculpture of Böttcher by the Karl-Marx-Stadt artist Frank Diettrich was also unveiled in front of the Senate Hall on the second floor in the central part of the building.
On the front exterior façade of the building, three pairs of figures above the large main entrances indicate the sciences that were taught in the building at the time: Mathematics and Physics, Textile Industry and Chemical Engineering, and Mechanical and Civil Engineering.
In addition, the portrait heads of famous representatives of the sciences are in high relief in the central section. Pictured are:
Galileo Galilei (1564–1642)
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716)
Jöns Jakob Berzelius (1779–1848)
Leonhard Euler (1707–1783)
Gaspard Monge (1746–1818)
James Watt (1736–1819)
Karl Karmarsch (1803–1879)
At the height of the former assembly hall windows, two 2.25 meter tall statues can be seen on the sides of the central section. The left figure, equipped with a cogwheel and compasses, symbolizes technology. The right statue represents science – reinforced by the book and the lecturing posture. All portraits and the two statues were modeled by sculptor Anton Händler, who taught at the Chemnitz Gewerbzeichenschule.
On the roof of the building, directly above the portraits on the fourth floor, there is a parapet wall. At the time, it bore the words "Königliche Technische Lehranstalten" (Royal Technical Schools), which have since been replaced by the words "Technische Universität" (University of Technology). The picture is rounded off by two lions representing the Saxon coat of arms decorated with a golden crown.
In the inner courtyard of the Böttcher Building is the "Alte Heizhaus." This was originally a flat building, consisting of a boiler house and chimney, which was intended to provide heating and ventilation for the Böttcher Building via ducts. These ducts were up to 3.5 meters below ground, with the bottom of the chimney reaching a depth of six meters. An open staircase led to the basement of the boiler house, and to the left and right of the staircase there were openings with cast-iron lids through which the fuel was stored in the underground rooms. This facility was among the most modern of the time. Construction of the boiler house began in April 1875 and was completed with the chimney and an underground connecting duct between the chimney and the laboratory in October 1875. The building itself was constructed in 1877 by the Chemnitz architect Emil Alwin Gottschaldt. When it was connected to the municipal heating supply in 1967, the chimney was removed. A converter station was subsequently integrated into the building. In the course of further renovations from 1996 to 2000, all technical equipment was relocated to the basement area. Since then, it has also served as a station for technical equipment for the supply of heat and electricity.
University Library
Chemnitz University of Technology's University Library has been located in the Alte Aktienspinnerei building since 1 October 2020. The historic building, which is a protected landmark today, was built in the architectural style of historical eclecticism around 1858 and now houses a stock of around 1.2 million books.
The architect Friedrich Theodor Roschig designed the building entirely of iron and stone due to the fire hazard posed by wood. At the time, the building was one of the most fire-safe in the city of Chemnitz. With 60,000 spindles, it was the largest spinning mill in Saxony. At the beginning of the 20th century, the spinning mill moved out of the building because it had become too small for the amount of yarn to be produced.
During World War 2, the building was heavily damaged and lost the top floor. After the war, the building was given an emergency roof and experienced a variety of uses during the time of the GDR and after the fall of the Berlin Wall: among other things, as a department store, a puppet theater, a city library, an office building and, after the turn of the millennium, as an art gallery. After that, the building stood empty.
In 2012, a Europe-wide competition was launched to convert the Alte Aktienspinnerei. This contest included requirements to restore the building to its original form and to leave the style of an industrial building. On 31 January 2013, the jury, chaired by Paul Kahlfeldt, made the decision to place the design of the bidding consortium Lungwitz, Heine, Mildner (Dresden) and Rabe (Berlin) in first place. The justification stated: "The honest and sensitive handling of the historic building fabric and its extension is very successful. The consistent and timeless formulation is continued both in the facade and in the interior spaces. The historic building fabric is optimally used and extended. There is a clear separation of individual workplaces and group rooms. The use is rounded off by the central placement of the reading rooms."
In mid-2015, the conversion into the university library began. The relocation of the collections from the location of different parts of the campus took place in the spring and summer of 2020. Beginning in June 2020, the previous three library locations, their stacks and the university archive were combined in the Alte Aktienspinnerei building.
Campus on Reichenhainer Straße
The Reichenhainer Straße campus is located on Reichenhainer Straße in the Bernsdorf neighborhood. This campus is home to the cafeteria, student council, and Studentenwerk Chemnitz-Zwickau. In addition, the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, parts of the Faculty of Mathematics, the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, the Institute of Physics, parts of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and parts of the Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences are located here.
The Central Lecture Hall, built between 1996 and 1997 at a cost of 33 million Deutschmarks, is also located here. It contains a total of 2,576 seats in 4 lecture halls and 14 seminar rooms and is commonly called the Orangerie because of its orange color. The largest lecture hall, the Auditorium Maximum, holds 714 seats.
Between 2016 and 2017, the campus square in front of the Central Lecture Hall and the Weinhold Building was renovated, and the tram tracks on Reichenhainer Straße were relocated to connect the campus to the Straße der Nationen 62 campus and several cities in the region as part of the Chemnitzer Modell project.
The Adolf-Ferdinand-Weinhold-Bau, the largest building on the Reichenhainer Straße campus in terms of usable space, is next to the Orangerie. The building was completely renovated between 2010 and 2013 at a cost of 55.25 million euros. It houses two lecture halls, 14 seminar rooms, eight language cabinets, 90 laboratories and 144 offices. In 2014, the building was awarded the Architekturpreis Beton.
All student dormitories, sports facilities, the Fraunhofer Institute for Machine Tools and Forming Technology (IWU), and the Fraunhofer Institute for Electronic Nano Systems (ENAS) are also located in the immediate vicinity.
Central Lecture Hall and Seminar Building
A distinctive building on the Reichenhainer Straße campus is the Central Lecture Hall and Seminar Building, which is commonly called the "Orangerie" by students, mainly because of its exterior painting. The building, designed by Meinhard von Gerkan, was built between 1996 and 1998 at a cost of 33 million German marks. The client was the Chemnitz State Property and Building Authority . It offers a total of 2,576 seats in four lecture halls and 14 seminar rooms. The largest lecture hall, the "Auditorium Maximum," holds 706 seats. The Audimax is supported by four wall panels facing Reichenhainer Straße. The total volume of the building is 51,766 m³. The floor area is 8,856 m².
A two-story foyer forms the center of the building, which contains the entrance to the four lecture halls. The foyer is enclosed on two levels by an angular structure in which the seminar rooms are located. The east and west sides of the foyer are completely glazed and open onto Reichenhainer Straße. A steel truss structure and metal roof were installed over the two lecture halls. The other rooms are covered by concrete ceilings, some of which are greened. In addition, expanded metal was used for the ceilings, corrugated sheet metal on the facade, and steel escape staircases located outdoors between the halls.
The facade of the Orangerie consists of an ensemble of colored plaster, corrugated aluminum panels and glass. Colored concrete, parquet, tiles and linoleum make up the floor coverings. The walls in the interior are in red, sienna, and yellow as well as blue tones and create the building's unique atmosphere. Niches within the building have also been set off in color. This is intended to create an expanded spatial experience.
The foyer is expansive and a central meeting place. It is also home to numerous seating areas, recreational facilities, as well as the Chemnitz University of Technology's Unishop and a snack bar operated by the Studentenwerk Chemnitz-Zwickau. The foyer is also an event space, which is used for example for career fairs or external events such as the Chemnitzer Linuxtage and other meetings. The Audimax also hosts the traditional Christmas Lecture as well as the Children's University Chemnitz and the Senior Citizens' College.
In front of the Central Lecture Hall and Seminar Building is a group of columns. It consists of 187 stelae made of fully galvanized steel tubing on a base area of 16 square meters. Each of the upper crests is given a color of one of the systems of this color scale commonly used in the printing industry. The length of the columns is related to the brightness value of each color. The columns symbolize 187 basic colors of the so-called RAL color scale. The sculpture was created by Stefan Nestler from Dresden.
Between 2016 and 2017, the campus square in front of the Central Lecture Hall and Seminar Building and the Weinhold Building was renovated and the tram tracks on Reichenhainer Straße were laid to connect the campus to the "Chemnitz Model," which is an infrastructure plan that connects the campus with the campus on Straße der Nationen 62 and several cities in the region. On 8 December 2028, the new campus square was ceremonially opened. The campus square between the Central Lecture Hall and Seminar Building, the Weinhold Building, and the cafeteria is also a popular meeting place and event venue.
Cluster of Excellence MERGE
The MERGE Research Centre "Lightweight Technologies" is located in the immediate vicinity of the Central Lecture Hall Building and the Weinhold Building at Chemnitz University of Technology on Reichenhainer Straße. In a building totalling 4,640 square meters, novel energy- and resource-saving materials and production processes are developed and analyzed. Areas of application for the materials and manufacturing technologies include the mobility sector and the aerospace industry. The university has thus become an internationally important center for lightweight construction research.
The research center was built under the project management of the Chemnitz branch of the Saxon Real Estate and Construction Management with the participation of numerous Saxon companies. The total construction costs were around 27 million euros, financed by funds from the European Regional Development Fund for improving the infrastructure at universities for research with an application-oriented focus, as well as by tax revenues based on the budget passed by the Saxon state parliament.
In the three-part hall structure of the technology center created in the first construction phase, Hall A provides space for numerous test and research lines, including compounding and extrusion technology as well as injection molding machines and an orbital winding system, whose processes and plant technology were developed and patented at the cluster.
The 14-meter-high Hall B houses the heart of the research cluster, the so-called MERGE machine. This manufacturing complex combines the processing of plastic- and metal-based materials using the basic technologies of forming and injection molding. It includes a prototyping facility for the production of components, such as those made for the automotive industry, and is supplemented by a press. The two-story Hall C has a central hall area with a clear ceiling height of around ten meters. Attached to this are the meeting rooms on the first floor and the ventilation center, test and research rooms on the upper floor.
The hall complex of the technology center, where research has been carried out since August 2015, was expanded with a state-of-the-art laboratory in October 2020. The Free State of Saxony invested around 14.5 million euros in this project, with the largest part coming from the European Regional Development Fund. In addition to highly specialized laboratory rooms, this second construction phase also offers office, practical, and meeting rooms, among other things. The new building directly adjoins the south facade of the Technology Center. The two buildings are connected on the first floor and second floor. These floors house the laboratories, where fundamental issues in lightweight construction research along the value chain from the molecule to the complex component are now clarified and subsequently tested in terms of production technology in the adjacent Technology Center. In addition, the laboratory building offers space for research and development technologies, including additive manufacturing, as well as state-of-the-art equipment in the field of testing technology.
Research Center MAIN
The Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN) is dedicated to exploring the fundamental physical and chemical properties of flexible nanomembranes. This includes unlocking the engineering application potential of this class of materials. Nanomembranes are a novel class of materials and one of the most advanced fields in materials science.
The MAIN research center fits into the core competency of Materials and Intelligent Systems at Chemnitz University of Technology and builds a bridge between basic and applied research, such as in the connection of sensors and actuators in the field of microrobotics. For example, researchers at the MAIN 2020 research center, together with scientists at the Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (IFW) led by Oliver G. Schmidt, succeeded in constructing the smallest microelectronic robot. The construction is also in the Guinness World Records as the smallest microelectronic robot.
MAIN was built between 2011 and 2018 as a research building in accordance with Article 91b, Section 1, No. 3 of the German Basic Law and was co-financed with approximately 34.3 million euros from federal and state funds. On 13 August 2018, the new building was handed over to Chemnitz University of Technology. The construction of the research building was funded as part of a successful application by the university to the German Council of Science and Humanities and since the handover has offered 120 scientists state-of-the-art research and working conditions.
The Chemnitz branch of the Sächsisches Immobilien- und Baumanagement state enterprise was responsible for the construction, based on the winning design by the architects Heinle, Wischer und Partner from Dresden. The research building with about 3,800 square meters of usable floor space was designed as a solid reinforced concrete skeleton structure with load-bearing wall panels and ceilings to enable vibration-free measurements. As vibration protection for the sensitive laboratory equipment, the complex rests on a reinforced concrete floor slab around 1.60 meters thick.
A functional highlight are the clean rooms, which allow electronic components to be manufactured in a dust-free environment. Two "knowledge gardens" were also created in the building as places for meeting and exchanging ideas, supporting the idea of connecting research areas across floors. These areas were designed by Dresden artist Patricia Westerholz, who won the Kunst am Bau competition with her work "layers and structures." The architectural and functional features of this research building were recognized at the 2020 Industrial Building Awards, which were presented on 24 June 2020, and received a commendation from the jury. The building's design was also recognized by the jury.
In August 2020, the President's Office at Chemnitz University of Technology, in consultation with the Task Force for Implementation and the faculties involved, decided on the basis of the university development planning and in consultation with the Senate and the University Council to run MAIN as the Central Scientific Institution of Chemnitz University of Technology.
Campus on Erfenschlager Straße
The campus on Erfenschlager Straße houses part of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, the project house METEOR, and the student racing team (T.U.C. Racing e.V.)
Campus on Wilhelm-Raabe-Straße
The campus on Wilhelm-Raabe-Straße accommodates most of the Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences (Institute of Psychology).
Academic profile
In winter term 2013/2014 about 2,500 young people started their bachelor's or master's degree studies at TU Chemnitz. All in all, the university offers 35 bachelor's and 50 master's degree programs. On the international level TU Chemnitz cooperates with 126 partner institutions in 39 countries. This includes 19 members of the international university network Academic Consortium for the 21st Century (AC21). TU Chemnitz is supported by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research within the project 'Teaching Quality Pact' as well as by Saxony's Centre for Teaching and Learning funded by the Saxon State Ministry of Science and the Arts.
Research
The university has concentrated its research to six main profiles:
New materials
Production Life Cycle
Microelectronics & Micro-electromechanical systems
Applications & development of systems
Communications, Media, Technology
Modeling, Simulation, High Performance Computing
A key research area 'Energy-efficient Production Processes' stands the Federal Cluster of Excellence 'Merge Technologies for Multifunctional Lightweight Structures' (MERGE). Funded with €34 million, this cluster is the only one in Germany focusing on the field of lightweight engineering. The breeding ground for this cluster was prepared by the Saxon State Cluster of Excellence 'Energy-efficient Product and Process Innovations in Production Engineering' (eniPROD), which was jointly established with the Fraunhofer Institute for Machine Tools and Forming Technology. These initiatives are complemented by additional collaborative research areas funded by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) which develop intelligent materials and energy-efficient production technologies.
Within the key research area 'Smart Systems and Materials', scientists at TU Chemnitz are also involved in the Federal Cluster of Excellence 'Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden' (cfAED). Further input is provided by the Nano System Integration Network of Excellence (Nanett), funded by the Federal Government, as well as by the cluster COOL SILICON 'Energy Efficiency Innovations from Silicon Saxony'. Several DFG Research Groups are working in this field. In addition, TU Chemnitz will be the home of the 'Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes' (MAIN).
International students
Chemnitz University of Technology has a large body of foreign students. In winter semester 2017, out of its 10,482 students, 2,712 were foreign students, which equals to about 25%.
Rankings
Worldwide, TU Chemnitz is ranked 1176 by CWUR in 2022.
Notable people
Professors
Werner Dilger (died 2007), German computer scientist
Josef Lutz, German physicist and electrical engineer
Gopakumar Thiruvancheril, Indian assistant professor of molecular electronics
Heiner Rindermann, German intelligence and educational researcher
References
External links
Buildings and structures in Chemnitz
Educational institutions established in 1836
1836 establishments in Saxony
Universities and colleges in Saxony
Technical universities and colleges in Germany |
19733207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lina%20Bruna%20Rasa | Lina Bruna Rasa | Lina Bruna Rasa (24 September 1907 – 20 September 1984) was an Italian operatic dramatic soprano. She was particularly noted for her performances in the verismo repertoire and was a favourite of Pietro Mascagni who considered her the ideal Santuzza. Bruna Rasa created the roles of Atte in Mascagni's Nerone, Cecilia Sagredo in Franco Vittadini's La Sagredo and Saint Clare in Licinio Refice's 1926 oratorio, Trittico Francescano. She also sang the role of Tsaritsa Militrisa in the Italian premiere of Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov's The Tale of Tsar Saltan.
Biography
Lina Bruna Rasa was born at Padua and began her music studies at age 14, studying with Guido Palumbo and Italiano Tabarin in her native Padua, and later in Milan with Manlio Bavagnoli. Her appearance in a 1925 concert at the Teatro La Fenice singing the "Suicidio" aria from La Gioconda created a sensation. By the end of that year, at the age of 18 she made her operatic debut singing the role of Elena in Boito's Mefistofele at the Teatro Politeama in Genoa. She made her debut at the Teatro Regio in Turin in the same role on 21 February 1926 and was engaged by Toscanini to sing Elena for the opening of the 1927 season at La Scala where she made her debut on 16 November 1927. She went on to sing in many notable performances there including the world premieres of Mascagni's Nerone, Franco Vittadini's La Sagredo, the Italian premiere of Rimsky-Korsakov's The Tale of Tsar Saltan and some of the earliest performances Wolf-Ferrari's Sly, Vincenzo Michetti's La Maddalena, and Respighi's La campana sommersa. In a departure from her usual repertoire, she sang Mathilde for La Scala's celebration of the 100th anniversary of Rossini's William Tell.
In the years between 1926 and 1933 Bruna Rasa sang throughout Italy as well as in Montecarlo, Nice, Lausanne and Barcelona where she sang Aida at the city's Gran Teatre del Liceu. Further afield, she travelled to Egypt in 1927 where she sang in Aida and Omòniza in Cairo's Teatro Reale. In 1929, she was engaged by the theatrical impresario, Faustino Da Rosa, for a series of performances in South America. She made her debut at the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires on 14 June 1929 as Maddalena de Coigny in Andrea Chénier with Georges Thill as Chénier. She also sang there in Cavalleria Rusticana, Tosca, and La campana sommersa in its South American premiere. In August, Da Rosa's singers went on to Uruguay where she sang Andrea Chénier (again with Thill) and Tosca at the Teatro Solis in Montevideo.
Bruna Rasa's earliest assumptions of Santuzza in Cavalleria rusticana, the role for which she is best remembered today, were in 1927 in Lausanne and Bari. The opera's composer, Pietro Mascagni, and Bruna Rasa met for the first time in Venice in July 1928 when he conducted a performance of Cavalleria Rusticana in the Piazza San Marco before a crowd of 35,000 people. Mascagni was struck by her dramatic intensity and her powerful yet beautiful voice. She was to become his favourite Santuzza. He subsequently conducted many of her performances in the role both in Italy and abroad and chose her for the 1940 recording of Cavalleria rusticana which marked the 50th anniversary of its premiere. It is the only full-length studio recording of the work which is conducted by Mascagni himself.
In the early 1930s Bruna Rasa had begun showing signs of the mental illness which was to cause her premature retirement from the stage. This worsened with the death of her mother in 1935. She suffered a severe breakdown which led to her spending increasingly longer periods away from the stage, often in sanatoriums. Gino Bechi who sang with her on the 1940 Cavalleria rusticana recording recalled that during the recording sessions she would insistently ask him if he had noticed the white horses in the wings that she believed were waiting to take her away, but would become completely lucid when the music began. The tenor Giovanni Breviario who sang with her in Lecco in 1941 recalled:"Her marvelous voice came to life as soon as she began her scenes. This happened only onstage. We were all very affectionate toward her, but when not on the stage, she was passive, apathetic, would not speak and remained doggedly clinging to her handbag." On 20 July 1942, she sang in Cavalleria rusticana at the outdoor arena in Pesaro. It was to be her final performance in a staged opera. Lina Bruna Rasa spent the last 36 years of her life in a mental hospital in Milan, where she died.
Roles
In addition to the stage roles listed below, Bruna Rasa also sang in radio performances of Rito Selvaggi's Maggiolata veneziana and Giordano's Fedora.
Aida in Aida
Sélika in L'Africaine
Maddalena de Coigny in Andrea Chénier
Amelia in Un ballo in maschera
Magda in La campana sommersa
Carmen in Carmen
Santuzza and Lucia in Cavalleria rusticana
Leonora in La forza del destino
Ricke in Germania
Gioconda in La Gioconda
Mathilde in Guglielmo Tell
Isabeau in Isabeau
Loreley in Loreley
Maddalena in La Maddalena
Elena and Margherita in Mefistofele
Atte in Nerone
Omòniza in Omòniza
Desdemona in Otello
Elisabetta (?) in I pittori fiamminghi
Cecilia Sagredo in La Sagredo
Dolly in Sly
Tsaritsa Militrisa in The Tale of Tsar Saltan
Venus in Tannhäuser
Tosca in Tosca
St. Clare in Trittico Francescano
Leonora in Il trovatore
Wally in La Wally
Silvia in Zanetto
Recordings
Andrea Chénier (Luigi Marini, Lina Bruna Rasa, Carlo Galeffi, Salvatore Baccaloni; La Scala Orchestra and Chorus; Lorenzo Molajoli, conductor). Originally recorded in 1931. Label: Naxos Historical 811006667
Cavalleria rusticana (Beniamino Gigli, Lina Bruna Rasa, Gino Bechi, Giulietta Simionato; La Scala Orchestra and Chorus; Pietro Mascagni, conductor). Originally recorded in 1940. Label: EMI Studio 69987 (also issued on Naxos Historical 811071415)
Fedora (Gilda Dalla Rizza, Emilio Ghirardini, Antonio Melandri; La Scala Orchestra and Chorus; Lorenzo Molajoli, conductor). This album also contains extracts from the 1931 Andrea Chénier (above) and extra tracks of Lina Bruna Rasa singing: "L'altra notte in fondo al mare" and "Spunta l'aurora pallida" from Mefistofele; "In quelle trine morbide" from Manon Lescaut; "Vissi d'arte" from Tosca; "Rivedrai le foreste imbalsamate" (with Carlo Galeffi) from Aida; and "Voi lo sapete, o Mamma" from Cavalleria rusticana. Label: Gala 758
Notes and references
Campion, Paul (2000) Liner Notes, Andrea Chénier, (Naxos 811006667). Accessed 9 October 2008.
Dryden, Konrad (2004) "Zandonai: Mascagni's «Student»", mascagni.org. Accessed 9 October 2008.
Flury, Roger (2001) Pietro Mascagni: A Bio-bibliography, Greenwood Publishing Group.
Innaurato, Albert "Tempo di Mascagni", Opera News. January 2000. Accessed via subscription 9 October 2008.
Mallach, Alan, (2002) Pietro Mascagni and His Operas, University Press of New England, p. 280.
Plate, Leonor (2006) Operas Teatro Colón: Esperando el centenario, Editorial Dunken.
Rideout, Robert (1999) "Lina Brusa Rasa (1907-1984)".
Rosenthal, H. and Warrack, J. (1979) "Rasa, Lina Bruna" in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Opera, 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press. p. 409.
Salgado, Susana (2003) The Teatro Solís: 150 Years of Opera, Concert, and Ballet in Montevideo, Wesleyan University Press.
External links
1934 photograph taken after the first reading of Nerone showing Mascagni with the premiere cast members, Margherita Carosio, Aureliano Pertile, Lina Bruna Rasa and Apollo Granforte.
1939 photograph of Pietro Mascagni with Lina Bruna Rasa.
Italian operatic sopranos
Musicians from Padua
1907 births
1984 deaths
20th-century Italian women opera singers |
6243024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic%20Herald | Catholic Herald | The Catholic Herald is a London-based Roman Catholic monthly magazine, founded in 1888 and a sister organisation to the non-profit Catholic Herald Institute, based in New York. After 126 years as a weekly newspaper, it became a magazine in 2014. In early 2023, a 50.1% controlling stake was purchased by New York based alternative asset firm GEM Global Yield LLC SCS (Luxembourg). It reports 565,000 online readers a month, along with 28,000 weekly registered newsletter subscribers and a print readership distributed in the US and UK, Roman Catholic parishes, wholesale outlets, the Vatican, Cardinals, Catholic influencers, and postal/digital subscribers.
With historical writers including Evelyn Waugh, Graham Greene and G. K. Chesterton making the Herald their spiritual home, it publishes leading Catholic writers, international news and comment from around the world, from George Weigel to Piers Paul Read. It describes itself as "a bold and influential voice in the church since 1888, standing up for traditional Catholic culture and values". In 2022, the Catholic Herald was nominated for Consumer Magazine of the Year at the PPA Independent Publisher Awards and won the PPA award for ‘Writer of the Year’, the first time the magazine had won a PPA Award. The Guardian have described it as having a "distinguished pedigree" and being "the nearest Roman Catholics in this country have to a proper weekly newspaper".
History
The Catholic Herald was established as a weekly newspaper in 1888. It was first owned and edited by Irish Derry-born Charles Diamond, a journalist and newspaper entrepreneur, until his death in 1934. In 1920, Diamond edited the Herald from jail after writing an editorial leader article that supported Irish nationalism and allegedly encouraged assassination in Ireland.
After his death the paper was bought by Ernest Vernor Miles, a recent convert to Roman Catholicism and head of the New Catholic Herald Ltd. Miles appointed Count Michael de la Bédoyère as editor, a post he held until 1962. From 1888 to 1962, the Herald only had two editors with the Herald being based for many years in a large building on the corner of Whitefriars Street and Fleet Street opposite The Daily Telegraph building and close to its rival newspaper, The Universe. During his time as editor, he transformed it into a much respected intellectual newspaper, which often brought it into conflict with the more conservative members of the Roman Catholic Church. Circulation increased to over 100,000.
During the late 1930s, owner Vernor Miles published a number of articles, like Viscount Rothermere in the Daily Mail, which displayed some moral ambivalence towards the rise of fascism in Europe. The Herald, however, condemned Oswald Mosley's Blackshirts' street fights, anti-Semitism, and worship of State power over God.
De la Bédoyère's news editor was writer Douglas Hyde, also a convert who arrived from the Communist Daily Worker. After resigning from the party in 1948, he converted to Catholicism. After his conversion, he gained an international reputation in the late 1940s and 1950s as a critic of communism.
De la Bédoyère almost went to prison for criticising what he saw as Churchill's appeasement of the "godless" Soviet Union. It was a dangerous moment for the Herald when Churchill turned his ire on the magazine. The paper's editorial on the Yalta Conference, in which De la Bédoyère strongly criticised Churchill and Roosevelt stance towards Stalin, lead to Churchill being reassured by his right hand man, Sir Desmond Morton, that De la Bédoyère was not a British traitor.
De La Bedoyere was followed as editor by Desmond Fisher. As editor of the Herald from 1962 to 1966 he covered the Second Vatican Council, after which he worked for RTÉ. He was in Rome in 1962 before the council was set up and covered the 1963 and 1964 sessions. Fisher's Vatican II coverage caused some ire in the Catholic hierarchy, not least Cardinal John Heenan of Westminster, England. Indeed, the Catholic Herald'''s owners, likely influenced by Heenan, recalled Fisher to London.
The Herald's independence was of great importance to Fisher. In 1962, in his first Catholic Herald editorial, Fisher wrote that a lay-owned and independent Catholic paper had "a freedom that is journalistically necessary if it is to carry out what it conceives to be its function and which relieves the hierarchy and the clergy generally of any responsibility for opinions expressed in its columns."
In the 1980s, when Peter Stanford became the editor, the publication openly supported left-wing politics in South America. Stephen Bates of The Guardian says that in the later 1990s and early 2000s under William Oddie, the publication moved to the right and published criticism of liberal bishops and Jesuits. Bates went on to say that editor Luke Coppen, installed in 2004, takes a more embracing stance towards Catholics of all political hues. During his tenure, Oddie lost a libel suit against Bates.
Many bishops in England, Ireland and Scotland, including Dublin's Archbishop John McQuaid, disagreed with the Herald's view of Vatican II events. McQuaid called it "very objectionable." Yet when Fisher resigned, many other bishop-attendees to Vatican II wrote in to say they agreed with the Herald.
Fisher had grown up in Derry in the 1920s, during The Troubles that led to partition in 1922. After graduating from University College Dublin, where he was a classicist, he moved to London in 1952 to become London editor of The Irish Press. Fisher's reporting of the Second Vatican Council was said to be so incisive that Cardinal Franz König of Vienna said he learned more from reading Mr Fisher's reports than from being there.
Desmond Albrow followed Fisher as editor during the later sessions of Vatican II. Writing in an editorial in 1968, entitled "Publish and be Banned" (30 August 1968), following the publication of the Pope Paul VI's encyclical Humanae Vitae, Albrow voiced the views of many Catholics in Britain, and elsewhere, after the encyclical letter condemned the use of artificial contraception – a papal missive which a Herald editorial stated was 'a Roman time-bomb: a theological and pastoral blockbuster'.
Albrow was also the editor responsible for bringing the paper's celebrated 1960s cartoonist John Ryan into the Herald which began 'what was to become an entertaining visual chronicle of the post Vatican II Catholic church'. Ryan had attended Ampleforth and was able to speak to ordinary Catholics as he had been educated in the liturgical practice of the pre-Vatican II church in which his audience had also been raised. Ryan's cartoons gently mocked the clergy and curia of Rome and his work became an integral part of the Herald's weekly news coverage of church affairs as Ryan 'lived and breathed his subject'.
From the 1970s to the 1980s, the Herald's commercial survival was partly due to the tight budgeting of the Herald's pipe smoking managing director, Austrian Otto Herschan. He was first appointed as managing director in 1961 by Vernor Miles.
Herschan's sense of economy ensured that editorial costs were controlled through forensic accounting and a distaste for any unnecessary spending, down to questioning the cost of interval ice-creams for the theatre critic. His memoir, Holy Smoke? revealed that his speciality as managing director was to invite Catholic grandees to write for negligible sums. Writers such as Delia Smith would be paid by being taken to lunch at the RAC Club.
Albrow was followed by aristocratic journalist Gerard Noel, author of 20 books, who had met with Pope Pius XII at the Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo in 1947. He had two stints as editor, from 1971–1974, and then 1982–1983. Stuart Reid, later deputy editor of The Spectator, edited the paper briefly in 1975, to be succeeded by Richard Dowden.
Dowden was followed by Terence Sheehy (1983–1988). Educated by Jesuits in London and Dublin, Sheehy was appointed as a 'caretaker' editor in 1983 after working for The Irish Catholic in Dublin from 1942-46. Sheehy did not step into the doctrinal and liturgical wars that were dividing the church in the 1980s as he set out a populist agenda for the paper to help its commercial interests. Employing young journalists straight from university, he steered a middle course at a time when Catholicism was starting to divide into factions as Pope John Paul II, Karol Wojtyla, clashed with more progressive elements of the church. For a traditionalist, Sheehy surprised readers by not censoring the voices of divorced, gay and progressive Catholics to be aired.
He reported the various scandals that emanated from the Vatican and vigorously resisted censorship from cardinals, bishops and papal nuncios for a more "deferential" line. Sheehy always insisted that the Herald needed to remain a strong independent voice in the church. An example was his campaign to encourage the Vatican to give their blessing to the Marian shrine at Medjugorje, in former Yugoslavia. Although when the Bishop of Mostar was opposed to the reports of the six visionaries, Sheehy published articles and reports from the pilgrims who had their own experiences there. In the end, the Herald influenced the Vatican to revisit their views in a more favourable way on the visions.
In 1988, when Peter Stanford became the editor, the publication openly supported left-wing politics in South America. He was editor from 1988 to 1992 and resigned, to concentrate on writing books.
Cristina Odone edited The Catholic Herald from 1992–95. Odone was an Italian-American journalist, educated at Marymount School and Oxford University. She clashed with Otto Herschan, by then also chairman and a Herald shareholder, who was largely liberal in his church politics. Herschan first fell out with columnist Alice Thomas Ellis, an orthodox Catholic of traditional persuasion, after she wrote a piece condemning the late Archbishop of Liverpool, Derek Worlock. The saga helped to end the editorship of Odone, whose resignation letter was printed on the front page of the Catholic Herald.
Odone was followed in the editor's chair in October 1996 by Deborah Jones, a former teacher, who once considered becoming a nun. Although Jones did not apply for the editor's position, chairman Otto Herschan sought her appointment as the board wanted to ensure that the newspaper's coverage was uncontroversial. Jones was a liberal Catholic, described as an 'ardent supporter of the modern church reforms introduced by the Second Vatican Council in the 1960s'.
She lasted two years before being replaced by William Oddie. Stephen Bates of The Guardian says that in the later 1990s and early 2000s under editor Oddie, the Herald moved in a different direction to the right and published criticism of liberal bishops and Jesuits. Oddie was appointed as editor in 1998 at a time when Conrad Black, also owner of The Daily Telegraph and Jerusalem Post, owned a 47% stake in the Herald whilst a similar stake was held by hotelier Sir Rocco Forte and the remaining 5% by chairman Peter Sheppard.
In 1996 Oddie had already caused controversy when he published an article, under Odone's editorship, asking: "Can Catholic loyalty to the Crown be sustained in present conditions?" He argued that the Queen had "given royal sanction to the secularisation of Christian marriage" by encouraging the Prince of Wales to divorce; also in removing the Princess of Wales's HRH designation, the Queen had "devalued motherhood". At the time of his appointment, The Tablet, speaking for the liberal Catholic establishment, published an open letter on Oddie's appointment, chiding him for "failure to understand the Catholic mind".
There were controversies under Oddie's editorship. Columnist Father David Torkington resigned in 1999, saying that the Herald was "lurching to the Right" ever since the passing of Cardinal Hume, who had been "a stabilising influence" on the newspaper.
His support for John Ward, the Archbishop of Cardiff accused of covering up the actions of two known priests implicated in sexual abuse alegations, led to his downfall. After Oddie criticised Guardian journalist Stephen Bates, claiming his account of the affair was "an unscrupulous fabrication"; the Herald was successfully sued. Oddie resigned from the editorship in 2004.
Oddie was replaced by editor Luke Coppen, who was appointed in his late twenties. Coppen introduced a re-design along with a fresh editorial policy designed to "see off the increasingly conservative competition for good". In this Coppen succeeded, with online readership of the Herald peaking at 1.5 million global readers a month.
Under Coppen, the online version of the magazine began by only including articles from the weekly print edition of the Catholic Herald, but later he added web-only content such as the coverage of Pope Benedict XVI's April 2008 trip to the United States. The site was revamped in November 2013 and again in 2023 following new investment.
In December 2014 Coppen was tasked by the board, chaired by Peter Sheppard, with turning the Herald into a weekly magazine, with a revamped website covering breaking news. "The" was dropped from the title and the magazine started being known as Catholic Herald. A relaunch party on 11 December 2014 was attended by Cardinal Cormac Murphy-O'Connor and Princess Michael of Kent.
In 2018, Black sold his 47.5% shareholding in the Herald to Catholic Herald directors William Cash, a multi-award winning editor and author, and Brooks Newmark, a businessman, philanthropist, homelessness campaigner and founder of Angels for Ukraine charity who has rescued over 30,000 women and children in the Ukraine since the start of the war.
A US print edition of the Catholic Herald was launched on 16 November 2018 with board members, led by Sir Rocco Forte, travelling to Washington and New York for various launch events attended by leading Catholics in America. The New York Post reported how "Conservative British Catholics came to New York" and attended various events organised by Constance Watson, great-granddaughter of Evelyn Waugh.
The US edition was closed during the COVID-19 pandemic after churches closed and editor-in-chief Damian Thompson resigned due to differences over the U.S. edition's editorial direction. The Catholic Herald closed its Washington, D.C. offices in March 2020 as a result of US churches being closed during the pandemic. The Herald board then decided to re-invent itself as a monthly magazine of global influence taking advantage of digital subscription opportunities and focus on investment and growth in America.
When Coppen stepped down after 14 successful years, he was replaced by Dan Hitchens, formerly Deputy editor. Shortly after Dan Hitchens took on the position as editor in 2020, the newspaper revealed that it would be publishing on a monthly basis, a change from its previous weekly format. Hitchens stated that the change would provide the newspaper with the opportunity to expand its scope and publish more material online.
In April 2020, with the churches closing and lockdown announced in the UK because of Covid-19 pandemic, the US weekly print edition was merged into the UK print edition to create an international magazine. The Scottish Catholic Observer'', Britain's oldest religious newspaper founded in 1885, is also owned by the Catholic Herald. The title was mothballed during the pandemic due to the closure of all Scottish Catholic churches. Hitchens was replaced by William Cash in January 2021.
Cash was chairman from 2018 to February 2023 and has been editor-in-chief since January 2021. Cash is a two time winner of Editor of the Year at the PPA Independent Publisher Awards (2007 and 2008) as well as winning Writer of the Year in 2022 for his Catholic Herald work. In January 2023, the Daily Telegraph wrote: 'The Catholic Herald is riding high after it was shortlisted for Consumer Publication of the Year at the 2022 PPA Independent Publisher Awards. Now it is expanding to find a new audience in the US, described as the "political and moral battleground of the Catholic church".
In March 2023, a 50.1% shareholding of the Catholic Herald was sold to New York based GEM Global Yield LLC SCS (Luxembourg), an alternative investment private equity group with offices in Paris, New York, and The Bahamas, with the chairmanship of the Herald passing to GEM founder Chris Brown whilst Cash remained editor-in-chief, Director and a shareholder. Brown is also co-chairman of French fashion magazine L'Officiel which GEM held a 65% stake and built up globally through an international licensing franchise model covering 29 countries. In May 2022, L'Officiel was sold to Hong Kong based AMTD NYSE for $57,000,000. This international licensing model is one that GEM plans to replicate with the Catholic Herald magazine in leading Catholic countries around the world, as well as license content in the Herald's 100 year old plus archive library for films, books and other digital platforms (the Herald's digital library dates back to 1934).
Under Cash's award winning editorship, Herald website traffic increased significantly to over half a million original users a month with over 50% being from America. The magazine increased the number of special surveys including their new landmark 'Top 250 US Catholic Leaders of Today' along with its UK Catholic Leaders of Today.
The magazine was nominated for Editor of the Year (Consumer Magazine) at the 2021 PPA Independent Publisher Awards, with cover artist Adam Dant nominated for Cover of the Year, as well as for Launch of the Year for which the Herald was awarded runner-up. In 2022, the Herald was nominated for Magazine of the Year and Writer of the Year and won for Writer of the Year (William Cash) at a ceremony in the City of London on 25 November. At the 2023 PPA awards, Cash was nominated for Editor of the Year (Consumer Media) and also for Writer of the Year, for articles that included a report from Ukraine at the start of the war and coverage of various pilgrimages. "To be shortlisted in a line-up that includes the publishers Hearst, Bauer Media, Condé Nast, the BBC, Future and Haymarket shows how the Herald has evolved into a world-leading media brand," Cash said. "The nominations are very much a team effort and reflect the exceptional calibre of our editorial staff."
Editors
Its editors have included:
Contributors
Contemporary contributors
Past contributors
Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji
Past cartoonists
Mark Haddon
John Ryan
References
External links
1888 establishments in England
Newspapers published in London
Newspapers established in 1888
Magazines established in 1888
Religious newspapers published in the United Kingdom
Catholic newspapers
Catholic magazines
Conservative media in the United Kingdom |
54715649 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar%204 | Avatar 4 | Avatar 4 is an upcoming American epic science fiction film co-written, co-edited, co-produced and directed by James Cameron. Distributed by 20th Century Studios, it will be the sequel to the upcoming 2025 Avatar 3, and the fourth installment in the Avatar franchise. It will star Sam Worthington and Zoe Saldaña, among others from the original cast, reprising their roles. The screenplay is written by James Cameron and Josh Friedman.
Cameron, who had stated in 2006 that he would like to make sequels to Avatar if it was successful, announced the fourth and fifth films in late 2010. Producer Jon Landau revealed in February 2019 that a third of Avatar 4 had already been filmed, before filming officially began in September 2022.
The film's theatrical release has been subject to five delays, with the latest occurring on June 13, 2023; it is scheduled for release on December 21, 2029. A sequel, Avatar 5, is in development and is expected to be released on December 19, 2031.
Cast
Sam Worthington as Jake Sully, a former human who fell in love with Neytiri and befriended the Na'vi after becoming a part of the Avatar Program, eventually taking their side in their conflict with humans. He transferred his mind into his avatar permanently. After the second film, he and his family left the Omatikaya clan and joined the Metkayina clan.
Zoe Saldaña as Neytiri, Jake's wife who left the Omatikaya clan and joined the Metkayina clan.
Sigourney Weaver as Kiri, the daughter of Dr. Grace Augustine's Na’vi avatar who was adopted by Jake and Neytiri.
Stephen Lang as Colonel Miles Quaritch, a human who led the forces of the RDA, the human organization colonizing Pandora, in their conflict with the Na'vi in 2154. Years later, the RDA placed his and other deceased soldiers' memories into Na'vi Avatars called recombinants.
Giovanni Ribisi as Parker Selfridge, the former corporate administrator for the RDA mining operation in the first film.
Cliff Curtis as Tonowari, the leader of the reef people clan of Metkayina.
CCH Pounder as Mo'at, the Omaticaya's spiritual leader and Neytiri's mother.
Jack Champion as Miles "Spider" Socorro, the teenaged son of Quaritch born in Hell's Gate who was rescued and adopted by Jake and Neytiri after they had previously killed his father, who "prefers his time in the Pandoran rainforest".
David Thewlis as Peylak, a Na'vi character who will be featured in Avatar 3 through 5
Oona Chaplin as Varang, an "ash people" Na'vi
In addition to Champion, several other child actors who appeared in previous Avatar films are expected to reprise their roles.
Production
Development
On July 31, 2017, it was announced that the New Zealand-based visual effects studio Weta Digital had commenced work on the Avatar sequels. Cameron stated that Avatar: The Tulkun Rider is being considered as a possible title for the film. In January 2023, Cameron confirmed that, with Avatar: The Way of Water being profitable, Avatar 4 and 5 will get made.
Landau reported that the action of Avatar 4 will move from Pandora to Earth. Landau said that "There's over-population and a depletion of our natural resources that make life harder. But we don't want to paint a bleak picture for where our world is going. The films are also about the idea of that we can change course."
Champion said that the "story is pretty amazing and pretty dark."
Casting
In August 2017, Matt Gerald had officially signed on to portray his first film's role Corporal Lyle Wainfleet in all upcoming sequels. That same month, in an interview with Empire, Cameron said that Stephen Lang would not only be returning in all four sequels as Colonel Miles Quaritch, but that he would also be the main villain in all four films.
Filming
Filming on all four sequels was supposed to begin simultaneously on September 25, 2017, in Manhattan Beach, California, but Cameron said that the filming on 4 and 5 would begin after post-production wrapped on the first two sequels. However, producer Jon Landau said in February 2019 that some motion capture scenes had been shot for Avatar 4, at the same time as its two predecessors. Landau later declared that a third of Avatar 4 has already been filmed for "logistical reasons". Elaborating on shooting a portion of 4 during the production of 2 and 3, Cameron stated that "I had to shoot the kids out. They're allowed to age six years in the middle of the story on page 25 of movie '4.' So I needed everything before then, and then everything after, we'll do later." On September 9, 2022, it was announced at the D23 Expo that production had officially begun. Production is currently suspended due to the 2023 SAG-AFTRA strike.
Music
In August 2021, Landau announced that Simon Franglen would compose the score for the Avatar sequels.
Release
Avatar 4 is scheduled to be released on December 21, 2029, by 20th Century Studios. Like its predecessors, the film was subject to multiple delays (this time it consisted of five delays) since the crew took more time on the writing, pre-production and visual effects process. In April 2017, a release date of December 20, 2024 was announced, with the recurring sequel releasing on December 19, 2025. Following the announcement of the three upcoming Star Wars films, in May 2019, the sequels' release dates were pushed back to two years, with Avatar 4, being scheduled to be released on December 19, 2025. The release date was again deferred due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and in August 2020, a new release of December 18, 2026 was announced. Another delay was announced on June 13, 2023, this time due to the 2023 Writers Guild of America strike, pushing the film to December 21, 2029. Avatar 4 and its forthcoming sequels will be released in Dolby Vision.
Sequels
A fifth film has been announced and is scheduled for December 19, 2031. Cameron stated in an interview with ABC News Australia that he is uncertain whether he will direct the fifth film. According to Landau, part of Avatar 5 will take place on earth and "open people’s eyes, open Neytiri’s eyes, to what exists on Earth." Landau also said "Earth is not just represented by the RDA [Resources Development Administration]. Just like you’re defined by the choices you make in life, not all humans are bad. Not all Na’vi are good. And that’s the case here on Earth. And we want to expose Neytiri to that."
In 2022, Cameron revealed that he also has plans for a potential sixth and seventh film and would make them if there was demand. However, he also noted that he would be 89 years old by the time an Avatar 6 and Avatar 7 could be released, and he is "not going to be able to make Avatar movies indefinitely, the amount of energy required."
References
External links
20th Century Studios films
American action adventure films
American epic films
American science fiction action films
American science fiction war films
American sequel films
American space adventure films
Avatar (franchise) films
Dune Entertainment films
Environmental films
Fictional-language films
Films about cloning
Films about consciousness transfer
Films about extraterrestrial life
Films about paraplegics or quadriplegics
Films about rebellions
Films about technology
Films about telepresence
Films affected by the 2023 SAG-AFTRA strike
Films affected by the 2023 Writers Guild of America strike
Films directed by James Cameron
Films produced by James Cameron
Films scored by Simon Franglen
Films set in the 22nd century
Films set on fictional moons
Films shot in Hawaii
Films shot in Los Angeles County, California
Films shot in New Zealand
Films using motion capture
Films with screenplays by James Cameron
Holography in films
IMAX films
Lightstorm Entertainment films
Planetary romances
Rotoscoped films
Social science fiction films
Transhumanism in film
Upcoming English-language films
Upcoming sequel films
Films with screenplays by Josh Friedman |
6982416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivien%20Lalu | Vivien Lalu | Vivien Lalu (born 2 December 1978 in Paris, France) is a French composer, record producer, sound designer and keyboardist who plays in the melodic / progressive metal band A-Z as well as his own progressive rock project, Lalu. His distinctive signature as a Keyboardist is his inventive use of keyboard layers, which frequently combine New-age music elements with retro, progressive rock textures. Rock Hard praised Lalu for his "endlessly imaginative keyboard arrangements".
When it comes to Musical composition, The Prog Space highlighted Lalu's decision to move away from his early melodic prog metal sounds toward a "modernised" progressive rock style. Citing Yes as a major inspiration, almost religious to him, Lalu declared while promoting his latest effort, Paint the Sky: "There is only one Yes, and no one will ever be able to replace them! But I aim to bring their kind of music to a new generation".
Early life
Vivien Lalu was born on 2 December 1978 in Paris, France, to Michel Lalu, the guitarist and vocalist of French progressive rock band Polène, and Noëlle Lalu, its keyboardist.
According to Lalu, his love for progressive rock may have been prenatal; it may have originated when his pregnant mother was playing Minimoog while he was in utero. He explained that his mother's Minimoog keyboard was right under his nose as a child, and that he always preferred the smooth feel of keys to the roughness of guitars.
He also grew up listening to his parents' tape recordings, as well as progressive rock bands like Yes, Genesis, Emerson, Lake & Palmer, and others, which fuelled his enthusiasm for this sort of music. He was similarly influenced by electronic music and video game music from the 1980s, having spent his first ten years of life in this decade.
Lalu used to visit his uncle one time per month, where his cousin's synthesizer was waiting for him. He would spend all day in her room making music, coming up with melodies of his own, committing them to memory before returning the following month to refine them. He claimed that one of the first songs he ever wrote as a youngster was some sort of Irish waltz.
Lalu didn't choose to become a musician at first, though. He aspired to work as a mechanic in the French Air and Space Force since he had always admired aircraft, however his eyesight and inner ear difficulties made him unsuitable for a pilot's career. He decided to pursue painting and enrolled in a school of graphic arts instead, where he initially joined his first music group, with which he played keyboards. His love for painting was subsequently neglected and totally supplanted by his love for music.
Even though Lalu had started listening to Iron Maiden while he was in school, and then around the end of college, Megadeth and Sepultura, the real "shock" happened the day he received a gift from one of his high-school friends: Dream Theater's Images and Words album. He was astonished because he had never conceived that metal music with huge guitars and double bass drums, could be combined with the progressive rock sound that he loved.
Career
Oniric Metal (2005)
In 2004, Lalu began recruiting musicians from various bands and establishing his own progressive metal project under the name "Lalu". His first full-length album Oniric Metal featured guitarist Joop Wolters on guitars, Ryan Van Poederooyen of The Devin Townsend Band on drums, Russel Bergquist of Annihilator on bass, and Martin LeMar of Mekong Delta on vocals. The album was released on Lion Music in 2005 and received the title of "Album of the Month" in the French edition of Rock Hard in May 2005.
Metal Storm called Lalu "a promising artist who will become a leader of the Progressive French scene without any doubt". ProGGnosis made a similar observation, labelling Lalu a "fresh newcomer to a scene desperate for something different".
Atomic Ark (2013)
After a lengthy absence from rock and metal music production, Lalu began working on the second Lalu opus in 2012. He handled the composition and songwriting, as well as keyboards for the entire album. The main band on Atomic Ark consisted of returning vocalist Martin LeMar, bassist Michael Lepond of Symphony X, guitarist Simone Mularoni of DGM, and drummer Virgil Donati of Planet X. It also featured a number of guest musicians, including Jens Johansson of Stratovarius and Jordan Rudess of Dream Theater among others.
Sensory Records reportedly signed the album immediately upon hearing it, and released it worldwide on 10 September 2013.
The media's response has been highly positive. According to Metal Injection, Atomic Ark is a "Shining example of how to do progressive music correctly". PopMatters described it as "meticulous progressive craftsmanship, all finished with a virtuoso panache". Rock Hard praised its technical aspects, calling it a "celebration of excellent musicianship".
Artist Endorsement with Roland Corporation
In March 2014, Lalu officially became a firm endorser of Roland, declaring having used their keyboards for nearly twenty years.
Atomic Tour & Live at P60 (2015)
Lalu embarked on a small spring 2014 European tour with a limited number of shows featuring Atomic Ark's line-up and adding Joop Wolters as a second guitarist. The tour ended with the live recording during the final evening at P60, which was released as a digital-only album. Produced by Lalu himself, mixed and mastered by Simone Mularoni at Domination Studio, Live at P60 was officially released on 29 June 2015 through Bandcamp exclusively.
Celestial Spheres (2018)
In 2017, Roland asked Lalu to create a collection of ambient / cinematic sounds for the JD-XA. The company released it on their Axial platform in June 2018.
Multiple-album deal with Frontiers Records
Lalu started composing the third Lalu album, Paint the Sky, in 2019. Most of its music was written in 2020 while Lalu was confined as a result of French Covid-19 restrictions. Frontiers Records, impressed with the result upon hearing the album thanks to Alessandro Del Vecchio, promptly made contact with the French composer. They announced the signing of Lalu for a multiple-album deal in the following spring of 2021.
Paint the Sky (2022)
It has been said that "being the son of two musicians from the 70’s, and growing up surrounded by progressive music, Lalu always wanted to craft a true-to-its-roots progressive rock album".
To this end, Lalu's main lineup changed to: Damian Wilson of Headspace, Jelly Cardarelli of Adagio on drums, and Joop Wolters on guitars as well as bass this time.
Lalu took care of the music composition, while Damian Wilson handled all of the lyrics and vocal lines. Jelly Cardarelli co-produced the album with Lalu, and handled the mix entirely on his own. Alessandro Del Vecchio took care of the mastering.
Paint the Sky included contributions from several extra guest musicians, including Jordan Rudess and Jens Johansson, both of whom had previously performed on Atomic Ark. It also included appearances by Tony Franklin, Steve Walsh formerly of Kansas, and Simon Phillips formerly of Toto in the bonus-track version of the title track. The album was finally released by Frontiers Records on 21 January 2022, and in Japan through Marquee/Avalon.
Prog (magazine) labelled Lalu's third opus as "by far and away his best work yet", and a "corker" in their issue #128. Metal Injection's site editor himself called Paint the Sky a "progressive metal masterpiece". Yukinori Otani of Young Guitar Magazine gave Paint the Sky a bold metaphor "What if Jesus did progressive metal?".
A-Z (2022)
On the lookout for a keyboard player and composer for his new band, A-Z, Mark Zonder contacted Vivien Lalu via a common friend in the beginning of 2020. Lalu began working with Zonder to write songs based on the drum grooves supplied to him. Lalu got Joop Wolters, his long time guitar player, to join in as a guitarist and songwriter as well. In the band's introduction video, Steve Vai's bass player Philip Bynoe humorously dubbed Lalu and Wolters the "Songwriter guys". The line-up was then rounded out by Ray Alder of Fates Warning, as well as Bynoe. Later in 2021, Metal Blade Records announced their signing of the band. According to Mark Zonder's social media posts, the group is getting closer to a debut.
Personal life
According to the city's official publication, issue 474 of March 2019, Lalu married Greek composer Eleftheria Zavalis in Maisons-Alfort. On "Paint the Sky," they composed the song "Emotionalised" together.
Lalu has two children from a prior relationship: Emma and Nina, who he frequently names in album liner notes.
Lalu also has two Miniature Pinscher dogs, named Perla and Luna according to their Instagram profile. They are mentioned under the pseudonym "Laluloggies" in Paint the Sky's booklet. Their active social media presence and photographs are frequently featured in Lifo (magazine).
Filmography (TV, theater)
Norvège : le crépuscule des rennes (TV / France 5) 2010
A Deux Pas Du Futur" (TV / France 2) 2010
Égypte : les métamorphoses du delta (TV / France 5) 2009
Science 2 (TV / France 2) 2009
Science X (TV / France 2) 2008
Celine Engelstad (TV / Jewelry commercial) 2008
Eden Roc (TV / France 3) 2008
Seuls Two (Theater / Warner Bros.) 2007
Les Dossiers Bogdanoff (TV / SCI FI Channel) 2007
Discography
Lalu
Oniric Metal (2005, Lion Music)
Atomic Ark (2013, Sensory Records)
Paint the Sky (2022, Frontiers Records)
The Fish Who Wanted To Be King ( 2023,[Frontiers Records]
Guest appearances
Joop Wolters – Snapshot (2021, Self)
Il Rovescio Della Medaglia – Tribal Domestic (2016, Sony Music)
21 Octayne – 2.0 (2015, AFM Records)
Joop Wolters – False Poetry (2011, Self)
Laszlo Jones – Banana Nation (2011, Universal Music France)
Shadow Gallery – Digital Ghosts (2009, Inside Out Music)
Shadrane – Temporal (2008, Lion Music)
Mind's Eye – Walking On H2O (2006, Lion Music)
Hubi Meisel – Kailash (2006, Lion Music)
Hubi Meisel – EmOcean (2004, Lion Music)
Joop Wolters – Speed, Traffic And Guitar Accidents (2004, Lion Music)
References
External links
Official Vivien Lalu site
1978 births
Living people
French composers
French male composers |
116829 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acton%2C%20Massachusetts | Acton, Massachusetts | Acton is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States, approximately west-northwest of Boston along Massachusetts Route 2 west of Concord and about southwest of Lowell. The population was 24,021 in April 2020, according to the United States Census Bureau. It is bordered by Westford and Littleton to the north, Concord and Carlisle to the east, Stow, Maynard, and Sudbury to the south and Boxborough to the west. Acton became an incorporated town in 1735. The town employs the Open Town Meeting form of government with a town manager and an elected, five-member select board. Acton was named the 11th Best Place To Live among small towns in the country by Money Magazine in 2015, and the 16th best in 2009 and in 2011. The local high school, Acton-Boxborough Regional High School, was named a Blue Ribbon School by the U.S. Department of Education in 2009.
Geography
Acton is located at . According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 1.53 percent, is water. Almost all of Acton is forested, except for where it has been cleared for residential or agricultural use. Some forested areas have been put aside for special use by corporations.
The current geography of Acton was created when the last wave of glaciers retreated approximately ten thousand years ago. Acton has nine drumlins—hills which are composed of glacial till. In addition, Wills Hole and Grassy Pond are kettle ponds which were formed in depressions in the till formed by large blocks of ice.
Acton has two primary stream systems: the Nashoba Brook system including the incoming streams Butter Brook, Wills Hole Brook and Conant Brook and the Fort Pond Brook system including the incoming streams Guggins Brook, Inch Brook, Grassy Pond Brook, Pratt's Brook and Coles Brook. Both stream systems empty into the Assabet River, which passes briefly through the town at its southern corner. Nagog Pond in the north, forms Acton's border with the Town of Littleton and provides drinking water to the Town of Concord. A small artificial pond is at NARA Park in North Acton.
The five village centers
While Acton Center has been the civic center of the town since the revolution, the four other village centers earned their nomenclature from the names of their corresponding railroad station.
Acton Center is the civic center of the town and is the site of the town hall, the main public library (Acton Memorial Library), a children's playground, an obelisk monument commemorating Acton deaths in "the Concord Fight" of the Revolutionary War, a fire station, the Acton Congregational Church, a arboretum and conservation area, and the former post office. The modern post office and the police station are each located about one-half mile away in opposite directions along Main Street. Otherwise, Acton Center is generally a residential area.
West Acton is an important commercial area of town, consisting of several commercial developments centered along Route 111. It developed in response to the growth of the Fitchburg Railroad in the 19th century.
South Acton used to be the most industrialized area of the town of Acton. In the 18th century, this area held many mills and other small industrial developments that used water power generated by Fort Pond Brook. The area includes the Faulkner Homestead ('Faulkner House'), the oldest home still standing in Acton (dating back to 1707). The Faulkner Homestead was owned by the Faulkner family who also owned and ran a mill across the street. Jones Tavern is another still-standing revolutionary-era structure in South Acton that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The South Acton (MBTA station) is the only rail station on the Fitchburg line still active in Acton.
East Acton was originally a small commercial area that grew up around the East Acton train station in the 19th century. With the advent of the automobile, and the demise of this branch of the railroad, East Acton became a largely residential area with a commercial base that is situated along the Route 2A corridor.
North Acton has had major growth in the period since 1975–1980. With the growth of the Route 2A/119 corridor, North Acton has developed many commercial complexes and condominium buildings. The Nathaniel Allen Recreation Area (also called NARA Park and originally North Acton Recreation Area) contains a small swimming pond, an open-air auditorium, playing fields, and paved walking trail. North Acton also includes the Village of Nagog Woods, a housing development accessible from Route 2A/119 which is large enough to merit its own ZIP code: 01718.
The current Master Plan for the town encourages development in the village centers in an attempt to prevent further sprawl and preserve open space in the rest of the town.
Demographics
According to the 2020 census, there were 24,021 residents, a 9.6% increase from 2010. The population density was , up from 1103.6. There were 8,931 households, up from 8,187.
In the 2010 Census of 8,187 households, 42.7% had children under the age of eighteen living with them, 63.5% were husband-wife married couples living together. 23.0% of all households were occupied by individuals 65 years of age or older living alone. The age distribution of the population was 29.5% under the age of 18, 4.3% from 18 to 24, 31.5% from 25 to 44, 26.4% from 45 to 64, and 8.4% 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.2 males. For every 100 females age eighteen and over, there were 94.2 males. For those age 25 years or older in Acton during the 2000 census, 97.2% had a high school degree or higher, 72.0% had a bachelor's degree or higher, and 40.5% had a graduate degree or higher. Also, 98.0% were employed with a mean commute time of 31.0 minutes.
The 2020 median income for a household in the town was $138,163, up from $133,532. In 2010 males had a median income of $109,371 versus $48,113 for females. The 2020 per capita income for the town was $65,952. About 3.3% of the population were below the poverty line, up from 2.9% in 2010.
Chinese and foreign-born populations
Acton had 2,041 Chinese Americans in 2010, a 151% increase from 2000 and the ninth largest Chinese population in Massachusetts.
In 2014, 25% of the residents of Acton were born outside of the United States. In 2000 this percentage was 14%.
Income
Data is from the 2009–2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.
History
Acton's history reflects the history of Massachusetts, New England, and the United States. It was first settled by Native Americans who used the Assabet, Sudbury and Concord rivers for transportation and the fields for farming seasonal crops. There is evidence of Native American settlements in Acton which go back 7,000 years. When the colonists arrived in this area, the Native American population dropped dramatically due to European diseases for which they had no immunity.
Colonization Era through Revolutionary Era
Concord was the first inland colonial town established in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The original boundaries of Concord included all of Acton and residents used the Acton land as grazing fields for their animals. In 1639, the first homestead was built within the modern day boundaries of the town.
Acton was established as an independent town on July 3, 1735. Acton has held annual town meetings since 1735, the records of which are held at Acton's Memorial Library.
Acton residents participated in the growing hostility with Great Britain by sending a list of grievances to King George III on Oct. 3rd, 1774. The anniversary of this day is celebrated in Acton as Crown Resistance Day.
At the beginning of the Revolutionary War, on April 19, 1775, a company of minutemen from Acton responded to the call to arms initiated by Paul Revere (who rode with other riders, William Dawes and Samuel Prescott, with Prescott the only one of the three who was able reach Acton itself) and fought at the North Bridge in Concord as part of the Battle of Lexington and Concord. The Acton minutemen were led by Captain Isaac Davis. When a company was needed to lead the advance on the bridge which was defended by the British regulars, Captain Davis was heard to reply, "I haven't a man who is afraid to go." The Acton men led because, unlike other militias there, they were fully equipped with bayonets.
The colonists advanced on the bridge; in the exchange of musket fire that followed, Captain Isaac Davis and Private Abner Hosmer of Acton were killed. Davis was the first officer to die in the American Revolutionary War. In Acton they refer to "the battle of Lexington, fought in Concord, by men of Acton."
Industrialization and Civil War
During the 19th century, Acton participated in the growing Industrial Revolution. By the mid-19th century, Acton was an industrial center for the production of barrels (cooperage). There were also a powder mill, three gristmills and four sawmills in town. The American Powder Mills complex extended downstream along the Assabet River and manufactured gunpowder from 1835 to 1940.
On October 1, 1844, the railroad came to Acton. The Fitchburg Railroad was routed through South and West Acton so that it could serve the mills. South Acton became a busy rail center and was the division point for the Marlborough Branch Railroad. With the railroad came increasing development in those areas. In addition to the Fitchburg Railroad, two others crossed the town: the Nashua and Acton, and the Framingham and Lowell. These two railroads shared a double track right-of-way that ran from West Concord (aka Concord Junction) through East Acton and then splitting in North Acton in the vicinity of Route 27 and Ledge Rock Way.
In 1874, the population of the town was almost 1700. The town established its first newspaper, The Acton Patriot, and the residents of West Acton formed the first library, The Citizen's Library. In 1890, the Memorial Library was completed and given to the town by William A. Wilde as a memorial to the Acton soldiers who fought in the Civil War.
Government
Acton uses the Open Town Meeting form of town government. The town charter specifies that the annual town meeting must begin on the first Monday in April. The selectmen may also call a special town meeting at other times of the year to consider other business. Citizens may force a special town meeting by submitting a petition signed by 200 registered voters to the town clerk. Anyone may attend Town Meeting but only registered voters may vote. Acton also has a water district, which is run separately from town government, as a public utility.
Acton's elected officials include the following: the Select Board (5 members, 3-year terms), the Town Moderator (1 person, 1-year term), Acton members of the Acton-Boxborough Regional School Committee (7 members, 3-year terms), the Housing Authority (4 members, 5-year terms) and Memorial Library Trustees (3 members, 3-year terms). In addition, the town moderator appoints a finance committee (9 members, 3-year terms) which issues an opinion on each of the warrant articles presented to Town Meeting. In addition, a separate and independent branch of government, the Acton Water District, was established in 1912 and consists of three elected commissioners, an elected moderator, an elected clerk, an appointed district counsel, finance committee, Water Land Management Advisory Committee, and paid professional staff.
The town services are primarily funded through the residential property tax, which is subject to the limitations imposed by state statute known as Proposition 2½. The Water District is funded through water rates, connection fees and property rental. The Water District revenues, however, are not subject to Proposition .
State and federal government
On the state level, Acton is represented in the Massachusetts Senate by James "Jamie" Eldridge, and in the Massachusetts House of Representatives by Danillo Sena and Tami Gouveia. On the federal level, Acton is part of Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district, represented by Lori Trahan. The state's senior (Class I) member of the United States Senate is Elizabeth Warren. The junior (Class II) senator is Ed Markey.
Civic infrastructure
The civic infrastructure grew to accommodate the increasing population. A Water District was established in 1912 and a town-wide Fire Department was established in 1913. Acton was the first town in the area to have water-bound macadam highways.
In 2005 a new Public Safety Facility was built that expanded space for the Police Department and provided for a Joint Dispatch area with the Fire Department.
Water district
The Acton Water District is a community public water supply that delivers drinking water to the majority (about 90 percent) of the residents of the town of Acton, Massachusetts. All of the water provided from the district comes from seven wells located within the town of Acton. The district's system consists of of water main, four storage tanks, and water treatment facilities including aeration, activated granulated carbon (GAC), an advanced Zenon(R) filtration facility, plus fluoridation and state mandated chlorination.
Separate from the Water District, residents of Great Road (Route 2A) obtain their water from the mains running down their street, that connect Nagog Pond to the Concord water system. They are billed by Concord. The pond is both in North Acton and Littleton, but Concord apparently has the water rights.
Sewers
Most homes and businesses in Acton (approximately 80%) use private on-site sewage systems (i.e. septic tanks). Higher density developments such as condominiums and apartment buildings (approximately 10% of the town) use private sewers which go to small-scale private treatment plants.
In 2001, Acton completed its first public sewer system, which serves approximately 10% of the town, primarily in South Acton. A betterment fee is charged to property owners whose property is sited proximate to the sewage lines, whether or not they connect to the system.
Town recreation areas
Conservation lands
Acton has a total of over of town-owned conservation lands.
Acton Arboretum: A park in the center of Acton which consists of of woods, meadows, swamp, ponds, old apple orchards, a glacial esker, and a bog. The land was purchased by the town in 1976 and was designated an Arboretum in 1986. It now includes a 19th-century herb garden, a hosta garden, a wildflower garden, a butterfly garden and a rhododendron garden. A fragrance garden is being constructed.
Pratt's Brook: A property located in South Acton.
Great Hill. A property located in South Acton behind the School Street fire station, which includes picnic tables. In addition there is a skating pond and two sets of playing fields.
Grassy Pond and Nagog Hill. Two adjoining conservation areas located in North Acton which total of land.
Wills Hole Conservation Area and Town Forest. A property located in North Acton off of Quarry Road, adjacent to the North Acton Recreation Area (NARA Park), includes a Bog and abuts an inactive granite quarry (private property).
Nashoba Brook, Spring Hill, Camp Acton, Canterbury Hill. Four adjoining conservation areas in North Acton that total over . The trails in this area are Acton's portion of the Bay Circuit Trail and Greenway which is a hiking path that encircles Boston—starting in Ipswich and ending in Duxbury. A historical trail, named the Trail Through Time, also overlays the trail system and provides interpretive plaques at various locations on the loop that include Wheeler Lane, the Potato Cave, The Pencil Factory, and other sites. The trails through the Canterbury Hill section connect to the town of Carlisle conservation trail network.
Bulette Land/Town Forest consists of , mainly of wetlands and forest.
Heath Hen Meadow consists of of land.
Jenks Land consists of of land. It is home to over 170 species of birds that one man had recorded one year.
Morrison Farm & Ice House Pond: Located off of Concord Rd, these includes a house, a stable and corral, and various open fields and water.
These town conservation areas, and some smaller ones, are described and mapped in a website maintained by the town's volunteer Land Stewardship Committee.
Playing fields & playgrounds
Leary Field: Located on the central school campus between the junior high and high school, it contains an all purpose turf field and running track. It is home to Acton-Boxborough Regional High School athletics.
High School Complex Contains one grass playing field, two contiguous lighted multi-sport turf fields, five tennis courts, a softball diamond and two baseball diamonds (one lighted).
Elm Street Complex: Contains two tennis courts, a small sided playing field, and a lighted softball diamonds, primarily used by the Adult & Youth Softball Leagues. It is adjacent to the Douglas School yard which contains a baseball diamond and two basketball courts.
Gates Fields Contains two softball diamond located at the Gates School and a large grass area used for ABRSD Field Hockey teams.
Nathaniel Allen Recreation Area (NARA): Originally named the North Acton Recreation Area, NARA's name was changed in 2012 to honor Nathaniel M. Allen, an Acton resident who was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions in the Civil War. It contains a softball diamond, a large configurable field used for multiple sports, a swimming pond, playground, a performance stage with amphitheater, and a handicap accessible softball diamond with a synthetic surface- The Joseph Lalli Miracle Field. NARA is also used for the town's Fourth of July Fireworks Celebration.
Veterans Field: Contains two baseball diamonds and a playground.
MacPherson & Hart Fields: A baseball diamonds located at Conant School.
TJ O'Grady Skate Park: Located at 66 Hayward Road offers various surfaces for skateboarding and rollerblading.
Jones Field: It contains a single baseball diamond and a playground.
Great Hill: Contains a large configurable field, a smaller single soccer field, and a playground. This is located in the front portion of the conservation area.
School Street Fields: Located off School Street near Route 2 is a large grass surface configurable to several multi-dimension playing fields.
Concord Road: Located next to Morrison Farm on Woodlawn Cemetery land is used primarily for soccer.
Gardner Field: Located on 111 in West Acton, the area consists of a playground, basketball hoop, and field area.
Goward Playground: Located behind the Acton Memorial Library
Bike Paths
Bruce Freeman Rail Trail. The Acton section of the BFRT officially opened April 3, 2018, and runs north through the communities of Carlisle, Westford, Chelmsford and Lowell. When complete, the BFRT will run 25 miles along the former rail bed of the Framingham and Lowell Railroad, continuing south through Concord, Sudbury and Framingham.
Assabet River Rail Trail. Running along the rail bed of Boston & Maine Railroad's former Marlborough Branch, the Acton portion of the trail starts at MBTA's South Acton Train Station and runs 3.4 miles south through Maynard to the Maynard:Stow border, where it then continues another 1.8 miles as a dirt road on private property with allowed public access.
Education
Acton is part of the Acton Boxborough Regional School District (ABRSD) along with Boxborough. The town has five elementary schools serving K–6: CT Douglas, Gates, Luther Conant, McCarthy-Towne and Merriam. The town has one public middle school serving 7–8, the R.J. Grey Junior High School. High school students then attend Acton-Boxborough Regional High School from grades 9–12.
ABRSD has an uncommon method of assigning students to elementary schools, called "Open Enrollment". First-time incoming kindergarten parents participate in a lottery-based selection process where the parents "choose" the school by listing their preferences in ranked order. Boxborough students have priority for attendance in the school in their own town, but participate in the lottery if they wish to attend an Acton school. Any remaining spaces at Blanchard become available in the lottery.
This method of school choice has a large impact on the nature of the town. Acton is less oriented around neighborhoods than towns which have neighborhood based schools. This carries over into the recreational youth sport organizations whose teams are not organized around specific elementary schools. As a result, students and families are likely to have broad social connections in all parts of the town rather than being limited to neighborhoods. School Choice also benefits the towns real estate market since home valuations are not impacted by the perceived desirability of given neighborhood's school.
While the curriculum in the district is fairly standardized, each of the elementary schools has a different teaching philosophy. The schools and their philosophy of education are:
Conant School. Named for Luther Conant who taught for 17 years in the school district, served on the School Committee, and was Town Moderator for 40 years.
Douglas School. Named for Carolyn T. Douglas who was a teacher and principal in the Acton schools from 1940 to 1967.
Gates School. Named for Paul P. Gates who was the school physician from 1948 to 1968.
McCarthy-Towne School. Named for Julia McCarthy who taught at the South Acton School from 1906 to 1952 and Marion Towne who was a teacher in the primary and secondary schools in Acton from 1921 to 1959. McCarthy-Towne School is housed in the Parker Damon Building (named for McCarthy-Towne's first principal, J. Parker Damon), which it shares with the Merriam School. At McCarthy-Towne, students generally call their teachers by their first names, a practice shared by Merriam.
Merriam School. Named for Florence A. Merriam who taught for 35 years in Acton. Merriam offers a project-based curriculum. At Merriam, teachers teach the same group of students for two years (i.e., a teacher will teach first grade one year, second grade the next and then wrap back to first). This practice is called "looping". Merriam School is housed in the Parker Damon Building which it shares with the McCarthy-Towne school. At Merriam as well as at McCarthy-Towne, students call their teachers by their first names.
Acton-Boxborough Junior High and High School
The Acton-Boxborough Regional School has a single Junior High School (Raymond J. Grey Junior High School) for grades 7 & 8 and a single High School (Acton-Boxborough Regional High School) for grades 9 through 12. Both the junior high and high school were enlarged and renovated in 2000–2005. Both buildings are located at the school district campus in Acton.
Current enrollment at the junior high is approximately 1,000 students, while the high school has roughly 2,000 students. The high school consistently ranks highly among rankings of the best public high schools in the Greater Boston area (defined as within I-495); Most recently, the school was placed 1st in by Boston Magazine in 2020 and 2021.
Cultural institutions
Libraries
Acton has two public libraries: the Acton Memorial Library and the West Acton Citizens' Library. The Acton Memorial Library was given to the town of Acton by William Allan Wilde as a memorial to its Civil War veterans in 1890. The building was expanded in 1967, and a second major expansion was completed in 1999. There are also libraries in each of the elementary schools, the junior high, and the high school. The Acton Historical Society owns the Jenks Library which contains historical maps, documents, photographs and drawings.
Museums
Discovery Museum is a hands-on museum for families.
Iron Work Farm: Settlement of South Acton; 'Iron Work Farm in Acton, Inc.' is a non-profit, historical corporation chartered in Massachusetts since 1964, that operates two historic houses: Jones Tavern and Faulkner House. Each house is open to the public on the last Sunday of the month from May to October. The facilities are also open as part of the local Patriots' Day holiday observance each April.
Hosmer House: This Revolutionary War-era home, which is owned and maintained by the Acton Historical Society, is typically open to the public on Patriots' Day, September 27 ('Crown Resistance Day'), as well as May 27 and June 24, from 2 to 4 o'clock.
Theater
Though there are several theater groups in Acton, the two eldest are Theatre III and Open Door Theater. Theatre III was founded in 1956 when three organizations (a local chorus, dance group, and dramatic troupe) combined to present a show. It produces several plays and musicals each season in the historical old church building on Central Street.
Open Door Theater is a community theater group which was founded to provide an inclusive theater experience. Open Door produces one large musical each year which features a large number of performers ranging in age from 9 to adult including people with special needs. They perform and rehearse in the Dragonfly Theatre, located inside the R. J. Grey Junior High School.
Traditions
Each year on Patriots' Day (traditionally April 19; since 1969, observed on the 3rd Monday in April as part of a 3-day Patriots' Day weekend), the Acton Minutemen lead a march from Acton Center to the Old North Bridge in Concord. This route is known as 'The Isaac Davis Trail' and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Since 1957, Acton's Troop 1 of the Boy Scouts of America have organized an annual march along the Isaac Davis line of march, and since 1976 the "Scouters of the Isaac Davis Trail" have organized the annual Isaac Davis Camporee.
Points of interest
Jones Tavern. The main part of the tavern, originally home to the Jones family of South Acton, was built in 1732 as a house for Samuel Jones, Jr. By 1750 it had become a tavern and general store. It is speculated to be the first store in Acton and holds the distinction of being the town's longest established business, merging into James Tuttle's store in 1845 and operating under various names until 1950.
The Faulkner House and Mills. The house was built for Ephraim Jones (1679–1710), founder in 1702 of an early textile business and other mills that formed the nucleus of the present town of Acton. Ammi Ruhamah Faulkner rented the mills in 1738 and then purchased them in 1742. Six generations of Faulkners lived in the house over a 202-year period. The largest and most central house of this settlement, it served as the local garrison house for protection from Indian raids made along the Massachusetts frontier during Queen Anne's War of 1702–1713. The Faulkner homestead served as a garrison for South Acton Militia during the Revolutionary War.
Town Center: The civic center of town is marked by the Acton Monument which is the final resting place of Captain Isaac Davis, James Hayward and Abner Hosmer. The stone on which Captain Davis mortally fell is situated between the west side of the monument and Main Street. The main entrance to the Town Hall, around the rear of the building, contains Isaac Davis's plow which was used by Daniel Chester French for the statue he cast for North Bridge.
Transportation
Acton is from I-495 and from I-95/Route 128. Routes 2, 2A, 27, 62, 111, and 119 run through town.
The MBTA Commuter Rail Fitchburg Line train stops at the South Acton station. Railroad service provided to Fitchburg, Leominster, Shirley, Ayer, Littleton, Concord, Lincoln, Weston, Waltham, Belmont, Cambridge, and Boston.
Yankee Lines provides a commuter bus service to Copley Square in Boston from the "77 Great Road Mall" in Acton on MA-2A and MA-119.
The Bruce Freeman Rail Trail provides a paved bicycle commuter option north to Westford, Chelmsford and Lowell. The Assabet River Rail Trail provides a connection south to Maynard. The trails do not have lighting and are not snowplowed.
In media
Acton is the setting of the poem "The Vanishing Red," by New England poet Robert Frost (Mountain Interval, 1920), but there is no information to confirm this refers to Acton, Massachusetts, or Acton, Maine, or a fictional Acton. Frost never lived in or near Acton, Massachusetts.
Acton is a setting in "The Cure" an episode of the TV series Fringe, however the actual filming was not done in Acton.
Acton is a film location in the Hollywood adaption of "Labor Day" by Joyce Maynard
Acton features prominently in the TNT series Falling Skies about an alien invasion. The main character is a former Boston University professor who is now second-in-command of the Second Massachusetts, a group of fighter and civilians fleeing an overrun Boston. The group heads to Acton to set up a new base of operations and raid the Acton Armory.
Radio stations
WAEM-LP (, 21 watts): a town-operated low power community radio station (LPFM) that airs a music variety format
WHAB (, 8 watts): a high school radio station operated by the Acton-Boxborough Regional High School that airs a student radio format
Notable people
Bob Adams, electrical engineer, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Fellow
Tom Barrasso, NHL hockey player
Bob Brooke, NHL hockey player
James Brown, co-founder of Little, Brown and Company publisher
Steve Carell, comedic actor
Howie Carr, talk-radio personality
Robert Creeley, poet
Isaac Davis, captain of the Acton Minutemen, first officer to die in the American Revolution
Dan Duquette, general manager of the Boston Red Sox and Baltimore Orioles
Henry Durant, Congregational clergyman, first president of College of California, two-term mayor of Oakland, California
Christian Finnegan, comedian
Alice Haskins, government botanist and professor
Drew Houston, founder of Dropbox
Shin Lim, close-up magician and winner of Americas' Got Talent
Jesse Lauriston Livermore, early 20th century stock trader
Selina Maitreya, international photography consultant and author
Thomas B. Marsh, early leader in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Julie Mason, newspaper and radio journalist
Ian Moran, NHL hockey player
Bill Morrissey, Folk music singer/songwriter
Dr. John "Dropkick" Murphy, wrestler, operator of Bellows Farm Sanatorium in Acton, and namesake of the Boston-based band Dropkick Murphys
Jeff Norton, NHL hockey player
Taylor Jenkins Reid, author of popular novels such as "Seven Husbands of Evelyn Hugo" and "Daisy Jones and the Sixth"
Mallory Souliotis, NWHL hockey player
Caroll Spinney, puppeteer who created the Sesame Street characters Big Bird and Oscar the Grouch
Evelyn Stevens, professional road cyclist
Madeline Amy Sweeney, American Airlines Flight 11 flight attendant killed during the September 11 attacks
Notes and references
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
Acton Memorial Library
Towns in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Towns in Massachusetts |
1049256 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonian%20gasket | Apollonian gasket | In mathematics, an Apollonian gasket or Apollonian net is a fractal generated by starting with a triple of circles, each tangent to the other two, and successively filling in more circles, each tangent to another three. It is named after Greek mathematician Apollonius of Perga.
Construction
The construction of the Apollonian gasket starts with three circles , , and (black in the figure), that are each tangent to the other two, but that do not have a single point of triple tangency. These circles may be of different sizes to each other, and it is allowed for two to be inside the third, or for all three to be outside each other. As Apollonius discovered, there exist two more circles and (red) that are tangent to all three of the original circles – these are called Apollonian circles. These five circles are separated from each other by six curved triangular regions, each bounded by the arcs from three pairwise-tangent circles. The construction continues by adding six more circles, one in each of these six curved triangles, tangent to its three sides. These in turn create 18 more curved triangles, and the construction continues by again filling these with tangent circles, ad infinitum.
Continued stage by stage in this way, the construction adds new circles at stage , giving a total of circles after stages. In the limit, this set of circles is an Apollonian gasket. In it, each pair of tangent circles has an infinite Pappus chain of circles tangent to both circles in the pair.
The size of each new circle is determined by Descartes' theorem, which states that, for any four mutually tangent circles, the radii of the circles obeys the equation
This equation may have a solution with a negative radius; this means that one of the circles (the one with negative radius) surrounds the other three.
One or two of the initial circles of this construction, or the circles resulting from this construction, can degenerate to a straight line, which can be thought of as a circle with infinite radius. When there are two lines, they must be parallel, and are considered to be tangent at a point at infinity. When the gasket includes two lines on the -axis and one unit above it, and a circle of unit diameter tangent to both lines centered on the -axis, then the circles that are tangent to the -axis are the Ford circles, important in number theory.
The Apollonian gasket has a Hausdorff dimension of about 1.3057. Because it has a well-defined fractional dimension, even though it is not precisely self-similar, it can be thought of as a fractal.
Symmetries
The Möbius transformations of the plane preserve the shapes and tangencies of circles, and therefore preserve the structure of an Apollonian gasket.
Any two triples of mutually tangent circles in an Apollonian gasket may be mapped into each other by a Möbius transformation, and any two Apollonian gaskets may be mapped into each other by a Möbius transformation. In particular, for any two tangent circles in any Apollonian gasket, an inversion in a circle centered at the point of tangency (a special case of a Möbius transformation) will transform these two circles into two parallel lines, and transform the rest of the gasket into the special form of a gasket between two parallel lines. Compositions of these inversions can be used to transform any two points of tangency into each other. Möbius transformations are also isometries of the hyperbolic plane, so in hyperbolic geometry all Apollonian gaskets are congruent. In a sense, there is therefore only one Apollonian gasket, up to (hyperbolic) isometry.
The Apollonian gasket is the limit set of a group of Möbius transformations known as a Kleinian group.
For Euclidean symmetry transformations rather than Möbius transformations, in general, the Apollonian gasket will inherit the symmetries of its generating set of three circles. However, some triples of circles can generate Apollonian gaskets with higher symmetry than the initial triple; this happens when the same gasket has a different and more-symmetric set of generating circles. Particularly symmetric cases include the Apollonian gasket between two parallel lines (with infinite dihedral symmetry), the Apollonian gasket generated by three congruent circles in an equilateral triangle (with the symmetry of the triangle), and the Apollonian gasket generated by two circles of radius 1 surrounded by a circle of radius 2 (with two lines of reflective symmetry).
Integral Apollonian circle packings
If any four mutually tangent circles in an Apollonian gasket all have integer curvature (the inverse of their radius) then all circles in the gasket will have integer curvature.
Since the equation relating curvatures in an Apollonian gasket, integral or not, is
it follows that one may move from one quadruple of curvatures to another by Vieta jumping, just as when finding a new Markov number.
The first few of these integral Apollonian gaskets are listed in the following table. The table lists the curvatures of the largest circles in the gasket. Only the first three curvatures (of the five displayed in the table) are needed to completely describe each gasket – all other curvatures can be derived from these three.
Enumerating integral Apollonian circle packings
The curvatures are a root quadruple (the smallest in some integral circle packing) if . They are primitive when . Defining a new set of variables by the matrix equation
gives a system where satisfies the Descartes equation precisely when . Furthermore, is primitive precisely when , and is a root quadruple precisely when .
This relationship can be used to find all the primitive root quadruples with a given negative bend . It follows from and that , and hence that . Therefore, any root quadruple will satisfy . By iterating over all the possible values of , , and one can find all the primitive root quadruples. The following Python code demonstrates this algorithm, producing the primitive root quadruples listed above.
import math
def get_primitive_bends(n):
if n == 0:
yield 0, 0, 1, 1
return
for m in range(math.ceil(n / math.sqrt(3))):
s = m**2 + n**2
for d1 in range(max(2 * m, 1), math.floor(math.sqrt(s)) + 1):
d2, remainder = divmod(s, d1)
if remainder == 0 and math.gcd(n, d1, d2) == 1:
yield -n, d1 + n, d2 + n, d1 + d2 + n - 2 * m
for n in range(15):
for bends in get_primitive_bends(n):
print(bends)The curvatures appearing in a primitive integral Apollonian circle packing must belong to a set of six or eight possible residues classes modulo 24, and numerical evidence supported that any sufficiently large integer from these residue classes would also be present as a curvature within the packing. This conjecture, known as the local-global conjecture, was proved to be false in 2023.
Symmetry of integral Apollonian circle packings
There are multiple types of dihedral symmetry that can occur with a gasket depending on the curvature of the circles.
No symmetry
If none of the curvatures are repeated within the first five, the gasket contains no symmetry, which is represented by symmetry group C1; the gasket described by curvatures (−10, 18, 23, 27) is an example.
D1 symmetry
Whenever two of the largest five circles in the gasket have the same curvature, that gasket will have D1 symmetry, which corresponds to a reflection along a diameter of the bounding circle, with no rotational symmetry.
D2 symmetry
If two different curvatures are repeated within the first five, the gasket will have D2 symmetry; such a symmetry consists of two reflections (perpendicular to each other) along diameters of the bounding circle, with a two-fold rotational symmetry of 180°. The gasket described by curvatures (−1, 2, 2, 3) is the only Apollonian gasket (up to a scaling factor) to possess D2 symmetry.
D3 symmetry
There are no integer gaskets with D3 symmetry.
If the three circles with smallest positive curvature have the same curvature, the gasket will have D3 symmetry, which corresponds to three reflections along diameters of the bounding circle (spaced 120° apart), along with three-fold rotational symmetry of 120°. In this case the ratio of the curvature of the bounding circle to the three inner circles is 2 − 3. As this ratio is not rational, no integral Apollonian circle packings possess this D3 symmetry, although many packings come close.
Almost-D3 symmetry
The figure at left is an integral Apollonian gasket that appears to have D3 symmetry. The same figure is displayed at right, with labels indicating the curvatures of the interior circles, illustrating that the gasket actually possesses only the D1 symmetry common to many other integral Apollonian gaskets.
The following table lists more of these almost-D3 integral Apollonian gaskets. The sequence has some interesting properties, and the table lists a factorization of the curvatures, along with the multiplier needed to go from the previous set to the current one. The absolute values of the curvatures of the "a" disks obey the recurrence relation , from which it follows that the multiplier converges to + 2 ≈ 3.732050807.
Sequential curvatures
For any integer n > 0, there exists an Apollonian gasket defined by the following curvatures: (−n, n + 1, n(n + 1), n(n + 1) + 1). For example, the gaskets defined by (−2, 3, 6, 7), (−3, 4, 12, 13), (−8, 9, 72, 73), and (−9, 10, 90, 91) all follow this pattern. Because every interior circle that is defined by n + 1 can become the bounding circle (defined by −n) in another gasket, these gaskets can be nested. This is demonstrated in the figure at right, which contains these sequential gaskets with n running from 2 through 20.
See also
Apollonian network, a graph derived from finite subsets of the Apollonian gasket
Apollonian sphere packing, a three-dimensional generalization of the Apollonian gasket
Sierpiński triangle, a self-similar fractal with a similar combinatorial structure
Notes
References
Benoit B. Mandelbrot: The Fractal Geometry of Nature, W H Freeman, 1982,
Paul D. Bourke: "An Introduction to the Apollony Fractal". Computers and Graphics, Vol 30, Issue 1, January 2006, pages 134–136.
David Mumford, Caroline Series, David Wright: Indra's Pearls: The Vision of Felix Klein, Cambridge University Press, 2002,
Jeffrey C. Lagarias, Colin L. Mallows, Allan R. Wilks: Beyond the Descartes Circle Theorem, The American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 109, No. 4 (Apr., 2002), pp. 338–361, (arXiv:math.MG/0101066 v1 9 Jan 2001)
External links
Alexander Bogomolny, Apollonian Gasket, cut-the-knot
A Matlab script to plot 2D Apollonian gasket with n identical circles using circle inversion
Online experiments with JSXGraph
Apollonian Gasket by Michael Screiber, The Wolfram Demonstrations Project.
Interactive Apollonian Gasket Demonstration of an Apollonian gasket running on Java
Dana Mackenzie. Computing Science: A Tisket, a Tasket, an Apollonian Gasket. American Scientist, January/February 2010.
. Newspaper story about an artwork in the form of a partial Apollonian gasket, with an outer circumference of nine miles.
Dynamic apollonian gaskets ,Tartapelago by Giorgio Pietrocola, 2014.
Fractals
Hyperbolic geometry
Circle packing |
26776663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League%20of%20STEAM | League of STEAM | The League of S.T.E.A.M. (Supernatural and Troublesome Ectoplasmic Apparition Management), a.k.a. the "Steampunk Ghostbusters", is an American performance art troupe from Southern California popular in the steampunk community and specializing in live interactive themed entertainment.
The League
The League of S.T.E.A.M. is modeled after the 1984 film Ghostbusters, translating the idea of a "paranormal pest control service" into a neo-Victorian steampunk setting. The League has performed at conventions, steampunk festivals, nightclubs and corporate events, and have performed alongside such notable steampunk musical groups as Abney Park. They are known for their creative steampunk "inventions" (functional props), and have also been written about and interviewed as leading examples of steampunk style.
The W.A.T.C.H.
The League has a partnership with The W.A.T.C.H. (Worldwide Alliance for the Tracking of Creatures and Haunts) led by Coyote and Ellie Copperbottom. Through the W.A.T.C.H. the League uses Junior League W.A.T.C.H. members who are hopefuls to become a part of the League and go on adventures. They are called by the League, "redshirts". A couple of Junior League W.A.T.C.H. members have appeared in recent web episodes.
History
The idea that would eventually become the League of S.T.E.A.M. came from Robin Blackburn’s desire to make a ghost costume that actually glowed for the 2008 Labyrinth of Jareth Masquerade Ball in Hollywood, California. Her husband, Nicholas Baumann (a costume and prop maker for theatre, film and TV, specializing in foam fabrication and leather work), was more interested in steampunk, and came up with the idea to make a “steampunk ghostbuster” costume to match her. The costumes were created in collaboration with Scott and Gail Folsom, James Lavrakas and Aimee Chaouch, and the group’s appearance was a phenomenal success. Robin, Nick, Gail, Scott and James were so pleased with their reception that they decided to continue to improve and develop their costumes and personas. Gail and Scott came up with a list of possible names for the group and The League of S.T.E.A.M. (Supernatural and Troublesome Ectoplasmic Apparition Management) was the unanimous choice. Since then, new members, props, sets and equipment have been added, and the characters became “monster hunters,” to include a wide range of supernatural prey.
Live shows
The League has performed several live shows in and around the Los Angeles area. These shows combine the concept of a Victorian Parlour Evening and a traveling Medicine Show. During which the members of the troupe mingle with the crowd, bragging of past exploits, demonstrating their prop gear and telling tall tales.
Past performances
Queen Mary Pyrate Daze Festival, Long Beach, California September 18–20, 2009
"An Evening with the Unfamiliar: Scientific Investigations of Paranormal Oddities" at Renee's Courtyard Cafe in Santa Monica, California January 17, 2010
"An Evening with the Obscure: Scientific Investigations of Paranormal Oddities" at Bar Sinister in Hollywood, CA, March 27, 2010
Labyrinth of Jareth Masquerade Ball, Hollywood, CA, 2010
"The Boiler Bash: Nothing Bad Can Happen" at Bar Sinister in Hollywood, CA, September 25, 2010
"Ghost Stories: A Night of Happenings and Hauntings" Beacon Arts Building, October 29, 2010
Appearances and other work
Conventions and festivals
Labyrinth of Jareth Masquerade Ball, Hollywood, CA, 2008, 2009
California Steampunk Convention, 2008
Comic Con 2009 - Featured steampunk panelists
Comic Con's steampunk after-party "The Ventricular Engine", at the Radio Room in San Diego, California, July 2009.
Maker Faire Bay Area, 2010
Anime Expo 2010 - Featured steampunk panelists
Comic Con's steampunk after-party "The League of Temporal Adventurers First Society Gala", in San Diego, California, July 2010.
DragonCon 2010 - steampunk panelists
Steamcon II, 2010
World Steam Expo, Dearborn, Michigan, May 2012
Stan Lee's Comikaze Expo, Sept. 2012 - panelists
The Wild Wild West Steampunk Convention in Tucson, Arizona; March 8–10, 2013 - performed with The Silent Still and Professor Elemental
Comic-Con International, San Diego, California; July 24–27, 2014
Music videos
League of STEAM appeared in Panic! at the Disco's music video "The Ballad of Mona Lisa". The League's full ensemble cast appear in key roles in the video. They also brought in additional cast members to further populate the scene and create a richer atmosphere with a unified aesthetic. In addition, The League's Creative Director Nick Baumann acted as the production’s primary steampunk consultant.
Guest appearances
Performed with Abney Park at the Knitting Factory in Los Angeles, August 15, 2009
Other
Appearances on the YouTube series Epic Meal Time on July 24, 2012
Contributed props and made cameo appearances in the Castle episode "Punked."
Web series
In November 2009, The League began producing a series of comedic webisodes that were released on YouTube. Called "The Adventures of the League of STEAM", the series chronicles the League on various adventures where they attempt to locate, capture or neutralize supernatural creatures.
The webisode, "Fool's Gold" was one of YouTube's Spotlighted videos on Saint Patrick's Day (March 17), 2010, and was also featured on Boing Boing, TheAwesomer.com and Topless robot.
Season 2 featured guest stars, including Mythbusters''' Grant Imahara and Doug Jones (of Pan's Labyrinth and Hellboy fame).
In 2012, the League was nominated for International Academy of Web Television (IAWTV) awards in three categories: Best Design (Art Direction/Production), Best Costume Design and Best Makeup/Special Effects. They won the Best Costume Design and Best Makeup/Special Effects categories.
Their third season began in August 2014, guest starring veteran actor and voice actor Phil LaMarr.
Film festivals
Selected episodes from the League's web series have appeared in the following Film Festivals:
Dragon Con 2010
World Con 2010
The Anaheim International Film Festival - New Media Expo 2010
Valley Film Festival 2010
The Tri-City Independent Film Festival 2010
The Fargo Fantastic Film Festival 2010
The Feel Good Film Festival 2010
The Talent One Media Film Festival 2010
The Rose City Steampunk Film Festival 2011
Podcast
In January 2011, the League began a podcast which they titled “STEAM Geeks”. In these podcasts members of the group gather to discuss topics of interest to members of the steampunk community, conduct reviews and answer mail from the audience.
Members
The League has several main members that constitute the "ghostbusters", as well as support performers that perform as vampires, werewolves and poltergeists. The main performers of the League are:
Crackitus Potts (Nicholas Baumann), Ghoul Containment Specialist - Co-founder of the group, Crackitus carries a backpack (the Phantom Eradication Apparatus) which can deliver bursts of "high pressure steam" to disperse ghostly apparitions. Crackitus has also invented a "hunting utility gun" (HUG) which can fire a detaining net. His stage name is a play on the main character from the movie, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (which in itself was a play on "crackpot", a slang term for an eccentric inventor).
Professor Jager (Scott Folsom), Ectoplasmic Apparition Containment Specialist - Co-founder of the group, Jager's backpack (the Electro-Ionized Matter Cannon) powers a "steam cannon" which can fire a variety of objects. Jäger ( as in Yeager'') is the German word for "hunter".
Lady Ameliorette Potts (Robin Blackburn), Tactical Coordination Specialist, wife of Crackitus Potts
JayAre Jr. (James Lavrakas), Ectoplasmic Auditory Tracking Specialist - The youngest of the group, JayAre (according to the League's fiction) was a student of Thomas Edison. JayAre's backpack (the Electronic Voice Recorder) is supposedly a machine designed to pick up Electronic Voice Phenomena (EVPs), capturing them with a large phonograph horn and record them onto wax cylinders.
Baron von Fogel (Andrew Fogel), Aerial Tactical Specialist - The Baron's backpack is ostensibly a jet pack for making short controlled flights.
Sir Conrad Wright III (Conrad Wright), Vampire Elimination Specialist - Known to many colleagues simply as "Vampire Hunter C" (an allusion to the Japanese manga and anime series Vampire Hunter D), Wright carries an assortment of stakes, crucifixes, garlic and other traditional vampire-hunting apparatus, as well as a wooden stake blunderbuss and twin holy water hand blasters.
Jasper Mooney (Duane Matthews), Lycanthrope Disposal Specialist - The League's expert on were-creatures, Mooney also assists Wright in his vampire-hunting duties.
Zeddediah (Russell Isler) - Zeddediah, or "Zed" (a slang term for a zombie), is the zombie twin brother of the League's manservant Thaddeus (also played by Russell Isler), and has been fitted with a restraining collar and trained to be a butler for the group. Like many of the group's "inventions" the collar has been known to malfunction from time to time.
R.O.S.E. (Gail Folsom) - R.O.S.E. ("Reanimate Optimized Search Engine") is the League's clockwork cyborg, created by Prof. Jager to respond to hazardous situations (such as zombie control) by means of a punch card interface on her back.
Katherine Blackmoore (Kate Walsh) - an expert with blunt objects, she favors baseball and cricket bats as her primary skull-crushing weapons.
The Russian (Aubriana Zurilgen) - Cryptozoological Expert, the go-to source for any and all information pertaining to mythological, cryptozoological and biological creatures that inhabit our world or any plane attached to it. She found that joining the League suits her research needs, as their activities grant her greater exposure to the super- and extra-natural creatures which she studies than she could manage solo. The Russian's secretive nature and mysterious past belies a tender heart that cannot resist helping the creatures she comes across.
Coyote Copperbottom (Glenn Freund) - W.A.T.C.H. Co-Founder, after moving into the house next to the League of S.T.E.A.M.'s Manor with his wife Ellie Copperbottom, the jovial and inquisitive Coyote quickly established a friendly bond between the houses. Upon noticing how the League was struggling with the world's surplus of paranormal activity, Ellie and Coyote founded the World-wide Alliance for the Tracking of Creatures and Haunts to collect and compile reports from around the world. Coyote also has an uncanny ability with the League's field equipment, even though no one can remember training him on it...
Ellie Copperbottom (Sheyne Fleischer) - W.A.T.C.H. Co-Founder, wife of Coyote, Ellie would much rather stay at home baking then go out on adventures with "the boys." Ellie & Coyote could not help but become aware of the League's (mis)adventures. After a particularly...unpleasant... mishap with a kitten in a tree, they decided to create the League W.A.T.C.H. (Worldwide Alliance for the Tracking of Creatures and Haunts) in order to help the league (and guard against future kitty killings!) While Ellie is resourceful and fully capable of defending herself, her best defense is to avoid conflict and bake some nice warm chocolate chip cookies!
Albert Able, Esq. (Trip Hope) - The group's banker/financier, archivist of supernatural relics and a spectral specialist.
References
External links
Nick Baumann's theatrical costume design company, Salacious Hydes
Steampunk
American performance artists
California culture
Ghostbusters
Performance art in Los Angeles
Steampunk web series |
96946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weld%20County%2C%20Colorado | Weld County, Colorado | Weld County is a county located in the U.S. state of Colorado. As of the 2020 census, the population was 328,981. The county seat is Greeley.
Weld County comprises the Greeley, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Denver–Aurora, CO Combined Statistical Area.
History
On May 30, 1854, the Kansas–Nebraska Act created the Nebraska Territory and the Kansas Territory, divided by the Parallel 40° North (Baseline Road or County Line Road or Weld County Road 2 in the future Weld County). Present-day Weld County, Colorado, lay in the southwestern portion of the Nebraska Territory, bordering the Kansas Territory.
In July 1858, gold was discovered along the South Platte River in Arapahoe County, Kansas Territory. This discovery precipitated the Pike's Peak Gold Rush. Many residents of the mining region felt disconnected from the remote territorial governments of Kansas and Nebraska, so they voted to form their own Territory of Jefferson on October 24, 1859. The following month, the Jefferson Territorial Legislature organized 12 counties for the new territory, including St. Vrain County. St. Vrain County was named in honor of Ceran de Hault de Lassus de St. Vrain, the French trader who established the first trading post on the upper South Platte River. St. Vrain County encompassed much of what is today Weld County.
The Jefferson Territory never received federal sanction, but on February 28, 1861, U.S. President James Buchanan signed an act organizing the Territory of Colorado. On November 1, 1861, the Colorado General Assembly organized 17 counties, including Weld County, for the new Colorado Territory. Weld County was named for Lewis Ledyard Weld, a lawyer and territorial secretary. He died while serving in the Union Army during the Civil War. Until February 9, 1887, Weld County's boundaries included the area now comprising Weld County, Washington County, Logan County, Morgan County, Yuma County, Phillips County, and Sedgwick County.
Weld County was thrust into the media spotlight on the evening of November 1, 1955, when United Airlines Flight 629, a Douglas DC-6B airliner flying from Denver to Portland, Oregon, exploded in midair and crashed, killing all 44 persons on board the plane and scattering bodies, wreckage and debris over a six-square-mile area of the county. The subsequent investigation of the accident revealed that Denver resident John Gilbert Graham had secretly placed a time bomb composed of 25 sticks of dynamite in a suitcase belonging to his mother, who was a passenger on the airplane. Graham was tried and convicted of the crime, and executed in 1957.
In northeastern Weld County, Minuteman III missile silo "N-8", one of the many unmanned silos there, was the target of symbolic vandalism by Catholic peace activists in 2002.
Weld County also holds the distinction of having more confirmed tornado sightings than any other U.S. county from 1950 to 2011, with 252 confirmed reports.
On March 6, 2019, the county declared itself to be a Second Amendment sanctuary.
Secession proposals
In 2013, conservative Weld County commissioners began a campaign to secede from the State of Colorado to create a new state; a state ballot measure regarding the issue was put on the November 2013 ballot. The legality of this initiative has been questioned by local attorneys. On Nov 5th, 2013, 6 out of 11 Colorado counties voted no for secession, including Weld County. Elbert, Lincoln, Logan, Moffat, Sedgwick, and Weld counties voted no, while Cheyenne, Kit Carson, Phillips, Washington, and Yuma counties voted yes. "Weld County voters said this is an option we shouldn't pursue and we won't pursue it," said Weld County Commissioner Sean Conway, "But we will continue to look at the problems of the urban and rural divide in this state."
In 2021, a group known as "Weld County, WY" organized a petition to place a measure on the November 2021 ballot for the county to secede from Colorado to join Wyoming, due to a clash between the conservative politics of Weld County and the liberal government of Colorado. Mark Gordon, the Governor of Wyoming, said when asked about the topic, "We would love that." In response to Gordon's comment, Colorado Governor Jared Polis said, "Hands off Weld County."
Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which are land and (0.7%) are water. It is the third-largest county in Colorado by area.
Weld County lies within the relatively flat eastern portion of Colorado; the northeastern portions of the county contain the extensive Pawnee National Grassland and the Pawnee Buttes, which jut above the surrounding terrain and are surrounded by many small canyons and outcroppings. Along the western border, hilly areas indicate the presence of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains further west.
The county is served by two interstate highways: I-25 (US 87) runs through the southwestern corner and I-76 from the south central edge northeastward to the Morgan county border. Other major roads include US 85 and US 34, which intersect near Greeley, and State Highway 14, which runs through Ault.
Adjacent counties
Kimball County, Nebraska - northeast
Logan County - east
Morgan County - east
Adams County - south
City and County of Broomfield - southwest
Boulder County - west
Larimer County - west
Laramie County, Wyoming - northwest
Major highways
Interstate 25
Interstate 76
U.S. Highway 6
U.S. Highway 34
U.S. Highway 85
U.S. Highway 87
State Highway 7
State Highway 14
State Highway 37
State Highway 52
State Highway 56
State Highway 60
State Highway 66
State Highway 71
State Highway 79
State Highway 257
State Highway 263
State Highway 392
Transit
Greeley-Evans Transit
Express Arrow
National protected area
Pawnee National Grassland
State protected area
Fort Vasquez State History Museum
St. Vrain State Park
Trails and byways
American Discovery Trail
Pawnee Pioneer Trails
Poudre River National Recreation Trail
South Platte Trail
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 180,936 people, 63,247 households, and 45,221 families residing in the county. The population density was . There were 66,194 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the county was 81.71% White, 0.56% Black or African American, 0.87% Native American, 0.83% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 13.29% from other races, and 2.65% from two or more races. 27.05% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 63,247 households, out of which 37.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.60% were married couples living together, 9.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.50% were non-families. 21.00% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.78 and the average family size was 3.25.
In the county, the population was spread out, with 28.20% under the age of 18, 13.20% from 18 to 24, 29.70% from 25 to 44, 20.00% from 45 to 64, and 9.00% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females there were 100.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.00 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $42,321, and the median income for a family was $49,569. Males had a median income of $35,037 versus $25,757 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,957. About 8.00% of families and 12.50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.60% of those under age 18 and 8.50% of those age 65 or over.
Economy
Weld County is Colorado's leading producer of cattle, grain and sugar beets, and is the richest agricultural county in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, and the fourth richest overall nationally. It is also becoming more important as a milk producing county, with close to half of the state's cattle. Weld County is also an important area of oil and natural gas production in the Denver-Julesburg Basin.
Communities
Cities
Brighton‡
Dacono
Evans
Fort Lupton
Greeley
Longmont‡
Northglenn‡
Thornton (part)‡
Towns
Ault
Berthoud ‡
Eaton
Erie‡
Firestone
Frederick
Garden City
Gilcrest
Grover
Hudson
Johnstown‡
Keenesburg
Kersey
LaSalle
Lochbuie‡
Mead
Milliken
Nunn
Pierce
Platteville
Raymer
Severance
Windsor‡
Census-designated places
Aristocrat Ranchettes
Briggsdale
Unincorporated communities
Auburn
Avalo
Carr
Dearfield
Galeton (originally called "Zita")
Gill
Hereford
Highlandlake
Ione
Keota
Lucerne
Roggen
Stoneham
Wattenburg
Ghost towns
Alden
Dearfield
Elwell
Fort St. Vrain
Latham
Masters
Rosedale
Serene
Sligo
‡ means a populated place has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Politics
Similar to the fellow Denver Metropolitan Area county of Douglas, Weld leans Republican. Except for Lyndon Johnson's 1964 landslide win over Barry Goldwater, it has not voted for a Democratic presidential candidate since 1936.
Education
School districts serving Weld County include:
Ault-Highland School District RE-9
Briggsdale School District RE-10
Eaton School District RE-2
Greeley School District 6
Johnstown-Milliken School District RE-5J
Pawnee School District RE-12
Platte Valley School District RE-7
Prairie School District RE-11
School District 27J
St. Vrain Valley School District RE 1J
Thompson School District R-2J
Weld County School District RE-1
Weld County School District RE-3J
Weld County School District RE-8
Weldon Valley School District RE-20J
Wiggins School District RE-50J
Windsor School District RE-4
See also
Bibliography of Colorado
Geography of Colorado
History of Colorado
Fort Saint Vrain
St. Vrains County, Jefferson Territory
Fort St. Vrain Generating Station
Impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic on the meat industry in the United States
National Register of Historic Places listings in Weld County, Colorado
Index of Colorado-related articles
List of Colorado-related lists
List of counties in Colorado
List of statistical areas in Colorado
Outline of Colorado
Front Range Urban Corridor
References
External links
Colorado County Evolution by Don Stanwyck
Colorado Historical Society
Greeley/Weld Economic Development Action Partnership, Inc. (EDAP)
Colorado counties
1861 establishments in Colorado Territory
Eastern Plains
Populated places established in 1861 |
614534 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth%20order | Birth order | Birth order refers to the order a child is born in their family; first-born and second-born are examples. Birth order is often believed to have a profound and lasting effect on psychological development. This assertion has been repeatedly challenged. Recent research has consistently found that earlier born children score slightly higher on average on measures of intelligence, but has found zero, or almost zero, robust effect of birth order on personality. Nevertheless, the notion that birth-order significantly influences personality continues to have a strong presence in pop psychology and popular culture.
Theory
Alfred Adler (1870–1937), an Austrian psychiatrist, and a contemporary of Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung, was one of the first theorists to suggest that birth order influences personality. He argued that birth order can leave an indelible impression on an individual's style of life, which is one's habitual way of dealing with the tasks of friendship, love, and work. According to Adler, firstborns are "dethroned" when a second child comes along, and this loss of perceived privilege and primacy may have a lasting influence on them. Middle children may feel ignored or overlooked, causing them to develop the so-called middle child syndrome. Younger and only children may be pampered and spoiled, which was suggested to affect their later personalities. All of this assumes what Adler believed to be a typical family situation, e.g., a nuclear family living apart from the extended family, without the children being orphaned, with average spacing between births, without twins and other multiples, and with surviving children not having severe physical, intellectual, or psychiatric disabilities.
Since Adler's time, the influence of birth order on the development of personality has become a controversial issue in psychology. Among the general public, it is widely believed that personality is strongly influenced by birth order, but many psychologists dispute this. One modern theory of personality states that the Big Five personality traits of Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism represent most of the important elements of personality that can be measured. Contemporary empirical research shows that birth order does not influence the Big Five personality traits.
In his 1996 book Born to Rebel, Frank Sulloway suggested that birth order had powerful effects on the Big Five personality traits. He argued that firstborns were much more conscientious and socially dominant, less agreeable, and less open to new ideas compared to laterborns. However, critics such as Fred Townsend, Toni Falbo, and Judith Rich Harris, argue against Sulloway's theories. A full issue of Politics and the Life Sciences, dated September, 2000 but not published until 2004 due to legal threats from Sulloway, contains carefully and rigorously researched criticisms of Sulloway's theories and data. Subsequent large independent multi-cohort studies have revealed approximately zero effect of birth order on personality.
In their book Sibling Relationships: Their Nature and Significance across the Lifespan, Michael E. Lamb and Brian Sutton-Smith argue that as individuals continually adjust to competing demands of socialization agents and biological tendencies, any effects of birth order may be eliminated, reinforced, or altered by later experiences.
Within "Investigating the effects birth order has on personality, self-esteem, satisfaction with life and age", a study presented by Sharon Johnson, it is determined that first-born children are presented the initial opportunity to find a "personal niche" in their family. Due to them being the first to arrive, first-born children tend to form the strongest bond with their parents and will be the most likely to attempt to 'please' them by wanting to be the most responsible sibling. Middle-born children tend to show a lack of attachment to their parents and the whole family unit, with reports showing that middle-born children are less likely to state that they felt loved during childhood. Due to this lack of attachment, middle-born children also prove to be more self-sufficient, as they are also less likely to turn to a parent when they are in need. Last-born children show remarkable similarities to first-born siblings in personality, the exception being that last-born children will not attempt to 'please' their parents nearly as much as first-borns.
Personality
Claims about birth order effects on personality have received much attention in scientific research, with the National Academy of Sciences in the USA concluding that effects are zero or near zero. Such research is a challenge because of the difficulty of controlling all the variables that are statistically related to birth order. Family size, and a number of social and demographic variables are associated with birth order and serve as potential confounds. For example, large families are generally lower in socioeconomic status than small families. Hence third-born children are not only third in birth order, but they are also more likely to come from larger, poorer families than firstborn children. If third-born children have a particular trait, it may be due to birth order, or it may be due to family size, or to any number of other variables. Consequently, there are a large number of published studies on birth order that are confounded.
Literature reviews that have examined many studies and attempted to control for confounding variables tend to find minimal effects for birth order. Ernst and Angst reviewed all of the research published between 1946 and 1980. They also did their own study on a representative sample of 6,315 young men from Switzerland. They found no substantial effects of birth order and concluded that birth order research was a "waste of time." More recent research analyzed data from a national sample of 9,664 subjects on the Big Five personality traits of extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience. Contrary to Sulloway's predictions, they found no significant correlation between birth order and self-reported personality. There was, however, some tendency for people to perceive birth order effects when they were aware of the birth order of an individual.
Smaller studies have partially supported Sulloway's claims. Paulhus and colleagues reported that first borns scored higher on conservatism, conscientiousness and achievement orientation, and later borns higher on rebelliousness, openness, and agreeableness. The authors argued that the effect emerges most clearly from studies within families. Results are weak at best, when individuals from different families are compared. The reason is that genetic effects are stronger than birth order effects. Recent studies also support the claim that only children are not markedly different from their peers with siblings. Scientists have found that they share many characteristics with firstborn children including being conscientious as well as parent-oriented.
In her review of the research, Judith Rich Harris suggests that birth order effects may exist within the context of the family of origin, but that they are not enduring aspects of personality. When people are with their parents and siblings, firstborns behave differently from laterborns, even during adulthood. However, most people don't spend their adult lives in their childhood home. Harris provides evidence that the patterns of behavior acquired in the childhood home don't affect the way people behave outside the home, even during childhood. Harris concludes that birth order effects keep turning up because people keep looking for them, and keep analyzing and reanalyzing their data until they find them.
Intelligence
Several studies have found that first borns have slightly higher IQ than later borns. Such data are, however, confounded with family size, which is in turn correlated with IQ confounds, such as social status.
Robert Zajonc argued for a "confluence" model in which the lack of siblings experienced by first borns exposes them to the more intellectual adult family environment. This predicts similar increases in IQ for siblings who next-oldest sibling is at least five years senior. These children are considered to be "functional firstborns". The theory further predicts that firstborns will be more intelligent than only children, because the latter will not benefit from the "tutor effect" (i.e. teaching younger siblings).
In a metanalysis, Polit and Falbo (1988) found that firstborns, only children, and children with one sibling all score higher on tests of verbal ability than later-borns and children with multiple siblings. This supports the conclusion that parents who have smaller families also have children with higher IQs. Resource dilution theory (RDT) suggests that siblings divert resources from each other. The metanalysis, however, found no such effect. Additional claims have been made, for instance that siblings compete for parental affection and other resources via academic achievement balancing out confluence effects.
The claim that firstborns have higher IQ scores has been disputed. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth show no relationship between birth order and intelligence. Likewise, data from the National Child Development Study in the United Kingdom has failed to support the hypothesis. It states that "the analyses support the admixture hypothesis, which avers that the apparent birth-order effect on intelligence is an artifact of family size".
Sexual orientation
The fraternal birth order effect is the name given to the theory that the more older brothers a man has, the greater the probability is that he will have a homosexual orientation. The fraternal birth order effect is said to be the strongest known predictor of sexual orientation, with each older brother increasing a man's odds of being gay by approximately 33%. (One of the largest studies to date, however, suggests a smaller effect, of 15% higher odds.) Even so, the fraternal birth order effect only accounts for a maximum of one seventh of the prevalence of homosexuality in men. There seems to be no effect on sexual orientation in women, and no effect of the number of older sisters.
In Homosexuality, Birth Order, and Evolution: Toward an Equilibrium Reproductive Economics of Homosexuality, Edward M. Miller suggests that the birth order effect on homosexuality may be a by-product of an evolved mechanism that shifts personality away from heterosexuality in laterborn sons. According to Miller, this would have the consequence of reducing the probability of these sons engaging in unproductive competition with each other. Evolution may have favored biological mechanisms prompting human parents to exert affirmative pressure toward heterosexual behavior in earlier-born children: As more children in a family survive infancy and early childhood, the continued existence of the parents' gene line becomes more assured (cf. the pressure on newly-wed European aristocrats, especially young brides, to produce "an heir and a spare"), and the benefits of encouraging heterosexuality weigh less strongly against the risk of psychological damage that a strongly heteronormative environment poses to a child predisposed toward homosexuality.
More recently, this birth order effect on sexuality in males has been attributed to a very specific biological occurrence. As the mother gives birth to more sons, she is thought to develop an immunity to certain male-specific antigens. This immunity then leads to an effect in the brain that has to do with sexual preference. Yet this biological effect is seen only in right-handed males. If not right-handed, the number of older brothers has been found to have no prediction on the sexuality of a younger brother. This has led researchers to consider if the genes for sexuality and handedness are somehow related.
Not all studies, including some with large, nationally representative samples, have been able to replicate the fraternal birth order effect. Some did not find any statistically significant difference in the sibling composition of gay and straight men; this includes the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, the largest U.S. study with relevant data on the subject. Furthermore, at least one study, on the familial correlates of joining a same-sex union or marriage in a sample of two million people in Denmark, found that the only sibling correlate of joining a same-sex union among men was having older sisters, not older brothers.
Traditional naming of children according to their birth order
In some of the world's cultures, birth order is so important that each child within the family is named according to the order in which the child was born. For example, in the Aboriginal Australian Barngarla language, there are nine male birth order names and nine female birth order names, as following:
Male: Biri (1st), Warri (2nd), Gooni (3rd), Mooni (4th), Mari (5th), Yari (6th), Mili (7th), Wanggooyoo (8th) and Ngalai (9th).
Female: Gardanya (1st), Wayooroo (2nd), Goonda (3rd), Moonaga (4th), Maroogoo (5th), Yaranda (6th), Milaga (7th), Wanggoordoo (8th) and Ngalaga (9th).
To determine the suitable name for the newborn child, one first finds out the number of the newborn within the family, and only then chooses the male/female name, according to the gender of the newborn. So, for example, if a baby girl is born after three boys, her name would be Moonaga (4th born, female) as she is the fourth child within the family.
In some modern day Western cultures, it is common for parents to give their children the same name as them. This tradition dates back to the 17th century and is most prevalent in fathers and sons, where the son will receive the same first name, middle name, and surname with either a "Jr.", "II", "III" or "IV", etc. attached after the family surname. This practice started as a symbol of status for 'upper class' citizens, but is now more commonly used as a family tradition, not necessarily implying that they are of a 'higher status' than their peer(s), sibling(s) or other family members.
The tradition of a father naming his son after himself or a male relative from an earlier generation (grandfather, great-grandfather) is referred to as 'patronymic'.
The tradition of a mother naming her daughter after herself or a female relative from an earlier generation (grandmother, great-grandmother) is referred to as 'matronymic'.
See also
Adlerian
The Birth Order Book
Family
Firstborn (Judaism)
Individual psychology
Only child
Primogeniture
Sibling rivalry
Sladdbarn
References
External links
"Development of the Firstborn Personality Scale". Self-report scale developed empirically to predict first born status. Includes open-access dataset.
Birth order and intelligence
The Independent article
USA Today article on CEOs
Investigating the effects birth order has on personality, self-esteem, satisfaction with life and age
Human development
Psychological theories
Sibling |
4812615 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Morlaix | Battle of Morlaix | The Battle of Morlaix was fought in Morlaix on 30 September 1342 between the Anglo-Breton and Franco-Breton forces in Brittany. The Anglo-Breton under English command besieged the town, but a Franco-Breton relief force arrived. The English constructed a strong defensive position. After repeated attacks, the French forced the English to retreat into the woods, and the French force then withdrew.
War of Breton Succession
Context
In 1341 John III, Duke of Brittany died without leaving an heir. The question of the succession ignited a civil war in sovereign duchy of Brittany which lasted about 25 years initially between John's half brother, John of Montfort and his niece Joan, Duchess of Brittany, wife of Charles of Blois. Charles and Joan had the support of the Breton nobility and clergy while John was an outsider whose main concentration of power was in the Île de France. However, Charles was also the nephew of Philip VI of France who backed Joan's claim and brought outside interference, while England supported John de Montfort's claim.
Relieving the Siege of Brest
Initially, Edward III of England could do little to help the de Montforts, he had his own problems at home, but eventually he felt able to send a small force under Sir Walter Mauny to aid them. As a result of Mauny's initial successes, Edward decided to send a larger force of knights and archers under the command of William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton. For a long time its departure was delayed and by the time they arrived in Brittany, John de Montfort was a prisoner of the Franco-Bretons and the struggle was being carried on by his wife Jeanne de Montfort. When Northampton landed on 18 August 1342, the Countess, her men and the remnants of Mauny's force were besieged at Brest by a large Franco-Breton army under the command of Charles of Blois and a force of Genoese ships. On Northampton's arrival the Franco-Bretons appear to have fled without bothering to engage the smaller English force and the siege of Brest was relieved.
English Relief Force Moves inland
From Brest, Northampton moved inland and there are few details of what happened during this journey but eventually he reached Morlaix, one of Charles de Blois’ strongholds.
English Siege of Morlaix
His initial attack on the town was unsuccessful and having been repulsed with slight losses he then settled into a siege.
Since Charles de Blois' forces had withdrawn from the siege in Brest, they had been growing in numbers possibly reaching as many as 15,000. Informed that Northampton's force was considerably smaller than his own Charles began to advance on Morlaix intending to lift Northampton's siege. On receiving intelligence of de Blois’ advance Northampton, not wishing to be trapped between de Blois’ force and sorties from the garrison of Morlaix, made a night march to intercept him.
Only three chroniclers give any account of the battle and they are all English: Geoffrey le Baker, Adam Murimuth and Henry Knighton. This absence of contemporary interest is possibly because the battle was indecisive and also because Brittany was somewhat of a backwater removed from the main action of the courts and armies of Edward III and Philip VI. None of the chroniclers give much detail of the battle and little of the battle orders of the two sides beyond stating that the Franco-Bretons were deployed into 3 lines. At least one of the Franco-Breton divisions was solely of mounted knights led by Geoffroi de Charny. Adam de Murimuth puts the total Franco-Breton numbers at 3000 cavalry, 1500 Janissaries by which he may mean Genoese and a mixed force of Breton infantry. The bulk of the Bretons were probably quite an ineffective force, just local levies. The English numbers are also unclear. Northampton had less than 1,500 on his arrival at Brest. He had been reinforced by Robert of Artois with another 800 and an unknown number of Bretons of unknown quality. He would have had to leave some behind to contain the Morlaix garrison so almost certainly his numbers would have been less than the Franco-Bretons but all the figures are all from English sources and thus, for the French, probably an overestimation.
Modern interpretations of the battle
Burne
A.H. Burne, attributes huge numbers to the Franco-Bretons, maintaining that each of the Franco-Bretons divisions outnumbered the whole English army.
According to Burne's reconstruction, the infantry column attacked first and was sent reeling back by volleys of arrows before it even contacted the English line of dismounted knights. After a consultation between the commanders the second column of cavalry attacked and many were brought down by falling into the pits that had been dug by the English. Some did manage to penetrate the English line but these, including Geoffrey de Charny, were captured by the Breton infantry held in reserve. The last French cavalry column after seeing the defeat of the first two divisions hesitated to attack but because the English archers were now short of arrows Northampton withdrew into the woods at his back and formed a ‘hedgehog’. Here he was safe from a cavalry charge and though the last French column did attack everywhere it was driven back.
Sumption
Jonathan Sumption gives an alternative description of the battle which, while not contradicting Burne's battle order for the English, depicts the actions of the French nobility in a way that is far more in line with other battles of the 100 Years War.
According to Sumption, the first attack was mounted not by the infantry but by Franco-Breton cavalry under the command of Geoffrey de Charny. These reached the English positions but were thrown back in disarray and de Charny himself captured.
After this setback the second line of cavalry attacked but now fell into the pit traps.
Finally Sumption then goes on to say that almost no use was made of the French infantry who never left their starting positions.
DeVries
Kelly DeVries 'Infantry Warfare in the Early 14th. Century' seems to follow the existing chronicle sources more closely than the Burne and Sumption and he gives a different account of the deployment of the English army. He maintains that the archers were intermingled with the men-at-arms because the knights were so few and also that the archers were given other weapons than their longbows which seems to imply that the English used no archery at all.
Like Sumption he maintains that the first line of cavalry attacked under the command of Geoffrey de Charny but were immediately put to flight. There is some confusion in DeVries account because the map he has drawn of the battlefield shows pits and ditches dug all around the English but nowhere does it say the first French attack fell into the pits but if the pits were all around how could they not fall into them? Like Burne, after the first failure he has the French leaders holding a conference amongst themselves in order to decide what to do next but eventually, as the French still outnumbered the English, another attack was mounted. From the sources he says it was unclear whether it was just a cavalry attack or a joint cavalry/infantry attack. Now his account becomes even more confusing because he says that the second line actually hit the English but were pushed back into the pits and ditches but does not explain how this was possible. He quotes Henry Knighton as saying that the French were drawn into a narrow cave and they fell on top of each other into the pits the English had dug.
Ayton & Preston
According to Ayton & Preston, there is no detailed exposition of how the English were deployed except that they had taken position in front of a wood and that all were dismounted even the knights and that before the French arrived on the scene they had prepared the ground in front of them by digging pits and ditches and covering them with hay and grass.
Outcome of the battle
Whatever the details of the fighting, the final result was that 50 French knights were killed and 150 French captured including Geoffrey de Charny and a number of ‘populari’ which seems to indicate that at least some of the infantry were involved in the melee.
The English force now made apprehensive by the remaining French forces withdrew into the wood at their back where they were safe from a full blooded cavalry charge. What was left of de Blois’ force then evidently relieved Morlaix and the besieging English, now trapped in the wood, themselves became the object of a siege for several days.
References
Sources
Sumption, Jonathan ‘The Hundred Years War Volume 1 Trial by Battle’ Faber 1992
Burne, Lt. Col. Alfred H. ‘The Crécy War’ Greenhill 1990
DeVriess, Kelly ‘Infantry Warfare in the Early 14th. Century’ Boydell 1996
Ayton, A & Preston P ‘ The Battle of Crécy 1346’ Boydell 2005
Battles involving France
Battles of the Hundred Years' War
Conflicts in 1342
1342 in England
1340s in France
Military history of Brittany
War of the Breton Succession
History of Finistère |
57431206 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20token%20%28alternative%20currency%29 | Chinese token (alternative currency) | Chinese tokens (Traditional Chinese: 中國代用幣; Simplified Chinese: 中国代用币; Pinyin: zhōng guó dài yòng bì) were an alternative currency in the form of token coins produced in China during the late Qing dynasty around the time of the Taiping Rebellion in the province of Jiangsu but not by the Taiping government, which had issued its own currency. Later tokens were again issued in Jiangsu during the Japanese occupation. These tokens were typically made by merchants and local businesses as well as local authorities and had nominal values denominated in their value in cash coins.
During the Qing dynasty
Qing dynasty era Chinese tokens were cast in denominations of 100 cash, 200 cash, 500 cash, and 1000 cash as well as 1 chuàn (壹串, or 100 cash coins), 2 chuàn (贰串, or 200 cash coins), and 5 chuàn (伍串, or 500 cash coins) as the contemporary definition of a "string of cash coins" () in the province of Jiangsu at the time was a hundred cash coins but these tokens also had denominations of 1 guàn (一貫, or 1000 cash coins). The numbers that these Jiangsu tokens were denominated in were an indication that of economic instability in the region at the time as the difference between their intrinsic and nominal value was significant. In addition to their nominal value it was common for these Chinese tokens to contain various features of Chinese charms such as "good luck" symbols, and unlike most contemporary coins these Chinese tokens may also contain chop marks which were only a feature of silver coinage such as dragon dollars at the time. Chinese tokens often had coin-like inscriptions such as wàn lì tōng bǎo (萬曆通寶), but also contained other inscriptions describing their nominal value like bǎi hé tong yuán (百合同元, "this coin has the same worth as 100 of the primary currency"), chuán bù liú shǐ (傳不流矢, "(this token) circulates without losing value"), yì qiān wén zhèng (一仟文正, "(this token) is equal to one thousand cash coins"), and yì bǎi wén zhèng (一百文正) which means "one hundred cash coins only"). These Chinese tokens often had inscriptions usually found on Chinese charms and amulets like xiáng qìng róng huá (祥慶榮華, "happiness and celebration, prosperity and high position") and rì yòng guāng huī (日用光輝, "for daily use is glorious") and could also contain other charm features such as the eight trigrams. Some Chinese tokens could also resemble Jiā Qìng Tōng Bǎo (嘉慶通寶) cash coins but with a serrated edge.
Lead tokens
Two series of lead cash coins, one with the inscription "Shengji Zuoyong" (生記作用), the other with the inscription "Hengji Dangshi" (亨記當十), are said to have circulated as an alternative currency in the Jiaxing Prefecture, Zhejiang Province during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom period, following the occupation of the region by the rebel government. Following the establishment of the central government Minting Bureau to issue its own holy currency the lead cash coins were recalled to be melted down. However, a few people did not exchange these lead cash coins to the royal government and a small number of them have been preserved to this day.
According to insiders of the soy sauce making industry, the companies that operated the Shengji (生記) and Hengji (亨記) soy bean gardens had a large business scope during the Qing dynasty period and were also in the business of producing wine, wheat, beans, and rice, in order to do this they produced utensils made out of tin and lead. Because these two shops were equipped with tin and lead tools and the right equipment to produce lead tools, the lead cash coins produced by them is so well made. During the end of the Qing dynasty period, the people from the Jiaxing region also collected a lot of money from the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, including the locally produced lead cash coins that served as an alternative currency, leading them to be preserved quite well by the time an article was written about them in the Cultural Relics (文物) journal in 1959.
During the Republic of China
According to Zhang Guomin, during the early Republican era most of these token coins were manufactured and circulated in southern Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and were extremely common in the Wujin region. By the year 1938 several factors created the environment to make these token coins flourish, the occupying Japanese forces were seizing all copper coins for the production of weaponry, the international price of copper had risen substantially, and the Chinese resistance was hoarding copper and silver coins. The companies that had produced these Chinese tokens were previously medal-makers and silversmiths and saw their businesses boom due to the demand for these low denomination bronze tokens.
A vast number of token coins were brought into general circulation and these coins were made from a number of different materials including bone, aluminium, bronze, lead, and re-used bronze. The most simple method of producing token coins was to take an old circulating coin, remove either all or only some of the coin's original design, and then stamp a new design on the coin.
On 31 March 1941 the Japanese puppet government in Nanjing had issued the "Temporary Regulations about Punishment for Obstruction to the New Legal Currency" this law affected Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, and in the cities of Nanjing and Shanghai. There is no evidence that Chinese tokens were promoted by the Chinese resistance, but one of its issuers, Zhou Rongsheng, was a Chinese resistance faction leader in Shizhuang. The continued and illegal usage of these bronze token coins might have been a source of solidarity among the people of Jiangsu.
After 1941 the Japanese puppet government over-issued paper money which lead to inflation and caused the smaller denomination token coins to disappear from circulation.
Zheng Lu Bridge tokens
Zheng Lu Bridge tokens (Traditional Chinese: 鄭陸橋錢; Simplified Chinese: 郑陆桥钱; Pinyin: zhèng lù qiáo qián) were a type of Chinese token that originated in the city of Changzhou, Jiangsu from 1939 until 1941, these tokens were manufactured contemporary to other Chinese tokens and bamboo tallies in the same area as the Japanese invasion of China disrupted the local economy forcing locals to start issuing their own currencies in the form of exonumia. Zheng Lu Bridge tokens were issued by a variety of local stores and others and had a very limited region of circulation. These tokens were issued due to various factors including a lack of small value currency, the profitability of accepting old Chinese copper coins to be exchanged for new local tokens, as well as the lack of confidence in the currencies issued by Japanese puppet banks. Zheng Lu Bridge tokens typically contain an image of the Zheng Lu Bridge which was a bridge built during the Ming dynasty in Changzhou where at one side of the bridge a lot of people had the surname Zheng and on the other side Lu and a man with the surname Zheng and a woman with the surname Lu fell in love with each other and as the family wished to arrange a wedding for them during the spring festival they had recommended against using a ferry so as both clans were affluent enough to pay for a bridge and the bridge was finished the day prior to their wedding, because of this association with love some Zheng Lu Bridge tokens contain images of hearts, and usually contained inscriptions indicating where these tokens were intended to circulate such as zhèng lù qiáo liú tōng (鄭陸橋流通, "Circulates in Zheng Lu Bridge").
"Xinsheng" tokens
The Xinsheng [Trust Abundant] company was a delicatessen-brewery located at the Ligang East Street in the Xixishu Village, Ligang Town, Jiangyin City, Jiangsu owned by the Zhang family, in the year 1939 this company issued their own token coins which were known as "Xinsheng tokens". The brother of the owned of the Xinsheng [Trust Abundant] company owned a meat-store in the same street and concurrently issued his own token coins known as "Chao Ji" tokens.
During this era issuing token coins was viewed as both a good way to increase a company's reputation as well as to promote their business. The Zhang family issued a total of 3,000 token coins, the cost of producing a 1 jiao token was 1 fen in legal currency, so the company made a 9 fen profit on every token coin of 1 jiao, which meant that the Zhang family made a profit of 270 yuan. Note that at this time a single dan (hectolitre) of rice cost 15 yuan, which meant that the Xinsheng delicatessen-brewery and the Zhang family made a large profit from issuing these "Xinsheng" tokens.
Chinese tokens in the collection of the British Museum
In the years 1992 and 1993 the British Museum had acquired 66 token coins from 1930s Southeast China. Of these coins, 65 are round in shape, and most of these coins are circa 28 millimeters in diameter and weigh between 7 and 8 grams, making them similar in size and weight as the contemporary Chinese 10 wén coins. The other token is long in shape.
Most of the Chinese token coins in the collection of the British Museum have chops on their reverses and contain serial numbers. Most of the Chinese tokens in the collection of the British Museum are from Southern Jiangsu with the majority being from Lingtai County, Jiangsu. The most common design having the place-name on the top, the English inscription "TEN CENTS" at the bottom, and the Traditional Chinese inscription "一角" in their centre.
References
Token coins
Exonumia of China
Alternative currencies |
1380225 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20John%20Neuhaus | Richard John Neuhaus | Richard John Neuhaus (May 14, 1936–January 8, 2009) was a prominent Christian cleric (first in the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod, then ELCA pastor and later as a Catholic priest) and writer. Born in Canada, Neuhaus moved to the United States where he became a naturalized United States citizen. He was the longtime editor of the Lutheran Forum magazine newsletter and later founder and editor of the monthly journal First Things and the author of numerous books. A staunch defender of the Roman Catholic Church's teachings on abortion and other life issues, he served as an unofficial adviser to the 43rd President George W. Bush on bioethical issues.
Early life and education
Born in Pembroke, Ontario, on May 14, 1936, Neuhaus was one of eight children of a Lutheran minister and his wife. Although he had dropped out of high school at age 16 to operate a gas station in Texas, he returned to school, graduating from Concordia Lutheran College of Austin, Texas, in 1956. He moved to St. Louis, Missouri, where he earned his Bachelor of Arts and Master of Divinity degrees from Concordia Seminary in 1960.
Career
Lutheran minister
Neuhaus was first an ordained minister in the conservative Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod.
In 1974, a major schism in the Missouri Synod resulted in many "modernist" churches splitting to form the more progressive Association of Evangelical Lutheran Churches to which Neuhaus eventually affiliated. The AELC, merged a decade later in 1988 with the other two more liberal Lutheran denominations in the US, the American Lutheran Church (1960) and the Lutheran Church in America (1962), to finally form the current Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, for which Neuhaus was a member of the clergy.
From 1961 to 1978, he served as pastor of St. John the Evangelist Church, a poor, predominantly black and Hispanic congregation in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. From the pulpit he addressed civil rights and social justice concerns and spoke against the Vietnam War. In the late 1960s he gained national prominence when, together with Jesuit priest Daniel Berrigan and Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel, he founded Clergy and Laymen Concerned About Vietnam.
He was active in the Evangelical Catholic movement in Lutheranism and spent time at Saint Augustine's House, the Lutheran Benedictine monastery, in Oxford, Michigan. He was active in liberal politics until the 1973 ruling on abortion in Roe v. Wade by the US Supreme Court, which he opposed. He became a member of the growing neoconservative movement and an outspoken advocate of "democratic capitalism". He also advocated faith-based policy initiatives by the federal government based upon Judeo-Christian values. He originated the "Neuhaus's Law", which states, "Where orthodoxy is optional, orthodoxy will sooner or later be proscribed."
He was a longtime editor of the monthly newsletter published in between quarterly issues of the interdenominational independent journal Lutheran Forum, published by the American Lutheran Publicity Bureau during the 1970s and 1980s. He was a supporter of the movement to reestablish, in Lutheranism, the permanent diaconate (deacon) as a full-fledged office in the threefold ministry of bishop / presbyter (priest) / deacon under the historic episcopacy (office of bishop), following earlier actions of the Roman Catholics in the Second Vatican Council and the churches of the Anglican Communion (including the Episcopal Church in the US).
In 1981, Neuhaus helped to found the Institute on Religion and Democracy and remained on its board until his death. He wrote its founding document, "Christianity and Democracy". In 1984, he established the Center for Religion and Society as part of the conservative think-tank Rockford Institute in Rockford, Illinois, which publishes Chronicles. In 1989, he and the center were "forcibly evicted" from the institute's eastern offices in New York City under disputed circumstances.
In March 1990, Neuhaus founded the Institute on Religion and Public Life and its journal, First Things, an ecumenical journal "whose purpose is to advance a religiously informed public philosophy for the ordering of society."
Roman Catholic priest
In September 1990, Neuhaus was received into the Roman Catholic Church. A year after becoming a Roman Catholic, he was ordained by Cardinal John O'Connor as a priest of the Archdiocese of New York. He served as a commentator for the Catholic television network Eternal Word Television (EWTN) during the funeral of Pope John Paul II and the election of Pope Benedict XVI.
Neuhaus continued to edit First Things as a Catholic priest. He was a sought-after public speaker and wrote several books, both scholarly and popular genres. He appeared in the 2010 film, The Human Experience, released after his death, where his voice features in the narration and in the film's trailer.
Personal life and death
Neuhaus died from complications of cancer in New York City, on January 8, 2009, aged 72.
Political significance
In later years, Neuhaus compared pro-life activism to the civil rights movement of the 1960s. During the 2004 presidential campaign, he was a leading advocate for denying communion to Catholic politicians who supported abortion. It was a mistake, he declared, to isolate abortion "from other issues of the sacredness of life."
Neuhaus promoted ecumenical dialogue and social conservatism. Along with Charles Colson, he edited Evangelicals and Catholics Together: Toward a Common Mission (1995). This ecumenical manifesto sparked much debate.
A close yet unofficial adviser of President George W. Bush, he advised Bush on a range of religious and ethical matters, including abortion, stem-cell research, cloning, and the Federal Marriage Amendment. In 2005, under the heading of "Bushism Made Catholic", Neuhaus was named one of the "25 Most Influential Evangelicals in America" by Time magazine:
Neuhaus was criticized for his political engagement as "theoconservatism". In contrast, the theologian David Bentley Hart described Neuhaus as
a reflective, intelligent, self-possessed, generous, and principled man, is opinionated (definitely), but not at all spiteful or resentful towards those who disagree with him; words like "absolutist" are vacuous abstractions when applied to him. His magazine publishes articles that argue (sometimes quite forcibly) views contrary to his own, and he seems quite pleased that it should do so.
Neuhaus also controversially defended Marcial Maciel, founder of the Legionaries of Christ, in the pages of First Things
Works
Books
Movement and Revolution (co-authored with Peter Berger, 1970)
In Defense of People: Ecology and the Seduction of Radicalism (1971)
Time Toward Home: The American Experiment as Revelation (1975)
Against the World for the World: The Hartford Appeal and the Future of American Religion (co-authored with Peter Berger, 1976)
Freedom for Ministry (1979)
Unsecular America (1986)
The Naked Public Square: Religion and Democracy in America (1986; )
Confession, Conflict, and Community (co-edited with Peter Berger, 1986)
Dispensations: The Future of South Africa As South Africans See It (1986)
Piety and Politics: Evangelicals and Fundamentalists Confront the World (co-editor with Michael Cromartie, 1987)
Democracy and the Renewal of Public Education (editor with author Richard Baer, 1987)
Jews in Unsecular America (1987)
The Catholic Moment: The Paradox of the Church in the Postmodern World (1987; )
Believing Today: Jew and Christian in Conversation (co-authored with Leon Klinicki, 1989)
Reinhold Niebuhr Today (1989)
Guaranteeing the Good Life: Medicine and the Return of Eugenics (editor, 1990)
Doing Well & Doing Good: The Challenge to the Christian Capitalist (1992)
America Against Itself: Moral Vision and the Public Order (1992; )
Freedom for Ministry: A Guide for the Perplexed Who Are Called to Serve (1992; )
To Empower People: From State to Civil Society (co-authored with Peter Berger, 1996)
The End of Democracy? The Celebrated First Things Debate, With Arguments Pro and Con and "the Anatomy of a Controversy" (co-edited with Mitchell Muncy, 1997)
The Best of the Public Square (1997)
Appointment in Rome: The Church in America Awakening (1999)
The Eternal Pity: Reflections on Dying (editor, 2000; )
A Free Society Reader: Principles for the New Millennium (2000; )
There We Stood, Here We Stand: Eleven Lutherans Rediscover Their Catholic Roots (co-authored with Timothy Drake, 2001)
The Second One Thousand Years: Ten People Who Defined a Millennium (editor, 2001)
The Best of the Public Square: Book 2 (2001)
Death on a Friday Afternoon: Meditations on the Last Words of Jesus from the Cross (2001; )
As I Lay Dying: Meditations Upon Returning (2002; )
The Chosen People in an Almost Chosen Nation: Jews and Judaism in America (editor, 2002)
Your Word Is Truth: A Project of Evangelicals and Catholics Together (co-edited with Charles Colson; 2002; )
As I Lay Dying: Meditations Upon Returning (2003)
The Best of the Public Square: Book 3 (2007)
Catholic Matters: Confusion, Controversy, and the Splendor of Truth (2007; )
American Babylon: Notes of a Christian Exile (2009)
On the Square blog
References
Further reading
Boyagoda, Randy (2015). Richard John Neuhaus: a life in the public square. New York: Image
External links
Profile
Neuhaus online archive
Neuhaus discusses his conversion to Catholicism in a June 1991 interview for 2000AD
Booknotes interview with Neuhaus on As I Lay Dying: Meditations Upon Returning, May 26, 2002
In Depth interview with Neuhaus, June 5, 2005
"A Strange New Regime: The Naked Public Square and the Passing of the American Constitutional Order" by Neuhaus for The Heritage Foundation
Newsweek obituary by George Weigel
Slate obituary
The Daily Beast article
Article by John Armstrong
1936 births
2009 deaths
20th-century American Roman Catholic priests
American political activists
American anti-abortion activists
American Roman Catholic religious writers
American theologians
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Concordia Seminary alumni
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Lutheranism
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Editors of Christian publications
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Pembroke, Ontario
Public theologians |
22045023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20ska | Christian ska | Christian ska is a form of Christian alternative rock, and subgenre of ska and ska punk which is lyrically oriented toward contemporary Christian music. Though ska did not constitute a genre within the Christian music industry until after third wave ska had peaked in the general market, Christian ska continued to thrive independently into the early 2000s.
Ska music came to be seen as "an excellent vehicle for exhortation and praise due to its up front lyrical style" and upbeat, energetic, joyful sound. While there were many smaller bands, ska in the Christian marketplace in the late 1990s came to be primarily represented by three bands: The Insyderz, The O. C. Supertones, and Five Iron Frenzy; all of whom were commercially successful and ministry-oriented in their own right. As with third wave ska in the general market the sound was often intermingled with that of punk, swing, or rockabilly. In parallel with mainstream ska, many underground Christian ska bands released one or two ska based albums before completely genre-hopping away from ska or dissolving. Even the sounds of the "big three" tended to evolve. By 2002 one critic described the horn section of the Supertones as "providing color instead of the dominant sound".
History
Early years (late 1970s through 1980s)
While Christian bands have played ska since the days of Jesus music, one of the first well documented Christian bands to play ska was Ishmael United, which operated in the late 1970s and early '80s from the United Kingdom. Their sound was new wave or two tone, similar to other British bands such as The Specials or Madness. Another early Christian ska band was The Israelites, formed in 1989. They played a traditional style of ska similar to the Skatalites or Desmond Dekker. They released two albums before Christian ska matured.
Mainstream impact (late 1990s through mid 2000s)
Whereas in mainstream markets the popularity of ska had peaked about 1996, the Christian music marketplace is known for being significantly behind trends in the general market. Critics usually cite The O.C. Supertones as having been the first Christian ska band to break into the national spotlight. The 1996 Cornerstone Festival was pivotal for two of the bands which would come to represent Christian ska. Both Five Iron Frenzy and The Insyderz played and got signed as a result, though only the latter played on an official stage.
By early 1997 ska had achieved a large enough following within Christian music to get noticed by the mainstream Christian music media. The January issue of CCM stated that "the Christian ska revolution is in full motion", and that Summer the magazine spotlighted four ska bands. These were Squad 5-O (from Savannah, Georgia), Five Iron Frenzy (from Denver, Colorado), The Insyderz (from Detroit, Michigan), and the OC Supertones (from Orange County, California). Of these Squad 5-O was unique in that they were hornless, their sound would later completely move away from any form of ska, and they would eventually sign to a general market label. The remaining three bands, sometimes known as the "big three", would come to dominate the ska sound in Christian markets. Each of these bands was founded and signed to record labels in or before 1996, was commercially successful within Christian music, and outlasted their contemporaries by several years.
Each of the big three were generally characterized as having unique orientations toward their audiences. The Supertones were known for being blatantly evangelical and included segments of preaching in each performance. They also had the honor of opening for Pope John Paul II during his visit to St. Louis. The Insyderz best known for their renditions of ska-styled hymns and modern praise and worship songs, of which they released two albums, Skalleluia! and Skalleluia Too!. Five Iron Frenzy became known for their positive but serious lyrics and slapstick satirical humour. Common themes included social causes such as hypocrisy, racism, big business, as well as the renewal of faith.
Ska bands received a small amount of attention from Christian music award shows such as the Doves. In 1998 the Supertones's debut album was nominated in the "Alternate / Modern Rock" category, a classification which they denied. The same year the video for Five Iron's "A Flowery Song" was nominated in the "short form video" category. At the 1999 awards The Insyderz cover of Rich Mullins' song "Awesome God" won in the "Hard Music Song" category. The W's won two Doves at the 1999 awards, for their debut as "Modern Rock Album," and "Modern Rock Song" for the song "The Devil Is Bad". They played a neo-swing sound with heavy ska influences. Other career highlights opening for Christian rock heavyweight dc Talk, and for the Pope during the same visit as the Supertones (although not at the main event). Christian swing music is generally congruent with the swing revival of the 1990s, and includes a small number of bands. Of all the Christian bands which took part of the swing revival movement they were the best known.
The sound became most widespread and visible within Christian music from 1997 until the early 2000s. During this period Christian ska bands regularly appeared on Billboard charts. The Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music characterizes ska as being "one of the more crowded genres in the Christian market" by the turn of the millennium. While producing Skanktified, a compilation album released by Eclectica Music (an imprint of N-Soul) in 1998, Mark Morrison found over seventy Christian ska bands operating throughout the United States, mostly in underground scenes. There were in fact an exceptional number of Christian ska bands underground, creating an oversaturated market for the sound. For instance one band, the Skadaddles, released three albums in 1999, with a sound evolving from ska toward punk and emo.
A number of other bands released two or more albums to the national scene. Freeto Boat released one ska album in 1998 and moved to a punk sound for their sophomore release in 2000. In a move to distance themselves from ska the band changed their name twice and picked up an emo-indie-punk sound before signing to a major label. Flight One Eighty released three albums - one of ska, one of swing, and finally a ska-punk/power pop release. The Dingees were a spinoff band of the Supertones who play a sound which mixes punk, ska, and reggae, and have released three albums, the final one in 2001. BUCK Enterprises shows an evolution in sound more like that of the Supertones, changing their sound mix from having a dominating horn section on their national debut (1998) to one which "flirts with ska" by 2001.
The big three bands of Christian ska each continued until the early to mid 2000s. Five Iron continued to draw large crowds; a tour in 2001 drew an audience of 1,200 per night. They also participated in the Vans Warped Tour in 2002 before breaking up the following year. Their final show had an attendance of over 3,500. After a period of relative inactivity, The Insyderz released their final album in 2003 and continued to tour until 2005. That same year also saw the end of the Supertones, who had released their final studio album one year prior.
Reunions (late 2000s through present)
In 2009, The Insyderz announced they were reuniting. In 2011, they began a Kickstarter campaign to raise funds for the first album since breaking up, The Sinner's Songbook, which succeeded and the album was released. In 2010, The O.C. Supertones announced they were reuniting for the summer to play some festivals, and have since remained together. The album For the Glory was released. Also in 2010, The Dingees released their fourth album, The Rebel Soul Sound System, a heavily reggae-influenced album.
On November 22, 2011, Five Iron Frenzy announced they were reuniting and released a new single, "It Was a Dark and Stormy Night". They began a Kickstarter project that night to fund their new album. The $30,000 goal was reached in less than an hour. It went on to raise $207,980 USD, making it the most funded Kickstarter by dollar amount ever on the day it ended (January 21, 2012). Their new album, Engine of a Million Plots, was released on November 25, 2013.
Also in 2011, BUCK Enterprises played a one-night-only reunion show on December 30, 2011 in Wixom, Michigan. Squad Five-O reunited to play at Cornerstone 2012.
See also
List of Christian ska bands
References
Works cited
.
20th-century music genres
21st-century music genres
Ska
Ska
Ska genres
Punk rock genres |
618169 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC-to-DC%20converter | DC-to-DC converter | A DC-to-DC converter is an electronic circuit or electromechanical device that converts a source of direct current (DC) from one voltage level to another. It is a type of electric power converter. Power levels range from very low (small batteries) to very high (high-voltage power transmission).
History
Before the development of power semiconductors, one way to convert the voltage of a DC supply to a higher voltage, for low-power applications, was to convert it to AC by using a vibrator, then by a step-up transformer, and finally a rectifier. Where higher power was needed, a motor–generator unit was often used, in which an electric motor drove a generator that produced the desired voltage. (The motor and generator could be separate devices, or they could be combined into a single "dynamotor" unit with no external power shaft.) These relatively inefficient and expensive designs were used only when there was no alternative, as to power a car radio (which then used thermionic valves (tubes) that require much higher voltages than available from a 6 or 12 V car battery). The introduction of power semiconductors and integrated circuits made it economically viable by use of techniques described below. For example, first is converting the DC power supply to high-frequency AC as an input of a transformer - it is small, light, and cheap due to the high frequency — that changes the voltage which gets rectified back to DC. Although by 1976 transistor car radio receivers did not require high voltages, some amateur radio operators continued to use vibrator supplies and dynamotors for mobile transceivers requiring high voltages although transistorized power supplies were available.
While it was possible to derive a lower voltage from a higher with a linear regulator or even a resistor, these methods dissipated the excess as heat; energy-efficient conversion became possible only with solid-state switch-mode circuits.
Uses
DC-to-DC converters are used in portable electronic devices such as cellular phones and laptop computers, which are supplied with power from batteries primarily. Such electronic devices often contain several sub-circuits, each with its own voltage level requirement different from that supplied by the battery or an external supply (sometimes higher or lower than the supply voltage). Additionally, the battery voltage declines as its stored energy is drained. Switched DC to DC converters offer a method to increase voltage from a partially lowered battery voltage thereby saving space instead of using multiple batteries to accomplish the same thing.
Most DC-to-DC converter circuits also regulate the output voltage. Some exceptions include high-efficiency LED power sources, which are a kind of DC to DC converter that regulates the current through the LEDs, and simple charge pumps which double or triple the output voltage.
DC-to-DC converters which are designed to maximize the energy harvest for photovoltaic systems and for wind turbines are called power optimizers.
Transformers used for voltage conversion at mains frequencies of 50–60 Hz must be large and heavy for powers exceeding a few watts. This makes them expensive, and they are subject to energy losses in their windings and due to eddy currents in their cores. DC-to-DC techniques that use transformers or inductors work at much higher frequencies, requiring only much smaller, lighter, and cheaper wound components. Consequently these techniques are used even where a mains transformer could be used; for example, for domestic electronic appliances it is preferable to rectify mains voltage to DC, use switch-mode techniques to convert it to high-frequency AC at the desired voltage, then, usually, rectify to DC. The entire complex circuit is cheaper and more efficient than a simple mains transformer circuit of the same output. DC-to-DC converters are widely used for DC microgrid applications, in the context of different voltage levels.
Electronic conversion
Switching converters or switched-mode DC-to-DC converters store the input energy temporarily and then release that energy to the output at a different voltage, which may be higher or lower. The storage may be in either magnetic field storage components (inductors, transformers) or electric field storage components (capacitors). This conversion method can increase or decrease voltage. Switching conversion is often more power-efficient (typical efficiency is 75% to 98%) than linear voltage regulation, which dissipates unwanted power as heat. Fast semiconductor device rise and fall times are required for efficiency; however, these fast transitions combine with layout parasitic effects to make circuit design challenging. The higher efficiency of a switched-mode converter reduces the heatsinking needed, and increases battery endurance of portable equipment. Efficiency has improved since the late 1980s due to the use of power FETs, which are able to switch more efficiently with lower at higher frequencies than power bipolar transistors, and use less complex drive circuitry.
Another important improvement in DC-DC converters is replacing the flyback diode with synchronous rectification using a power FET, whose "on resistance" is much lower, reducing switching losses. Before the wide availability of power semiconductors, low-power DC-to-DC synchronous converters consisted of an electro-mechanical vibrator followed by a voltage step-up transformer feeding a vacuum tube or semiconductor rectifier, or synchronous rectifier contacts on the vibrator.
Most DC-to-DC converters are designed to move power in only one direction, from dedicated input to output. However, all switching regulator topologies can be made bidirectional and able to move power in either direction by replacing all diodes with independently controlled active rectification. A bidirectional converter is useful, for example, in applications requiring regenerative braking of vehicles, where power is supplied to the wheels while driving, but supplied by the wheels when braking.
Although they require few components, switching converters are electronically complex. Like all high-frequency circuits, their components must be carefully specified and physically arranged to achieve stable operation and to keep switching noise (EMI / RFI) at acceptable levels. Their cost is higher than linear regulators in voltage-dropping applications, but their cost has been decreasing with advances in chip design.
DC-to-DC converters are available as integrated circuits (ICs) requiring few additional components. Converters are also available as complete hybrid circuit modules, ready for use within an electronic assembly.
Linear regulators which are used to output a stable DC independent of input voltage and output load from a higher but less stable input by dissipating excess volt-amperes as heat, could be described literally as DC-to-DC converters, but this is not usual usage. (The same could be said of a simple voltage dropper resistor, whether or not stabilised by a following voltage regulator or Zener diode.)
There are also simple capacitive voltage doubler and Dickson multiplier circuits using diodes and capacitors to multiply a DC voltage by an integer value, typically delivering only a small current.
Magnetic
In these DC-to-DC converters, energy is periodically stored within and released from a magnetic field in an inductor or a transformer, typically within a frequency range of 300 kHz to 10 MHz. By adjusting the duty cycle of the charging voltage (that is, the ratio of the on/off times), the amount of power transferred to a load can be more easily controlled, though this control can also be applied to the input current, the output current, or to maintain constant power. Transformer-based converters may provide isolation between input and output. In general, the term DC-to-DC converter refers to one of these switching converters. These circuits are the heart of a switched-mode power supply. Many topologies exist. This table shows the most common ones.
In addition, each topology may be:
Hard switched Transistors switch quickly while exposed to both full voltage and full current
Resonant An LC circuit shapes the voltage across the transistor and current through it so that the transistor switches when either the voltage or the current is zero
Magnetic DC-to-DC converters may be operated in two modes, according to the current in its main magnetic component (inductor or transformer):
Continuous The current fluctuates but never goes down to zero
Discontinuous The current fluctuates during the cycle, going down to zero at or before the end of each cycle
A converter may be designed to operate in continuous mode at high power, and in discontinuous mode at low power.
The half bridge and flyback topologies are similar in that energy stored in the magnetic core needs to be dissipated so that the core does not saturate. Power transmission in a flyback circuit is limited by the amount of energy that can be stored in the core, while forward circuits are usually limited by the I/V characteristics of the switches.
Although MOSFET switches can tolerate simultaneous full current and voltage (although thermal stress and electromigration can shorten the MTBF), bipolar switches generally can't so require the use of a snubber (or two).
High-current systems often use multiphase converters, also called interleaved converters.
Multiphase regulators can have better ripple and better response times than single-phase regulators.
Many laptop and desktop motherboards include interleaved buck regulators, sometimes as a voltage regulator module.
Bidirectional DC-to-DC converters
Specific to these converters is that the energy flows in both directions of the converter. These converters are commonly used in various applications and they are connected between two levels of DC voltage, where energy is transferred from one level to another.
Boost bidirectional DC-to-DC converter
Buck bidirectional DC-to-DC converter
Boost-buck non-inverting bidirectional DC-to-DC converter
Boost-buck inverting bidirectional DC-to-DC converter
SEPIC bidirectional DC-to-DC converter
CUK bidirectional DC-to-DC converter
Multiple isolated bidirectional DC-to-DC converters are also commonly used in cases where galvanic isolation is needed.
Bidirectional flyback
Isolated ĆUK & SEPIC/ZETA
Push-pull
Forward
Dual-active bridge (DAB)
Dual-half bridge
Half-full bridge
Multiport DAB
Capacitive
Switched capacitor converters rely on alternately connecting capacitors to the input and output in differing topologies. For example, a switched-capacitor reducing converter might charge two capacitors in series and then discharge them in parallel. This would produce the same output power (less that lost to efficiency of under 100%) at, ideally, half the input voltage and twice the current. Because they operate on discrete quantities of charge, these are also sometimes referred to as charge pump converters. They are typically used in applications requiring relatively small currents, as at higher currents the increased efficiency and smaller size of switch-mode converters makes them a better choice. They are also used at extremely high voltages, as magnetics would break down at such voltages.
Electromechanical conversion
A motor–generator set, mainly of historical interest, consists of an electric motor and generator coupled together. A dynamotor combines both functions into a single unit with coils for both the motor and the generator functions wound around a single rotor; both coils share the same outer field coils or magnets. Typically the motor coils are driven from a commutator on one end of the shaft, when the generator coils output to another commutator on the other end of the shaft. The entire rotor and shaft assembly is smaller in size than a pair of machines, and may not have any exposed drive shafts.
Motor–generators can convert between any combination of DC and AC voltage and phase standards. Large motor–generator sets were widely used to convert industrial amounts of power while smaller units were used to convert battery power (6, 12 or 24 V DC) to a high DC voltage, which was required to operate vacuum tube (thermionic valve) equipment.
For lower-power requirements at voltages higher than supplied by a vehicle battery, vibrator or "buzzer" power supplies were used. The vibrator oscillated mechanically, with contacts that switched the polarity of the battery many times per second, effectively converting DC to square wave AC, which could then be fed to a transformer of the required output voltage(s). It made a characteristic buzzing noise.
Electrochemical conversion
A further means of DC to DC conversion in the kilowatts to megawatts range is presented by using redox flow batteries such as the vanadium redox battery.
Chaotic behavior
DC-to-DC converters are subject to different types of chaotic dynamics such as bifurcation, crisis, and intermittency.
Terminology
Step-down
A converter where the output voltage is lower than the input voltage (such as a buck converter).
Step-up
A converter that outputs a voltage higher than the input voltage (such as a boost converter).
Continuous current mode
Current and thus the magnetic field in the inductive energy storage never reaches zero.
Discontinuous current mode
Current and thus the magnetic field in the inductive energy storage may reach or cross zero.
Noise
Unwanted electrical and electromagnetic signal noise, typically switching artifacts.
RF noise
Switching converters inherently emit radio waves at the switching frequency and its harmonics. Switching converters that produce triangular switching current, such as the split-pi, forward converter, or Ćuk converter in continuous current mode, produce less harmonic noise than other switching converters. RF noise causes electromagnetic interference (EMI). Acceptable levels depend upon requirements, e.g. proximity to RF circuitry needs more suppression than simply meeting regulations.
Coil-integrated DC/DC converters
These may include a power control IC, coil, capacitor, and resistor; decreases mounting space with a small number of components in a single integrated solution.
Input noise
The input voltage may have non-negligible noise. Additionally, if the converter loads the input with sharp load edges, the converter can emit RF noise from the supplying power lines. This should be prevented with proper filtering in the input stage of the converter.
Output noise
The output of an ideal DC-to-DC converter is a flat, constant output voltage. However, real converters produce a DC output upon which is superimposed some level of electrical noise. Switching converters produce switching noise at the switching frequency and its harmonics. Additionally, all electronic circuits have some thermal noise. Some sensitive radio-frequency and analog circuits require a power supply with so little noise that it can only be provided by a linear regulator. Some analog circuits which require a power supply with relatively low noise can tolerate some of the less-noisy switching converters, e.g. using continuous triangular waveforms rather than square waves.
See also
Buck–boost converter
Combined Charging System
Switched-mode power supply
References
External links
DC-DC Converter Technologies for Electric/Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Power Electronics Books
Switching regulator application note for LCD power supply
Electric power conversion
Power supplies |
55251588 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawakian%20cuisine | Sarawakian cuisine | Sarawakian cuisine is a regional cuisine of Malaysia. Like the rest of Malaysian cuisine, Sarawak food is based on staples such as rice. There is also a great variety of other ingredients and food preparations due to the influence of the state's varied geography and indigenous cultures quite distinct from the regional cuisines of the Peninsular Malaysia. Sarawak is famous for its multi-ethnic population. As the homeland of many unique communities, Sarawak has a variety of cuisines rarely found elsewhere in Malaysia. The uniqueness of Sarawak well depends on its ethnic groups. Every native group in Sarawak has their own lifestyle, traditions, cultures and also foods. Sarawak cuisine is less spicy and has a subtle in taste. It uses fresh seafood and natural herbs like turmeric, lemongrass, ginger, lime and tapioca leaves. These ingredients are not only easily available, but also add a hint of aroma, texture and freshness to the delicacies. Food is one of the most cultural identities for native groups in Sarawak with each ethnic group having their own delicacies. Among the Iban, popular foods include tubu (stems), tuak (alcoholic beverage made from rice wine) and pansuh (dish cooked with bamboo). The Malay have bubur pedas (porridge) and kek lapis Sarawak (Sarawak layer cake); the Bidayuh have asam siok (chicken rice cooked in bamboo) and sup ponas Bidayuh (soup dish made of tapioca). The Melanau make tebaloi (Sago palm crackers), sagu (extracted from Sago palm) and umai (raw fish mixed with lime juice) and the Orang Ulu are known for garam barrio (Highlands salt), kikid (broth), tengayen (local young leaves), and urum giruq (pudding).
Ingredients
Sarawak cuisine uses rice as a staple. It is most often steamed and always served with meat, fish and vegetable dishes. Rice is often enjoyed with the sauce or broth from the main dishes. Bario rice is a famous rice in Sarawak, which is named after the Sarawakian highlands where it is cultivated. It is regarded by the natives as the best and finest rice from the highlands of Sarawak. The rice, as per the natives, is known to be eaten only by the longhouse chief on special occasions although it is now available in Sarawak restaurants. In Sarawak, rice is often fried. Nasi aruk is a traditional Sarawakian Malay nasi goring or fried rice. Unlike common nasi goreng, nasi aruk does not use any oil to fry the rice. The rice must be fried for longer (compared to frying rice for nasi goreng) for the smokey/slightly burnt taste to absorb into the rice. Sago or sagu is the traditional staple food of the Melanau people in Sarawak. The bud of the sago palm is cooked as a traditional dish in Sarawak. The bud is sliced or cut up and often stewed with coconut milk and dried anchovies with spices. or sago porridge is made by pouring boiling water into a bowl of sago starch. Normally will be served together with the sambal belacan and other side dishes. The texture is very gooey and sticky and mostly eaten with a wooden fork. Tebaloi is a Sarawak sweet cracker made from sago starch, egg, coconut and sugar, flattened until thin and roasted until crisp. Tetubei is another sago dish in Sarawak. It is a traditional Melanau food made from sago starch.
A variety of fruits and vegetables is often used in cooking. Midin, also called Stenochlaena palustris, paku midin, or lemidin, is a popular vegetable in Sarawak. It is a sun-loving plant that thrives in open areas, usually on swampy land. Common habitats are disturbed forests, secondary forests, rubber gardens, oil palm plantations, river banks and roadsides. Midin is usually served in two ways – fried with either garlic or belacan (shrimp paste). The most popular dish that uses midin is midin goreng belacan. Buah dabai, or Canarium odontophyllum in the family Burseraceae, is a native fruit from Sarawak that is used in cooking. Dabai is grown exclusively on the island of Borneo, in the Rajang River basin of central Sarawak, from the interior areas of Kapit all the way out to Sibu and Sarikei on the coast. It is one of the unique foods of Sarawak. The dabai fruit is slightly bigger than a kalamata olive, with a thin, bluish-black skin. Nasi goreng dabai is a Sarawak speciality fried rice in which the main ingredient is buah dabai. The rice is fried with soy sauce, garlic, shallot, chilli, oyster sauce along with dabai and accompanied by other ingredients, particularly egg. The combination of tomatoes, garlic (bawang putih), and onions is found in many dishes in Sarawak. The most important spice in Sarawakian cuisine is pepper. Pepper is commercially produced on an industrial scale as a cash crop, and the preferred choice by local cooks when heat is wanted in a dish. Granted geographical indication (GI) status by the Malaysian Intellectual Property Organisation (MyIPO), Sarawak black pepper is highly regarded by international culinary figures such as Alain Ducasse. Maize, pumpkins and yams are widely used in Sarawakian cuisine. Maize is grown around the same time as padi while pumpkins around the tilled rice and maize fields. Yams are also grown on the peripherals of padi farms.
Meat staples include chicken, pork, beef, and fish. Seafood is popular as a result of the bodies of water surrounding the archipelago. Popular catches include semah, ikan keli, baong, empuarah and prawns. Also popular are meat from deer, wild boars and even bears. Birds can be shot with blowpipes. Guns are not often used because cartridges are beyond the means of many indigenous people. Punai is another small bird the natives of Sarawak catch with sticky nets, and eat after roasting them over a small charcoal fire. Deep-fried punai is often available as part of lelapan (halal) in Miri. Jungle vegetables are found up the hills and down the valleys, and some even by the riverbanks picked out by ancestors of the natives. Palms like pantu, nipah, nibong, coconut and sago continue to be important umbut or upah or shoots the indigenous people retain as delicacies. Native cuisine differs from other cuisines in its simplicity and directness of flavor. The use of wild ginger, daun bungkang and jungle leaves can bring subtle flavours to various dishes.
Method of cooking
Commonly, cooking methods adopted in Sarawakian food are menumis (stir frying), menggoreng (frying), bakar (grilling) and rebus (boiling). Each ethnic group in Sarawak has different styles of preparing, cooking, preserving and eating styles of food. The Orang Ulu, for instance, use garam barrio to preserve meat, fish and vegetables, which is called mengasam. The Iban cook and eat lulun, rice which is cooked in bamboo. Other than that, the traditional cooking methods of the Iban people are also called pansoh or pansuh, which is the preparation and cooking of food in bamboo tubes. Ingredients like poultry, fish, vegetables or rice are mixed with fragrant herbs like lemongrass, tapioca leaves and bungkang leaves (a species of myrtle from the Eugenia genus), then sealed within the bamboo tubes and placed directly over an open fire. The mixture needs to be stuffed into the bamboo logs and chopped tapioca leaves are stuffed at the opening of the logs. Cooking food this way will infuse it with aroma and flavour from the bamboo tubes while keeping it moist. Geographically, the large forest area and style of living have affected the ways native groups' traditional foods were created, prepared and cooked using natural resources. These food treasures, in turn, have contributed to the uniqueness of Sarawakian cuisine.
Popular dishes
Popular dishes in the state include Sarawak laksa, kolo mee, sayur midin belacan, tomato mee, and ayam pansuh. The state is also known for its Sarawak layer cake dessert. Each ethnic group has its own delicacies with different styles of preparing, cooking, and eating food. However, modern technology has altered the methods of cooking native dishes. Examples of ethnic foods are Malay bubur pedas (porridge), the Iban tuak (rice wine) and manok pansoh (bamboo chicken), Bidayuh asam siok (chicken rice)), Melanau tebaloi (sago palm crackers) and umai (raw fish mixed with lime juice), and Orang Ulu urum giruq (pudding). The traditional food of Sarawak has been marketed as a culinary tourism product.
In September 2021, Sarawak Laksa was named the best dish in Asia according to readers' feedback on TasteAtlas.
Common dishes
Sarawak is notable for its rice; currently three varieties grown in Sarawak have been granted geographical indication status by MyIPO.
Among the foods and beverages particular to Sarawak are:
Acar timun Sarawak or Sarawak acar timun or pickled cucumber is a popular Malay dish in Sarawak. It is very different from West Malaysia's acar. It is preserved in vinegar and sugar for days, weeks or even months before being served. As such, the pickles are sweet and sour and full of turmeric and other spice flavours. The julienning of the cucumber is much thinner and longer than nonya acar and they usually do not use cabbage. Julienned carrot is usually used for the purpose of adding colour to the acar. Another distinction of Sarawak acar is that it is eaten with keropok ikan or fish crackers.
Asam siok is a Bidayuh chicken rice that is cooked in bamboo. Asam siok is a Bidayuh delicacy served normally during special occasions such as Gawai and gatherings. This combination includes whole chicken, steamed rice, salt, ginger, lemongrass, tapioca leaves and a small amount of water to boil.
Bee pang is a Chinese traditional type of crispy rice cake that is popular in Sarawak.
Belacan bihun is rice vermicelli dressed in a gravy made from ground chillies, belacan, tamarind, and dried shrimp. It is garnished with cured cuttlefish, julienned cucumber, bean sprouts and century egg wedges.
Bubur kapu is an Iban rice flour dessert or chendol.
Bubur pedas is a type of rice congee cooked with a specially prepared spice paste, or rempah made from turmeric, lemon grass, galangal, chillies, ginger, coconut and shallots. A fairly complex and spicy dish compared to most typical congee preparations, bubur pedas is often prepared during the month of Ramadan and served during the breaking of the fast.
Stir-fried cangkuk manis is sayur manis or sweet leaf stir-fried with red peppers, shallots, garlic, oyster sauce and egg.
Daun ubi tumbuk or pucuk ubi tumbuk is a preparation of cassava leaves (known as empasak by the Iban) which has the consistency of pesto, and is widely eaten among Sarawak's native communities. The pounded leaves may be sauteed with seasonings like anchovies and chilli, stuffed into a bamboo tube and roasted over an open fire, or simply boiled with shallot, fat and salt.
Gula mitai is Sarawak's candy floss. It is made by melting sugar and then pulling and folding it as the sugar cools – like hand-pulled noodles.
Ikan terubuk masin is salt-preserved toli shad, which is endemic to the coastal waters of Sarawak, stretching from Sematan to Lawas. It is considered an iconic delicacy in Sarawak, and thus a prized edible gift.
Kasam ensabi is a fermented vegetable pickle made from an indigenous cultivar of mustard greens (ensabi) and is traditional to the Iban community.
Kolo mee or mee kolok is a dish of springy egg noodles tossed in a sweet and savoury shallot, lard and vinegar dressing, and topped with seasoned minced pork and char siu. It is similar to Peninsular-style Hakka mee or wonton mee in concept, but differs significantly in taste profile. A popular variant uses rendered oil from cooking char siu to flavour kolo mee instead of plain lard, which gives the noodles a reddish hue. Halal versions of kolo mee replace the pork components with beef (earning the moniker of mee sapi) or chicken, and lard with peanut or vegetable oil. Additional toppings can include mushrooms, chicken and crab meat. Kampua mee is a similar dish from Sibu of Fuzhou origin.
Kompia is Chinese bread made with meat, onions, salt and flour. A ball of flour is stuffed with a filling of other desired ingredients and flattened with a rolling pin. It is then slapped onto the sides of a traditional home-made Chinese oven and takes approximately 15 minutes to bake.
Kuching Siew pau is a Chinese baked bun with meat filling.
Laksa Sarawak or kuching laksa is noodles (usually rice vermicelli) served in an aromatic spiced coconut milk soup, topped with shredded chicken, shredded omelette, bean sprouts, prawns, and garnished with coriander. This dish has received endorsement by an American celebrity chef Anthony Bourdain in 2015.
is a staple food for the Melanau people. It is made of sago flour mixed with hot or boiling water.
Manok kacangma is a Chinese-influenced dish, traditionally eaten by local women during confinement after giving birth. It consists of chicken pieces cooked with ginger and kacangma, often seasoned with some Chinese wine or tuak by non-Muslim cooks.
Manok pansoh is the most typical Iban pansoh preparation of chicken seasoned with bungkang leaves, lemongrass, ginger, and tapioca leaves, then stuffed into a bamboo tube and roasted in the uma avok (traditional fireplace). A related Bidayuh dish is asam siok, with the addition of rice to the chicken mixture. These dishes are not commonly found in urban eateries and restaurants due to the practicality of roasting a bamboo tube over an open fire within a typical commercial kitchen.
Mee sapi is a noodle dish which typically uses noodles similar to kolok mee. However, mee sapi is different in the sense that it is served with a beef-based broth and topped with generous amounts of beansprouts and beef slices.
Midin is a vegetable dish where the young fronds of the Stenochlaena palustris fern are stir-fried with garlic, dry shrimps or shrimp paste (belacan).
Nasi aruk Sarawak is a traditional Sarawakian Malay nasi goreng or fried rice. Unlike nasi goreng, nasi aruk does not use any oil to fry the rice. The ingredients are garlic, onion and anchovies, fried with very little oil and then rice. The rice must be fried for a longer time (compared to frying rice for nasi goreng) for the smoky or slightly burnt taste to absorb into the rice. It is common to see nasi aruk on the menu at Malay coffee shops and stalls throughout Sarawak.
Nasi goreng dabai is rice stir-fried with dabai (Canarium odontophyllum), an indigenous fruit found only in Sarawak. It is often compared to an olive, due to its similarity in appearance as well as taste. As dabai is highly perishable and seasonal in nature, this dish is also prepared with preserved dabai paste.
Nasi goreng ikan terubuk masin is a Sarawak specialty which is made of fried rice served with fried salt-preserved toli shad.
Nasi lelapan is a rice dish that is popular in Miri, Sarawak. Usually, there is one main dish (either fried fish, chicken or sliced of beef) accompanied by seven side dishes (mainly fresh vegetables, ulam, tempe, fried tofu) and sambal belacan (chilli blended with shrimp paste). This hot dish is served with steamed rice.
Nasi mak entek is a rice dish served with chicken, baked beans, boiled egg and sambal belacan (chilli paste). This dish is popular in Samarahan, Sarawak.
Nuba laya is cooked bario rice which is mashed and wrapped in leaves of the phacelophrynium maximum plant. It is considered the centerpiece of a meal for the Lun Bawang and Kelabit people. Accompaniments may include a small bowl of porridge (kikid), shredded beef cooked with wild ginger and dried chilli (labo senutuq), deboned shredded fish (a'beng), wild jungle vegetables prepared in various ways, and so on.
Roti canai goreng Kapit or Kapit fried flatbread is a unique and popular dish in Kapit, Sarawak. The flat bread is composed of dough containing fat, flour, and water that is fried in oil. It is fluffy inside but crispy and flaky outside. It is served hot with chicken curry and hot spicy sauce (sambal).
Sio bee is Kuching's version of siu mai. It is popular among the Chinese in Sarawak. The difference between siu mai and sio bee is that siu mai contains pork and shrimp while sio bee is stuffed only with pork.
Sinamu baka is a Lun Bawang/Lundayeh traditional food. This is a tangy fermented food same like Bosuo but the differences is Sinamu Baka only suitable for wild bear meat.
Sup Terung Dayak is a popular soup dish made with a native cultivar of wild eggplant, which is spherical in shape and slightly larger than a navel orange. Also called terung asam due to its natural tart flavour, this eggplant species comes in bright hues ranging from yellow to orange. Other ingredients for the soup may include fish, prawns, or fish products (dried, salted or smoked fish).
Sup paku kubok is a hairy fern soup cooked with ikan bilis (anchovy) and ginger.
Sup ponas Bidayuh is a Bidayuh soup dish made of tapioca, lemongrass and other herbs.
Tebaloi is a sago biscuit snack which is traditionally associated with the Melanau people of Sarawak.
Tomato mee is a noodle dish in tomato sauce.
Umai is a traditional Melanau food, accompanied with a bowl of baked or toasted sago pearls. There are two different versions of umai – the traditional sambal campur and a more contemporary variation called sambal cecah jeb. The former is a raw seafood salad which consists of raw sliced seafood (anything from freshwater and seawater fish, prawns and even jellyfish) cured in calamansi lime juice, tossed with ground peanuts, sliced onions and chilies. For umai jeb, the raw sliced seafood is undressed, and is simply dipped into a spicy sauce for consumption.
Beverages
Non-alcoholic beverages
Teh C Peng Special is a popular local tea in Sarawak. Its name is derived from the local speak for iced (peng) tea (teh) with evaporated milk (C). This tea is an iced concoction of brewed tea, evaporated milk and gula apong (nirah palm sugar) syrup, carefully presented un-stirred in three or more layers. Originally from Kuching, its popularity has spread to other areas of Sarawak as well as neighbouring Sabah. The drink White Lady is also popular; it is a shaved iced concoction with evaporated milk, mango juice, longan and pineapple. Invented in 1975 by a Kuching hawker, multiple variations can be found in various hawker stalls throughout the city.
Alcoholic beverages
Tuak is a type of traditional alcoholic beverage in Sarawak's Dayak communities. It is made with glutinous rice or a mixture of fragrant rice and glutinous rice or just fragrant rice. The process of making tuak involves fermentation of the cooked rice where the starch in the rice is converted into sugar, which is then fermented to produce alcohol. However, there is no accepted convention or definition on what constitutes tuak. Tuak is essentially an alcoholic drink produced by fermenting anything that contains carbohydrates, as long as it is made in Sarawak by Sarawakians. Tuak is normally served as a welcoming drink to guests, and as an important component for ritual events and festive occasions like Gawai and Christmas. Another type of a stronger alcoholic drink is called langkau, which contains a higher alcohol content because it is actually made of tuak which has been distilled over fire to boil off the alcohol, cooled and collected into containers. The Bidayuh also use distilling methods to make arak tonok, a kind of moonshine. The Bidayuh in particular are known for their skill and expertise in brewing tuak: ingredients for tuak variants include sugarcane (tepui), tampoi (a wild fruit with a sweet and tart flavour), pineapples and apples. Tepui is an alcoholic drink which is quite similar to tuak. Because it is made out of sugarcane juice, this alcoholic drink is both a smooth and soothing drink, compared to tuak and langkau. Normally, Bidayuh people drink tepui right after dinner.
Cakes
Kek lapis Sarawak or Sarawak layer cake is a layered cake with unique patterns of interlaced of tasty layers and variety of flavours. It is a specialty of the Malay in Sarawak that is served during festive seasons and special occasions. They are often baked for religious or cultural celebrations such as Eid ul-Fitr, Christmas, birthdays and weddings. People in Malaysia practice an open house on feast days. A unique feature of Sarawak's open houses is the modern layered cakes. Sarawak layered cake with its elaborate pattern and variety of flavours is not only popular among the locals but also among visitors as gifts or for one's own consumption.
The cake got its name from its multiple-layer taste and presentation; it must have at least two colours. Among the ingredients for making this cake are flour, butter or vegetable oil, milk, eggs and other ingredients required for the desired flavour. The mixture is thoroughly mixed either manually or using an electric mixer. Special moulds are used for the cake requiring an elaborate design and patterns to maintain the perfect layer thickness. The multiple layers and patterns are achieved by pouring thin layers of different flavoured batter on top of each one another before the cake is baked. Different bakers have different styles and presentations. Some have more elaborate patterns and designs, while others prefer a simple multiple-layer style.
See also
List of Malaysian dishes
Malaysian cuisine
Penang cuisine
Sabahan cuisine
References
External links
Sarawak |
29995267 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell%20Goodman | Mitchell Goodman | Mitchell Goodman (December 13, 1923 – February 1, 1997) was an American writer, teacher, and activist. He is best known for his role in the Vietnam draft resistance movement, which drew the high-profile 1968 federal prosecution of the "Boston Five."
Life and career
Mitchell Goodman was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1923. His parents, Irving and Adele, were first and second generation Jewish immigrants and were well off until Irving lost his clothing store in the Great Depression. Goodman was given a scholarship to Harvard and was at college when the U.S. entered World War II. He was trained as a Second Lieutenant forward observer in an artillery battalion, but was not deployed overseas. He traveled to Europe following the war, where he met the poet Denise Levertov. The two were married in 1947 and continued lived briefly in France and Italy before moving to the U.S. to Greenwich Village in 1948. A son was born in 1949. These experiences informed his vivid 1961 anti-war novel The End of It, which focuses on an American soldier's experience in the Italian campaign. The book received a positive reception from critics and prominent literary figures such as William Carlos Williams, and Norman Mailer.
In the mid 1960s Goodman and Levertov both became prominent in the anti-war movement.The two began by running paid advertisements in national publications with statements of protest signed by writers, artists and others. In March 1966, he was involved in organizing the Fifth Avenue Peace parade in New York City, in which an estimated 30,000 people took part. In March 1967 Goodman led a walkout during Vice President Hubert Humphrey's address at the National Book Awards, in which he shouted, "Vice President, we are burning women and children in Vietnam, and you and we are responsible!" The quote was carried in newspapers nationwide. Later that year, as described in the opening of Norman Mailer's book The Armies of the Night, Goodman helped organize the anti-Vietnam war demonstration at the Pentagon in October 1967, the first national protest against the war. As part of the planning for this event, he circulated a pamphlet stating: We are planning an act of direct creative resistance to the war and the draft in Washington on Friday, October 20... . We will appear at the Justice Department together with 30 or 40 young men brought by us to Washington to represent the 24 Resistance groups from all over the country. There we will present to the Attorney General the draft cards turned in locally by these groups on October 16... . We will, in a clear, simple ceremony, make concrete our affirmation of support for these young men who are the spearhead of direct resistance to the war and all of its machinery... . [Signed] Mitchell Goodman, Henry Braun, Denise Levertov, Noam Chomsky, William Sloane Coffin, Dwight Macdonald. Prior to the protest, Goodman was one among the writers of "A Call To Resist Illegitimate Authority"; he became a member of the steering committee of the anti-war group Resist, which emerged from that Call. The "Call to Resist" expressed moral and religious outrage against the war in Vietnam, its unconstitutionality, war crimes, and the forced military service of conscientious objectors. It concluded by committing its signers to continue to provide material and moral support to draft resisters. The "Call" was published in the New Republic and the New York Review of Books with over three hundred signatures of prominent writers, activists and clergy on October 12, 1967.
These documents and his protest actions led to his indictment for conspiring to council, aid and abet violations of the Selective Service law and to hinder administration of the draft. He was indicted for conspiracy alongside Benjamin Spock, a famous doctor and author, Marcus Raskin, leader of a Washington think tank, Rev. William Sloane Coffin, chaplain at Yale, and Michael Ferber, a graduate student at Harvard, in what became known as the "Boston Five" conspiracy trial. The defendants stood by their support of draft resisters, but denied the conspiracy charges. The defendants and others in the resistance movement had hoped to put the morality and legitimacy of the war on trial, but were largely precluded by Judge Ford, who was widely seen to favor the prosecution. Nevertheless, the defendants' principled stand and stature as professionals was seen by many as lending mainstream legitimacy to the actions of youthful draft resisters. The trial and its appeals were covered extensively in the media, and in a book by Jessica Mitford, published in 1969.
All the defendants were convicted and sentenced to two years in prison, except for Raskin, who did not advocate civil disobedience, but merely an inquest into the legality of the war. The conviction was appealed, and the appellate court ruled that Judge Ford had overstepped in his instructions to the jury by giving a list of ten yes or no questions to be answered as part of their deliberation, a list which had possibly been drawn up in collaboration with the prosecution. Spock and Ferber were acquitted by the appeals court, which ruled that their actions were covered by the right to free speech in the First Amendment. However, Goodman and Rev. Coffin were ruled to have been more closely involved with the illegal acts in the draft card protests, and so were to be retried in the Federal District Court. The Justice Department declined to pursue the case, stating that a conviction for conspiracy would be too hard to win given that three of the original conspirators had been acquitted. Others believed that the Justice Department did not want to give further publicity to the case. Jessica Mitford and Alan Dershowitz have argued that the prosecution for conspiracy rather than for specific crimes was an attempt to repress organized public opposition to the war. Evidence for this view includes the indictment, which cited "diverse other persons, some known and others unknown" belonging to the conspiracy, implying they could also be prosecuted. Also, the prosecutor John Wall went as far as pursuing the "applause theory," that those who expressed public support for the defendants statements could be considered part of the conspiracy.
In a letter published in the New York Review of Books April 10, 1969, the day after the dismissal of his case, Goodman stated that student-run draft resistance groups, such as The Resistance, were the cutting edge of the anti-war movement, and by risking and serving jail time, were the "bravest guys in America." He did not accept the charge of "inciting" draft resistance because he felt that did not account for the strength of the individual moral decisions taken by the draft resistors in the face of severe personal consequences. He also gave credit to tens of thousands of people who stood up to what he considered government intimidation by taking part in similar public protests, or by signing letters of solidarity requesting to be indicted on the same conspiracy charges as the "Boston Five."
From 1968 to 1970 Goodman, along with collaborators Robbie Kahn Pfeufer and Kathy Mulherin, assembled a compendium of source material from the political movements of the preceding decade and a half entitled The Movement Toward a New America: The Beginnings of a Long Revolution. Described in a New York Times review as a "telephone-book thick proceedings" of 750 pages, it includes essays, manifestos, journalism, and reflections from mainstream publications, radical magazines and student newspapers. Self-declared as, "1. A Comprehension, 2. A Compendium, 3. A Handbook, 4. A Guide, 5. A History, 6. A Revolution Kit, 7. A Work-in-Progress," the book captured the ferment at the height of The Movement through sheer force of inclusiveness. Although out of print today, it remains a monumental assemblage of first hand cultural references from the radical movements of the 1960s.
In his later years, Goodman resided in Temple, Maine where he wrote poetry and took part in local politics, including standing in solidarity with the workers in the International Paper strike in Jay, Maine. He and Denise Levertov divorced in 1975. He died in 1997, months before Levertov.
Partial bibliography
1961 – The End of It: A Novel. New York, Horizon Press. (Republished 1989 by Farrar Straus & Giroux with a foreword by Gloria Emerson)
1970 – The Movement Toward a New America: The Beginnings of a Long Revolution; (A Collage) A What? 1. A Comprehension 2. A Compendium 3. A Handbook 4. A Guide 5. A History 6. A Revolution Kit 7. A Work-in-Progress. New York: United Church Press; Pilgrim Press; Knopf; Random House
1984 – A Life in Common: Poems. South Harpswell, ME: Dog Ear Press
1989 – More Light: Selected Poems. South Harpswell, ME: Dog Ear Press
References
1923 births
1997 deaths
American anti-war activists
20th-century American Jews
Harvard University alumni
20th-century American writers
Writers from Brooklyn
People from Temple, Maine
20th-century American male writers
People from Greenwich Village |
1881169 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod%20Archelaus | Herod Archelaus | Herod Archelaus (, Hērōidēs Archelaos; 23 BC – ) was the ethnarch of Samaria, Judea, and Idumea, including the cities Caesarea and Jaffa, for nine years (). He was the son of Herod the Great and Malthace the Samaritan, brother of Herod Antipas, and half-brother of Herod II. Archelaus (a name meaning "leading the people") came to power after the death of his father Herod the Great in 4 BC, and ruled over one-half of the territorial dominion of his father. Archelaus was removed by the Roman emperor Augustus when Judaea province was formed under direct Roman rule, at the time of the Census of Quirinius.
Biography
Josephus writes that Herod the Great (father of Archelaus) was in Jericho at the time of his death. Just prior to his final trip to Jericho, he was deeply involved in a religious conflagration. Herod had placed a golden eagle over the Temple entrance which was perceived as blasphemous. The eagle was chopped down with axes. Two teachers and approximately 40 other youths were arrested for this act and immolated. Herod defended his works and offered an attack on his predecessors, the dynastic Hasmoneans. Herod killed all male lineal successors of the Hasmoneans. The Pharisees had long attacked the Hasmoneans as well, as having parentage from Greeks while under bondage. This racial slur was repeated by the Pharisees through the rule of Alexander Jannaeus and Queen Salome.
With this explicit background given, Josephus began an exposition of the days of Archelaus' reign before Passover of 4 BC. Archelaus dressed in white and ascended a golden throne and appeared to be kind to the populace in Jerusalem in order to appease their desires for lower taxes and an end to the (political) imprisonment of Herod's enemies. The demeanor of the questioning appeared to turn at some point, and the crowd began to call for the punishment of those of Herod's people who ordered the death of the two teachers and the 40 youths. They also demanded the replacement of the High Priest, from the appointed High Priest of Herod's to a High Priest, "of greater piety and purity". Josephus does not tell who would be "of greater piety and purity". To this request, Archelaus acceded, although he was becoming angry at the presumptions of the crowds. Archelaus asked for moderation and told the crowds that all would be well if they would put aside their animosities and wait until he was confirmed king by Caesar Augustus.
Archelaus then left to feast with his friends. It was evening and as the darkness settled, a mourning and wailing began over the city. Archelaus began to worry as people started streaming into the temple area and those who wailed for the loss of the teachers continued their very loud mourning. The people were escalating in their threatening behavior. Henry St. John Thackeray's translation of Josephus here states it thus: "The promoters of the mourning for the doctors stood in the body of the temple, procuring recruits for their faction". Josephus does not tell us who these "promoters of the mourning", who recruit from within a body inside the Temple, could have been.
Archelaus then sent a general, some other people, and finally a "tribune in Command of a Cohort" to reason with these "Seditionists", to stop their "innovations" and wait until Archelaus could return from Rome and Caesar. Those who came from Archelaus were stoned, with many killed. After the stoning, those who stoned the soldiers returned to their sacrifices, as if nothing had happened. Josephus does not tell who performed the sacrifices in the Temple. It was after midnight, and Archelaus suddenly ordered the entire army into the city to the temple. Josephus records the death toll at 3000. Archelaus sent heralds around the city announcing the cancellation of Passover.
Archelaus quickly sailed to Caesar and faced a group of enemies – his own family. Antipas, the younger brother of Archelaus who was deposed from Herod's will days earlier, argued that Archelaus merely feigned grief for his father, crying during the day and involved with great "merriment" during the night. The threats carried out by Archelaus ending in the death of 3000 in the Temple were not just threats to the worshipers in Jerusalem at Passover, but also amounted to a threat to Caesar himself, since Archelaus acted in every manner a king, before such title had been given by Caesar.
At this point, Nicolaus of Damascus argued to Caesar that Archelaus acted appropriately and that Herod's will, supposedly written a few weeks prior (yielding the kingship to Archelaus and against Antipater), should be seen as valid. The change of this will in favor of Archelaus is given as Herod's true choice and, it is argued, occurred with Herod being in his right mind since he left the final decision to Caesar. The change of the will appears as one of Herod's last acts and it is attested from Jericho by one "Ptolemy", keeper of Herod's Seal. Nicholaus of Damascus had been Herod's confidant for years. He was loyal to Rome. Ptolemy was Nicholaus of Damascus' brother.
Archelaus, at the conclusion of the arguments, fell at Caesar's feet. Caesar raised him up and stated that Archelaus "was worthy to succeed his father". Caesar gave Archelaus the title of ethnarch and divided the kingdom. Rome would consolidate its power later.
Thus, Archelaus received the tetrarchy of Judea through the last will of his father, though a previous will had bequeathed it to his brother Antipas. He was proclaimed king by the army, but declined to assume the title until he had submitted his claims to Caesar Augustus in Rome. In Rome he was opposed by Antipas and by many of the Jews, who feared his cruelty, based on the murder of 3000; but in 4 BC Augustus allotted to him the greater part of the kingdom (Samaria, Judea, and Idumea) with the title of ethnarch (a ruler of an ethnic group).
The first wife of Archelaus is given by Josephus simply as Mariamne, perhaps Mariamne III, daughter of Aristobulus IV, whom he divorced to marry Glaphyra. She was the widow of Archelaus' brother Alexander, though her second husband, Juba, king of Mauretania, was alive. This violation of the Mosaic law, along with Archelaus' continued cruelty, roused the ire of the Jews, who complained to Augustus. Archelaus fell into disrepute and was deposed in his 10th year of reign as ethnarch, being banished to Vienna (today Vienne) in Gaul. Samaria, Judea proper, and Idumea became the Roman province of Judaea.
Biblical references
Archelaus is mentioned in the Gospel of Matthew (chapter 2 verse 13–23). An angel of the Lord appeared to Joseph in a dream and told him to get up and take Mary and Jesus and flee to Egypt to avoid the Massacre of the Innocents. When Herod the Great died, Joseph was told by an angel in a dream to return to the land of Israel (presumably to Bethlehem). However, upon hearing that Archelaus had succeeded his father as ruler of Judaea he "was afraid to go there" (Matthew 2:22), and was again warned in a dream by God "and turned aside to the region of" Galilee. This is Matthew's explanation of why Jesus was born in Bethlehem in Judea but grew up in Nazareth.
The beginning and conclusion of Jesus' parable of the minas in the Gospel of Luke, chapter 19, may refer to Archelaus' journey to Rome. Some interpreters conclude from this that Jesus' parables and preaching made use of events familiar to the people as examples for bringing his spiritual lessons to life. Others read the allusion as arising from later adaptations of Jesus' parables in the oral tradition, before the parables were recorded in the gospels.
A nobleman went into a far country to receive for himself a kingdom and then return ... But his citizens hated him and sent a delegation after him, saying, "We do not want this man to reign over us." ... "But as for these enemies of mine," [said the nobleman,] "who did not want me to reign over them, bring them here and slaughter them before me." (, , )
See also
Herodian dynasty
Herodian kingdom
List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources
References
External links
ARCHELAUS by Abraham Schalit. Encyclopaedia Judaica article at Encyclopedia.com
Herod Archelaus at Livius.org
Archelaus by Richard Gottheil and Louis Ginzberg at The Jewish Encyclopedia
23 BC births
18 deaths
1st-century BC Herodian rulers
1st-century Herodian rulers
Jews and Judaism in the Roman Empire
Herodian dynasty
People in the canonical gospels
Roman client monarchs
Jewish royalty
1st-century monarchs in the Middle East
Herod the Great
Judea (Roman province)
1st-century BCE Jews
1st-century Jews
Census of Quirinius |
244283 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English%20compound | English compound | A compound is a word composed of more than one free morpheme. The English language, like many others, uses compounds frequently. English compounds may be classified in several ways, such as the word classes or the semantic relationship of their components.
History
English inherits the ability to form compounds from its parent the Proto-Indo-European language and expands on it. Close to two-thirds of the words in the Old English poem Beowulf are found to be compounds. Of all the types of word-formation in English, compounding is said to be the most productive.
Compound nouns
Most English compound nouns are noun phrases (i.e. nominal phrases) that include a noun modified by adjectives or noun adjuncts. Due to the English tendency toward conversion, the two classes are not always easily distinguished. Most English compound nouns that consist of more than two words can be constructed recursively by combining two words at a time. Combining "science" and "fiction", and then combining the resulting compound with "writer", for example, can construct the compound "science-fiction writer". Some compounds, such as salt and pepper or mother-of-pearl, cannot be constructed in this way, however.
Types of compound nouns
Native English compound
Since English is a mostly analytic language, unlike most other Germanic languages, it creates compounds by concatenating words without case markers. As in other Germanic languages, the compounds may be arbitrarily long. However, this is obscured by the fact that the written representation of long compounds always contains spaces. Short compounds may be written in three different forms, which do not correspond to different pronunciations, though:
The or form consisting of newer combinations of usually longer words, such as "distance learning", "player piano", "ice cream".
The form in which two or more words are connected by a hyphen. Are often hyphenated:
Compounds that contain affixes: "house-build(er)" and "single-mind(ed)(ness)",
Adjective–adjective compounds: "blue-green",
Verb–verb compounds: "freeze-dried",
Compounds that contain articles, prepositions or conjunctions: "rent-a-cop", "mother-of-pearl" and "salt-and-pepper".
The or form in which two usually moderately short words appear together as one. Solid compounds most likely consist of short (monosyllabic) units that often have been established in the language for a long time. Examples are "housewife", "lawsuit", "wallpaper", "basketball".
Usage in the US and in the UK differs and often depends on the individual choice of the writer rather than on a hard-and-fast rule; therefore, spaced, hyphenated, and solid forms may be encountered for the same compound noun, such as the triplets place name/place-name/placename and particle board/particle-board/particleboard.
Neo-classical compound
In addition to this native English compounding, there is the neo-classical type, which consists of words derived from Classical Latin, as horticulture, and those of Ancient Greek origin, such as photography, the components of which are in bound form (connected by connecting vowels, which are most often -i- and -o- in Classical Latin and Ancient Greek respectively) and cannot stand alone.
Analyzability (transparency)
In general, the meaning of a compound noun is a specialization of the meaning of its head. The modifier limits the meaning of the head. This is most obvious in descriptive compounds (known as karmadharaya compounds in the Sanskrit tradition), in which the modifier is used in an attributive or appositional manner. A blackboard is a particular kind of board, which is (generally) black, for instance.
In determinative compounds, however, the relationship is not attributive. For example, a footstool is not a particular type of stool that is like a foot. Rather, it is a stool for one's foot or feet. (It can be used for sitting on, but that is not its primary purpose.) In a similar manner, an office manager is the manager of an office, an armchair is a chair with arms, and a raincoat is a coat against the rain. These relationships, which are expressed by prepositions in English, would be expressed by grammatical case in other languages. (Compounds of this type are known as tatpurusha in the Sanskrit tradition.)
Both of the above types of compounds are called endocentric compounds because the semantic head is contained within the compound itself—a blackboard is a type of board, for example, and a footstool is a type of stool.
However, in another common type of compound, the exocentric (known as a bahuvrihi compound in the Sanskrit tradition), the semantic head is not explicitly expressed. A redhead, for example, is not a kind of head, but is a person with red hair. Similarly, a blockhead is also not a head, but a person with a head that is as hard and unreceptive as a block (i.e. stupid). And a lionheart is not a type of heart, but a person with a heart like a lion (in its bravery, courage, fearlessness, etc.).
There is a general way to tell the two apart. In a compound "[X . Y]":
Can one substitute Y with a noun that is a Y, or a verb that does Y? This is an endocentric compound.
Can one substitute Y with a noun that is with Y? This is an exocentric compound.
Exocentric compounds occur more often in adjectives than nouns. A V-8 car is a car with a V-8 engine rather than a car that is a V-8, and a twenty-five-dollar car is a car with a worth of $25, not a car that is $25. The compounds shown here are bare, but more commonly, a suffixal morpheme is added, such as -ed: a two-legged person is a person with two legs, and this is exocentric.
On the other hand, endocentric adjectives are also frequently formed, using the suffixal morphemes -ing or -er/or. A people-carrier is a clear endocentric determinative compound: it is a thing that is a carrier of people. The related adjective, car-carrying, is also endocentric: it refers to an object which is a carrying-thing (or equivalently, which does carry).
These types account for most compound nouns, but there are other, rarer types as well. Coordinative, copulative or dvandva compounds combine elements with a similar meaning, and the compound meaning may be a generalization instead of a specialization. Bosnia-Herzegovina, for example, is the combined area of Bosnia and Herzegovina, but a fighter-bomber is an aircraft that is both a fighter and a bomber. Iterative or amredita compounds repeat a single element, to express repetition or as an emphasis. Day by day and go-go are examples of this type of compound, which has more than one head.
Analyzability may be further limited by cranberry morphemes and semantic changes. For instance, the word butterfly, commonly thought to be a metathesis for flutter by, which the bugs do, is actually based on an old wives' tale that butterflies are small witches that steal butter from window sills. Cranberry is a part translation from Low German, which is why we cannot recognize the element cran (from the Low German kraan or kroon, "crane"). The ladybird or ladybug was named after the Christian expression "our Lady, the Virgin Mary".
In the case of verb+noun compounds, the noun may be either the subject or the object of the verb. In playboy, for example, the noun is the subject of the verb (the boy plays), whereas it is the object in callgirl (someone calls the girl).
Sound patterns
Stress patterns may distinguish a compound word from a noun phrase consisting of the same component words. For example, a black board, adjective plus noun, is any board that is black, and has equal stress on both elements. The compound blackboard, on the other hand, though it may have started out historically as black board, now is stressed on only the first element, black. Thus a compound such as the White House normally has a falling intonation which a phrase such as a white house does not.
Compound modifiers
English compound modifiers are constructed in a very similar way to the compound noun. Blackboard Jungle, leftover ingredients, gunmetal sheen, and green monkey disease are only a few examples.
A compound modifier is a sequence of modifiers of a noun that function as a single unit. It consists of two or more words (adjectives, gerunds, or nouns) of which the left-hand component modifies the right-hand one, as in "the dark-green dress": dark modifies the green that modifies dress.
Solid compound modifiers
There are some well-established permanent compound modifiers that have become solid over a longer period, especially in American usage: earsplitting, eyecatching, and downtown.
However, in British usage, these, apart from downtown, are more likely written with a hyphen: ear-splitting, eye-catching.
Other solid compound modifiers are for example:
Numbers that are spelled out and have the suffix -fold added: "fifteenfold", "sixfold".
Points of the compass: northwest, northwestern, northwesterly, northwestwards. In British usage, the hyphenated and open versions are more common: north-western, north-westerly, north west, north-westwards.
Hyphenated compound modifiers
Major style guides advise consulting a dictionary to determine whether a compound modifier should be hyphenated; the dictionary's hyphenation should be followed even when the compound modifier follows a noun (that is, regardless of whether in attributive or predicative position), because they are permanent compounds (whereas the general rule with temporary compounds is that hyphens are omitted in the predicative position because they are used only when necessary to prevent misreading, which is usually only in the attributive position, and even there, only on a case-by-case basis).
Generally, a compound modifier is hyphenated if the hyphen helps the reader differentiate a compound modifier from two adjacent modifiers that modify the noun independently. Compare the following examples:
"small appliance industry": a small industry producing appliances
"small-appliance industry": an industry producing small appliances
The hyphen is unneeded when capitalization or italicization makes grouping clear:
"old English scholar": an old person who is English and a scholar, or an old scholar who studies English
"Old English scholar": a scholar of Old English.
"De facto proceedings" (not "de-facto")
If, however, there is no risk of ambiguities, it may be written without a hyphen: Sunday morning walk (a "walk on Sunday morning" is practically the same as a "morning walk on Sunday").
Hyphenated compound modifiers may have been formed originally by an adjective preceding a noun, when this phrase in turn precedes another noun:
"Round table" → "round-table discussion"
"Blue sky" → "blue-sky law"
"Red light" → "red-light district"
"Four wheels" → "four-wheel drive" (historically, the singular or root is used, not the plural)
Others may have originated with a verb preceding an adjective or adverb:
"Feel good" → "feel-good factor"
"Buy now, pay later" → "buy-now pay-later purchase"
Yet others are created with an original verb preceding a preposition.
"Stick on" → "stick-on label"
"Walk on" → "walk-on part"
"Stand by" → "stand-by fare"
"Roll on, roll off" → "roll-on roll-off ferry"
The following compound modifiers are always hyphenated when they are not written as one word:
An adjective preceding a noun to which -d or -ed has been added as a past-participle construction, used before a noun:
"loud-mouthed hooligan"
"middle-aged lady"
"rose-tinted glasses"
A noun, adjective, or adverb preceding a present participle:
"an awe-inspiring personality"
"a long-lasting affair"
"a far-reaching decision"
Numbers, whether or not spelled out, that precede a noun:
"seven-year itch"
"five-sided polygon"
"20th-century poem"
"30-piece band"
"tenth-storey window"
"a 20-year-old man" (as a compound modifier) and "the 20-year-old" (as a compound noun)—but "a man, who is 20 years old"
A numeral with the affix -fold has a hyphen (15-fold), but when spelled out takes a solid construction (fifteenfold).
Numbers, spelled out or not, with added -odd: sixteen-odd, 70-odd.
Compound modifiers with high- or low-: "high-level discussion", "low-price markup".
Colours in compounds:
"a dark-blue sweater"
"a reddish-orange dress".
Fractions as modifiers are hyphenated: "two-thirds majority", but if numerator or denominator are already hyphenated, the fraction itself does not take a hyphen: "a thirty-three thousandth part". (Fractions used as nouns have no hyphens: "I ate two thirds of the pie.")
Comparatives and superlatives in compound adjectives also take hyphens:
"the highest-placed competitor"
"a shorter-term loan"
However, a construction with most is not hyphenated:
"the most respected member".
Compounds including two geographical modifiers:
"Anglo-Indian"
But not
"Central American", which refers to people from a specific geographical region
"African American", as a hyphen is seen to disparage minority populations as a hyphenated ethnicity
The following compound modifiers are not normally hyphenated:
Compound modifiers that are not hyphenated in the relevant dictionary or that are unambiguous without a hyphen.
Where there is no risk of ambiguity:
"a Sunday morning walk"
Left-hand components of a compound modifier that end in -ly and that modify right-hand components that are past participles (ending in -ed):
"a hotly disputed subject"
"a greatly improved scheme"
"a distantly related celebrity"
Compound modifiers that include comparatives and superlatives with more, most, less or least:
"a more recent development"
"the most respected member"
"a less opportune moment"
"the least expected event"
Ordinarily hyphenated compounds with intensive adverbs in front of adjectives:
"very much admired classicist"
"really well accepted proposal"
Using a group of compound nouns containing the same "head"
Special rules apply when multiple compound nouns with the same "head" are used together, often with a conjunction (and with hyphens and commas if they are needed).
The third- and fourth-grade teachers met with the parents.
Both full- and part-time employees will get raises this year.
We don't see many 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children around here.
Compound verbs
A compound verb is usually composed of an adverb and a verb, although other combinations also exist. The term compound verb was first used in publication in Grattan and Gurrey's Our Living Language (1925).
Some compound verbs are difficult to analyze morphologically because several derivations are plausible. Blacklist, for instance, might be analyzed as an adjective+verb compound, or as an adjective+noun compound that becomes a verb through zero derivation. Most compound verbs originally have the collective meaning of both components, but some of them later gain additional meanings that may supersede the original, emergent sense. Therefore, sometimes the resultant meanings are seemingly barely related to the original contributors.
Compound verbs composed of a noun and verb are comparatively rare, and the noun is generally not the direct object of the verb.
Examples of compound verbs following the pattern of indirect-object+verb include "hand wash" (e.g. "you wash it by hand" ~> "you handwash it"), and "breastfeed" (e.g. "she feeds the baby with/by/from her breast" ~> "she breastfeeds the baby").
Examples of non-existent direct-object+verb compound verbs would be *"bread-bake" (e.g. "they bake bread" ~> *"they bread-bake") and *"car-drive" (e.g. "they drive a car" ~> *"they car-drive").
Note the example of a compound like "foxhunt": although this matches the direct-object+verb pattern, it is not grammatically used in a sentence as a verb, but rather as a noun (e.g. "they're hunting foxes tomorrow" ~> "they're going on a foxhunt tomorrow", but "not" *"they're foxhunting tomorrow").
Hyphenation
Compound verbs with single-syllable modifiers are often solid, or unhyphenated. Those with longer modifiers may originally be hyphenated, but as they became established, they became solid, e.g.
overhang (English origin)
counterattack (Latin origin)
There was a tendency in the 18th century to use hyphens excessively, that is, to hyphenate all previously established solid compound verbs. American English, however, has diminished the use of hyphens, while British English is more conservative.
Phrasal verbs
English syntax distinguishes between phrasal verbs and adverbial adjuncts. Consider the following sentences:
I held up my hand implies that I raised my hand.
I held up the negotiations implies that I delayed the negotiations.
I held up the bank to the highest standard implies that I demanded model behavior regarding the bank.
I held up the bank implies either (a) that I robbed the bank or (b) that I lifted upward a bank [either literally, as for a toy bank, or figuratively, as in putting a bank forward as an example of something (although usually then the sentence would end with ... as an exemplar. or similar)].
Each of the foregoing sentences implies a contextually distinguishable meaning of the word, "up," but the fourth sentence may differ syntactically, depending on whether it intends meaning (a) or (b). Specifically, the first three sentences render held up as a phrasal verb that expresses an idiomatic, figurative, or metaphorical sense that depends on the contextual meaning of the particle, "up." The fourth sentence, however, ambiguously renders up either as (a) a particle that complements "held," or as (b) an adverb that modifies "held." The ambiguity is minimized by rewording and providing more context to the sentences under discussion:
I held my hand up implies that I raised my hand.
I held the negotiations up implies that I delayed the negotiations.
I held the bank up to the highest standard implies that I expect model behavior regarding the bank.
I held the bank up upstairs implies that I robbed the upstairs bank.
I held the bank up the stairs implies that I lifted a (toy) bank along an upstairs route.
Thus, the fifth sentence renders "up" as the head word of an adverbial prepositional phrase that modifies, the verb, held. The first four sentences remain phrasal verbs.
The Oxford English Grammar () distinguishes seven types of phrasal verbs in English:
intransitive phrasal verbs (e.g. give in)
transitive phrasal verbs (e.g. find out [discover])
monotransitive prepositional verbs (e.g. look after [care for])
doubly transitive prepositional verbs (e.g. blame [something] on [someone])
copular prepositional verbs. (e.g. serve as)
monotransitive phrasal-prepositional verbs (e.g. look up to [respect])
doubly transitive phrasal-prepositional verbs (e.g. put [something] down to [someone] [attribute to])
English has a number of other kinds of compound verb idioms. There are compound verbs with two verbs (e.g. make do). These too can take idiomatic prepositions (e.g. get rid of). There are also idiomatic combinations of verb and adjective (e.g. come true, run amok) and verb and adverb (make sure), verb and fixed noun (e.g. go ape); and these, too, may have fixed idiomatic prepositions (e.g. take place on).
Misuses of the term
"Compound verb" is often confused with:
"verb phrase"/"verbal phrase"—Headed by a verb, many verbal phrases are multi-word but some are one-word: a verb (which could be a compound verb).
"phrasal verb"—A sub-type of verb phrase, which has a particle before or after the verb, often having a more or less idiomatic meaning.
"complex verb"—A type of complex phrase: In linguistics, while both "compound" and "complex" contrast with "simple", they are not synonymous (simple involves a single element, compound involves multiple similar elements, complex involves multiple dissimilar elements).
See also
Metaphor
Phrasal verb
Portmanteau
Syllabic abbreviations
Morphology
Notes
References
Bibliography
Compound |
44946339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knesseth%20Israel%20Congregation%20%28Birmingham%2C%20Alabama%29 | Knesseth Israel Congregation (Birmingham, Alabama) | Knesseth Israel Congregation (KI) is an Orthodox Jewish synagogue in the state of Alabama. The first Orthodox congregation to organize in Birmingham in 1889, the synagogue is currently located at 3793 Crosby Drive, Mountain Brook, Alabama. Eytan Yammer, a graduate of Yeshivat Chovevei Torah served as rabbi from 2010 through 2016 and was named by The Forward as one of its 33 most inspiring American rabbis in 2015.
History
After incorporating in 1889, the first building for the congregation was constructed in 1903 at cost of $15,000 on the southwest corner of 17th Street North and 7th Avenue North, Birmingham at the heart of what was then a Jewish neighborhood populated by immigrants from Russia and Eastern Europe.
In 1955 the congregation moved to a then-remote site at 3225 Montevallo Road in what is now Mountain Brook. A pillar erected in the yard of the $200,000 synagogue on Montevallo Road (which was considered incomplete, with further plans for a 1200-1500 seat sanctuary) was intended to serve as the cornerstone of a more permanent building. A second phase, adding a social and recreational wing, was undertaken in 1969.
In May, 1984, then Rabbi Harry (Tzvi) Rosen (who went on to edit Kashrus Kurrents for the Star-K) discovered that one of the torahs had been stolen from the synagogue. While talking with local police about the theft, he received a phone call asking for ransom money to return the torah scroll, at which point the police called in the FBI. While the investigation was ongoing, early the following month the Rabbi received another phone call indicating that the missing torah had been found in a Salvation Army donation bin.
Knesseth Israel, facing deteriorating conditions in their synagogue, began moving forward with plans for a new building in 2003, taking up the suggestion of relocating to the site of the former Our Savior Evangelical Lutheran Church on Overton Road. The congregation hoped to take advantage of the high value of the Montevallo Road property, which faces the Birmingham Country Club golf course, to help finance the move, which brought them within a few blocks of the Bais Ariel Chabad Center and strengthening ties within Birmingham's Orthodox Jewish community. The congregation voted in December 2005 to make the move and raised $5.4 million in donations. Of the nearly 100 families in Knesseth Israel at the time, many walked to Sabbath services so the decision required them to find new homes in the Overton neighborhood straddling Mountain Brook and Cahaba Heights.
The new 18,000 square-foot brick building was completed in Fall 2007. On November 11, 2007 the congregation held a celebratory procession to the new building, carrying the congregation's six Torah scrolls. The new facility includes a sanctuary, a smaller chapel, a mikvah for ritual immersion, an outdoor permanent Sukkah structure, offices, classrooms, library, social hall, playground, and two separate kitchens for the preparation of kosher meals. It also features a 50 square foot rose style stained glass window designed and fabricated by local artist Andrea Lucas. Across the street a new house was also built for the KI rabbi. However, in July 2012 the congregation, faced with debts arising from a disappointing return on their former property (which was only sold after the nationwide collapse of the real estate market during the Financial crisis of 2007–08), put the new Overton Road building up for sale. Birmingham Jewish Federation president Jimmy Filler contacted prominent community members Fred and Brenda Friedman about the possibility of helping the congregation remain in place by purchasing the building. The result was the establishment of the Fred and Brenda Friedman Center for Jewish Life which hosts events and programs for several Jewish organizations while also providing a temporary home for Knesseth Israel. In 2022, the congregation moved to the present location, 3793 Crosby Drive, Mountain Brook AL 35243.
Services and programs
In February 2012, an eruv covering two square miles of Mountain Brook and Cahaba Heights was erected by Rabbi Yammer (with the Halachic guidance of Rabbi Yaakov Love).
As of January 2015, the congregation has a daily morning Shacharit service in combination with the Chabad Center (Sundays, Mondays, and Thursdays at Chabad; Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Fridays at KI), regular Shabbat and Holiday services followed by a full kiddush lunch, and Friday night Kabbalat Shabbat services weekly. There is also an education program for young children held on Sunday mornings and multiple weekly adult learning programs.
In popular culture
Elderly members of the Knesseth Israel Congregation appeared in the 1990 music video for "Minyan Man", recorded by Lenny Solomon and Shlock Rock.
Rabbinical leadership
Rev. M. Herman (1891)
M. Grosberg (1897–1899)
Rev. Rabbi Yasgour (1904)
J. T. Loeb (1909–1913)
Rev. A. Feinsilver (1913–1918)
Rev. Jacob Mendelsohn (1918–1920)
Solomon Katz (1921-1922)
Rev. David Stein (1923–1924)
Abraham Chaimovitz (1925–1926)
H. A. Laibovitz (1926–1930)
Abraham Bengis (1930–1933)
Isadore Sperling (lay leader, 1933–1934)
Alex Klein (1937–1941)
Louis Werfel (1942–1943)
Joseph Goldberg (1943–1946)
Jonathan Silberberg (1949–1955)
David Tamarkin (1955–1957)
Seymour Atlas (1959–1962)
Nahum Ben Nathan (1963–1967)
Moshe Stern (1968-1980)
Harry (Tzvi) Rosen (1980-1987)
Reuven Tradburks (1987–1994)
Meir Rosenberg (1995–1997)
Avraham Shmidman (1998–2007)
Karmi Ingber (2007–2009)
Eldad Zamir (2009) (visiting Rabbi for High Holidays)
Eytan Yammer (2010–2016)
Moshe Rube (2017 - 2022)
Lay Lead (2021 - current)
Notable members
Philip Birnbaum
See also
List of synagogues in the United States
List of places with eruvin
Sources
Garrison, Greg (November 24, 2007) "New Knesseth Israel Orthodox synagogue opens in Birmingham." Birmingham News
Wolfson, Hannah (October 1, 2006) "Knesseth Israel moving to Overton Road." Birmingham News
Garrison, Greg (September 17, 2004) "Knesseth Israel plans to rebuild." Birmingham News
Garrison, Greg (July 9, 2012) "Orthodox synagogue for sale: Knesseth Israel in Birmingham puts campus on the market for $5.5 million". Birmingham News
"Staying alive: Birmingham's Knesseth Israel won't have to leave its new building" (June 6, 2013) Southern Jewish Life
Bonfield, Barbara, Knesseth Israel: Over 123 Years of Orthodoxy, Birmingham, AL. Seacoast Publishing, 2012.
"Knesseth Israel Congregation" (January 3, 2015)
https://sjlmag.com/2022/07/28/birminghams-knesseth-israel-building-sold-congregation-moving-to-rabbis-house/
References
External links
Knesseth Israel Congregation website
Jews and Judaism in Appalachia
Orthodox synagogues in Alabama
Religious organizations established in 1889
Synagogues completed in 2007 |
1661475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20computing | Green computing | Green computing, green IT (Information Technology), or ICT sustainability, is the study and practice of environmentally sustainable computing or IT.
The goals of green computing are similar to green chemistry: reduce the use of hazardous materials, maximize energy efficiency during the product's lifetime, increase the recyclability or biodegradability of defunct products and factory waste. Green computing is important for all classes of systems, ranging from handheld systems to large-scale data centers. Many corporate IT departments have green computing initiatives to reduce the environmental effect of their IT operations. Yet it is also clear that the environmental footprint of the sector is significant, estimated at 5-9% of the world's total electricity use and more than 2% of all emissions. Data centres and telecommunications will need to become more energy efficient, reuse waste energy, and use more renewable energy sources to stay competitive. Some believe they can and should become climate neutral by 2030.
Origins
In 1992, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency launched Energy Star, a voluntary labeling program that is designed to promote and recognize the energy efficiency in monitors, climate control equipment, and other technologies. This resulted in the widespread adoption of sleep mode among consumer electronics. Concurrently, the Swedish organization TCO Development launched the TCO Certified program to promote low magnetic and electrical emissions from CRT-based computer displays; this program was later expanded to include criteria on energy consumption, ergonomics, and the use of hazardous materials in construction.
Regulations and industry initiatives
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has published a survey of over 90 government and industry initiatives on "Green ICTs", i.e. information and communication technologies, the environment and climate change. The report concludes that initiatives tend to concentrate on the greening ICTs themselves rather than on their actual implementation to reduce global warming and environmental degradation. In general, only 20% of initiatives have measurable targets, with government programs tending to include targets more frequently than business associations.
Government
Many governmental agencies have continued to implement standards and regulations that encourage green computing. The Energy Star program was revised in October 2006 to include stricter efficiency requirements for computer equipment, along with a tiered ranking system for approved products.
By 2008, 26 US states established statewide recycling programs for obsolete computers and consumer electronics equipment. The statutes either impose an "advance recovery fee" for each unit sold at retail or require the manufacturers to reclaim the equipment at disposal.
In 2010, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) was signed into legislation by President Obama. The bill allocated over $90 billion to be invested in green initiatives (renewable energy, smart grids, energy efficiency, etc.) In January 2010, the U.S. Energy Department granted $47 million of the ARRA money towards projects to improve the energy efficiency of data centers. The projects provided research to optimize data center hardware and software, improve power supply chain, and data center cooling technologies.
Green Digital Governance
Green digital governance refers to the use of information and communication technology (ICT) to support environmentally sustainable policies and practices. It describes a strategy with which an organisation strives to align its information and communications technology with sustainability goals. This can include using digital tools and platforms to monitor and regulate environmental impact, as well as promoting the development and use of clean and renewable energy sources in the technology sector. The goal of green digital governance is to reduce the carbon footprint of the digital economy and to support the transition to a more sustainable and resilient society.
Both the green and the digital transitions are on the agenda for most European countries, as well as the EU as a whole. Documents and goals such as the European Green Deal and the Sustainable Development Goals, fit for 55, Digital Europe and others have begun the transitions. These two transitions often contradict each other, as digital technologies have substantial environmental footprints that go against the targets of the green transition.
The European Union sees digitalisation and the adoption of ICT (Information and Communications Technology) solutions as an important tool for creating greener solutions, while also acknowledging that in order to achieve the desired positive environmental impact, the tools themselves must be environmentally sustainable. The green transition may accelerate innovation and adoption of digital solutions offering the ICT sector new opportunities for becoming more competitive. The synergy created as a result of the green transition and digitalisation brings social, economic and environmental benefits, which is a goal of environmentally friendly digital governments and the creation of green ICT solutions in general.
The digital component is expected to also be used to reach the ambitions of the European Green Deal and Sustainable Development Goals. As powerful enablers for the sustainability transition, digital solutions can advance the circular economy, support the decarbonisation of all sectors and reduce the environmental and social footprint of products placed on the EU market. For example, key sectors such as precision agriculture, transport and energy can benefit from digital solutions in pursuing the sustainability objectives of the European Green Deal.
E-government services can provide solutions to the environmental problem. The possibility for a citizen to fully request and get a service online would render, in addition to cost savings for the public authorities and increased citizen satisfaction, reductions of carbon emissions and paper consumption.
Industry
iMasons Climate Accord Founded in 2022, the (ICA) is a historic cooperative of companies committed to reducing carbon in digital infrastructure materials, products, and power.
Climate Savers Computing Initiative (CSCI) is an effort to reduce the electric power consumption of PCs in active and inactive states. The CSCI provides a catalog of green products from its member organizations, and information for reducing PC power consumption. It was started on June 12, 2007. The name stems from the World Wildlife Fund's Climate Savers program, which began in 1999. The WWF is a member of the Computing Initiative.
The Green Electronics Council offers the Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT) to assist in the purchase of "greener" computing systems. The Council evaluates computing equipment on 51 criteria – 23 required and 28 optional - that measure a product's efficiency and sustainability attributes. Products are rated Gold, Silver, or Bronze, depending on how many optional criteria they meet. On January 24, 2007, President George W. Bush issued Executive Order 13423, which requires all United States Federal agencies to use EPEAT when purchasing computer systems.
The Green Grid is a global consortium dedicated to advancing energy efficiency in data centers and business computing ecosystems. It was founded in February 2007 by several key companies in the industry – AMD, APC, Dell, HP, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, Rackable Systems, SprayCool (purchased in 2010 by Parker), Sun Microsystems and VMware. The Green Grid has since grown to hundreds of members, including end-users and government organizations focused on improving data center infrastructure efficiency (DCIE).
The Green500 list rates supercomputers by energy efficiency (megaflops/watt), encouraging a focus on efficiency rather than absolute performance.
Green Comm Challenge is an organization that promotes the development of energy conservation technology and practices in the field of ICT.
The Transaction Processing Performance Council (TPC) Energy specification augments existing TPC benchmarks by allowing optional publications of energy metrics alongside performance results.
SPECpower is the first industry standard benchmark that measures power consumption in relation to performance for server-class computers. Other benchmarks which measure energy efficiency include SPECweb, SPECvirt, and VMmark.
Approaches
Modern IT systems rely on a complicated mix of people, networks, and hardware; as such, a green computing initiative ideally covers these areas. A solution may also need to address end user satisfaction, management restructuring, regulatory compliance, and return on investment (ROI). There are also fiscal motivations for companies to take control of their own power consumption; "of the power management tools available, one of the most powerful may still be simple, plain, common sense."
Product longevity
Gartner maintains that the PC manufacturing process accounts for 70% of the natural resources used in the life cycle of a PC. More recently, Fujitsu released a life-cycle assessment (LCA) of a desktop that show that manufacturing and end of life accounts for the majority of this desktop's ecological footprint. Therefore, the biggest contribution to green computing usually is to prolong the equipment's lifetime.
Another report from Gartner recommends to "Look for product longevity, including upgradability and modularity." For instance, manufacturing a new PC makes a far bigger ecological footprint than manufacturing a new RAM module to upgrade an existing one.
Data center design
Data center facilities are heavy consumers of energy, accounting for between 1.1% and 1.5% of the world's total energy use in 2010. The U.S. Department of Energy estimates that data center facilities consume up to 100 to 200 times more energy than standard office buildings.
Energy efficient data center design should address all of the energy use aspects included in a data center: from the IT equipment to the HVAC (Heating, ventilation and air conditioning) equipment to the actual location, configuration and construction of the building.
The U.S. Department of Energy specifies five primary areas on which to focus energy efficient data center design best practices:
Information technology (IT) systems
Environmental conditions
Air management
Cooling systems
Electrical systems
Additional energy efficient design opportunities specified by the U.S. Department of Energy include on-site electrical generation and recycling of waste heat.
Energy efficient data center design should help to better use a data center's space, and increase performance and efficiency.
In 2018, three new US Patents make use of facilities design to simultaneously cool and produce electrical power by use of internal and external waste heat. The three patents use silo design for stimulating use of internal waste heat, while recirculating the air cooling the silo's computing racks. US Patent 9,510,486, uses the recirculating air for power generation, while sister patent, US Patent 9,907,213, forces the recirculation of the same air, and sister patent, US Patent 10,020,436, uses thermal differences in temperature resulting in negative power usage effectiveness. Negative power usage effectiveness, makes use of differences between temperatures at times running the computing facilities, that they would run only from external sources other than the power use for computing.
Software and deployment optimization
Algorithmic efficiency
The efficiency of algorithms affects the amount of computer resources required for any given computing function and there are many efficiency trade-offs in writing programs. Algorithm changes, such as switching from a slow (e.g. linear) search algorithm to a fast (e.g. hashed or indexed) search algorithm can reduce resource usage for a given task from substantial to close to zero. In 2009, a study by a physicist at Harvard estimated that the average Google search released 7 grams of carbon dioxide (CO₂). However, Google disputed this figure, arguing that a typical search produced only 0.2 grams of CO₂.
Resource allocation
Algorithms can also be used to route data to data centers where electricity is less expensive. Researchers from MIT, Carnegie Mellon University, and Akamai have tested an energy allocation algorithm that routes traffic to the location with the lowest energy costs. The researchers project up to 40 percent savings on energy costs if their proposed algorithm were to be deployed. However, this approach does not actually reduce the amount of energy being used; it reduces only the cost to the company using it. Nonetheless, a similar strategy could be used to direct traffic to rely on energy that is produced in a more environmentally friendly or efficient way. A similar approach has also been used to cut energy usage by routing traffic away from data centers experiencing warm weather; this allows computers to be shut down to avoid using air conditioning.
Larger server centers are sometimes located where energy and land are inexpensive and readily available. Local availability of renewable energy, climate that allows outside air to be used for cooling, or locating them where the heat they produce may be used for other purposes could be factors in green siting decisions.
Approaches to actually reduce the energy consumption of network devices by proper network/device management techniques have been surveyed Bianzino, et al. The authors grouped the approaches into 4 main strategies, namely (i) Adaptive Link Rate (ALR), (ii) Interface Proxying, (iii) Energy Aware Infrastructure, and (iv) Maximum Energy Aware Applications.
Virtualizing
Computer virtualization refers to the abstraction of computer resources, such as the process of running two or more logical computer systems on one set of physical hardware. The concept originated with the IBM mainframe operating systems of the 1960s, and was commercialized for x86-compatible computers, and other computer systems, in the 1990s. With virtualization, a system administrator can combine several physical systems into virtual machines on one powerful system, thereby conserving resources by removing need for some of the original hardware and reducing power and cooling consumption. Virtualization can assist in distributing work so that servers are either busy or put in a low-power sleep state. Several commercial companies and open-source projects now offer software packages to enable a transition to virtual computing. Intel Corporation and AMD have also built proprietary virtualization enhancements to the x86 instruction set into each of their CPU product lines, in order to facilitate virtual computing.
New virtual technologies, such as operating-system-level virtualization can also be used to reduce energy consumption. These technologies make a more efficient use of resources, thus reducing energy consumption by design. Also, the consolidation of virtualized technologies is more efficient than the one done in virtual machines, so more services can be deployed in the same physical machine, reducing the amount of hardware needed.
Terminal servers
Terminal servers have also been used in green computing. When using the system, users at a terminal connect to a central server; all of the actual computing is done on the server, but the end user experiences the system operating as if it were on the terminal. These can be combined with thin clients, which use up to 1/8 the amount of energy of a normal workstation, resulting in a decrease of energy costs and consumption. There has been an increase in using terminal services with thin clients to create virtual labs. Examples of terminal server software include Terminal Services for Windows and the Linux Terminal Server Project (LTSP) for the Linux operating system. Software-based remote desktop clients such as Windows Remote Desktop and RealVNC can provide similar thin-client functions when run on low power hardware that connects to a server.
Data Compression
Data compression, which involves using fewer bits to encode information, may also be used in green computing depending on the structure of the data. Since it is highly data specific, data compression strategies may result in using more energy or resources than necessary in some cases. However, choosing a well-suited compression algorithm for the dataset can yield greater power efficiency and reduce network and storage requirements. There is a tradeoff between compression ratio and energy consumption. Deciding whether or not this is worthwhile depends on the dataset's compressibility. Compression improves energy efficiency for data with a compression ratio much less than roughly 0.3, and hurts for data with higher compression ratios.
Power management
The Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI), an open industry standard, allows an operating system to directly control the power-saving aspects of its underlying hardware. This allows a system to automatically turn off components such as monitors and hard drives after set periods of inactivity. In addition, a system may hibernate, when most components (including the CPU and the system RAM) are turned off. ACPI is a successor to an earlier Intel-Microsoft standard called Advanced Power Management, which allows a computer's BIOS to control power management functions.
Some programs allow the user to manually adjust the voltages supplied to the CPU, which reduces both the amount of heat produced and electricity consumed. This process is called undervolting. Some CPUs can automatically undervolt the processor, depending on the workload; this technology is called "SpeedStep" on Intel processors, "PowerNow!"/"Cool'n'Quiet" on AMD chips, LongHaul on VIA CPUs, and LongRun with Transmeta processors.
Data center power
Data centers, which have been criticized for their extraordinarily high energy demand, are a primary focus for proponents of green computing. According to a Greenpeace study, data centers represent 21% of the electricity consumed by the IT sector, which is about 382 billion kWh a year.
Data centers can potentially improve their energy and space efficiency through techniques such as storage consolidation and virtualization. Many organizations are aiming to eliminate underused servers, resulting in lower energy usage. The U.S. federal government set a minimum 10% reduction target for data center energy usage by 2011. With the aid of a self-styled ultra-efficient evaporative cooling technology. Google Inc. claims to have reduced its energy consumption to 50% of the industry average.
Operating system support
Microsoft Windows has included limited PC power management features since Windows 95. These initially provided for stand-by (suspend-to-RAM) and a monitor low power state. Further iterations of Windows added hibernate (suspend-to-disk) and support for the ACPI standard. Windows 2000 was the first NT-based operating system to include power management. This required major changes to the underlying operating system architecture and a new hardware driver model. Windows 2000 also introduced Group Policy, a technology that allowed administrators to centrally configure most Windows features. However, power management was not one of those features. This is probably because the power management settings design relied upon a connected set of per-user and per-machine binary registry values, effectively leaving it up to each user to configure their own power management settings.
This approach, which is not compatible with Windows Group Policy, was repeated in Windows XP. The reasons for this design decision by Microsoft are not known, and it has resulted in heavy criticism. Microsoft significantly improved this in Windows Vista by redesigning the power management system to allow basic configuration by Group Policy. The support offered is limited to a single per-computer policy. Windows 7 retains these limitations but includes refinements for timer coalescing, processor power management, and display panel brightness. The most significant change in Windows 7 is in the user experience. The prominence of the default High Performance power plan has been reduced with the aim of encouraging users to save power.
Third-party PC power management software for adds features beyond those built-in to the Windows operating system. Most products offer Active Directory integration and per-user/per-machine settings with the more advanced offering multiple power plans, scheduled power plans, anti-insomnia features and enterprise power usage reporting.
Linux systems started to provide laptop-optimized power-management in 2005, with power-management options being mainstream since 2009.
Power supply
Desktop computer power supplies are in general 70–75% efficient, dissipating the remaining energy as heat. A certification program called 80 Plus certifies PSUs that are at least 80% efficient; typically these models are drop-in replacements for older, less efficient PSUs of the same form factor. As of July 20, 2007, all new Energy Star 4.0-certified desktop PSUs must be at least 80% efficient.
Storage
Smaller form factor (e.g., 2.5 inch) hard disk drives often consume less power per gigabyte than physically larger drives. Unlike hard disk drives, solid-state drives store data in flash memory or DRAM. With no moving parts, power consumption may be reduced somewhat for low-capacity flash-based devices.
As hard drive prices have fallen, storage farms have tended to increase in capacity to make more data available online. This includes archival and backup data that would formerly have been saved on tape or other offline storage. The increase in online storage has increased power consumption. Reducing the power consumed by large storage arrays, while still providing the benefits of online storage, is a subject of ongoing research.
Video card
A fast GPU may be the largest power consumer in a computer.
Energy-efficient display options include:
No video card – use a shared terminal, shared thin client, or desktop sharing software if display is required.
Use motherboard video output – typically low 3D performance and low power.
Select a GPU based on low idle power, average wattage, or performance per watt.
Display
Unlike other display technologies, electronic paper does not use any power while displaying an image. CRT monitors typically use more power than LCD monitors. They also contain significant amounts of lead. LCD monitors typically use a cold-cathode fluorescent bulb to provide light for the display. Most newer displays use an array of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in place of the fluorescent bulb, which further reduces the amount of electricity used by the display. Fluorescent back-lights also contain mercury, whereas LED back-lights do not.
A light-on-dark color scheme, also called dark mode, is a color scheme that requires less energy to display on new display technologies, such as OLED. This positively impacts battery life and energy consumption. While an OLED will consume around 40% of the power of an LCD displaying an image that is primarily black, it can use more than three times as much power to display an image with a white background, such as a document or web site. This can lead to reduced battery life and increased energy use, unless a light-on-dark color scheme is used. A 2018 article in Popular Science suggests that "Dark mode is easier on the eyes and battery" and displaying white on full brightness uses roughly six times as much power as pure black on a Google Pixel, which has an OLED display. Apple's iOS 13 and iPadOS 13 both feature a light-on dark mode, which would allow third-party developers to implement their own dark themes. Google's Android 10 features a system-level dark mode.
Materials recycling
Recycling computing equipment can keep harmful materials such as lead, mercury, and hexavalent chromium out of landfills, and can replace equipment that otherwise would need to be manufactured, saving further energy and emissions. Computer systems that have outlived their original function can be re-purposed, or donated to various charities and non-profit organizations. However, many charities have recently imposed minimum system requirements for donated equipment. Additionally, parts from outdated systems may be salvaged and recycled through certain retail outlets and municipal or private recycling centers. Computing supplies, such as printer cartridges, paper, and batteries may be recycled as well.
A drawback to many of these schemes is that computers gathered through recycling drives are often shipped to developing countries where environmental standards are less strict than in North America and Europe. The Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition has estimated that 80% of the post-consumer e-waste collected for recycling is shipped abroad to countries such as China and India.
In 2011, the collection rate of e-waste remained low, even in the most ecology-responsible countries like France. In the U.S., e-waste collection was at a 14% annual rate between electronic equipment sold and e-waste collected for 2006 to 2009.
The recycling of old computers raises a privacy issue. The old storage devices still hold private information, such as emails, passwords, and credit card numbers, which can be recovered simply by using software available freely on the Internet. Deletion of a file does not actually remove the file from the hard drive. Before recycling a computer, users should remove the hard drive, or hard drives if there is more than one, and physically destroy it or store it somewhere safe. There are some authorized hardware recycling companies to whom the computer may be given for recycling, and they typically sign a non-disclosure agreement.
Cloud computing
Cloud computing addresses two major ICT challenges related to Green computing – energy usage and resource consumption. Virtualization, dynamic provisioning environment, multi-tenancy and green data center approaches are enabling cloud computing to lower carbon emissions and energy usage. Large enterprises and small businesses can reduce their direct energy consumption and carbon emissions by up to 30% and 90% respectively by moving certain on-premises applications into the cloud. One common example includes online shopping that helps people purchase products and services over the Internet without requiring them to drive, thus consuming fuel, to reach out to the physical shop, which, in turn, reduces greenhouse gas emission related to travel.
Edge Computing
New technologies such as edge and fog computing are a solution to reducing energy consumption. These technologies allow redistributing computation near its use, thus reducing energy costs in the network. Furthermore, having smaller data centers, the energy used in operations such as refrigerating and maintenance is reduced.
Remote work
Remote work using teleconference and telepresence technologies is often implemented in green computing initiatives. The advantages include increased worker satisfaction, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions related to travel, and increased profit margins as a result of lower overhead costs for office space, heat, lighting, etc. The average annual energy consumption for U.S. office buildings is over 23 kilowatt hours per square foot, with heat, air conditioning and lighting accounting for 70% of all energy consumed. Other related initiatives, such as Hoteling, reduce the square footage per employee as workers reserve space only when needed. Many types of jobs, such as sales, consulting, and field service, integrate well with this technique.
Voice over IP (VoIP) reduces the telephony wiring infrastructure by sharing the existing Ethernet copper. VoIP and phone extension mobility also made hot desking more practical. Wi-Fi consume 4 to 10 times less energy than 4G.
Telecommunication network devices energy indices
ICT energy consumption, in the US and worldwide, has been estimated respectively at 9.4% and 5.3% of the total electricity produced. The energy consumption of ICTs is today significant even when compared with other industries. Some studies have tried to identify the key energy indices that allow a relevant comparison between different devices (network elements). This analysis was focused on how to optimise device and network consumption for carrier telecommunication by itself. The target was to allow an immediate perception of the relationship between the network technology and the environmental effect. These studies are at the start and further research will be necessary.
Supercomputers
The Green500 list was first announced on November 15, 2007, at SC|07. As a complement to the TOP500, the listing of the Green500 began a new era where supercomputers can be compared by performance-per-watt. As of 2019, two Japanese supercomputers topped the Green500 energy efficiency ranking with performance exceeding 16 GFLOPS/watt, and two IBM AC922 systems followed with performance exceeding 15 GFLOPS/watt.
Education and certification
Green computing programs
Degree and postgraduate programs provide training in a range of information technology concentrations along with sustainable strategies to educate students on how to build and maintain systems while reducing its harm to the environment. The Australian National University (ANU) offers "ICT Sustainability" as part of its information technology and engineering masters programs. Athabasca University offers a similar course "Green ICT Strategies", adapted from the ANU course notes by Tom Worthington. In the UK, Leeds Beckett University offers an MSc Sustainable Computing program in both full- and part-time access modes.
Green computing certifications
Some certifications demonstrate that an individual has specific green computing knowledge, including:
Green Computing Initiative – GCI offers the Certified Green Computing User Specialist (CGCUS), Certified Green Computing Architect (CGCA) and Certified Green Computing Professional (CGCP) certifications.
Information Systems Examination Board (ISEB) Foundation Certificate in Green IT is appropriate for showing an overall understanding and awareness of green computing and where its implementation can be beneficial.
Singapore Infocomm Technology Federation (SiTF) Singapore Certified Green IT Professional is an industry endorsed professional level certification offered with SiTF authorized training partners. Certification requires completion of a four-day instructor-led core course, plus a one-day elective from an authorized vendor.
Australian Computer Society (ACS) The ACS offers a certificate for "Green Technology Strategies" as part of the Computer Professional Education Program (CPEP). Award of a certificate requires completion of a 12-week e-learning course designed by Tom Worthington, with written assignments.
Ratings
Since 2010, Greenpeace has maintained a list of ratings of prominent technology companies in several countries based on how clean the energy used by that company is, ranging from A (the best) to F (the worst).
ICT and energy demand
Digitalization has brought additional energy consumption; energy-increasing effects have been greater than the energy-reducing effects. Four energy consumption increasing effects are:
Direct effect – Strong increases of (technical) energy efficiency in ICT are countered by the growth of the sector.
Efficiency and rebound effects – Rebound effects are high for ICT and increased productivity often leads to new behaviors that are more energy intensive.
Economic growth – Positive effect of digitalization on economic growth.
Sectoral change – Growth of ICT services tends not to replace, but come on top of existing services.
See also
Computational sustainability
Energy Star
Camara (charity) (Ireland)
Challenging the Chip, a book about labor rights and environmental justice in the global electronics industry
Desktop virtualization
Data migration
Digger gold
e-cycling
eDay, an electronic waste collection day in New Zealand
California Electronic Waste Recycling Act
Energy conservation
Energy Efficient Ethernet
Energy consumption of computers in the US
IEEE 1680
Interconnect bottleneck
IT energy management
Minimalism (computing)
Light-on-dark color scheme (Dark Mode)
Optical communication
Optical fiber cable
Parallel optical interface
PC power management
Plug computer
Power factor
Power usage effectiveness (PUE)
Rebound effect (paradoxical negative effect)
Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS)
Standby power
Sustainable Electronics Initiative (SEI)
Takeback, when sellers or manufacturers accept returns of products at the end of their lives
Time-sharing
Virtual application
References
Further reading
Green IT Factsheet by the University of Michigan's Center for Sustainable Systems
Sustainable technologies
Bright green environmentalism
Computers and the environment |
81262 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanxi | Shanxi | Shanxi (; ; formerly romanised as Shansi) is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China and is part of the North China region. The capital and largest city of the province is Taiyuan, while its next most populated prefecture-level cities are Changzhi and Datong. Its one-character abbreviation is "" (), after the state of Jin that existed there during the Spring and Autumn period.
The name Shanxi means "West of the Mountains", a reference to the province's location west of the Taihang Mountains. Shanxi borders Hebei to the east, Henan to the south, Shaanxi to the west and Inner Mongolia to the north. Shanxi's terrain is characterised by a plateau bounded partly by mountain ranges. Shanxi's culture is largely dominated by the ethnic Han majority, who make up over 99% of its population. Jin Chinese is considered by some linguists to be a distinct language from Mandarin and its geographical range covers most of Shanxi. Both Jin and Mandarin are spoken in Shanxi.
Shanxi is a leading producer of coal in China, possessing roughly a third of China's total coal deposits. Nevertheless, Shanxi's GDP per capita remains below the national average. The province hosts the Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center.
The province is also known for having by far the largest number of historic buildings among all Chinese provinces, by possessing over 70% of China's surviving buildings built during or predating the Song dynasty. Also notable are the Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Shanxi, which date back over 1500 years.
History
Pre-Imperial China
In the Spring and Autumn period (722–403 BC), the state of Jin was located in what is now Shanxi Province. It underwent a three-way split into the states of Han, Zhao and Wei in 403 BC, the traditional date taken as the start of the Warring States period (403–221 BC). By 221 BC, all of these states had fallen to the state of Qin, which established the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC).
Imperial China
The Han dynasty (206 BC – AD 220) ruled Shanxi as the province of Bingzhou.
During the invasion of northern nomads in the Sixteen Kingdoms period (304–439), several regimes including the Later Zhao, Former Yan, Former Qin, and Later Yan continuously controlled Shanxi. They were followed by Northern Wei (386–534), a Xianbei kingdom, which had one of its earlier capitals at present-day Datong in northern Shanxi, and which went on to rule nearly all of northern China.
The Tang dynasty (618–907) originated in Taiyuan. During the Tang dynasty and after, present-day Shanxi was called Hédōng (), or "east of the (Yellow) river". Empress Wu Zetian, one of China's only female rulers, was born in Shanxi in 624.
During the first part of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (907–960), Shanxi supplied rulers of three of the Five Dynasties. Among the Ten Kingdoms, it was the only one located in northern China. Shanxi was initially home to the jiedushi (commander) of Hedong, Li Cunxu, who overthrew the first of the Five Dynasties, Later Liang (907–923) to establish the second, Later Tang (923–936). Another jiedushi of Hedong, Shi Jingtang, overthrew Later Tang to establish the third of the Five Dynasties, Later Jin, and yet another jiedushi of Hedong, Liu Zhiyuan, established the fourth of the Five Dynasties (Later Han) after the Khitans destroyed Later Jin, the third. Finally, when the fifth of the Five Dynasties (Later Zhou) emerged, the jiedushi of Hedong at the time, Liu Chong, rebelled and established an independent state called Northern Han, one of the Ten Kingdoms, in what is now northern and central Shanxi.
Shi Jingtang, founder of the Later Jin, the third of the Five Dynasties, ceded a piece of northern China to the Khitans in return for military assistance. This territory, called the Sixteen Prefectures of Yanyun, included a part of northern Shanxi. The ceded territory became a major problem for the Song dynasty's defence against the Khitans for the next 100 years because it lay south of the Great Wall.
The later Zhou, the last dynasty of the Five Dynasties period was founded by Guo Wei, a Han Chinese, who served as the Assistant Military Commissioner at the court of the Later Han which was ruled by Shatuo Turks. He founded his dynasty by launching a military coup against the Turkic Later Han Emperor, however his newly established dynasty was short-lived and was conquered by the Song dynasty in 960.
In the early years of the Northern Song dynasty (960–1127), the sixteen ceded prefectures continued to be an area of contention between the Song dynasty and the Liao dynasty. Later the Southern Song dynasty abandoned all of North China, including Shanxi, to the Jurchen Jin dynasty (1115–1234) in 1127 after the Jingkang Incident of the Jin-Song wars.
The Mongol Yuan dynasty administered China into provinces but did not establish Shanxi as a province. Shanxi only gained its present name and approximate borders during the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) which were of the same land area and borders as the previous Hedong Commandery of the Tang dynasty.
During the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), Shanxi extended north beyond the Great Wall to include parts of Inner Mongolia, including what is now the city of Hohhot, and overlapped with the jurisdiction of the Eight Banners and the Guihua Tümed banner in that area.
For centuries, Shanxi served as a center for trade and banking. The "Shanxi merchants" were once synonymous with wealth. The well-preserved city and UNESCO World Heritage Site Pingyao shows many signs of its economic importance during the Qing dynasty.
Early Republic of China (1912–1937)
With the collapse of the Qing dynasty, Shanxi became part of the newly established Republic of China. From 1911 to 1949, during the period of the Republic of China's period of rule over Mainland China, Shanxi was mostly dominated by the warlord Yan Xishan until the Chinese Communist Party took full control in 1949; Communists had already set up secret bases in 1936, but did not completely overturn Yan and the Nationalist government until 1949. Early in Yan's rule he decided that, unless he was able to modernize and revive the economy of his small, poor, remote province, he would be unable to protect Shanxi from rival warlords. Yan devoted himself to modernizing Shanxi and developing its resources during his reign over the province. He has been viewed by Western biographers as a transitional figure who advocated using Western technology to protect Chinese traditions, while at the same time reforming older political, social and economic conditions in a way that paved the way for the radical changes that would occur after his rule.
In 1918 there was an outbreak of bubonic plague in northern Shanxi that lasted for two months and killed 2,664 people. Yan's interactions with the Western medical personnel he met with to discuss how to suppress the epidemic inspired him to modernize and improve Shanxi's medical infrastructure which he began by funding the Research Society for the Advancement of Chinese Medicine, based in Taiyuan, in 1921. Highly unusual in China at the time, the school had a four-year curriculum and included courses in both Chinese and Western Medicine. The main skills that Yan hoped physicians trained at the school would learn were: a standardized system of diagnosis; sanitary science, including bacteriology; surgical skills, including obstetrics; and, the use of diagnostic instruments. Yan hoped that his support of the school would eventually lead to increased revenues in the domestic and international trade of Chinese drugs, improved public health, and improved public education. Yan's promotion of a modern curriculum and infrastructure of Chinese medicine achieved limited success, but much of the teaching and publication that this school of medicine produced was limited to the area around Taiyuan: by 1949 three of the seven government-run hospitals were in the city. In 1934 the province produced a ten-year-plan that envisaged employing a hygiene worker in every village, but the Japanese invasion in 1937 and the subsequent civil war made it impossible to carry these plans out. Yan's generous support for the Research Association for the Improvement of Chinese Medicine generated a body of teaching and publication in modern Chinese medicine that became one of the foundations of the national institution of modern traditional Chinese medicine that was adopted in the 1950s.
Yan invested in Shanxi's industrial infrastructure, and by 1949 the area around Taiyuan was a major national producer of coal, iron, chemicals, and munitions. Yan was able to protect the province from his rivals for the period of his rule partially due to his building of an arsenal in Taiyuan that, for the entire period of his administration, remained the only center in China capable of producing field artillery. Yan's army was successful in eradicating banditry in Shanxi, allowing him to maintain a relatively high level of public order and security.
Yan went to great lengths to eradicate social traditions which he considered antiquated. He insisted that all men in Shanxi abandon their Qing-era queues, giving police instructions to clip off the queues of anyone still wearing them. In one instance, Yan lured people into theatres in order to have his police systematically cut the hair of the audience. He attempted to combat widespread female illiteracy by creating in each district at least one vocational school in which peasant girls could be given a primary-school education and taught domestic skills. After National Revolutionary Army military victories in the 1925 generated great interest in Shanxi for the Kuomintang's ideology, including women's rights, Yan allowed girls to enroll in middle school and college, where they promptly formed a women's association.
Yan attempted to eradicate the custom of foot binding, threatening to sentence men who married women with bound feet, and mothers who bound their daughters' feet, to hard labor in state-run factories. He discouraged the use of the traditional lunar calendar and encouraged the development of local boy scout organizations. Like the Communists who later succeeded Yan, he punished habitual lawbreakers to "redemption through labour" in state-run factories.
After the failed attempt by the Chinese Red Army to establish bases in southern Shanxi in early 1936 Yan became convinced that the Communists were lesser threats to his rule than either the Nationalists or the Japanese. He then negotiated a secret anti-Japanese "United Front" with the Communists in October 1936 and invited them to establish operations in Shanxi. Yan, under the slogan "resistance against the enemy and defense of the soil", attempted to recruit young, patriotic intellectuals to his government in order to organize a local resistance to the threat of Japanese invasion. By the end of 1936 Taiyuan had become a gathering point for anti-Japanese intellectuals from all over China.
War with Japan and the Chinese Civil War (1937–1949)
The Marco Polo Bridge Incident in July 1937 led the Imperial Japanese Armed Forces to invade China, and Shanxi was one of the first areas the Japanese attacked. When it became clear to Yan that his forces might not be successful in repelling the Imperial Japanese Army, he invited Communist military forces to re-enter Shanxi. Zhu De became the commander of the Eighth Route Army active in Shanxi and was named the vice-commander of the Second War Zone, under Yan himself. Yan initially responded warmly to the re-entry of the arrival of Communist forces, and they were greeted with enthusiasm by Yan's officials and officers. Communist forces arrived in Shanxi just in time to help defeat a decisively more powerful Japanese force attempting to move through the strategic Pingxing Pass. The Battle of Pingxingguan was the largest battle won by the Communists against the Japanese.
After the Japanese responded to this defeat by outflanking the defenders and moving towards Taiyuan, the Communists avoided decisive battles and mostly attempted to harass Japanese forces and sabotage Japanese lines of supply and communication. The Japanese suffered, but mostly ignored the Eighth Route Army and continued to advance towards Yan's capital. The lack of attention directed at their forces gave the Communists time to recruit and propagandize among the local peasant populations (who generally welcomed Communist forces enthusiastically) and to organize a network of militia units, local guerrilla bands and popular mass organizations.
Genuine Communist efforts to resist the Japanese gave them the authority to carry out sweeping and radical social and economic reforms, mostly related to land and wealth redistribution, which they defended by labeling those who resisted as hanjian. Communist efforts to resist the Japanese also won over Shanxi's small population of patriotic intellectuals, and conservative fears of resisting them effectively gave the Communists unlimited access to the rural population. Subsequent atrocities committed by the Japanese in the effort to rid Shanxi of Communist guerrillas aroused the hatred of millions in the Shanxi countryside, causing the rural population to turn to the Communists for leadership against the Japanese. All of these factors explain how, within a year of re-entering Shanxi, the Communists were able to take control of most of Shanxi not firmly held by the Japanese.
During the Battle of Xinkou, the Chinese defenders resisted the efforts of Japan's elite Itakagi Division for over a month, despite Japanese advantages in artillery and air support. By the end of October 1937, Japan's losses were four times greater than those suffered at Pingxingguan, and the Itakagi Division was close to defeat. Contemporary Communist accounts called the battle "the most fierce in North China", while Japanese accounts called the battle a "stalemate". In an effort to save their forces at Xinkou, Japanese forces began an effort to occupy Shanxi from a second direction, in the east. After a week of fighting, Japanese forces captured the strategic Niangzi Pass, opening the way to capturing Taiyuan. Communist guerrilla tactics were ineffective in slowing down the Japanese advance. The defenders at Xinkou, realizing that they were in danger of being outflanked, withdrew southward, past Taiyuan, leaving a small force of 6,000 men to hold off the entire Japanese army. A representative of the Japanese Army, speaking of the final defense of Taiyuan, said that "nowhere in China have the Chinese fought so obstinately".
The Japanese suffered 30,000 dead and an equal number wounded in their effort to take northern Shanxi. A Japanese study found that the battles of Pingxingguan, Xinkou, and Taiyuan were responsible for over half of all the casualties suffered by the Japanese army in North China. Yan himself was forced to withdraw after having 90% of his army destroyed, including a large force of reinforcements sent into Shanxi by the central government. Throughout 1937, numerous high-ranking Communist leaders, including Mao Zedong, lavished praise on Yan for waging an uncompromising campaign of resistance against the Japanese. Possibly because of the severity of his losses in northern Shanxi, Yan abandoned a plan of defense based on positional warfare, and began to reform his army as a force capable of waging guerrilla warfare. After 1938 most of Yan's followers came to refer to his regime as a "guerrilla administration".
After the surrender of Japan and the end of the Second World War, Yan Xishan was notable for his ability to recruit thousands of Japanese soldiers stationed in northwest Shanxi in 1945, including their commanding officers, into his army. By recruiting the Japanese into his service in the manner that he did, he retained both the extensive industrial complex around Taiyuan and virtually all of the managerial and technical personnel employed by the Japanese to run it. Yan was so successful in convincing surrendered Japanese to work for him that, as word spread to other areas of north China, Japanese soldiers from those areas began to converge on Taiyuan to serve his government and army. At its greatest strength the Japanese "special forces" under Yan totaled 15,000 troops, plus an officer corps that was distributed throughout Yan's army. These numbers were reduced to 10,000 after serious American efforts to repatriate the Japanese were partially successful. Yan's Japanese army was instrumental in helping him to retain control of most of northern Shanxi during much of the subsequent Chinese Civil War, but by 1949 casualties had reduced the number of Japanese soldiers under Yan's command to 3,000. The leader of the Japanese under Yan's command, Hosaku Imamura, committed suicide on the day that Taiyuan fell to Communist forces.
Yan Xishan himself (along with most of the provincial treasury) was airlifted out of Taiyuan in March 1949. Shortly afterwards Republic of China Air Force planes stopped dropping food and supplies for the defenders due to fears of being shot down by the advancing Communists. The People's Liberation Army, depending largely on their reinforcements of artillery, launched a major assault on April 20, 1949, and succeeded in taking all positions surrounding Taiyuan by April 22. A subsequent appeal to the defenders to surrender was refused. On the morning of April 22, 1949, the PLA bombarded Taiyuan with 1,300 pieces of artillery and breached the city's walls, initiating bloody street-to-street fighting for control of the city. At 10:00 am, April 22, the Taiyuan Campaign ended with the Communists in complete control of Shanxi. Total Nationalist casualties amounted to all 145,000 defenders, many of whom were taken as POWs. The Communists lost 45,000 men and an unknown number of civilian laborers they had drafted, all of whom were either killed or injured.
The fall of Taiyuan was one of the few examples in the Chinese Civil War in which Nationalist forces echoed the defeated Ming loyalists who had, in the 17th century, brought entire cities to ruins resisting the invading Manchus. Many Nationalist officers were reported to have committed suicide when the city fell. The dead included Yan's nephew-in-law, who was serving as governor, and his cousin, who ran his household. Liang Huazhi, the head of Yan's "Patriotic Sacrifice League", had fought for years against the Communists in Shanxi until he was finally trapped in the massively fortified city of Taiyuan. For six months Liang put up a fierce resistance, leading both Yan's remaining Republic of China Army forces and his thousands of Japanese mercenaries. When Communist troops finally broke into the city and began to occupy large sections of it, Liang barricaded himself inside a large, fortified prison complex filled with Communist prisoners. In a final act of desperation, Liang set fire to the prison and committed suicide as the entire compound burned to the ground.
People's Republic of China (1949–present)
Soon after the Chinese Communist Revolution, Mao Zedong assigned Kang Sheng to carry out land reform in Shanxi. Kang encouraged the populace to have numerous farmers from a variety of socioeconomic backgrounds denounced as "landlords," beaten, arrested, and executed. In some areas of the province as many as one in five residents were denounced as landlords, and his program was copied throughout the rest of the new People's Republic of China. Shanxi became the site of Mao's "model brigade" of Dazhai: a utopian communist scheme in Xiyang County that was supposed to be the model for all other peasants in China to emulate. If the people of Dazhai were especially suited for such an experiment, it is possible that decades of Yan's socialist indoctrination may have prepared the people of Shanxi for Communist rule. After the death of Mao, the experiment was discontinued, and most peasants reverted to private farming under post-Maoist economic reforms.
Geography
Shanxi is located on a plateau made up of higher ground to the east (Taihang Mountains) and the west (Lüliang Mountains) and a series of valleys in the center through which the Fen River runs. The highest peak is Mount Wutai (Wutai Shan) in northeastern Shanxi with an altitude of 3,058 m. The Great Wall of China forms most of the northern border with Inner Mongolia. The Zhongtiao Mountains run along part of the southern border and separate Shanxi from the east–west part of the Yellow River. Mount Hua is to the southwest.
The Yellow River forms the western border of Shanxi with Shaanxi. The Fen and Qin rivers, tributaries of the Yellow River, run north-to-south through the province, and drain much of its area. The north of the province is drained by tributaries of the Hai River, such as Sanggan and Hutuo rivers. The largest natural lake in Shanxi is Xiechi Lake, a salt lake near Yuncheng in southwestern Shanxi.
Shanxi has a continental monsoon climate, and is rather arid. Average January temperatures are below 0 °C, while average July temperatures are around 21–26 °C. Winters are long, dry, and cold, while summer is warm and humid. Spring is extremely dry and prone to dust storms. Shanxi is one of the sunniest parts of China; early summer heat waves are common. Annual precipitation averages around , with 60% of it concentrated between June and August.
Major cities:
Taiyuan
Datong
Changzhi
Yangquan
The outline of Shanxi's territory is a parallelogram that runs from southwest to northeast. It is a typical mountain plateau widely covered by loess. The terrain is high in the northeast and low in the southwest. The interior of the plateau is undulating, the valleys are vertical and horizontal, and the types of landforms are complex and diverse. There are mountains, hills, terraces, plains, and rivers. The area of mountains and hills accounts for 80.1% of the total area of the province, and the area of Pingchuan and river valleys accounts for 19.9% of the total area. Most of the province's altitude is above 1,500 meters, and the highest point is the Yedoufeng, the main peak of Wutai Mountain, with an altitude of 3061.1 meters, which is the highest peak in northern China.
Climate
Shanxi is located in the inland of the mid-latitude zone and belongs to the temperate continental monsoon climate in terms of climate type. Due to the influence of solar radiation, monsoon circulation and geographical factors, Shanxi's climate has four distinct seasons, synchronous rain and heat, sufficient sunshine, significant climate difference between north and south, wide temperature difference between winter and summer, and large temperature difference between day and night. The annual average temperature in Shanxi Province is between 4.2 and 14.2 °C. The overall distribution trend is from north to south and from basin to high mountain. The annual precipitation in the whole province is between 358 and 621 mm, and the seasonal distribution is uneven. In June–August, the precipitation is relatively concentrated, accounting for about 60% of the annual precipitation, and the precipitation distribution in the province is greatly affected by the terrain.
Area
The province has a length of and a width of from east to west, with a total area of , accounting for 1.6% of the country's total area.
Administrative divisions
Shanxi is divided into eleven prefecture-level divisions: all prefecture-level cities:
The 11 prefecture-level cities of Shanxi are subdivided into 118 county-level divisions (23 districts, 11 county-level cities, and 84 counties). Those are in turn divided into 1388 township-level divisions (561 towns, 634 townships, and 193 subdistricts). At the end of 2017, the total population of Shanxi is 37.02 million.
Urban areas
Politics
The Governor of Shanxi is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Shanxi. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor is subordinate to the provincial Communist Party Committee Secretary (), colloquially termed the "Shanxi Party Committee Secretary". As is the case in almost all Chinese provinces, the provincial party secretary and Governor are not natives of Shanxi; rather, they are outsiders who are, in practice, appointed by the central party and government authorities.
The province went through significant political instability since 2004, due largely to the number of scandals that have hit the province on labour safety, the environment, and the interconnected nature between the provincial political establishment and big coal companies. Yu Youjun was sent by the central government in 2005 to become Governor but resigned in the wake of the Shanxi slave labour scandal in 2007. He was succeeded by Meng Xuenong, who had been previously sacked as Mayor of Beijing in the aftermath of the SARS outbreak. Meng himself was removed from office in 2008 after only a few months on the job due to the political fallout from the 2008 Shanxi mudslide. In 2008, provincial Political Consultative Conference Chair, one of the highest-ranked provincial officials, Jin Yinhuan, died in a car accident.
Since Xi Jinping's ascendancy to General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party at the 18th Party Congress, numerous highly ranked officials in Shanxi have been placed under investigation for corruption-related offenses, including four incumbent members Bai Yun, Chen Chuanping, Du Shanxue, Nie Chunyu of the province's highest ruling council, the provincial Communist Party Standing Committee. They were all removed from office around August 2014. The following were also removed from office:
Ling Zhengce, the provincial Political Consultative Conference vice-chair and the older brother of Ling Jihua;
Ling Jihua, the province's Vice Governor Ren Runhou;
Shen Weichen, former Taiyuan party secretary;
Liu Suiji, Taiyuan police secretary;
Jin Daoming, vice-chair of the provincial People's Congress;
Wang Maoshe, Yuncheng party secretary; and
Feng Lixiang, Datong party secretary
Shanxi was therefore the "hardest hit" province during the anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping. Targeted corruption investigations on such a massive scale were unprecedented; it amounted to a wholesale 'cleansing' of Shanxi's political establishment. In the aftermath of the 'political earthquake', party secretary Yuan Chunqing was removed from his post in September 2014, with Wang Rulin 'helicoptered' into the provincial Party Secretary office.
Economy
The GDP per capita of Shanxi is below the national average. Compared to the provinces in east China, Shanxi is less developed for many reasons. Its geographic location limits its participation in international trade, which involves mostly eastern coastal provinces. Important crops in Shanxi include wheat, maize, millet, legumes, and potatoes. The local climate and dwindling water resources limit agriculture in Shanxi.
Shanxi possesses 260 billion metric tons of known coal deposits, about a third of China's total. As a result, Shanxi is a leading producer of coal in China and has more coal companies than any other province, with an annual production exceeding 300 million metric tonnes. The Datong (), Ningwu (), Xishan (), Hedong (), Qinshui (), and Huoxi () coalfields are some of the most important in Shanxi. Shanxi also contains about 500 million tonnes of bauxite deposits, about a third of total Chinese bauxite reserves. Industry in Shanxi is centered around heavy industries such as coal and chemical production, power generation, and metal refining. There are countless military-related industries in Shanxi due to its geographic location and history as the former base of the Chinese Communist Party and the People's Liberation Army. Taiyuan Satellite Launch Centre, one of China's three satellite launch centers, is located in the middle of Shanxi with China's largest stockpile of nuclear missiles.
Many private corporations, in joint ventures with the state-owned mining corporations, have invested billions of dollars in the mining industry of Shanxi . Hong Kong billionaire Li Ka-shing made one of his largest investments ever in China in exploiting coal gas in Shanxi. Foreign investors include mining companies from Canada, the United States, Japan, the United Kingdom, Germany and Italy.
The mining-related companies include Daqin Railway Co. Ltd., which runs one of the busiest and most technologically advanced railways in China, connecting Datong and Qinhuangdao exclusively for coal shipping. The revenue of Daqin Railway Co. Ltd. is among the highest among Shanxi companies due to its export of coal to Japan, Korea, and Southeast Asia.
Shanxi's nominal GDP in 2011 was 1110.0 billion yuan (US$176.2 billion), ranked 21st in China. Its per-capita GDP was 21,544 yuan (US$3,154).
Shanxi is affected by cases of bad working conditions in coal mining and other heavy industries. Thousands of workers have died every year in those industries. Cases of child labour abuse were discovered in 2011. The central government has responded by increasing oversight, including the suspension of four coal mines in August 2021, as well as ongoing investigations in Shanxi and neighboring Shaanxi.
Industrial zones
Taiyuan Economic and Technology Development Zone
Taiyuan Economic and Technology Development Zone is a state-level development zone approved by the State Council in 2001, with a planned area of . It is only from Taiyuan Airport and from the railway station. National Highways 208 and 307 pass through the zone. So far, it has formed a "four industrial base, a professional industry park" development pattern.
Taiyuan Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
Established in 1991, Taiyuan Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone is the only state-level high-tech development zone in Shanxi, with total area of . It is close to Taiyuan Wusu Airport and Highway G208. The nearest port is Tianjin.
Transportation
The transport infrastructure in Shanxi is highly developed. There are many important national highways and railways that connect the province with neighboring provinces.
Road
Shanxi's road hub is in the capital, Taiyuan. The major highways in province form a road network connecting all the counties. Examples of major highways are:
Datong–Yuncheng Expressway
Taiyuan-Jiuguan Expressway
Beijing–Hong Kong and Macau Expressway
Beijing–Tianjin–Tanggu Expressway
Rail
Shanxi has extensive rail infrastructure to neighboring provinces. The rail network connects to major cities Taiyuan, Shijiazhuang, Beijing, Yuanping, Baotou, Datong, Menyuan and Jiaozuo. The province also have extensive rail network to coastal cities such as Qinhuangdao, Qingdao, Yantai and Lianyungang.
The province has a rail network called the Shuozhou-Huanghua Railway. It will service Shenchi county in Shanxi with Huanghua port in Hebei. It will become the second largest railway for coal transport from west to east in China.
Aviation
Shanxi's main aviation transport hub is Taiyuan Wusu Airport . The airport has routes connecting Shanxi to 28 domestic cities including Beijing, Xi'an, Chengdu and Chongqing. There are international routes to Hong Kong, Singapore, Japan and Russia. There is also another airport in Datong, which has domestic routes to other mainland cities.
Demographics
The population is mostly Han Chinese with minorities of Mongol, Manchu, and the Hui.
In 2004, the birth rate was 12.36 births/1,000 population, while the death rate was 6.11 deaths/1,000 population. The sex ratio was 105.5 males/100 females.
Religion
The predominant religions in Shanxi are Chinese folk religions, Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism. According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 15.61% of the population believes and is involved in cults of ancestors, while 2.17% of the population identifies as Christian. The reports didn't give figures for other types of religion; 82.22% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, folk religious sects, and small minorities of Muslims.
Military police demolished a large Christian church known as Jindengtai ("Golden Lampstand") in Linfen, Shanxi, in early January 2018.
As of 2010, there were 59,709 Muslims in Shanxi.
Health
In the 2000s, the province was considered to be one of the most polluted areas in China. The pollution, caused in part by heavy coal mining, has caused significant public health challenges.
Culture
Language
The dialects spoken in Shanxi have traditionally been included in the Northern or Mandarin group. Since 1985, some linguists have argued that the dialects spoken in most of the province should be treated as a top-level division called Jin, based on its preservation of the Middle Chinese entering tone (stop-final) category, unlike other dialects in northern China. These dialects are also noted for extremely complex tone sandhi systems. The dialects spoken in some areas in southwestern Shanxi near the borders with Henan and Shaanxi are classified in the Zhongyuan Mandarin subdivision of the Mandarin group.
Cuisine
Shanxi cuisine is most well known for its extensive use of vinegar as a condiment, as well as for a huge variety of noodle dishes, particularly knife-cut noodles or daoxiao mian (), which are served with a range of sauces. A dish originating from Taiyuan, the provincial capital, is Taiyuan Tounao (). It is a breakfast dish; a porridge-like stew made with mutton, Chinese yam (), lotus roots, astragalus membranaceus (), tuber onions, and yellow cooking wine for additional aroma. It can be enjoyed by dipping pieces of unleavened flatbread into the soup, and is reputed to have medicinal properties. Pingyao is famous for its unique salt beef, while the areas around Wutai Shan are known for wild mushrooms. The most popular local spirit is fenjiu, a "light fragrance" variety of baijiu that is generally sweeter than other northern Chinese spirits.
Music
Shanxi Opera ( Jinju) is the local form of Chinese opera. It was popularized during the late Qing dynasty, with the help of the then-ubiquitous Shanxi merchants who were active across parts of China. Also called Zhonglu Bangzi (), it is a type of bangzi opera (), a group of operas generally distinguished by their use of wooden clappers for rhythm and by a more energetic singing style; Shanxi opera is also complemented by quzi (), a blanket term for more melodic styles from further south. Puzhou Opera ( Puju), from southern Shanxi, is a more ancient type of bangzi that makes use of very wide linear intervals.
Ancient commerce
Shanxi merchants ( Jinshang) constituted a historical phenomenon that lasted for centuries from the Song to the Qing dynasty. Shanxi merchants ranged far and wide from Central Asia to the coast of eastern China; by the Qing dynasty they were conducting trade across both sides of the Great Wall. During the late Qing dynasty, a new development occurred: the creation of piaohao (), which were essentially banks that provided services like money transfers and transactions, deposits, and loans. After the establishment of the first piaohao in Pingyao, the bankers in Shanxi dominated China's financial market for centuries until the collapse of Qing dynasty and the coming of British banks.
Tourism
Shanxi is known for its abundance of heritage sites. There are 3 World Cultural Heritage sites in the province, namely Pingyao, Yungang Grottoes and Mount Wutai, 6 places "National Key Scenic Spots" (国家重点风景名胜区), 6 "National historic and cultural cities" (国家历史文化名城), 7 "National historic and cultural towns" (国家历史文化名镇) and 23 "National historic and cultural villages" (国家历史文化名村). It also possesses 531 Major Historical and Cultural Sites Protected at the National Level,and more than 53,800 immovable cultural relics, a number that is by far the greatest among all Chinese provinces. Some of the more notable sites are listed below.
Jinci, a royal temple in Taiyuan, dating back to the Zhou dynasty, noted for its temples, Song dynasty paintings and architecture.
The Ancient City of Pingyao is a county town noted for its noted for its state of preservation; It boasts a variety of Ming and Qing dynasties.
The Yungang Grottoes, its literal translation being the Cloud Ridge Caves, is a World Heritage Site near Datong. The site consists of 252 shallow caves containing over 50,000 carved statues and reliefs of Buddhas and Boddhisatvas, dating from the 5th and 6th centuries, and ranging from 4 centimeters to 7 meters tall.
Mount Wutai (Wutai Shan) is the highest point in the province. It is known as the residence of the bodhisattva Manjusri, and as a result is also a major Buddhist pilgrimage destination, with many temples and natural sights. Points of interest include Tang dynasty (618–907) era timber halls located at Nanchan Temple and Foguang Temple, as well as a giant white stupa at Tayuan Temple built during the Ming dynasty (1368–1644).
Mount Hengshan (Heng Shan), in Hunyuan County, is one of the "Five Great Peaks" of China, and is also a major Taoist site. Not far from Hengshan, the Hanging Temple is located on the side of a cliff and has survived for 1,400 years despite earthquakes in the area.
Pagoda of Fogong Temple, in Ying County, is a pagoda built in 1056 during the Liao dynasty. It is octagonal with nine levels (five are visible from outside), and at 67 m (220 ft) in height, it is currently the tallest wooden pagoda in the world. It is also the oldest fully wooden pagoda in China, although many no-longer-existing wooden pagodas have preceded it, and many existing stone and brick pagodas predate it by centuries.
Yongle Gong, a Song dynasty Taoist temple complex noted for the wall paintings inside its three main halls.
Hukou Waterfall is located in the Yellow River on the Shanxi-Shaanxi border. At 50 meters, it is the second highest waterfall in China.
Zuoquan County, known for its Chinese Communist Party battlefield sites.
Dazhai is a village in Xiyang County. Situated in hilly, difficult terrain, it was revered during the Cultural Revolution as exemplary of the hardiness of the proletariat, especially peasants.
Niangziguan Township is located in northeast Pingding County which is at the junction of Shanxi and Heibei Province. It is an old village noted for the Niangzi Pass.
Susan Prison is an ancient prison located in Hongtong, the middle of Shanxi. The prison is built during the Ming dynasty (1369) and is the only well-preserved ancient prison in China.
Notable individuals
Boyi and Shuqi (just after 1046 BCE), starved themselves in self-imposed exile
King Wuling of Zhao (325 BCE-299 BCE), ruler of State of Zhao during the Warring States period
Wei Qing (?–106 BC), military general of the Western Han dynasty whose campaigns against the Xiongnu earned him great acclaim
Huo Qubing (140 BC–117 BC), military general of the Western Han dynasty during the reign of Emperor Wu of Han
Huo Guang (?–106 BC), powerful official of the Western Han dynasty
Guan Yu (?－220), general serving under Liu Bei during the late Eastern Han dynasty who was known for his superior martial prowess on the battlefield
Zhang Liao (169–222), general serving under Cao Cao in the late Eastern Han dynasty who was known for his superior martial prowess on the battlefield
Xu Huang (?–227), general serving under Cao Cao in the late Eastern Han dynasty
Hao Zhao (220–229), general of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China
Guo Huai (?–255), general of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China
Guanqiu Jian (?–255), general of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China
Qin Lang (227–238), general of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China
Jia Chong (217–282), official who lived during the late Three Kingdoms period and early Jin dynasty of China
Liu Yuan (?–310), the founding emperor of the Xiongnu state Han-Zhao in 308
Liu Cong (?–318), emperor of the Xiongnu state Han-Zhao
Liu Yao (?–329), the final emperor of the Xiongnu state Han-Zhao
Shi Le (274–333), the founding emperor of the Jie state Later Zhao
Shi Hu (295–349), emperor of the Jie state Later Zhao, he was the founding emperor Shi Le's distant nephew
Murong Yong (?–394), the last emperor of the Xianbei state Western Yan
Wang Sengbian (?–394), general of the Liang dynasty
Tuoba Gui (371–409), founding emperor of the Xianbei state Northern Wei
Tuoba Tao (408–452), an emperor of Xianbei state Northern Wei
Erzhu Rong (493–530), general of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Wei, He was of Xiongnu ancestry
Erzhu Zhao (493–530), general of the Northern Wei, He was ethnically Xiongnu and a nephew of the paramount general Erzhu Rong
Hulü Guang (515–572), general of the Chinese dynasty Northern Qi
Dugu Xin (503–557), a paramount general of the state Western Wei
Yuchi Jiong (?–580), a paramount general of the states Western Wei and Northern Zhou
Yuchi Jingde (585–658), general who lived in the early Tang dynasty and is worshipped as door god in Chinese folk religion
Wang Tong (587–618), Confucian philosopher and writer
Xue Ju (?–618), the founding emperor of a short-lived state of Qin at the end of the Chinese dynasty Sui dynasty
Pei Xingyan (?–619), general in Sui dynasty who was known for his superior fighting skills on the battlefield
Xue Rengui (614–683), general in Tang dynasty who was known for his superior martial prowess on the battlefield
Pei Xingjian (619–682), a Tang dynasty general who was best known for his victory over the Khan of Western Turkic Khaganate Ashina Duzhi
Xue Ne (649–720), a general and official of the Tang dynasty
Feng Changqing (?－756), a general of the Tang dynasty
Xue Song (?－773), grandson of Xue Rengui, a general of the rebel state Yan
Li Keyong (856–908), a Shatuo military governor (Jiedushi) during the late Tang dynasty
Li Cunxiao (?－894), an adoptive son of Li Keyong and considered one of the strongest warriors in ancient China history
Li Cunxu (885－926), the Prince of Jin (908–923) and later became Emperor of Later Tang (923–926)
Li Siyuan (867–933), the second emperor of imperial China's short-lived Later Tang during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
Shi Jingtang (892–942), the founding emperor of imperial China's short-lived Later Jin during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
Huyan Zan (?-1000), a military general in the early years of imperial China's Song dynasty
Di Qing (1008–1057), a military general of the Northern Song dynasty
Education
Major tertiary educational institutions in Shanxi include:
North University of China ()
Communication University of Shanxi ()
Changzhi Medical College ()
Datong University ()
Jinzhong College ()
Lüliang Higher College
Shanxi Agricultural University ()
Shanxi College of Traditional Chinese Medicine ()
Shanxi Medical University ()
Shanxi Normal University ()
Shanxi University ()
Shanxi University of Finance and Economics ()
Changzhi College ()
Taiyuan Normal University ()
Taiyuan University of Science and Technology ()
Taiyuan University of Technology ()
Xinzhou Teachers University ()
Yuncheng University ()
See also
Major national historical and cultural sites in Shanxi
Notes
References
Citations
Sources
External links
Economic profile for Shanxi at HKTDC
Shanxi Community of Canada website
"Geographic Surveys by Imperial Order", from 1707 to 1708, is considered one of the first atlases of the Qing dynasty to document the Shanxi area.
Provinces of the People's Republic of China |
50993511 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniature%20X-ray%20Solar%20Spectrometer%20CubeSat | Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer CubeSat | The Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer (MinXSS) CubeSat was the first launched National Aeronautics and Space Administration Science Mission Directorate CubeSat with a science mission. It was designed, built, and operated primarily by students at the University of Colorado Boulder with professional mentorship and involvement from professors, scientists, and engineers in the Aerospace Engineering Sciences department and the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, as well as Southwest Research Institute, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, and the National Center for Atmospheric Research's High Altitude Observatory. The mission principal investigator is Dr. Thomas N. Woods and co-investigators are Dr. Amir Caspi, Dr. Phil Chamberlin, Dr. Andrew Jones, Rick Kohnert, Professor Xinlin Li, Professor Scott Palo, and Dr. Stanley Solomon. The student lead (project manager, systems engineer) was Dr. James Paul Mason, who has since become a Co-I for the second flight model of MinXSS.
MinXSS launched on 2015 December 6 to the International Space Station as part of the Orbital ATK Cygnus CRS OA-4 cargo resupply mission. The launch vehicle was a United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket in the 401 configuration. CubeSat ridesharing was organized as part of NASA ELaNa-IX. Deployment from the International Space Station was achieved with a NanoRacks CubeSat Deployer on 2016 May 16. Spacecraft beacons were picked up soon after by amateur radio operators around the world. Commissioning of the spacecraft was completed on 2016 June 14 and observations of solar flares captured nearly continuously since then. The altitude rapidly decayed in the last week of the mission as atmospheric drag increased exponentially with altitude. The last contact from MinXSS came on 2017-05-06 at 02:37:26 UTC from a HAM operator in Australia. At that time, some temperatures on the spacecraft were already in excess of 100 °C. (One temperature of >300 °C indicated that the solar panel had disconnected, suggesting this contact was only moments before disintegration.) Science data spanning the entire mission are publicly available.
Mission objective
The MinXSS mission is to measure the solar soft X-ray spectrum from about 0.5 keV (25 Å) to 30 keV (0.4 Å) with ~0.15 keV FWHM spectral resolution. This part of the solar electromagnetic spectrum is where the largest enhancement from solar flares is expected to occur. It also has an important impact on Earth ionospheric chemistry. Despite this, prior measurements have been either low-resolution broadband, or high-resolution but very narrow bandpass (see image below). The relatively recent creation of miniaturized silicon drift detectors has enabled the MinXSS measurements. MinXSS data will provide a means of probing the solar corona—especially in active regions and solar flares—and will be used as an input for models of the Earth's upper atmosphere, particularly the ionosphere, thermosphere, and mesosphere.
MinXSS is also the first flight of the Blue Canyon Technologies XACT attitude determination and control system (ADCS), one of the only commercially available 3-axis ADCSs for CubeSats. It is performing even better than its specification. This demonstrates that a critical technology for spacecraft has been successfully miniaturized and commercialized.
Science instrument
The primary science instrument onboard MinXSS is a modified Amptek X123 silicon drift detector. The instrument was modified to make it compatible with a space environment. Specifically, heat transfer pads were placed on the hottest components of the electronics boards to provide a conductive thermal path for heat transfer. In atmosphere, the electronics can cool convectively, but operation in vacuum requires cooling via conduction and hence an improved conductive path. Additionally, a small aperture made of tungsten was attached to the front of the detector to reduce the likelihood of photon saturation and limit the field of view to ±4º. Finally, an additional beryllium filter was mounted in front of the detector to reduce the number of photoelectrons reaching the detector.
There are two secondary science instruments: the X-ray Photometer (XP) and the Sun Position Sensor (SPS). XP is a single photodiode with a beryllium filter in front of it of nearly identical thickness to the sum of the two beryllium filters in front of the X123. The purpose of XP is provide an on-orbit cross-calibration for the X123: the sum of the X123 spectrum should be approximately equal to the XP measurement. SPS is a fine sun sensor with 2.4 arcsec precision that consists of a planar quad-diode observing visible light, whose purpose is to provide fine knowledge of the solar position with respect to the X123 and XP optical axes to correct for any off-axis signal attenuation.
All instruments were calibrated at the National Institute of Standards and Technology's Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility (SURF III).
Pre-flight testing
Despite the loose requirements placed on CubeSats compared to larger spacecraft missions, MinXSS underwent the same rigorous tests that are considered standard in the aerospace industry. The X123 primary science instrument was fully flight-qualified on two sounding rocket flights. In addition to subsystem-level and system-level testing at the bench (i.e. in air at room temperature), the system also underwent thermal vacuum chamber cycle testing, thermal balance testing, vibration testing, and end-to-end communications testing. Mission simulations were performed during thermal vacuum cycling and at the bench using a solar array simulator that was autonomously power toggled with realistic orbital insolation and eclipse periods. This ensured that the spacecraft would be power-positive on orbit.
Communications
The spacecraft uses a measuring tape antenna and an AstroDev Li-1 radio. The spacecraft periodically beacons and its signal can be picked up with amateur ham radio operator equipment. Below are the communications specifications:
Frequency: 437.345 MHz
Data rate: 9600 baud
Modulation: GMSK
Beacon cadence: (as of 2016/07/04) 54 seconds
Beacons recorded by ham radio operators can be sent to the MinXSS team (in KISS format) to contribute to overall data capture.
On-Orbit success
The first critical hurdle for any deployed spacecraft is to establish communications with the ground. This was achieved on the first pass over the MinXSS ground station in Boulder, Colorado. As a science mission, success is determined by receipt of useful scientific measurements. MinXSS first light was presented at a press briefing and a contributed poster during the American Astronomical Society's 47th Solar Physics Division Meeting in Boulder, Colorado. Over 40 GOES C-class and 7 M-class solar flares occurred in the first weeks of the MinXSS mission, and those observations were downlinked to the ground for analysis. The results of those analyses will be the subjects of several upcoming peer-review papers. Additionally, MinXSS was the first flight of the Blue Canyon Technologies XACT 3-axis attitude determination and control system (ADCS). It continuously performed exceptionally, with 8 arcsecond (1-sigma) pointing, where the specification was for 11 arcseconds.
Follow-on mission (MinXSS-2)
A second MinXSS spacecraft was built in parallel with the first. MinXSS-2 is identical to MinXSS-1 except for:
(1) an upgraded version of the X-ray spectrometer, the Amptek X123-FastSDD, vs. the X123-SDD on MinXSS-1;
(2) an upgraded version of the BCT XACT, using the current on-market hardware vs. the pre-release version used on MinXSS-1;
(3) addition of a circuit for in-flight "hard reset" power cycle;
(4) use of the AstroDev Lithium-2 radio vs. the Li-1 used on MinXSS-1; and
(5) minor software updates.
MinXSS-2 is planned to deploy from the Spaceflight Industries SSO-A SmallSat Express mission, using a SpaceX Falcon 9. Launch happened on 3 December 2018, and MinXSS2 was deployed to orbit. The MinXSS-2 orbit is polar and sun-synchronous at 10:30am LTDN, at approximately 575 km altitude, providing an estimated 4-year mission life.
MinXSS-2 was selected for 2 years of funding by NASA under the 2016 Heliophysics Technology and Instrument Development for Science (H-TIDeS) program. MinXSS-2 also adds science involvement from the Naval Research Laboratory, with Dr. Harry Warren added as a co-investigator.
Awards
MinXSS was chosen as the 2016 AIAA Small Satellite Mission of the Year during the 30th Annual AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference in Logan, UT.
Project architecture
The MinXSS project was structured after the Colorado Student Space Weather Experiment CubeSat, which established the graduate projects course led by Joseph R. Tanner in the Aerospace Engineering Sciences department at the University of Colorado Boulder. Students in the department have the choice to either complete a Master's thesis or take two semesters of the graduate projects course. Typically, 10-20 students will be involved in each of the concurrent projects. CSSWE and MinXSS heavily leveraged professionals at the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics. As of 2018 March 8, 40 graduate, 5 undergraduate, and two high school students have worked on the project. Roughly 40 professionals have contributed with varying levels of involvement, from providing feedback at design reviews to writing flight software.
References
External links
MinXSS official site
Photos of deployment from the International Space Station compiled into a movie (courtesy Tim Peake)
XACT Data Sheet
Student satellites
CubeSats
Spacecraft launched in 2015
Satellites deployed from the International Space Station
Spacecraft decommissioned in 2017 |
49380424 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil%20aviation%20in%20India | Civil aviation in India | Civil aviation in India, the world's third-largest civil aviation market as of 2020, traces its origin back to 1911, when the first commercial civil aviation flight took off from a polo ground in Allahabad carrying mail across the Yamuna river to Naini.
Air India is India's national flag carrier after merging with Indian Airlines in 2007 and plays a major role in connecting India with the rest of the world. IndiGo, Air India, Spicejet, Go First and Vistara, AIX Connect are the major carriers in order of their market share. These airlines connect more than 80 cities across India and also operate overseas routes after the liberalisation of Indian aviation. Several other foreign airlines connect Indian cities with other major cities across the globe. However, a large section of country's air transport potential remains untapped, even though the Mumbai–Delhi air corridor is ranked the world's third-busiest route.
India is the third-largest civil aviation market in the world as of 2021. It recorded an air traffic of 131 million passengers in 2016, of which 100 million were domestic passengers. The largest airline by international passenger traffic was Jet Airways which transported over 10 million passengers in and out of India in 2016, followed by Air India and AI Express (8.8 million). In third place was Emirates (5.46 million), which is the largest foreign airline operating in India.
History of civil aviation
Modern civil Aviation in India traces back to 18 February 1911, when the first commercial civil aviation flight took off from Allahabad for Naini over a distance of . During the Allahabad Exhibition, Henri Pequet, a French aviator, carried 6,500 pieces of mail on a Humber biplane from the exhibition to the receiving office at Allahabad. This is the world's first official airmail service. The first commercial airline in present-day India was Handley Page Indo-Burmese Transport. On 15 October 1932, J. R. D. Tata flew a consignment of mail from Karachi to Juhu Airport. His airline later became Air India.
In March 1953, the Indian Parliament passed the Air Corporations Act. India's airline industry was nationalised and the eight domestic airlines operating independently at that time – Deccan Airways, Airways India, Bharat Airways, Himalayan Aviation, Kalinga Airlines, Indian National Airways, Air India and Air Services of India – were merged into two government-owned entities. Indian Airlines focussed on domestic routes and Air India International on international services. The International Airports Authority of India (IAAI) was constituted in 1972 while the National Airports Authority was constituted in 1986. The Bureau of Civil Aviation Security was established in 1987 following the tragic crash of Air India Flight 182. Pushpaka Aviation operated scheduled international passenger flights from Bombay to Sharjah, as an associate carrier of Air India from 1979 to 1983.
East-West Airlines was the first national-level private airline to operate in the country after the government de-regularised the civil aviation sector in 1991. The government allowed private airlines to operate charter and non-scheduled services under the 'Air Taxi' Scheme until 1994, when the Air Corporation Act was repealed and private airlines could now operate scheduled services. Private airlines like Air Sahara, Modiluft, Damania Airways and NEPC Airlines among others commenced domestic operations during this period.
Air India placed orders for more than 68 jets from Boeing for 7.5 billion in 2006 while Indian placed orders for 43 jets from Airbus for 2.5 billion in 2005. IndiGo announced orders for 100 Airbus A320s worth 6 billion during the Paris Air Show, the highest by any Asian domestic carrier. Kingfisher Airlines became the first Indian air carrier on 15 June 2005 to order Airbus A380 aircraft worth 3 billion.
More than half a dozen low-cost carriers entered the Indian market in 2004–05. Major new entrants included Air Deccan, Air Sahara, Kingfisher Airlines, SpiceJet, GoAir, Paramount Airways and IndiGo. But Indian aviation industry struggled due to economic slowdown, rising fuel and operation costs. This led to consolidation, buy outs and discontinuations in the Indian airline industry. In 2007, Air Sahara and Air Deccan were acquired by Jet Airways and Kingfisher Airlines respectively. Paramount Airways ceased operations in 2010 and Kingfisher shut down in 2012. AirAsia India, a low-cost carrier operating as a joint venture between Air Asia and Tata Sons launched in 2014. Vistara, another carrier was established as a joint venture between Tata Sons and Singapore Airlines. As of 2013–14, only IndiGo and GoAir were generating profits.
Aviation economy
Market size
India is the world's third-largest civil aviation market (as of January 2018). It recorded air traffic of 131 million passengers in 2016. The market is also estimated to have 800 aircraft by 2020.
In 2015, Boeing projected India's demand for aircraft to touch 1,740, valued at $240 billion, over the next 20 years in India. This would account for 4.3 per cent of global volumes. According to Airbus, India will be one of the top three aviation markets globally in the next 20 years. Airbus is expecting an annual growth rate of over 11 per cent for the domestic market in India over the next ten years, while the combined growth rate for domestic and international routes would also be more than 10 per cent.
The table shows the air passenger traffic in India with the financial year ending in March:
This is the domestic market share of airlines across India in August 2023 by passengers carried:
Future
UDAN-RCS scheme
To increase the number of operational airports, number of operational airports with scheduled flights, number of routes, number of flyers and to reduce the cost of flying, the Government of India launched UDAN-RCS scheme from 2016, which increased number of operational airports from 49 to 70 within first round that was awarded in April 2017, several more rounds were awarded in Dec 2017, and many more rounds are planned later in 2018 and 2019 with number of operational airports expected to go to 150 or even more.
FDI
With a view to aid in modernization of the existing airports to establish a high standard and help ease the pressure on the existing airports, 100% FDI under automatic route has now been allowed in Brownfield Airport projects. This move would also serve in further developing the domestic aviation infrastructure. Further, FDI limit for Scheduled Air Transport Service/ Domestic Scheduled Passenger Airline and regional Air Transport Service has been raised from 49% to 100%, with FDI up to 49% permitted under automatic route and FDI beyond 49% through Government approval. For Non-Resident Indians (NRI's), 100% FDI will continue to be allowed under automatic route. However, foreign airlines would continue to be allowed to invest in capital of Indian companies operating scheduled and non-scheduled air transport services up to the limit of 49% of their paid up capital and subject to the laid down conditions in the existing policy. Increasing the FDI limit for these aviation services shall not only encourage competition by lowering prices but shall also accord choice to consumers.
MRO
The civil aviation sector in India, which till now was dependent on foreign countries for maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) services, is planning to have indigenous facilities. The Government of India is planning to develop a sustainable air network in over 400 tier-2 cities across India with an estimated expenditure of ₹50 crores.
Vision 2040
The Ministry of Civil Aviation released a report entitled "Vision 2040" on 15 January 2019 outlining a roadmap for the future of civil aviation in India. The report projects that air passenger traffic will increase six fold to 1.1 billion by 2040 including 821 million domestic and 303 million international passengers. The report estimates that a total of 2,359 aircraft would be required to server passengers in March 2040. The government expects air cargo movement to quadruple to 17 million tons in 2040. The Ministry projected that the number of airport in India would rise from 101 in January 2019 to around 190–200 by March 2040 and an estimated 150,000 acres of land and US$40–50 billion of capital would be required for construction. The government proposed creating a $2 billion fund to help support low-traffic airports. The report also targets establishing an aircraft manufacturing base in India by 2040.
The department keeps strict check on protocols for international passengers. In January 2023, Air India was fined $37,000 for its handling of an incident in which a drunk senior US bank executive was accused of urinating on a female passenger, Indian media reported.
Management
Regulations
The industry is governed by the provisions of Aircraft Act. According to the '5/20 rule,’ all airlines in India need five years of domestic flying experience and at least 20 aircraft in its fleet in order to fly abroad. The proposal to review or scrap the 5/20 rule had come up during the tenure of former aviation minister Ajit Singh and around the same time when Tata Group evinced interest in investing in airline sector.
Regulations requiring hand baggage tags to be stamped by security personnel at all airports was introduced from 1992. Between 15–21 December 2016, the CISF conducted a week-long trial at 6 airports during which all domestic passengers would be exempted from the stamping requirement. Civil aviation security regulator Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS) announced on 23 February 2017, that stamping baggage tags was no longer required at seven airports – Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad and Cochin. The Ministry of Civil Aviation intends to gradually eliminate the requirement from all airports.
Air Vistara was fined Rs 70 lakh by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) for failing to operate the required number of flights to underserved parts of the northeast region in April 2022. The airline was fined for not following the guidelines set by the DGCA.
National Civil Aviation Policy 2016
The Government of India released the National Civil Aviation Policy on 15 June 2016. The NCAP 2016 covers the broad policy areas, such as Regional connectivity, Safety, Air Transport Operations, 5/20 Requirement for International Operations, Bilateral traffic rights, Fiscal Support, Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul, Air-cargo, Aeronautical 'Make in India'.
The broad key features of the NCAP are :
VGF for operation under Regional Connectivity Scheme (RCS).
Revival of un-served or under-served routes under RCS.
Introduction of a new Category 'Schedule Commuter Operator' under Commercial Air Transport Operations.
Rationalization of Category-I routes under Route Dispersal Guidelines (RDGs) on the basis of criteria given in NCAP 2016.
The requirement of five years and 20 aircraft for international operation has been modified to 0 years and 20 aircraft or 20% of the total capacity (in terms of average number of seats on all departure put together) whichever is higher for domestic operations.
Liberalization of domestic code share points in India within the framework of ASA.
Partnerships
India's aviation regulator, the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA), and United States Technical Development Agency (USTDA) signed the Grant Agreement for India Aviation Safety Technical Assistance Phase II on 9 February 2016. Under the agreement, USTDA will partially fund improving systems at the DGCA. While USTDA's assistance will be of $808,327, contractor firm The Wicks Group (TWG) would share the cost of assistance at $75,000.
Security
The security of Indian airports is ensured by the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) through its Airport Sector. Three Indian aircraft have been hijacked: 1971 Indian Airlines hijacking (1971), Indian Airlines Flight 427 (1993) and Indian Airlines Flight 814 (1999).
Social and environmental responsibility
Travel by air has significant environmental impacts. Construction of new airports may require land acquisition, and can be mired in controversies, as happened in the case of the Aranmula International Airport.
The world's first airport fully powered by solar energy is at Kochi. Indira Gandhi International Airport at Delhi is a "carbon neutral" airport.
As of October 2016, India is not a signatory to the UN supported 'Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation' (CORSIA). 66 countries contributing more than 85% of international aviation activity has decided to voluntarily participate in this mechanism from the introductory phase itself.
New constructions in some of the airports such as Chandigarh and Vadodara have adopted green building features.
Drones
India updated its national drone policy in August 2021.
Organizations
Ministry of Civil Aviation
The Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA) of Government of India is the nodal Ministry responsible for the formulation of national policies and programmes for development and regulation of civilian aviation, and for devising and implementing schemes for the orderly growth and expansion of civilian air transport. Its functions extend to overseeing airport facilities, air traffic services and carriage of passengers and goods by air. The Ministry also administers implementation of the 1934 Aircraft Act and is administratively responsible for the Commission of Railways Safety.
The ministry also controls aviation related autonomous organisations like the Airports Authority of India (AAI), Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS), Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Uran Akademi and Public Sector Undertaking - Pawan Hans Helicopters Limited.
DGCA
The Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) is the national regulatory body for civil aviation under the Ministry of Civil Aviation. This directorate investigates aviation accidents and incidents. The government of India is planning to replace the organisation with a Civil Aviation Authority (CAA), modelled on the lines of the American Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).
Airports Authority of India
AAI's implementation of Automatic Dependence Surveillance System (ADSS), using indigenous technology at Kolkata and Chennai Air Traffic Control Centres, made India the first country to use this technology in the Southeast Asian region, thus enabling air traffic control over oceanic areas using a satellite mode of communication. Performance-based navigation (PBN) procedures have already been implemented at Mumbai, Delhi and Ahmedabad Airports, and are likely to be implemented at other airports in a phased manner. AAI is implementing the GAGAN project in technological collaboration with the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), where the satellite-based system will be used for navigation. The navigation signals thus received from the GPS will be augmented to meet the navigational requirements of aircraft.
AAI has four training establishments: the Civil Aviation Training College (CATC) at Allahabad; the National Institute of Aviation Management and Research (NIAMAR) at Delhi; and the Fire Training Centres (FTC) at Delhi and Kolkata. An Aerodrome Visual Simulator (AVS) has been provided at CATC, and non-radar procedural ATC simulator equipment is being supplied to CATC Allahabad and Hyderabad Airport. AAI has a dedicated Flight Inspection Unit (FIU) with a fleet of three aircraft fitted with flight inspection systems to inspect Instrument Landing Systems up to Cat-III, VORs, DMEs, NDBs, VGSI (PAPI, VASI) and RADAR (ASR/MSSR). In addition to in-house flight calibration of its navigational aids, AAI undertakes flight calibration of navigational aids for the Indian Air Force, Indian Navy, Indian Coast Guard and other private airfields in the country.
AAI has entered into joint ventures at the Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Bangalore and Nagpur airports to upgrade these airports.
Infrastructure
Civil Aviation Parks
Several Integrated Aviation-industrial parks, for aerospace training, research, manufacturing, Maintenance, repair, and operations (MRO) and Fixed-base Operations (FBO) integrated international aviation hub and aerospace industrial hub, are in the process of being set up, such as in Hisar and Gujarat.
Airports
While there are 346 civilian airfields in India – 253 with paved runways and 93 with unpaved runways, only 132 were classified as "airports" as of November 2014. Of these, the airports in Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Kochi, Ahmedabad, Jaipur and Pune handle most of the traffic. The operations of the major airports in India have been privatised over the past five years and this has resulted in better equipped and cleaner airports. The terminals have either been refurbished or expanded.
India also has 33 "ghost airports," which were built in an effort to make air travel more accessible for those in remote regions but are now non-operational due to a lack of demand. The Jaisalmer Airport in Rajasthan, for example, was completed in 2013 and was expected to host 300,000 passengers a year but has not seen any commercial flights take off till 2017,After UDAN – RCS scheme Jaisalmer Airport get its first commercial flight to Delhi and till now there are around 5 destination connected through Jaisalmer.
Heliports
As of 2013, there are 45 heliports in India. India also has the world's highest helipad at the Siachen Glacier a height of 6400 metre (21,000 ft) above mean sea level.
Pawan Hans Helicopters Limited is a public sector company that provides helicopter services to ONGC to its off-shore locations, and also to various State Governments in India, particularly in North-east India.
Airlines
There are a total of 22 airlines which are operational in India as of 2015.
See also
Aviation in India
CORSIA
Environmental Impact of Aviation
Flight Information Region In India
Transport in India
References
Citations |
3284118 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlewild%20South | Idlewild South | Idlewild South is the second studio album by American southern rock band the Allman Brothers Band. Produced by Tom Dowd, the album was released on September 23, 1970 in the United States by Atco Records and Capricorn Records. Following the release of their 1969 debut, the Allman Brothers Band toured the United States extensively to promote the album, which had little commercial success. Their performances, however, did create positive word of mouth exposure that extended to more famous musicians, such as Eric Clapton, who invited group leader Duane Allman to contribute to his 1970 album Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs.
As a result of the band's relentless touring schedule, Idlewild South was recorded gradually over a period of five months in various cities, including New York, Miami, and Macon, Georgia, the band's adopted home. Tom Dowd had previously been sought to record the group's debut but had been unavailable. The material presented on Idlewild South was written during this period and tested out on the road at shows. The album's title comes from the band's nickname for a rustic cabin the band rented out and used for rehearsals, as well as parties. Idlewild South contains two of the band's best-known songs, "Midnight Rider" (later a hit for various artists) and "In Memory of Elizabeth Reed", which became one of the band's famous concert numbers.
The album was released in September 1970 but again failed to achieve significant success. Sales began to grow, however, due to over 300 shows the band put on in 1970, setting the stage for their artistic and commercial breakthrough with 1971's live follow-up album, At Fillmore East. Following the band's increased fame in the early 1970s, this album and its self-titled debut, The Allman Brothers Band, were repackaged into the compilation album Beginnings. In 1973, Beginnings was certified gold for sales of 500,000 copies, according to the Recording Industry Association of America.
Background
The Allman Brothers Band formed in March 1969, and began writing music and touring together. By that August, the group had recorded its self-titled debut, The Allman Brothers Band, which was released that November on Capricorn Records, a division of Atlantic Records. The record received a poor commercial response, selling less than 35,000 copies upon initial release. Executives suggested to the band's manager and Capricorn president, Phil Walden, that he relocate the band to New York or Los Angeles to increase their exposure. "They wanted us to act "like a rock band" and we just told them to "fuck themselves," remembered Trucks. For their part, the members of the band remained optimistic, electing to stay in the South. "Everyone told us we'd fall by the wayside down there," said Gregg Allman, but the collaboration between the band and Capricorn Records "transformed Macon from this sleepy little town into a very hip, wild, and crazy place filled with bikers and rockers." In March 1970, Oakley's wife rented a large Victorian home on 2321 Vineville Avenue in Macon, which they dubbed "the Big House".
Idlewild South was the band's first effort with Tom Dowd, known for his work with Cream and John Coltrane. Dowd first heard the band rehearsing while visiting Capricorn Sound Studios in Macon, asking their name and remarking to Walden, "Get them the hell out of there and give them to me in the studio. They don't need to rehearse; they're ready to record". Dowd was initially scheduled to work with the band on their debut album but was called away at the last minute. Initially, the band had asked friend and colleague Johnny Sandlin to produce their second album, but as recording inched closer, it became obvious they wanted him to co-produce with Dowd. In one of their first sessions, Sandlin was giving suggestions and acting as a co-producer, though no one had informed Dowd; Sandlin was embarrassed and did not return to the studio.
Recording and production
The first recording sessions for Idlewild South took place in mid-February 1970 at the newly built Capricorn Sound Studios in Macon. Subsequently, the band moved to Criteria Studios in Miami in mid-March, where Dowd felt more comfortable producing albums; he viewed the then-new Capricorn studio as still a work-in-progress and unfit to record in. The band was constantly on the road while Idlewild South was developed, leading to a fractured recording process completed in fits and starts. They reconvened with Dowd during short breaks from shows. In addition, group leader Duane Allman still received invitations to play as a session musician elsewhere; on the "rare instances when [the band] could return to Macon for a short break", Allman would hit the road for New York, Miami, or Muscle Shoals to contribute to other artists' sessions. On days that the band would be available, manager Walden phoned Dowd to inform him; he would often catch their show and spend the rest of the night in the studio. After nearly half a year and over three different recording studios, production wrapped up by July 1970.
The Allman Brothers Band opted to cut most of Idlewild South live, with all of the musicians performing together. On rare occasions, they would go back to overdub sections that were not up to standard. "The idea is that part of the thing of the Allman Brothers is the spontaneity — the elasticity. The parts and tempos vary in a way that only they are sensitive to", said Dowd. Duane often left a song alone for more work and testing out on the road. "They would record maybe five songs. Then they might say, 'I don't think that song was good enough,' or, 'I don't think that song was ready to record' ", remembered Dowd. Joel Dorn, predominantly a jazz producer for Atlantic, stepped in to produce one song on the album, "Please Call Home", which was recorded at Regency Sound Studios on July 14, 1970. The band were in New York at the time and Dowd was unavailable.
Following the recording process, Duane was invited to join Eric Clapton and his new group Derek & the Dominos on the recording of their debut album, Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs. Clapton later formally invited Allman to join the group, but he reluctantly declined, expressing loyalty to the members of the Allman Brothers and musical concept that had birthed it.
Composition
"Revival" initially took shape as an instrumental, with lyrics as an afterthought. "An instrumental has to be real catchy and when you succeed it's very satisfying because you have transcended words and communicated with emotion," said Betts. The song takes on a decidedly gospel flair midway through, accentuated by "old-fashioned church-like hand clapping." The Gregg Allman-penned "Don't Keep Me Wonderin'" follows, featuring Duane on slide guitar and Oakley's friend Thom Doucette on harmonica. "Midnight Rider" developed quickly and featured lyrics contributed by roadie Robert Payne, who threw out a suggestion to Gregg Allman while together at their equipment warehouse. Unable to gain a key to the nearby Capricorn Sound Studios, the duo broke in and recorded a quick demo with Twiggs Lyndon on bass and Johanson on congas. Duane eventually laid down acoustic guitar tracks for both "Revival" and "Midnight Rider", as he was quicker to record and more technically savvy due to his session work in Muscle Shoals.
"In Memory of Elizabeth Reed" was inspired by a woman Betts was involved with in Macon, the girlfriend of musician Boz Scaggs. "She was Hispanic and somewhat dark and mysterious—and she really used it to her advantage and played it to the hilt," said Betts. To cloak her identity, the song is named after a headstone Betts saw at the Rose Hill Cemetery, where band members often ventured in their early days to relax and write songs. Considerable legend developed about the song's genesis, much fueled by a put-on interview Duane Allman gave Rolling Stone. The song is Betts' first composition recorded by the band. "Hoochie Coochie Man" was the band's rearrangement of a Muddy Waters tune culled from bassist Berry Oakley and Betts' days performing the number in their earlier band the Second Coming. Featuring Oakley in his only studio vocal, it is nearly twice as fast as Waters' original. "Please Call Home" was cut in New York with jazz producer Joel Dorn in two takes, with Johanson switching from brushes to a mallet on the second, final take. "Leave My Blues at Home" contains hints of funk and an extended fade out of the band's signature twin lead guitars."
Title
The album's title came from the band's nickname for a $165-a-month cabin it rented on a lake outside of Macon early in its days there, the busy comings and goings at which reminded them of New York City's Idlewild Airport.
Scott Boyer spoke on the cabin's history in the 2008 book Skydog: The Duane Allman Story:
It was like a hunting cabin. The back of the house had a porch that was built out over a manmade lake that was maybe five or six acres. It was a cabin made out of old pinewood, and it had been there for a long time. ... The Allman Brothers used it as a rehearsal facility — that and a place to go maybe to consume a little something that wasn't quite legal. There were parties out there."
Idlewild South was the home of rehearsals and parties, and was "where the brotherhood came to pass," according to roadie Kim Payne; "There was a pact made out there around a campfire—all for one and one for all. ... Everybody believed [in the band] 100 percent." According to Linda Oakley, spouse of bassist Oakley, the group held a New Year's Eve party going into 1970 where they joined together in a midnight chorus of "Will the Circle Be Unbroken". "That was a pivotal moment, a testament of love," she said. Much of the material presented on the album originated at the cabin.
Release and reception
Idlewild South was issued by Atco and Capricorn Records on September 23, 1970, less than a year after the band's debut album. It sold only "marginally better, in spite of the band's growing national reputation, and included songs that would become staples of its repertoire—and eventually of rock radio." Jim Hawkins, engineer of the album, remembered that Walden informed him that Idlewild South opened to 50,000 copies in its first week, before settling in at 1,000 per week. While the album did help boost the band's popularity, the Allman Brothers' name really grew in fame due to their live performances. Walden doubted the band's future, worrying whether they would ever catch on, but word of mouth spread due to the band's relentless touring schedule, and crowds got larger.
Rolling Stone Ed Leimbacher wrote that Idlewild South "augurs well for the Allmans' future," calling it "a big step forward from the Allmans' first" but considered the second side of the LP a disappointment. Robert Christgau at The Village Voice gave the album a "B+" and considered it a companion piece to Duane Allman's work on Layla, noting that "a lot of people think that Duane Allman is already a ranking titan of the electric guitar." A retrospective five-star review from Bruce Eder at Allmusic deemed it "the best studio album in the group's history, electric blues with an acoustic texture, virtuoso lead, slide, and organ playing, and a killer selection of songs."
Accolades
In 2014 Rolling Stone listed it among the most "groundbreaking" albums, covering its impact on Southern rock: "On their second album, the Allman Brothers transmogrified from mere blues-rockers to an assemblage creating an entirely new kind of Southern music."
Track listing
Personnel
All credits adapted from liner notes.
The Allman Brothers Band
Gregg Allman – vocals, organ, piano
Duane Allman – slide guitar, lead guitar, acoustic guitar
Dickey Betts – lead guitar
Berry Oakley – bass guitar, vocals on "Hoochie Coochie Man", and harmony vocals on "Midnight Rider"
Jai Johanny Johanson – drums, congas, timbales, percussion
Butch Trucks – drums, timpani
Additional musicians
Thom Doucette – harmonica, percussion
Production
Tom Dowd – production, engineer
Joel Dorn – producer on "Please Call Home"
Frank Fenter – supervision
Bob Liftin – engineer
Chuck Kirkpatrick - engineer
Howie Albert – engineer
Jim Hawkins – engineer
Ron Albert – engineer
Jimm Roberts – artwork, photography
Suha Gur – mastering
Weekly charts
References
Sources
External links
The Allman Brothers Band albums
1970 albums
Atco Records albums
Capricorn Records albums
Albums produced by Tom Dowd |
314539 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootle | Bootle | Bootle (pronounced ) is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Sefton, Merseyside, England, which had a population of 51,394 in 2011; the wider Parliamentary constituency had a population of 98,449.
Historically part of Lancashire, Bootle's proximity to the Irish Sea and the industrial city of Liverpool to the south saw it grow rapidly in the 1800s, first as a dormitory town for wealthy merchants, and then as a centre of commerce and industry in its own right following the arrival of the railway and the expansion of the docks and shipping industries. The subsequent population increase was fuelled heavily by Irish migration.
The town was heavily damaged in World War II with air raids against the port and other industrial targets. Post-war economic success in the 1950s and 1960s gave way to a downturn, precipitated by a reduction in the significance of Liverpool Docks internationally, and changing levels of industrialisation, coupled with the development of modern suburbs and the expansion of industries into the Merseyside hinterlands. By the 1980s, there had been a sharp spike in unemployment and population decline. Large-scale renewal projects have begun to help regenerate the local economy.
History
Toponymy
Etymologically, Bootle derives from the Anglo Saxon Bold or Botle meaning a dwelling.
It was recorded as Boltelai in the Domesday Book in 1086. By 1212 the spelling had been recorded as Botle. The spellings Botull, Bothull and Bothell are recorded in the 14th century. In the 18th century, it was known as Bootle cum Linacre.
Resort
Bootle was originally a small hamlet built near the 'sand hills' or dunes of the river estuary. In the early 19th century, it began to develop as a bathing resort, attracting wealthy people from Liverpool. Some remaining large villas which housed well-to-do commuters to Liverpool are located in the area known locally as 'Bootle Village', centred around Marsh Lane.
Development
The Liverpool, Crosby and Southport Railway arrived in the 1840s and Bootle experienced rapid growth. By the end of the 19th century the docks had been constructed along the whole of the river front as far as Seaforth Sands to the north. The town became heavily industrialised. Bootle was incorporated as a municipal borough in 1868 under the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, and in 1889 was granted the status of a county borough by the Local Government Act 1888, becoming independent from the administrative county of Lancashire. During this time period it was sometimes formally known as Bootle-cum-Linacre. Orrell was added to the borough in 1905. There are still large areas of Victorian terraced houses in Bootle, formerly occupied by dock workers. These are built in distinctive pressed red brick.
Bootle Town Hall and other municipal buildings were erected in the last quarter of the 19th century. The population of the town swelled during this period, boosted in large part by Irish immigration and the attraction of plentiful work on the docks. The wealth to pay for the splendour of the town hall and the gentrified 'Bootle Village' area was generated by these docks. The skilled workers lived in terraced houses in the east of the town, while the casual dock labourers lived in cramped, dwellings near the dockside. Stories about three streets in particular, Raleigh Street, Dundas Street and Lyons Street, caused great alarm. Lyons Street, the scene of the 'Teapot Murder', was renamed Beresford Street shortly before the First World War.
On the positive side, Bootle was the first borough to elect its own school board, following the passage of William Forster's Elementary Education Act 1870. In 1872 Dr R.J. Sprakeling was appointed the first Medical Officer of Health, and was instrumental in improving sanitary conditions in the town. The Metropole Theatre on Stanley Road played host to stars such as music hall singer Marie Lloyd. Tree lined streets surrounded magnificent open spaces, such as Derby Park, North Park and South Park. Roman Catholic and Anglican churches sprang up all over the town, and Welsh immigration brought with it Nonconformist chapels and the temperance movement. Local societies thrived, including sports teams, scouts and musical groups. The Bootle May Day carnival and the crowning of the May Queen were highlights of the social year. The town successfully fought against absorption by neighbouring Liverpool in 1903. It subsequently made good use of its Latin motto Respice, Aspice, Prospice, ("look to the past, the present, the future").
Second World War
The docks made Bootle a target for Nazi German Luftwaffe bombers during the Liverpool Blitz of the Second World War, with approximately 90% of the houses in the town damaged.
Situated immediately adjoining the city of Liverpool, and the site of numerous docks, Bootle had the distinction of being the most heavily bombed borough in the UK, with 458 civilian deaths from enemy action recorded within the borough. Bootle played an important role in the Battle of the Atlantic.
Royal Navy's Captain Frederic John Walker, the famous U-boat hunter, would rest in the Mayor's Parlour of Bootle Town Hall and his ships, HMS Stork and HMS Starling, sailed out of Gladstone Dock Bootle. Memorabilia associated with Walker including the ships's bell from HMS Starling which was presented to Bootle County Borough Council on 21 October 1964 by Admiral Sir Nigel Henderson Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth. can be viewed in Bootle Town Hall.
Post-war
After the Second World War large council housing estates were built inland from the town centre, including the area of Netherton, which was built on new town principles. The Liverpool Overhead Railway and Liverpool Tramways Company closure in the 1950s reduced Bootle's connection to Liverpool.
Bootle did share in the postwar boom. The centre of the town was redeveloped and the 'Bootle New Strand' shopping centre was opened in 1968. At the same time, new offices were built in the town centre. The town lost its access to the beach when neighbouring Seaforth Sands was redeveloped in the early 1970s, but the Seaforth Container Port brought new jobs into the area. The local authority, and other 'social' landlords, saw to it that new housing was built and older stock renovated. Bootle did not go down the route of massive housing clearance, and many local communities remained intact.
The borough celebrated its centenary in 1968 and civic pride was much in evidence.
Decline
The docks declined in importance in the 1960s and 1970s, and Bootle suffered high unemployment and a declining population. The establishment of large office blocks housing government departments and the National Girobank provided employment, filled largely by middle-class people from outside the Bootle/Liverpool area. In the early 1970s Bootle was absorbed into the new local authority of Sefton under local government reorganisation. More fundamental than political change was economic change. The very reason for Bootle's existence, the access to the Mersey, became almost irrelevant as the docks closed and the new container port required far fewer workers than the old docks had. This in turn affected practically every other industry in the town. The problems slowly gathered pace until Merseyside hit crisis point in the early 1980s. Even by 2006 the area was one of the poorest in the country and had high levels of unemployment.
Regeneration
Asda heavily invested in Bootle by building a new eco-friendly superstore on Strand Road in 2008. Among refurbishment and rebuilding projects in the 2010s, the HSE buildings and the new-look Stanley Road have been created, Oriel Road Station has been refurbished, and a new block of flats on the site of the Stella Maris building and a Lidl store on Stanley Road have been built. The Klondyke Estate located off Hawthorne road saw the Welsh terrace houses get demolished and replaced with 2,3 and 4 bed modern houses. This was after the controversial move by Bellway after residents opposed demolition. Sefton Council submitted a bid to the Government’s Levelling UP Fund in July for £20 million to underpin a regeneration scheme to transform Bootle town centre. The outcome of the fund is expected to be announced in 2023.
Unemployment
The economic recovery on Merseyside since the 1980s has meant that Bootle is ranked as only the tenth worst area for unemployment in Britain, and all other parts of the region have lower unemployment—a stark contrast to the 1970s and 1980s when areas of Merseyside dominated the list of Britain's least economically active areas. As of 2009, in the depth of a recession, unemployment stood at 12%. In 2022, it was reduced to less than 4%, similar to the national average.
Geography and administration
Bootle Docks was created as a part of the Mersey Docks and now promoted as Port of Liverpool, with the Liverpool and Wirral Docks, being located on both bank sides of the River Mersey. Bootle Docks are situated at the northern end, that is closer to the Irish Sea estuary.
Bootle, along with Southport, is one of the two main administrative headquarters for the Metropolitan Borough of Sefton. Among Bootle's neighbouring districts are Kirkdale to the south, Walton to the east, with Seaforth, Litherland and Netherton to the north. To the west it is bounded by the River Mersey. In the centre is a sizeable area of large office blocks, and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal.
The old civic centre of Bootle contains large Victorian buildings such as the town hall and the municipal baths. To the north lies the New Strand Shopping Centre, which gained notoriety after the abduction and murder of two-year-old James Bulger in 1993.
Sports
Bootle has one association football non-league team known as Bootle F.C. who currently play in the Northern premier League Division One West. They are a reformed version of the original Bootle F.C. (1879).
Education
The town has one further education college, Hugh Baird College, located on Balliol Road. The college delivers over 300 courses to more than 7,000 students with course levels from Entry Level to Level 3, A Levels, apprenticeships and university level courses and degrees.
In January 2014, a multimillion-pound facility called the L20 Building located on Stanley Road was opened. This houses a dedicated University Centre with open-plan study areas for students studying University level courses.
Transport
There are two railway stations served by frequent electric services from Liverpool to Southport. These are Oriel Road near the Victorian era civic centre, and New Strand, serving the shopping centre. A third railway station is situated on the boundary of Bootle (Old Roan), and is part of the Liverpool to Ormskirk Line. A goods line, the Bootle Branch, is still in use, but it used to be a passenger line which had a station at Bootle Balliol Road railway station and served the areas of Clubmoor, Tuebrook and Childwall among other places. It closed during the 1960s. Called the Canada Dock Branch, a second route, the North Mersey Branch could still be opened.
The bus station is under the New Strand Shopping Centre and provides services to Liverpool City Centre, Penny Lane, Allerton, Tuebrook and Crosby.
Bootle Docks used to host passenger ships to Belfast and Dublin, but now it is used solely for freight services, and it is somewhat less important than the port of Liverpool.
Amenities
The town has a leisure centre, located in the North Park area, which includes a modern gym, swimming pool, and various indoor sports halls. The Bootle New Strand shopping centre contains many of the regular high street stores, combined with a smaller collection of local businesses. For entertainment there is a wide variety of public houses, snooker clubs and late-night bars. There are also a number of restaurants.
Politics
Originally a Conservative seat, Bootle elected early MPs such as Bonar Law, a future Tory Prime Minister. The seat was briefly Liberal in the early 1920s. Labour first captured the seat in 1929, in the personage of local hairdresser John Kinley, but lost it in 1931. Although Kinley recaptured it in 1945 it did not become safely Labour until the long tenure of Simon Mahon. It is now impregnable, politically, and since 1997 the Bootle constituency has been one of the safest Labour Party seats in the whole of the United Kingdom. The area was represented in parliament by Joe Benton until he stood down in 2015. The current MP is Peter Dowd.
For elections to Sefton Council the town of Bootle is split between the electoral wards of Netherton and Orrell, whose three representatives, are all members of the Labour Party, and are Susan Ellen Bradshaw, Ian Ralph Maher and Tom Spring. Derby, whose three representatives are Brenda O'Brien, David Robinson and Anne Thompson and are all members of the Labour Party, and finally Linacre whose three representatives, are all members of the Labour Party, and are John Fairclough, Christine Maher, and Daniel McKee. Overall there are nine councillors representing the Bootle area, all of them are members of the Labour Party.
Overall the electoral wards of Sefton Council in and around Bootle and the parliamentary constituency itself are extremely safe seats for the Labour Party, sometimes standing uncontested by the other parties.
Expansion of Bootle Docks
Liverpool2 is an ambitious project with a total investment of up to £300 million to expand the port of Liverpool, creating a river berth near the "Seaforth Triangle" south of the Royal Seaforth Dock and is a primary part of the Mersey Ports Master Plan. The project has permission granted by the Secretary of State- Harbour Revision Order. Lend Lease is the contractor building the project.
When the new dock is completed, it will be able to accommodate two post-Panamax vessels of 13,500 TEU (Twenty-foot equivalent unit) simultaneously. The expansion of the docks includes the construction of a new deep water terminal which will eliminate the restriction in vessel size of the current docks. The project is estimated to involve of concrete, of new crane rails, and 15,000 steel piles. The new container area will require up to of infill materials.
Furthermore, the completion of the dock will allow the world's container ships to have direct connections to the northern half of the UK and Ireland, and is estimated to receive up to 4 million containers per year. The expansion of the Bootle Docks is expected to make a significant contribution to the community by adding £5 billion to the local economy and bringing an influx of employment opportunities. Liverpool Community College and Mersey Maritime have signed partnerships with Peel Port to perform job skills training, 5,000 direct and indirect jobs will be created, of which 4,000 will be at the Liverpool Port.
However, along with the benefits, the expansion of the port will have a severe impact on the environment
and local communities. Through the construction of the docks, a large number of vehicles will emit significant amounts of air pollutants leading to pollutant concentration in a small area. In addition to air pollution, increasing noise nuisance and vibrations are other problems causing concern. Once completed, the operation of the port will mean a considerably increase of road traffic, rail traffic and shipping, leading to reduced air quality and various issues affecting the health of the community.
Notable people
Many notable footballers were born in Bootle. Jamie Carragher, Steve McManaman and Roy Evans came to prominence playing for Liverpool (with Evans later going on to become the club's manager) whilst Alvin Martin is regarded as one of West Ham United's greatest-ever players. Former Evertonian Jose Baxter of Sheffield United was also born in Bootle. England Lioness and Manchester City player Alex Greenwood grew up playing on the streets of Bootle.
In the arts, Bootle has produced the comedian Tom O'Connor, the television presenter Keith Chegwin, television producer and presenter Will Hanrahan and early rock and roll singer Billy J. Kramer. The fashion retailer George Davies was educated in Bootle.
John C. Wells, linguist. He was born in Bootle.
Derek Acorah, psychic medium. He was born in Bootle.
Paul Nuttall, former Leader of the UK Independence Party. He was born in Bootle.
Sergiusz Pinkwart, writer, journalist, traveler, Magellan Award winner. He lives in Bootle.
Pat Kelly, New Zealand trade unionist. He was born and raised in Bootle.
Mayors
Charles Howson, 1869
Thomas P. Danson, 1870
William Geves, 1870–1874
George Barnes, 1874
Thomas P. Danson, 1875–76
Louis W. Heintz, 1877 (Conservative)
J. Newell, 1878 (Conservative)
John P. McArthur, 1879 (Conservative)
James Webster, 1882 (Liberal)
James Webster (Liberal, re-elected in November 1883, supported by both Liberals and Conservatives)
James Leslie, 1884 (Liberal)
Matthew Hill, 1885 (Liberal)
William Jones, 1886 ("Klondike Bill")
John Wells, 1888
Benjamin Cain, 1889 (Liberal)
John Vicars, 1890–91
William Thomas, 1892
Benjamin Sands Johnson, 1893–94
Isac Alexander Mack, 1895–96 (Liberal)
John McMurray, 1897
William Robert Brewster, 1898 (Conservative)
George Lamb, 1899 (Liberal)
Peter Ascroft JP, 1900 (Conservative but elected with unanimous cross-party support)
George Samuel Wild, 1901
William Henry Clemmey, 1902 (Conservative)
James Julius Metcalf, 1903
Owen Kendrick Jones, 1904 (son of William Jones, Mayor, 1886)
Robert Edward Roberts, 1905
Alfred Rutherford, 1906
James Person, 1907
George Randall, 1908
Hugh Carruthers, 1909
James Roger Barbour, 1910
John William Edwin Smith, 1911
William Henry Clemmey, 1912 (Conservative)
John Rafter, 1913
George Alexander Cassady, 1914
James Pearson, 1915
Benjamin Edward Bailey, 1916
James Pearson, 1917
Harry Pennington, 1918–19
John Henry Johnston, 1920–21
Thomas Alfred Patrick, 1922
Robert Turner, 1923
Birty Wolfenden, 1924
Thomas Harris, 1925
Frederick William King, 1926
Edmund Gardner, 1927–28
Simon Mahon, 1929, first Catholic Mayor of Bootle, father of MPs Peter and Simon Mahon
Donald Samuel Eaton, 1930
Arthur Hankey, 1931
James Scott, 1932
Maurice Stanley Webster, 1933
Edwin Smith, 1934
John William Clark, 1935
James Burnie, 1936
James O'Neill, 1937
Nicholas Cullen, 1938 (Labour)
James Spence, 1939
Joseph Sylvester Kelly, 1940 (Labour)
James Stubbs Riley, 1941
Richard Owen Jones, 1942
George Alfred Rogers, 1943
William Keenan, 1944 (Labour)
John Thomas Hackett, 1945
Harry Oswald Cullen, 1946
Thomas Harris, 1947–48
Charles G Anderson, 1949 (Conservative)
David Berger Black, 1950 (Conservative)
Robert James Rogerson, 1951 (Conservative)
Mark Connolly, 1952 (Labour)
Robert J Rainford, 1953 (Conservative)
Peter Mahon (politician), 1954 (Labour)
Thomas A Cain JP, 1955 (Labour)
Dr Israel Harris JP, 1956 (Labour)
Albert Sidney Moore JP, 1957 (Labour)
John Cyril Hevey, 1958 (Labour)
Hugh Baird, 1959 (Labour)
Joseph Samuel Kelly, 1960 (Labour)
Joseph Sylvester Kelly, 1961 (Labour)
Simon Mahon Jr., 1962 (Labour)
John Morley, 1963 (Labour)
Thomas E Dooley, 1964 (Labour)
Griff Williams, 1965 (Labour)
James Grimley, 1966 (Labour)
Veronica Bray, 1967 (Labour)
Oliver Ellis, 1968 (Conservative)
Harold Gee, 1969 (Conservative)
Fred Morris, 1970 (Conservative)
George Halliwell, 1971 (Conservative)
John Marray, 1972 (Labour)
William A Wiseman, 1973 (Labour)
See also
Listed buildings in Bootle
References
External links
Bootle Today
Liverpool Urban Area
Towns and villages in the Metropolitan Borough of Sefton
Towns in Merseyside
Unparished areas in Merseyside |
58483814 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20compositions%20by%20Betsy%20Jolas | List of compositions by Betsy Jolas | This is a list of compositions by the Franco-American composer Betsy Jolas (born 1926). Her music is published by Éditions Alphonse Leduc, Éditions Billaudot and Éditions Salabert, amongst others.
Opera and stage works
Le Pavillon au Bord de la Rivière (1975), chamber opera in 4 acts
Schliemann (1982–83), opera in 3 acts
Le Cyclope (1986), chamber opera in 1 act
Ajax (1960), incidental music for the play by Sophocles
Les troyennes (1961), incidental music for the play by Euripides
La dernière existence au camp de Tatenberg, incidental music for the play by Armand Gatti
Orchestra
D'un opéra de voyage (1967) for chamber orchestra
Quatre Plages (1967) for string orchestra
Well Met (1973) for string orchestra
Tales of a summer sea (1977) for orchestra
Cinq pièces pour Boulogne (1982) (2 versions)
Just a Minute! (1986)
Well Met 04 – Pantomime for 12 strings (2004)
B Day (2006) for symphony orchestra
A Little Summer Suite (2015)
Well Met Suite (2016)
Solo works with orchestra or ensemble
Points D'Aube (1968) for viola and ensemble
Musique d'hiver (1971) for organ and small orchestra
États (1967) for violin and 6 percussionists
Trois Rencontres (1973) for solo string trio and symphony orchestra
How-Now (1973) for 8 instruments
Onze Lieder (1977) for trumpet and chamber orchestra
Stances (1978) for piano and orchestra
Points d'or (1982) for saxophonist (playing soprano, alto, tenor, baritone) and 15 instruments
Frauenleben (1992) for viola and orchestra
Lumor, 7 Lieder spirituels for a saxophonist (playing soprano and tenor) and orchestra (1996)
Petite symphonie concertante (1997) for conducting violin and orchestra
Wanderlied (2003) for cello and 15 instruments
Histoires Vraies (2015) for trumpet and orchestra
Side Roads (2017) for cello and strings
Works for large ensemble
Figures (1965) for 9 instruments
J.D.E. (1966) for 14 musicians
D'un opéra de poupée en sept musiques (1982) for 11 instruments
Préludes, Fanfares, Interludes, Sonneries (1983) for wind band
Sonate à 8 (1998) for cello octet
Chamber music
Sonate à Trois (1956) for recorder, viola da gamba and harpsichord
Quartet No. 1 (1956)
Quartet No. 3, 9 études for string quartet (1973)
O Wall (1976) for wind quintet
Trio (1988) for piano trio
Quartet No. 4 – Menus Propos (1989) for string quartet
Trio "Les Heures" (1991) for string trio
Musique pour Xavier (1993) for clarinet, tenor saxophone and violin
Quartet No. 5 (1994) for string quartet
Music for here (1994) for solo bassoon with accompaniment of viola and cello
Quartet No. 6 (1997) for clarinet and string trio
Petite sonnerie de juin (1997) for horn, trumpet and trombone
Trio sopra et sola facta (1999–2000) for violin, clarinet and piano
Titivillus (2000) for mezzo-soprano, flute and piano or 2 flutes and piano
Ah! Haydn (2007) for piano trio
Quatuor VII (Afterthoughts) (2018) for trumpet, violin, viola and cello
Duos
Trifolium (1947) for flute and piano
Remember (1971) for cor anglais (or viola) and cello
Four Duos (1978) for viola and piano
Trois études campanaires (1980) for carillon and keyboard
Quatre pièces en marge (1983) for cello and piano
Three Duos (1983) for tuba and piano
Music for Joan (1988) for vibraphone and piano
Petites musiques de chevet (1989) for clarinet and piano
E.A petite suite variée (1991) for trumpet in C and vibraphone
Études aperçues (1992) for vibraphone and 5 cow bells
Musique pour Delphine (1992) for violin and cello
Quoth the raven, 3 pieces for clarinet and piano (1993)
Frauenleben (1994) for viola and piano
Music to go (1995) for viola and cello
Come follow (2001) for bassoon and viola
Lovemusic (2005) for flute and bass clarinet
Suite: Puer apud magistros exercentur (2007) for 2 alto saxophones
Allô! for 2 saxophones
Oh là! for 2 saxophones
Scat for 2 saxophones
Ardente for viola and piano
Femme le soir (2018) for cello and piano
Solo works
Episode No. 1 (1964) for flute
Fusain (1971) for bass flute and piccolo
Chanson d'approche (1972) for piano
Autour (1972) for harpsichord
B for Sonata (1973) for piano
Scion (1973) for cello
Tranche (1976) for harp
Musique de jour (1976) for organ
Episode No. 2 "ohne Worte" (1977) for flute
Auprès (1980) for harpsichord
Pièce pour Saint Germain (1981) for piano
Calling E.C. (1982) for piano or two pianos
Episode No. 3 (1982) for trumpet in C
Episode No. 4 (1983) for tenor saxophone
Petite suite sérieuse pour concert de famille (1983) for piano
Episode No. 5 (1983) for cello
Episode No. 6 (1984) for viola
Episode No. 7 "night away" (1984) for electric guitar
Episode No. 8 (1984) for double bass
Tango Si (1984) for piano
Une journee de Gadad, children's suite for piano (1984)
Signets, hommage à Maurice Ravel (1987) for piano
Episode No. 9 "Forte magnum colaraturum" (1990) for clarinet
Pièce pour piano (1997)
Petite Fantaisie for Leo (2001) for flute
Pièces jay (2001) for piano
O Bach! (2007) for piano
Leçons du petit jour (2007) for organ
3 x Toi (2018) for piano – dedicated to Nicolas Hodges
Chorus
Mass (1945) for choir, soloists and orchestra
Motet I – To everything, there is a season (1947) for 7 women's voices
Madrigal (1948) for choir
Arbres (1950) for mixed choir a cappella
Et le reste à l'avenant (1950) for mixed choir a cappella
Everyone sings (1955) for double women's choir féminin et brass
Enfantillages (1956) for women's or children's choir in 3 equal voices
L'oeil égaré dans les plis de l'obéissance au vent, cantate radiophonique (1961) for soprano, contralto, baritone, mixed choir and orchestra
Dans la chaleur vacante, cantate radiophonique (1963) for choir and orchestra
Mots (1963) for vocal quintet and ensemble
Motet II (1965) for chorus and ensemble
Diurnes (1970) for mixed chorus of 12 to 72 voices
Sonata for 12 mixed voices a cappella (1970)
Perriault le déluné, comédie-madrigal for mixed choir of 3 times 4 voices a cappella (1993)
Für Celia affettuoso (1998) for choir in 6 voices
Motet III "Hunc igitur terrorem" (1999) for 5 solo voices, choir and Baroque orchestra
Enfantillages (2000) new version with flute and women's or children's choir
Autres enfantillages (2000) for children's or women's choir with clarinet ad libitum
Chant dormant (2001) for choir
Concerto-Fantaisie "O night, oh" (2001) – for mixed choir of 32 voices and concertante piano
Motet IV "Ventosum Vocant" (2002) for soprano and quintet
Femme en son jardin (2010) for vocal quartet, viola, cello and piano
Orça for choir a cappella
Savez-Vous Qui Est Mon Ami for chorus of three mixed voices
Vocal
Plupart du temps I, 6 melodies for mezzo-soprano and piano (1949)
Chansons pour Paule (1951) for mezzo-soprano and piano
Cinq poèmes de Jacques Dupin (1959) for soprano et piano or orchestra
Mots (1963) for soprano and ensemble
Quartet No. 2 (1964) for soprano and string trio
Mon Ami (1974) for voice and piano
Caprice for one voice (1975) for any male or female voice and piano, without pianist
Caprice for two voices (1978) for mezzo-soprano and counter-tenor or contralto
Liring Ballade (1980) for baritone and orchestra
Plupart du temps II (1989) for tenor, tenor saxophone and cello
Sigrancia-Ballade (1995) for baritone and orchestra
Lovaby, concert aria from the opera Schliemann (2000) for soprano and orchestra
Titivillus (2000) for mezzo-soprano, flute and piano or 2 flutes and piano
Motet IV "Ventosum Vocant" (2002) for soprano, flute, clarinet, harp, violin and cello.
L' Ascension du Mont Ventoux (2004) for soprano, narrator, flute, clarinet, violin, cello and harp
D'un journal d'amour for soprano and viola (2009)
Sur do: Hommage à Purcell pour quatuor vocal, alto et violoncelle (2010)
Rambles for narrator/speaker, flute, clarinet, harp, violin and cello
L'oeil égaré for baritone and piano
Fredons for soprano and ensemble
Reworkings of early music
Heinrich Schütz / 8 Psaumes de Becker / No. 11 for string quartet, double bass, wind quintet, harp and piano or orchestra
Heinrich Schütz / 8 Psaumes de Becker / No. 20 for wind quintet, string trio, viola, harp or orchestra
Heinrich Schütz / 8 Psaumes de Becker / No. 47 for flute, clarinet, 2 violins, 2 violas and cello
Heinrich Schütz / 8 Psaumes de Becker / No. 68 for flute, clarinet, 2 violins, 2 violas and cello
Heinrich Schütz / 8 Psaumes de Becker / No. 84 for flute, bassoon, piano and string quartet
Heinrich Schütz / 8 Psaumes de Becker / No. 92 for oboe, clarinet, bassoon, horn and string quartet or orchestra
Heinrich Schütz / 8 Psaumes de Becker / No. 97 for wind quintet, string trio
Heinrich Schütz / 8 Psaumes de Becker / No. 121 for flute, piano and string quartet or orchestra
Lassus Ricercare (1970) for brass, percussion, harp and pianos
Orlandus Lassus / 3 Psaumes de Ulenberg
Pierluigi Palestrina / Assumpta est Maria motet, for flute, clarinet, harp and string trio
Guillaume Dufay / Flos Florum motet for wind quintet
Johannes Brasart / O Flos Fragrans motet for wind quintet
Josquin des Prés / Suite brève
Jean Sébastien Bach / 14 Goldberg canons for flute, oboe, clarinet, string trio and double bass
Jean Sébastien Bach – Contrapunctus IV (The Art of Fugue) (2001) for chamber orchestra and vocal quartet
References
Jolas, Betsy |
290392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius%20Evola | Julius Evola | Giulio Cesare Andrea "Julius" Evola (; 19 May 1898 – 11 June 1974) was an Italian far-right philosopher. Evola regarded his values as aristocratic, monarchist, masculine, traditionalist, heroic, and defiantly reactionary. An eccentric thinker in Fascist Italy, he also had ties to Nazi Germany; in the post-war era, he was an ideological mentor of the Italian neo-fascist and militant Right.
Evola was born in Rome. He served as an artillery officer in the First World War. He became a Dada artist but gave up painting in his twenties. He said he considered suicide until he had a revelation while reading a Buddhist text. In the 1920s he delved into the occult; he wrote on Western esotericism and of Eastern mysticism, developing his doctrine of "magical idealism".
His writings blend various ideas of German idealism, Eastern doctrines, traditionalism and the interwar Conservative Revolution, with themes such as Hermeticism, the metaphysics of war and sex, Tantra, Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism, mountaineering, the Holy Grail, civilisations, and decadence. Evola believed that mankind is living in the Kali Yuga, a Dark Age of unleashed materialistic appetites. To counter this and call in a primordial rebirth, Evola presented a "world of Tradition". Tradition for Evola was not Christian—he did not believe in God—but rather an eternal supernatural knowledge with values of authority, hierarchy, order, discipline and obedience. According to scholar Franco Ferraresi, Evola's thought is one of the most consistently "antiegalitarian, antiliberal, antidemocratic, and antipopular systems in the twentieth century". Writings by Evola contain misogyny, racism, antisemitism, and attacks on Christianity and the Catholic Church.
Evola advocated for Fascist Italy's racial laws, and eventually became Italy's leading "racial philosopher". Autobiographical remarks by Evola allude to his having worked for the Sicherheitsdienst, or SD, the intelligence agency of the SS and the Nazi Party. He fled to Nazi Germany in 1943 when the Italian Fascist regime fell, but returned to Rome under the puppet Salò government to organize a radical-right group. In 1945 in Vienna, a Soviet shell fragment paralysed him from the waist down.
On trial in 1951, Evola denied being a fascist and instead referred to himself as "" (). Concerning this statement, historian Elisabetta Cassina Wolff wrote that "It is unclear whether this meant that Evola was placing himself above or beyond Fascism". Evola has been called the "chief ideologue" of Italy's radical right after World War II. He continues to influence contemporary traditionalist and neo-fascist movements.
Early life
Giulio Cesare Evola was born in Rome on 19 May 1898, the second son of Vincenzo Evola (born 1854), a telegraphic mechanic chief, and Concetta Mangiapane (born 1865), a landowner. As per the Sicilian naming convention of the era, Evola was partly named after his maternal grandfather. Both his parents were born in Cinisi, a small town in the Province of Palermo on the north-western coast of Sicily, and married there on 25 November 1892. The paternal grandparents of Evola were Giuseppe Evola, a joiner by trade, and Maria Cusumano. Evola's maternal grandparents were Cesare Mangiapane, reported as being a shopkeeper, and his wife Caterina Munacó. Giulio Cesare Evola had an elder brother, Giuseppe Gaspare Dinamo Evola, born in 1895 in Rome. His family were devout Roman Catholics. Evola considered details about his early life irrelevant, and is noted for hiding some details of his personal life.
He is sometimes described as a baron, probably in reference to a purported distant relationship with a minor aristocratic family, the Evoli, who were the barons of Castropignano in the Kingdom of Sicily in the late Middle Ages. He adopted the name Julius as a connection to ancient Rome.
Evola rebelled against his Catholic upbringing. He studied engineering at the Istituto Tecnico Leonardo da Vinci in Rome, but did not complete his course, later claiming this was because he did not want to be associated with "bourgeois academic recognition" and titles such as "doctor and engineer". In his teenage years, Evola immersed himself in painting—which he considered one of his natural talents—and literature, including Oscar Wilde and Gabriele d'Annunzio. He was introduced to philosophers such as Friedrich Nietzsche and Otto Weininger. Other early philosophical influences included Italian man of letters Carlo Michelstaedter and German post-Hegelian thinker Max Stirner.
He was attracted to the avant-garde, and briefly associated with Filippo Tommaso Marinetti's Futurist movement during his time at university. He broke with Marinetti in 1916 as Evola disagreed with his extreme nationalism and advocacy of industry. In the First World War, Evola served as an artillery officer on the Asiago plateau. Despite reservations that Italy was fighting on the wrong side (against Germany, which Evola admired for its discipline and hierarchy), Evola volunteered in 1917 and briefly saw frontline service the following year. Evola returned to civilian life after the war and became a painter in Italy's Dadaist movement; he described his paintings as "inner landscapes". He wrote his poetry in French and recited it in cabarets accompanied by classical music. Through his painting and poetry, and work on the short-lived journal Revue Bleue, he became a prominent representative of Dadaism in Italy. (In his autobiography, Evola described his Dadaism as an attack on rationalist cultural values.) In 1922, after concluding that avant-garde art was becoming commercialised and stiffened by academic conventions, he gave up painting and renounced poetry. Evola was a keen mountaineer, describing it as a source of revelatory spiritual experience.
Evola purportedly went through a "spiritual crisis" through the intolerance of civilian life and his need to "transcend the emptiness" of normal human activity. He experimented with hallucinogenics and magic, which, he wrote, almost brought him to madness. In 1922, at 23 years old, he considered suicide, he wrote in The Cinnabar Path. He said he avoided suicide thanks to a revelation he had while reading an early Buddhist text that dealt with shedding all forms of identity other than absolute transcendence.
Evola would later publish the text The Doctrine of Awakening, which he regarded as a repayment of his debt to Buddhism. By this time his interests led him into spiritual, transcendental, and "supra-rational" studies. He began reading various esoteric texts and gradually delved deeper into the occult, alchemy, magic, and Oriental studies, particularly Tibetan Tantric yoga. Historian Richard H. Drake wrote that Evola's alienation from contemporary values resembled that of other Lost Generation intellectuals who came of age in World War I, but took an uncompromising, eccentric and reactionary form.
Philosophy
Evola's writings blended ideas from German idealism, Eastern doctrines, traditionalism, and especially the interwar Conservative Revolution, "with which Evola had a deep personal involvement", Ferraresi wrote. Evola viewed himself as part of an aristocratic caste that had been dominant in an ancient Golden Age, as opposed to the contemporary Dark Age (the Kali Yuga). In his writing, Evola addressed others in that caste whom he called l'uomo differenziato—"the man who has become different"—who through heredity and initiation were able to transcend the ages, Furlong wrote. Evola considered human history to be, in general, decadent; he viewed modernity as the temporary success of the forces of disorder over tradition. Tradition, in Evola's definition, was an eternal supernatural knowledge, with absolute values of authority, hierarchy, order, discipline and obedience, Furlong wrote. Matthew Rose wrote that "Evola claimed to show how basic human activities—from eating and sex, commerce and games, to war and social intercourse—were elevated by Tradition into something ritualistic, becoming activities whose very repetitiveness offered a glimpse of an unchanging eternal realm". Ensuring Tradition's triumph of order over chaos, in Evola's view, required an obedience to aristocracy. Rose wrote that Evola "aspired to be the most right-wing thinker possible in the modern world".
Evola wrote prodigiously on mysticism, Tantra, Hermeticism, the myth of the Holy Grail and Western esotericism. German Egyptologist and scholar of esotericism Florian Ebeling noted that Evola's The Hermetic Tradition is viewed as an "extremely important work" on Hermeticism for esotericists. Evola gave particular focus to Cesare della Riviera's text Il Mondo Magico degli Heroi, which he later republished in modern Italian. He held that Riviera's text was consonant with the goals of "high magic"the reshaping of the earthly human into a transcendental 'god man'. According to Evola, the alleged "timeless" Traditional science was able to come to lucid expression through this text, in spite of the "coverings" added to it to prevent accusations from the church. Though Evola rejected Carl Jung's interpretation of alchemy, Jung described Evola's The Hermetic Tradition as a "magisterial account of Hermetic philosophy". In Hegel and the Hermetic Tradition, the philosopher Glenn Alexander Magee favoured Evola's interpretation over that of Jung's. In 1988, a journal devoted to Hermetic thought published a section of Evola's book and described it as "Luciferian."
Evola later confessed that he was not a Buddhist, and that his text on Buddhism was meant to balance his earlier work on the Hindu tantras. Evola's interest in tantra was spurred on by correspondence with John Woodroffe. Evola was attracted to the active aspect of tantra, and its claim to provide a practical means to spiritual experience, over the more "passive" approaches in other forms of Eastern spirituality. In Tantric Buddhism in East Asia, Richard K. Payne, Dean of the Institute of Buddhist Studies, argued that Evola manipulated Tantra in the service of right wing violence, and that the emphasis on "power" in The Yoga of Power gave insight into his mentality. Evola often relied on European sources about Asian creeds while evoking them for racist ends, Peter Staudenmaier wrote. Rose described Evola as an "unreliable scholar of Eastern religions."
Evola advocated that "differentiated individuals" following the left-hand path use dark violent sexual powers against the modern world. For Evola, these "virile heroes" are both generous and cruel, possess the ability to rule, and commit "Dionysian" acts that might be seen as conventionally immoral. For Evola, the left-hand path embraces violence as a means of transgression.
According to A. James Gregor, Evola's definition of spirituality can be found in Meditations on the Peaks: "what has been successfully actualized and translated into a sense of superiority which is experienced inside by the soul, and a noble demeanor, which is expressed in the body." Evola attempted to construct, Ferraresi wrote, "a model of man striving to reach the 'absolute' within his inner self". For Evola, Furlong wrote, transcendence "rested on the freeing of one's spiritual self through the purity of physical and mental discipline." Evola wrote that the tension between a detached "impulse toward transcendence" and an engaged "warrior spirit" defined his life and work.
Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke wrote that Evola's "rigorous New Age spirituality speaks directly to those who reject absolutely the leveling world of democracy, capitalism, multi-racialism and technology at the outset of the twenty-first century. Their acute sense of cultural chaos can find powerful relief in his ideal of total renewal." Stephen Atkins summarized Evola's philosophy as "a complete rejection of modern society and its mores". Evola loathed liberalism, because, as Rose wrote, "Everything he revered—social castes, natural inequalities, and sacred privileges—was targeted by liberalism for reform or abolition." Goodrick-Clarke wrote that Evola invoked Indo-Aryan tradition to advance "a radical doctrine of anti-egalitarianism, anti-democracy, anti-liberalism and anti-Semitism". Rose described Evola as "one of the strangest intellectual figures of his century".
Magical idealism
Thomas Sheehan wrote that "Evola's first philosophical works from the 'twenties were dedicated to reshaping neo-idealism from a philosophy of Absolute Spirit and Mind into a philosophy of the "absolute individual" and action." Accordingly, Evola developed his doctrine of "magical idealism", which held that "the Ego must understand that everything that seems to have a reality independent of it is nothing but an illusion, caused by its own deficiency." For Evola, this ever-increasing unity with the "absolute individual" was consistent with unconstrained liberty, and therefore unconditional power. In his 1925 work Essays on Magical Idealism, Evola declared that "God does not exist. The Ego must create him by making itself divine."
According to Sheehan, Evola discovered the power of metaphysical mythology while developing his theories. This led to his advocacy of supra-rational intellectual intuition over discursive knowledge. In Evola's view, discursive knowledge separates man from Being. Sheehan stated that this position is a theme in certain interpretations of Western philosophers such as Plato, Thomas Aquinas, and Martin Heidegger that was exaggerated by Evola. Evola would later write:
Evola developed a doctrine of the "two natures": the natural world and the primordial "world of 'Being'". He believed that these "two natures" impose form and quality on lower matter and create a hierarchical "great chain of Being." He understood "spiritual virility" as signifying orientation towards this postulated transcendent principle. He held that the State should reflect this "ordering from above" and the consequent hierarchical differentiation of individuals according to their "organic preformation". By "organic preformation" he meant that which "gathers, preserves, and refines one's talents and qualifications for determinate functions."
Ur Group
Among Evola's chief contacts was Arturo Reghini, a critic of Christianity and democracy and advocate for the ancient Roman aristocracy. Reghini welcomed the rise of Fascist Italy and sought to return to pre-Christian spirituality through the promotion of a "cultured magic". Through Reghini, Evola was introduced to the French Orientalist René Guénon, a leading figure of traditionalism at the time who shared an interest in the occult. Guénon's 1927 text Crisis of the Modern World inspired Evola to organise his thoughts around the critique of modernity, and Guénon, whom Evola called his "master", would be one of the few writers Evola found worthy to debate with. In 1927, Reghini and Evola, along with other Italian esotericists, founded the Gruppo di Ur ("Ur Group"). The purpose of this group was to attempt to bring the members' individual identities into such a superhuman state of power and awareness that they would be able to exert a magical influence on the world. The group employed techniques from Buddhist, Tantric, and rare Hermetic texts. They aimed to provide a "soul" to the burgeoning Fascist movement of the time through the revival of ancient Roman religion, and to influence the fascist regime through esotericism.
Articles on occultism from the Ur Group were later published in Introduction to Magic. Reghini's support of Freemasonry would however prove contentious for Evola; accordingly, Reghini broke himself from Evola and left the Ur Group in 1928. Reghini accused him of plagiarising his thoughts in the book Pagan Imperialism; Evola, in turn, blamed him for its premature publication. Evola's later work owed a considerable debt to Guénon's Crisis of the Modern World, though he diverged from Guénon by valuing action over contemplation, and the empire over the church.
Sex and gender roles
Evola held that "just relations between the sexes" involved women acknowledging their "inequality" with men. He quoted Joseph de Maistre's statement that "Woman cannot be superior except as woman, but from the moment in which she desires to emulate man she is nothing but a monkey." Coogan wrote, "It goes almost without saying that Evola's views on women were saturated with misogyny." Evola believed that the alleged higher qualities expected of a man of a particular race were not those expected of a woman of the same race. Evola believed that women's liberation was "the renunciation by woman of her right to be a woman". A woman, Evola wrote, "could traditionally participate in the sacred hierarchical order only in a mediated fashion through her relationship with a man." He held, as a feature of his idealised gender relations, the archaic Hindu sati (suicide), which for him was a form of sacrifice indicating women's respect for patriarchal traditions. For the "pure, feminine" woman, "man is not perceived by her as a mere husband or lover, but as her lord." Women would find their true identity in total subjugation to men.
Evola regarded matriarchy and goddess religions as a symptom of decadence, and preferred a hyper-masculine, warrior ethos. He was influenced by Hans Blüher, a proponent of the Männerbund ('alliance of men') concept as a model for his "warrior-band" or "warrior-society". Goodrick-Clarke noted the fundamental influence of Otto Weininger's book Sex and Character on Evola's dualism of male-female spirituality. According to Goodrick-Clarke, "Evola's celebration of virile spirituality was rooted in Weininger's work, which was widely translated by the end of the First World War." Evola denounced homosexuality as "useless" for his purposes. He did not neglect sadomasochism, so long as sadism and masochism "are magnifications of an element potentially present in the deepest essence of eros." Then, it would be possible to "extend, in a transcendental and perhaps ecstatic way, the possibilities of sex."
Evola held that women "played" with men, threatened their masculinity, and lured them into a "constrictive" grasp with their sexuality. He wrote that "It should not be expected of women that they return to what they really are ... when men themselves retain only the semblance of true virility", and lamented that "men instead of being in control of sex are controlled by it and wander about like drunkards". He believed that in Tantra and sex magic, in which he saw a strategy for aggression, he found the means to counter the "emasculated" West. Evola also said that the "ritual violation of virgins", and "whipping women" were a means of "consciousness raising", so long as these practices were done to the intensity required to produce the proper "liminal psychic climate".
Evola translated Weininger's Sex and Character into Italian. Dissatisfied with simply translating Weininger's work, he wrote the text Eros and the Mysteries of Love: The Metaphysics of Sex (1958), where his views on sexuality were dealt with at length. Arthur Versluis described this text as Evola's "most interesting" work aside from Revolt Against the Modern World (1934). This book remains popular among many 'New Age' adherents.
Race
Evola's views on race had roots in his aristocratic elitism. According to European studies professor Paul Furlong, Evola developed what he called "the law of the regression of castes" in Revolt Against the Modern World and other writings on racism from the 1930s and World War II period. In Evola's view "power and civilization have progressed from one to another of the four castes—sacred leaders, warrior nobility, bourgeoisie (economy, 'merchants') and slaves". Furlong explains: "for Evola, the core of racial superiority lay in the spiritual qualities of the higher castes, which expressed themselves in physical as well as in cultural features, but were not determined by them. The law of the regression of castes places racism at the core of Evola's philosophy, since he sees an increasing predominance of lower races as directly expressed through modern mass democracies." Evola used "a man of race" to mean "a man of breeding". "Only of an elite may one say that 'it is of a race': the people are only people, mass," Evola wrote in 1969.
In Synthesis of the Doctrine of Race (1941) (Italian: Sintesi di Dottrina della Razza), Evola provides an overview of his ideas concerning race and eugenics, introducing the concept of "spiritual racism", and "esoteric-traditionalist racism". The book was endorsed by Benito Mussolini.
Prior to the end of the Second World War, Evola frequently used the term "Aryan" to refer to the nobility, who in his view were imbued with traditional spirituality. Feinstein writes that this interpretation made the term "Aryan" more plausible in an Italian context and thereby furthered antisemitism in Fascist Italy. Evola's interpretation was adopted by Mussolini, who declared in 1938 that "Italy's civilization is Aryan". Wolff notes that Evola seems to have stopped writing about race in 1945, but adds that the intellectual themes of Evola's writings were otherwise unchanged. Evola continued to write about elitism and his contempt for the weak. His "doctrine of the Aryan-Roman super-race was simply restated as a doctrine of the 'leaders of men' ... no longer with reference to the SS, but to the mediaeval Teutonic knights or the Knights Templar, already mentioned in [his book] Rivolta."
Evola wrote of "inferior, non-European races". He believed that military aggressions such as Fascist Italy's 1935 invasion of Ethiopia were justified by Italy's dominance, outweighing concerns he had about the possibility of race-mixing. Richard H. Drake wrote that "Evola was never prepared to discount the value of blood altogether". Evola wrote: "a certain balanced consciousness and dignity of race can be considered healthy" in a time where "the exaltation of the negro and all the rest, anticolonialist psychosis and integrationist fanaticism [are] all parallel phenomena in the decline of Europe and the West." Furlong wrote that a 1957 article by Evola about America "leaves no doubt as to his deep prejudice against black people".
"Spiritual racism"
Evola's racism included racism of the body, soul, and spirit, giving primacy to the latter factor, writing that "races only declined when their spirit failed." For his spiritual interpretation of different racial psychologies, Evola was influenced by the German race theorist Ludwig Ferdinand Clauss. Like Evola, Clauss believed that physical race and spiritual race could diverge as a consequence of miscegenation. Peter Staudenmaier notes that many other racists of the time found Evola's "spiritual racism" perplexing.
Like René Guénon, Evola believed that mankind is living in the Kali Yuga of the Hindu tradition—the Dark Age of unleashed materialistic appetites. He argued that both Italian fascism and Nazism represented hope that the "celestial" Aryan race would be reconstituted. He drew on mythological accounts of super-races and their decline, particularly the Hyperboreans, and maintained that traces of Hyperborean influence could be felt in Indo-European men. He felt that Indo-European men had devolved from these higher mythological races. Gregor noted that several contemporary criticisms of Evola's theory were published: "In one of Fascism's most important theoretical journals, Evola's critic pointed out that many Nordic-Aryans, not to speak of Mediterranean Aryans, fail to demonstrate any Hyperborean properties. Instead, they make obvious their materialism, their sensuality, their indifference to loyalty and sacrifice, together with their consuming greed. How do they differ from 'inferior' races, and why should anyone wish, in any way, to favor them?"
Concerning the relationship between "spiritual racism" and biological racism, Evola put forth the following viewpoint, which Furlong described as pseudo-scientific:
Antisemitism
Writings by Evola in the late 1930s contributed arguments for Fascist Italy's repression of its Jews. Evola encouraged and applauded Mussolini's antisemitic racial laws in 1938, and called for a "supreme Aryan elite" to oppose the Jews. In some writings, Evola called Jews a virus. He said Fascism and Nazism's final victory over Jews would end "the spiritual decadence of the West" and thereby "re-establish genuine contact between man and a transcendent, supersensible reality".
Evola wrote the foreword and an essay in the second Italian edition of the infamous antisemitic fabrication The Protocols of the Elders of Zion published in 1938 by the Catholic fascist Giovanni Preziosi. In it, Evola argued that the Protocols—whether or not a forgery—"contain the plan for an occult war, whose objective is the utter destruction, in the non-Jewish peoples, of all tradition, class, aristocracy, and hierarchy, and of all moral, religious, and spiritual values." He was an admirer of Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, the antisemitic leader of the fascist Romanian Iron Guard. After Codreanu was assassinated in 1938 on orders from King Carol II, Evola railed against "the Judaic horde" that he accused of planning "Talmudic, Israelite tyranny."
Evola's antisemitism did not emphasise the Nazi conception of Jews as "representatives of a biological race", but rather as "the carriers of a world view, a way of being and thinking—simply put, a spirit—that corresponded to the 'worst' and 'most decadent' features of modernity: democracy, egalitarianism and materialism", Wolff writes. According to Wolff, "Evola's 'totalitarian' or 'spiritual' racism was no milder than Nazi biological racism", and Evola was trying to promote an "Italian version of racism and antisemitism, one that could be integrated into the Fascist project to create a New Man". Evola dismissed the biological racism of chief Nazi theorist Alfred Rosenberg and others as reductionist and materialistic. He also argued that one could be "Aryan" but have a "Jewish" soul, and could be "Jewish" but have an "Aryan" soul. In Evola's view, Otto Weininger and Carlo Michelstaedter were Jews of "sufficiently heroic, ascetic, and sacral" character to fit the latter category. In 1970, Evola described Adolf Hitler's antisemitism as a paranoid idée fixe that damaged the reputation of the Third Reich. But Evola never clearly acknowledged the Holocaust committed by the regimes he associated with, perpetrated in the name of racism—Furlong called this a "fatal lapse that by itself ought to be enough to destroy his authority".
Written works
Evola wrote more than 36 books and 1,100 articles. In some of his 1930s writings, and in works about magic, Evola used pseudonyms, including Ea (after a Babylonian god), Carlo d'Altavilla, and Arthos (from Arthurian legend).
Christianity
In 1928, Evola wrote an attack on Christianity titled Pagan Imperialism, which proposed transforming fascism into a system consistent with ancient Roman values and Western esotericism. Evola proposed that fascism should be a vehicle for reinstating the caste system and aristocracy of antiquity. Although he invoked the term "fascism" in this text, his diatribe against the Catholic Church was criticised by both Benito Mussolini's fascist regime and the Vatican itself. A. James Gregor argued that the text was an attack on fascism as it stood at the time of writing, but noted that Mussolini made use of it to threaten the Vatican with the possibility of an "anti-clerical fascism". Richard Drake wrote that Evola "rarely missed an opportunity to attack the Catholic Church". On account of Evola's anti-Christian proposals, in April 1928 the Vatican-backed right wing Catholic journal Revue Internationale des Sociétés Secrètes published an article entitled "Un Sataniste Italien: Julius Evola", accusing him of satanism.
In his The Mystery of the Grail (1937), Evola discarded Christian interpretations of the Holy Grail and wrote that it "symbolizes the principle of an immortalizing and transcendent force connected to the primordial state ... The mystery of the Grail is a mystery of a warrior initiation." He held that the Ghibellines, who had fought the Guelph for control of Northern and Central Italy in the thirteenth century, had within them the residual influences of pre-Christian Celtic and Nordic traditions that represented his conception of the Grail myth. He also held that the Guelph victory against the Ghibellines represented a regression of the castes, since the merchant caste took over from the warrior caste. In the epilogue to the book, Evola argued that the fictitious The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, regardless of whether it was authentic or not, was a cogent representation of modernity. The historian Richard Barber said, "Evola mixes rhetoric, prejudice, scholarship, and politics into a strange version of the present and future, but in the process he brings together for the first time interest in the esoteric and in conspiracy theory which characterize much of the later Grail literature."
Goodrick-Clarke wrote that Evola "regarded the advent of Christianity as an era of unprecedented decline", because Christianity's egalitarianism and accessibility undermined the Roman ideals of "duty, honor and command" that Evola believed in.
Buddhism
In his The Doctrine of Awakening (1943), Evola argued that the Pāli Canon could be held to represent true Buddhism. His interpretation of Buddhism is intended to be anti-democratic. He believed that Buddhism revealed the essence of an "Aryan" tradition that had become corrupted and lost in the West. He believed it could be interpreted to reveal the superiority of a warrior caste. Harry Oldmeadow described Evola's work on Buddhism as exhibiting a Nietzschean influence, but Evola criticised Nietzsche's purported anti-ascetic prejudice. Evola claimed that the book "received the official approbation of the Pāli [Text] Society", and was published by a reputable Orientalist publisher. Evola's interpretation of Buddhism, as put forth in his article "Spiritual Virility in Buddhism", is in conflict with the post-World War II scholarship of the Orientalist Giuseppe Tucci, who argues that the viewpoint that Buddhism advocates universal benevolence is legitimate. Arthur Versluis stated that Evola's writing on Buddhism was a vehicle for his own theories, but was a far from accurate rendition of the subject, and he held that much the same could be said of Evola's writings on Hermeticism. Ñāṇavīra Thera was inspired to become a bhikkhu from reading Evola's text The Doctrine of Awakening in 1945 while hospitalised in Sorrento.
Modernity
Evola's Revolt Against the Modern World (1934) promotes the mythology of an ancient Golden Age which gradually declined into modern decadence. In this work, Evola described the features of his idealised traditional society in which religious and temporal power were created and united not by priests, but by warriors expressing spiritual power. In mythology, he saw evidence of the West's superiority over the East. Moreover, he claimed that the traditional elite had the ability to access power and knowledge through a hierarchical magic which differed from the lower "superstitious and fraudulent" forms of magic. He asserted that history's intellectuals starting as early as ancient Greece had undermined traditional values through their questioning. He insisted that only "nonmodern forms, institutions, and knowledge" could produce a "real renewal ... in those who are still capable of receiving it." The text was "immediately recognized by Mircea Eliade and other intellectuals who allegedly advanced ideas associated with Tradition." Eliade was one of the most influential twentieth-century historians of religion, a fascist sympathiser associated with the Romanian Christian right wing movement Iron Guard. Evola was aware of the importance of myth from his readings of Georges Sorel, one of the key intellectual influences on fascism. Hermann Hesse described Revolt Against the Modern World as "really dangerous." Richard Drake wrote that the book was not widely influential in the 1930s but eventually received a cult following on the extreme right and is now considered Evola's most important work.
Ride the Tiger (1961), Evola's last major work, saw him examining dissolution and subversion in a world in which God was dead, and rejected the possibility of any political or collective revival of Tradition due to his belief that the modern world had fallen too far into the Kali Yuga for any such thing to be possible. Instead of this and rather than advocating a return to religion as Rene Guénon had, he conceptualised what he considered an apolitical manual for surviving and ultimately transcending the Kali Yuga. This idea was summarised in the title of the book, the Tantric metaphor of "Riding the Tiger" which in general practice, consisted of turning things that were considered inhibitory to spiritual progress by mainstream Brahmanical society (for example, meat, alcohol and in very rare circumstances, sex, were all employed by Tantric practitioners) into a means of spiritual transcendence. The process that Evola described involved potentially making use of everything from modern music, hallucinogenic drugs, relationships with the opposite sex and even substituting the atmosphere of an urban existence for the Theophany that Traditionalists had identified in virgin nature.
During the 1960s Evola thought right-wing entities could no longer reverse the corruption of modern civilisation. E. C. Wolff noted that this is why Evola wrote Ride the Tiger, choosing to distance himself completely from active political engagement, without excluding the possibility of action in the future. He argued that one should stay firm and ready to intervene when the tiger of modernity "is tired of running." Goodrick-Clarke notes that, "Evola sets up the ideal of the 'active nihilist' who is prepared to act with violence against modern decadence."
Other writings
Evola contributed to Giuseppe Bottai's magazine Critica Fascista for a time. From 1934 to 1943 Evola was responsible for 'Diorama Filosofico', the cultural page of Il Regime Fascista, an influential radical fascist daily newspaper owned by Roberto Farinacci, the pro-Nazi mayor of Cremona. Evola used the page to publish international right-wing thinkers. Evola's writings on the page argued for imperialism; leading up to Mussolini's invasion of Ethiopia, Evola praised "the sacred valor of war". During the same period he contributed to the antisemite Giovanni Preziosi's magazine La vita italiana.
Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke has written that Evola's 1945 essay "American 'Civilization'" described the United States as "the final stage of European decline into the 'interior formlessness' of vacuous individualism, conformity and vulgarity under the universal aegis of money-making." According to Goodrick-Clarke, Evola argued that the U.S. "mechanistic and rational philosophy of progress combined with a mundane horizon of prosperity to transform the world into an enormous suburban shopping mall."
In the posthumously published collection of writings, Metaphysics of War, Evola, in line with the conservative revolutionary Ernst Jünger, explored the viewpoint that war could be a spiritually fulfilling experience. He proposed the necessity of a transcendental orientation in a warrior.
Evola translated some works of Oswald Spengler and Ortega y Gasset to Italian.
Politics
In Evola's view, a state ruled by a spiritual elite must reign with unquestionable supremacy over its populace. He cited two models of such an elite as the Nazi SS and Romanian Iron Guard, known for their violence. Evola's philosophy, over his long career, adapted the spiritual orientation of Traditionalist writers such as René Guénon and the political concerns of the European authoritarian right, Furlong wrote. Sheehan described Evola as "perhaps the most original and creative — and, intellectually, the most nonconformist, of the Italian Fascist philosophers".
Evola had access to Benito Mussolini in the last years of the Fascist regime, and advised him on racial policies, but "without much effect", Ferraresi wrote; Evola "was kept (or stayed) on the sidelines of officialty, as some sort of eccentric". Evola was in charge of the cultural page of the influential fascist newspaper Il Regime Fascista for the regime's last decade. Evola declined to join Italy's National Fascist Party or any other party of the time; Ferraresi wrote that Evola's "lofty nonconformism" and "imperial paganism" did not fit well in a party that would make the Catholic Church a regime pillar. Evola's lack of party membership was later emphasized by admirers to distance him from the regime.
Autobiographical remarks by Evola allude to his having worked for the Sicherheitsdienst, the intelligence agency of the SS and the Nazi Party. With its help, he fled to Berlin in Nazi Germany when the Italian Fascist regime fell in 1943. In May 1951, Evola was arrested in Italy and charged with promoting the revival of the Fascist Party, and of glorifying Fascism. Evola declared that he was not a Fascist but was instead "" (). He was acquitted of all charges.
Fascist Italy
Evola experienced Mussolini's March on Rome in 1922 and was intrigued by fascism. He would praise fascism for "its attempt to refashion the Italian people into a severe, military mold", in Ferraresi's words, but would criticize any concessions to "democratic" pressures. Atkins wrote that "Evola was critical of the Fascist regime because it was not fascist enough."
Evola's first published political work in 1925 was anti-fascist. He applauded Mussolini's anti-bourgeois orientation and his goal of making Italian citizens into hardened warriors, but criticised Fascist populism, party politics, and elements of leftism that he saw in the fascist regime. Evola saw Mussolini's Fascist Party as possessing no cultural or spiritual foundation. He was passionate about infusing it with these elements in order to make it suitable for his ideal conception of Übermensch culture which, in Evola's view, characterised the imperial grandeur of pre-Christian Europe.
Evola applauded the fascist motto "Everything in the State, nothing outside the State, nothing against the State". Sheehan described Evola as "an ardent supporter of Mussolini". But his Traditionalist ethos rejected nationalism, which he viewed as a conception of the modern West and not of a Traditional hierarchical social arrangement. He stated that to become "truly human", one would have to "overcome brotherly contamination" and "purge oneself" of the feeling that one is united with others "because of blood, affections, country or human destiny".
Evola argued that the regime should dictate to the Catholic Church, not negotiate with it, and warned in Critica fascista in 1927 that allowing the church independent power would make fascism a "laughable revolution". In 1928, he wrote that fascists had made "the most absurd of all errors" through entente with Christianity and the church. He also opposed the futurism that Italian society was aligned with, along with the "plebeian" nature of the movement. He opined that Mussolini should have disbanded his party after 1922 and become a loyal advisor to King Victor Emmanuel III instead. Accordingly, Evola launched the journal La Torre (The Tower) in 1930, to advocate for a more elitist social order. He wrote in La Torre, "We would like a fascism more radical, more intrepid, a truly absolute fascism, made of pure force, inaccessible to any compromise." Evola's ideas were poorly received by the contemporary fascist mainstream. Evola wrote that Mussolini's censors had repressed La Torre, which lasted five months and ten issues; in Drake's words, Italian fascism "had as little tolerance for opposition on the right as on the left". Regardless, a few years later in 1934, Evola was put in charge of the cultural page of the influential radical fascist newspaper Il Regime Fascista, a position he held until 1943.
Scholars disagree about why Benito Mussolini embraced racist ideology in 1938—some have written that Mussolini was more motivated by political considerations than ideology when he introduced antisemitic legislation in Italy. Other scholars have rejected the argument that the racial ideology of Italian fascism could be attributed solely to Nazi influence. A more recent interpretation is that Mussolini was frustrated by the slow pace of fascist transformation and, by 1938, had adopted increasingly radical measures including a racial ideology. Aaron Gillette has written that "Racism would become the key driving force behind the creation of the new fascist man, the uomo fascista." With the passage of the Italian racial laws in 1938 and Italy's campaign against Jews, Evola demanded measures to counter "the Jewish menace", through "discrimination and selection". Echoing Evola's writings, Mussolini declared in 1938 that "The population of Italy today is of Aryan origin and Italy's civilization is Aryan."
Mussolini read Evola's Synthesis of the Doctrine of Race in August 1941, and met with Evola to offer him his praise. Evola later recounted that Mussolini had found in his work a uniquely Roman form of Fascist racism distinct from that found in Nazi Germany. With Mussolini's backing, Evola started preparing the launch of a minor journal Sangue e Spirito (Blood and Spirit) which never appeared. While not always in agreement with German racial theorists, Evola travelled to Germany in February 1942 and obtained support for German collaboration on Sangue e Spirito from "key figures in the German racial hierarchy." Fascists appreciated the palingenetic value of Evola's "proof" "that the true representatives of the state and the culture of ancient Rome were people of the Nordic race." Evola eventually became Italy's leading racial philosopher. Mussolini directed the Ministry of Popular Culture to be guided by "Evola's racist thought".
Evola blended Sorelianism with Mussolini's eugenics agenda. Evola has written that "The theory of the Aryo-Roman race and its corresponding myth could integrate the Roman idea proposed, in general, by fascism, as well as give a foundation to Mussolini's plan to use his state as a means to elevate the average Italian and to enucleate in him a new man."
Third Reich
Finding Italian fascism "too compromising" (in Goodrick-Clarke's words), Evola sought more recognition in Nazi Germany. He began lecturing there in 1934. He described Berlin's Herrenklub, associated with the Conservative Revolution aristocracy, as his "natural habitat". His considerable amount of time in Germany in 1937 and 1938 included a series of lectures to the German–Italian Society in 1938. Evola appreciated what he called Nazism's "attempt to create a kind of new political-military Order with precise qualifictions of race", and believed that the Nazis' brand of fascism had taken its traditionalist thinkers seriously. Evola thought far more highly of Adolf Hitler than Mussolini, although he had reservations about Hitler's völkisch nationalism. Evola wanted a spiritual unity between Italy and Germany and an Axis victory in Europe. (Martin A. Lee calls Evola an "Italian Nazi philosopher" in The Beast Reawakens.)
Evola admired Heinrich Himmler, whom he knew personally. Evola took issue with Nazi populism and biological materialism. SS authorities initially rejected Evola's ideas as supranational and aristocratic though he was better received by members of the conservative revolutionary movement. The Nazi Ahnenerbe reported that many considered his ideas to be pure "fantasy" which ignored "historical facts". Himmler's Schutzstaffel ("SS") kept a dossier on Evola—dossier document AR-126 described his plans for a "Roman-Germanic Imperium" as "utopian" and described him as a "reactionary Roman," whose goal was an "insurrection of the old aristocracy against the modern world." The document recommended that the SS "stop his effectiveness in Germany" and provide him with no support, particularly because of his desire to create a "secret international order".
Despite this opposition, Evola was able to establish political connections with pan-Europeanist elements inside the Reich Security Main Office. He subsequently ascended to the inner circles of Nazism as the influence of pan-European advocates overtook that of Völkisch proponents, due to military contingencies. Evola wrote the article Reich and Imperium as Elements in the New European Order for the Nazi-backed journal European Review. He spent World War II working for the Sicherheitsdienst. The Sicherheitsdienst bureau Amt VII, a Reich Security Main Office research library, helped Evola acquire arcane occult and Masonic texts.
Mussolini was deposed and imprisoned in 1943, and Italy surrendered to the Allies. At this point, Evola fled to Berlin in Nazi Germany with the help of the Sicherheitsdienst. Evola was one of the first people to greet Mussolini when the latter was broken out of prison by Otto Skorzeny in September 1943. According to Sheehan, Adolf Hitler also met with Evola and other fascist intellectuals. After the meeting with Mussolini, at Hitler's Wolf's Lair, Evola involved himself in Mussolini's Italian Social Republic (the Republic of Salò, a Nazi puppet regime). Evola returned to Rome in 1943 to organize a radical right group called the Movimento per la Rinascita dell'Italia. He fled to Vienna in 1944, barely avoiding capture by the Americans when the Allies took Rome.
In Vienna, Evola studied Masonic and Jewish documents confiscated by the Nazis, and worked with the SS and fascist leaders on recruiting an army to resist the Allies' advances. It was Evola's custom to walk around the city during bombing raids in order to better "ponder his destiny". During one such aerial bombardment in 1945, a shell fragment damaged his spinal cord and he became paralysed from the waist down, remaining so for the rest of his life.
About the alliance during World War II between Allies and the Soviet Union, Evola wrote:The democratic powers repeated the error of those who think they can use the forces of subversion for their own ends without cost. They do not know that, by a fatal logic, when exponents of two different grades of subversion meet or cross paths, the one representing the more developed grade will take over in the end.
Postwar and later years
Evola, partially paralysed after the Soviet bombing raid in Vienna in 1945, returned to postwar Italy in 1948, after being treated for his injuries in Austria.
Ferraresi wrote that Evola was "the guru" for generations of radical right Italian militants, through his writings and youth groups. "The political model Evola selected after 1945 was neither Mussolini nor Hitler," Wolff writes; instead, in post-World War II conversations with neo-fascists, Evola would reference the Nazi SS, the Spanish Falange, Codreanu's Legionary Movement, Knut Hamsun, Vidkun Quisling, Léon Degrelle, Drieu La Rochelle, Robert Brasillach, Maurice Bardèche, Charles Maurras, Plato (particularly The Republic), Dante (particularly De Monarchia), Joseph de Maistre, Donoso Cortés, Otto von Bismarck, Klemens von Metternich, Gaetano Mosca, Vilfredo Pareto, and Robert Michels. He wrote for publications of the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement (MSI) but never joined the party. Adkins wrote that the MSI "claimed him as their philosopher-king, but he barely tolerated their attention". Wolff described him as a "freelance political commentator".
Evola continued his work in the domain of esotericism, writing a number of books and articles on sex magic and various other esoteric studies, including The Yoga of Power: Tantra, Shakti, and the Secret Way (1949), Eros and the Mysteries of Love: The Metaphysics of Sex (1958), and Meditations on the Peaks: Mountain Climbing as Metaphor for the Spiritual Quest (1974). He also wrote his two explicitly political books Men Among the Ruins: Post-War Reflections of a Radical Traditionalist (1953), Ride the Tiger: A Survival Manual for the Aristocrats of the Soul (1961), and his autobiography, The Path of Cinnabar (1963). He also expanded upon critiques of American civilisation and materialism, as well as increasing American influence in Europe, collected in the posthumous anthology Civiltà Americana.
Evola was arrested along with thirty-six others in April 1951 by the Political Office of the Rome Police Headquarters and charged on suspicion that he was an ideologist of the militant neofascist organisation Fasci di Azione Rivoluzionaria (FAR), after attempted bombings in 1949-50 were linked to Evola's circle. Evola's charges were glorifying fascism and promoting the revival of the Fascist Party. His lawyer was Francesco Carnelutti. He was carried into the courtroom on a stretcher. Defending himself at trial, Evola said that his work belonged to a long tradition of anti-democratic writers who could be linked to fascism—at least fascism interpreted according to certain Evolian criteria—but who could not be identified with the Fascist regime under Mussolini. Evola then denied being a fascist and instead referred to himself as "" (). Concerning this statement, historian Elisabetta Cassina Wolff wrote that it is unclear whether this meant he was placing himself "above or beyond Fascism". The judges, who themselves had served during the fascist era, ruled that Evola could not be held responsible for the crimes. Evola was acquitted of all charges on 20 November 1951. Of the 36 other defendants, 13 received prison sentences.
While trying to distance himself from Nazism, Evola wrote in 1955 that the Nuremberg trials were a farce. Evola also made an effort to differentiate his caste based aristocratic state from totalitarianism, preferring the concept of the "organic" state, which he put forth in his text Men Among the Ruins, as well as in his autodifesa. Evola sought to develop a strategy for the implementation of a "conservative revolution" in post-World War II Europe. He rejected nationalism, advocating instead for a European Imperium, which could take various forms according to local conditions, but should be "organic, hierarchical, anti-democratic, and anti-individual". Evola endorsed Francis Parker Yockey's neo-fascist manifesto Imperium, but said Yockey had a "superficial" understanding of what was immediately possible. Evola believed that his conception of neo-fascist Europe could best be implemented by an elite of "superior" men who operated outside normal politics. He dreamt that such a "New Order" of aristocracy might seize power from above during a democratic crisis.
Evola's occult ontology exerted influence over post-war neo-fascism. After 1945, Evola was considered the most important Italian theoretician of the conservative revolutionary movement and the "chief ideologue" of Italy's post-war radical right. Ferraresi wrote that "Evola's thought was the 'essential mortar' that held together generations of militants". According to Jacob Christiansen Senholt, Evola's most significant post-war political texts are Orientamenti and Men Among the Ruins. In the opening phrase in the first edition of Men Among the Ruins, Evola said: Our adversaries would undoubtedly want us, in a Christian spirit, under the banner of progress or reform, having been struck on one cheek to turn the other. Our principle is different: "Do to others what they would like to do to you: but do it to them first.In Men Among the Ruins, Evola defines the Fourth Estate as being the last stage in the cyclical development of the social elite, the first beginning with a spiritual elite of divine right. Expanding the concept in an essay in 1950, the Fourth State according to Evola would be characterised by "the collectivist civilization... the communist society of the faceless-massman".
Orientamenti was a text against "national fascism"—instead, it advocated for a European Community modelled on the principles of the Nazis' Waffen-SS, which had mustered international forces. The Italian neo-fascist group Ordine Nuovo adopted Orientamenti as a guide for action in postwar Italy. Evola praised Ordine Nouvo as the only Italian group that had "doctrinally had held firm without descending to compromise". The European Liberation Front of Francis Parker Yockey called Evola "Italy's greatest living authoritarian philosopher" in the April 1951 issue of its publication Frontfighter. Giuliano Salierni, who was an activist in the neo-Fascist Italian Social Movement during the early 1950s, later recalled Evola's calls to violence, along with Evola's reminiscences about Nazis such as Joseph Goebbels.
Personal life
Evola was childless and never married, but as a young man he had a relationship with Sibilla Aleramo. He spent his postwar years in his Rome apartment. He died on 11 June 1974 in Rome from congestive heart failure. His ashes, per his will, were deposited in a hole cut in a glacier on Monte Rosa in the Pennine Alps.
Influence on the far-right
At one time Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini, the Nazi Grail seeker Otto Rahn, and the Romanian fascist sympathiser and religious historian Mircea Eliade admired Evola. After World War II, Evola's writings continued to influence many European far-right political, racist and neo-fascist movements. He is widely translated in French, Spanish, partly in German, and mostly in Hungarian (the largest number of his translated works). Franco Ferraresi described Evola in 1987 as "possibly the most important intellectual figure for the Radical Right in contemporary Europe" but "virtually known outside the Right". He is described by Stanley Payne (in 1996) and Stephen Atkins (2004) as the leading neo-fascist intellectual in Europe until his death in 1974. Giorgio Almirante referred to him as "our Marcuse—only better." But outside Italy, France and Germany, Evola was not well known until around 1990 when he received wider English language publication, according to Furlong.
Richard Drake wrote that Evola advocated for terrorism. Peter Merkl noted that Evola's advocacy of force was part of his appeal to the radical right. Wolff wrote: "The debate around his 'moral and political' responsibility for terrorist actions perpetrated by right-wing extremist groups in Italy between 1969 and 1980 began as soon as Evola died in 1974 and have not yet come to an end."
According to one leader of the neofascist "black terrorist" Ordine Nuovo, "Our work since 1953 has been to transpose Evola's teachings into direct political action." Franco Freda and Mario Tuti reprinted Evola's most militant texts. Radicals of the Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari (NAR) helped spread Evola's philosophy in far-right circles abroad after fleeing Italy in the wake of the terrorist bombing of the Bologna railway station in 1980; some influenced Britain's National Front. Roberto Fiore and his colleagues in the early 1980s helped the National Fronts "Political Soldiers" forge a militant elitist philosophy based on Evola's "most militant tract", The Aryan Doctrine of Battle and Victory. The Aryan Doctrine called for a "Great Holy War" that would be fought for spiritual renewal and fought in parallel to the physical "Little Holy War" against perceived enemies.
Umberto Eco mocked Evola; his 1995 essay "Ur-Fascism" referred to Evola as the "most influential theoretical source of the theories of the new Italian right", and as "one of the most respected fascist gurus".
The far-right English politician and orator Jonathan Bowden gave lectures on Evola's philosophy. The French far-right figure Alain de Benoist has cited Evola as an influence.
Goodrick-Clarke noted Evola's pessimistic invocation of the Kali Yuga as an influence on esoteric Nazism and Aryan cults.
Evola's Heidnischer Imperialismus (1933) was translated by the Russian radical-right Eurasianist Aleksandr Dugin in 1981. Dugin has said that in his youth he was "deeply inspired" by Guénon's and Evola's Traditionalism.
The Greek neo-Nazi party Golden Dawn includes his works on its suggested reading list, and the leader of Jobbik, the Hungarian nationalist party, admires Evola and wrote an introduction to his works.
References to Evola are widespread in the alt-right movement. Steve Bannon has called him an influence.
Works
Books
L'individuo e il divenire del mondo (1926; The Individual and the Becoming of the World).
L'uomo come potenza (1925; Man as Potency).
Teoria dell'individuo assoluto (1927; The Theory of the Absolute Individual).
Imperialismo pagano (1928; second edition 1978)
Fenomenologia dell'individuo assoluto (1930; The Phenomenology of the Absolute Individual).
La tradizione ermetica (1931; third edition 1971)English translation:
Maschera e volto dello spiritualismo contemporaneo: Analisi critica delle principali correnti moderne verso il sovrasensibile (1932)English translation: And:
Heidnischer Imperialismus (1933)English translations: And:
Rivolta contro il mondo moderno (1934; second edition 1951; third edition 1970)English translation:
Il Mistero del Graal e la Tradizione Ghibellina dell'Impero (1937)English translation:
Il mito del sangue. Genesi del Razzismo (1937; second edition 1942)English translation:
Sintesi di dottrina della razza (1941)English translation:
Indirizzi per una educazione razziale (1941)English translations:
La dottrina del risveglio (1943)English translation:
Lo Yoga della potenza (1949; second edition 1968)English translation:
Gli uomini e le rovine (1953; second edition 1972)English translation:
Metafisica del sesso (1958; second edition 1969)English translations: 1983–1991:
L'operaio nel pensiero di Ernst Jünger (1960; The Worker in the Thought of Ernst Jünger). Excerpts in English
Cavalcare la tigre (1961)English translation:
Il cammino del cinabro (1963; second edition 1972)English translation:
Il Fascismo. Saggio di una analisi critica dal punto di vista della Destra (1964; second edition 1970)English translation: And:
Collections
Saggi sull'idealismo magico (1925; Essays on Magical Idealism).
Introduzione alla magia (1927–1929; 1971)English translation: And: And:
L'arco e la clava (1968)English translation:
Ricognizioni. Uomini e problemi (1974)English translation:
Meditazioni delle vette (1974)English translation:
Metafisica della Guerra (1996)English translation:
Jobboldali fiatalok kézikönyve (2012, collection of Hungarian translations of periodicals by Evola, published by Kvintesszencia Kiadó)English translation:
Articles and pamphlets
L'Homme et son devenir selon le Vedânta. (1925; Review of Guenon's work published in 1925 in L'Idealismo Realistico).
Tre aspetti del problema ebraico (1936)English translation:
La tragedia della 'Guardia di Ferro - (1938) English translation: The Tragedy of the Iron Guard. Originally published in La vita italiana 309, Dec 1938.
On the Secret of Decay (1938)Originally written in German and published by the Deutsches Volkstum magazine n. 14.
Una vittima d'Israele (1939). Published in January 1939 in La vita Italiana.
Orientamenti, undici punti (1950)English translation:
Il vampirismo ed i vampiri (1973) English: Vampirism and Vampires. Written for journal Roma in September 1973.
Works edited and/or translated by Evola
Tao Tê Ching: Il libro della via e della virtù (1923; The Book of the Way and Virtue). Second edition: Il libro del principio e della sua azione (1959; The Book of the Primary Principle and of Its Action).
La guerra occulta: armi e fasi dell'attacco ebraico-massonico alla tradizione europea by Emmanuel Malynski and Léon de Poncins (1939)English translation:
See also
Mysticism
Traditionalist School
Western esotericism
References
Notes
Bibliography
(:)
Aprile, Mario (1984), "Julius Evola: An Introduction to His Life and Work," The Scorpion No. 6 (Winter/Spring): 20–21.
Coletti, Guillermo (1996), "Against the Modern World: An Introduction to the Work of Julius Evola," Ohm Clock No. 4 (Spring): 29–31.
De Benoist, Alain. "Julius Evola, réactionnaire radical et métaphysicien engagé. Analyse critique de la pensée politique de Julius Evola," Nouvelle Ecole, No. 53–54 (2003), pp. 147–69.
Drake, Richard H. (1988), "Julius Evola, Radical Fascism and the Lateran Accords," The Catholic Historical Review 74: 403–419.
Drake, Richard H. (1989), "The Children of the Sun," in The Revolutionary Mystique and Terrorism in Contemporary Italy (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, ), 114–134.
Ferraresi, Franco (1987), "Julius Evola: Tradition, Reaction, and the Radical Right," European Journal of Sociology 28: 107–151.
Griffin, Roger (1985), "Revolts against the Modern World: The Blend of Literary and Historical Fantasy in the Italian New Right," Literature and History 11 (Spring): 101–123.
Griffin, Roger (1995) (ed.), Fascism (Oxford University Press, ), 317–318.
Hans Thomas Hakl, "La questione dei rapporti fra Julius Evola e Aleister Crowley", in: Arthos 13, Pontremoli, Centro Studi Evoliani, 2006, pp. 269–289.
Hansen, H. T. (1994), "A Short Introduction to Julius Evola," Theosophical History 5 (January): 11–22; reprinted as introduction to Evola, Revolt Against the Modern World, (Vermont: Inner Traditions, 1995).
Hansen, H. T. (2002), "Julius Evola's Political Endeavors," introduction to Evola, Men Among the Ruins, (Vermont: Inner Traditions).
Rees, Philip (1991), Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890 (New York: Simon & Schuster, ), 118–120.
Stucco, Guido (1992), "Translator's Introduction," in Evola, The Yoga of Power (Vermont: Inner Traditions), ix–xv.
Stucco, Guido (1994), "Introduction," in Evola, The Path of Enlightenment According to the Mithraic Mysteries, Zen: The Religion of the Samurai, Rene Guenon: A Teacher for Modern Times, and Taoism: The Magic, the Mysticism (Edmonds, WA: Holmes Publishing Group).
Wasserstrom, Steven M. (1995), "The Lives of Baron Evola," Alphabet City 4 + 5 (December): 84–89.
External links
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15702362 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Taylor%20House%20%28Catasauqua%2C%20Pennsylvania%29 | George Taylor House (Catasauqua, Pennsylvania) | The George Taylor House, also known as George Taylor Mansion, was the home of Founding Father George Taylor, a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence, in Catasauqua, Pennsylvania in the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania. The home was built by Taylor in 1768 and designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1971.
The Borough of Catasauqua purchased the house from the Lehigh County Historical Society in 2009 and today sponsors events and offers tours of the property at the borough's southwestern corner near the historic Lehigh River Canal.
House's first owners
The George Taylor House's first three owners were men of substantial means, who played notable roles locally and nationally in events leading up to the nation's founding.
George Taylor, 1768–1776
George Taylor was born in Northern Ireland in 1716 and immigrated to the American colonies in 1736. Starting as an Indentured laborer, he built a successful career as an ironmaster in Pennsylvania, first at Warwick Furnace and Coventry Forge in Chester County and later at Durham Furnace in Bucks County.
In 1767, Taylor purchased a estate in Biery's Port (now part of Catasauqua) for £700. On this expansive property overlooking the Lehigh River, he built what was then one of the finest homes in the region, the house now named for him. Shortly after the Taylors moved in, his wife Ann died. Taylor continued to live here for the next six years, but in 1774, he returned to Durham to operate the ironworks under a new lease. Until that time, production at Durham Furnace had focused on domestic products, primarily plates for stoves and fireplaces but also cast iron pots and pans. With the start of the Revolutionary War in 1775, the mill became a major supplier of cannon shot to the Continental Army and Navy.
Taylor first entered the public arena in the late 1750s as a justice of the peace, a judicial post that was important in colonial times, when travel to the county courthouse was difficult. He was subsequently elected to the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly, representing Northampton County from 1764 to 1769. In 1775, he was re-elected to the Assembly and on July 20, 1776, was appointed to the Continental Congress. Two weeks later, on August 2, he signed the Declaration of Independence, along with most of the congressional delegates.
Four months before joining the Congress, Taylor sold his Biery's Port property to John Benezet of Philadelphia. The next year, in March 1777, Taylor was named to Pennsylvania's new Supreme Executive Council, a 12-member body that acted in the capacity of governor. In ill health, he resigned from the council after just a few months, ending his public career. Taylor remained active in iron making over the next three years, but retired to Easton in 1780. Less than a year later, on February 23, 1781, he died at the age of 65.
John Benezet, 1776–1782
John Benezet was a native of Philadelphia and the son of Daniel Benezet, a prominent Philadelphia merchant. Benezet briefly attended the College of Philadelphia in 1757 and was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1768. In 1775, he married Hanna Bingham, and with that, his father gave him £3,000 plus £6,000 in stock to set up an import business. On March 27, 1776, Benezet purchased George Taylor's estate for £1,800.
Benezet, like Taylor, became active in political affairs, but only briefly. In early 1775, he served as one of the secretaries who recorded proceedings at the Pennsylvania Provincial Congress, a meeting Taylor also attended. In August of that year, he was named to Philadelphia's Committee of Correspondence.
Two years later, in 1777, the Continental Congress appointed Benezet as Commissioner of Claims in the Treasury Office. However, he resigned in 1778 and returned to his business interests. Benezet died in the winter of 1780–81, when his ship, the Shillelagh, was lost at sea during a voyage to France.
David Deshler, 1782–1796
In 1782, Benezet's widow sold the Biery's Port estate to David Deshler for the same amount her husband had paid six years before. Born in Switzerland in 1734, Deshler came to the American colonies as an infant. His father Adam Deshler was one of the earliest residents of the northern section of present-day Lehigh County. The owner of a significant amount of property, he personally built Fort Deshler in Whitehall Township in 1760 to protect local settlers against Indian attack.
When David Deshler purchased Taylor's former house, he was living in Northampton Town (now Allentown) in what was then part of Northampton County. Deshler built Northampton Town's first house in 1762, the year of the town's founding. Initially, he operated a store and tavern here, but later started a saw mill and grist mill, Northampton Town's first industries. By the mid-1770s, he was one of the region's wealthiest men.
In 1774, Deshler was appointed to the county's Committee of Observation, and in 1776, he was elected to the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly, where he served with George Taylor. During the Revolutionary War, Deshler's properties in Northampton Town were used to produce munitions and manufacture, repair and store materials for the Continental Army. In 1777, the Assembly appointed him one of four "sub-lieutenants" in charge of the county's military preparations. Deshler, who held the rank of colonel in the militia, was named a Commissioner of Purchases in February 1778, Assistant Forage Master in April 1780 and Assistant Commissary of Purchases in July 1780.
The war ended in 1783, and the next year Deshler was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly as a representative of Northampton County. In 1787, he served as a delegate to the state convention that ratified the federal Constitution. After completing his final term in the Assembly in 1788, he retired from public service. Deshler lived out his days at Biery's Port, where he died at the age of 62 on December 24, 1796.
1800's and 1900's
During the 1800s, George Taylor's former house passed through various hands and was eventually acquired by Wahneta Silk Company, which built a mill in front of the house around 1890. Meanwhile, the property was left to deteriorate for many years.
In 1945, the Lehigh County Historical Society rescued the house, raising funds from its members for the acquisition and repairs. Since then, the historical society has completed extensive restoration work.
National Historic Landmark
On July 17, 1971, the George Taylor House was registered as a National Historic Landmark. After a fire destroyed the former silk mill (then a furniture factory) in 1982, the society purchased the property and extended the front lawn to provide a park-like setting for the historic site.
In 2008, the society proposed selling the house to the Borough of Catasauqua for $250,000, stating "We believe that they can do much more with the site than we can. We believe the highest and best use of the property is with the good people of Catasauqua because it can be used for so many community type events."
On May 5, 2013, as part of the Lehigh County Bicentennial celebration, a monument, designed by Jirair Youssefian of Vitetta Architects|Vitetta Architects & Engineers, was unveiled during a ceremony held on the front lawn of the house. The monument will serve as the base for a future statue of George Taylor, which is currently in the planning stages.
References
External links
George Taylor House website
Delaware & Lehigh National Heritage Corridor: George Taylor House
Historic Catasauqua Preservation Association
List of National Historic Landmarks by State
National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Houses completed in 1768
Museums in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania
Historic house museums in Pennsylvania
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Houses in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania
1768 establishments in Pennsylvania
Homes of United States Founding Fathers |
235262 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontline%20%28American%20TV%20program%29 | Frontline (American TV program) | Frontline (stylized as FRONTLINE) is an investigative documentary program distributed by the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) in the United States. Episodes are produced at WGBH in Boston, Massachusetts. The series has covered a variety of domestic and international issues, including terrorism, elections, environmental disasters, and other sociopolitical issues. Since its debut in 1983, Frontline has aired in the U.S. for 39 seasons, and has won critical acclaim and awards in broadcast journalism. It has produced over 750 documentaries from both in-house and independent filmmakers, 200 of which are available online.
Format
The program debuted in 1983, with NBC anchorwoman Jessica Savitch as the show's first host, but Savitch died later after the first-season finale. PBS NewsHours Judy Woodruff took over as host in 1984, and hosted the program for five years, combining her job with a sub-anchor place on The MacNeil-Lehrer NewsHour when Jim Lehrer was away. In 1990, episodes of Frontline began airing without a host, and the narrator was left to introduce each episode.
Most Frontline reports are an hour in length, but some are extended to 90 minutes, 2 hours, or beyond. Frontline also produces and transmits such occasional specials as From Jesus to Christ, The Farmer's Wife, and Country Boys.
Since 1995, Frontline has been producing deep-content, companion web sites for all of its documentaries. The program publishes extended interview transcripts, in-depth chronologies, original essays, sidebar stories, related links and readings, and source documents including photographs and background research. Frontline has made many of its documentaries available via streaming Internet video, from its website.
Will Lyman is the distinctive voice who has narrated most of the installments of the program since its inception in 1983. However, certain reports have been narrated by David Ogden Stiers and Peter Berkrot.
"The Choice"
Since 1988, Frontline has also aired "The Choice": a special edition aired during the lead-up to the presidential election every four years, focusing on the Democratic and Republican candidates contending for the office of President of the United States. An installment aired on October 14, 2008, using a dual-biography format for Barack Obama and John McCain. The 2008 documentary, produced by Michael Kirk, generated favorable reviews from The New York Times, which stated that the program helped viewers "gain perspective" about the "idea-oriented campaign", and Los Angeles Times, which labeled it "refreshingly clear" and "informative".
A subsequent episode aired on October 9, 2012, and featured the same dual biography tracing the lives and careers of incumbent President Barack Obama and his challenger, Mitt Romney. The following episode aired on September 27, 2016, and featured the biography of Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump. "The Choice 2020" is the most recent installment and aired on September 22, 2020, featuring Joe Biden and Donald Trump.
Production
The show is produced by the WGBH Educational Foundation, the parent company of WGBH-TV in Boston, which is solely responsible for its content. WGBH is the creator of the Documentary Consortium, with another four PBS stations, including WNET in New York and KCTS in Seattle.
In 2015, the creator and founding executive producer of Frontline, David Fanning, retired after more than 32 years as executive producer of the program, and Raney Aronson-Rath succeeded him in senior grade. Fanning, however, remains editor-at-large of Frontline as a founding member.
On September 14, 2017, the program launched its first-ever podcast called The Frontline Dispatch. The podcast is a production of PBS and WGBH in Boston alongside PRX.
Frontline/World
Frontline/World is a spin-off program from Frontline, first transmitted on May 23, 2002, which was transmitted four to eight times a year on Frontline until it was canceled in 2010. It focused on issues from around the globe, and used a "magazine" format, where each hour-long episode typically had three stories that ran about 15 to 20 minutes in length. Its tagline was: Stories from a small planet.
Initially a co-production of WGBH, Boston and KQED, San Francisco, Frontline/World was later based in part at the University of California Berkeley's Graduate School of Journalism, where the program's producers recruited a new generation of reporters and producers to the Frontline program.
Frontline/World also streamed stories on its website, which won two Webby awards in 2008 for its original program of online videos called "Rough Cuts". In 2005, the Overseas Press Club of America gave the program its Edward R. Murrow Award for the best TV coverage of international events, citing producers David Fanning, Stephen Talbot, Sharon Tiller and Ken Dornstein. The program broke new ground in 2007 by winning two Emmys; one of these was for a broadcast story, "Saddam's Road to Hell", and the other was for an online video, "Libya: Out of the Shadow".
Critical reception
Frontline has received generally positive reviews from television critics. David Zurawik of The Baltimore Sun wrote that the episode "Inside the Meltdown", was "one of the finest hours of non-fiction TV that I have seen." Vern Gay of Newsday wrote that "The Card Game" episode, "bores down to the hard, cold truth" and is "journalism at its best." Tom Brinkmoeller of TV Worth Watching called it, "Indispensable." Sean Gregory of Time wrote about the episode, "League of Denial", that it was "a first-rate piece of reporting." David Zurawik of The Baltimore Sun wrote about the episode "The Rise of ISIS", that it was "superb and daring work." Alasdair Wilkins of The A.V. Club wrote, "hardest-hitting show on television." Margaret Sullivan, the media columnist of The Washington Post wrote for the episode, "The Choice 2016", "utterly-fair and completely riveting." Vern Gay of Newsday wrote that the show is "authoritative and comprehensive." David Zurawik of The Baltimore Sun wrote that the episode "Trump's Showdown", "is as good as long-form, non-fiction television gets." Chris Barton of the Los Angeles Times wrote for the episode, "The Facebook Dilemma" that Frontline has a "well-earned reputation for unflinching, in-depth examinations of social issues and current events."
Awards and results
Other Frontline reports focus on political, social, and criminal justice issues. Ofra Bikel, who has been a producer for Frontline since the first season, has produced a significant number of films on the criminal justice system in the United States. The films have focused on issues ranging from post-conviction DNA testing, the use of drug snitches and mandatory minimum sentencing laws, the plea system, and the use of eyewitness testimony. As a result of the films, 13 people have been released from prison.
After the September 11 attacks, the White House requested a copy of "Hunting Bin Laden". In 1999, Frontline had produced this in-depth report about Osama bin Laden and the terrorist network that would come to be known as Al-Qaeda in the wake of the 1998 United States embassy bombings. Following the September 11 attacks, Frontline produced a series of films about Al-Qaeda and the War on Terrorism. In 2002, the program was awarded the DuPont-Columbia gold baton for the seven films.
In 2003, Frontline and The New York Times joined forces on "A Dangerous Business", an investigation led by reporter Lowell Bergman into the cast iron pipe making industry and worker safety. OSHA officials credit the documentary and newspaper report with stimulating federal policy change on workplace safety. In 2004, the joint investigation was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service.
Producer Michael Kirk's Frontline documentaries have won multiple awards. These films include "League of Denial: The NFL's Concussion Crisis" (Peabody Award, 2013), "Cheney's Law" (Peabody Award, 2007), "The Lost Year in Iraq" (Emmy Award, 2006), "The Torture Question" (Emmy Award, 2005), "The Kevorkian File" (Emmy Award), and "Waco: The Inside Story" (Peabody Award).
Director Martin Smith has produced dozens of films for Frontline, and won both Emmy and Writers Guild of America awards. His 2000 film Drug Wars was the winner of the Outstanding Background/Analysis of a Single Current Story Emmy and the George Foster Peabody Award. Additionally, Separated: Children at the Border, for which he was writer and correspondent, also won a 2018 Peabody Award.
Other notable producers of multiple Frontline documentaries have included Sherry Jones, Marian Marzynski, Miri Navasky, Karen O'Connor, June Cross, Neil Docherty, Stephen Talbot, Raney Aronson-Rath, Rachel Dretzin, James Jacoby and Rick Young.
As of July 2016, Frontline has won a total of 75 Emmy Awards and 18 Peabody Awards. In 2020, Frontline was also awarded an Institutional Peabody Award.
In 2022, Frontline won four awards in the 43rd News and Documentary Emmy Awards.
Episodes
See also
Timothy Grucza, an award-winning cinematographer for Frontline
Guy Lawson, a contributor to Frontline
List of programs broadcast by PBS
Wide Angle
References
External links
Frontline/World
Full chronological list on PBS/Frontline site
1983 American television series debuts
1980s American documentary television series
1980s American television news shows
1990s American documentary television series
1990s American television news shows
2000s American documentary television series
2000s American television news shows
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2010s American television news shows
2020s American documentary television series
2020s American television news shows
English-language television shows
Peabody Award-winning television programs
Television series by WGBH |
4196437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spondylolysis | Spondylolysis | Spondylolysis is a defect or stress fracture in the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch. The vast majority of cases occur in the lower lumbar vertebrae (L5), but spondylolysis may also occur in the cervical vertebrae.
Signs and symptoms
In majority of cases, spondylolysis presents asymptomatically, which can make diagnosis both difficult and incidental. When a patient does present with symptoms, there are general signs and symptoms a clinician will look for:
Clinical signs:
Pain on completion of the stork test (placed in hyperextension and rotation)
Excessive lordotic posture
Unilateral tenderness on palpation
Visible on diagnostic imaging (Scottie dog fracture)
Symptoms:
Unilateral low back pain
Pain that radiates into the buttocks or legs
Onset of pain can be acute or gradual
Pain that can restrict daily activities
Pain that worsens after strenuous activity
Pain aggravated with lumbar hyperextension
Difficulty in movement in spinal cord
Cause
The cause of spondylolysis remains unknown, however many factors are thought to contribute to its development. The condition is present in up to 6% of the population, the majority of which usually present asymptomatically. Research supports that there are hereditary and acquired risk factors that can make one more susceptible to the defect. The disorder is generally more prevalent in males than in females and tends to occur earlier in males due to their involvement in more strenuous activities at a younger age. In a young athlete, the spine is still growing; there are many ossification centers, leaving points of weakness in the spine. This leaves young athletes at increased risk, particularly when involved in repetitive hyperextension and rotation across the lumbar spine. Spondylolysis is a common cause of low back pain in preadolescents and adolescent athletes, as it accounts for about 50% of all low back pain. It is believed that both repetitive trauma and an inherent genetic weakness can make an individual more susceptible to spondylolysis.
Risk factors
Sports involving repetitive or forceful hyperextension of the spine, especially when combined with rotation are the main mechanism of injury for spondylolysis. The stress fracture of the pars interarticularis occurs on the side opposite to activity. For instance, for a right-handed player, the fracture occurs on the left side of the vertebrae.
Spondylolysis has a higher occurrence in the following activities:
Baseball
Military service
Tennis
Diving
Cheerleading
Gymnastics
Gridiron Football
Association Football
Wrestling
Weightlifting
Roller Derby
Cricket
Pole Vault
Rugby
Volleyball
Gym
Ultimate Frisbee (especially during impact from laying out)
Ballet
Muay Thai
Although this condition can be caused by repetitive trauma to the lumbar spine in strenuous sports, other risk factors can also predispose individuals to spondylolysis. Males are more commonly affected by spondylolysis than females. In one study looking at youth athletes, it was found that the mean age of individuals with spondylolysis was 20 years of age. Spondylolysis also runs in families suggesting a hereditary component such as a predisposition to weaker vertebrae.
Pathophysiology
Spondylolysis is a bony defect or fracture within the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch in the spinal column. The vast majority of spondylolysis occur in the lumbar vertebrae, however it can also be seen in cervical vertebrae. The lumbar vertebra consist of a body, pedicle, lamina, pars interarticularis, transverse process, spinous process and superior and inferior articular facets, which form joints that link the vertebrae together. When examining the vertebra, the pars interarticularis is the bony segment between the superior and inferior articular facet joints located anterior to the lamina and posterior to the pedicle. Separation of the pars interarticularis occurs when spondylolysis is present in the spinal column.
Spondylolysis is typically caused by a stress fracture of the bone, and is especially common in adolescents who over-train in activities. The pars interarticularis is vulnerable to fracture during spinal hyperextension, especially when combined with rotation, or when experiencing a force during a landing. This stress fracture most commonly occurs where the concave lumbar spine transitions to the convex sacrum (L5-S1). A significant number of individuals with spondylolysis will develop spondylolisthesis, which is true for 50-81% of this population.
Diagnosis
There are several imaging techniques used to diagnose spondylolysis. Common imaging techniques include X-ray, MRI, Bone Scintigraphy (Bone Scan), and Computed Tomography (CT Scan).
X-Ray
X-rays (electromagnetic radiation) are projected through the body to produce an image of its internal structures. The radiation is more attenuated (absorbed) by the denser tissues of the body (i.e. bone) than the softer tissues (i.e. muscles, organs, etc.) creating a picture composed of shades of grey ranging from white to black. A vertebra with a fracture or defect of the pars interarticularis will have a dark mark through this region of bone. Since this is difficult to see on the AP (anterior posterior) x-ray view an oblique x-ray of the lumbar spine can usually identify the spondylolysis. If inconclusive a further CT scan can produce a 3-dimensional images to more clearly show the defect although the exam increases the patients radiation dose by at least an order of magnitude than plain x-rays.
Bone scintigraphy
Also known as a bone scan, bone scintigraphy involves the injection of a small amount of radioactive tracer into the bloodstream. This tracer decays and emits radioactive energy which can be detected by a special camera. The camera produces a black and white image where areas shown as dark black indicate bone damage of some kind. If there is a black spot in the lumbar vertebrae (e.g. L5) this indicates damage and potentially spondylolysis. If this test is positive, a CT scan is usually ordered to confirm spondylolysis.
Computed tomography
Commonly known as a CT Scan or CAT scan, this form of imaging is very similar to x-ray technology but produces many more images than an x-ray does. The multiple images produce cross-sectional views not possible with an x-ray. This allows a physician or radiologist to examine the images from many more angles than an x-ray allows. For this reason the CT scan is much more accurate in detecting spondylolysis than an x-ray. Bone scintigraphy combined with CT scan is considered the gold standard which means that it is best at detecting spondylolysis.
MRI
MRI is a newer technique used to diagnose spondylolysis and is favorable for a few reasons. The MRI is much more accurate than the x-ray and also does not use radiation. The MRI uses powerful magnets and radio frequencies to produce very detailed images of many different densities of tissue including bone and soft tissues.
Treatment
Conservative management
Treatment for spondylolysis ranges from bracing, activity restriction, extension exercises, flexion exercises and deep abdominal strengthening, that is administered through physical therapy. The duration of physical therapy a patient receives varies upon the severity of spondylolysis, however typically ranges from three to six months. The goal of physical therapy is to minimize movement at the unstable defect of the pars interarticularis. Once a patient completes physical therapy, and displays no symptoms or inflammation in the lower back, they are cleared to continue with daily or athletic activities. However, a patient may need to maintain a variety of rehabilitation techniques after physical therapy to prevent the recurrence of spondylolysis.
Deep abdominal co-contraction exercises
The aim of deep abdominal co-contraction exercises is to train muscles surrounding the lumbar spine which provide stability of the spine. Spondylolysis results in a spinal instability and disrupts patterns of co-recruitment between muscle synergies. Specifically, local muscles that attach directly to the spine are affected. The lumbar multifidus and transversus abdominis play a direct role in stabilizing the lumbar spine. Instead the local muscles in individuals with spondylolysis are vulnerable to dysfunction, which results in abnormal spinal stability causing chronic low back pain. To compensate, the large torque producing global muscles are used to stabilize the spine.
In one study, patients are taught to train the co-contraction of deep abdominal muscles and lumbar multifidus in static postures, functional tasks and aerobic activities. This technique was shown to reduce pain and functional disability when compared to other conservative treatments. These results also had a long- term effect in reducing levels of pain and functional disability. This is because motor programming eventually became automatic, and conscious control was no longer needed to contract the deep abdominal muscles during activities.
Activity restriction
Activity restriction of spondylolysis is advised for a short period of time once the patient becomes symptomatic, followed by a guided physical therapy program. Once spondylolysis has been diagnosed, treatment often consists of a short rest period of two to three days, followed by a physical therapy program. There should be restriction of heavy lifting, excessive bending, twisting and avoidance of any work, recreational activities or participation in sport that causes stress to the lumbar spine. Activity restriction can help eliminate and control a patient's symptoms so they are able to resume their normal activities. Activity restriction is most commonly used in conjunction with other rehabilitation techniques including bracing.
Bracing
Acute spondylolysis is most commonly treated through the use of an antilordotic brace (Boston brace) to control and limit spinal movement, and reduce stress on the injured spinal segment. Bracing immobilizes the spine in a flexed position for a short period to allow healing of the bony defect in the pars interarticularis. An antilordotic brace commonly utilizes a plastic component that is contoured to closely fit the body. Antilordotic bracing subsequently reduces the athlete's symptoms by decreasing the amount of stress on the low back, and allows a prompt return to sport for athletes. Typically, bracing is utilized for 6–12 weeks.
In order for a brace to be effective, it must be worn every day for the required amount of time. Patients are given a brace schedule determined by their physical therapist that explains the amount of time the brace must be worn daily. A brace's effectiveness increases with adherence to the bracing schedule. Patients that do not follow their bracing schedule are more likely to have their symptoms progress. Research has demonstrated that when braces are used as prescribed with full compliance, they are successful at preventing spondylolysis progression.
Surgery
Most patients with spondylolysis do not require surgery but, if the symptoms are not relieved with non-surgical treatments, or when the condition progresses to high grade spondylolisthesis, then patients may require surgery. There are two main types of surgery for this condition:
Spinal fusion: This procedure is recommended when a set of vertebrae becomes loose or unstable. The surgeon joins two or more bones (vertebrae) together through the use of metal rods, screws, and bone grafts. The bone grafts complete their fusion in 4–8 months following the surgery, securing the spine in the correct position. The procedure is also used to treat spinal instability, fractures in the lumbar spine and, severe degenerative disc disease. The process is relatively non-invasive, performed through small incisions and has a high success rate.
Laminectomy: Often performed when spinal stenosis occurs in conjunction with spondylolysis. The procedure surgically removes part or all of the lamina from the bony ring of the vertebra to reduce the pressure on the spinal cord. The laminectomy is commonly performed on the vertebrae in the lower back and in the neck.
Implications for rehabilitation
Spondylolysis can have a huge impact on a young athlete's career, and may impede their future ability to perform. It is important to understand how social and psychological factors may affect rehabilitation of an injured athlete.
Frustration, anger, confusion, fear and depression are some of the psychological factors that injured athletes experience, therefore a debilitating injury can have a large impact on an athlete's mental well-being. These psychological factors can also affect recovery and return to sport as fear of re-injury often prevents athletes from adhering to rehabilitation and returning to their sport at full intensity.
Social factors can also impact the cognitive, behavioural and physical responses to injury. More specifically, social isolation from the team can have a profound psychological effect. This makes it essential to provide social support through supportive listening, emotional support, personal assistance, and reality conformation.
It is also critical to educate the athletes on the rehabilitation process so they know what to expect. For instance, explaining what activities to avoid and will cause pain as well as the duration of the treatment process. In addition, it is important to select the correct treatment option for each individual. For conservative methods, adherence to the exercise requires motivated patients as it can be tedious and time-consuming. For instance, one study looking at deep abdominal co-contraction reported that it can take as long a 4–5 weeks to achieve this pattern of co-contraction.
Notable people with spondylolysis
Matt Smith: Actor who played the eleventh incarnation of the Doctor in the BBC series Doctor Who and Prince Philip in the Netflix series The Crown. He initially aspired to be a professional footballer, but his spondylolysis forced him out of the sport.
References
External links
Deforming dorsopathies
Vertebral column disorders |
9398915 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20nuclear%20holocaust%20fiction | List of nuclear holocaust fiction | This list of nuclear holocaust fiction lists the many works of speculative fiction that attempt to describe a world during or after a massive nuclear war, nuclear holocaust, or crash of civilization due to a nuclear electromagnetic pulse.
Films
Television programs
A Carol for Another Christmas (ABC, 1964), Rod Serling TV film
A Day Called 'X' (CBS, 1957)
Adventure Time (Cartoon Network, 2010–2018)
American Horror Story: Apocalypse (FX, 2018)
Battlestar Galactica (Sci-Fi, 2003, 2004–2009)
Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (NBC, 1979)
By Dawn's Early Light (HBO, 1990)
Countdown to Looking Glass (HBO, 1984)
Dark Angel (Fox, 2000–2002)
Der Dritte Weltkrieg (ZDF, 1998)
Fail Safe (CBS, 2000)
Genesis II (CBS, 1973)
Jericho (CBS, 2006–2008)
Level Seven (BBC, 1966), adapted by J. B. Priestley for Out of the Unknown
On the Beach (Showtime, 2000)
Planet Earth (ABC, 1974)
Special Bulletin (NBC, 1983)
Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles (Fox, 2008–2009)
Testament (PBS, 1983)
The 100 (The CW, 2014–2020)
The Day After (ABC, 1983)
The Martian Chronicles miniseries (NBC, 1980)
The War Game (BBC, 1965)
Threads (BBC, 1984)
Whoops Apocalypse (ITV, 1982)
Woops! (Fox, 1992)
World War III miniseries (NBC, 1982)
Television episodes
The Motorola Television Hour: "Atomic Attack" (1954 ABC-TV series Season 1, Episode 15) – A family living 50 miles away try to flee from the fallout of an hydrogen bomb that fell on New York City. Based on the novel Shadow on the Hearth (1950) by Judith Merrill.
The Twilight Zone: "Time Enough at Last" (1959)
Playhouse 90: "Alas, Babylon" (1960)
The Twilight Zone: "The Old Man in the Cave" (1963)
Star Trek: "Space Seed" (1967)
Star Trek: "Assignment: Earth" (1968) – The crew goes back in time to find out how the human race was able to survive the Cold War.
The Twilight Zone: "A Little Peace and Quiet" (1985)
The Twilight Zone: "Quarantine" (1986)
The Twilight Zone: "Shelter Skelter" (1987)
The Outer Limits: "Bits of Love" (1997)
The Outer Limits: "The Human Factor" (2002)
The Twilight Zone: "Chosen" (2002)
Masters of Science Fiction: "A Clean Escape" (2007)
What If...?: What If... Ultron Won?" (2021)
A few episodes of Star Trek: Enterprise depict both humans and Vulcans as being close to extermination caused by nuclear war.
Novels
After The Bomb by Gloria D. Miklowitz
Alas, Babylon by Pat Frank
Amnesia Moon by Jonathan Lethem (regarding Hatfork)
Ape and Essence by Aldous Huxley
Arc Light by Eric Harry
Armageddon's Children By Terry Brooks (2006) (Genesis of Shannara Trilogy book 1)
The Ashes Series by William W. Johnstone
The Beast of Heaven by Victor Kelleher
Brother in the Land by Robert Swindells
A Canticle for Leibowitz by Walter M. Miller, Jr. (1960)
Children of the Dust by Louise Lawrence
The Chrysalids by John Wyndham
Commander-1 by Peter George
Damnation Alley by Roger Zelazny
Dark December by Alfred Coppel
Dark Mirrors (original title) Schwarze Spiegel by Arno Schmidt
Davy and other works by Edgar Pangborn
The Day They H-Bombed Los Angeles by Robert Moore Williams
Deathlands series by a variety of authors writing under the pen name James Axler
Dr. Bloodmoney, or How We Got Along After the Bomb by Philip K. Dick
Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? by Philip K. Dick
Domain by James Herbert
Doomday Wing by George H. Smith
Doomsday Plus Twelve by James D. Forman
Down to a Sunless Sea by David Graham
Earthwreck! by Thomas N. Scortia
The Eclipse Trilogy by John Shirley
The Egghead Republic by Arno Schmidt
Einstein's Monsters by Martin Amis
End of the World by Dean Owen (novelization of the film Panic in Year Zero!)
Ende: A Diary of the Third World War by Anton-Andreas Guha
Endworld series by David Robbins
Eon by Greg Bear
The Erthing Cycle by Wayland Drew
Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury
Farnham's Freehold by Robert A. Heinlein
Fire Brats by Scott Siegel and Barbara Siegel
First Angel by Ed Mann, published by Soldier of Fortune magazine
Fiskadoro by Denis Johnson
Free Flight by Douglas Terman
The Gate to Women's Country by Sheri S. Tepper
A Gift Upon the Shore by M. K. Wren
God's Grace by Bernard Malamud
The Guardians series by Richard Austin
The Hot War series by Harry Turtledove
The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins
The Iron Dream by Norman Spinrad
Jenny, My Diary by Yorick Blumenfeld
Domain by James Herbert
The Last Children of Schewenborn by Gudrun Pausewang
The Last Ship by William Brinkley
The Last War, a 1986 novel by Martyn Godfrey
Level 7 by Mordecai Roshwald
The Long Loud Silence by Wilson Tucker
The Long Tomorrow by Leigh Brackett
Long Voyage Back by George Cockcroft, under the pen name Luke Rhinehart, 1983
Malevil by Robert Merle
The Martian Chronicles by Ray Bradbury
Metro 2033 by Dmitry Glukhovsky
The Metrozone Series by Simon Morden
Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell
Not This August by C.M. Kornbluth
Obernewtyn and subsequent novels in the series by Isobelle Carmody
On the Beach by Nevil Shute
One Second After by William R. Forstchen
The Outward Urge, by John Wyndham and Lucas Parkes
The Pelbar Cycle Book One (Beyond Armageddon) by Paul O. Williams
Plan of Attack, a 2004 thriller by Dale Brown
The Postman, a 1985 post-apocalyptic novel by David Brin
Prayers for the Assassin, by Robert Ferrigno
Prime Directive, by Judith and Garfield Reeves-Stevens; a Star Trek novel where an alien civilization is apparently destroyed by a sudden, unexpected nuclear war among its own people
Pulling Through, by Dean Ing; first half of the book is a novel on a family surviving a nuclear blast, the second half is a non-fiction survival guide
Red Alert, by Peter George
Resurrection Day by Brendan DuBois
Riddley Walker by Russell Hoban
The School for Atheists by Arno Schmidt
Second Ending, by James White
The Seventh Day by Hans Hellmut Kirst (original title Keiner Kommt Davon)
Shadow on the Hearth by Judith Merril (1950) – a novel about a traditional housewife's ordeals in the aftermath of nuclear attack
The Silo Series by Hugh Howey (2011) – A nuclear exchange is used to cover up a nano-bot attack.
Single Combat by Dean Ing (second in the Ted Quantril trilogy)
A Small Armageddon by Mordecai Roshwald
Star Man's Son by Andre Norton (1952) – a post-apocalyptic novel that takes place about two centuries after the Great-Blowup. It is titled Daybreak – 2250 AD in reprint editions.
The Steel, the Mist, and the Blazing Sun by Christopher Anvil
The Survivalist by Jerry Ahern
Swan Song by Robert McCammon
Systemic Shock by Dean Ing (first in the Ted Quantril trilogy)
Tengu (Novel) by Graham Masterton
Test of Fire by Ben Bova
There Will Be Time by Poul Anderson
This Is the Way the World Ends by James Morrow
This Time Tomorrow by Lauran Paine
Time Capsule by Mitch Berman
Tomorrow! by Philip Wylie
Trinity's Child by William Prochnau (1983)
Triumph by Philip Wylie
The Valley-Westside War by Harry Turtledove
Vaneglory by George Turner
Viper Three by Walter Wager
Warday by Whitley Strieber and James Kunetka
When the Wind Blows by Raymond Briggs
Wild Country by Dean Ing (Third in the Ted Quantril Trilogy)
The Wild Shore by Kim Stanley Robinson
The World Next Door by Brad Ferguson
The World Set Free by H. G. Wells
Worldwar series by Harry Turtledove – alternate history: World War II turns nuclear in 1943; another nuclear war in the 1960s
Z for Zachariah by Robert C. O'Brien
Short stories
"The Blast" by Stuart Cloete (1947), published in 6 Great Short Novels of Science Fiction, ed. Groff Conklin, 1954
"Thunder and Roses" (1947) by Theodore Sturgeon
"Not with a Bang" (1949) by Damon Knight
"The Last Word" (1956) by Damon Knight
"A Clean Escape" (1985) by John Kessel
"The 16th October 1985" (2009) by James Plumridge
"The Edge of the Knife" (1957) by H. Beam Piper
"Lot" (1953) and "Lot's Daughter" (1954) by Ward Moore (inspiration for the film Panic in Year Zero!)
"There Will Come Soft Rains" by Ray Bradbury (1950)
"Preview of the War We Do Not Want", published in Collier's Magazine (1951)
"If I Forget Thee, Oh Earth" by Arthur C. Clarke – featuring a boy living in a colony on the moon, left isolated by the destruction of the Earth
"A Boy and His Dog" by Harlan Ellison (1969)
"Fermi and Frost" by Frederik Pohl (1985)
"Tight Little Stitches in a Dead Man's Back" by Joe R. Lansdale (1986)
"The Custodians" by Richard Cowper
"Summer Thunder" by Stephen King
"By the Waters of Babylon" by Stephen Vincent Benet (1937)
"100 days in nuclear war" by The Infographics Show
Short story collections
Countdown To Midnight, 1984, edited by H. Bruce Franklin
Beyond Armageddon, 1985, edited by Walter M. Miller, Jr. and Martin Harry Greenberg
Nuclear War, 1988, edited by Gregory Benford and Martin Harry Greenberg
The Folk of the Fringe, 1989, Orson Scott Card
Comics
2000AD/Judge Dredd, set in a post-war Earth where the majority of the United States is called the "Cursed Earth"
Akira features Tokyo after a nuclear conflict.
AXA, set in the aftermath of a nuclear- and biological war with heroine AXA fighting against evil
Barefoot Gen, Japanese manga about life after the Hiroshima bombing
Cobalt 60 by Vaughn Bodē, Mark Bodē and Larry Todd, set in a post-apocalyptic world
Fist of the North Star, a Japanese comic franchise set in a post-nuclear Earth
Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind, a Japanese graphic novel, later partly adapted in film, set in a far, post-apocalyptic future, rife with themes of bioethics, environmentalism, genetics and psionics
The Punisher: The End, a one-shot issue of Marvel Comic's Punisher by Garth Ennis and Richard Corben
Strontium Dog, set in a post-nuclear war earth where many humans have been deformed by the radiation and are branded as "mutants"
V for Vendetta by Alan Moore and David Lloyd, is set in an England which has survived through a nuclear war which devastated the majority of the rest of the world.
Animation shorts
The Big Snit (National Film Board of Canada, Richard Condie; 1985)
The Hole, 1962, featuring the voice of Dizzy Gillespie
A Short Vision, 1956
Picadon (1978)
Games
See also
Nuclear holocaust
Nuclear weapons in popular culture
World War III in popular culture
List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
List of books about nuclear issues
List of films about nuclear issues
List of apocalyptic films
List of dystopian films
List of songs about nuclear war
Nuclear Holocausts: Atomic War in Fiction
Further reading
References
External links
Nuclear Holocausts: Atomic War in Fiction, By Paul Brians, Professor of English, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
Annotated bibliography of nuclear literature from the Alsos Digital Library |
56207294 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slimonidae | Slimonidae | Slimonidae (the name deriving from the type genus Slimonia, which is named in honor of Welsh fossil collector and surgeon Robert Slimon) is a family of eurypterids, an extinct group of aquatic arthropods. Slimonids were members of the superfamily Pterygotioidea and the family most closely related to the derived pterygotid eurypterids, which are famous for their cheliceral claws and great size. Many characteristics of the Slimonidae, such as their flattened and expanded telsons (the posteriormost division of their bodies), support a close relationship between the two groups.
Slimonids are defined as pterygotioid eurypterids with swimming legs similar to those of the type genus, Slimonia, and the second to fifth pair of appendages being non-spiniferous. The family contains only two genera, the almost completely known Slimonia and Salteropterus, which is known only from the telson and the metastoma (a large plate part of the abdomen).
Both slimonid genera preserve flattened and expanded telsons that end in elongated telson spikes. The discovery of several articulated specimens of Slimonia with the tail segments preserved in tight curves, suggesting that the tail segments were considerably more flexible than previously thought and would have been capable of considerable side-to-side movement. Unlike the related pterygotids, the slimonids did not possess robust and powerful cheliceral claws and as such, these telson spikes may have been the primary weaponry used by Slimonia, although this theory is considered unlikely by contemporary researchers. The telson spike of Salteropterus was likely not used as a weapon and was highly distinct and different from that of any other eurypterid.
Description
Slimonid eurypterids ranged in size from 12 centimetres (5 inches) to 100 centimetres (39 inches) in length. The largest species was Slimonia acuminata, which was also the first slimonid to be described and is known from the Early to Middle Silurian of Lesmahagow, Scotland.
Like all other chelicerates, and other arthropods in general, slimonid eurypterids possessed segmented bodies and jointed appendages (limbs) covered in a cuticle composed of proteins and chitin. The chelicerate body is divided into two tagmata (sections); the frontal prosoma (head) and posterior opisthosoma (abdomen). The appendages were attached to the prosoma, and were characterized in slimonids as being non-spiniferous (lacking spines). The telson (the posteriormost division of the body) was expanded and flattened (similarly to the telsons of the more derived pterygotid eurypterids) and ended in a thin and elongated telson spike. In Salteropterus, this telson spike was even more elongated than in Slimonia and ended in a tri-lobed structure unique to the genus.
Though Slimonia itself is very well known, the other genus of the family, Salteropterus, is less well known with its fossils only preserving the telson and the metastoma (a large plate part of the abdomen). As such it is difficult to establish exactly which traits distinguish the family as a whole from the other pterygotioid eurypterid families (Pterygotidae and Hughmilleriidae), even though several defining traits are known of Slimonia. Many of the unique traits of Slimonia are found in the carapace (the "head"), which is not known in Salteropterus. Among these is the quadrate (square) shape of the carapace itself and the placement of the compound eyes on the frontal corners. Though they were closely related, the Slimonidae had small and non-developed chelicerae (frontal appendages) in comparison to the Pterygotidae, which possessed well-developed and powerful cheliceral claws.
History of research
The type species of Slimonia, S. acuminata, was first described as a species of Pterygotus, "Pterygotus acuminata", by John William Salter in 1856 based on fossils that had been discovered in Lesmahagow, Scotland. That same year David Page erected a new genus to contain the species, as several distinctive characteristics made the species considerably different from other known species of Pterygotus, among them the shape of the carapace and P. acuminata lacking the large cheliceral claws otherwise characteristic of Pterygotus. The genus was named "Slimonia" after Robert Slimon, honoring the Welsh fossil collector and surgeon who was the first to discover eurypterid fossils in Lesmahagow.
In the late 1800s and early 1900s new specimens were discovered of a previously fragmentary species of Eurypterus, E. abbreviatus, in Herefordshire, England. One of these specimens, BGS GSM Zf-2864 (discovered in 1939), revealed a very distinct telson and features similar to Slimonia (such as the last three opisthosomal segments tapering in a way similar to in Slimonia), which suggested a close relation between this species and Slimonia.
The family Slimonidae was erected as a taxon by Nestor Ivanovich Novojilov in 1962 to contain the genus Slimonia, which was considered sufficiently distinct from the genera housed in its previous family, the Hughmilleriidae. After several features had been noted that suggested a close relationship between Salteropterus and Slimonia (particularly similarities in the abdominal segments), Salteropterus was finally classified as a slimonid in 1989 by Victor P. Tollerton.
Paleobiology
The large and flattened telson of Slimonia (it is also flattened in Salteropterus, but not to the full extent of that of Slimonia) is distinctive and shared only with the pterygotid eurypterids and with the derived hibbertopterid Hibbertopterus and mycteroptid Hastimima, where a flattened telson had convergently evolved.
The function of these specialized telsons has historically been controversial and disputed, and whilst study has mainly been focused on telsons within the Pterygotidae, the similarity between the telson of Slimonia and its close relatives should mean that the function would likely have been similar. The pterygotids were hypothesized to have moved by undulating the entire opisthosoma (the large posterior section of the body) by moving the abdominal plates, as such undulations of the opisthosoma and telson would have acted as the propulsive method of the animal, rendering the swimming legs used by other eurypterid groups useless. Fossil evidence contradicts such an hypothesis however, as eurypterid bodies were stiff dorsally (up and down) and preserve no evidence for any sort of tapering or other mechanism that would have increased flexibility. Any flexing of the body would require muscular contractions, but no major apodemes (internal ridges of the exoskeleton that supports muscular attachments) or any muscle scars indicative of large opisthosomal muscles have been found. Instead, propulsion was likely generated by the sixth pair of appendages, the swimming legs used by other eurypterine eurypterids.
Whilst stiff dorsally, fossil evidence suggests that Slimonia was very flexible laterally (side to side). A specimen of Slimonia acuminata from the Patrick Burn Formation of Scotland preserves a complete and articulated series of telsonal, postabdominal and preabdominal segments. In the specimen, the "tail" is bent to a considerable degree previously unseen in any eurypterid. Capable of bending its tail from side to side, it has been theorised that the tail may have been used as a weapon. The telson spine, serrated along the sides and exceeding the flattened telson in length, ends in a sharp tip and would likely have been capable of piercing prey. In pterygotids, it is likely that the cheliceral claws came to replace telson spikes as weaponry as the telson spikes of that family are relatively shorter than those of the Slimonidae. However, this theory has been proven to be erroneous as the fossil specimen in question was a molt, rather than an actual carcass, and did show apparent signs of disarticulation.
The telson of Salteropterus is very distinctive and though its function remains unknown (possibly used for additional balancing), it was likely not used as a weapon in the same way the telson of Slimonia was. The flattened portion is trigonal and smaller than that of Slimonia but the telson spike is far longer, forming something akin to a stem with knobs running alongside it and ending in a tri-lobed organ unseen in any other eurypterid.
Classification
Slimonid eurypterids are classified as part of the Pterygotioidea superfamily, within the Diploperculata infraorder and Eurypterina suborder. The Slimonidae is often interpreted as a sister-taxon (the most closely related group) to the Pterygotidae. The other Pterygotioid family, the Hughmilleriidae, has also been interpreted as the most closely related sister-taxon to the pterygotids. The discovery of Ciurcopterus, currently the most primitive known pterygotid, allowed researchers to study its features which showed that the primitive pterygotid combined characteristics of more derived members of its own family and Slimonia. In particular, the similar appendages shared between the two genera suggested that the Slimonidae was the most closely related group to the Pterygotidae. Hughmilleriid eurypterids are thus seen as a group more basal than both the slimonids and the pterygotids.
The cladogram below is based on the conclusions drawn by O. Erik Tetlie (2004) on the phylogenetic positions of Herefordopterus, Salteropterus and the Pterygotioidea at large following his redescriptions of various eurypterids from Herefordshire, England, including Salteropterus. The partial lack of spines on the appendages of both slimonid genera unites them as a group and showcases that they are more derived than the hughmilleriids, on which spines appear on four to five of their podomeres (leg segments).
See also
List of eurypterid genera
Timeline of eurypterid research
Hughmilleriidae
Pterygotidae
References
Silurian animals
Pterygotioidea
Prehistoric arthropod families |
18999470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France%E2%80%93Iraq%20relations | France–Iraq relations | French–Iraq relations are the relations between France and Iraq. France played a major role in Iraqi secession from the Ottoman Empire and eventual freedom from British colonial status. The Franco-Iraqi relationship is often defined by conflict and peace, with France supporting Iraq during the Iran-Iraq War, supporting intervention in Iraq in Operation Desert Storm, and opposing the 2003 U.S. Invasion of Iraq. As of 2004, Iraq maintains an embassy in Paris and France maintains an embassy in Baghdad and a consulate general in Erbil.
History
Pre-Independence Iraq
Contemporary Iraqi independence is firmly rooted in the fall of the Ottoman Empire, of which the French, British and Russian forces were certain would come about as a result of Triple Entente in the Middle East during World War I. In response to waning Ottoman cohesion following the war and the signing of the Armistice of Mudros, the powers sought and were gained mandates of former Ottoman territories through the League of Nations; France being granted of Lebanon and Syria and Britain being granted Mesopotamia and Palestine. However, independence movements in Iraq ultimately reduced British influence in the region to allow for a semi-autonomous state. Other mandated areas experienced similar revolts around the same time, namely Syria, which succeeded in a revolt and established the independent Arab Kingdom of Syria. In the war that followed, France deposed the revolt-instated King Faisal I, whom the British government saw as a popular figurehead that was friendly to the British thanks to prior dealings with the British before World War I. Further, the British believed placing Faisal on the throne would prevent him from returning to fight for his throne in Syria, leading to tension in British-French relations. Ultimately, Iraq was granted full independence as the Kingdom of Iraq in 1932.
Kingdom of Iraq
Following the independence of Iraq, France maintained formal relations with the Iraqi Kingdom, even the governments coming in result of coup. At the turn of the 1940s, the occupation of France and establishment of Vichy France during World War II forced the French government into exile, as well as another Iraqi coup lead to a pro-German regime that put the two governments in conflict. British military operations eventually reestablished the Hashemite monarchy in Iraq, which served as the Allied hold to attack Vichy territory in Syria, which was aided by Free France. After the defeat of the Axis, both France and Iraq's exiled governments were reinstated and both joined the United Nations. Some years later, the French provided clandestine support against Iraq to Israel during the 1948 Arab-Israeli Conflict; not only allowing Air France to ship arms, but blocking UK-brokered Swiss arms sales to Iraqi allies in the conflict. Later, conflicts with the Egyptian government over union with Syria, British opposing Kuwaiti inclusion into an Arab-Hashemite Federation and growing unrest lead to another coup that deposed the Iraqi monarchy to form an Iraqi Republic.
Iraqi Republic
The later days of the Iraqi Republic saw a new shift in relations with France with the election of Charles de Gaulle in 1958. From a position of unrest following the Algerian War, de Gaulle sought to re-establish relations with the Arab world. Although France's support of Israel was evident during the Six Day War, de Gaulle found that Algeria was no longer able to be controlled and would need Arab support in the Middle East to retain French status as a global political entity outside that of the United States' or Soviet Union's sphere of influence. This period of warming of relations and increased trade would persist even after the fall of the Iraqi Republic in the 14 July Revolution, the eventual coup ousting the then general Abd al-Karim Qasim in the Ramadan Revolution and the Ba'athist seizure of power in the 17 July Revolution.
Ba'athist Iraq
After the 17 July Revolution, the Ba'ath Party of Iraq, under then chairman Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, attempted to consolidate power and fulfill party principles by removing Nasserists and communists from Iraq. This coincided both with the regimes policy against Soviet influence in the party and attempts to woo the Iraqi Communist Party into acceptance of the Ba'ath regime and the National Progressive Front, given the ICP's apprehension after the anti-communist stance of the regime in 1963. Further, France was very willing to continue providing for the regime under these circumstances, especially within their own foreign policy centered around Soviet containment, stemming from Soviet assistance in the liberation of French Indochina and assistance to the North Korean regime during the Korean War, a stance embraced by the United States in the aftermath of World War II that other Western nations followed during the Cold War. This continued improvement of relations established a precedent of French support for the Iraqi state, which established the sale and lending of weapons in 1975, which would include the sale of Mirage F-1 jet fighters, Alouette, Gazelle, Puma and Super Frelon helicopters, a share in the future production of the Mirage 2000, Exocet missiles and the training to use said equipment. Additionally, French reliance on Iraqi oil and trade further cemented these relations, affirmed further by the French Defense Ministry being a controlling stake of French trade and export policy based on France's missile superiority in Europe. This supply of military arms, though not initially intended for use in a conflict, ultimately came to use in the Iran-Iraq War following the Iranian Revolution, which was initially welcomed by the Iraqi government as the ousting of a British instated Shah, but later came to conflict between pan-Islamic Iranian and pan-Arab Iraqi policy. Central Intelligence Agency documents detail that Iraq had been pursuing nuclear weapons as early as 1980, being offered reactors by the Soviets in 1959, with France selling them another two reactors in 1975. However, France's supply of highly enriched uranium came under question when Iraq refused to allow it to be substituted for lower quality uranium insufficient for the development of weapons. An Israeli strike on the Osirak Nuclear Reactor, which the French had assisted in building, is often referred to as the end of French support of Iraq's nuclear ambitions and Iraqi nuclear capability. However, France also supported Iraqi chemical weapons programs, among other Western states, including the United States, the Netherlands, Australia, Italy and France, as well as countless private companies within these countries. These weapons were used on civilian populations within Iran, but the war ended with a status quo ceasefire in 1988. Facing mounting debts and social upheaval from the failure of the conflict, Iraq began posturing itself against Kuwait. The resulting Iraqi invasion of Kuwait ended in Iraqi occupation of Kuwait, which would in turn result in a coalition response in Operation Desert Storm and the Gulf War, of which France committed 18,000 troops. The French involvement in the operation was internally referred to as Opération Daguet, including trade interdiction, air support and medical leasing. The coalition eventually succeeded in ousting Iraqi forces from Kuwait. Though this conflict had little effect on the relationship between Iraq and France, it did deteriorate already harrowed Iraq-United States relations, including the stationing and use of US and coalition airforce in southern Iraq and the passage of the Iraq Liberation Act, formalizing US foreign policy to oust Saddam Hussein and the Ba'athists from power. This tension would culminate following the passage of several Security Council resolutions that required non-proliferation of Iraq's nonconventional arms following the Gulf War, namely the United Nations Special Commission and International Atomic Energy Agency, which the Iraqi government harassed and obstructed until 1998 when all cooperation was severed citing concerns that Americans embedded within the agencies were feeding intelligence to the United States. Later, these claims would turn out to be true. Following the attacks of September 11th, 2001 in the United States, a series of allegations of Saddam's relationship to Al-Qaeda came to being, which were used as a means of supplementing prior United States policy to remove the Ba'athists from power before the attacks took place. The United States brought a resolution to the UN Security Council with the intent of doing so, which France not only rejecting the resolution and threatening to use their veto powers against the resolution before it was retracted, but refused to contribute to US coalition efforts afterwards.
Republic of Iraq
In September 2020, French President Emmanuel Macron travelled to Iraq to assert its "sovereignty", despite regional tensions. He met with President Barham Salih, Prime Minister Mustafa Al-Kadhimi and President of the Kurdistan Region Nechirvan Barzani.
In late August 2021, President Macron attended a regional conference in Baghdad, to which several leaders of countries neighboring Iraq have been invited. However, he mentioned that France would keep troops in Iraq as part of anti-terrorism operations in cooperation with the Iraqi government.
Diplomacy
Republic of France
Baghdad (Embassy)
Erbil (Consulate General)
Republic of Iraq
Paris (Embassy)
See also
Foreign relations of France
Foreign relations of Iraq
French support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq war
Iraq–European Union relations
Operation Opera
References
Further reading
David Styan, France & Iraq: Oil, Arms and French Policy Making in the Middle East, published by I.B.Tauris, 2006 .
External links
French Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Official Website
Iraq Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Official Website
Iraq / France Relations diplomatie.gouv.fr (English)
Bilateral relations of Iraq
Iraq |
2565293 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark%20Reservation%20State%20Park | Clark Reservation State Park | Clark Reservation State Park is a state park in Onondaga County, New York. The park is in Jamesville, NY, in the Town of DeWitt, south of Syracuse. It was the site of a large waterfall formed by melting glacial ice at the end of the last Ice Age; the plunge basin at the base of the old falls is now a small lake. James Macfarlane described the area in 1879, "On approaching the lake from the turnpike on the south side, the tourist is startled at finding himself, without any notice, on the brink of a yawning gulf, precisely like that of the Niagara River below the Falls, and nearly as deep." Clark Reservation is also noted for its many ferns; it harbors the largest population in the U.S. of American hart's tongue, which is so rare that it was declared endangered in the U.S. in 1989.
The park is in size, and logs over 160,000 visitors per year. It encompasses the cliff, plunge basin and gorge of the ancient waterfall, and a number of secondary ravines and basins. Glacier Lake, which occupies the plunge basin of the former waterfall, is in size and deep; it is a rare meromictic lake in which the deep waters don't mix annually with the surface waters. The surrounding limestone cliffs are high. Hiking trails skirt a half-ring of cliffs surrounding the lake, as well as traversing the rugged limestone over which the old river flowed.
A Nature Center is operated by the Friends of Clark Reservation, a nonprofit organization staffed completely by volunteers. The Center has exhibits about the park's geology and natural history, and is open from Memorial Day to Labor Day. In addition to staffing the Center, the Friends group also organizes events and retains a naturalist each summer to guide hikes and create nature programming for the public in the park. The park also offers fishing, hiking trails, picnic tables and pavilions, and a playground.
History
Before the arrival of the Europeans, the land around the park belonged to Onondaga people. In the late 18th century, these lands were divided into military tracts to be awarded to soldiers returning from the Revolutionary War. Joshua Clark noted the lake and its precipitous cliffs in his 1840 book about Onondaga County. In 1879, James Macfarlane purchased the area around the fossil waterfall and the lake, and opened a small resort hotel in the park. Macfarlane (1819–1885) was a noted attorney, coal geologist, geological guidebook writer, and enthusiast of the area near what was then called Green Lake (later renamed Glacier Lake to avoid confusion with the nearby Green Lake in Fayetteville, NY). The resort's offerings included picnicking, boating, fishing, croquet and archery, but it closed after a few years.
The central part of the current park, amounting to and including Glacier Lake and the fossil waterfall, was bought by Mary Clark Thompson in 1915. Thompson had learned that the fossil waterfall was being considered for a limestone quarry; just to the east were the enormous limestone quarries of the Solvay Process Company. Thompson gave this tract to the New York State Museum, with the stipulation that the land be preserved as a memorial to her father Myron H. Clark, who had been governor of New York State from 1855-56. Clark Reservation became a state park in 1926.
The New York State executive budget plan for 2010-2011 called for Clark Reservation State Park to be closed as a budget-cutting measure. The park closings were reversed for the 2010 season by legislation passed on May 28, 2010.
Ferns
Clark Reservation is known for the diversity of fern species which grow there; in a 1994 survey, 26 fern species were identified. The park is presently the principal site in the United States preserving American hart's tongue fern. This fern is quite rare in North America; its presence on the continent was first discovered in 1807 by botanist Frederick Pursh at nearby Split Rock in Onondaga County. The second half of the 19th Century was a period of popular enthusiasm for ferns that has been called "pteridomania". Discovery of additional "stations" for hart's tongue, and indeed rediscovery of the original Split Rock station, were subjects of considerable interest in the 19th century. The station near Glacier Lake was first reported in 1866 by J. A. Paine, and several stations are now known within Clark Reservation. Because of its rarity, censuses of the fern in this region of New York have been reported periodically since 1916. In 1989, this species was declared as endangered in the United States.
The most thriving site for hart's tongue through about 1925 was not Glacier Lake, but a second similar lake about due east. As with Glacier Lake, this lake was known by several names, including Green Pond, Green Lake, East Green Lake, and Scolopendrium Pond. The botanist R. C. Benedict wrote in 1915, "the lake itself is of equal geological interest and, from the standpoint of the hart's tongue fern, is of greater interest than the west lake region because the best specimens in the country grow near the east lake." This lake was threatened by limestone quarrying in 1915 when Benedict wrote his letter to Science, and Benedict had been seeking support for the creation of another state park to protect Green Pond. Clark Reservation had recently been preserved from the same threat. By 1925 the threat to the eastern lake had become reality, and this lake was destroyed by expanded limestone quarrying. Just prior to its destruction, about 1000 hart's tongue ferns were transplanted from its vicinity to Clark Reservation. One author has claimed that the conversion of Clark Reservation into a state park in 1926 occurred because of interest in preserving the American hart's tongue fern. In 1930, a state law was passed protecting hart's tongue fern in Onondaga County and also neighboring Madison County; nonetheless, destruction of habitat in the nearby Rock-cut gorge had destroyed still another station of these ferns by 1945.
Geology
The fossil waterfall and many of the topographical features of Clark Reservation were created about 10,000 years ago, near the end of the most recent ice age (the Wisconsin glaciation). A few miles west of Clark Reservation, glacial Lake Cardiff occupied the deep, Onondaga trough. Just east of Clark Reservation lay a similar glacial lake occupying the Butternut trough. Both troughs run north-south, aligned with the advance and retreat of the ice sheets that have scoured New York.
The retreating ice sheet blocked the northern ends of both glacial lakes, so as Cecil Roseberry describes, "The southern environs are furrowed with rock channels slashed by torrents of glacial meltwater seeking an escape route which they finally found to the Mohawk Valley." These rock channels are now called "the Syracuse channels". Because the elevation of the land in this region generally decreases from south to north, a series of channels was created by the northerly retreat of the ice sheet; each succeeding channel is lower, and more northerly, than the previous one. Smoky Hollow, which is a gorge lying about a mile south of Clark Reservation, was an early channel created by flows of water from Lake Cardiff into the Butternut trough when the ice sheet still covered the present Clark Reservation. The threshold for water to flow through this channel is at above sea level. As the ice sheet retreated, the waters found a new, lower channel running through Clark Reservation, with a channel threshold of about . A waterfall formed, and its plunge pool ultimately became Glacier Lake. As the ice retreated further northward, a still lower channel (Rock-cut channel) was carved where Interstate 481 is currently located (channel threshold of about ). The channels at Pumpkin Hollow, Meadowbrook, and at Green Lakes State Park have the same origins. Roseberry writes, "The abandoned gorges indicate a complex series of glacial rivers parallel to the receding ice front, producing waterfalls when they dropped over north-south ridges."
The relief of the fossil waterfall at Clark Reservation is somewhat larger than that of Niagara Falls (). As at Niagara Falls, the well defined falls occurred because of the presence of a capstone layer of limestone that was resistant to erosion by the flowing river.
Roseberry writes that this "limestone is deeply waterworn and fissured, mutely telling the force of the deluge which hurled itself over the brink." The limestone shelf leading to the precipice at Clark Reservation is an example of a "karst" topography created by water's dissolution of limestone and related rocks. Among its features is a deep depression in the limestone that is known as Dry Lake. Dry Lake is about deep and occupies , and offers an unusual habitat for plants. As Franco, et al. report, "It is believed to be a karst feature created by dissolving limestone that formed a sinkhole basin. The bedrock is 300–400 million years old (Van Diver 1985) and its fissures allowed for rapid post-glacial water drainage."
See also
List of New York state parks
References
External links
Website of a private, non-profit, volunteer organization that supports Clark Reservation.
Photograph of American hart's tongue fern.
State parks of New York (state)
Meromictic lakes
Nature centers in New York (state)
Parks in Onondaga County, New York
DeWitt, New York |
24306833 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRUNK | GRUNK | The Royal Government of the National Union of Kampuchea (, GRUNK; ) was a government-in-exile of Cambodia, based in Beijing and Hong Kong, that was in existence between 1970 and 1976, and was briefly in control of the country starting from 1975.
The GRUNK was based on a coalition (the FUNK, acronym for "National United Front of Kampuchea") between the supporters of exiled Head of State Prince Norodom Sihanouk and the Khmer Rouge ("Red Khmer", an appellation he had himself coined for the members of the Communist Party of Kampuchea). It was formed, with Chinese backing, shortly after Sihanouk had been deposed in the 1970 Cambodian coup d'état; the Khmer Rouge insurgents had until that point been fighting Sihanouk's Sangkum regime.
Formation
In March 1970, Sihanouk was deposed in a coup led by rightist members of his own government: the Prime Minister Lon Nol, his deputy Prince Sisowath Sirik Matak, and In Tam. Sihanouk, who was on
a trip abroad, initially called for a large-scale popular uprising against the coup via Beijing Radio on 23 March proclaiming a Government of National Union.
Sihanouk's own version of the Front's formation, published while it was still in existence, is rather different from versions given by later commentators. He stated that he had immediately decided to form a
Government of National Union while on the plane between Moscow and Beijing, and that he was pleased to receive a message, dated three days after his subsequent radio broadcast, from the three "leading
Khmers Rouges [...] three of our outstanding intellectuals" – Hou Yuon, Hu Nim and Khieu Samphan, all three of whom had been involved with Sihanouk's Sangkum in the 1960s.
In fact, it seems that Sihanouk arrived in Beijing uncertain as to what his next move should be, and it was only after a secret March 21
meeting with premier Pham Van Dong of North Vietnam and Zhou Enlai – the latter being a longstanding supporter of Sihanouk – that
he finally decided to ally himself with the Cambodian communists he had been fighting for the past decade; it seems likely that a desire for revenge on Lon Nol, pride, and possible suspicions of an American
role in the coup may have precipitated the decision. "I had chosen," Sihanouk commented later, "not to be with the Americans or the communists [...] It was Lon Nol who obliged me to choose between them."
The GRUNK was officially announced on May 5: it was immediately recognised by China.
The formation of the GRUNK under Sihanouk offered the Khmer Rouge leadership a way of obtaining both international recognition and of enlisting the support of the Cambodian peasantry, who were overwhelmingly royalist and conservative, in their fight against Lon Nol's Khmer Republic. Communist forces were rapidly swelled by rural Cambodians, attracted by Sihanouk's name and angry at the casualties caused by American bombing. For Sihanouk, the support of the communists enabled him to continue his bid to regain power and to secure the backing of the North Vietnamese (whose forces occupied swathes of rural Cambodia) and of China. However, it is likely that Sihanouk was conscious that the more hardline elements of the Khmer Rouge would seek his eventual removal; his plan therefore depended on attracting American support for his 'national unity' movement. As the Nixon administration had made a conscious decision to back Lon Nol, this was an unlikely gamble.
Composition
The government was headed by Sihanouk as head of state. The Prime Minister was lawyer and veteran centrist politician Penn Nouth, Sihanouk's political adviser, who had several times served in this capacity both under the French colonial regime and as part of the Sangkum. Khieu Samphan - who remained within the "liberated areas" of Cambodia, allowing the GRUNK to claim not to be a government-in-exile - was deputy premier, minister of defense, and chief of the GRUNK's armed forces. Hou Yuon, a popular and relatively liberal figure amongst the communists, was given several portfolios including that of minister for cooperatives, while Hu Nim was Minister of Information. Nouth, Samphan, Yuon and Nim were all men with a high profile and levels of popularity amongst the Cambodian populace, particularly the latter two, who had often spoken in favour of the rights of the rural peasantry.
Command of the military was however in reality in the hands of Saloth Sar, whose existence in the Khmer Rouge's senior levels (along with that of Nuon Chea, Son Sen and Ieng Sary) was kept essentially secret. The Front's military forces on the field, the Cambodian People's National Liberation Armed Forces (CPNLAF) were initially small, and most of the early fighting in the Cambodian Civil War was in fact carried out by North Vietnamese forces with CPNLAF assistance.
Sihanouk's relationship with the Khmer Rouge leadership was always rather strained. While Yuon, Nim, and Samphan had a long experience of being castigated and humiliated by Sihanouk during their years as Sangkum deputies and earlier, Sihanouk had a particular personal dislike for Ieng Sary, who in 1971 was assigned from Hanoi with the express mission of keeping Sihanouk under control. Sihanouk repeatedly (and quite incorrectly) accused him of being a North Vietnamese agent, and forced Sary to sit through risque films obtained from the French embassy, revelling in his obvious discomfort. Sary, for his part, attempted to spread dissention in the royal entourage, and between Sihanouk and Penn Nouth.
The Khmer Rouge takeover
In the wake of CPNLAF military successes in March 1973, Sihanouk made a visit to the "liberated areas", appearing in photographs with Samphan, Yuon, and Hu Nim (as well as with Saloth Sar, though it is likely Sihanouk was unaware of the latter's seniority). The US initially dismissed the photographs as fakes, pointing out that the three senior cadres - known as the "Three Ghosts", as they had previously disappeared in the late 1960s and were widely presumed to have been murdered by Sihanouk's police - were thought to be dead. Later, movie film of the visit was released, which seemed to confirm that the "Three Ghosts" were in fact alive.
Though Sihanouk was deliberately kept at a distance from the peasantry during the visit, the Khmer Rouge leadership seem to have been deeply troubled by the popular adulation with which his appearance was greeted. During 1973, local officials and military commanders with either Sihanoukist or Vietnamese links were quietly removed in the "liberated areas": political indoctrination began to once more criticise Sihanouk as a feudal figure, and by 1974 forces in the hardline South-Western zone (under the command of Ta Mok) began to identify themselves as Khmer Krahom ("Red Khmer") rather than as Khmer Rumdo ("Liberation Khmer"), which had often been used up to that point. Repression and forced collectivisation began to increase in the "liberated areas", particularly in the western part of the country, where the anti-Vietnamese, nationalist elements of the Khmer Rouge were in control: Hou Yuon was to cause considerable difficulties for himself by protesting at the speed with which collectivisation was being carried out. The term "Royal" () was increasingly removed from the GRUNK's proclamations.
In public, Sihanouk had remained optimistic about the nature of the GRUNK regime, stating (for the benefit of Western supporters) that Khieu Samphan "was a socialist with the same basic ideology as the Swedish Prime Minister". However, the American government continued to refuse to deal with him, and in private he had serious concerns about the Khmer Rouge's intentions, stating "the Khmer Rouge will spit me out like a cherry stone" in an interview with an Italian journalist. The Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai warned Étienne Manac'h, the French ambassador, that the Americans' disregard of Sihanouk, and their continued bombing in support of Lon Nol's troops, would result in a far more violent end to the war. Despite these warnings the US continued to ignore Sihanouk, and the Chinese - with some reluctance - gradually began to transfer their direct support to the Khmer Rouge alone.
After the fall of Phnom Penh
By the time of the Khmer Rouge's entry into Phnom Penh on 17 April 1975, the communists were firmly in control of the GRUNK, and communications between GRUNK members inside and outside of Cambodia were effectively cut off. Sihanouk was not even informed of the fall of Phnom Penh; he initially went to Pyongyang until Zhou Enlai persuaded him to return as Cambodian Head of State, despite severe misgivings on Sihanouk's part.
Sihanouk was given a ceremonial reception in Phnom Penh, but was deeply shocked by what he observed in the city. The death of his protector Zhou Enlai in January 1976 weakened Sihanouk's position further: after hearing of Khmer Rouge human rights abuses via foreign radio, he resigned in April 1976. According to his own account, the Khmer Rouge leadership initially dispatched Sary to attempt to persuade him to stay, but Sihanouk insisted on resigning, and was subsequently kept under effective house arrest; Khieu Samphan became Head of State. Penn Nouth was similarly removed; the first plenary meeting of the Representative Assembly of Democratic Kampuchea, held on April 11–13, 1976, confirmed a previously largely unknown "rubber plantation worker" named Pol Pot as Prime Minister. Pol Pot was later revealed to be the former radio technology student and Khmer Rouge cadre Saloth Sâr.
Most of the remaining Sihanoukists in the GRUNK were soon to be executed, such as Sihanouk's leftist cousin Prince Norodom Phurissara, who is thought to have been tortured and killed at a 're-education' centre in 1976, and Chea San, former GRUNK Minister of Justice, who was killed at Tuol Sleng; only Penn Nouth avoided a similar fate. Of the prominent Khmer Rouge members of the GRUNK, Hou Yuon had disappeared by 1975 and by 1976 was almost certainly dead. Communist intellectuals Hu Nim and Chau Seng were to be 'purged' and executed at Tuol Sleng in 1977; Khieu Samphan continued as Khmer Rouge Head of State, perhaps protected by his reputation for unswerving loyalty to Pol Pot, though his role was largely symbolic.
Events after the fall of Democratic Kampuchea
After the Vietnamese invasion of 1978, the defeat of the Khmer Rouge and the subsequent establishment of the People's Republic of Kampuchea, Sihanouk was asked by the Khmer Rouge leadership to present the case of Democratic Kampuchea at the United Nations. Sihanouk publicly broke with the Khmer Rouge, demanding that they be expelled from the UN as mass murderers. The Khmer Rouge attempt at establishing a new front organization - Patriotic and Democratic Front of the Great National Union of Kampuchea - to re-legitimize their thoroughly discredited 'Democratic Kampuchea' regime met with little success at first.
By June 1982, however, Sihanouk and his FUNCINPEC organisation had re-entered into an uneasy association with the Khmer Rouge in the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea, which still occupied the Cambodian seat at the United Nations. The third partner in the coalition was the 'third force' of Son Sann's Khmer People's National Liberation Front.
See also
Cambodian Civil War
Khmer Republic
Khmer Rouge
Khmer National Armed Forces
Sihanoukist National Army
Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia
References
Factions of the Third Indochina War
Factions of the Vietnam War
Democratic Kampuchea
Former governments in exile
1970s in Cambodia
1970s in China
Coalition governments
Khmer Rouge
Political history of Cambodia
20th century in Cambodia
Cambodian Civil War |
7297558 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic%20Wakeman | Frederic Wakeman | Frederic Evans Wakeman Jr. (; December 12, 1937 – September 14, 2006) was an American scholar of East Asian history and Professor of History at University of California, Berkeley. He served as president of the American Historical Association and of the Social Science Research Council. Jonathan D. Spence said of Wakeman that he was an evocative writer who chose, "like the novelist he really wanted to be, stories that split into different currents and swept the reader along," adding that he was "quite simply the best modern Chinese historian of the last 30 years."
Biography
Wakeman was born in Kansas City, Kansas, the son of best-selling novelist Frederic E. Wakeman Sr. (publishing as "Frederic Wakeman"), who often moved the family to live abroad in places like Bermuda, France, and Cuba. In the 1940s and 1950s, the family lived at 433 Isle of Palms in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. He graduated from Harvard University in 1959, where he majored in European history and literature. After Harvard, he went on to earn master's degrees from the University of Cambridge and at the Institut d'études politiques in Paris. While studying at the Institut d'études politiques, he switched to Chinese studies. In 1962 he published a novel, Seventeen Royal Palms Drive, under the name "Evans Wakeman." Wakeman received his Ph.D. in Far Eastern history at University of California, Berkeley, in 1965, under the supervision of Professor Joseph Levenson. That year he began teaching at Berkeley, where he remained his entire career and retired as the Walter and Elise Haas Professor of Asian Studies. Wakeman served as the director of the Institute of East Asian Studies at Berkeley from 1990 to 2001. Upon his retirement from Berkeley in May 2006, he received the "Berkeley Citation", the highest honor given at the university. His step-mother was Greek actress Ellie Lambeti, who married Wakeman Sr. in 1959.
Academic career
Starting in the early 1970s, Wakeman chaired academic committees formed to expand cultural and scholastic relations with China. In 1987, he helped draft an appeal signed by 160 American scholars calling on the Chinese government to stop oppressing intellectuals. Wakeman served as president of American Historical Association in 1992 and the president of the Social Science Research Council from 1986 to 1989. He was a member of both the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society.
He was the author of ten books, seven published by the University of California Press. His first monograph, published in 1966 and based on his doctoral dissertation, was Strangers at the Gate: Social Disorder in South China, 1839–1861. Strangers at the Gate focused on social disorder in the Pearl River Delta in the aftermath of the First Opium War and extensively utilized documents seized by the British from the Guangdong-Guangxi Governor-General's office. He contributed the essay "High Ch'ing: 1683–1839" to the anthology edited by James B. Crowley, Modern East Asia: Essays in Interpretation (New York: Harcourt: 1970). With History and Will: Philosophical Perspectives of Mao Tse-Tung's Thought in 1973 he turned to philosophical and contemporary themes, and in 1975 returned to Qing dynasty China in The Fall of Imperial China. The most extensive and voluminous of Wakeman's works on the Qing is the two volume The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in the 17th Century (1985), which won the Joseph Levenson Book Prize for 1987.
Organizing conferences and publishing conference volumes was also a major activity, for instance: Conflict and Control in Late Imperial China (1975), Shanghai Sojourners. (1992), and Reappraising Republican China (2000).
In the mid-1970s Wakeman began to focus on the history of Shanghai. Best known of these works are the Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service, and his "Shanghai Trilogy": Policing Shanghai, 1927–1937; Shanghai Badlands, 1937–1942, and The Red Star Over Shanghai, 1942–1952 (posthumously published in Chinese). These works encompassed the city's history under the various regimes since the formation of the city, that is, the Nationalist government, Wang Jingwei's puppet regime, and the communist takeover.
Wakeman retired from teaching in May 2006. He died later that year in Lake Oswego, Oregon, of liver cancer at the age of 68.
References
Further reading
Roger Adelson, "Interview with Frederic Wakeman," The Historian, 1996. A digital version can be found online at:
James Sheehan, "A Conversation with Frederic Wakeman," Given at his retirement celebration.
Frederick Wakeman In Memoriam May 2011 Testimonials from students and colleagues.
Frederic Wakeman, Chinese history scholar, dies at age 68 UC Berkeley News September 19, 2006
Frederic Wakeman, Jr., "Voyages" Presidential Address, American Historical Association, Annual meeting in Washington, D.C., on December 28, 1992. Also, American Historical Review 98:1 (February 1993): 1–17.
Selected major publications
Strangers at the Gate; Social Disorder in South China, 1839–1861. (Berkeley,: University of California Press, 1966).
ed., "Nothing Concealed": Essays in Honor of Liu Yü-Yün (Taipei: Ch'engwen ch'u pan she: distributed by Chinese Materials and Research Aids Service Center, 1970).
History and Will; Philosophical Perspective of Mao Tse-Tung's Thought. (Berkeley,: University of California Press, 1973). .
The Fall of Imperial China. (New York: Free Press, The Transformation of Modern China Series, 1975). .
with Carolyn Grant, eds., Conflict and Control in Late Imperial China. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975). .
with U.S. Delegation of Ming and Qing Historians, Ming and Qing Historical Studies in the People's Republic of China. (Berkeley, CA: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley, Center for Chinese Studies, China Research, 1980). .
The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985). 2 vols. (set).
with Wen-Hsin Yeh, eds., Shanghai Sojourners. (Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies Center for Chinese Studies, China Research Monograph, 1992). .
Policing Shanghai, 1927–1937. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995). .
The Shanghai Badlands: Wartime Terrorism and Urban Crime, 1937–1941. (Cambridge England; New York: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Studies in Chinese History, Literature, and Institutions, 1996). . Sample Pages
Strangers at the Gate: Social Disorder in South China, 1839–1861. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2nd paperback printing, 1997). .
with Suzhen Chen. Hong Ye: Qing Chao Kai Guo Shi. (Nanjing: Jiangsu ren min chu ban she, "Hai Wai Zhongguo Yan Jiu" Cong Shu Di 1 ban., 1998). .
with Sh Sandag, Harry H. Kendall. Poisoned Arrows: The Stalin-Choibalsan Mongolian Massacres, 1921–1941. (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2000). .
with Richard L. Edmonds, ed., Reappraising Republican China. (Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press, Studies on Contemporary China, 2000). .
Spymaster : Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003). .
; translated as 讲述中国历史 ((Jiǎngshù Zhōngguó lìshǐ) Beijing 2008), translated by 梁禾 (Liang He).
External links
UC Berkeley Media Relations obituary
1937 births
2006 deaths
People from Kansas City, Kansas
Deaths from liver cancer
20th-century American historians
American male non-fiction writers
American sinologists
Harvard College alumni
Presidents of the American Historical Association
Deaths from cancer in Oregon
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Social Science Research Council
20th-century American male writers
Members of the American Philosophical Society |
23031940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert%20F.%20Leary | Herbert F. Leary | Herbert Fairfax Leary (May 31, 1885 – December 3, 1957) was a highly decorated officer in the United States Navy with the rank of vice admiral. A son of Rear Admiral Richard P. Leary, he distinguished himself during World War I while on the staff of Commander, U.S. Naval Forces in Europe under Admiral William Sims and received the Navy Cross, the United States Navy's second-highest decoration awarded for valor in combat.
Leary remained in the Navy following the war and held many important assignments, including command of cruiser and later as Director of Fleet Training Division. Following the United States' entry into World War II, he already held a flag rank and commanded the ANZAC Force based in Australia. Due to disputes with General Douglas MacArthur, Leary was ordered back to the United States and served as Commander, Eastern Sea Frontier in New York City until the end of the war.
Although he retired from the Navy in early 1946, Leary remained active and served as president of the New York Maritime Academy from 1946 to 1951 during the period of the academy's transformation into the New York State Maritime College.
Early career
Herbert F. Leary was born on May 31, 1885, in Washington, D.C., the son of Rear Admiral Richard P. Leary and his wife Mary. He attended public schools in Washington, D.C., and later studied at the École cantonale d'art de Lausanne, Switzerland, before received an appointment to the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland in May 1901. His father died in December that year, just seven months after young Herbert entered the academy.
While at the academy, he was active in fencing and baseball teams and reached the rank of cadet lieutenant. Among his classmates were several future World War II admirals including: Harold G. Bowen Sr., Arthur B. Cook, Wilhelm L. Friedell, William R. Furlong, Stanford C. Hooper, Royal E. Ingersoll, Byron McCandless, John H. Newton, Chester W. Nimitz, Harry E. Shoemaker, John M. Smeallie, John W. Wilcox Jr. and Walter B. Woodson.
Leary graduated with distinction on January 31, 1905, with Bachelor of Science and joined the battleship , then stationed at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba as Passed Midshipman. In August that year, he was one of the young officers detailed to duty at Portsmouth Navy Yard, New Hampshire during the Russo-Japanese Peace Conference. Leary subsequently rejoined the Kentucky and participated in the naval operations with the North Atlantic Squadron.
He was transferred to the battleship in June 1906 and participated in the naval operations off the coast of Cuba during the U.S. Second Occupation in September that year. While aboard Virginia, Leary was promoted to ensign on February 2, 1907, and appointed aide to the Commander Second Division, First Squadron, Atlantic Fleet, Rear Admiral Charles H. Davis.
In November 1907, Leary was transferred to the battleship and assumed duty as Watch and Division Officer and commander of 12-inch turret gun. While aboard the Minnesota, he took part in the cruise around the world with the Battle Fleet and following return to the United States, he participated in the fleet exercise at Magdalena Bay and his turret made the record score for that type of gun.
Leary was ordered to Washington, D.C., in March 1909 and entered the postgraduate instruction in ordnance at the Bureau of Ordnance, Navy Department and then at Naval Proving Ground, Indian Head, Maryland. He was promoted to lieutenant on January 31, 1910, and completed the instruction in April in that year, when he joined newly commissioned battleship .
In July 1910, Leary was ordered to Bath Iron Works at Bath, Maine, where the destroyer was under construction. The Trippe was commissioned in March 1911 and participated in the trials at Virginia Capes. Leary was appointed commanding officer of the destroyer in early 1912 and transferred to command of destroyer in May that year.
Leary remained in command of Preston until December 1912, when he was transferred to the Bureau of Ordnance under Rear Admiral Joseph Strauss for duty as a member of the Joint Army and Navy Board on Gun Forgings. He spent three years in that capacity and joined the battleship in September 1915. Leary served as gunnery officer under Captain Hilary P. Jones. While in this capacity, he was promoted to lieutenant commander on August 29, 1916.
World War I
Following the United States entry into World War I, Leary was detached from Florida in June 1917 and embarked for France. Upon his arrival to Paris, he was appointed liaison officer with the French Fleet aboard and remained there until September that year, when he was ordered to the staff of Commander, U.S. Naval Forces in Europe under Admiral William Sims. Leary was then appointed liaison officer on the staff of British Commander-in-Chief, Grand Fleet under Admiral David Beatty. He took part in the cruise aboard cruiser in the North Sea and returned to the United States in October 1917.
Leary was attached to the staff of Commander, Battle Force, ONE, Atlantic Fleet and served as Force Gunnery Officer with additional duty as a member of the board to consider the use of gas in naval warfare. While in this capacity, he was promoted to commander on February 1, 1918. Leary was appointed gunnery officer on the staff of Battleship Division Nine under Rear Admiral Hugh Rodman, operating in European waters with the British Grand Fleet.
For his World War I service, Leary was decorated with the Navy Cross, the United States military's second-highest decoration awarded for valor in combat. He also received the Legion of Honour in the Grade of Chevalier by the Government of France.
Interwar period
Following the Armistice, Leary was appointed a member of a special technical board to report upon the condition of the surrender of German submarines at Harwich, Scotland. Later he had duty with the Inter-Allied Armistice Commission that inspected the German Navy Yard and air stations. For his service with the commission, Leary received a Letter of Commendation from the British Admiralty.
In January 1919, he successively commanded steam yachts and , operating in German waters, and returned to the United States shortly thereafter. Following his return stateside, Leary was appointed Squadron Gunnery Officer on the staff of Commander Squadron Three, Atlantic Fleet.
Leary was transferred to the Bureau of Ordnance in Washington, D.C., where Chief of the Bureau, Rear Admiral Ralph Earle, appointed him aide to Vice Admiral Charbonnier, Inspector General of Ordnance in the French Navy, who was also head of the French Naval Ordnance Mission. Leary accompanied him on visits to all ordnance establishments, civilian, Army and Navy, in the United States.
In May 1922, Leary was detached from the Bureau of Ordnance and attached to the recently commissioned battleship , where he assumed duty as Fleet Gunnery Officer on the staff of United States Fleet under his old superior, now Admiral Hilary P. Jones. Leary served in this capacity until June 1923, when he was appointed executive officer of the battleship . While aboard New York, he participated in the patrol cruises with the United States Pacific Fleet until May 1924, when he was ordered to London, England for duty as Assistant Naval Attaché with additional duty in Paris, Rome, Berlin and the Hague. While in this capacity, Leary served as Technical Advisor with the American Delegation at the conference on the control of trade in arms, munitions and implements of war at the League of Nations in Geneva, Switzerland in April 1925.
He returned to the United States in June 1926 and joined the staff of Commander Destroyer Squadrons, Battle Fleet and served as Aide to Rear Admiral Frank H. Schofield until October 1928. While in this capacity, Leary was promoted to Captain on June 2, 1927.
Leary subsequently served as Naval Inspector of Ordnance at the Naval Proving Ground Dahlgren, Virginia and Naval Powder Factory, Indian Head, Maryland and entered the Senior Course at the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island in May 1931. He graduated one year later and was ordered to the Quincy Shipyard, Massachusetts for duty in connection with fitting out of new heavy cruiser .
The Portland was commissioned by the end of February 1933 and Leary served as her commanding officer during the first cruise along the east coast of the United States. In April that year, Portland was tasked with the coordination of search and rescue efforts following the crash of airship . Leary served in that capacity until June 1934, when he was appointed Chief of Staff, Commander, Destroyers, Battle Force under Rear Admiral Edward C. Kalbfus. He served until March 1935, when he was ordered to Washington, D.C., for duty in the Division of Fleet Training within the Office of the Naval Operations.
Leary served as deputy director to Rear Admiral Manley H. Simons until June 1936, when he succeeded him as Director of that Division and was responsible for the coordination of Fleet training activities until the end of March 1937, when he assumed duty as chief of staff and aide to Commander, Battle Force under Vice Admiral Claude C. Bloch. Following the promotion of Bloch to the capacity of Commander-in-Chief, United States Fleet, Leary accompanied him to the new command.
Upon promotion to the rank of rear admiral on June 1, 1938, Leary returned to Washington and assumed duty as Director of Fleet Training, the position he held two years previously. While in this capacity, he was responsible for the preparation of a balanced program of fleet training based upon approved war plans and preparation of general instructions for the conduct of fleet exercises. Leary served in that capacity until February 1941, when he assumed command of Cruisers, Battle Force with additional duty as Commander, Cruiser Divisions 9.
World War II
Southwest Pacific
At the time of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on December 7, 1941, Leary's staff was located aboard light cruiser , but Leary himself was present at the Halekulani Hotel in Honolulu together with admirals Walter S. Anderson and Robert A. Theobald. Leary had six cruisers under his command, all anchored at Ford Island, where they suffered only minor damage.
Leary was promoted to the temporary rank of vice admiral on February 27, 1942, and assumed duty as Commander, ANZAC Command, which was established for defense of the northeast approaches to Australia including the Fiji Islands, New Hebrides, and New Caledonia on the request of the Australian government following the fall of Singapore and Rabaul.
He established his headquarters in Melbourne and his ships participated in the early stages of the New Guinea campaign. The ANZAC command was absorbed by South West Pacific Area under General Douglas MacArthur on April 22, 1942, and Leary was appointed Commander, Southwest Pacific Force. However his tenure was short-lived due to a complicated relationship with General MacArthur. Leary reported directly to the Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral Ernest J. King, in Washington, D.C., and then to General MacArthur, who subsequently replaced Leary with Rear Admiral Arthur S. Carpender by the end of September 1942. For his service in Southwest Pacific area, Leary was decorated with the Silver Star and also was made Honorary Commander of the Order of the British Empire.
Leary was subsequently ordered to Hawaii, where he assumed duty as Commander, Battleships, Pacific. While in this capacity, his main responsibility was the training of the battleship crews, maintenance of the ships and to provide combat ready naval forces to the operational commanders within the Pacific Fleet. He also assisted in the establishment of the naval base on Fiji. Leary was succeeded by Vice Admiral Willis A. Lee on April 16, 1943, and ordered back to the United States. For his service in that capacity, Leary received the Legion of Merit.
Later service
Following his return stateside, Leary reverted to his permanent rank of rear admiral and assumed duty as Commandant, Fifth Naval District with headquarters at Norfolk Navy Yard, Virginia. While in this capacity, he was responsible for the naval installations and defense of Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland and North Carolina. However his tenure was short-lived and Leary was promoted again to vice admiral on November 1, 1943, and assumed duty as Commander, Eastern Sea Frontier. He was now responsible for providing escorts for convoys within his frontier; the frontier was responsible for sea-air rescue, harbor defense, shipping lane patrol, minesweeping, and air operations.
At the end of the war, Leary accepted surrender of two German U-boats and also held additional duty as Commander-in-Chief, Sixteenth Fleet, an inactive reserve of 1,000 combatant ships. Leary retired from the Navy on June 1, 1946, after 41 years on active duty and received his second Legion of Merit for his service at Norfolk.
Postwar life and death
Upon the retirement from the Navy, Leary was ordered to Fort Schuyler, New York City, where he succeeded Vice Admiral Thomas T. Craven as president of the New York Maritime Academy. During his presidency, the New York Marine Academy's three-year course was expanded into a four-year degree-granting maritime college. The name of the academy was changed to the New York State Maritime College in 1949 and Leary was involved in the obtaining of a new suitable training ship, former attack cargo ship of the U.S. Navy, .
Leary resigned as president of the New York State Maritime College on June 1, 1951, upon reaching the age 66 and settled in Jamestown, Rhode Island, where he was active in golf and tennis and the Episcopal Church. He was also a member of the Chevy Chase Country Club, New York Yacht Club and Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. Vice Admiral Herbert F. Leary died following a long illness on December 3, 1957, aged 72, in Naval Hospital in Newport, Rhode Island.
He was buried with full military honors at United States Naval Academy Cemetery in Annapolis, Maryland. Leary was married to Marion Barnes and they had two sons: Herbert Fairfax Jr. and Neville Carlyle.
Decorations
Vice admiral Leary's ribbon bar:
See also
ANZAC Force
References
1885 births
1957 deaths
Military personnel from Washington, D.C.
United States Naval Academy alumni
Naval War College alumni
ÉCAL alumni
United States naval attachés
United States Navy personnel of World War I
United States Navy vice admirals
United States Navy World War II admirals
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Silver Star
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Honorary Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery |
28153299 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandipur%20%28community%20development%20block%29 | Chandipur (community development block) | Chandipur (also referred to as Nandigram III) is a community development block that forms an administrative division in Tamluk subdivision of Purba Medinipur district in the Indian state of West Bengal.
Geography
Purba Medinipur district is part of the lower Indo-Gangetic Plain and Eastern coastal plains. Topographically, the district can be divided into two parts – (a) almost entirely flat plains on the west, east and north, (b) the coastal plains on the south. The vast expanse of land is formed of alluvium and is composed of younger and coastal alluvial. The elevation of the district is within 10 metres above mean sea level. The district has a long coastline of 65.5 km along its southern and south eastern boundary. Five coastal CD Blocks, namely, Khejuri II, Contai II (Deshapran), Contai I, Ramnagar I and II, are occasionally affected by cyclones and tornadoes. Tidal floods are quite regular in these five CD Blocks. Normally floods occur in 21 of the 25 CD Blocks in the district. The major rivers are Haldi, Rupnarayan, Rasulpur, Bagui and Keleghai, flowing in north to south or south-east direction. River water is an important source of irrigation. The district has a low 899 hectare forest cover, which is 0.02% of its geographical area.
Mathchandipur is located at .
Chandipur CD Block is bounded by Nandakumar CD Block in the north, Mahishadal and Nandigram II CD Blocks in the east, Bhagabanpur II CD Block in the south and Bhagabanpur I CD Block in the west.
It is located 27 km from Tamluk, the district headquarters.
Chandipur CD Block has an area of 137.58 km2. It has 1 panchayat samity, 10 gram panchayats, 134 gram sansads (village councils), 114 mouzas and 111 inhabited villages. Chandipur police station serves this block. Headquarters of this CD Block is at Chandipur.
Gram panchayats of Chandipur block/ panchayat samiti are: Brajalalchak, Brindabanpur I, Brindabanpur II, Chowkhali, Dibakarpur, Iswarpur, Jalpai, Kulbari, Nandapur-Baraghuni and Usmanpur.
Demographics
Population
As per 2011 Census of India Chandipur CD Block had a total population of 188,119, of which 176,704 were rural and 11,415 were urban. There were 97,123 (52%) males and 90,996 (48%) females. Population below 6 years was 23,106. Scheduled Castes numbered 19,095 (10.15%) and Scheduled Tribes numbered 200 (0.11%).
As per 2001 census, Chandipur block had a total population of 159,792, out of which 82,155 were males and 77,637 were females. Chandipur block registered a population growth of 13.43 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the combined Midnapore district was 14.87 per cent. Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.
Census Towns in Chandipur CD Block (2011 census figures in brackets): Kotbar (6,083) and Erashal (5,332).
Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Chandipur CD Block (2011 census figures in brackets): Brajalalchak (9,612), Nandapur (7,397), Bara Ghuni (7,000), Khagda (4,827), Jalpai Part I (4,042), Jalpai Part II (3,627) and Kulbari (6,906).
Other villages in Chandipur CD Block (2011 census figures in brackets): Chandipur (2,343), Brindabanpur (2,676), Usmanpur (1,322) and Dibakarpur (3,466).
Literacy
As per 2011 census the total number of literates in Chandipur CD Block was 144,893 (87.81% of the population over 6 years) out of which 78,686 (54%) were males and 66,207 (46%) were females.
As per 2011 census, literacy in Purba Medinipur district was 87.02%. Purba Medinipur had the highest literacy amongst all the districts of West Bengal in 2011.
See also – List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate
Language and religion
In 2011 census Hindus numbered 161,915 and formed 86.07% of the population in Chandipur CD Block. Muslims numbered 26,063 and formed 13.85% of the population. Others numbered 141 and formed 0.08% of the population. In 2001, Hindus made up 87.92% and Muslims 12.02% of the population respectively.
Bengali is the predominant language, spoken by 99.82% of the population.
Rural poverty
The District Human Development Report for Purba Medinipur has provided a CD Block-wise data table for Modified Human Poverty Index of the district. Chandipur CD Block registered 21.84 on the MHPI scale. The CD Block-wise mean MHPI was estimated at 24.78. Eleven out of twentyfive CD Blocks were found to be severely deprived in respect of grand CD Block average value of MHPI (CD Blocks with lower amount of poverty are better): All the CD Blocks of Haldia and Contai subdivisions appeared backward, except Ramnagar I & II, of all the blocks of Egra subdivision only Bhagabanpur I appeared backward and in Tamluk subdivision none appeared backward.
Economy
Livelihood
In Chandipur CD Block in 2011, total workers formed 36.10% of the total population and amongst the class of total workers, cultivators formed 13.46%, agricultural labourers 40.90%, household industry workers 10.59% and other workers 35.06%.
Infrastructure
There are 111 inhabited villages in Chandipur CD block. All 111 villages (100%) have power supply. 109 villages (98.2%) have drinking water supply. 18 villages (16.22%) have post offices. 101 villages (90.99%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 23 villages (20.72%) have a pucca (paved) approach road and 35 villages (31.53%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 22 villages (19.82%) have agricultural credit societies. 6 villages (5.41%) have banks.
In 2007-08, around 40% of rural households in the district had electricity.
In 2013-14, there were 23 fertiliser depots, 6 seed stores and 30 fair price shops in the CD Block.
Agriculture
According to the District Human Development Report of Purba Medinipur: The agricultural sector is the lifeline of a predominantly rural economy. It is largely dependent on the Low Capacity Deep Tubewells (around 50%) or High Capacity Deep Tubewells (around 27%) for irrigation, as the district does not have a good network of canals, compared to some of the neighbouring districts. In many cases the canals are drainage canals which get the backflow of river water at times of high tide or the rainy season. The average size of land holding in Purba Medinipur, in 2005-06, was 0.73 hectares against 1.01 hectares in West Bengal.
In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in Chandipur CD Block was 5,390 hectares, out of which 130 hectares were irrigated with canal water, 2,350 hectares by tank water and 2,910 hectares by deep tube wells.
Although the Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of bargadars to a higher share of crops from the land that they tilled, it was not implemented fully. Large tracts, beyond the prescribed limit of land ceiling, remained with the rich landlords. From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants. Following land reforms land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013-14, persons engaged in agriculture in Chandipur CD Block could be classified as follows: bargadars 13.22%, patta (document) holders 12.06%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 2.27%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 29.60% and agricultural labourers 42.84%.
In 2013-14, Chandipur CD Block produced 773 tonnes of Aman paddy, the main winter crop, from 2,248 hectares, 8,682 tonnes of Boro paddy, the spring crop, from 2,462 hectares, 593 tonnes of Aus paddy, the summer crop, from 1,243 hectares, 27 tonnes of jute from 2 hectares and 3,354 tonnes of potatoes from 121 hectares. It also produced pulses and oil seeds.
Betelvine is a major source of livelihood in Purba Medinipur district, particularly in Tamluk and Contai subdivisions. Betelvine production in 2008-09 was the highest amongst all the districts and was around a third of the total state production. In 2008-09, Purba Mednipur produced 2,789 tonnes of cashew nuts from 3,340 hectares of land.
Pisciculture
Purba Medinipur's net district domestic product derives one fifth of its earnings from fisheries, the highest amongst all the districts of West Bengal. The nett area available for effective pisciculture in Chandipur CD Block in 2013-14 was 1050.00 hectares. 6,440 persons were engaged in the profession and approximate annual production was 40,005 quintals.
Banking
In 2013-14, Chandipur CD Block had offices of 6 commercial banks and 1 gramin bank.
Backward Regions Grant Fund
Medinipur East district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the Backward Regions Grant Fund. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.
Transport
Chandipur CD Block has 6 originating/ terminating bus routes.
Lavan Satygraha Smarak railway station is a station on the Tamluk-Digha line, constructed in 2003-04.
SH 4 connecting Jhalda (in Purulia district) and Digha (in Purba Medinipur district) passes through Chandipur.
Education
In 2013-14, Chandipur CD Block had 121 primary schools with 9,247 students, 3 middle schools with 530 students, 15 high schools with 7,339 students and 16 higher secondary schools with 16,672 students. Chandipur CD Block had 1 technical/ professional institution with 99 students, 283 institutions for special and non-formal education with 12,890 students.
As per the 2011 census, in Chandipur CD block, amongst the 111 inhabited villages, 9 villages did not have a school, 48 villages had two or more primary schools, 33 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 25 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.
Healthcare
In 2014, Chandipur CD Block had 1 block primary health centre, 2 primary health centres, and 8 private nursing homes with total 165 beds and 5 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 28 family welfare sub centres. 2,786 patients were treated indoor and 113,257 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block. A
Erashal Rural Hospital at Erashal, PO Math Chandipur (with 30 beds) is the main medical facility in Chandipur CD block. There are primary health centres at Gokhuri, PO Majnaberia (with 2 beds) and Baraghuni (with 10 beds). A multispeciality hospital is also functional in Chandipur.
References
Community development blocks in Purba Medinipur district |
22432819 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorifics%20%28linguistics%29 | Honorifics (linguistics) | In linguistics, an honorific (abbreviated ) is a grammatical or morphosyntactic form that encodes the relative social status of the participants of the conversation. Distinct from honorific titles, linguistic honorifics convey formality , social distance, politeness , humility , deference, or respect through the choice of an alternate form such as an affix, clitic, grammatical case, change in person or number, or an entirely different lexical item. A key feature of an honorific system is that one can convey the same message in both honorific and familiar forms—i.e., it is possible to say something like (as in an oft-cited example from Brown and Levinson) "The soup is hot" in a way that confers honor or deference on one of the participants of the conversation.
Honorific speech is a type of social deixis, as an understanding of the context—in this case, the social status of the speaker relative to the other participants or bystanders—is crucial to its use.
There are three main types of honorifics, categorized according to the individual whose status is being expressed:
Addressee (or speaker/hearer)
Referent (or speaker/referent)
Bystander (or speaker/bystander)
Addressee honorifics express the social status of the person being spoken to (the hearer), regardless of what is being talked about. For example, Javanese has three different words for "house" depending on the status level of the person spoken to. Referent honorifics express the status of the person being spoken about. In this type of honorific, both the referent (the person being spoken about) and the target (the person whose status is being expressed) of the honorific expression are the same. This is exemplified by the T–V distinction present in many Indo-European languages, in which a different second-person pronoun (such as tu or vous in French) is chosen based on the relative social status of the speaker and the hearer (the hearer, in this case, also being the referent). Bystander honorifics express the status of someone who is nearby, but not a participant in the conversation (the overhearer). These are the least common, and are found primarily in avoidance speech such as the "mother-in-law languages" of aboriginal Australia, where one changes one's speech in the presence of an in-law or other tabooed relative.
A fourth type, the Speaker/Situation honorific, does not concern the status of any participant or bystander, but the circumstances and environment in which the conversation is occurring. The classic example of this is diglossia, in which an elevated or "high form" of a language is used in situations where more formality is called for, and a vernacular or "low form" of a language is used in more casual situations.
Politeness can be indicated by means other than grammar or marked vocabulary, such as conventions of word choice or by choosing what to say and what not to say. Politeness is one aspect of Register, which is a more general concept of choosing a particular variety of language for a particular purpose or audience.
T–V distinction in Indo-European languages
One common system of honorific speech is T–V distinction. The terms T-form and V-form to describe the second person pronouns tu and vos, respectively, were introduced by Brown and Gilman, whose 1960 study of them introduced the idea that the use of these forms was governed by "power and solidarity." The Latin tu refers to the singular T-form, while the Latin vos refers to the V-form, which is usually plural-marked. Tu is used to express informality, and in contrast, vos is used to express politeness and formality. T–V distinction is characteristic of many Indo-European languages, including Persian, Portuguese, Polish, and Russian, as detailed below.
Brazilian Portuguese
The pronouns tu (informal) and você (more formal) fit the T–V pattern nicely, except that their use varies a great deal from region to region. For instance, in most parts of Brazil, tu is not used; whereas in the northern state of Maranhão and southern regions, it is. A third lexical option is added to the honorific scheme: o senhor and a senhora (literally meaning "sir" and "madam", which are third-person references that are used in direct address (that would "normally" require the second person tu or você). These forms are highly formal and used when speaking "upward" and always used in formal correspondence, such as in governmental letters, to authorities, customers and elders. See more discussion at Portuguese personal pronouns.
Indo-Aryan languages
Many Indo-Aryan languages, including Hindi, Urdu and Bengali, have three instead of two levels of honorifics. The use of , and in Hindi and Urdu, or their cognates in other languages (e.g. Bengali , and ), indicates increasing levels of formality or social status of the addressee. The verb changes accordingly to agree with the pronoun.
In other Indo-Aryan languages, such as Gujarati and Marathi, while there ostensibly exists a three-way distinction in formality, in practice, the cognate of is almost never used, and there is only a two-way distinction between the - and -equivalents.
Persian
As an Indo-European language the pronouns tu (informal) and Shoma (more formal form of second-person single and also used alone for second-person plural) fit the T–V pattern except that the Name Shoma is actually a modern Persian word originating from the old Avestan Persian words shê-Va where Va or Ve used as more formal form of second-person single and also used alone for second-person plural and shê which means for him or his. Therefore, the words shê-Va together, had been used to refer to formal form of second-male person single and also used alone for second-male person plural.
Polish
Polish incorporates grammatical and lexical politeness. It uses grammatical category of honorifics within certain verbs and personal pronouns; this honorific system is namely split into two basic levels – the familiar (T) and the polite (V):
: second-person singular, informal
(masculine) / (feminine): third-person singular, informal (there is also a neuter , but it is not used when referring to people, except when the noun reference happens to be neuter, as in the case of , child)
: second-person plural, informal
(used when referring to a group of men or a mixed-sex group)/ (when referring to a group of women): third-person plural
(male-marked) / (female-marked): second- and third-person singular, formal
(male-marked) / (female-marked) / (mixed gender): second- and third-person plural, formal
Sometimes is used for an unmarried woman, along with using different suffixes for last name, although it is mostly obsolete and can be considered condescending. Using first name alone is familiar (but not necessarily intimate, as in Japanese—it is commonly used among colleagues, for example). Using the last name alone is extremely rare and when it is employed, it is condescending, and used among school pupils and in the military. Also using / with surname in vocative form is rather impolite. The address in form "/" is preferred.
/ can be used as a prefix to a first or last name, as in the example:
: Mr. Karol
: Mrs./Ms. Kowalska
: Mrs./Ms. Anna
Which are more formal than using the typical familiar //, but they may imply familiarity, especially in second person. Using a prefix with the first name is almost always considered familiar and possibly rude. Using the last name with a prefix in second person can still be considered impolite. Using the set phrase , is preferred (and polite) when drawing attention (in a way akin to using sir in English).
In addition, there are two different V forms within the honorific usage – the more formal and the less formal form. The less formal form is more colloquial and used in daily speech more frequently. The higher honorific level includes "compound" pronouns consisting of prefixal or in conjunction with professional titles. Here are some examples (for males/females resp.):
/ : Minister
/ : Director
/ : driver
/ : doctor
These professional titles are more formal as the speaker humbles him/herself and puts the addressee at a higher rank or status. These can also be used along with a name (only last or both names), but that is extremely formal and almost never used in direct conversation.
For some professional titles (e.g. , ), the / can be dropped, resulting in a form which is less formal, but still polite. Unlike the above, this can also precede a name (almost always last), but it is seldom used in second person.
As with / phrases such as (which can be translated "Minister, sir") can also be used for calling attention, although they are less common. The / can also be dropped with some titles in the phrase, but it is even less common and can be inappropriate.
Historical factors played a major role in shaping the Polish usage of honorifics. Poland's history of nobility was the major source for Polish politeness, which explains how the honorific male-marked pronoun ( is female-marked) was derived from the old word for "lord." There are separate honorific pronouns used to address a priest (), a nun or nurse (). It is acceptable to replace with when addressing a nurse, but it is unacceptable when speaking to a nun. Likewise, it is unacceptable to replace with when speaking to a priest. The intimate T form is marked as neutral when used reciprocally between children, relatives, students, soldiers and young people.
Russian
Native Russian speakers usually know when to use the informal second person singular pronoun () or the formal form (). The practice of being informal is known as while the practice of being formal and polite is referred to .
It has been suggested that the origin of -address came from the Roman Empire and the French due to the influence of their language and culture on the Russian aristocracy. In many other European countries, initially was used to address any one person or object, regardless of age and social ranking. was then used to address multiple people or objects altogether. Later, after being in contact with foreigners, the second person plural pronoun acquired another function. Displaying respect and formality, it was used for addressing aristocrats – people of higher social status and power.
Another theory suggests that in Russia, the Emperor first adopted the plural -form. The Emperor is considered plural because he is the representation of the people. Likewise, the Emperor could refer to himself using (we), to represent "I and my people". From the courts, the middle and lower classes gradually adopted this usage.
The younger generation and commoners, with minimal education still address each other using with no connotation of disrespect, however. Certain Russians who are used to -address may perceive the ones who do not differentiate between and forms as uneducated, offensive and uncultured. This leads to the conclusion that this honorific was not a Russian innovation. Instead, the use of in both the singular and plural form is due to the exposure to the Latin historical and political developments. The usage of did not spread throughout the Russian population quickly; as a result, the usage was inconsistent until the eighteenth century, when became more prominent in secular literature.
French
In French the singular form 'tu' is used in intimate and informal speech, as well as "speaking down", as adults to children (but never "up"). The plural form 'vous' is used to address individuals formally and in situations in which adults meet for the first time. Often people decide explicitly to break the formal by one or the other asking "on se tutoie?" (where "tutoyer" is the verb meaning to speak in the 'tu' register, its equivalent being "vouvoyer").
Also, the normally first person plural form "nous" may be used as an "humility mark" especially in formal communications like college thesis, to recognise that the work done is not the result of the single author of the thesis but comes from in a way, of all the predecessors and pairs in the realm of knowledge of the subject.
German
German has 'Sie' or 'Ihr' (archaic) as formal pronouns, and 'ihr' (pl.) and 'du' (sg.) as informal pronouns.
English
Modern English has no grammatical system of honorific speech, with formality and informality being conveyed entirely by register, word choice, tone, rhetorical strategy, etc.
Middle English once exhibited a T–V distinction between the 2nd person singular pronoun thou and the 2nd person plural ye and later you, with the latter being used as an honorific regardless of the number of addressees. Thou and its associated forms have fallen into disuse and are considered archaic, though it is often used in recreations of archaic-sounding speech.
It has also survived in some dialect forms of English, notably in some regions of Yorkshire, especially amongst the older and more rural populations. Ye usage can still be found in pockets of the east coast of North America, such as rural Newfoundland.
Avoidance speech
Avoidance speech, or "mother-in-law language," is the most common example of a bystander honorific. In this honorific system, a speaker switches to a different variety of speech in the presence of an in-law or other relative for whom an affinal taboo exists. These languages usually have the same phonology and grammatical structure as the standard language they derived from, but are characterized by a smaller lexical inventory than the standard language. Avoidance speech of this sort is primarily found in Australian Aboriginal languages such as Dyirbal, but can also be found in some Native American languages, including Navajo, and some Bantu languages, including Zulu.
Dyirbal
The Dyirbal language has a special avoidance speech style called Jalnguy that is used by a speaker when in the presence of the speaker's mother-in-law. This mother-in-law language has the same phonology and grammar as the everyday style, but uses an almost totally distinct set of lexemes when in the presence of the tabooed relative. This special lexicon has fewer lexemes than the everyday style and typically employs only transitive verb roots whereas everyday style uses non-cognate transitive and intransitive roots. By using this mother-in-law language a speaker then indicates a deferential social relationship.
Guugu-Yimidhirr
In Guugu-Yimidhirr, a traditional Australian Aboriginal language, special avoidance lexemes are used to express deference when in the presence of tabooed in-law relatives. In other words, speakers will either be completely prohibited from speaking to one's mother-in-law or must employ "avoidance language" to one's brother-in-law. The brother-in-law language involves a special set of words to replace regular Guugu-Yimidhirr words and the speaker must avoid words which could suggest reference to genitalia or bodily acts. This brother-in-law language therefore indexes a deferential social relationship of the brother-in-law to the speaker and is reflected in the appropriate social behavior of Guugu-Yimidhirr society. For example, one avoids touching tabooed in-laws, looking at them, joking with them, and cursing in their presence.
Mortlockese
The Mortlockese language uses avoidance speech between genders. In Mortlock culture, there are many restrictions and rules when interacting with people of the opposite gender, such as how only males are allowed to go fishing or how women are supposed to lower their posture in the presence of men. This avoidance speech showcases one of these restrictions/rules. This gender-restrictive vocabulary can only be used when speaking to people of the same gender. For men, this is sometimes referred to as kapsen leefalang or the speech of the cookhouse.
Other examples of honorifics
Chinese
Chinese has '您'(nín) as formal 'you', & '你'(nǐ) as the informal.
Japanese
Japanese honorific speech requires either honorific morphemes to be appended to verbs and some nouns or verbs and pronouns be replaced by words that mean the same but incorporate different honorific connotations. Japanese honorific speech is broadly referred to as keigo (literally "respectful language"), and includes three main categories according to Western linguistic theory: sonkeigo, respectful language; kensongo or kenjōgo, humble language; and teineigo, polite language.
Sonkeigo
raises the status of the addressee or referent (e.g. third person) in relation to the speaker
encodes a feeling of respect
example: 先生がそちらにお出でになる。 Sensei ga sochira ni oide ni naru. 'The teacher is going there.'
Kenjōgo
humbles the status of the speaker in relation to the addressee or referent
encodes a feeling of humility
example: 明日先生のところに伺う。 Asu sensei no tokoro ni ukagau. 'I will go to the teacher's place tomorrow.'
Teineigo
raises the status of the addressee or referent in relation to the speaker
encodes politeness
example: 先生がそちらに行きます。 Sensei ga sochira ni ikimasu. 'The teacher is going there.'
Another subcategory of keigo is bikago or bika-hyōgen, which means "word beautification" and is used to demonstrate the quality of the speaker's language. Each type of speech has its own vocabulary and verb endings.
Japanese linguist Hatsutarō Ōishi distinguishes four sources of respect as the primary reasons for using keigo:
respecting those who have a higher social rank, extraordinary ability, or credentials
respecting those who occupy a dominant position
respecting those to whom one is indebted
respect for humanity
Comparatively, a more contemporary linguistic account by functional linguist Yasuto Kikuchi posits that honorific speech is governed by social factors and psychological factors.
Some examples of what Kikuchi considers social factors include:
the location and topic being discussed by the speaker
whether the context is written or spoken
interpersonal relationships between the speaker, listener, and referent (i.e. positional relationships, relative familiarity, and in-group/out-group relationships).
Some examples of what Kikuchi considers psychological factors are:
the intention of the speaker in using polite speech
how relative distance in relationships is understood
how skilled the speaker is in expression.
Javanese
Speech levels, although not as developed or as complex as honorific speech found in Japanese, are but one of a complex and nuanced aspect of Javanese etiquette: etiquette governs not only speaking but, "sitting, speaking, standing, pointing, composing one's countenance" and one could add mastery of English and Western table manners.
According to Wolfowitz, as quoted in:
"The system is based on sets of precisely ranked or style-coded morphemes that are semantically equivalent but stylistically contrastive"
important is an honorific vocabulary referring to the possessions, attributes, states and actions of persons, a vocabulary that includes honorific kin terms.
The Javanese perception of this is best summarized as per Errington's anecdote of an old Javanese man explaining:
Whenever two people meet they should ask themselves: "Who is this person? Who am I? What is this person to me? Balanced against one another on a scale: this is unggah-unggah- relative value
The understanding of honorifics is heavily emphasized by speakers of Javanese. High-strata Javanese will bluntly state: "to be human is to be Javanese". Those who are "sampun Jawa" or "already Javanese" are those who have a good grasp of social interaction and stratified Javanese language and applied to foreigners as well. Children, boors, simpletons, the insane, the immoral are durung Jawa: not yet Javanese.
Javanese speech is stratified. The three levels are:
Ngoko is the common "everyday" speech.
Krama is known as the polite and formal style. Krama is divided into two other categories:
Krama Madya: semi-polite and semi-formal
Krama Inggil: fully polite and formal
"Krama" is pronounced as [krɔmɔ]
All these categories are ranked according to age, rank, kinship relations, and "intimacy."
If a speaker is uncertain about the addressee's age or rank, they commence with krama inggil and adapt their speech strata according to the highest level of formality, moving down to lower levels. Krama is usually learned from parents and teachers, and Ngoko is usually learned from interacting with peers at a younger age.
Javanese women are expected to address their husbands in front of others, including their children in a respectful manner. Such speech pattern is especially more pronounced in areas where arranged marriage are prominent and within households where the husband is considerably older than the wife. Husbands generally address their wives by their first name, pet name, or "younger sibling" (dhik or mbak lik) while wives generally address their husbands as "elder brother" (mas).
High-strata children are expected to speak in krama inggil to both father and mother. This is less reinforced as the social strata descends, to the point of being near non-existent especially among the modern working class strata who may have the necessity of both parents working.
At this point grandparents take the role of educating the children to correct language usage.
Women are considered the custodians of language and culture within the household.
Korean
Korean honorific speech is a mixture of subject honorification, object exaltation, and the various speech levels. Depending on how these three factors are used, the speaker highlights different aspects of the relationship between the speaker, the subject, and the listener (who may also be the subject).
Korean honorifics can be added to nouns, adjectives, and verbs, and honorific styles of address may also be used. Korean pronouns may be dropped, or may be used in formal, familiar, or humble forms. Seven Korean speech levels can be used (though some are archaic) to express the level of politeness and formality to the audience. Each has its own set of verb endings.
The six commonly used speech styles from lowest to highest are:
plain style (haerache or 해라체)
formal
signals more social distance between the speaker and addressee than that when using intimate style
generally used when writing for a general audience
generally used in written language, but when it used in spoken language, it represents admiration.
banmal or intimate style (haeche or 해체)
informal
typically used with close friends, by parents to their children, by a relatively older speaker to a child, by children to children, or by youngsters to the same-ages.
recently, many children use banmal to their parents.
familiar style (hageche or 하게체)
more formal than banmal style
signals that the speaker will treat the listener with consideration and courtesy
typically used when the addressee is below the speaker in age or social rank (e.g. the speaker is at least thirty years old and the addressee is of college age)
The familiar style generally implies the speaker is showing authority therefore typically requires the speaker to be sufficiently mature.
Women seldom use familiar style because it is commonly associated with male authority.
Generally, it is used by senior citizens, getting out of use by most of people in everyday language.
semiformal or blunt style (haoche or 하오체)
more formal than familiar style with neutral politeness
used to address someone in an inferior position (e.g. age or social rank)
A speaker will use semiformal style with a stranger whose social rank is clear but not particularly lower compared to the speaker.
It is generally used by senior citizens, getting out of used by most of people in everyday language.
When semiformal style is used by young people, it also represents humorous sense, and is thought to be unsuitable for serious situations.
polite style (haeyoche or 해요체)
informal but polite.
typically used when the addressee is a superior (e.g. by children to their parents, students to teachers)
This is the most common speech style and is commonly used between strangers.
formal or deferential style (hapshoche or 합쇼체)
used to treat superiors with the most reserve and the most respect
commonly used in speeches delivered to large audiences, in news reports, radio broadcasts, business, and formal discussions.
in most of cases, books are written in plain style(herache), or formal style(hapshoche).
In some cases, speakers will switch between polite and formal styles depending on the situation and the atmosphere that one wishes to convey.
These six speech styles are sometimes divided into honorific and non-honorific levels where the formal and polite styles are honorific and the rest are non-honorific. According to Strauss and Eun, the two honorific speech levels are "prototypically used among non-intimate adults of relatively equal rank". Comparatively, the non-honorific speech levels are typically used between intimates, in-group members, or in "downward directions of address by the speaker to his or her interlocutor."
Modern Nahuatl
The Nahuatl language, spoken in scattered communities in rural areas of Central Mexico, utilizes a system of honorific speech to mark social distance and respect. The honorific speech of the Nahuatl dialects spoken in the Malinche Volcano area of Puebla and Tlaxcala in Mexico is divided into four levels: an "intimate or subordinating" Level I; a "neutral, socially distant" or "respectful between intimates" Level II; "noble" or "reverential" Level III; and the "compadrazgo" or "maximally social distant" Level IV.
Level I is typically used by non-age-mates and non-intimates and is unmarked in terms of prefixation or suffixation of the listener and verbs. Level II is marked by the prefix on- on the verb and is used between intimates. Some Nahuatl speakers have been observed to alternate between Level I and Level II for one listener. The use of both levels is believed to show some respect or to not subordinate the listener. Level III is marked by the prefix on-, the reflexive prefix mo-, and an appropriate transitivizing suffix based on the verb stem. Verbs in Level III may additionally be marked with the reverential suffix –tzinōa. Finally, Level IV is typically used between people who share a ritual kinship relationship (e.g. parent with godparent, godparent with godparent of the same child). Level IV is marked by a proclitic (i.e. word that depends on the following word and works similarly to an affix, such as the word "a" or "an" in English) ma. Another important aspect of Level IV is that it addresses the listener in 3rd person whereas Level I through III all use 2nd person forms. By using this 3rd person form, maximal social distance is achieved.
Mortlockese
The Mortlockese language is an Austronesian language spoken primarily on the Mortlock islands in Micronesia. In Mortlock culture, there is a hierarchy with chiefs called samwool. When speaking to these chiefs or to anyone of higher status, one must use honorifics (in Mortlockese called kapas pwéteete or kapas amáfel) in order to convey respect. In the Mortlockese Language, there are only two levels of speaking - common language and respectful language(honorifics). While respectful language is used when speaking to people of higher status, common language is used when speaking to anyone of the same or lesser status. One example showing the difference between respectful and common language can be seen in the word sleep. The word for sleep using common language is maúr while the word for sleep using respectful language is saipash. Along with the respectful language, there are formal greetings called tiirou or fairo that are used in meetings and gatherings. In English, some examples of formal greetings would be "good evening" or "it's a pleasure to meet you" or "how are you." These formal greetings not only use words, but also gestures. It is the combination of the words and gestures that create the tiirou or fairo(formal greeting). In English a formal greeting like this would be like saying "nice to meet you" while offering a handshake.
Pohnpeian
In Pohnpeian, honorific speech is especially important when interacting with chiefs and during Christian church services. Even radio announcements use honorifics, specifically bystander honorifics, because a chief or someone of higher status could potentially be listening. Pohnpeian honorific speech consists of:
status-lowering (humiliative) speech
status-raising (exaltive) speech
Honorific speech is usually performed through the choice of verbs and possessive classifier. There are only status-raising nouns but none for status lowering; there are only status-lowering pronouns but none for status-raising.
The construction of possessive classifiers depends on ownership, temporality, degrees of control, locative associations, and status. In addition to status-rising and status-lowering possessive classifiers, there are also common (non-status marked) possessive classifiers. Status-rising and status-lowering possessive classifiers have different properties of control and temporality. Common possessive classifiers are divided into three main categories – relatives, personal items, and food/drink.
Given that rank is inherited matrilineally, maternal relatives have specific classifiers, but paternal relatives do not. Personal items that are in close contact with the higher ranks are marked with honorific language. Food is related to social ranking; there is a hierarchy of food distribution. The best share of food is first distributed to the chief and people of higher status. In possessive constructions, food is linked to low-status possession, but not as heavily link to high-status possession. Tungoal ("food/eating") is used for all categories of low-status possessives; however, the most widely used high-status classifier, sapwelline ("land/hand") is not semantically connected to food. There are separate terms for food of high-status people – koanoat, pwenieu, and sak. On Pohnpei, it is also important to follow a specific order of serving food. The higher-ranked people eat first, both in casual family settings and community events. The lower-status people receive the "leftovers" or the weaker portion.
Thai
Wuvulu-Aua
In Wuvulu grammar, the honorific dual is used to convey respect, especially towards in-laws. The second person dual pronoun, amurua literally translates to 'you two', but can also be used as an honorific to address one. This communicates to the individual being spoken to is worth the respect of two individuals. It is undocumented if there are other honorifics greater than this one.
Ex. Mafufuo, meru. (Good Morning, you two)
Note: Meru is the shortened version of amurua
This sentence can be used to speak with one or two people.
See also
Deixis
Hedge (linguistics)
Indexicality
Pragmatics
Politeness
Notes
References
Brown, Penelope and Levinson, Stephen C. 1987. Politeness: Some Universals in Language. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Frawley, William. 1992. Linguistic Semantics. Lawrence Erlbaum.
Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Sifianou, Maria. 1999. Politeness Phenomena in England and Greece. Oxford University Press.
Sociolinguistics
Pragmatics
Linguistics terminology |
23813232 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa%20Bay%20Reforestation%20and%20Environmental%20Effort | Tampa Bay Reforestation and Environmental Effort | Tampa Bay Reforestation and Environmental Effort, Inc. more commonly known as "T.R.E.E. Inc.", is a grassroots nonprofit environmental organization based out of the Tampa Bay Area. It promotes the practice of volunteers raising and then planting trees along the interstates, roadways, and parks of the greater Tampa Bay Area to beautify and preserve the environment. To date, T.R.E.E. Inc. has planted over 31,156 trees and palms.
Early years 1983-1987
The group was started in plant more trees in the Tampa Bay Area. On February 8, 1983, T.R.E.E. Inc. was incorporated under Florida law.
T.R.E.E. Inc.'s modus operandi for the first 22 years of their existence was to purchase bare root tree seedlings, grow them in 1-gallon containers for one growing season, step them up into 3-gallon containers for a second growing season, and then donate or out-plant them before their third growing season.
The different kind of trees that were most commonly used during this period was the genetically improved or superior North Florida Slash Pine (Pinus elliottii var. "elliottii"). It was selected due to its adaptability, rapid growth, and relative ease of maintenance after establishment. Hardwood trees during that time were typically purchased as 4" potted seedlings. Varieties typically used were Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), Pignut Hickory (Carya glabra), and Loblolly Bay (Gordonia lasianthus).
Transition years 1988–1989
In January 1988, William Moriaty stepped down as president so that he could relocate to Gainesville, Florida with his late wife, Karen Cashon, as she would be attending the University of Florida later that year. As a result, an almost entirely new slate of directors served from 1988 to 1989. Vice President Bob Scheible was the only founding member to serve during these two years in the same capacity that he did at the organization's creation.
Major program initiatives, 1990–2004
The genetically improved or superior North Florida Slash Pine began to lose favour to the local indigenous Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris), "Ocala" Race Sand Pine (Pinus clausa), and South Florida Slash Pine (Pinus elliottii var. "densa"). The availability of Florida grown bare root hardwood seedlings further broadened the plant palette to include Baldcypress (Taxodium distichum), Tulip Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), and Southern Magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora) as well as dependable stand-bys, Sweetgum and Pignut Hickory (Carya glabra).
Due to a major push by members living in Pinellas County, Florida, the organization's name was changed through Florida law on July 24, 1991, from its original title of Tampa Reforestation and Environmental Effort, Inc. to Tampa Bay Reforestation and Environmental Effort, Inc.
On August 9, 1991, T.R.E.E. Inc. was given 501 (c)(3) tax-exempt status from the United States Internal Revenue Service as an Educational organization.
Major programs and milestones 2005–2021
Beginning in 2005, T.R.E.E. Inc. secured its first major sponsor, Esurance. Esurance is an online insurance provider based out of San Francisco, California. Beginning with the Esurance St. Pete Beach Tree-Athalon planting on September 24, 2005, T.R.E.E. Inc. had an additional ten volunteer tree plantings sponsored by Esurance.
The Esurance plantings were a radical departure from T.R.E.E. Inc.'s previous plantings which were conducted almost solely through the use of 3-gallon material grown at its nursery. This gave T.R.E.E. Inc. the ability to plant large-sized 30-gallon trees, allowing it to finally conduct plantings with a much higher visual impact. In addition, the Esurance projects led to a gradual phasing out of T.R.E.E. Inc. having to depend so heavily upon its nursery to obtain trees.
In addition to the Esurance plantings, T.R.E.E. Inc. began introducing programs such as the Tulip Poplar Repopulation Program, Orange and Seminole Counties, Florida, where Florida Peninsula Tulip Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) grown from the seed of trees native to East Central Florida area had been planted in Orlando, Winter Park, Altamonte Springs, Sanford, and Casselberry, Florida.
Similar programs included the Longleaf Pine Repopulation Program in Temple Terrace, Florida, and the Egmont Key Reforestation Initiative at Egmont Key State Park in Hillsborough County, Florida.
In December 2008, T.R.E.E. Inc. received a major contribution from The Home Depot Foundation and assisted the National Football League's Environmental Program and Florida Forest Service with a Super Bowl Trail of Trees planting initiative in April 2009.
In August 2017 TREE, Inc. created a checklist of the "Trees and Palms of the Botanical Treasure Gardens of the Plant City Commons Community Garden (Occupying the location formerly known as the Teaching Garden of the University of Florida), Plant City Campus, Hillsborough Community College, 2001 E. Cherry Street, Plant City, Florida".
TREE, Inc. has also to date conducted six projects related to raising public awareness about the Park Road Outfall/East Canal watershed in Plant City, Florida, which are contributors to the Tampa Bay estuary. These projects included providing an educational signing in July 2019 for a wetland located at the outer perimeter of the Plant City, Florida campus of Hillsborough Community College; the planting of native wetland trees within the campus in March 2020 and January 2022; the planting of a Memory Tree at the campus' Botanical Treasure Gardens in September 2020; the planting of 25 Baldcypress trees at Mike E. Sansone Community Park in January 2021, and; the planting of a Sweetgum tree along the East Canal at Gilchrist Park on Earth Day 2021 (April 22, 2021) - - that planting was a part of the Hillsborough 100 Conservation Challenge sponsored by the Hillsborough Soil and Water Conservation District and planted by Future Farmers of America students from Tomlin Middle School and Plant City High School in Plant City, Florida.
On May 18, 2020, a new logo for the organization was adopted and replaced the pine and oak rendition logo that had been used since 1983.
Awards
Received "Award of Greatest Merit in the Partnership Category" in 1991 from the Florida Urban Forestry Conference for its partnering with the Florida Department of Transportation for tree plantings along the Tampa Bay area's interstate highways.
Received two major awards in 2019: "Organization of the Year" from the City of St. Petersburg's Parks and Recreation Department, and "Project of the Year" from the Hillsborough Soil and Water Conservation District.
Received the "Outstanding Environmental Nonprofit Award" from Keep Pinellas Beautiful on December 4, 2020.
Received the "Outstanding Tree Advocacy Award" for 2020 from the Florida Urban Forestry Council on March 3, 2020.
Mission
There are five major components to the organization's Mission:
Beautify and reforest the Tampa Bay area through the planting of native trees.
Further public awareness about the merits of reforesting public lands.
Further public awareness about the planting and preserving of native trees and underutilized trees of special interest.
Work in conjunction with, and support of, other organizations with similar purposes.
Be a clearinghouse of scientific and educational information to the public on the merits of tree species selection for use in the Tampa Bay area in accordance with the intent of its I.R.S. tax-exempt 501(c)(3) status.
Accomplishments
T.R.E.E. Inc. has over the past 40 years:
Conducted 632 projects.
Furnished the original design, and subsequent installation on November 23, 1996, of what would become the Richard T. Bowers Historic Tree Grove at the Museum of Science and Industry (Tampa).
With the permission of the Florida Department of Transportation, made history by planting over 4,600 native trees in ten (10) TREE DAY on I-75 projects along Interstate 75 in Hillsborough County, Florida from 1986 to 1996.
Donated and planted approximately 31,156 trees and palms, utilizing an estimated 3,500 volunteers since T.R.E.E. Inc.'s creation on February 8, 1983.
Assisted in a joint tree planting effort with the National Football League and Florida Division of Forestry consisting of over 20 projects in the Greater Tampa Bay Area for Super Bowl XLIII.
Worked in conjunction with the City of St. Petersburg, Florida and Keep Pinellas Beautiful to reforest and beautify Clam Bayou Nature Preserve, with the First Phase of this effort starting on May 5, 2018, and a Second Phase having been conducted on October 27, 2018. Work with the same partners occurred on August 24, 2019, with the planting of South Florida Slash Pines at the Boyd Hill Nature Preserve, with plans to continue tree plantings at the Preserve over the coming years.
Partnered with the City of Tampa, Florida, the Florida Aquarium and Keep Tampa Bay Beautiful, Inc. to conduct a Picnic Island Riparian Planting Initiative. The first Phase consisted of the planting of 400 Red Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) propagules on April 27, 2019. The second Phase occurred on November 2, 2019, consisting of the removal of invasive exotic plants and the planting of over 500 Florida native trees, consisting of 14 varieties. A third Phase was conducted on April 24, 2021, and consisted of the planting of 150 Red Mangroves propagules, 10 Sea Grapes, 15 Silver Buttonwoods, and 27 Muhly Grass.
Was a partner with the Hillsborough Soil and Water Conservation District, Rotary International, Sustany Foundation, and Hillsborough Conservation and Environmental Lands Management in the planting of 20,000 Longleaf Pine tubelings at the Lower Green Swamp Preserve in Hillsborough County, Florida on June 12, 2021.
Was the 2022-2023 recipient of Cherrylake Nursery's "1,000 Trees for 1,000 Years" planting initiative, installing Baldcypress trees at seven locations throughout the Tampa Bay area, beginning with a retention pond in Seminole, Florida on December 3, 2022, and ending at the Little Manatee River Corridor Nature Preserve in Wimauma, Florida.
Dissolution
After 40 years of planting trees, educating the public on the value of planting them, highlighting the need for diverse forests, and placing great emphasis on the preservation and enhancement of Florida's natural communities, T.R.E.E. Inc. voted on October 7, 2023 to dissolve the organization, effective December 31, 2023, and merge in to the TakeMAR (https://www.takemar.org/) organization. TakeMAR is dedicated to regenerating natural and human communities. This objective is accomplished through supporting the enhancement of all life, promoting natural heritage, and facilitating a connection with the natural world. T.R.E.E. Inc. will continue its Mission with TakeMAR after the merger has been completed.
2023 Directors
President – William Moriaty
Vice President – John Fuller
Treasurer – Harvey A. Hunt, P.E.
Secretary – Michael Riebe
Public Relations Manager – Ashlé Baines
Environmental Program Manager – Harriet Fuller
Newsletter
T.R.E.E. Inc. has a quarterly online newsletter available to the public called Arbor Bio.
References
Nature conservation organizations based in the United States
Environmental organizations based in Florida
Forests of Florida
Reforestation
1983 establishments in Florida
Tampa Bay area
Organizations established in 1983 |
44636056 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High%20Bandwidth%20Memory | High Bandwidth Memory | High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) is a computer memory interface for 3D-stacked synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM) initially from Samsung, AMD and SK Hynix. It is used in conjunction with high-performance graphics accelerators, network devices, high-performance datacenter AI ASICs, as on-package cache in CPUs and on-package RAM in upcoming CPUs, and FPGAs and in some supercomputers (such as the NEC SX-Aurora TSUBASA and Fujitsu A64FX). The first HBM memory chip was produced by SK Hynix in 2013, and the first devices to use HBM were the AMD Fiji GPUs in 2015.
High Bandwidth Memory was adopted by JEDEC as an industry standard in October 2013. The second generation, HBM2, was accepted by JEDEC in January 2016.
Technology
HBM achieves higher bandwidth while using less power in a substantially smaller form factor than DDR4 or GDDR5. This is achieved by stacking up to eight DRAM dies and an optional base die which can include buffer circuitry and test logic. The stack is often connected to the memory controller on a GPU or CPU through a substrate, such as a silicon interposer. Alternatively, the memory die could be stacked directly on the CPU or GPU chip. Within the stack the die are vertically interconnected by through-silicon vias (TSVs) and microbumps. The HBM technology is similar in principle but incompatible with the Hybrid Memory Cube (HMC) interface developed by Micron Technology.
HBM memory bus is very wide in comparison to other DRAM memories such as DDR4 or GDDR5. An HBM stack of four DRAM dies (4Hi) has two 128bit channels per die for a total of 8 channels and a width of 1024 bits in total. A graphics card/GPU with four 4Hi HBM stacks would therefore have a memory bus with a width of 4096 bits. In comparison, the bus width of GDDR memories is 32 bits, with 16 channels for a graphics card with a 512bit memory interface. HBM supports up to 4 GB per package.
The larger number of connections to the memory, relative to DDR4 or GDDR5, required a new method of connecting the HBM memory to the GPU (or other processor). AMD and Nvidia have both used purpose-built silicon chips, called interposers, to connect the memory and GPU. This interposer has the added advantage of requiring the memory and processor to be physically close, decreasing memory paths. However, as semiconductor device fabrication is significantly more expensive than printed circuit board manufacture, this adds cost to the final product.
Interface
The HBM DRAM is tightly coupled to the host compute die with a distributed interface. The interface is divided into independent channels. The channels are completely independent of one another and are not necessarily synchronous to each other. The HBM DRAM uses a wide-interface architecture to achieve high-speed, low-power operation. The HBM DRAM uses a 500 MHz differential clock CK_t / CK_c (where the suffix "_t" denotes the "true", or "positive", component of the differential pair, and "_c" stands for the "complementary" one). Commands are registered at the rising edge of CK_t, CK_c. Each channel interface maintains a 128bit data bus operating at double data rate (DDR). HBM supports transfer rates of 1 GT/s per pin (transferring 1 bit), yielding an overall package bandwidth of 128 GB/s.
HBM2
The second generation of High Bandwidth Memory, HBM2, also specifies up to eight dies per stack and doubles pin transfer rates up to 2 GT/s. Retaining 1024bit wide access, HBM2 is able to reach 256 GB/s memory bandwidth per package. The HBM2 spec allows up to 8 GB per package. HBM2 is predicted to be especially useful for performance-sensitive consumer applications such as virtual reality.
On January 19, 2016, Samsung announced early mass production of HBM2, at up to 8 GB per stack. SK Hynix also announced availability of 4 GB stacks in August 2016.
HBM2E
In late 2018, JEDEC announced an update to the HBM2 specification, providing for increased bandwidth and capacities. Up to 307 GB/s per stack (2.5 Tbit/s effective data rate) is now supported in the official specification, though products operating at this speed had already been available. Additionally, the update added support for 12Hi stacks (12 dies) making capacities of up to 24 GB per stack possible.
On March 20, 2019, Samsung announced their Flashbolt HBM2E, featuring eight dies per stack, a transfer rate of 3.2 GT/s, providing a total of 16 GB and 410 GB/s per stack.
August 12, 2019, SK Hynix announced their HBM2E, featuring eight dies per stack, a transfer rate of 3.6 GT/s, providing a total of 16 GB and 460 GB/s per stack. On 2 July 2020, SK Hynix announced that mass production has begun.
HBM3
In late 2020, Micron unveiled that the HBM2E standard would be updated and alongside that they unveiled the next standard known as HBMnext (later renamed to HBM3). This was to be a big generational leap from HBM2 and the replacement to HBM2E. This new VRAM would have come to the market in the Q4 of 2022. This would likely introduce a new architecture as the naming suggests.
While the architecture might be overhauled, leaks point toward the performance to be similar to that of the updated HBM2E standard. This RAM is likely to be used mostly in data center GPUs.
In mid 2021, SK Hynix unveiled some specifications of the HBM3 standard, with 5.2Gbit/s I/O speeds and bandwidth of 665GB/s per package, as well as up to 16-high 2.5D and 3D solutions.
On 20 October 2021, before the JEDEC standard for HBM3 was finalised, SK Hynix was the first memory vendor to announce that it has finished development of HBM3 memory devices. According to SK Hynix, the memory would run as fast as 6.4Gbps/pin, double the data rate of JEDEC-standard HBM2E, which formally tops out at 3.2Gbps/pin, or 78% faster than SK Hynix’s own 3.6Gbps/pin HBM2E. The devices support a data transfer rate of 6.4 Gbit/s and therefore a single HBM3 stack may provide a bandwidth of up to 819 GB/s. The basic bus widths for HBM3 remain unchanged, with a single stack of memory being 1024-bits wide. SK Hynix would offer their memory in two capacities: 16GB and 24GB, aligning with 8-Hi and 12-Hi stacks respectively. The stacks consist of 8 or 12 16Gb DRAMs that are each 30 μm thick and interconnected using Through Silicon Vias (TSVs).
According to Ryan Smith of AnandTech, the SK Hynix first generation HBM3 memory has the same density as their latest-generation HBM2E memory, meaning that device vendors looking to increase their total memory capacities for their next-generation parts would need to use memory with 12 dies/layers, up from the 8 layer stacks they typically used until then.
According to Anton Shilov of Tom's Hardware, high-performance compute GPUs or FPGAs typically use four or six HBM stacks, so with SK Hynix's HBM3 24GB stacks they would accordingly get 3.2 TB/s or 4.9 TB/s of memory bandwidth. He also noted that SK Hynix's HBM3 chips are square, not rectangular like HBM2 and HBM2E chips. According to Chris Mellor of The Register, with JEDEC not yet having developed its HBM3 standard, might mean that SK Hynix would need to retrofit its design to a future and faster one.
JEDEC officially announced the HBM3 standard on January 27, 2022. The number of memory channels was doubled from 8 channels of 128 bits with HBM2e to 16 channels of 64 bits with HBM3. Therefore, the total number of data pins of the interface is still 1024.
In June 2022, SK hynix announced they started mass production of industry's first HBM3 memory to be used with Nvidia's H100 GPU expected to ship in Q3 2022. The memory will provide H100 with "up to 819 GB/s" of memory bandwidth.
In August 2022, Nvidia announced that its "Hopper" H100 GPU will ship with five active HBM3 sites (out of six on board) offering 80 GB of RAM and 3 TB/s of memory bandwidth (16 GB and 600 GB/s per site).
HBM3E
On 30 May 2023, SK Hynix unveiled its HBM3E memory with 8Gbps/pin data processing speed (25% faster than HBM3), which is to enter production in the first half of 2024. At 8 GT/s with 1024-bit bus, its bandwidth per stack is increased from 819.2GB/s as in HBM3 to 1 TB/s.
On 26 July 2023, Micron announced its HBM3E memory with 9.2Gbps/pin data processing speed (50% faster than HBM3). Micron HBM3E memory is a high-performance HBM that uses 1β DRAM process technology and advanced packaging to achieve the highest performance, capacity and power efficiency in the industry. It can store 24GB per 8-high cube and allows data transfer at 1.2TB/s. There will be a 12-high cube with 36GB capacity in 2024.
In August 2023, Nvidia announced a new version of their GH200 Grace Hopper superchip that utilizes 141 GB (144 GiB physical) of HBM3e over a 6144-bit bus providing 50% higher memory bandwidth and 75% higher memory capacity over the HBM3 version.
In May 2023, Samsung announced HBM3P with up to 7.2Gbps which will be in production in 2024.
On October 20 2023, Samsung announced their HBM3E "Shinebolt" with up to 9.8Gbps memory.
HBM-PIM
In February 2021, Samsung announced the development of HBM with processing-in-memory (PIM). This new memory brings AI computing capabilities inside the memory, to increase the large-scale processing of data. A DRAM-optimised AI engine is placed inside each memory bank to enable parallel processing and minimise data movement. Samsung claims this will deliver twice the system performance and reduce energy consumption by more than 70%, while not requiring any hardware or software changes to the rest of the system.
History
Background
Die-stacked memory was initially commercialized in the flash memory industry. Toshiba introduced a NAND flash memory chip with eight stacked dies in April 2007, followed by Hynix Semiconductor introducing a NAND flash chip with 24 stacked dies in September 2007.
3D-stacked random-access memory (RAM) using through-silicon via (TSV) technology was commercialized by Elpida Memory, which developed the first 8GB DRAM chip (stacked with four DDR3 SDRAM dies) in September 2009, and released it in June 2011. In 2011, SK Hynix introduced 16GB DDR3 memory (40nm class) using TSV technology, Samsung Electronics introduced 3D-stacked 32GB DDR3 (30nm class) based on TSV in September, and then Samsung and Micron Technology announced TSV-based Hybrid Memory Cube (HMC) technology in October.
JEDEC first released the JESD229 standard for Wide IO memory, the predecessor of HBM featuring four 128 bit channels with single data rate clocking, in December 2011 after several years of work. The first HBM standard JESD235 followed in October 2013.
Development
The development of High Bandwidth Memory began at AMD in 2008 to solve the problem of ever-increasing power usage and form factor of computer memory. Over the next several years, AMD developed procedures to solve die-stacking problems with a team led by Senior AMD Fellow Bryan Black. To help AMD realize their vision of HBM, they enlisted partners from the memory industry, particularly Korean company SK Hynix, which had prior experience with 3D-stacked memory, as well as partners from the interposer industry (Taiwanese company UMC) and packaging industry (Amkor Technology and ASE).
The development of HBM was completed in 2013, when SK Hynix built the first HBM memory chip. HBM was adopted as industry standard JESD235 by JEDEC in October 2013, following a proposal by AMD and SK Hynix in 2010. High volume manufacturing began at a Hynix facility in Icheon, South Korea, in 2015.
The first GPU utilizing HBM was the AMD Fiji which was released in June 2015 powering the AMD Radeon R9 Fury X.
In January 2016, Samsung Electronics began early mass production of HBM2. The same month, HBM2 was accepted by JEDEC as standard JESD235a. The first GPU chip utilizing HBM2 is the Nvidia Tesla P100 which was officially announced in April 2016.
In June 2016, Intel released a family of Xeon Phi processors with 8 stacks of HCDRAM, Micron's version of HBM.
At Hot Chips in August 2016, both Samsung and Hynix announced a new generation HBM memory technologies. Both companies announced high performance products expected to have increased density, increased bandwidth, and lower power consumption. Samsung also announced a lower-cost version of HBM under development targeting mass markets. Removing the buffer die and decreasing the number of TSVs lowers cost, though at the expense of a decreased overall bandwidth (200 GB/s).
Nvidia announced Nvidia Hopper GH100 GPU, the world's first GPU utilizing HBM3 on March 22, 2022.
See also
Stacked DRAM
eDRAM
Chip stack multi-chip module
Hybrid Memory Cube (HMC): stacked memory standard from Micron Technology (2011)
References
External links
High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) DRAM (JESD235), JEDEC, October 2013
HBM vs HBM2 vs GDDR5 vs GDDR5X Memory Comparison
Computer memory
AMD technologies
SDRAM
American inventions
South Korean inventions
Taiwanese inventions |
8294490 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory%20ordering | Memory ordering | Memory ordering describes the order of accesses to computer memory by a CPU. The term can refer either to the memory ordering generated by the compiler during compile time, or to the memory ordering generated by a CPU during runtime.
In modern microprocessors, memory ordering characterizes the CPU's ability to reorder memory operations – it is a type of out-of-order execution. Memory reordering can be used to fully utilize the bus-bandwidth of different types of memory such as caches and memory banks.
On most modern uniprocessors memory operations are not executed in the order specified by the program code. In single threaded programs all operations appear to have been executed in the order specified, with all out-of-order execution hidden to the programmer – however in multi-threaded environments (or when interfacing with other hardware via memory buses) this can lead to problems. To avoid problems, memory barriers can be used in these cases.
Compile-time memory ordering
Most programming languages have some notion of a thread of execution which executes statements in a defined order. Traditional compilers translate high-level expressions to a sequence of low-level instructions relative to a program counter at the underlying machine level.
Execution effects are visible at two levels: within the program code at a high level, and at the machine level as viewed by other threads or processing elements in concurrent programming, or during debugging when using a hardware debugging aid with access to the machine state (some support for this is often built directly into the CPU or microcontroller as functionally independent circuitry apart from the execution core which continues to operate even when the core itself is halted for static inspection of its execution state). Compile-time memory order concerns itself with the former, and does not concern itself with these other views.
General issues of program order
Program-order effects of expression evaluation
During compilation, hardware instructions are often generated at a finer granularity than specified in the high-level code. The primary observable effect in a procedural programming is assignment of a new value to a named variable.
sum = a + b + c;
print(sum);
The print statement follows the statement which assigns to the variable sum, and thus when the print statement references the computed variable sum it references this result as an observable effect of the prior execution sequence. As defined by the rules of program sequence, when the print function call references sum, the value of sum must be that of the most recently executed assignment to the variable sum (in this case the immediately previous statement).
At the machine level, few machines can add three numbers together in a single instruction, and so the compiler will have to translate this expression into two addition operations. If the semantics of the program language restrict the compiler into translating the expression in left-to-right order (for example), then the generated code will look as if the programmer had written the following statements in the original program:
sum = a + b;
sum = sum + c;
If the compiler is permitted to exploit the associative property of addition, it might instead generate:
sum = b + c;
sum = a + sum;
If the compiler is also permitted to exploit the commutative property of addition, it might instead generate:
sum = a + c;
sum = sum + b;
Note that the integer data type in most programming languages only follows the algebra for the mathematics integers in the absence of integer overflow and that floating-point arithmetic on the floating point data type available in most programming languages is not commutative in rounding effects, making effects of the order of expression visible in small differences of the computed result (small initial differences may however cascade into arbitrarily large differences over a longer computation).
If the programmer is concerned about integer overflow or rounding effects in floating point, the same program may be coded at the original high level as follows:
sum = a + b;
sum = sum + c;
Program-order effects involving function calls
Many languages treat the statement boundary as a sequence point, forcing all effects of one statement to be complete before the next statement is executed. This will force the compiler to generate code corresponding to the statement order expressed. Statements are, however, often more complicated, and may contain internal function calls.
sum = f(a) + g(b) + h(c);
At the machine level, calling a function usually involves setting up a stack frame for the function call, which involves many reads and writes to machine memory. In most compiled languages, the compiler is free to order the function calls f, g, and h as it finds convenient, resulting in large-scale changes of program memory order. In a pure functional programming language, function calls are forbidden from having side effects on the visible program state (other than its return value) and the difference in machine memory order due to function call ordering will be inconsequential to program semantics. In procedural languages, the functions called might have side-effects, such as performing an I/O operation, or updating a variable in global program scope, both of which produce visible effects with the program model.
Again, a programmer concerned with these effects can become more pedantic in expressing the original source program:
sum = f(a);
sum = sum + g(b);
sum = sum + h(c);
In programming languages where the statement boundary is defined as a sequence point, the function calls f, g, and h must now execute in that precise order.
Specific issues of memory order
Program-order effects involving pointer expressions
Now consider the same summation expressed with pointer indirection, in a language such as C or C++ which supports pointers:
sum = *a + *b + *c;
Evaluating the expression *x is termed "dereferencing" a pointer and involves reading from memory at a location specified by the current value of x. The effects of reading from a pointer are determined by architecture's memory model. When reading from standard program storage, there are no side-effects due to the order of memory read operations. In embedded system programming, it is very common to have memory-mapped I/O where reads and writes to memory trigger I/O operations, or changes to the processor's operational mode, which are highly visible side effects. For the above example, assume for now that the pointers are pointing to regular program memory, without these side-effects. The compiler is free to reorder these reads in program order as it sees fit, and there will be no program-visible side effects.
What if assigned value is also pointer indirected?
*sum = *a + *b + *c;
Here the language definition is unlikely to allow the compiler to break this apart as follows:
// as rewritten by the compiler
// generally forbidden
*sum = *a + *b;
*sum = *sum + *c;
This would not be viewed as efficient in most instances, and pointer writes have potential side-effects on visible machine state. Since the compiler is not allowed this particular splitting transformation, the only write to the memory location of sum must logically follow the three pointer reads in the value expression.
Suppose, however, that the programmer is concerned about the visible semantics of integer overflow and breaks the statement apart as the program level as follows:
// as directly authored by the programmer
// with aliasing concerns
*sum = *a + *b;
*sum = *sum + *c;
The first statement encodes two memory reads, which must precede (in either order) the first write to *sum. The second statement encodes two memory reads (in either order) which must precede the second update of *sum. This guarantees the order of the two addition operations, but potentially introduces a new problem of address aliasing: any of these pointers could potentially refer to the same memory location.
For example, let's assume in this example that *c and *sum are aliased to the same memory location, and rewrite both versions of the program with *sum standing in for both.
*sum = *a + *b + *sum;
There are no problems here. The original value of what we originally wrote as *c is lost upon assignment to *sum, and so is the original value of *sum but this was overwritten in the first place and it's of no special concern.
// what the program becomes with *c and *sum aliased
*sum = *a + *b;
*sum = *sum + *sum;
Here the original value of *sum is overwritten before its first access, and instead we obtain the algebraic equivalent of:
// algebraic equivalent of the aliased case above
*sum = (*a + *b) + (*a + *b);
which assigns an entirely different value into *sum due to the statement rearrangement.
Because of possible aliasing effects, pointer expressions are difficult to rearrange without risking visible program effects. In the common case, there might not be any aliasing in effect, so the code appears to run normally as before. But in the edge case where aliasing is present, severe program errors can result. Even if these edge cases are entirely absent in normal execution, it opens the door for a malicious adversary to contrive an input where aliasing exists, potentially leading to a computer security exploit.
A safe reordering of the previous program is as follows:
// declare a temporary local variable 'temp' of suitable type
temp = *a + *b;
*sum = temp + *c;
Finally consider the indirect case with added function calls:
*sum = f(*a) + g(*b);
The compiler may choose to evaluate *a and *b before either function call, it may defer the evaluation of *b until after the function call f or it may defer the evaluation of *a until after the function call g. If the functions f and g are free from program visible side-effects, all three choices will produce a program with the same visible program effects. If the implementation of f or g contain the side-effect of any pointer write subject to aliasing with pointers a or b, the three choices are liable to produce different visible program effects.
Memory order in language specification
In general, compiled languages are not detailed enough in their specification for the compiler to determine formally at compile time which pointers are potentially aliased and which are not. The safest course of action is for the compiler to assume that all pointers are potentially aliased at all times. This level of conservative pessimism tends to produce dreadful performance as compared to the optimistic assumption that no aliasing exists, ever.
As a result, many high-level compiled languages, such as C/C++, have evolved to have intricate and sophisticated semantic specifications about where the compiler is permitted to make optimistic assumptions in code reordering in pursuit of the highest possible performance, and where the compiler is required to make pessimistic assumptions in code reordering to avoid semantic hazards.
By far the largest class of side effects in a modern procedural language involve memory write operations, so rules around memory ordering are a dominant component in the definition of program order semantics. The reordering of the functions calls above might appear to be a different consideration, but this usually devolves into concerns about memory effects internal to the called functions interacting with memory operations in the expression which generates the function call.
Additional difficulties and complications
Optimization under as-if
Modern compilers sometimes take this a step further by means of an as-if rule, in which any reordering is permitted (even across statements) if no effect on the visible program semantics results. Under this rule, the order of operations in the translated code can vary wildly from the specified program order. If the compiler is permitted to make optimistic assumptions about distinct pointer expressions having no alias overlap in a case where such aliasing actually exists (this would normally be classified as an ill-formed program exhibiting undefined behavior), the adverse results of an aggressive code-optimization transformation are impossible to guess prior to code execution or direct code inspection. The realm of undefined behavior has nearly limitless manifestations.
It is the responsibility of the programmer to consult the language specification to avoid writing ill-formed programs where the semantics are potentially changed as a result of any legal compiler optimization. Fortran traditionally places a high burden on the programmer to be aware of these issues, with the systems programming languages C and C++ not far behind.
Some high-level languages eliminate pointer constructions altogether, as this level of alertness and attention to detail is considered too high to reliably maintain even among professional programmers.
A complete grasp of memory order semantics is considered to be an arcane specialization even among the subpopulation of professional systems programmers who are typically best informed in this subject area. Most programmers settle for an adequate working grasp of these issues within the normal domain of their programming expertise. At the extreme end of specialization in memory order semantics are the programmers who author software frameworks in support of concurrent computing models.
Aliasing of local variables
Note that local variables can not be assumed to be free of aliasing if a pointer to such a variable escapes into the wild:
sum = f(&a) + g(a);
There is no telling what the function f might have done with the supplied pointer to a, including leaving a copy around in global state which the function g later accesses. In the simplest case, f writes a new value to the variable a, making this expression ill-defined in order of execution. f can be conspicuously prevented from doing this by applying a const qualifier to the declaration of its pointer argument, rendering the expression well defined. Thus the modern culture of C/C++ has become somewhat obsessive about supplying const qualifiers to function argument declarations in all viable cases.
C and C++ permit the internals of f to type cast the constness attribute away as a dangerous expedient. If f does this in a way that can break the expression above, it should not be declaring the pointer argument type as const in the first place.
Other high-level languages tilt toward such a declaration attribute amounting to a strong guarantee with no loop-holes to violate this guarantee provided within the language itself; all bets are off on this language guarantee if your application links a library written in a different programming language (though this is considered to be egregiously bad design).
Compile-time memory barrier implementation
These barriers prevent a compiler from reordering instructions during compile time – they do not prevent reordering by CPU during runtime.
Any of these GNU inline assembler statements forbids the GCC compiler to reorder read and write commands around it:
asm volatile("" ::: "memory");
__asm__ __volatile__ ("" ::: "memory");
This C11/C++11 function forbids the compiler to reorder read and write commands around it:
atomic_signal_fence(memory_order_acq_rel);
Intel C++ Compiler (ICC/ICL) uses "full compiler fence" intrinsics:
__memory_barrier()
Microsoft Visual C++ compiler (MSVC) supports some intrinsics only for x86/x64 (all of these are deprecated):
_ReadBarrier()
_WriteBarrier()
_ReadWriteBarrier()
Combined barriers
In many programming languages different types of barriers can be combined with other operations (like load, store, atomic increment, atomic compare and swap), so no extra memory barrier is needed before or after it (or both). Depending on a CPU architecture being targeted these language constructs will translate to either special instructions, to multiple instructions (i.e. barrier and load), or to normal instruction, depending on hardware memory ordering guarantees.
Runtime memory ordering
In symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) microprocessor systems
There are several memory-consistency models for SMP systems:
Sequential consistency (all reads and all writes are in-order)
Relaxed consistency (some types of reordering are allowed)
Loads can be reordered after loads (for better working of cache coherency, better scaling)
Loads can be reordered after stores
Stores can be reordered after stores
Stores can be reordered after loads
Weak consistency (reads and writes are arbitrarily reordered, limited only by explicit memory barriers)
On some CPUs
Atomic operations can be reordered with loads and stores.
There can be incoherent instruction cache pipeline, which prevents self-modifying code from being executed without special instruction cache flush/reload instructions.
Dependent loads can be reordered (this is unique for Alpha). If the processor first fetches a pointer to some data and then the data, it might not fetch the data itself but use stale data which it has already cached and not yet invalidated. Allowing this relaxation makes cache hardware simpler and faster but leads to the requirement of memory barriers for readers and writers. On Alpha hardware (like multiprocessor Alpha 21264 systems) cache line invalidations sent to other processors are processed in lazy fashion by default, unless requested explicitly to be processed between dependent loads. The Alpha architecture specification also allows other forms of dependent loads reordering, for example using speculative data reads ahead of knowing the real pointer to be dereferenced.
RISC-V memory ordering models
WMO Weak memory order (default)
TSO Total store order (only supported with the Ztso extension)
SPARC memory ordering modes
TSO Total store order (default)
RMO Relaxed-memory order (not supported on recent CPUs)
PSO Partial store order (not supported on recent CPUs)
Hardware memory barrier implementation
Many architectures with SMP support have special hardware instruction for flushing reads and writes during runtime.
x86, x86-64
lfence (asm), void _mm_lfence(void)
sfence (asm), void _mm_sfence(void)
mfence (asm), void _mm_mfence(void)
PowerPC
sync (asm)
MIPS
sync (asm)
Itanium
mf (asm)
POWER
dcs (asm)
ARMv7
dmb (asm)
dsb (asm)
isb (asm)
Compiler support for hardware memory barriers
Some compilers support builtins that emit hardware memory barrier instructions:
GCC, version 4.4.0 and later, has __sync_synchronize.
Since C11 and C++11 an atomic_thread_fence() command was added.
The Microsoft Visual C++ compiler has MemoryBarrier() macro in the Windows API header (deprecated).
Sun Studio Compiler Suite has __machine_r_barrier, __machine_w_barrier and __machine_rw_barrier.
See also
Memory model (programming)
References
Further reading
Computer Architecture — A quantitative approach. 4th edition. J Hennessy, D Patterson, 2007. Chapter 4.6
Sarita V. Adve, Kourosh Gharachorloo, Shared Memory Consistency Models: A Tutorial
Intel 64 Architecture Memory Ordering White Paper
Memory ordering in Modern Microprocessors part 1
Memory ordering in Modern Microprocessors part 2
- Google Tech Talk
Computer architecture
Computer memory
Consistency models
Compiler construction
Programming language design
Run-time systems
Concurrency (computer science) |
1614204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Freyer | Hans Freyer | Hans Freyer (31 July 1887 – 18 January 1969) was a German conservative revolutionary sociologist and philosopher.
Life
Freyer began studying theology, national economics, history and philosophy at the University of Greifswald in 1907, with the aim of becoming a Lutheran theologian. A year later he moved to Leipzig, where he initially took the same courses, but then gave up the theological parts. He gained his doctorate in 1911. His early works on the philosophy of life had an influence on the German youth movement. In 1920 he qualified as a university lecturer, and in 1922 he became a professor at the university of Kiel.
In 1925, moving on to the University of Leipzig, Freyer founded the university's sociology department. He led the department until 1948. In Leipzig, he developed a branch of sociology with a strongly historical basis, the Leipzig School. Sympathizing with the Hitlerite movement, he forced Ferdinand Tönnies, an outspoken enemy of it, and then president of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Soziologie, out of office in 1933.
Also in 1933 Freyer signed the Vow of allegiance of the Professors of the German Universities and High-Schools to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialistic State. Nevertheless, being Tönnies' successor he abstained from making the Gesellschaft a Nazi tool by stopping all activities from 1934 onwards. From 1938 to 1944 Freyer was the head of the German Institute for Culture in Budapest. Together with Walter Frank he established a racist and anti-semitic völkisch historiography.
Freyer was Protestant and married Käthe Lübeck; they had four children together.
After the Second World War, Freyer's position in Leipzig, now in the Soviet occupation zone, became untenable, and in 1948 he took up a position in Wiesbaden at the Brockhaus publishing company. He took up lecturing again for only another three years, from 1953 to 1955, at the University of Münster and for a short time in 1954 in Ankara where he helped set up an institute for sociology. He was no longer able to establish himself as a full professor at a German university, but taught as an emeritus from 1953 to 1963 at the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität in Münster . As early as 1951 he was at the instigation of the incumbent chairman Leopold von Wiesere-admitted to the German Society for Sociology. Freyer was a member of the scientific advisory board of the Institute for Space Research.
Freyer received a pension as a retired 131er . Many of his publications date from this period. He made a big impact in the 1950s with his work The Theory of the Present Era, in which he developed a form of conservatism adaptable to the industrial age.
Works
Freyer's philosophical work was influenced by Hegel, Wilhelm Dilthey, Friedrich Nietzsche and Oswald Spengler.
Weimar Republic: Philosophy of Life and Conservative Revolution
In 1918 his early work Antaeus - Foundation of an Ethics of Conscious Life came out, followed in 1923 by Prometheus - Ideas on the Philosophy of Culture . He gradually turned to the so-called young conservatives . He developed a hierarchically structured elitist social model. Individual freedom should be put aside in favor of collective concepts such as the leadership state and the people's community . He dealt with culture criticism in his works u. a. with advancing mechanization and developed the "Theory of Secondary Systems".
In 1926, in Der Staat, Freyer described the interrelated dimensions of history, which in his view repeat in a circular fashion: faith, style and state. In some respects, his theory was based on Ferdinand Tönnies ' Community and Society, which he did not quote in his works. In contrast to Tönnies, he described the last and highest stage, the ideal hierarchically structured state, as an ideal community with a “ Fuhrer ” at the top. The most important quality of this state consisted in being able to combine all the forces of the community into one unit. This ideology corresponded to the movement of the Conservative Revolution and National Socialism .
In Der Staat (1926), Freyer identified three stages of history which repeated themselves in a cycle: Glaube, Stil and Staat (belief, style, the state). These were partly, although not openly, based on Ferdinand Tönnies' Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (community and society), which he did not quote in his works. In contrast to Tönnies, he described the last and highest stage, the ideal hierarchically structured state, as an ideal community with a “Fuhrer" at the top. The most important quality of this state consisted in being able to combine all the forces of the community into one unit. This ideology corresponded to the movement between Conservative Revolution and National Socialism . The last stage, Staat, was the ideal state for society: "the essential quality of the state (...) was its ability to forge living humanity with all its forces into a unity.
In 1929 Freyer wrote Soziologie als Wirklichkeitswissenschaft (Sociology as a "Science of Reality") (using Max Weber's term). This looked into the origins of sociology, saying that it came from the philosophy of history; that it had emerged from people's attempts to understand the connections between the past and the present. In Freyer's view, sociology was needed as a science to understand why changes in society had happened and, based on these findings, to help transform society.
Freyer's 1931 article Die Revolution von Rechts studied freedom, saying that people should be free only if they were part of a common will and that individual freedom should be limited for the sake of the community. The "revolution" is a matter for the "toughest" and "strongest" people of all political tendencies.
National Socialism: Radical Intellectual Connections
During the National Socialist era, further treatises appeared, some of which were close to the Nazi ideology and were not later published again. In the post-war period, Freyer was widely criticized in academia alongside his pupil Arnold Gehlen as well as Ernst Jünger and Martin Heidegger as a spiritual forerunner and supporter of National Socialism.
Freyer is considered a convinced National Socialist, which is particularly evident in his work Pallas Athene. Ethics of the political people (Jena, 1935). There he writes that conscience must become political and thereby anti-individualistic and anti-universalistic. Such a political conscience is prepared for and willing to use violence; political virtue is tied to the people, while their ethos lies in the destruction of the enemy. The leader who refers radically to this plan embodies the will of the people, which must be shaped through race, discipline, education, violence and coercion. Such a people, which constitutes itself in war, remains politically in war at all hours; to ascend, it must tear itself apart and sacrifice .
After the end of the Second World War, the following writings by Freyer were included in the list of literature to be discarded in the Soviet occupation zone : Revolution from the Right (Diederichs, Jena 1931), The Political Semester. A proposal for university reform (Diederichs, Jena 1933), The historical self-awareness of the 20th century (Keller, Leipzig 1937), in the GDR additionally The State (Rechfelden, Leipzig 1925) and Pallas Athene (Diederichs, Jena 1935).
Adenauer Era: Theory of Industrial Society
In his post-war writings there is no fundamental break with earlier works. As before, he belonged to the representatives of an extremely conservative current and had some influence on thinking in the newly founded Federal Republic of Germany .
In 1955, Freyer developed his theory of industrial society with the historical-philosophical and sociological treatise Theory of the Present Age . In it, Freyer describes all social systems before industrialization as grown "primary systems", while the industrial age is described as a "secondary system" consciously produced by humans. In particular, he is concerned with the rapid development of industrial society in the 20th century, characterized by the expansion of technology, the displacement of small companies by large ones and the concentration of human massesin metropolitan areas. According to Freyer, state and society are less and less separated; science gains central importance.
He describes the "industrial system" that emerged from the Industrial Revolution around 1800 as a fundamental epochal change in human relations. He compares this turning point in world history with man's transition to sedentariness .
Freyer draws the conclusion that earlier descriptions of industrial society are currently (1955) no longer applicable and that new key concepts must be formulated. He criticizes the historical "illusion of progress" in Marxism, which assumes that the new human being will be created automatically. On the other hand, he considers alienation to be the normal human condition in industrial society. He also opposes "modern chiliasm ". He sees the kingdom of God as a future secularized “paradise of civilization”. Although he rejects all historical optimism, he approves of cultural criticismPhilosophers of history, who conjure up an ongoing "crisis myth" and want to condemn and limit technical development, do not agree. Rather, he assumes that technical progress is an important part of the industrial age. Freyer refers to the balance between "technology negation" and "technology glorification".
As a way forward in the industrial age, he emphasizes the value of conservative thinking and acting for the present (1955). Freyer sees the combination of progress and perseverance as the "secret" of history. Accordingly, the forces of mankind grow out of tradition . The representatives of the Conservative Revolution and the conservative reformers acted accordingly. However, recourse to tradition should not refer to “primitive instincts” or “primeval things”, but to the “unused” forces that can be mobilized “without falsification” from the “deep layers” of human heritage are based, which become active under the conditions of modern times and thus show their ability to change. His aim was to combine conservatism with a "modern" theory of industrial society. These views had great influence in the Adenauer era.
List of works
Antäus. Grundlegung einer Ethik des bewußten Lebens, 1918
Die Bewertung der Wirtschaft im philosophischen Denken des 19. Jahrhunderts, 1921
Prometheus. Ideen zur Philosophie der Kultur, 1923
Theorie des objektiven Geistes. Eine Einleitung in die Kulturphilosophie", 1923
Der Staat, 1925
Soziologie als Wirklichkeitswissenschaft. Logische Grundlegung des Systems der Soziologie, 1930
Einleitung in die Soziologie, 1931
Die Revolution von rechts, 1931
Herrschaft und Planung. Zwei Grundbegriffe der politischen Ethik, 1933
Pallas Athene. Ethik des politischen Volkes, 1935
Über Fichtes Machiavelli-Aufsatz, 1936
Die politische Insel. Eine Geschichte der Utopien von Platon bis zur Gegenwart, 1936
Vom geschichtlichen Selbstbewußtsein des 20. Jahrhunderts, 1937
Gesellschaft und Geschichte, 1937
Machiavelli, 1938
Weltgeschichte Europas, 2 Bände, 1948
Theorie des gegenwärtigen Zeitalters, 1955
Schwelle der Zeiten. Beiträge zur Soziologie der Kultur, 1965
Entwicklungstendenzen und Probleme der modernen Industriegesellschaft, in: Industriegesellschaft in Ost und West, Mainz
Herrschaft, Planung und Technik. Aufsätze zur Soziologie, published and introduced by Elfriede Üner, 1987
See also
Arnold Gehlen
Gotthard Günther
Ernest Manheim
Heinz Maus
Helmut Schelsky
References
Further reading
Freyer, Hans, 1998. Theory of Objective Mind: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Culture. Translated and with an introduction by Steven Grosby.
Muller, Jerry Z., 1988. The Other God that Failed : Hans Freyer and the Deradicalization of German Conservatism.
------, 2002. The Mind and the Market: Capitalism in Western Thought''. Anchor Books.
External links
FROM HISTORICAL STRUCTURES TO TEMPORAL LAYERS: HANS FREYER AND CONCEPTUAL HISTORY
1887 births
1969 deaths
Conservative Revolutionary movement
German Lutherans
German sociologists
German Youth Movement
Academic staff of Leipzig University
People from the Kingdom of Saxony
University of Greifswald alumni
Academic staff of the University of Münster
German male writers
20th-century German philosophers
20th-century Lutherans |
31374512 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%20destroyer%20Z10%20Hans%20Lody | German destroyer Z10 Hans Lody | Z10 Hans Lody was a built for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine in the mid-1930s. At the beginning of World War II on 1 September 1939, the ship was initially deployed to blockade the Polish coast, but she was quickly transferred to the North Sea to lay defensive minefields. In late 1939 the ship laid multiple offensive minefields off the English coast that claimed nine merchant ships and she crippled a British destroyer during one of these missions.
Hans Lody was under repair for most of the Norwegian Campaign and was transferred to France in late 1940 where she participated in several engagements with British ships, crippling another destroyer. The ship returned to Germany in late 1940 for a refit and was transferred to Norway in June 1941 as part of the preparations for Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. Hans Lody spent some time at the beginning of the campaign conducting anti-shipping patrols in Soviet waters, but these were generally fruitless. She escorted a number of German convoys in the Arctic later in the year before returning to Germany in September for machinery repairs.
The ship returned to Norway in mid-1942, but was badly damaged when she ran aground in July and did not return until April 1943. Hans Lody participated in the German attack (Operation Zitronella) on the Norwegian island of Spitzbergen, well north of the Arctic Circle and then spent the next six months on convoy duties in southern Norway. The ship began a lengthy refit in April 1944 and was not operational for the next year. She spent April 1945 escorting convoys in Danish waters before making one voyage to rescue refugees in East Prussia in May. Hans Lody was assigned to the Royal Navy after the war and used as a training ship and then a barracks ship before being broken up for scrap in 1949.
Design and description
Z10 Hans Lody had an overall length of and was long at the waterline. The ship had a beam of , and a maximum draft of . She displaced at standard load and at deep load. The two Wagner geared steam turbine sets, each driving one propeller shaft, were designed to produce using steam provided by six high-pressure Wagner boilers. The ship had a designed speed of and she reached a maximum speed of 37.8 knots from during her sea trials. Hans Lody carried a maximum of of fuel oil which was intended to give a range of at a speed of , but the ship proved top-heavy in service and 30% of the fuel had to be retained as ballast low in the ship. The effective range proved to be only at 19 knots. The crew numbered 10 officers and 315 enlisted men, plus an additional four officers and 19 enlisted men if serving as a flotilla flagship.
The ship carried five SK C/34 guns in single mounts with gun shields, two each superimposed, fore and aft. The fifth gun was carried on top of the aft superstructure. Her anti-aircraft armament consisted of four SK C/30 guns in two twin mounts abreast the rear funnel and six C/30 guns in single mounts. Hans Lody carried eight above-water torpedo tubes in two power-operated mounts. A pair of reload torpedoes were provided for each mount. Four depth charge throwers were mounted on the sides of the rear deckhouse and they were supplemented by six racks for individual depth charges on the sides of the stern. Enough depth charges were carried for either two or four patterns of 16 charges each. Mine rails could be fitted on the rear deck that had a maximum capacity of 60 mines. A system of passive hydrophones designated as 'GHG' (Gruppenhorchgerät) was fitted to detect submarines and the S-Gerät active sonar system was scheduled to be installed during February 1940.
During the war the ship's light anti-aircraft armament was augmented several times. In 1941, improved 2 cm C/38 guns replaced the original C/30 guns and three additional guns were added. The two guns on the aft shelter deck were replaced at some point by a single 2 cm quadruple Flakvierling mount, probably in 1942. During her 1944–45 refit, Hans Lody received the "Barbara" anti-aircraft refit in which all of her existing 3.7 cm and most of her 2 cm guns were replaced. She retained her Flakvierling mount and the remainder of her anti-aircraft armament now consisted of seven twin 3.7 cm SK M/42 mounts and three twin 2 cm mounts.
Construction and career
Z10 Hans Lody, named after naval reservist Carl Hans Lody who was executed by the British as a spy during World War I, was ordered on 4 August 1934 and laid down at Germaniawerft, Kiel, on 1 April 1935 as yard number G536. She was launched on 14 May 1936 and completed on 13 September 1938. The destroyer was assigned to the 8th Destroyer Division (8. Zerstörerdivision) upon completion and participated in the homecoming celebrations for the Condor Legion on 30 May 1939 under her first commander, Lieutenant Commander (Korvettenkapitän) Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer.
When World War II began in September 1939, Hans Lody was initially deployed in the Baltic to operate against the Polish Navy and to enforce a blockade of Poland, but she was soon transferred to the German Bight where she joined her sisters in laying defensive minefields. While loading mines on 4 September, one exploded aboard Hans Lody, killing two crewmen and wounded six others, and slightly damaging the ship's stern. The ship later patrolled the Skagerrak to inspect neutral shipping for contraband goods, losing one man overboard and three injured during a storm at the end of October. On the night of 18/19 November, Commander (Fregattenkapitän) Erich Bey, in his flagship Z15 Erich Steinbrinck, led and Hans Lody, in laying a minefield off the Humber Estuary that claimed another seven ships of 38,710 Gross Register Tons (GRT), including the Polish ocean liner of 14,294 GRT.
Bey, now using Hans Lody as his flagship, left port on the morning of 6 December with and Z11 Bernd von Arnim to lay a minefield off Cromer. The latter ship had severe boiler problems and was ordered to return to port in the late afternoon while the other two continued their mission. They spotted several darkened ships as they approached their destination, including the destroyers and , but were not spotted in return. As the two German destroyers withdrew after having laid their mines, they spotted the two British destroyers again at a range of and closed to attack. When the range dropped to , Lody fired three torpedoes at Juno, the leading British ship, while Giese fired four at Jersey. None of Lodys torpedoes struck their target, but one of Gieses hit Jersey abreast her aft torpedo mount. The torpedo detonated in an oil fuel tank and started a major fire. Neither British ship spotted the German destroyers and they continued on while Juno turned about to help her sister. Two British ships totalling 5,286 GRT were sunk by this minefield. Hans Lody began a refit at Wesermünde on 9 December that was not finished until 22 May 1940.
In June Hans Lody was tasked to escort the battleships and , as well as the heavy cruiser , in Operation Juno, a planned attack on Harstad, Norway, to relieve pressure on the German garrison at Narvik. The ships sortied on 8 June and sank the troop transport , the oil tanker and the minesweeping trawler en route, Hans Lody delivering the coup de grâce on the first two of these. The German commander, Admiral Wilhelm Marschall, then ordered the Admiral Hipper and all four destroyers to Trondheim because of the heavy weather, where they arrived in the morning of 9 June. The two battleships continued the sortie and sank the aircraft carrier and her two escorting destroyers, although Scharnhorst was badly damaged by a torpedo from the destroyer in the engagement. The battleship was escorted home by Hans Lody and her sisters Steinbrinck and for repairs. The destroyer was lightly damaged during an air raid on 13 June, but was back in service a week later. She returned to Norway in time to screen the crippled Gneisenau as she returned to Kiel on 25 July, suffering a minor collision with the battleship en route.
Hans Lody transferred to France on 9 September in preparation for Operation Sealion, the planned invasion of Great Britain. Now based at Brest, the ship helped to lay a minefield in Falmouth Bay during the night of 28/29 September. Five ships totalling only 2,026 GRT were sunk by this minefield. During a Royal Air Force air raid on Brest on 10 October, Hans Lody was slightly damaged by bomb splinters and strafing, losing two crewmen killed and seven wounded during the attack. Bey led Hans Lody and four other destroyers during a sortie for the Southwest Approaches on 17 October and were intercepted by a British force of two light cruisers and five destroyers. The British opened fire at extreme range and were forced to disengage in the face of long-range torpedo volleys and attacks by Luftwaffe bombers without having hit any of the German ships. On the night of 24–25 November, Hans Lody and the destroyers and sortied from Brest, bound for the Land's End area. En route they encountered some fishing ships south-west of Wolf Rock and engaged them with gunfire with little effect. The German ships then spotted a small convoy and sank one of the three merchantmen and damaged another. The flash from the guns alerted the five destroyers of the British 5th Destroyer Flotilla, but they could not intercept the German destroyers before dawn. Three nights later the German ships sortied again for the same area. They encountered two tugboats and a barge, but only sank one of the former and the barge, totaling 424 GRT. This time the 5th Destroyer Flotilla was able to intercept around 06:30 on 29 November. The Germans opened fire first, each destroyer firing four torpedoes, of which only two from Hans Lody hit their target, . The torpedoes hit at each end of the ship and blew off her bow and stern, but the British were able to tow her home. Hans Lody was hit by two 2-pounder (40 mm) shells during the engagement, but suffered no casualties. The ship returned home on 5 December for a refit in Wesermünde that lasted until April 1941.
1941–1942
She was one of the escorts for the battleship and the heavy cruiser from Cape Arkona to Trondheim on 19–22 May as they sortied into the North Atlantic. The following month, Hans Lody escorted the heavy cruiser Lützow from Kiel to Norway as the latter ship attempted to break through the British blockade. Several Bristol Beaufort aircraft spotted Lützow and her escorts en route and one managed to surprise the ships and torpedo the cruiser early on the morning of 13 June, forcing her to return to Germany for repairs. Z10 Hans Lody was then sent to Kirkenes, Norway, in July. Now a part of the 6th Destroyer Flotilla (6. Zerstörerflottille), she participated in a sortie on 12–13 July that sank two small Soviet ships at the cost of expending 80% of their ammunition. Her participation in another sortie on 22 July had to be cancelled due to condenser problems. When the British aircraft carriers and attacked Petsamo and Kirkenes on 29 July, the destroyers were far to the east and could not catch the British ships before they left the area. The German destroyers sortied into the Kola Inlet on 9 August where they sank one small Soviet patrol vessel. The flotilla was now assigned to escort convoys between Tromsø and Kirkenes; during one of these missions, the submarine Trident sank two troop-carrying freighters, and despite the destroyers. Hans Lody depth-charged Trident without significant effect and rescued 38 survivors from the two ships. The ship departed for Germany for repairs to her boilers on 27 September.
After repairs were completed, she screened Lützow during her voyage to Trondheim 15–20 May 1942 and laid a minefield in the Skaggerak en route. Hans Lody was damaged when a valve was left open and flooded the starboard engine room in early June and required two weeks to be repaired. She was one of four destroyers assigned to escort the battleship during Operation Rösselsprung (Knight's Move), an attack on the Russia-bound Convoy PQ 17. The ships sailed from Trondheim on 2 July for the first stage of the operation, although three of the destroyers, including Hans Lody, assigned to Tirpitzs escort ran aground in the dark and heavy fog and were forced to return to port for repairs. After temporary repairs, she was towed back to Kiel for permanent repairs on 25 July. Three days later the ships were attacked without effect by three Beaufort torpedo bombers. Korvettenkapitän Karl-Adolf Zenker assumed command in August. The dockyard estimated the time to repair Hans Lody at six months or more and the Kriegsmarine gave serious consideration to decommissioning her as uneconomical to repair, but was persuaded to repair her anyway.
1943–1949
By 1943, the ship had received a FuMO 21 search radar. During sea trials on 15 February 1943, a fire broke out in an engine room; repairs were not completed until 22 April and the ship then returned to Norway. In September the ship participated in Operation Zitronella, ferrying troops of the 349th Grenadier Regiment (Grenadier-Regiment) of the 230th Infantry Division to destroy Norwegian facilities on the island of Spitzbergen, together with Tirpitz and the battleship Scharnhorst, escorted by eight other destroyers. While successful, the operation was primarily intended to boost the morale of the ships stationed in the Arctic when fuel shortages limited their activities and the Allies reestablished the bases five weeks later. Hans Lody and her sisters then spent the next six months in southern Norway laying minefields at the entrance to the Skaggerak and escorting convoys to and from Norway. She was ordered to Kiel at the end of April 1944 for a lengthy refit that lasted until February 1945. Sometime in 1944, the ship had her radar replaced by a FuMO 24 search radar and her foremast was rebuilt in a goal-post shape to allow the antenna to fully rotate. A FuMO 63 K Hohentwiel radar replaced the searchlight on its platform abaft the rear funnel. After working up, the ship was assigned convoy escort duties in the Skaggerak on 5 April. A month later, Hans Lody departed Copenhagen to load refugees at the Hela Peninsula in East Prussia; she had about 1,500 aboard when she returned on 7 May. The ship sailed to Kiel the next day and was decommissioned on 9 May.
The Royal Navy assumed control of her the following day and sailed her to Wilhelmshaven where she waited while the Allies decided on the disposition of the captured ships. She was allocated to Britain at the end of 1945 and arrived at Portsmouth on 7 January 1946 where she was allocated the pennant number of R38, later H40. The ship was initially used to familiarize the British on her high-pressure boilers until October when she was used as accommodation ship in Southampton. Hans Lody arrived at Sunderland under tow on 17 July 1949 to be broken up.
Notes
Citations
References
External links
Kriegsmarine destroyers
1936 ships
Ships built in Kiel
Type 1934 destroyers |
65906298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321%20ZhHL%20season | 2020–21 ZhHL season | The 2020–21 ZhHL season was the sixth season of the Zhenskaya Hockey League (ZhHL) since the league was established in 2015. It was the 26th season in which the women's ice hockey Russian Championship was contested.
League business
Team changes
In the first week of July 2020, Dynamo St. Petersburg unexpectedly announced that they would be withdrawing from the league immediately, due to insufficient funding. Seven Dynamo players were then signed by SK Gorny St. Petersburg, but that club soon ran into financial difficulties as well, due in large part to being dropped by their main sponsor.
A few weeks after Dynamo's folding, the league announced the creation of a new team, МSМО 7.62 to fill the vacancy. Playing out of Podmoskovie Ice Palace in Voskresensk, Moscow Oblast, 7.62's roster was filed entirely by players 18 and under, several of whom were members of the Russian national junior team.
Ultimately, SK Gorny was unable to attract sufficient sponsor investment and folded. Facing the very real possibility of St. Petersburg having zero ZhHL teams active for the 2020–21 season, a partnership between the junior department of HC Dinamo Saint Petersburg and the SKA-Neva club was able to establish a new team at the last moment. The team, called Dinamo-Neva Saint Petersburg (also romanized as Dynamo-Neva), included players from the 2019–20 rosters of both Dynamo St. Petersburg and SK Gorny and was coached by Russian women's national team head coach Yevgeni Bobariko.
Schedule
On 19 August 2020, the league released its schedule for the season, with the opening matches to be played on the 19 September. The schedule included a two-month gap without any games from December to February, time that could be used to accommodate rescheduling due to the pandemic and in which the league's All-Star Game and the 2021 Winter Universiade would be held (the Universiade was later rescheduled for December 2021 and ultimately cancelled). However, a day before the season was due to begin, the league postponed the start of the season to 3 October after encountering issues securing Russian visas for KRS Vanke Rays players – all but two of whom were international players – and in the hopes that SK Gorny may find sufficient sponsorships to participate. The delay also allowed teams to hold a short pre-season training camp.
Showcases
On 22 December 2020, the Russian national ZhHL team (active ZhHL players who are also members of the Russian national team) competed in the second annual "Priceless Match" (), an outdoor showcase game which pits the team against a men's team of high-profile Russian retired athletes, business executives, and arts and entertainment personalities.
COVID-19 impact
KRS Vanke Rays temporarily relocated from Shenzhen Dayun Arena in Shenzhen to the Ice Palace V.M. Bobrova in Stupino, Moscow Oblast for the 2020–21 season due to the increased immigration restrictions for entry into Russia that were implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia.
Players are tested for the virus once every five days, and before the start of every game.
Broadcasting
The league streamed many games on its official YouTube channel, the same streaming option used in the previous season. In Russia, select games were also aired on the KHL TV channel.
Limited public attendance was permitted at games throughout much of the season.
Teams
*Temporary relocation for 2020–21 season
Standings
The regular season began on 3 October 2020 and concluded on 27 February 2021, with the four most successful teams securing playoff berths.
The KRS Vanke Rays claimed their first regular season championship title after registering an exceptional 76 point season with a 26-2–0 win–loss record. The KRS Vanke Rays victory decisively ended the three-season reign of Agidel Ufa as regular season champs, with Agidel finishing sixteen points behind the Vanke Rays with a 20-7-1 record. SKIF Nizhny Novgorod improved from sixth place in the 2019–20 regular season to claim third place in 2020–21 and were the only team to pose a legitimate threat to Agidel's position in second, ultimately tying Agidel with 60 points and winning more games overall but prevented from higher ranking by an excess of overtime wins in relation to relegation victories. Biryusa Krasnoyarsk claimed fourth place in a repeat of the previous season and trailing the other top ranked teams, with 47 points and a 15-9-4 record.
Player statistics
Scoring leaders
The following skaters lead the league in points at the conclusion of the regular season on 27 February 2021.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
!
! style="width: 10em;" |Player
! style="width: 10em;" |Team
!
! style="width: 3em;" |
! style="width: 3em;" |
! style="width: 3em;" |
! style="width: 3em;" |
!+/−
! style="width: 3em;" |
|-
|1
| style="text-align:left;" |
| style="text-align:left;" |Vanke Rays
|C
|28
|29
|27
!56
|44
|6
|-
|2
| style="text-align:left;" |
| style="text-align:left;" |Tornado
|RW
|28
|26
|27
!53
|17
|30
|-
|3
| style="text-align:left;" |
| style="text-align:left;" |Agidel
|LW
|27
|18
|32
!50
|33
|28
|-
|4
| style="text-align:left;" |
| style="text-align:left;" |Agidel
|F
|25
|15
|28
!43
|20
|14
|-
|5
| style="text-align:left;" |
| style="text-align:left;" |Biryusa
|F
|27
|16
|23
!39
|13
|8
|-
|6
| style="text-align:left;" |
| style="text-align:left;" |Vanke Rays
|F
|28
|17
|20
!37
|24
|28
|-
|7
| style="text-align:left;" |
| style="text-align:left;" |Vanke Rays
|D
|28
|13
|23
!36
|39
|20
|-
|8
| style="text-align:left;" |
| style="text-align:left;" |Agidel
|D
|28
|9
|26
!35
|39
|42
|-
|9
| style="text-align:left;" |
| style="text-align:left;" |Tornado
|D
|28
|14
|20
!34
|17
|26
|-
|10
| style="text-align:left;" |
| style="text-align:left;" |Vanke Rays
|F
|28
|14
|20
!33
|33
|20
|}
KRS Vanke Rays centre and captain Alex Carpenter claimed her second consecutive ZhHL scoring title, averaging two points per game across 28 games and ending the campaign with a total of 56 points (29 goals + 27 assists). Tornado winger and captain Anna Shokhina posted the second highest point total, tallying 53 points (26+27) in 28 games. Carpenter and Shokhina also ranked first and second league for goals, with 29 and 26 respectively. Agidel Ufa winger and alternate captain Olga Sosina topped the league in assists, notching 32 in 27 games and ranking third in scoring with 50 points (18+32).
Megan Bozek of the KRS Vanke Rays was the highest scoring defenceman, earning 36 points (13+23) and ranking eighth overall. Bozek was narrowly followed by defenders Anna Shibanova of Agidel Ufa, with 35 points (9+26), and Nina Pirogova of Tornado Dmitrov, with 34 points (14+20).
Four of the league's eight teams were represented on the list of top ten point leaders for the season: the KRS Vanke Rays, with three forwards and one defenceman; the Agidel Ufa, with two forwards and one defenceman; the Tornado Dmitrov, with one forward and one defenceman; and the Biryusa Krasnoyarsk, represented by forward and captain Valeria Pavlova.
The following players were the top goal scorers of teams not represented in the top ten of the league, listed with their overall league rank:
12. Fanuza Kadirova (F), Dinamo-Neva: 28 GP, 20 G, 11 A, 31 Pts, +13, 18 PIM
39. Yekaterina Likhachyova (F), SKIF: 28 GP, 16 G, 9 A, 25 Pts, −3, 8 PIM
54. Anastasia Nesterova (F), 7.62: 28 GP, 8 G, 2 A, 10 Pts, −23, 12 PIM
58. Alina Narudinova (F), SKSO: 27 GP, 5 G, 3 A, 8 Pts, −31, 16 PIM
Top goaltenders
The following goaltenders lead the league in save percentage at the conclusion of games played on 27 February 2021, while playing a minimum of 600 minutes.
Top backups
The following goaltenders served as secondary or backup goaltenders, playing a minimum of 240 minutes but fewer than 600 minutes in the 2020–21 season. Players are ranked by save percentage at the conclusion of the regular season on 27 February 2021.
Playoffs
Bracket
Semifinals
(1) KRS Vanke Rays vs. (4) Biryusa
All game times in Moscow Time (UTC+03:00)
(2) Agidel Ufa vs. (3) SKIF
All game times in Moscow Time (UTC+03:00)
ZhHL Cup Final
Originally scheduled to be begin on 13 March 2021, the ZhHL announced a postponement of the Zhenskaya Hockey League Cup finals following a positive COVID-19 test for an Agidel player. On 22 March, the league announced that the finals would be postponed until after the 2021 IIHF Women's World Championship Top Division tournament, which had been rescheduled to be held from 6–16 May in Nova Scotia, Canada. The delay became necessary as the required quarantine for Agidel would have created conflicts with the preparations of several national teams for the World Cup. Both teams had a number of national team players: Agidel had several players representing and one player representing the , and the KRS Vanke Rays had players representing the Czech Republic, Finland, Russia, the United States, and several Canadian prospects. At the time of announcement, dates for the rescheduled finals had not been determined.
Ultimately, the 2021 World Championship in Nova Scotia was canceled and the tournament was relocated to Calgary and played during 20–31 August. As promised, the ZhHL Championship Finals were played following Worlds and began on 7 September. This created an unusual situation in which the KRS Vanke Rays participated in the playoff final with a roster of twelve or more players who had not played in the 2020–21 regular season or first round of the playoffs and lost several key players, including captain Alex Carpenter. In contrast, Agidel Ufa added only one player – 15 year old Maria Mikaelyan – and participated in the final with a nearly identical roster to the 2020–21 season.
All game times in Moscow Time (UTC+03:00)
References
External links
Official website
ZhHL season
2020–21 in Russian ice hockey leagues
Zhenskaya Hockey League |
348486 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity%20Broadcasting%20Network | Trinity Broadcasting Network | The Trinity Broadcasting Network (TBN; legally Trinity Broadcasting of Texas, Inc.) is an international Christian-based broadcast television network and the world's largest religious television network. TBN was headquartered in Costa Mesa, California, until March 3, 2017, when it sold its highly visible office park, Trinity Christian City. The broadcaster retained its studios in nearby Tustin. Auxiliary studio facilities are located in Irving, Hendersonville, Gadsden, Decatur, Miami and Orlando, Tulsa and New York City. TBN has characterized itself as broadcasting programs hosted by a diverse group of ministries from Evangelical, traditional Protestant and Catholic denominations, non-profit charities, Messianic Jewish and Christian media personalities. TBN also offers a wide range of original programming, faith-based films, and political opinion commentary from various distributors.
TBN owns and operates six broadcast networks, each reaching separate demographics. In addition to the main TBN network, TBN owns TBN Inspire, Smile, TBN Enlace (how TBN distributes Enlace in the United States), TBN Salsa and Positiv. It also owns several other religious networks outside the United States, including international versions of its five U.S. networks. Matt Crouch is currently TBN's president and head of operations.
History
The Trinity Broadcasting Network was co-founded as the Trinity Broadcasting Systems in 1973 by Paul Crouch, an Assemblies of God minister, and his spouse Jan Crouch. TBN began its broadcasting activities by renting time on the independent station KBSA (now UniMás owned-and-operated station KFTR-DT) in Ontario, California. After that station was sold, he began buying two hours a day of programming time on KLXA-TV in Fontana, California, in early 1974. That station was put up for sale shortly afterward. Paul Crouch then placed a bid to buy the station for $1 million and raised $100,000 for a down payment. After many struggles, the Crouches managed to raise the down payment and took over the station outright, with the station becoming KTBN-TV in 1977 and its city of license being reassigned to TBN's original homebase, Santa Ana, in 1983.
Initially, the station ran Christian programs for about six hours a day, expanding its programming to 12 hours a day by 1975, and began selling time to other Christian organizations to supplement its local programming. The station eventually instituted a 24-hour schedule in 1978.
The fledgling network was so weak in its first days, that, according to Crouch in his autobiography, Hello World!, it almost went bankrupt after just two days on the air. TBN began national distribution through cable television providers in 1978. The ministry, which became known as the Trinity Broadcasting Network, gained national distribution via communications satellite in 1982. The network was a member of the National Religious Broadcasters association until 1990.
In 1977, the ministry purchased KPAZ-TV in Phoenix, Arizona, becoming its second television station property. During the 1980s and 1990s, TBN purchased additional independent television stations and signed on new stations around the United States; the purchase of the existing stations was done in order to gain cable carriage, due to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)'s must-carry rules. TBN's availability eventually expanded to 95% of American households by early 2005.
Group
TBN has 30 Christian channels around the world.
Broadcast outlets
TBN owns 35 full-power television stations serving larger metropolitan areas in the United States; at its peak, the network also owned 252 low-power television stations, which are mixed among stations serving medium-sized cities and rural translator stations in order to maximize the network's reach as much as is permissible. TBN also has several hundred affiliate stations throughout the United States, although just 61 of these are full-power UHF or VHF stations; the rest are low-powered stations, requiring a viewer to be within several miles of the transmitter to receive the signal. According to TVNewsCheck, TBN was the third largest over-the-air television station group in the country as of 2010, besting the station groups of CBS, Fox and NBC, but behind Ion Media Networks and Univision Communications.
Many of TBN's stations are owned by the ministry outright, while others are owned through the subsidiary Community Educational Television, in order to own stations that TBN cannot acquire directly due to FCC ownership limits (which restrict companies from owning stations with a combined market reach of 39% of the United States), or are allocated for educational use and require additional programming to comply with that license purpose. TBN's programming is available by default via a national feed distributed to cable and satellite providers in markets without a local TBN station (this contrasts with the major commercial networks, which under FCC regulations, allow providers to import an owned-and-operated or affiliate station from a nearby market if no local over-the-air affiliate exists).
Worldwide, TBN's channels are broadcast on 70 satellites and over 18,000 television and cable affiliates. The TBN networks are also streamed live on the internet globally; the network also provides select archived shows on demand, through the website and select IPTV services.
During 2010, citing economic problems and a lack of donations, TBN closed down and sold many of its low-powered television repeaters. Of those, 17 were sold to another Christian television network, Daystar. On April 13, 2012, TBN sold 36 of its translators to Regal Media, a broadcasting group headed by George Cooney, the CEO of EUE/Screen Gems.
Another 151 translators were donated to the Minority Media and Television Council (MMTC), an organization designed to preserve equal opportunity and civil rights in the media; MMTC would later sell 78 of these translators to Luken Communications, parent company of the Retro Television Network. Four more translators in Dothan, Alabama; Kirksville, Missouri; Jonesboro, Arkansas; and Jackson, Tennessee, were sold by MMTC to New Moon Communications, with the intent to convert them into NBC affiliates. However, in September 2012, New Moon put all four of these translators for sale. Only Gray Television would purchase a transmitter in Dothan, which was converted into NBC affiliate WRGX-LD; the licenses in Ottumwa (KUMK-LP) and Jackson (WZMC-LP) would later be canceled (the NBC affiliate in Jackson, WNBJ-LD, operates using a different license). Its Jonesboro transmitter, KJNE-LP remained silent but with an active license; however, that market's ABC affiliate KAIT ended up obtaining the NBC affiliation instead, via a subchannel. KJNE-LP ended up becoming a translator station of Fox affiliate KJNB-LD. Another 44 of the licenses that were donated by TBN to the MMTC would be canceled on December 1, 2011, due to remaining silent for over a year.
On October 22, 2012, TBN acquired WRBJ-TV in Jackson, Mississippi from Roberts Broadcasting. Following FCC and bankruptcy court approval on January 17, 2013, TBN officially took over operational control of WRBJ on May 24, 2013, dropping all secular and CW network programming and converting it into a full-time satellite of TBN (the network was previously available in the Jackson area on WJKO-LP, which was later sold to Daystar).
On July 8, 2013, TBN announced an affiliation with the Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada religious station Miracle Channel; as part of the agreement, Miracle Channel added some of TBN's flagship programs, including Praise The Lord and Behind The Scenes, while TBN picked up programs shown on Miracle Channel, including services from the Springs Church (of which Miracle Channel CEO Leon Fontaine is a pastor), and The Leon Show on The Church Channel. Plans were also announced for Fontaine to become a regular host on Praise the Lord and four episodes per-year to originate from Canada, and for Miracle Channel and TBN co-produce a new weekly program.
Digital television
The signals of TBN's television stations are multiplexed into digital subchannels, which carry additional networks operated by the organization. These subchannels typically include:
TBN Inspire (DT2), a channel that carries church services and worship music programming. The network has an output deal with Australia's Hillsong Church.
Smile (DT3), a channel which carries children's Christian programming.
TBN Enlace USA (DT4), a localized feed of the Costa Rica-based Spanish-language Christian broadcaster Enlace.
Positiv (DT5), a channel which carries Christian films.
Programming
Overview
TBN produces a variety of original Christian programs, such as gospel music concerts, live coverage of major Christian events, talk shows, health/fitness/nutrition programs with Christian family doctors, children's programs, contemporary Christian music videos, marriage enrichment series, holiday specials, Christian dramas, and full-length, family-oriented movies. In addition, the network airs local religious programming on each of their feeds.
The network's flagship program Praise is hosted by various regular and guest hosts, including TBN president Matt Crouch and his wife Laurie Crouch. It features interviews with celebrities, ministers, and laypeople discussing faith-based topics and their personal relationship with God; as well as musical performances from gospel and contemporary Christian artists. The program originated as Praise the Lord, was regularly hosted by TBN founders Paul and Jan Crouch, and was originally two or three hours long. Until 2017, local versions of Praise the Lord were produced by TBN owned-and-operated stations and affiliates in order to fulfill public affairs content guidelines.
Children's programming
TBN runs VeggieTales under the "Smile" banner on Saturdays 810 a.m Eastern Time to fulfill E/I programming requirements as per the FCC's Children's Television Act. Programs previously featured as part of the lineup, which are also broadcast on TBN's Smile network, ranged from contemporary programs (such as 3-2-1 Penguins!), classic series (such as Davey and Goliath), and TBN originals (such as iShine Knect and Mary Rice Hopkins & Puppets with a Heart).
Regularly scheduled shows
Source:
Classic Billy Graham Crusades
Changing Your Life with Gregory Dickow
Changing Your World with Creflo A. Dollar
Destined to Reign with Joseph Prince
End of the Age with Irvin Baxter, Jr.
Equip and Empower with Christine Caine
Enjoying Everyday Life with Joyce Meyer
Gospel Truth with Andrew Wommack
Grace with Max Lucado
Harvest with Greg Laurie
Hour of Power
In Touch with Dr. Charles Stanley
Joel Osteen Ministries
John Hagee Today
Kingdom Connection with Jentezen Franklin
Leading the Way with Michael Youssef
Life Today with James Robison
Living Proof with Beth Moore
Manna-Fest with Perry Stone
The Potter's Touch with Bishop TD Jakes
Power Point with Jack Graham
Praise (flagship program; various hosts)
The 700 Club (hosted by Gordon P. Robertson)
Touching Lives with Dr. James Merritt
Turning Point with David Jeremiah
Winning Walk with Ed Young Sr.
Personalities featured on TBN
Steven Furtick
Mike Huckabee
Movies
Since 2009, TBN has broadcast feature-length religious- and/or inspirational-themed films; these films air primarily on weekend evenings (with films based on biblical stories most commonly airing on Sundays), with more contemporary films – which often incorporate moral lessons, faith-based lessons or a combination thereof, and are commonly targeted at youth audiences – airing on Saturday nights as part of the network's "preview" block of JUCE TV programs and intermittently on Monday through Fridays during the late-afternoon and overnight hours.
Films produced by or for TBN have included The Revolutionary and The Revolutionary II (based on the life of Jesus); The Emissary (a film on the life of the apostle Paul); The Omega Code and its sequel Megiddo: The Omega Code 2; Carman: The Champion; Time Changer; and Six: The Mark Unleashed (starring Stephen Baldwin and David A.R. White). Some of these films were produced by Gener8Xion Entertainment, TBN's Hollywood, California-based Christian motion picture studio, which was co-founded by Matt and Laurie Crouch.
TBN also broadcasts films from other production companies on its main network and some of its sister networks (in particular, JUCE TV and Smile of a Child TV in the U.S.). One notable film was Mel Gibson's The Passion of the Christ, which had its television premiere on TBN on April 17, 2011. TBN presented the film with much of the graphic violence included (due to its depiction of the events leading to and including the crucifixion of Jesus Christ as illustrated in Biblical teachings); as a result, TBN assigned a "TV-MA-V" rating for the film – a rarity for many Christian networks.
TBN HD
On December 15, 2009, the Trinity Broadcasting Network became the first Christian television network to broadcast completely in high definition. However, until 2018 only the national cable-satellite feed was transmitted in HD; TBN's owned-and-operated broadcast stations were not equipped to allow HD broadcasts due partly to the bandwidth limitations caused by its mandatory carriage of five subchannels over a single broadcast signal and the lack of a modern multiplexer at the transmitter level, disallowing TBN's master control from sending the main feed in high definition or widescreen standard definition (this is in comparison to Ion Media Networks, which carries five to six multiplex services on most of its stations – including its flagship network Ion Television, which is transmitted in high-definition); the primary TBN network feed is transmitted in standard-definition by its owned-and-operated stations and affiliates. Thus, widescreen programming on TBN's broadcast services were offered over-the-air in a letterboxed 4:3 picture format, though they are offered in their native formats on pay television and IPTV services (including TBN's mobile and digital media player apps, the latter requiring email authentication and an opt-in to the network's mailing list as of June 2018). At some point in 2018, some TBN over-the-air stations upgraded their primary feed and second subchannel to 720p HD, where available and/or technically possible.
Charitable and humanitarian initiatives
Smile of a Child Foundation
The Smile of a Child Foundation is a compassion-focused ministry, founded in 2005 by TBN co-founder Jan Crouch initially as a vehicle to reach the children of Haiti, providing food, medical care, toys and disaster relief to people in need. Crouch has over 20 years of personal involvement with the island country, having established a children's hospital, an orphanage and a school in Haiti. TBN spent millions in donations and other funding on these humanitarian projects.
Following the January 12, 2010, Haiti earthquake, TBN made immediate contributions of $100,000 through Lake Charles, Louisiana-based Friend Ships, which speeds emergency relief aid and medical expertise all over the world in its fleet of dedicated cargo/ministry ships. Friend Ships has been partnering with TBN and Smile since 1992, Paul Crouch personally donated a Bell 206 Jet Ranger helicopter to the humanitarian organization.
In May 2009, the United Nations officially recommended the Smile of a Child Foundation to receive special consultative status with the Economic and Social Council for the Democracy Coalition Project.
Attractions
Trinity Music City
Trinity Music City is an entertainment complex in Hendersonville, Tennessee; near Nashville, operated by TBN and serving as the studios for TBN's Nashville-area station, WPGD-TV. Formerly known as "Twitty City", the former estate of country music legend Conway Twitty, the complex includes the 2,000-seat Trinity Music City Church Auditorium, which is used for TBN-produced concerts, dramas, seminars and special events. A 50-seat virtual reality theater showcases four original productions from TBN Films.
Trinity Christian City International
Trinity Christian City International was a complex in Costa Mesa, California, which served as the headquarters for TBN as well as a tourist attraction. On March 3, 2017, it was announced by The Christian media network that Trinity Christian City International had been sold to Greenlaw Partners, because TBN now finds its campus "obsolete". A sales price was not disclosed. On April 12, 2017, it was revealed that the sales price was $18.25 million.
Holy Land Experience
In June 2007, TBN purchased the bible-themed adventure park Holy Land Experience in Orlando, Florida, for $37 million.
Controversies
Theology
Trinity Broadcasting Network had previously come under heavy criticism for its promotion of the prosperity gospel, teaching viewers that they will receive a reward if they donate or give offerings. In a 2004 interview with the Los Angeles Times, Paul Crouch, Jr. expressed his disappointment that "the prosperity gospel is a lightning rod for the Body of Christ. It's not what drives TBN." Under leadership of Matt Crouch, TBN no longer adheres to or practices that theology, and programming changes such as removing Kenneth Copeland reflect that shift.
TBN has always broadcast programming featuring Protestant pastors who are not into the prosperity gospel, such as Charles Stanley, Jack Graham, Franklin Graham, Billy Graham, Michael Youssef, David Jeremiah and Robert Jeffress. Senator Chuck Grassley, the chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Finance has conducted investigations into whether Joyce Meyer and Benny Hinn mishandled their finances; neither were found to have committed wrongdoing.
Wealth and transparency
TBN is a 501(c)(3) non-profit company. Full disclosure of TBN's financial statements have been evaluated by Charity Navigator, the largest evaluator of charities and non-profit companies in the U.S. TBN has received a three out of four star rating for four consecutive years, and in 2009 earned a rating of two out of four stars due to a 2% increase in administrative costs in 2009; the report also revealed that for the fiscal year ending December 2009, TBN president Paul Crouch, Sr. earned $419,500; co-vice president Jan Crouch earned $361,000; and co-vice president Paul Crouch, Jr. earned $214,137. TBN is currently under Donor Advisory status with Charity Navigator.
Another charity watchdog group, Ministry Watch, gave TBN an "F" in 2011 for its failure to provide financial statements, lack of timeliness in responding to correspondence, and its lack of clarity in the provided information. As a result, TBN was placed on the group's alert list annually since 2009.
TBN's annual financial information is monitored by the Chronicle of Philanthropy, where it is ranked 243 out of the top 400 non-profit corporations in the United States. TBN is not a member of the Evangelical Council for Financial Accountability.
In 2011, Paul Crouch, Jr. resigned from his position as co-vice president on TBN. On November 10 of that year, Crouch, Jr. joined The Word Network as its Director of Project Development.
In February 2012, Brittany Koper, TBN's former Director of Finance (and the daughter of Paul Crouch Jr.), filed a lawsuit against her former attorneys, Davert & Loe. The three counts of the complaint were for breach of fiduciary duties, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and professional negligence. In this lawsuit, Koper alleged that TBN unlawfully distributed over $50 million to the ministry's directors. Koper filed the suit following the termination of her employment with TBN. Davert & Loe, who also represented TBN, denied her claims. Koper's suit against Davert & Loe is pending; no official judicial ruling has been made in this matter. In a May 2012 interview with The New York Times, Koper claimed, "My job as finance director was to find ways to label extravagant personal spending as ministry expenses." Koper alleged that the network had herself and chauffeurs and sound engineers ordained as ministers in order to avoid paying Social Security taxes on their salaries.
Lawsuits
In September 2004, the Los Angeles Times reported that Paul Crouch had paid former TBN employee Enoch Lonnie Ford a $425,000 formal settlement to end a wrongful termination lawsuit in 1998. Ford alleged that he and Crouch had a homosexual tryst during his employment with the ministry. TBN officials acknowledged the settlement but contested Ford's credibility, noting that he had previously been convicted for child molestation and drug abuse. In 1996, Ford was fired by TBN after he was arrested for drug-related offenses and returned to prison for a year. Ford allegedly threatened to sue TBN for wrongful termination and sexual harassment after the network refused to hire him following his release, resulting in his claims against Crouch. TBN officials stated that the settlement was made in order to avoid a lengthy and expensive lawsuit.
In late 2003, Ford attempted to extort Crouch, threatening to release an autobiographical manuscript of their alleged affair if TBN did not purchase the document for $10 million. In October 2004, Judge Robert J. O'Neill awarded Crouch $136,000 in legal fees to be paid by Ford for his violation of the terms of the settlement agreement, specifically the prohibition of discussing the details of the settlement. On March 15, 2005, Ford appeared on the PAX TV reality series Lie Detector to be given a polygraph test; the results of the test were never broadcast or made public.
In June 2012, the Orange County Register reported that Carra Crouch, a granddaughter of Paul and Jan Crouch, alleged in a lawsuit that she had been raped by a TBN employee when she was 13 years old. Carra claimed to have been sexually abused while staying at an Atlanta hotel during TBN's "Spring Praise-a-Thon" in 2006. She also claimed that Jan Crouch and TBN attorney John Casoria blamed her for the incident, yet agreed not to turn the fired employee in to authorities if he did not file for unemployment, worker's comp or EEOC benefits. TBN attorney Colby May "vehemently denied" Carra's claims. In 2017, a year after Jan Crouch's death, a jury awarded Carra $2 million in damages for "mental suffering", but found that Jan had not been acting as a "Trinity Clergy Member" and therefore wasn't legally required to report the assault.
Pre-emption of programs due to criticism of other religions
Bible prophecy scholar Hal Lindsey's program International Intelligence Briefing, which occasionally aired commentary segments criticizing Muslims and Islam, aired on TBN from 1994 to 2005. In December 2005, TBN pre-empted the program for the entire month. Lindsey accused the network of censorship, saying, "some at the network apparently feel that my message is too pro-Israel and too anti-Muslim." Paul Crouch issued a press release stating that the show was only pre-empted for Christmas programming, but eventually admitted that TBN management was concerned that Lindsey "placed Arabs in a negative light." Lindsey resigned from TBN on January 1, 2006, effectively canceling International Intelligence Briefing. However, one year later, Crouch and Lindsey reconciled and a new program, The Hal Lindsey Report, premiered on the network.
In June 2011, TBN refused to rebroadcast an episode of Jack Van Impe's weekly program Jack Van Impe Presents, in which the evangelist criticized pastors Rick Warren and Robert Schuller for participating in interfaith conferences alongside Muslim leaders. Both Warren and Schuller denied the accusations. Paul Crouch defended TBN's decision, stating that it was against network policy for personalities to attack each other on-air (Schuller had a regular show on TBN). As a result, Jack Van Impe Ministries announced that it would no longer air Van Impe's program on TBN.
Travel the Road in Afghanistan
TBN produces and airs the Christian reality show Travel the Road, which features missionaries Tim Scott and Will Decker in remote and often war-torn locations. In December 2008, the program attracted criticism from the Military Religious Freedom Foundation (MRFF), a watchdog group that looks for religious discrimination in the United States military, which claimed that Scott and Decker were embedded with U.S. troops stationed in Afghanistan. According to MRFF president Mikey Weinstein, the military exercises a "complete prohibition of the proselytizing of any religion, faith, or practice...You see [Scott and Decker] wearing American helmets. It is obvious they were completely embedded." When ABC News contacted the U.S. Army in Afghanistan about Scott and Decker's alleged embed, which had taken place four years previously, they said that they no longer had the documentation of the missionaries' status with the troops.
Scott defended the trip to Afghanistan, telling ABC, "It wasn't like we were hiding in the back saying we're going to preach. [The military] knew what we were doing. We told them that we were born again Christians, we're here doing ministry, we shoot for this TV station and we want to embed and see what it was like. We were interviewing the chaplains and we talked to them. We spoke at the services and things like that. So we did do our mission being over there as far as being able to document what the soldiers go through, what it's like in Afghanistan. So I could say that we were on a secular mission as well as far as documenting. I would say we were news reporters as well, we were delivering news of what was actually happening there, but we were also there to document the Christian side." Scott argued that since the pair were acting as Christian journalists, they had the same right to cover the war in Afghanistan as secular networks.
Awards and honors
2008: Parents Television Council Entertainment Seal of Approval
See also
Christian Broadcasting Network
Daystar Television Network, another Christian television network which features many of the same programs
Glorystar
Well to Hell hoax
References
External links
Trinity Broadcasting Network on YouTube
Income Statement from Charity Navigator
Summary Report from Ministry Watch
Modern Day Heroes of Faith, an analysis of technology and religion on TBN.
Television networks in the United States
Christian mass media companies
Christian mass media in the United States
Evangelical television networks
Companies based in Santa Ana, California
Gospel music media
Political organizations based in the United States
Religious television stations in the United States
Television channels and stations established in 1973 |
2568339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98stfold%20Line | Østfold Line | The Østfold Line () is a railway line which runs from Oslo through the western parts of Follo and Østfold to Kornsjø in Norway. It continues through Sweden as the Norway/Vänern Line. The northern half is double track and the entire line is electrified. It serves a combination of commuter, regional and freight trains and is the main rail corridor in the south of Norway. The Follo Line runs parallel to the Østfold Line in tunnel. The Eastern Østfold Line branches off at Ski Station and runs before rejoining at Sarpsborg Station.
The line opened as the Smaalenene Line () on 2 January 1879. Stations were designed by Peter Andreas Blix. It was the first railway in Norway to predominantly build bridges and viaducts with iron. The line underwent upgrades from 1910 through 1940 in which the section from Oslo to Ski received double track, the permitted weight and speeds were increased and the line was electrified. From 1989 to 1996 the section from Ski to Sandbukta received double track and the maximum permitted speed increased to . Work since 2015 been under way to upgrade most of the line to high-speed, with the new tracks at least as far as Halden by 2030.
Route
The Østfold Line runs from Oslo Central Station through the counties of Oslo, Akershus and Østfold to the Norway–Sweden border at Kornsjø, covering a distance of . The line generally follows the west shore of the Oslofjord until Halden, where it passes through major towns of Ski, Ås, Vestby, Moss, Fredrikstad, Sarpsborg. The line is standard gauge and electrified at . It is double track from Oslo to Sandbukta north of Moss, a distance of , as well as past Rygge Station. There are three railway stations and three freight terminals along the line. At Kornsjø the line continues through Sweden as the Norway/Vänern Line.
The term Østfold Line is most commonly used to describe the section from Oslo via Moss to Kornsjø. This is sometimes also referred to as the Western Line. Both uses exclude the section from Ski via Askim to Sarpsborg, known as the Eastern Line. At other times Østfold Line is used to refer to the entire network, both via Moss and Askim. Sometimes Western Line is used to only describe the section from Ski via Moss to Sarpsborg. Although the eastern and western branches were initially planned as equals, the western has become dominant due to it always having had a higher standard and serving all through trains.
At Loenga in Oslo the line branches, the main part heading to the Central Station and the Loenga–Alnabru Line branching off to Alnabru Freight Terminal. This section is only used by freight trains. The Eastern Østfold Line is and runs from Ski to Sarpsborg via the municipalities of Tomter, Hobøl, Eidsberg, Mysen and Rakkestad. Normally only serving commuter trains, it can be used as a bypass when needed.
Oslo−Halden via Moss
Østfold Line turns southward right after Oslo Central Station and runs alongside Bunnefjorden`s shoreline until Ljan, where the route takes a more eastern inland corridor to Moss. This means following flat valleys in north-south direction, passing Kolbotn, Ski and Vestby. In Moss Østfold Line again reaches Oslofjord shore but soon deviates eastward and, for the second time, crosses over in the coastal hinterland, this time to Fredrikstad. From there on, heading northeast, the line uses the Glomma valley to Sarpsborg, bridges the river, turns southward and reaches Halden after running through mostly flat terrain in southern Viken (county).
History
Planning
The lack of early interest in a railway in Østfold was caused by the ice-free Oslofjord and the perceived non-necessity of build a line where a suitable waterway already existed. Proposals for a railway through the county then known as Smaalenene were first launched with two independent letters to the editor in 1866. They exemplified the debate which would follow, with one proposing a route along the coast through the larger coastal towns, while the other proposed an inner route via Askim and Rakkestad. Preliminary surveys were carried out the following year, which also investigated two routes to the Swedish border, one via Tistedalen and one along Iddefjord. The government was at first less enthusiastic, in part because they were concerned that no line would be built on the Swedish side.
By 1872 the disagreement over an interior or coastal route was raging and a compromise was proposed in which the line would be built with two branches. The government recommended a twin-armed line on 5 April 1873 and was approved in Parliament on 5 June. Detailed surveying was led by Carl Abraham Pihl and concluded on 31 March 1874. The route was still controversial, especially relating to how Fredrikstad should be served. The main line could be shortened by if the town was served with a branch line. With increasing cost estimates, Parliament decided to reduce the standard on the Eastern Line. There was also a controversy if that line should bypass Mysen.
In Halden there was a significant opposition to the line, as there was worry that it would capture lumber traffic which would otherwise run to Halden. Traders and politicians there were more concerned with being connected with the Swedish province of Dalsland, from which a large part of the town's lumber export originated. To secure the Swedish part of the link, the Dalsland Line was built as a private railway with eighty percent Norwegian capital and its head office in Halden.
Construction
Construction commenced in 1874, initially only on the section from Oslo to Halden. Work was subdivided into eleven sections on the Western Line and four on the Eastern Line. The former received a rail weight of 30 kilograms per meter (60 lb/ft). Work on the Eastern Line did not start until 1877. It received a track weight of only 25 kilograms per meter (50 lb/ft). A recession hit in 1877 and the government stopped all construction for a period, initially only continuing it on the Western Line. Most of the workforce were Swedish immigrants. Groundwork was conducted directly by the railway based on accords, with the track was laid by contractors.
The Østfold Line was the first railway in Norway were all bridges were built with iron. This allowed for the construction of viaducts at some places, which changed the mass balance allowing the line to follow a better gradient. Two of the most prominent were the Ljan Viaduct and the Hølen Viaduct. The latter was the first in the world to use the pendulum pillar principal. The bridges and viaducts were all designed by Axel Jacob Petersson.
The Western Line from Oslo to Halden was taken into revenue service on 2 January 1879. However, the official opening did not take place until 18 July. By then the rail connection onward to Gothenburg had been completed. Construction of the Eastern Line was delayed and was opened in stages between 18 July and 24 November 1882.
Early operations
The first rolling stock consisted of eight NSB Class 9 steam locomotives for passenger train, three NSB Class 10 units for freight trains and two NSB Class 14 locos. Passenger cars were at first 60-compartment coaches. A commuter train service was introduced from Oslo to Ljan Station from 1883, allowing the areas of Nordstrand to open up to large-scale housing. The railway allowed for faster postal services and the trains carried markers with the weather forecast, which was announced at the stations. A direct international train service was not introduced until 1 July 1886, when a direct service to Gothenburg and Hamburg was introduced. Travel time to Copenhagen was at that time twenty and a half hours. The following year sleeper cares were introduced.
The commuter traffic increased and in 1893 a new commuter station was opened at Kolbotn. Two branch lines were built from Sarpsborg. A branch to Borregaard opened in 1891 and the Hafslund Line opened eight years later. To avail the problem in Oslo with human manure, depots were built at Drømtorp, Ås and Vestby to give farmers access to the resource. Manure trains ran until 1929. Construction of interlocking systems started on some of the busiest stations in 1897, although fail-safe functionality was not available until the 1920s. A faster inter-Scandinavian service was introduced in 1900, cutting travel time to Copenhagen to 16 hours and 20 minutes. The higher demands caused the railway to order nine new NSB Class 27 locomotives, delivered between 1910 and 1916, which allowed the maximum speed on the line to increase from . NSB introduced Ea 1, an accumulator electric locomotive, on local services between Fredrikstand and Skjeberg in 1916, where it remained in use until 1920.
Line upgrades
As the main international railway out of Norway, the Østfold Line had some of the highest demands for speed and axle loads. In an effort to increase train weights and speeds, the Norwegian State Railways approved an upgrade plan in 1910 which was initially to be completed by 1919. All bridges and track was to be upgraded to tolerate a higher train weight. The break-out of the First World War led to material and funding shortages, and the upgrades were not completed until a new Sarp Bridge was finished in 1930.
The line was originally named the Smaalenene Line (), with the spelling changing to Smålenene () in 1921. During this period it was also commonly known as the South Line (), although this was never official. As the line was named for the county, it changed its name after the county changed its name from Smålenene to Østfold.
Parliament approved double track from Oslo to Ljan in 1916. Construction took its time and opened in two stages, from Bekkelaget to Ljan on 1 June 1924 and from Oslo Ø to Bekkelaget on 15 May 1929. South of Ljan the line crossed the Ljan Viaduct, which could not be upgraded to the new standards. A new double-tracked line had to be built around, which opened on 15 February 1925. By the 1930s the railway was meeting increased competition from buses and trucks. Although slower, they offered more pick-up locations than the train. NSB therefore decided that the Østfold Line, and especially the section closest to Oslo, needed to receive increased capacity, electric traction and more stations. Double tracking continued southwards, opening to Kolbotn on 15 December 1936 and to Ski on 14 May 1939. Meanwhile, NSB introduced gasoline railcars which stopped at the new flag stops.
Electrification was carried out in several smaller steps, with the first part from Oslo Ø to Ljan completed on 9 December 1936 and the last section from Sarpsborg to Halden, on 11 November 1940. NSB Class 66 was introduced as an express service on the Østfold Line, running a round trip from Oslo to Halden each day, bringing travel time down to two hours. This lasted until 1956, when they were replaced with the slower NSB Class 65. The international trains were from 1948 served with the Swedish State Railways' SJ X5 units, able to run from Oslo to Copenhagen in less than ten hours. The fast service was named Skandiapilen. A landslide in 1953 washed away part of the track past Bekkelaget, resulting in the Bekkelaget Tunnel opening there five years later. The regional traffic received the new NSB Class 68 multiple units from the mid 1950s. A regular train with pyrite started running in 1966, hauling up to 600,000 tonnes per year from Hjerkinn on the Dovre Line to Borregaard. They remained until the 1990s.
Double track almost to Moss
By the 1960s it was becoming evident that the infrastructure was outdated. A particular problem were the many level crossings which were a safety hazard, causing reduced speed, especially between Ski and Moss. Capacity was also used up and the section was the busiest section of single track in the country. Already during the 1950s NSB proposed building double track, but this was dismissed by Parliament. To avail the situation NSB introduced its InterCity Express services in 1983. This involved limiting stops to Rygge, Råde, Fredrikstad, Saprsborg and Halden south of Moss, causing a large number of stations to be closed.
Upgrade plans between Ski and Moss were revitalized during the 1980s. Especially at Vestby Station had reliability issues and there was a need for new passing loop at Tveter Station and Kjenn Station. However, this would not be sufficient to meet future needs, and in 1985 Parliament passed the construction of a double track from Tveter via Vestby to Kjenn. These plans were initially proposed as merely doubling the track to increase capacity, but NSB soon started looking at also raising the speed and standard. From Rustad to Smørbekk the route was planned and placed parallel to European route E6. As the planning progressed, NSB gradually increased the dimensioning, so that the last planned section was capable of .
The first part of the double track, from Tveter to Vestby, was opened on 30 November 1989. The whole section cost 1.6 billion kroner and was opened for service on 22 October 1996. It was the first railway line to permit such high speeds in Norway. Due to disagreements with the Moss City Council on the route through the city, the double track stopped short at Sandbukta, north of Moss. NSB Class 70 trains were introduced on the InterCity Express services in 1994, replaced by NSB Class 73 from 2003.
On 28 June 2000, a new section of double track was opened past Rygge Station. Including a full upgrade of the station, 21 road crossings were removed. The 500-million-kroner project reduced travel time between Moss and Fredrikstad by seven minutes. Since 2007, Rygge Station has also served as an airport rail link via a shuttle bus to the nearby Moss Airport, Rygge.
Services
Passenger train services are provided by Vy. The L2 service calls at all stations between Oslo S and Ski. The R21 and R22 services use the Follo Line between Oslo and Ski, then R21 continues onward on the Western Line calling at Ås, Vestby, Sonsveien and Kambo before terminating at Moss. R22 runs along the Eastern Line, calling at six stations before Mysen. RE20 only stops at Ski before Moss, then serves Rygge, Råde, Fredrikstad, Sarpsborg and Halden. In regular hours L2 operates with two hourly services, while the others operate with one hourly services. There are additional rush-hour trains. Three RE20-services continue onward to Gothenburg Central Station each day.
Architecture
Peter Andreas Blix was hired as the national railway architect in 1873 and awarded the task of designing the stations on the Østfold Line. His designs drew inspiration from Medieval architecture, Gothic architecture and contemporary English villa styles. He let the interior plans dominate the outer shape and avoided symmetry. Most of the station buildings were in wood and standardized designs. Stations which were expected to have larger traffic received a separate goods sheds. The four main towns received brick stations. Halden Station was the most prominent, with an exterior which drew elements from a Medieval fortresses inspired from Fredriksten Fortress and the town's role as a border town. Moss, Fredrikstad and Sarpsborg received the same design with three gables on each facade.
Future
The Østfold Line is part of the InterCity Triangle and one of four prioritized lines in Norway being upgraded to high-speed rail. The entire section from Oslo to Halden is scheduled to be upgraded by 2034. The first step was construction of the Follo Line, a new line which runs in a tunnel almost the entire length from Oslo to Ski. It allows all passenger trains heading south of Ski to save 11 minutes, and free up capacity on the old double track for more commuter and freight trains. Construction started in 2015 and the Follo Line was opened in 2022. It may also include a new connection to Kråkstad. Once completed, the old double track from Oslo to Ski will receive an overhaul.
Upgrades southwards are split into four phases. By 2026 the missing double-track link from Sandbukta via a new Moss Station to Haug is scheduled for completion. The line from Haug to Seut north of Fredrikstad is planned to be finished within 2029, two years before the double track to Sarpsborg. The final stage to Halden is scheduled for completion in 2034. The National Rail Administration is working on possibilities of expanding the double track further south and in conjunction with Swedish authorities complete a high-speed link between Oslo and Gothenburg. On the Swedish side the final to Öxnered is already finished.
The Østfold Line has the largest potential for an increase in freight traffic, with an estimated eleven trains in each direction per day. These include freight trains to Götaland in Sweden, including a shuttle service to the Port of Gothenburg. Services could also run to Denmark and further south. Norway imports a lot of food and other goods but most of it enters Norway on road. The Østfold Line has a 11% share of the freight between the Oslo area and Swedish west coast. Two steep hills, Brynsbakken on the Loenga–Alnabru Line and Tistedalsbakken southeast of Halden are currently major obstacles, which limit train size and set locomotive requirements. Proposals have been made to build new lines to bypass these hills. One alternative to the south would be to build a new railway from around Berg to Skee on the Bohus Line in Sweden. The traffic on the Western Line will be so dense, especially during rush hour north of Moss, that it is possible that all freight trains may be routed via the Eastern Line. This will probably also mean that the existing railway between Sarpsborg and Halden will be kept, although it will probably be demolished north of Sarpsborg.
The signaling system is scheduled to be renewed and replaced with the European Train Control System, with planned completion in 2030.
References
Bibliography
External links
Østfold Line at the Norwegian State Railways
Railway lines in Oslo
Railway lines in Viken
Railway lines opened in 1879
1879 establishments in Norway
Electric railways in Norway |
2070516 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabang | Malabang | Malabang, officially the Municipality of Malabang (Maranao: Inged a Malabang; ), is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Lanao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 49,088 people. The town is one of the two former capitals of the Sultanate of Maguindanao from 1515 until the Spanish conquered the land in 1888.
History
Malabang, in Lanao del Sur, is considered the oldest settlement in mainland Mindanao.
The Sultanate of T'bok was an established kingdom in present-day Malabang long before the Philippines became a country. The people of Malabang are mostly Maranaos, a southern Mindanao ethnicity; they are also often identified with the Iranuns because of Iranuns who live in some of the barangays in the southern part of Malabang, comprising what is now Balabagan. In March 1969, Executive Order 386, signed by President Carlos P. Garcia, reconstituted the southern part of Malabang as the Municipality of Balabagan. Thus, Iranuns are now residents of Balabagan rather than Malabang.
Malabang played a significant part in the early battles against invaders of the Philippines. During the defensive campaigns against Spain, Malabang became the headquarters of Sultan Muhammad Kudarat of Maguindanao. He used to spend time recuperating in Malabang throughout the period when he was fighting to defend Maguindanao against invasion. He later retired to Malabang when he fell ill. He eventually died and was buried there. In May 1977, Presidential Decree 1135 of President Ferdinand Marcos created the Municipality of Picong (formerly Sultan Gumander) out of the north-western portion of Malabang, where Sultan Kudarat's grave was located.
During the Second World War, when the Japanese invaded the Philippines, the Japanese military built a large camp in Malabang, including a network of tunnels around it. It was considered a major camp of the Japanese forces. In 1942, the Philippine Supreme Court Chief Justice José Abad Santos was brought to this camp, after he was captured in Cebu while fleeing from Japanese forces. Chief Justice Abad Santos was executed in the camp for refusing to cooperate with the Japanese, and was buried in barangay Curahab. The place where the camp is situated and where Mr. Santos was executed was later on named Camp Jose Abad Santos (Camp JAS).
In 1945, United States and Philippine Commonwealth forces, working with Maranao guerillas, occupied Malabang after a siege. During the Siege of Malabang, the guerillas used weapons like the Maranao kris, barong and kampilan to fight the Japanese forces. The victorious American and Philippine Commonwealth troops, together with their Maranao guerrilla allies, eventually defeated the Japanese Imperial forces. When the built of the general headquarters and military camp base of the Philippine Commonwealth Army and Philippine Constabulary was station's active in Malabang from 1945 to 1946 during and ended of World War II.
Malabang as a municipality was founded on March 1, 1893. The locals of the town celebrate the founding day, the Araw ng Malabang every March 1 annually.
Geography
Malabang is one of thirty-nine municipalities comprising the province of Lanao del Sur in northern Mindanao. It lies on the south-west part of the province and belongs to the second district. It has 37 barangays with a total land area of 37,789.28 km2. The distance from Marawi City to Malabang is 71 kilometers. Malabang is bounded on the north by the municipality of Calanogas; on the north-west by the municipality of Picong (Sultan Gumander); on the east by the municipality of Marogong; and on the south by the municipality of Balabagan. To the west of Malabang is Illana Bay.
It is under the administrative supervision of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) since November 1989, pursuant to R.A. No. 6734 dated June 8, 1989, known as the "Organic Act of ARM
M".
The municipality is a level plain in its central to southern portion. A slope in the north is bounded by the Municipality of Calanogas. There is also a slope in eastern Malabang.
Barangays
Malabang is politically subdivided into 37 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.
Bacayawan
Badak Lumao
Bagoaingud
Banday
Betayan
Boniga
BPS Village
Bunk House
Cabasaran (South)
Calembog
Calibagat
Campo Muslim
China Town (Poblacion)
Corahab
Diamaro
Inandayan
Jose Abad Santos
Lamin
Mable
Macuranding
Madaya
Mananayo
Manggahan
Masao
Matalin
Matampay
Matling
Montay
Pasir
Pialot
Rebocun
Sarang
Sumbagarogong
Tacub
Tambara
Tiongcop
Tubok
Climate
Demographics
Languages
The languages spoken in Malabang vary by location and by barangay. Maranao is however the prominent language in Malabang, as the native speakers are the original inhabitants of Malabang.
Cebuano is spoken in some barangays with significant Cebuano Visayan immigrant populations who are mostly Catholic Christians. Along with English, Cebuano is used in Catholic masses and religious services as Malabang is part of the Prelature of Marawi, subject to the Archdiocese of Ozamiz.
Some descendants of Chinese settlers in China Town (Poblacion) speak Mandarin and to some degree, Hokkien.
English is also a commonly spoken language due to American settlers in Matalin and European missionaries, and is also the medium of instruction and working language of the municipal government. Arabic is used in madrassas and spoken by qualified local and visiting ustadz (Islamic scholar) and imams. Settlers from the Maguindanao, Samal and Tausūg ethnic groups in barangay Bunkhouse still use their tribal tongues.
Although there are no settlers from the Tagalog region in Lanao del Sur, Tagalog is still used in schools, being the national language of the Philippines through its national register Filipino. It is also the alternative language of the Maranao townsfolk when conversing with Visayans, since not all of them know how to speak Cebuano.
Economy
Agriculture and fishery are the major resources of Malabang. They are also widely known for coconut production. Warehouses of coconut can be found along the major highways of Malabang. Mills in barangay Matalin produce cassava flour. Other agricultural products produced in Malabang include corn, vegetables and rice. Malabang also plays a major role in fishery production. They are known for puzan (a preserved fish product) and bakas (smoked dried fish). Malabang is central to commerce and trade activity in the coastal area of Lanao del Sur.
Government
The municipality has a mayor, the head of the municipality of Malabang, a municipal vice mayor, and eight municipal councilors. The municipality also has one Sangguniang Kabataan (youth council) representative and one ABC representative from the Punong Barangay (barangay captains).
Infrastructure
Transportation
Land Transport Malabang is quite sufficient when it comes to land transportation to the nearby municipalities. Tricycles are the most-commonly-used transportation around the town. Usually, in the elevated part of Malabang, public transportation such as town ace and multi-cab are used. There are also public utility vans and jeepneys available to nearby cities and municipalities.
Air Transport Malabang Airport is the small airport of Malabang in the province of Lanao del Sur. It has IATA code MLP, GPS Code RPMM, an elevation of , latitude 7.6172 and longitude 124.059. This airport is classified as a secondary airport, or a minor commercial airport, by the Philippine Air Transportation Office. Its runway is long. Malabang Airport is the only airport in the province. As of 2015, no airlines serve this airport.
Sea Transport Malabang has only a small seaport. Daily coastal launches connect Malabang with Cotabato City, Maguindanao. Privately owned boats and rental boats are available for sea travel.
Medical Services
Dr. Serapio B. Montañer Memorial District Hospital or known to many as Mabul Hospital is the public hospital in Malabang, and is listed as a secondary hospital in the province. There are also several municipal private clinics in Malabang.
Telecommunications
The Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company provides fixed line services. Wireless mobile communications services are provided by Smart Communications and Globe Telecommunications.
Education
Although listed as 4th class municipality, all levels of education are attainable in Malabang, a center of learning in the coastal area of Lanao del Sur. Multiple colleges are present, including the community branch of Mindanao State University. Arabic studies are also offered at all levels. Other notable secondary school in Malabang is Our Lady of Peace High School, a Catholic school and Malabang National High School
References
External links
Malabang Profile at the DTI Cities and Municipalities Competitive Index
Local Governance Performance Management System
Philippine Census Information
[ Philippine Standard Geographic Code]
1907 establishments in the Philippines
Municipalities of Lanao del Sur
Populated places established in 1907 |
17286065 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig%20Siebert | Ludwig Siebert | Ludwig Siebert (17 October 1874 – 1 November 1942) was a German lawyer and Nazi Party politician who served as the Minister President of Bavaria in Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1942.
Early life
Siebert was born in Ludwigshafen in the Palatinate, the son of a locomotive engineer. He attended the gymnasium in Mannheim and studied law at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from 1893 to 1897. After passing his legal examination in 1900 he worked in the civil service as a lawyer in Frankenthal (Pfalz) and became the public prosecutor in Bad Dürkheim and Neustadt an der Haardt (today, Neustadt an der Weinstraße). From 1905 to 1906 he worked as the public prosecutor of Fürth in Middle Franconia. In 1907 he became a magistrate in Lindau on Lake Constance. A member of the Bavarian People's Party (BVP), he joined the City Council of the city of Rothenburg ob der Tauber and was the Bürgermeister (Mayor) there from 1908 to 1919. Siebert was elected Bürgermeister of Lindau in 1919 and Oberbürgermeister (Lord Mayor) in 1924.
Nazi Party career
In the 14 September 1930 Reichstag election, Lindau was the only large town in southern Bavaria in which the Nazis became the largest party, with 22.1% of the vote. In January 1931, Siebert left the BVP and joined the Nazi Party (membership number 356,673) becoming the first Nazi Lord Mayor in Bavaria. The Nazis, conscious of the prestige this brought them, exploited Siebert's propaganda value by employing him as a public speaker on their behalf at numerous public meetings throughout Bavaria. On 27 January 1931, he addressed a crowd of 1,750 in Lindau that was the largest political meeting ever recorded in the town at that time.
On 24 April 1932, Siebert was elected as a Nazi Party member of the Bavarian Landtag where he sat until its dissolution in October 1933. On 10 March 1933, during the Nazi takeover of the state administration, he was named a representative of Bavaria to the Reichsrat until it was abolished on 14 February 1934. Also on 10 March, he was named Staatskommissar (State Commissioner) for the Bavarian Ministry of Finance in the administration of Franz Ritter von Epp, the Reichskommissar appointed by the central government. On 16 March, Siebert was formally named Finance Minister in the provisional Council of Ministers, formed by Epp after the forced resignation of Minister-President Heinrich Held of the BVP. On 12 April 1933, after Epp was installed as the Reichsstatthalter (Reich Governor) for Bavaria, Siebert was appointed to succeed him as Minister-President. He retained the office of Finance Minister and, on 28 June 1933, he also assumed the portfolio of Minister of Economic Affairs until March 1934 when he was succeeded in this post by Hermann Esser.
In May 1933, Siebert officiated at the grand opening in Passau of the Ostmarkmuseum (today, the Oberhausmuseum in the Veste Oberhaus fortress). He was a member of Hans Frank's Academy for German Law from its inaugural meeting on 2 October 1933. On 12 November 1933, he was elected as a member of the Reichstag from electoral constituency 24 (Upper Bavaria and Swabia) and served until his death.
In March 1935, Siebert became head of the Bayerische Staatskanzlei and, from 28 November 1936, he again acted as Economics Minister. He initiated the so-called "Siebert Program" to fight unemployment in Bavaria. The program turned out to be insufficient to create new employment due to lack of funds within the Bavarian government and support from the German central government. Siebert also had personal orders from Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler to oversee the restoration of all castles in Germany and was especially involved in the restoration of the historical town of Rothenburg ob der Tauber between 1937 and 1941.
As Minister-President, Siebert did not have the power and authority his predecessors had under the Weimar Republic, as he had to share power with Epp. Also, he often found himself at odds with Adolf Wagner, the Gauleiter in Munich and the Bavarian Interior Minister. Wagner considered himself the "strongman" of the government and was resentful that he was not given the leading role as Minister-President. As one of the Alter Kämpfer (Old Fighters), he often was able to secure Hitler's support in his disputes with Siebert. Siebert, along with Epp, was disadvantaged by his lack of a powerful position in the Party hierarchy. As such, he had difficulty asserting his authority over other Party officials in Bavaria, in particular, powerful Gauleiter Julius Streicher and Josef Bürckel who ran their Gaue with a high degree of autonomy and were contemptuous of the government authorities. Furthermore, Siebert was hampered by his lack of command authority over the Party's paramilitary units in Bavaria, the SA and the SS, which were tightly controlled by Ernst Röhm (and his successors) and Heinrich Himmler, respectively.
From 1933 until his death, Siebert was chairman of the Supervisory Board (Aufsichtsrat) of the Bayerische Berg-, Hütten- und Salzwerke AG (Bavarian Mining, Metallurgical and Salt Works). After the Anschluss of 1938, Siebert also served as a member of the Supervisory Board of Alpine Montanbetrieb AG Hermann Göring in Linz, part of the massive Reichswerke Hermann Göring. He also was chairman of the Supervisory Board of Bayerischer Lloyd Schiffahrts (Lloyd Bavarian Shipping) in Regensburg. In March 1939, Siebert was made president of the Deutsche Akademie, a German cultural institute and the precursor of the Goethe-Institut. Siebert's tenure saw an increasing politicization of the organization when it was officially placed under the auspices of the Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda and its operations abroad were overseen by Reichsminister Joseph Goebbels.
After the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939, Siebert was made a member of the Reich Defense Committees for Wehrkreise (Military Districts) VII and XIII, which encompassed Bavaria. A member of the SA, Siebert was promoted to SA-Gruppenführer on 9 November 1933 and SA-Obergruppenführer on 9 November 1938. On 12 April 1938, on the fifth anniversary of his assuming the leadership of the government of Bavaria, Siebert was awarded the Golden Party Badge. He died of a heart attack on 1 November 1942 and was given a lavish state funeral in Munich.
Honorary citizenships
Honorary citizen of Rothenburg ob der Tauber, alongside Hitler and Streicher (revoked after the war).
Honorary citizen of Speyer and Augsburg, both also revoked after the war.
Prominent relatives
Siebert's younger brother, Friedrich Siebert (1888–1950), was a professional soldier who rose to the rank of General der Infanterie in the Wehrmacht and served as a division and corps commander during the Second World War. Siebert's son, Friedrich "Fritz" Siebert (1903–1966), was also a lawyer and Nazi politician who, like his father, served as Bürgermeister of Lindau (1933 – 1939). He was an SS-Oberführer and served as an administrative official in the General Government. After the end of the war, in 1948 he was sentenced to 12 years imprisonment in Poland but was released in 1956.
See also
List of ministers-president of Bavaria
References
Sources
Web Links
Brief Biography of Ludwig Siebert in Joachim Lilla: Ministers of State, Senior Administrative Officials and (NS) Officials in Bavaria from 1918 to 1945
Siebert Cabinet (1933 – 1942)
1874 births
1942 deaths
Bavarian People's Party politicians
Deaths from coronary thrombosis
German Lutherans
Lawyers in the Nazi Party
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
Mayors of places in Bavaria
Members of the Academy for German Law
Members of the German Burschenschaft
Members of the Landtag of Bavaria
Members of the Reichstag of Nazi Germany
Ministers of the Bavaria State Government
Ministers-President of Bavaria
Nazi Party politicians
People from Ludwigshafen
People from the Palatinate (region)
Sturmabteilung officers |
2794604 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtelomere | Subtelomere | Subtelomeres are segments of DNA between telomeric caps and chromatin.
Structure
Telomeres are specialized protein–DNA constructs present at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, which prevent them from degradation and end-to-end chromosomal fusion. Most vertebrate telomeric DNA consists of long (TTAGGG)n repeats of variable length, often around 3-20kb. Subtelomeres are segments of DNA between telomeric caps and chromatin. In vertebrates, each chromosome has two subtelomeres immediately adjacent to the long (TTAGGG)n repeats. Subtelomeres are considered to be the most distal (farthest from the centromere) region of unique DNA on a chromosome, and they are unusually dynamic and variable mosaics of multichromosomal blocks of sequence. The subtelomeres of such diverse species as humans, Plasmodium falciparum, Drosophila melanogaster, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are structurally similar in that they are composed of various repeated elements, but the extent of the subtelomeres and the sequence of the elements vary greatly among organisms. In yeast (S. cerevisiae), subtelomeres are composed of two domains: the proximal and distal (telomeric) domains. The two domains differ in sequence content and extent of homology to other chromosome ends, and they are often separated by a stretch of degenerate telomere repeats (TTAGGG) and an element called 'core X', which is found at all chromosome ends and contains an autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) and an ABF1 binding site. The proximal domain is composed of variable interchromosomal duplications (<1-30 kb); this region can contain genes such Pho, Mel, and Mal. The distal domain is composed of 0-4 tandem copies of the highly conserved Y' element; the number and chromosomal distribution of Y′ elements varies among yeast strains. Between the core X and the Y' element or the core X and TTAGGG sequence there is often a set of 4 subtelomeric repeats elements (STR): STR-A, STR-B, STR-C and STR-D which consists of multiple copies of the vertebrate telomeric motif TTAGGG. This two-domain structure is remarkably similar to the subtelomere structure in human chromosomes 20p, 4q and 18p in which proximal and distal subtelomeric domains are separated by a stretch of degenerate TTAGGG repeats, but the picture that emerges from studies of the subtelomeres of other human chromosomes indicates that the two-domain model does not apply universally.
Properties
This structure with repeated sequences is responsible for frequent duplication events, which create new genes, and recombination events, at the origin of combination diversity. These properties generate diversity at an individual scale and therefore contribute to adaptation of organisms to their environments. For example, in Plasmodium falciparum during interphase of the erythrocytic stage, the chromosomic extremities are gathered at the cell nucleus periphery, where they undergo frequent deletion and telomere position effect (TPE). This event, in addition to expansion and deletion of subtelomeric repeats, gives rise to chromosome size polymorphisms and thus, subtelomeres undergo epigenetic and genetic controls. Because of the properties of subtelomeres, Plasmodium falciparum evades host immunity by varying the antigenic and adhesive character of infected erythrocytes (see Subtelomeric transcripts).
Variations
Variation of subtelomeric regions are mostly variation on STRs, due to recombination of large-scale stretches delimited by (TTAGGG)n-like repeated sequences, which play an important role in recombination and transcription. Haplotype (DNA sequence variants) and length differences are therefore observed between individuals.
Subtelomeric transcripts
Subtelomeric transcripts largely consist of either pseudogenes (transcribed genes producing RNA sequences not translated into protein) or gene families. In humans, they code for olfactory receptors, immunoglobulin heavy chains, and zinc-finger proteins. In other species, several parasites such as Plasmodium and Trypanosoma brucei have developed sophisticated evasion mechanisms to adapt to the hostile environment posed by the host, such as exposing variable surface antigens to escape the immune system. Genes coding for surface antigens in these organisms are located at subtelomeric regions, and it has been speculated that this preferred location facilitates gene switching and expression, and the generation of new variants. For example, the genes belonging to the var family in Plasmodium falciparum (agent of malaria) are mostly localized in subtelomeric regions. Antigenic variation is orchestrated by epigenetic factors, including monoallelic var transcription at separate spatial domains at the nuclear periphery (nuclear pore), differential histone marks on otherwise identical var genes, and var silencing mediated by telomeric heterochromatin. Other factors such as non-coding RNA produced in subtelomeric regions adjacent or within var genes may contribute as well to antigenic variation. In Trypanosoma brucei (agent of sleeping sickness), variable surface glycoprotein (VSG) antigenic variation is a relevant mechanism used by the parasite to evade the host immune system. VSG expression is exclusively subtelomeric and occurs either by in situ activation of a silent VSG gene or by DNA rearrangement that inserts an internal silent copy of a VSG gene into an active telomeric expression site. To contrast with Plasmodium falciparum, in Trypanosoma brucei, antigenic variation is orchestrated by epigenetic and genetic factors.
In Pneumocystis jirovecii major surface glycoprotein (MSG) gene family cause antigenic variation. MSG genes are like boxes at chromosome ends, and only the MSG gene at the unique locus UCS (upstream conserved sequence) is transcribed. Different MSG genes can occupy the expression site (UCS), suggesting that recombination can take a gene from a pool of silent donors and install it at the expression site, possibly via crossovers, activating transcription of a new MSG gene, and changing the surface antigen of Pneumocystis jirovecii. Switching at the expression site is probably facilitated by the subtelomeric locations of expressed and silent MSG genes. A second subtelomeric gene family, MSR, is not strictly regulated at the transcriptional level, but may contribute to phenotypic diversity. Antigenic variation in P. jirovecii is dominated by genetic regulation.
Pathologic implication
Loss of telomeric DNA through repeated cycles of cell division is associated with senescence or somatic cell aging. In contrast, germ line and cancer cells possess an enzyme, telomerase, which prevents telomere degradation and maintains telomere integrity, causing these types of cells to be very long-lived.
In humans, the role of subtelomere disorders is demonstrated in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy and peculiar syndromic diseases (malformation and mental retardation). For example, FSHD is associated with a deletion in the subtelomeric region of chromosome 4q. A series of 10 to >100 kb repeats is located in the normal 4q subtelomere, but FSHD patients have only 1–10 repeat units. This deletion is thought to cause disease owing to a position effect that influences the transcription of nearby genes, rather than through the loss of the repeat array itself.
Advantages and effects
Subtelomeres are homologous to other subtelomeres that are located at different chromosomes and are a type of transposable element, DNA segments that can move around the genome. Although subtelomeres are pseudogenes and do not code for protein, they provide an evolutionary advantage by diversifying genes. The duplication, recombination, and deletion of subtelomeres allow for the creation of new genes and new chromosomal properties. The advantages of subtelomeres have been studied in different species such as Plasmodium falciparum, Drosophila melanogaster, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, since they have similar genetic elements to humans, not accounting for length and sequence. Subtelomeres might have the same role in plants since the same advantage have been found in a common bean plant known as Phaseolus vulgaris.
Different varieties of subtelomeres are frequently rearranging during meiotic and mitotic recombination, indicating that subtelomeres are frequently shuffling, which causes new and rapid genetic changes in chromosomes. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 15kb region of chromosome 7L in subtelomeres maintained cell viability in the removal of telomerase, while the removal of the last 15kb increased chromosome senescence. The knockout of subtelomeres in fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, cells does not impede mitosis and meiosis from occurring, indicating that subtelomeres are not necessary for cell division. They are not needed for the procession of mitosis and meiosis yet, subtelomeres take advantage of cellular DNA recombination. The knockout of subtelomeres in Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells does not affect the regulation of multiple stress responses, when treated with high doses of hydroxyurea, camptothecin, ultraviolet radiation, and thiabendazole. Knockout of Subtelomeres in Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells did not affect the length of telomeres, indicating that they play no role it the regulation of length. However, subtelomeres strongly influences the replication timing of telomeres. Knockout of subtelomeres in Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells after the loss of telomerase does not affect cell survival, indicating that subtelomeres are not necessary for cell survival. An explanation as to why subtelomeres are not necessary after the loss of telomerase is because the chromosomes can use intra or inter-chromosomal circularization or HAATI to maintain chromosomal stabilization. However, the use of inter-chromosomal circularization engenders chromosome instability by creating two centromeres in a single chromosome, causing chromosomal breakage during mitosis. In response to this, the chromosome could induce centromere inactivation to impede the formation of two centromeres, but this would induce heterochromatin formation in centromeres. Heterochromatin can be deleterious if it gets into a location that it is not supposed to be in. Subtelomeres are responsible to block heterochromatin from getting into the euchromatin region. Subtelomeres can mitigate the effects of heterochromatin invasion, by distributing heterochromatin around the ends of the subtelomeres. Without subtelomeres, heterochromatin would spread around the region of subtelomeres, getting too close to important genes. At this distance, heterochromatin can silence genes that are nearby, resulting in a higher sensitivity to osmotic stress.
Subtelomeres carry out essential functions with Shugoshin protein. Shugoshin is a centromere protein for chromosome segregation during meiosis and mitosis. There are two types of Shugoshin protein: SGOL1 and SGOL2. Sgo1 is only expressed in meiosis 1 for centromeric cohesion of the sister chromosomes, while Sgo2, expressed in meiosis and mitosis, is responsible for the segregation of chromosomes at centromeres in the M phase. In fission yeast, Sgo2 is localized not only in centromeres, but also in subtelomeres. Sgo2 interacts with subtelomeres during interphase; middle of the G2 phase and plays a major role in forming "knob", which is a highly condensed chromatin body. Sgo2 remains in subtelomeres, whose cells lack telomere DNA. Sgo2 represses the expression of subtelomeric genes that is in a different pass-way from the H3K9me3- Swi6-mediated heterochromatin. Sgo2 has also repressive effects for timing of subtelomeres replication by suppressing Sld3, a replication factor, at the start of the replication. Thus, Sgo2 regulate gene expressions and replication to ensure proper subtelomeric gene expression and replication timing.
Analysis
Subtelomere analysis, especially sequencing and profiling of patient subtelomeres, is difficult because of the repeated sequences, length of stretches, and lack of databases on the topic.
References
External links
The flow of genetic information —PDF file. See Table 5.5
Repetitive DNA sequences
Chromosomes
Telomeres
Biotechnology |
33636745 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political%20positions%20of%20Rick%20Perry | Political positions of Rick Perry | Rick Perry is an American politician who served as the 47th Governor of Texas from 2000 to 2015. He was a candidate for the nomination of the Republican Party for President of the United States in 2012 and 2016, and served as the United States Secretary of Energy until December 1, 2019.
Constitutional issues
Some of Perry's views are in opposition to Constitutional amendments already adopted. In his 2010 book Fed Up!, he takes issue with the Federal government's right to collect income tax, saying "if you want to know when Washington really got off the track, the 16th Amendment, giving them the opportunity to take your money with a personal income tax." He also criticizes the 17th Amendment, which allows for the direct election of U.S. Senators. According to Perry, the 16th and 17th Amendments caused states to "[hand] over significant chunks of their sovereignty and wealth to the federal government. Congress was free to tax and spend to its heart's content."
Perry has expressed support for amending the Constitution to set a nationwide policy on social issues, by prohibiting abortion and same-sex marriage. He also supports abolishing life tenure for judges, empowering Congress to overrule Supreme Court decisions by a two-thirds vote, requirement of a balanced budget, and placing a limit on federal expenditures.
Criticism of Federal Reserve
On August 16, 2011, Perry sharply criticized the Federal Reserve, stating that it would be "almost treacherous – or treasonous in my opinion" to be "printing money to play politics". Many prominent Republicans criticized Perry for his statements. For instance, Tony Fratto, a Republican who had worked in the Treasury and White House under the Bush administration, described Perry's remarks as "inappropriate and unpresidential". Perry also suggested that if Chairman Ben Bernanke visited Texas, "we would treat him pretty ugly", a remark criticized by the White House as threatening.
Another of the top-three-polling Republican presidential candidates, Ron Paul, who routinely criticizes Bernanke and has made "End the Fed" a major platform issue, also criticized Perry's comment, saying that "he makes me look like a moderate" and that, unlike Perry, "I have never once said Bernanke has committed treason."
Immigration
Perry is opposed to the DREAM Act.
Perry opposed the building of a Mexico – United States barrier. Perry says that the federal government should fulfill its responsibility to its citizens by securing the borders with "boots on the ground" and technology to improve safety while not harming trade with the state's biggest trading partner, Mexico. Perry said the Arizona immigration law, SB 1070, "would not be the right direction for Texas" and would distract law enforcement from fighting other crimes. He also opposes requirements that businesses use E-Verify to check the immigration status of prospective employees. He says that employment verification is needed but that the current E-verify system has flaws such as bad data which could be a hindrance to US citizens getting jobs as well as allowing as many as 50% of illegal immigrants through. Perry also wants to grant work visas to undocumented immigrants.
In response to the 2014 crisis of undocumented, unaccompanied children crossing the border, which generated widespread attention, Perry declared the issue of illegal immigration of minors a "side-issue" compared with the number of illegal immigrants arriving who have committed crimes, which he estimated was about 80%.
In 2016, The Texas Tribune wrote that "Perry has long been a critic of building a wall or fence along the border."
Official language
In 2011, Perry said that he supports the English language to be official language of the United States.
Death penalty
Perry supports the death penalty. In June 2001, he vetoed a ban on the execution of mentally retarded inmates. In 2011, during a televised debate for presidential candidates, he said he had "never struggled" with the question of the possible innocence of any of the 234 inmates executed to date while he was governor.
LGBT issues
Rick Perry opposes the legal recognition and legalization of same-sex marriage and civil unions, and supported the 2005 ballot proposition which amended the Texas constitution by defining marriage as "only a union between a man and a woman" and prohibiting the state from creating or recognizing "any legal status identical or similar to marriage". In 2011, after New York legalized same-sex marriage, Perry stated that it was their right to do so under the principle of states' rights delineated in the 10th Amendment. A spokesman later reiterated Perry's support for a federal constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage, saying that position was not inconsistent since an amendment would require approval by three-fourths of the states.
In his first book, On My Honor, published in 2008, Perry drew a parallel between homosexuality and alcoholism, writing that he is "no expert on the 'nature versus nurture' debate," but that gays should simply choose abstinence. In 2002, Perry described the Texas same-sex anti-sodomy law as "appropriate". The United States Supreme Court's landmark civil rights decision in Lawrence v. Texas struck down the statute Perry referred to the following year for violating the 14th Amendment to the US Constitution.
During the 2012 presidential campaign, he criticized the repeal of the "don't ask, don't tell" policy for the U.S. military. In a 2011 campaign ad, he stated: "there's something wrong in this country when gays can serve openly in the military" and later defended the ad, saying he was "very comfortable" with it. Perry said using foreign aid as a policy tool against foreign countries that violate the human rights of homosexuals was "not in America's interests" and was part of a "war on traditional American values".
Environmental and energy issues
Perry has been a denier of human contributions to climate change. In Perry's book, Fed Up!, he called climate science a "contrived phony mess." On August 17, 2011 at a breakfast with business leaders in New Hampshire Perry said that he does not believe the science behind global warming, saying that he thinks "there are a substantial number of scientists who have manipulated data so that they will have dollars rolling in to their projects". Perry has said that "Virtually every day another scientist leaves the global warming bandwagon ... But you won't read about that in the press because they have already invested in one side of the story." Perry's views have been criticized, with fact-checkers stating that surveys showed that more than 97% of climate scientists believed that global warming is anthropogenic and arguing that the ranks of dissenters don't appear to be swelling. On June 19, 2014 at lunch organized by the Christian Science Monitor Perry criticized the Obama administration's policies on climate change, including proposed regulation of greenhouse gases, saying "Calling CO2 a pollutant is doing a disservice the country... I'm not a scientist... I don't believe that we have the settled science by any sense of the imagination...". He said he was offended by being called a "denier." He said he supports the Keystone XL pipeline. In 2014, a spokesman for Perry cited "unsettled science" regarding climate change in partial explanation of Perry's opposition to the regulation of greenhouse gases.
Texas-based TXU had been planning a $10 billion investment in 11 new coal-fired power plants over the next several years, but drastically reduced those plans in 2007 under the terms of a buyout by a consortium of private equity firms. The Governor's Clean Coal Technology Council continues to explore ways to generate clean energy with coal. After the 2009 legislative session, Perry signed House Bill 469 which includes incentives for clean coal technology breakthroughs.
Perry opposes regulation of greenhouse gas emissions because he says it would have "devastating implications" for the Texas economy and energy industry. He has stated that he supports an "all of the above" energy strategy including oil, coal, nuclear, biofuels, hydroelectric, solar, and wind energy. Perry has collaborated with T. Boone Pickens, who has advocated reduced use of oil, primarily through replacing it with natural gas. Under Governor Perry, Texas sued the Obama administration to overturn Environmental Protection Agency regulations.
In 2011, temperatures in Texas set an all-time record for the hottest summer in the contiguous United States, with 91% of the state "experiencing extreme or exceptional drought". Perry said that comments by President Obama that linked the resulting wildfires to climate change were "outrageous".
Perry says the fossil fuel reserves in the United States are sufficient to meet current demand levels for the next 300 years. He supports current policies that may add a quarter million jobs by fracking the Marcellus Shale. However the report he based his comments on seems to have vastly overstated the case for America's gas reserves. As governor of Texas, Perry signed the first law in the nation to require drilling companies to disclose the chemicals used in the fracking process, in order to confront fears that the chemicals are leaking into water supplies.
In 2008, Perry pushed for federal loan guarantees for the expansion of the South Texas Nuclear Generating Station, but in 2011 he said that he had changed his position and no longer favored federal engagement in energy projects.
Social Security
In Perry's book, Fed Up!, published in the fall of 2010, he said that Social Security was "a crumbling monument to the failure of the New Deal." He likened the program to "an illegal Ponzi scheme" and also suggested that it was unconstitutional, having been enacted "at the expense of respect for the Constitution and limited government." During the promotion of the book he said that the Federal government should leave health care to the states and focus on putting Social Security on "better and more solid footing".
In 2011, after he announced his candidacy for the presidency, a spokesman for Perry said that the book was written "as a review and critique of 50 years of federal excesses, not in any way as a 2012 campaign blueprint or manifesto". Later, Perry stated in a campaign appearance that he still believed the views in his book, and that he "[hadn't] backed off anything in [his] book." Perry has continued to sharply criticize Social Security, describing it as a "monstrous lie" and a "Ponzi Scheme". Perry's comments on Social Security have been criticized by many prominent Republicans, including former Vice President Dick Cheney, Republican strategist Karl Rove, and Republican presidential primary candidate Mitt Romney. Romney has released a detailed list of questions as to what would happen if Perry moved Social Security from the federal level over to the states.
During the campaign, Perry has suggested that changes in Social Security could include restricting eligibility on the basis of age and income, and a switch to private accounts.
Foreign policy
While visiting Israel in August 2009, Perry gave an interview to the Jerusalem Post in which he affirmed his support for Israel from his religious background, "I'm a big believer that this country was given to the people of Israel a long time ago, by God, and that's ordained."
In 2011, he accused President Obama of a "policy of appeasement" for giving "equal standing to the grievances of Israelis and Palestinians" in peace talks.
Perry said, during the Republican debate in Orlando on Sept. 22, 2011, that the U.S. had chosen not to sell F-16 jet fighters to India; India made the decision to go with another military airplane. The Obama administration had lobbied for the sale. In that same debate, Perry also decried the Obama Administration's refusal to sell F-16C/Ds to Taiwan.
Perry criticized Obama's policies in Iraq and Afghanistan, saying that the announcement of the scheduled withdrawal from Iraq by the end of 2011 has endangered American troops in the area.
Perry has also expressed support for an Israeli military strike on Iran's nuclear facilities.
In 2012, Perry argued against prosecuting American troops for violations of the Geneva Conventions.
In late 2011, Perry argued for the use of waterboarding as a method of obtaining information from suspects attempting to harm U.S. service personnel.
In August 2014, the Pentagon denied Perry's claims that Islamic terrorists were crossing the Texas border. The National Guard members Perry activated to face this "threat" were then directed to seek help from food banks while they waited to be paid for their service.
Fiscal policy
In October 2011, Perry put forwards a flat tax proposal that would allow taxpayers to choose either their tax rate under existing law or a flat 20% rate. The plan would also eliminate taxes on Social Security benefits and inheritances. Asked if his tax plan would help wealthy taxpayers, Perry said he was not concerned about that because a lower tax rate would encourage greater investment and job creation by the wealthy.
As Governor of Texas, Perry received grades of B in 2004, B in 2006, B in 2008, B in 2010, C in 2012, and B in 2014 from the Cato Institute, a libertarian think tank, in their biennial Fiscal Policy Report Card on America's Governors.
2008 presidential endorsements
In October 2007, despite their political differences on many social issues, Perry endorsed Rudy Giuliani for President. "Rudy Giuliani is the most prepared individual of either party to be the next President... I'm not talking about any mayor, I'm talking about America's Mayor," Perry said. Some conjectured that, if Giuliani were elected, Perry might have been considered for a position in the new president's cabinet, or perhaps the vice presidency. Giuliani withdrew from the race on January 30, 2008, after failing to gain support in early primaries.
Both Giuliani and Perry immediately endorsed Arizona Senator John McCain for President. Shortly after Mitt Romney's withdrawal from the race in early February, Perry reportedly called McCain rival Mike Huckabee and suggested that he withdraw as well to clear the way for McCain to secure the nomination. Huckabee declined this request and made it clear publicly that he would abandon his presidential bid only if McCain secured enough delegates. Huckabee withdrew his presidential bid on March 5, 2008, after John McCain won the Texas and Ohio primaries.
References
Political positions of state governors of the United States
Political positions of the 2012 United States presidential candidates
Political positions of the 2016 United States presidential candidates
Political positions |
40459467 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths%20in%20October%202013 | Deaths in October 2013 | The following is a list of notable deaths in October 2013.
Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence:
Name, age, country of citizenship and reason for notability, established cause of death, reference.
October 2013
1
Rosemary Adey, 80, Australian softball player.
Peter Broadbent, 80, English footballer, Alzheimer's disease.
Arnold Burns, 83, American lawyer, Deputy Attorney General (1986–1988), cardiac arrest and complications from Parkinson's disease.
Ellis Burton, 77, American baseball player (St. Louis Cardinals, Cleveland Indians, Chicago Cubs).
Tom Clancy, 66, American author (The Hunt for Red October, Patriot Games, Rainbow Six), heart failure.
John B. Duff, 82, American historian and academic administrator, president of Columbia College Chicago (1992–2000), Alzheimer's disease.
Imero Fiorentino, 85, American lighting designer.
Giuliano Gemma, 75, Italian actor, traffic collision.
Marshall Lee Gore, 50, American murderer and rapist, execution by lethal injection.
Israel Gutman, 90, Israeli historian.
Arnold Lazarus, 81, South African psychologist.
Juan José Linz, 87, Spanish sociologist.
Silvino Silvério Marques, 95, Portuguese colonial administrator and a general of the Portuguese Army.
Vladimir Miklyukov, 69, Russian mathematician.
Ole Danbolt Mjøs, 74, Norwegian physician and politician, chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee (2003–2008).
Martin O'Toole, 88, Irish politician, Senator (1977–1989), TD for Mayo West (1989–1992).
Jim Rountree, 77, American CFL football player (Toronto Argonauts), cancer.
2
Shun Akiyama, 83, Japanese literary critic, esophageal cancer.
Benjamin Dwomoh, 78, Ghanaian football referee. (death announced on this date)
Gottfried Fischer, 69, German psychologist.
Gene B. Glick, 92, American philanthropist and builder.
Hilton A. Green, 84, American assistant director (Psycho) and producer (Sixteen Candles).
Herbert O. House, 83, American organic chemist.
Herman Hugg, 92, American artist.
Jonathan Kaufer, 58, American film and television writer and director, traffic collision.
Abraham Nemeth, 94, American mathematician and inventor.
Kaare Ørnung, 82, Norwegian pianist and music teacher.
Drita Pelingu, 86, Albanian actress, academic and director, Merited Artist of Albania.
Zdeněk Rytíř, 69, Czech lyricist, heart attack.
Ann Wolpert, 70, American librarian, Director of MIT Libraries (since 1996).
3
Sari Abacha, 34, Nigerian footballer (Kwara United).
Sergei Belov, 69, Russian Olympic champion basketball player (1972), member of the Naismith Hall of Fame and FIBA Hall of Fame.
Trevor Briggs, 67, English rugby league footballer (Castleford).
Lisa Bufano, 40, American performance artist, suicide.
Bob Chance, 73, American baseball player.
Frank D'Rone, 81, American jazz musician, cancer.
Bill Eppridge, 75, American photographer (Life), septic infection.
Mike Gallagher, 72, American Olympic skier.
Edwin Haslam, 81, British chemist.
Masae Kasai, 80, Japanese Olympic champion volleyball player (1964), intracranial hemorrhage.
Helen Klanderud, 76, American politician and psychologist, Mayor of Aspen, Colorado (2001–2007), stroke.
Charlie McBride, 88, New Zealand rugby league player.
Ernie Morgan, 86, English footballer (Gillingham).
John William Potter, 94, American senior judge of the District Court for the Northern District of Ohio (1982–2013), Mayor of Toledo, Ohio (1961–1967).
Ángeles Santos Torroella, 101, Spanish painter.
Milton Schwebel, 99, American psychologist.
Chuck Smith, 86, American pastor (Calvary Chapel Costa Mesa), lung cancer.
Joan Thirsk, 91, British economic and social historian.
4
John Cloudsley-Thompson, 92, British naturalist and army officer.
Ulric Cross, 96, Trinidadian judge, diplomat and war hero.
Akira Miyoshi, 80, Japanese composer, heart failure.
Nicholas Oresko, 96, American World War II veteran, Medal of Honor recipient, complications from surgery.
Harold Rudman, 88, English footballer (Burnley, Rochdale).
Ştefan Stănculescu, 90, Romanian football coach.
Võ Nguyên Giáp, 102, Vietnamese general and politician, Minister of Defence (1976–1980).
Bojan Westin, 87, Swedish actress.
Robert D. Young, 79, American politician.
5
Ruth R. Benerito, 97, American scientist, inventor of wash-and-wear (permanent press) fabrics.
Charles Castle, 74, South African-born British television producer and author.
Erich Cviertna, 62, Czech football player and manager, cancer.
Gaetano Fidanzati, 78, Italian crime boss (Sicilian Mafia).
Hefina Headon, 83, Welsh community and human rights activist.
Hugh Jackson, 95, British paediatrician and child safety campaigner.
Carlo Lizzani, 91, Italian film director, screenwriter and critic, suicide by jumping.
Jim McColl, 80, Australian rules footballer.
Fred Mifflin, 75, Canadian politician and naval officer, MP for Bonavista—Trinity—Conception (1988–2000).
Joe D. Montgomery, 95, American school administrator and politician, member of the Alaska House of Representatives (1979–1983).
Daud Rahbar, 86, Pakistani author and academic.
Yakkun Sakurazuka, 37, Japanese comedian and voice actor (Full Moon o Sagashite, Inazuma Eleven, Zettai Shounen), traffic collision.
Branko Vidović, 91, Croatian Olympic swimmer (1948).
Wang Kenan, 33, Chinese Olympic diver (2004), traffic collision.
Butch Warren, 74, American jazz bassist, lung cancer.
6
Abdul Nasser Bani Hani, Jordanian politician, member of the House of Representatives (2010–2013), shot.
James Leatham Tennant Birley, 85, English psychiatrist.
Ulysses Curtis, 87, American CFL football player (Toronto Argonauts).
Rift Fournier, 77, American writer and producer, cancer.
Paul Gredinger, 85–86, Swiss architect.
Cg'ose Ntcox'o, 62–63, Botswana artist, stroke.
Will Ogdon, 92, American composer and academic.
Paul Rogers, 96, English actor (Our Man in Havana, A Midsummer Night's Dream).
Mary Scales, 85, American academic and politician.
Andy Stewart, 76, British politician, MP for Sherwood (1983–1992).
Nico van Kampen, 92, Dutch theoretical physicist and professor.
7
Mick Buckley, 59, English footballer (Everton, Sunderland).
Terry Burnham, 64, American actress.
Giancarlo Cadé, 83, Italian Olympic football player and coach.
Patrice Chéreau, 68, French film and opera director, lung cancer.
Joanna Chmielewska, 81, Polish novelist and screenwriter.
Yuri Churbanov, 76, Russian politician, First Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union (1980–1983).
Basil Dickinson, 98, Australian Olympic athlete (1936).
David E. Jeremiah, 79, American admiral, Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1990–1994).
Ellen Lanyon, 86, American painter and printmaker.
Dick LaPalm, 85, American music promoter and publicist.
Annette Elizabeth Mahon, 94, Irish aviator.
Bruce McPherson, 77, South African-born Australian jurist, Queensland Supreme Court Justice (1982–2006).
Leandro Mendoza, 67, Filipino politician, Executive Secretary (2010), Secretary of Transportation and Communications (2002–2010), heart attack.
Donna Norris, 78–79, American baseball player.
Joe Rogers, 49, American politician, Lieutenant Governor of Colorado (1999–2003).
Lars Erik Taxell, 100, Finnish legal scholar, rector of the Åbo Akademi University (1950–1957), leader of the Swedish People's Party of Finland (1955–1966).
Ovadia Yosef, 93, Israeli Chief Rabbi (1973–1983), multiple organ failure.
8
Philip Chevron, 56, Irish musician (The Pogues), esophageal cancer.
David Clark, 94, English cricketer and administrator.
Paul Desmarais, 86, Canadian businessman.
José Faria, 80, Brazilian football coach.
Rod Grams, 65, American politician and television news anchor (KMSP), member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1993–1995) and Senate (1995–2001), cancer.
Helissio, 20, French thoroughbred racehorse, winner of the 1996 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe, heart attack.
Rodolphe Kasser, 86, Swiss Coptic scholar and archaeologist.
Andy Pafko, 92, American baseball player (Chicago Cubs, Brooklyn Dodgers, Milwaukee Braves).
Stan Paterson, 89, British-born Canadian glaciologist.
Metro Prystai, 85, Canadian ice hockey player (Chicago Blackhawks, Detroit Red Wings).
Akong Rinpoche, 73, Tibetan-born British Buddhist teacher and author, stabbed.
Rottyful Sky, 25, South Korean pop singer, brain tumor.
Khady Sylla, 50, Senegalese writer.
Larry Verne, 77, American singer, Alzheimer's disease.
Elena Volkova, 98, Ukrainian painter.
9
Brandon Bailey, 80, Trinidad and Tobago Olympic weightlifter.
Norma Bengell, 78, Brazilian actress and film director, lung cancer.
Maximiano Tuazon Cruz, 90, Filipino Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Calbayog (1994–1999).
Stanley Kauffmann, 97, American author, editor and film critic (The New Republic), pneumonia.
Robert Hugh Molesworth Kindersley, 3rd Baron Kindersley, 84, British aristocrat and businessman.
Jillian Lane, 52, British celebrity psychic, liver disease.
Joop Langhorst, 70, Dutch footballer (Sparta Rotterdam), won KNVB Cup (1966–1967).
Solomon Lar, 80, Nigerian politician, Governor of Plateau State (1979–1983).
António Baltasar Marcelino, 83, Portuguese Roman Catholic prelate, Auxiliary Bishop of Lisbon (1975–1983), Bishop of Aveiro (1988–2006).
Wilfried Martens, 77, Belgian politician, Prime Minister (1979–1981, 1981–1992), pancreatic cancer.
Milan Matulović, 78, Serbian chess grandmaster.
Darris McCord, 80, American football player (Detroit Lions).
Seymour Mullings, 82, Jamaican politician and diplomat, Deputy Prime Minister (1993–2001), Ambassador to the United States (2001–2004).
Edmund Niziurski, 88, Polish author.
Chopper Read, 58, Australian crime figure and author, liver cancer.
Srihari, 49, Indian Tollywood film actor, liver malfunction.
Robert Struckl, 95, Austrian Olympic sprinter.
Monica Turner, 88, English ornithologist.
10
Joop Cabout, 85, Dutch Olympic water polo player (1952) and 1950 European Champion.
Scott Carpenter, 88, American test pilot, astronaut and aquanaut, complications from a stroke.
Edward H. Clarke, 73, American Senior Economist.
Tomoyuki Dan, 50, Japanese actor (Kamen Rider W) and voice actor (Naruto, Mobile Suit Victory Gundam), aortic dissection.
Daniel Duval, 68, French film actor, director and writer.
Joseph Gomer, 93, American pilot (Tuskegee Airman), cancer.
Jan Kuehnemund, 51, American musician (Vixen), cancer.
Jay Conrad Levinson, 80, American business writer.
Godfrey Lightbourn, 83, Bahamian Olympic sailor.
Walter P. Lomax Jr., 79–80, American medical practitioner.
Norrie Martin, 74, Scottish footballer (Rangers).
Joseph Fielding McConkie, 72, American academic and author.
Sohei Miyashita, 85, Japanese politician.
Emilio Molinero Hurtado, 93, Mexican potter.
Kumar Pallana, 94, Indian actor (The Royal Tenenbaums, The Terminal, Romance & Cigarettes) and vaudeville performer.
Kazem Sarikhani, 35, Iranian Olympic judoka (2000), Asian champion (2000), brain damage.
Herry Janto Setiawan, 40, Indonesian Olympic cyclist.
Jim Shumate, 91, American bluegrass musician.
Cal Smith, 81, American country singer ("The Lord Knows I'm Drinking", "Country Bumpkin").
Antoine Vergote, 91, Belgian priest and theologian.
Georg Weinhold, 78, German Roman Catholic prelate, Auxiliary Bishop of Dresden-Meissen (1973–2008).
Zheng Tianxiang, 99, Chinese politician and judge, President of the Supreme People's Court (1983–1988).
11
Colleen Bevis, 97, American children's advocate.
María de Villota, 33, Spanish racing driver, cardiac arrest.
Wadih El Safi, 91, Lebanese singer-songwriter and actor.
Margarita Ferrá de Bartol, 78, Argentine politician, member of the Chamber of Deputies for San Juan Province (2009–2013), helicopter crash.
Stu Gilliam, 80, American actor and comedian.
Christine Jackson, 71, British human rights campaigner, cancer.
Johnny Kovatch, 101, American football player (Cleveland Rams).
Erich Priebke, 100, German Nazi SS captain and war criminal.
Terry Rhoads, 61, American actor (Liar Liar, Hitchcock, The Day After Tomorrow), amyloidosis.
William H. Sullivan, 90, American diplomat, Ambassador to Laos (1964–1969), the Philippines (1973–1977) and Iran (1977–1979).
Toshio Udō, 87, Japanese writer and critic, pneumonia.
12
Jacques Charland, 83, Canadian Olympic ski jumper.
Glen Dell, 51, South African aerobatics pilot, airshow crash.
George Herbig, 93, American astronomer and academic.
Oscar Hijuelos, 62, American novelist (The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love), winner of Pulitzer Prize (1990), heart attack.
Eero Koivumäki, 89, Finnish Olympic rower.
Lesław Kropp, 76, Polish Olympic wrestler.
Lin Youren, 75, Chinese musician.
Ulf Linde, 84, Swedish art critic, writer and museum director, member of the Swedish Academy.
Hans Wilhelm Longva, 71, Norwegian diplomat, cancer.
Owe Lostad, 91, Swedish Olympic rower (1960).
Martiens Louw, 75, South African rugby union player, coach and administrator.
Michelle Madoff, 85, Canadian-born American politician, member of the Pittsburgh City Council (1978–1993).
Eduard Martsevich, 76, Soviet and Russian film and theater actor, cirrhosis.
Patsy Norvell, 70–71, American artist.
Malcolm Renfrew, 103, American polymer chemist and inventor.
Mann Rubin, 85, American screenwriter (The First Deadly Sin, The Mod Squad, Barnaby Jones).
13
Olga Aroseva, 87, Russian actress.
Martin Drewes, 94, German military pilot, World War II flying ace.
Augusta Clark, 81, American politician, lawyer and librarian, member of the Philadelphia City Council (1980–2000).
Rosalie Gower, 82, Canadian women's rights advocate, complications of a stroke.
Bob Green, 91, American jazz pianist and bandleader.
Jessica Huntley, 86, Guyanese-born British publisher.
Dottie Berger MacKinnon, 71, American children's advocate.
Joe Meriweather, 59, American basketball player (Kansas City Kings).
Angela Moldovan, 86, Romanian singer and actress (Veronica), Order of the Star of Romania recipient, cardiac arrest.
Tatsuo Ozawa, 96, Japanese politician (Minister of Welfare).
Mario Picone, 87, American baseball player (New York Giants, Cincinnati Redlegs).
Graham Reynolds, 99, British art historian.
Philippos Syrigos, 65, Greek sports journalist, cancer.
David Thomson, 88, Australian politician, member of the House of Representatives (1975–1983).
Tommy Whittle, 87, British jazz saxophonist, pneumonia.
Takashi Yanase, 94, Japanese cartoonist (Anpanman), heart failure.
14
Wally Bell, 48, American baseball umpire, heart attack.
José Borello, 83, Argentine footballer.
Max Cahner, 76, Spanish Catalan politician and writer.
James Joseph Daly, 92, American Roman Catholic prelate, Auxiliary Bishop of Rockville Centre (1977–1996).
Bob Elliott, 85, Canadian politician and scientist.
Kōichi Iijima, 83, Japanese poet, malabsorption syndrome.
Josef Majer, 88, Czechoslovak football player.
Pauke Meijers, 79, Dutch footballer (Feyenoord), Alzheimer's disease.
Bruno Metsu, 59, French football player and coach (Senegal, United Arab Emirates), colorectal cancer.
Käty van der Mije-Nicolau, 73, Romanian-born Dutch chess grandmaster, cardiac arrest.
Frank Moore, 67, American performance artist, pleural pneumonia.
Ryōzō Nagashima, 77, Japanese editor and translator, heart failure.
Maxine Powell, 98, American etiquette instructor (Motown).
15
Tommy Andersson, 50, Swedish actor.
Donald Bailey, 80, American jazz drummer.
Ian Douglas-Wilson, 101, British physician and editor (The Lancet).
Nevill Drury, 66, English-born Australian author and publisher, liver failure.
Sean Edwards, 26, British racing driver, racetrack collision.
*El Brazo, 52, Mexican professional wrestler, complications of diabetes.
Rudolf Friedrich, 90, Swiss politician, member of the Federal Council (1982–1984).
Cancio Garcia, 75, Filipino jurist, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court (2004–2007), heart attack.
Harry Hughes, 84, English professional footballer.
Arsala Jamal, 47, Afghan provincial governor, bombing.
Eugène Georges Joseph Lecrosnier, 90, French Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Belfort-Montbéliard (1979–2000).
Jack Lynn, 86, British architect.
Gloria Lynne, 83, American jazz vocalist, heart attack.
Rudy Minarcin, 83, American baseball player (Cincinnati Redlegs, Boston Red Sox).
George Olesen, 88, American comic strip artist (The Phantom).
Gustav Ranis, 83, American economist and emeritus professor at Yale.
Hans Riegel, 90, German entrepreneur (Haribo).
Rodolfo Rivademar, 85, Argentine Olympic silver-medalist sailor (1948).
Pat Ryan, 61, New Zealand boxer.
Reiner Schilling, 70, German Olympic wrestler.
16
Albert Bourlon, 96, French racing cyclist.
Govind Purushottam Deshpande, 74, Indian playwright and academic.
Charles Halton, 81, British-born Australian mathematician and civil servant.
George Hourmouziadis, 81, Greek archaeologist.
Ed Lauter, 74, American actor (The Artist, The Rocketeer, Not Another Teen Movie), mesothelioma.
Kate Losinska, 81, British trade unionist.
Laurel Martyn, 97, Australian ballerina and choreographer.
Robert Rheault, 87, American army officer (Project GAMMA).
Samuel Reid Spencer Jr., 94, American academic administrator.
Aurelia Szőke-Tudor, 78, Romanian world champion handball player (1962).
Saggy Tahir, 68, Indian-born American politician, natural causes.
David Frederick Wertz, 97, American prelate, Bishop of the United Methodist Church.
Ye Duzheng, 97, Chinese meteorologist.
17
George A. Blair, 98, American businessman, entrepreneur and waterskier.
Henry C. Boren, 92, American historian.
Antonia Brenner, 86, American nun.
Giorgio Dellagiovanna, 72, Italian footballer.
Terry Fogerty, 69, British rugby league player.
Ronald Frankish, 90, Australian cricketer.
Giant George, 7, American Great Dane, world's tallest dog.
Guardian Sein Win, 91, Burmese journalist and advocate of freedom of the press.
Antonio Guidi, 85, Italian actor and voice actor.
Jameh Jameh, 58–59, Syrian general, shot.
Arthur Maxwell House, 87, Canadian neurologist and politician, Lieutenant-Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador (1997–2002).
Harbhajan Singh Rissam, 62, Indian cardiologist.
Lou Scheimer, 84, American television producer (He-Man, Fat Albert, Star Trek: The Animated Series), co-founder of Filmation, Parkinson's disease.
Rene Simpson, 47, Canadian tennis player, brain cancer.
Take Control, 6, American Thoroughbred racehorse, euthanized.
Erica Vaal, 85–86, Austrian actress, writer, radio host and presenter.
Sarojini Varadappan, 92, Indian social worker.
18
Francisco Rafael Arellano Félix, 63, Mexican drug lord, shot.
Ravuri Bharadhwaja, 86, Indian Telugu language writer.
Mary Carver, 89, American actress (The Shadow Box, Simon & Simon).
Felix Dexter, 52, British comedian (The Real McCoy), multiple myeloma.
Charlie Dickson, 79, Scottish footballer (Dunfermline Athletic).
Mac Elvis, 25, Ugandan gospel musician and music producer, drowning.
Tom Foley, 84, American politician and diplomat, Speaker of the House of Representatives (1989–1995), Ambassador to Japan (1997–2001), complications from a stroke.
Norman Geras, 70, British political theorist and author, emeritus professor of politics (University of Manchester).
Michael Harvey, 82, British lettering artist.
Roland Janes, 80, American rockabilly guitarist and record producer.
Robert Mazer, 90, American industrialist, Chicago White Sox owner.
Marie McDonough, 95, Australian cricketer.
Bum Phillips, 90, American football coach (Houston Oilers, New Orleans Saints).
Alexander James Quinn, 81, American Roman Catholic prelate, Auxiliary Bishop of Cleveland (1983–2008).
Charles A. Sorber, 74, American civil engineer, engineering professor, and academic administrator.
Allan Stanley, 87, Canadian Hall of Fame ice hockey player, four-time Stanley Cup winner (1962, 1963, 1964, 1967).
Bill Young, 82, American politician, member of the House of Representatives from Florida (since 1971), complications from back injury.
19
John Bergamo, 73, American percussionist and composer.
Georges Descrières, 83, French actor (Arsène Lupin), cancer.
Vladimir Eljanov, 62, Ukrainian chess master and trainer.
Hilda Hänchen, 94, German physicist.
Manuel Haro, 82, Spanish footballer.
Noel Harrison, 79, British singer ("The Windmills of Your Mind"), actor (The Girl From U.N.C.L.E.) and Olympic skier, heart attack.
Ronald Shannon Jackson, 73, American percussionist, leukemia.
Vladimir Keilis-Borok, 92, Russian mathematical geophysicist and seismologist.
Zubaida Khanum, 78, Pakistani singer.
Kurt Kurz, 86, Austrian Olympic ice hockey player.
Jon Locke, 86, American actor (Land of the Lost), complications from a stroke.
William C. Lowe, 72, American businessman, involved in development of IBM PC.
Rosario Martinelli, 72, Italian professional football player.
Nosratollah Momtahen, 89, Iranian Olympic sport shooter.
Jakkrit Panichpatikum, 40, Thai sport shooter, shot.
Y. Radhakrishnamurthy, 85, Indian politician, member of the Rajya Sabha (1996–2002).
K. Raghavan, 99, Indian Malayalam film music composer.
Mikihiko Renjō, 65, Japanese novelist, cancer.
Geoff Smith, 85, English footballer (Bradford City).
Viktor Tsybulenko, 83, Ukrainian Olympic champion javelin thrower (1960).
Mahmoud Zoufonoun, 93, Iranian traditional musician, Alzheimer's disease.
20
Yukichi Amano, 80, Japanese columnist, interstitial lung disease.
Leon Ashley, 77, American country music singer.
Bruce Beeby, 91, Australian actor (Journey into Space).
Thomas Blondeau, 35, Flemish writer and poet, aortic rupture.
Jovanka Broz, 88, Yugoslav army officer, First Lady (1953–1980), widow of Josip Broz Tito.
Dullahan, 4, American Thoroughbred racehorse, euthanized.
Dimiter Gotscheff, 70, German theatre director.
Stephen S. Gottlieb, 77, American politician, heart failure.
Bernardo Filipe Governo, 74, Mozambican Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Quelimane (1976–2007).
Martin Greenberg, 95, American book publisher.
Don James, 80, American football coach (University of Washington), pancreatic cancer.
David Jimenez, 74, Puerto Rican American professional golfer, Alzheimer's disease.
Jamalul Kiram III, 75, Filipino politician, claimant to the Sultanate of Sulu, multiple organ failure.
Lawrence Klein, 93, American economist, predicted post-World War II economic boom, laureate of Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences (1980).
Nikolai B. Kopnin, 67, Russian physicist.
Alain Lascoux, 69, French mathematician.
Kurt Lindlgruber, 78, Austrian sprint canoeist.
Michael Locke, 84, English-born Canadian biologist.
Émile Louis, 79, French murderer.
Vallachira Madhavan, 79, Malayalam novelist and short story writer.
Herman Makkink, 75, Dutch sculptor, graphic artist and illustrator.
Ray Martynuik, 63, Canadian ice hockey player.
Imre Nagy, 80, Hungarian Olympic champion modern pentathlete (1960).
Pierre Page, 86, Swiss Olympic athlete.
Warner R. Schilling, 88, American political scientist.
Joginder Singh, 81, Kenyan rally driver.
Bobby Thomas, 80, American jazz drummer.
Larri Thomas, 81, American actress (Million Dollar Mermaid, The Silencers, Love Me or Leave Me), fall.
Sid Yudain, 90, American journalist, founder of Roll Call.
Dmitri Zaikin, 81, Russian engineer and cosmonaut trainer.
21
Bud Adams, 90, American businessman, owner of the Tennessee Titans, natural causes.
Aldo Bolzan, 80, Luxembourgian cyclist.
Gianni Ferrio, 88, Italian composer, conductor and music arranger.
Keryn Jordan, 37, South African footballer (Auckland City), cancer.
Munawwar Ali Khan, 88, Pakistani cricketer.
Mohammed Vizarat Rasool Khan, 66, Indian educationalist and politician.
Rune T. Kidde, 56, Danish writer, storyteller, musician and artist.
Frank Lima, 74, American poet.
Irma Lozano, 69, Mexican actress, mouth cancer.
Stuart McGee, 72–73, Irish priest.
Colonel Robert Morris, 58, American musician, complications of a heart attack.
Major Owens, 77, American politician, member of the House of Representatives for New York (1983–2007).
Bohdan Przywarski, 81, Polish Olympic basketball player.
Jackie Rea, 92, Northern Irish snooker player.
Kanjuro Shibata XX, 92, Japanese bowmaker and kyūdō teacher.
Karl Sim, 89, New Zealand artist and art forger.
Karen Sogn, 82, Norwegian politician, member of the Storting from Vestfold (1977–1985).
Dick van den Polder, 79, Dutch footballer (S.B.V. Excelsior).
Oscar Yanes, 86, Venezuelan author.
22
Oriol Bohigas Martí, 75, Spanish and French physicist.
Mark Clarke, 63, Caymanian Olympic sailor.
Marylou Dawes, 80, Canadian concert pianist.
Lajos Für, 82, Hungarian politician and historian, Minister of Defence (1990–1994).
William Harrison, 79, American author and screenwriter (Rollerball), kidney failure.
Hou Renzhi, 101, Chinese geographer.
Joseph H. Hulse, 90, Canadian biochemist, food technologist and writer.
Théophile Georges Kassab, 68, Syrian Syriac Catholic hierarch, Archbishop of Homs (since 2000).
Yanwari Kazama, 36, Japanese cartoonist, liver failure.
Antonio Márquez Ramírez, 77, Mexican football referee.
Shizuka Murayama, 94, Japanese-French painter.
Kadir Özcan, 61, Turkish football player and coach, cardiac arrest.
James Robinson Risner, 88, American airman.
Nauman Shabbir, 59, Pakistani cricketer.
Mark Small, 45, American baseball player (Houston Astros).
Piotr Wala, 76, Polish Olympic ski-jumper.
23
Suleiman Arabiyat, 74–75, Jordanian academic and politician, Agriculture Minister (1989–1990).
Wes Bialosuknia, 68, American basketball player (University of Connecticut, Oakland Oaks).
Parcelle Bop, 66, Nauruan politician, MP (1984–1986).
Anthony Joseph Burgess, 75, Australian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Wewak (2002−2013).
Sir Anthony Caro, 89, British sculptor, heart attack.
Bjørn Christoffersen, 86, Norwegian rower.
Niall Donohue, 22, Irish hurler (Galway), suicide.
Adrian Ettlinger, 88, American electrical engineer.
John T. Gregorio, 85, American politician, member of the New Jersey General Assembly (1976−1978) and Senate (1978−1983), Mayor of Linden (1990−2006), leukemia.
Dolores Lambaša, 32, Croatian actress, injuries sustained in traffic collision.
Charles Letts, 95, English entrepreneur.
E. Raymond Lynch, 90, American politician, member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (1979−1980).
Gypie Mayo, 62, English rock guitarist (Dr. Feelgood, The Yardbirds) and songwriter ("Milk and Alcohol").
Bill Mazer, 92, American sportscaster.
Ettore Perego, 100, Italian Olympic gymnast (1948).
Esteban Siller, 82, Mexican voice actor.
Edward Thorne, 89, New Zealand navy chief of staff.
24
Antonia Bird, 62, English television drama and film director, thyroid cancer.
Manna Dey, 94, Indian playback singer, respiratory illness and renal failure.
Manolo Escobar, 82, Spanish singer and actor.
Brooke Greenberg, 20, American woman with rare slow-aging condition, bronchomalacia.
Ben Haden, 88, American televangelist, broadcaster and CIA operative.
Ana Bertha Lepe, 79, Mexican actress, Miss Mexico (1953).
Boris Magaš, 83, Croatian architect and academic.
Arthur Maling, 90, American author.
Lew Mayne, 93, American football player.
Raymond Mwanyika, 83, Tanzanian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Njombe (1971−2002).
Kadir Nurman, 80, Turkish-born German restaurateur, credited with inventing the doner kebab.
Augusto Odone, 80, Italian economist and medical pioneer (Lorenzo's oil).
Ebbe Parsner, 91, Danish Olympic rower (1948, 1952).
Reggie Rogers, 49, American football player (Detroit Lions), cocaine and alcohol intoxication.
Nyanasamvara Suvaddhana, 100, Thai Buddhist monk, Supreme Patriarch of Thailand (since 1989).
Henry Taylor, 80, English racing driver.
Deborah Turbeville, 81, American fashion photographer, lung cancer.
Zuzzurro, 67, Italian actor and comedian, lung cancer.
25
Ron Ackland, 78, New Zealand rugby league player and coach.
Pauline M. Clerk, 78, Ghanaian civil servant, natural causes.
Jenny Dalenoord, 95, Dutch illustrator of children's books and cartoon artist.
Arthur Danto, 89, American philosopher and art critic.
Nigel Davenport, 85, English actor (Chariots of Fire, Howards' Way).
Friedrich Fetz, 85, Austrian Olympic gymnast.
Roy Grantham, 86, British trade unionist, General Secretary of APEX (1971–1989).
Bill Gulick, 97, American author and historian.
Sir Nicholas Hunt, 82, British admiral.
Tokiko Iwatani, 97, Japanese lyricist, pneumonia.
Arne Johansen, 86, Norwegian Olympic speed skater (1952).
Dan Laksov, 73, Norwegian mathematician and human rights activist.
Piero Mazzarella, 85, Italian actor.
Tommy McConville, 67, Irish footballer.
Paddy McFarlane, 81, New Zealand footballer.
Ray Melikian, 95, American fighter pilot.
Peter Mitterer, 66, Austrian politician, Senator (2005–2013), President of the Federal Council (2005, 2010).
Hal Needham, 82, American stuntman and film director (Smokey and the Bandit, The Cannonball Run), cancer.
Paul Reichmann, 83, Canadian businessman and real estate mogul (Olympia and York).
Bill Sharman, 87, American Hall of Fame basketball player (Boston Celtics) and coach (Los Angeles Lakers), complications from a stroke.
Lawrence Leighton Smith, 77, American conductor and pianist.
Amparo Soler Leal, 80, Spanish actress, cardiac arrest.
Sir William Tyree, 81, Australian engineer and businessman.
Piero Tiberi, 66, Italian actor and voice actor.
Chico Vaughn, 73, American basketball player (St. Louis Hawks, Detroit Pistons), cancer.
Marcia Wallace, 70, American actress (The Simpsons, The Bob Newhart Show) and comedian, pneumonia.
26
Ritva Arvelo, 92, Finnish actress, director and screenwriter.
Gias Kamal Chowdhury, 74, Bangladeshi journalist.
Ron Davies, 91, Welsh photographer.
Denis Foley, 79, Irish politician, Teachta Dála (1981−1989, 1992−2002), Senator (1989−1992).
Gabriel of Komana, 67, Belgian-born French Orthodox archbishop, cancer.
Elza Furtado Gomide, 88, Brazilian mathematician.
Doug Ireland, 67, American journalist and blogger.
Al Johnson, 65, American soul singer (The Unifics).
P. S. Manisundaram, 85, Indian academic.
Andries Maseko, 58, South African footballer.
Michael Neuberger, 59, British biochemist, myeloma.
Points Offthebench, 4, American Thoroughbred racehorse, euthanized.
27
Aldo Barbero, 76, Argentine actor.
Julian Bennett, 84, American politician.
Vinko Coce, 59, Croatian singer, complications from diabetes.
Fred Creba, 68, New Zealand Paralympic sportsperson.
Noel Davern, 67, Irish politician, Teachta Dála (1969−1981, 1987−2007), Member of the European Parliament (1979−1984), Minister for Education (1991−1992).
Eddie Erautt, 89, American baseball player (Cincinnati Reds/Redlegs, St. Louis Cardinals).
Olga Gyarmati, 89, Hungarian Olympic athlete (1948).
Basil Hennessy, 88, Australian archaeologist.
Leonard Herzenberg, 81, American immunologist and geneticist.
F. Landa Jocano, 83, Filipino anthropologist.
Luigi Magni, 85, Italian screenwriter and film director.
Michael Mandel, 65, Canadian legal academic.
Roger McGee, 86, American actor (Forbidden Planet).
Darryn Randall, 32, South African cricketer (Border), head trauma.
Lou Reed, 71, American rock musician (The Velvet Underground) and songwriter ("Walk on the Wild Side"), liver disease.
Nir Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana, 99, Nepalese field marshal.
Albie Thomas, 78, Australian Olympic runner and world record holder.
Sir Michael Wilkes, 73, British army general, Lieutenant Governor of Jersey (1995–2001).
28
Nalini Ambady, 54, Indian social psychologist, leukemia.
Adolphus Bell, 69, American electric blues musician, lung cancer.
Bonfire, 30, German Olympic champion dressage horse (2000), euthanized following adrenal disease and hoof inflammation.
Troy Clarke, 44, Australian football player, coronary atherosclerosis.
Trygve Fjetland, 87, Norwegian businessperson.
Marea Gazzard, 85, Australian sculptor and ceramicist.
Tommy Gumina, 82, American jazz accordionist and musical instrument builder.
Ferdinand Havlík, 85, Czech clarinetist and composer, co-founder of Semafor.
Tetsuharu Kawakami, 93, Japanese baseball player and manager (Yomiuri Giants).
Eunice Kazembe, 61, Malawian politician, Minister of Industry and Trade (2009–2012), Minister for Education (since 2012).
Tadashi Maeda, 66, Japanese politician, member of the House of Representatives (1990–1993, 1996–2000), heart failure.
Tadeusz Mazowiecki, 86, Polish politician, Prime Minister (1989–1991), member of the Sejm (1961–1972, 1991–2001).
Layne Redmond, 61, American drummer and author, breast cancer.
Ike Skelton, 81, American politician, member of the House of Representatives from Missouri (1977–2011), pneumonia.
Aleksandar Tijanić, 64, Serbian journalist, general director of Radio Television of Serbia, heart attack.
Rajendra Yadav, 84, Indian Hindi fiction writer.
Mária Zalai-Kövi, 89, Hungarian Olympic gymnast.
29
Allal Ben Kassou, 71, Moroccan Olympic footballer (FAR Rabat).
Jaime Casagrande, 64, Brazilian footballer (Figueirense).
Jean Rénald Clérismé, 75, Haitian politician, diplomat and priest, Foreign Minister (2006–2008).
Stephen H. Crandall, 92, American mechanical engineer and academic.
Sherman Halsey, 56, American music video director.
Rudolf Kehrer, 90, Georgian-born German classical pianist.
Ferdie le Grange, 65, South African plastic surgeon and marathon runner.
Martha Longenecker, 93, American artist and academic, founded Mingei International Museum.
Srđa Popović, 76, Serbian civil rights lawyer and activist.
Sheikh Salahuddin, 44, Bangladeshi cricketer, cardiac arrest.
John-David Schofield, 75, American Anglican prelate, Bishop of San Joaquin (1988–2011).
João Rodrigo Silva Santos, 35, Brazilian footballer (Bangu, Östers, Madureira), murdered.
John Spence, 95, American World War II veteran, first combat frogman (diver).
Graham Stark, 91, English comedian and actor (The Pink Panther, Superman III, Alfie), stroke.
Jan van de Ven, 88, Dutch politician, member of the House of Representatives (1976–1981).
Wong Kim Poh, 79, Singaporean Olympic basketballer.
30
Max Bléneau, 79, French cyclist.
Lincoln P. Bloomfield, 93, American academic.
Edward Chupa, 95, American football player and coach.
Bill Currie, 84, American baseball player (Washington Senators).
Leo Gravelle, 88, Canadian ice hockey player (Montreal Canadiens).
Pete Haycock, 62, English guitarist (Climax Blues Band), heart attack.
Marilyn E. Jacox, 84, American physicist.
Dave MacFarlane, 46, Scottish footballer (Rangers, Kilmarnock).
Ray Mielczarek, 67, Welsh footballer (Wrexham).
*Joaquín José Morón Hidalgo, 71, Venezuelan Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Valle de la Pascua (1992−2002) and Acarigua-Araure (since 2002), cancer.
Michael Palmer, 71, American novelist, heart attack and stroke.
Anca Petrescu, 64, Romanian architect and politician, MP (2004–2008), chief architect of the Palace of the Parliament, complications following traffic collision.
J. R. Salamanca, 90, American author and academic.
Frank Wess, 91, American jazz saxophonist and flautist, heart attack.
31
April, 30, Belizean zoo tapir.
John Benetti, 76, Australian rules footballer.
Bruno Bertagna, 78, Italian Roman Catholic archbishop, Secretary (1994−2007) and Vice-President of Council for Legislative Texts (2007−2010).
Toby Bluth, 73, American artist and animator (Alvin & the Chipmunks, The Smurfs).
Walter Brown, 86, New Zealand actor.
Radha Burnier, 89, Indian theosophist leader.
Murray Cardiff, 79, Canadian politician.
Chris Chase, 90, American actress (Killer's Kiss, All That Jazz), pancreatic cancer.
Evelyn de Mille, 94, Canadian bookseller.
Gérard de Villiers, 83, French thriller writer (Son Altesse Sérénissime), pancreatic cancer.
Jagadish Ghimire, 67, Nepalese writer and development worker, cancer.
Robert Gray, 68, American actor (Innerspace).
Trees Huberts-Fokkelman, 79, Dutch politician, member of the Senate (1991–1995).
Trevor Kletz, 91, British chemical engineer and safety consultant.
Johnny Kucks, 80, American baseball player (New York Yankees, Kansas City Athletics), cancer.
Henryk Markiewicz, 90, Polish historian.
William Morris, 88, British Church of Scotland minister and author.
Andres Narvasa, 84, Filipino lawyer and jurist, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (1991−1998), pneumonia.
Bobby Parker, 76, American blues-rock guitarist.
K. P. Saxena, 81, Indian satirist and writer.
Charles Suckling, 93, British biochemist.
References
2013-10
10 |
3635361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon%20Gono | Gideon Gono | Gideon Gono (born 29 November 1959) is a former Governor of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ), serving from 2003 to 2013, and is the former CEO of the CBZ Bank Limited.
Gono became known internationally due to his connection to the hyperinflation in Zimbabwe.
Earlier career and education
Gideon Gono went to Daramombe High School in Chivhu, an Anglican Mission school. He started his career as a tea boy at National Breweries in Que Que in 1977. He put himself through correspondence courses from O-Level through A-Level and moved on to the Zimbabwe Fertiliser Company as a bookkeeper. After working at Van Leer Packaging as an accountant, he was appointed finance manager at the Zimbabwe Development Bank (ZDB) in 1987 rising to the post of general manager.
In 1995 was appointed managing director of the Bank of Credit and Commerce of Zimbabwe (BCCZ). Under his direction BCCZ became the largest and most successful bank in Zimbabwe, The Commercial Bank of Zimbabwe, or as he coined it, 'Jewel Bank'. He was subsequently appointed as governor of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe.
He obtained a master's degree in Business Administration at the University of Zimbabwe and went on to lecture there and head the university council. He was awarded an honorary degree at the same institution. He then went on to earn another PhD in Strategic Management in 2007 from Atlantic International University.
Reserve Bank governorship
Gono was first appointed as governor of the Reserve Bank in November 2003 because of his reputation as a turnaround specialist, particularly because of his work at the Commercial Bank of Zimbabwe. In November 2008, Gono was reappointed to a new five-year term as governor, beginning on 1 December 2008. Gono stepped down on 30 November 2013 after a 10-year term at the helm of the Reserve Bank.
Results of policies
After taking over the governorship of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe, Gono implemented a host of highly criticized policies in a bid to try to keep the Zimbabwean dollar afloat. There were a host of problems before he became governor, hence the appointment of turnaround strategies but they seemed to be too much for him to tackle, hence the decline of the economy continued:
Cash shortages
There were fuel and shortages in agriculture
Corrupt businessmen were arrested and banks not adhering to banking laws were penalized
The highest inflation in the world and unemployment and the collapse of the health, education and agriculture sectors.
Zimbabwe Dollar and inflation
The RBZ printed large quantities of money to keep the economy afloat against the backdrop of economic sanctions placed upon the Zimbabwe since 2000. This went against the advice of global economists, but with full support from President Robert Mugabe. As predicted by the textbook quantity theory of money, this practice devalued the Zimbabwean dollar and caused hyperinflation.
The RBZ demonetized old bank notes on 1 August 2006 and introduced a new currency. Each new Zimbabwe dollar was worth 1000 old Zimbabwe dollars. The highest denominations for the new currency were 1, 10, and 100 thousand revalued dollars. A year later on 1 August 2007, he authorized a 200 thousand dollar denomination. This marked the start of a series of new denominations issued in rapid succession, including 250, 500, and 750 thousand dollars (20 December 2007); 1, 5, and 10 million dollars (16 January 2008); 25 and 50 million dollars (4 April 2008); 100 and 250 million dollars (5 May 2008); 500 million and 5, 25, and 50 billion dollars (20 May 2008); and 100 billion dollars (21 July 2008). From the time of currency revaluation to the beginning of June 2008 the money supply in the country increased from billion to more than quadrillion, or a 20,000,000 fold increase.
Gono denied media claims that he had opposed price cuts that the government instituted to arrest inflation. As time went by, it became apparent that the RBZ had instituted price cuts that saw bare shelves in shops and many businesses closing. He sent in the police to arrest businessmen for failing to reduce their prices. On one occasion, he personally visited shop owners in Harare to demand they lower prices. Despite these efforts, inflation in Zimbabwe remains the world's highest. (Note: after dollarization in 2009, Zimbabwe's inflation rate has become deflation since 2014.)
Critics have noted that most of Gono's monetary policy statements in the past have had biblical references. Notably, he usually ends in policy statements to the Parliament of Zimbabwe thus: "In the Lord's hands, I commit this Monetary Policy Framework for our economic turnaround."
Banks and currency exchange
A number of banks that were skirting banking laws had their operating licenses cancelled and/or were placed under curatorship. Critics blame Gono for closing 16 money transfer agencies.
Agriculture sector
With the shortages of inputs in the agriculture the RBZ came to the forefront to try to bail the sector out by helping with fertilizer and machinery procurement.
Backed by vice president Joyce Mujuru, Gono has several times called for an end to the farm invasions sanctioned by the ZANU-PF party, as these destroy the Zimbabwean economy. Gono's criticism of farm takeovers is in sharp contrast to statements made by other ministers, including Lands Minister Didymus Mutasa.
In an interview with the state-controlled The Herald newspaper, he said, "I have openly condemned such retrogressive acts as destruction of horticultural greenhouses, decimation of tobacco barns, institution of fresh farm invasions". "There are too many subdivisions among us, too many contradictions, too much infighting among ourselves, incredible suspicion and mistrust of one another," Gono said.
Gono admitted that his efforts to rescue and improve the economy of Zimbabwe were being thwarted and risked failure. Gono said there were several factors that were outside the central bank's control, which made it difficult to reign in inflation.
"Some of those factors are within the governor's control and influence while others such as politics, sanctions, droughts, under-utilisation of farms, disruptions at those farms, rampant corruption, indiscipline, law and order are factors outside the governor's control," he said in an interview with The Herald newspaper. He has also blamed the failure of the economy on sanctions imposed on the country, a charge critics dispute.
Critics allege that Gono has kept his job as the governor mainly through Mugabe's patronage saying Mugabe has not only shielded Gono from critics, but has commended him in his activities as governor despite the extreme deterioration of the Zimbabwean economy. He had been Mugabe's banker for a long period before becoming governor of the RBZ.
Personal life
Like many of Mugabe's inner circle, Gono allegedly owns several farms (one of which is in Norton). However, unlike others, he is said to have bought and paid for it in the late 1990s before the land redistribution program in which other farms were confiscated from localised white farmers.
In November 2008, Gono published a book titled Zimbabwe's Casino Economy: Extra-ordinary Measures for Extra-ordinary Challenges describing the post-colonial economy of Zimbabwe particularly during the first five years (2003–2008) of his term as Governor of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ).
On 24 October 2010, the South-African newspaper Sunday Times ran a story falsely claiming that he had an affair with Amai Grace Mugabe, the wife of the late President Robert Mugabe. It was later reported that the story could have been made up as a part of internal fighting inside the ruling party or the RBZ.
Personal sanctions
Gono is banned from traveling to the United States because of his then influential position in government-owned institutions in Zimbabwe, namely the Commercial Bank of Zimbabwe where he was the CEO and subsequently, the Central Bank where he was the Governor of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe. He was added to and subsequently removed from the EU's list of individuals subject to personal sanctions and the ban on travel to the EU was lifted in 2013 after he retired from Government service. He however is still on the US sanctions list. He had no assets frozen by the EU sanctions.
References
External links
Ankomah, Baffour. "Gideon Gono: 'Zimbabwe Will Not Die'", New African, Aug/Sep 2007
See also
List of individuals banned from entering the United Kingdom, a list Gono is on
Governors of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe
1959 births
Living people
Rhodesian people
University of Zimbabwe alumni |
6799159 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Lehigh%20University%20alumni | List of Lehigh University alumni | This is a list of notable alumni of Lehigh University, a private research university located in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.
Academia
David Bader (BSCompE, 1990; MSEE, 1991), Distinguished Professor of Computer Science at the New Jersey Institute of Technology and former Georgia Tech professor
Anthony G. Collins (D.Eng. Civil Eng., 1982), former Clarkson University president
Peter Feaver (BA, 1983), Duke University professor and former member of the National Security Council in the Clinton and George W. Bush administrations
James D. Foley (BSEE, 1964), Georgia Tech professor and co-author, Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice
Kenneth French (Mech. E., 1976), Dartmouth College finance department chairman and American Finance Association president
Robert L. Ketter, former University of Buffalo president
Andrew H. Knoll (1973), Harvard University paleontologist and geologist and member of the National Academy of Sciences
Ted London (BS Mech. Eng 1985), Base of the Pyramid expert at the Stephen M. Ross School of Business and William Davidson Institute senior research fellow
Robert J. Nemiroff (1987), Michigan Technological University professor of physics and co-founder of the Astronomy Picture of the Day and Astrophysics Source Code Library
Paul C. Paris (1955), Washington University in St. Louis professor emeritus and expert on fracture mechanics and material fatigue
Walter C. Pitman, III (1956), Columbia University professor emeritus and expert on sea floor spreading
James R. Rice (1962), Harvard University physicist and professor and member of the National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Engineering.
Herman Schneider (1894), University of Cincinnati former president and developer of cooperative education
James E. Talmage (Geology, 1884), University of Utah former president, author, and LDS apostle
John Texter (1949), Eastern Michigan University professor emeritus, author, inventor, and co-founder of Strider Research Corporation
Paul Torgersen (B.S. Industrial Engr., 1953), former Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University president
Architecture
Roland E. Borhek (1883), designed the Rialto Theater and other buildings
Wallis Eastburn Howe (1889), architect
Business
William Amelio (BS Chem. Eng., 1979), Avnet CEO and former Lenovo CEO
Tom Bayer, Reserve Bank of Vanuatu director
Patrice Banks, Girls Auto Clinic founder and author
William Butterworth, Deere and Company president and chairman
Steve Chang, Trend Micro co-founder and former CEO
Stacey Cunningham (BS Industrial Engineering, 1996), 67th president of the New York Stock Exchange
Jack Dreyfus (1934), Dreyfus Fund founder
Cathy Engelbert (1986), former Deloitte U.S. president and current WNBA commissioner
Murray H. Goodman (born 1925), real estate developer
Eugene Grace (1899), former Bethlehem Steel president
Richard Hayne (BA Anthropology 1969), Urban Outfitters, Anthropologie, and Free People co-founder
Marc Holtzman (1982), Barclays Capital vice chairman and Kazkommertsbank chairman
Lee Iacocca (Industrial Eng. 1945, Hon D.Eng. 1965), former Chrysler chairman
Kevin J. Kennedy (1978), Avaya CEO
John E. McGlade, Air Products chairman, president, and CEO
Reginald Lenna (BS Industrial engineering, 1936), Blackstone Inc. CEO
Edward Avery McIlhenny (1896), McIlhenny Company CEO]
Henry H. Minskoff, real estate developer
James Ward Packard (Mech. E., 1884), Packard co-founder
John R. Patrick (BS Electrical engineering, 1967), former IBM vice president
Joseph R. Perella (BS Business & Economics 1964), former investment banking chairman at Morgan Stanley
Paul Zane Pilzer (BA Journalism 1974), economist
Barry Rosenstein (BA, 1981), hedge fund manager
Fredrick D. Schaufeld (BA Government 1981), entrepreneur and venture capital investor
Tsai Shengbai (1919), Mayar Silk Mills president and developer of the modern silk industry in China
Fred Trump Jr. (1960), Trans World Airlines pilot and former executive and maintenance worker at The Trump Organization; older brother of Donald Trump, the 45th President of the United States
Robert Zoellner (BS 1954), investor and stamp collector, the second person to have assembled a complete collection of United States postage stamps, and benefactor and namesake of the school's Zoellner Arts Center
Entertainment
Dick Berg (1942), screenwriter
Jim Davidson (1985), actor, Pacific Blue
Paul Guilfoyle (1972), actor, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
Maria Jacquemetton (BA English, 1983), Emmy, Golden Globe, Writers Guild of America, and Peabody Award-winning writer and supervising producer of Mad Men
Don Most (1972), actor, Happy Days (attended but did not graduate)
Louis Clyde Stoumen (1939), Academy Award-winning director and producer
Journalism and literature
Martin Baron (BA Journalism and MBA, both 1976), Washington Post editor and former Boston Globe editor
Tracy Byrnes (1993), Fox Business television reporter
William E. Coles, Jr. (BA English, 1953), novelist and professor
Richard Harding Davis (1886), war correspondent, journalist, and writer of fiction and drama
Robert Gibb (MA English, 1976), poet, short-story writer, essayist, critic, editor, and professor
Michael Golden (1971), The International Herald Tribune publisher and vice chairman of The New York Times Company
William P. Gottlieb (BS business and economics, 1939), jazz author and photographer
Russell Lee (1925), photojournalist
Edwin Lefèvre (1893), one of the first journalists specialized on covering business
David A. Randall (English, 1928), book dealer and librarian
Len Roberts (PhD English, 1976), poet, translator, and professor
Stephanie Ruhle (1997), MSNBC anchor and NBC News correspondent
Michael Smerconish (BA Government, 1984), author and radio commentator
Andrea Tantaros (2001), former Fox News Channel co-host and political contributor
Les Whitten (BA English and Journalism, 1950), investigative reporter and novelist
Law
Edward N. Cahn (1955), United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania judge; The Edward Cahn Federal Building and Courthouse was named in his honor.
Robert L. Clifford (1946), New Jersey Supreme Court associate justice
James Cullen Ganey (1920), United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit judge
Ronald A. Guzman (1970), United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois judge
Alina Habba (2005), attorney for former U.S. president Donald Trump
Edwin Kneedler (1967), deputy solicitor general of the United States
Paul Lewis Maloney (1972), United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan judge
Malcolm Muir (1935), United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania judge
Maryellen Noreika (1988),United States District Court for the District of Delaware judge
Donald F. Parsons (1973), Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware vice chancellor
Stephen Victor Wilson (1963), United States District Court for the Central District of California judge
Medicine
Harry J. Buncke, plastic surgeon called the "father of microsurgery"
Steven J. Burakoff, cancer specialist and head of Mount Sinai Medical Center's cancer institute
Frank L. Douglas, former TheVax Genetics Vaccine Company CEO and founder and first executive director of MIT's Center for Biomedical Innovation
Stephen K. Klasko, Jefferson Health CEO
Gail Saltz, psychiatrist and television commentator
Sandra Welner, specialist in disabled women's healthcare
Military
Ralph Cheli (1941), USAAF, awarded the Medal of Honor posthumously for valor in World War II
Timothy D. Haugh (BA 1991), current commander, Sixteenth Air Force
Colin J. Kilrain (1982), U.S. Navy SEAL, anti-terrorism expert, military attache to Mexico, PACCOM Special Ops Commander, NATO Special Ops Commander
David M. Peterson (1915), fighter ace with the Lafayette Escadrille and U.S. Army Air Service credited with six victories, twice awarded the Distinguished Service Cross
Edwin H. Simmons USMC (1942), veteran of the Battle of Chosin Reservoir and USMC chief historian
Franklin C. Spinney (BS Mech. Eng, 1967), U.S. Air Force Reserve and military analyst
John H. Tilelli, Jr. (MBA 1972), U.S. Army vice chief of staff
Politics
Pongpol Adireksarn (1964), Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand
William David Blakeslee Ainey, U.S. Congressman
Ali Al-Naimi (BS Geology 1962), Saudi Arabia Minister of Petroleum and Mineral Resources and Aramco chairman
Carville Benson (1890), U.S. Congressman
William A. Collins, Connecticut State Representative and four-term mayor of Norwalk, Connecticut
Charlie Dent (MPA, 1993), U.S. Congressman
Geoff Diehl (1992), Massachusetts House of Representatives member
Clarence Ditlow III, (Bachelor of Science (BS) Chemical Engineering), advocate for automotive safety
Manuel V. Domenech (1888), Ponce, Puerto Rico member and Treasurer of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
Lori Ehrlich (1985),Massachusetts House of Representatives member
Peter D. Feaver (BA, 1983), member of the National Security Council in the Clinton and George W. Bush administrations and Duke University professor
Robert L. Freeman (MA History, 1984), Pennsylvania House of Representatives member
Walter O. Hoffecker (1877), U.S. Congressman
Robert A. Hurley (1917), 73rd governor of Connecticut
Leonard Lance (Bachelor of Arts (BA), 1974), U.S. Congressman
Norton Lewis Lichtenwalner, U.S. Congressman
Jennifer Mann (1991), Majority Caucus Secretary and member of Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Robert Martin (Master of Arts (MA) History, 1971), New Jersey State Senator
Paul F. McHale, Jr. (Bachelor of Arts (BA) Government, 1972), Assistant Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense and former U.S. Congressman
Rufus King Polk (1887), U.S. Congressman
Donald L. Ritter (Bachelor of Science (BS) Metallurgy, 1961), former U.S. Congressman
Richard Schmierer (1974), U.S. ambassador to Oman
David Sidikman (1956), New York State Assembly member
Donald Snyder (MBA 1976), Pennsylvania House of Representatives Majority Whip
Edward J. Stack (1931), U.S. Congressman
Guy Talarico (B.S.), New Jersey General Assembly member
Joseph Uliana (1987), Pennsylvania State Representative and State Senator
Richard Verma (BS Industrial engineering, 1990), U.S. ambassador to India
Francis E. Walter (1916), U.S. Congressman
Pulitzer Prize winners
Martin Baron (1976), editor of The Washington Post, former editor of The Boston Globe, 2003 Pulitzer Prize winner
Mark Antony De Wolfe Howe (1886) 1925 Pulitzer Prize winner
Joe Morgenstern (BA English, 1953), 2005 Pulitzer Prize winner
Science and engineering
Ali Al-Naimi (BS Geology, 1962), Saudi Aramco CEO and Saudi Arabia's Minister of Petroleum and Mineral Resources
Walter C. Bachman (1933), chief engineer at Gibbs & Cox and ship propulsion expert
John-David F. Bartoe (BS Physics 1966), Space Shuttle astronaut and International Space Station research manager for NASA
Stephen James Benkovic (1960), chemist
William Bowie (C.E. 1895), geodetic engineer and namesake of Bowie Seamount
Morris Llewellyn Cooke (BS Mech. E., 1895), rural electrification leader during the 1920s and 1930s
Paul Corkum (PhD Theoretical Physics, 1972), attosecond physics and laser science expert
Albert P. Crary (MS Physics), Antarctic explorer
Harry Diamond, engineer who developed Proximity Fuse
Philip Drinker (Chem Eng., 1917), co-inventor of the modern respirator
Lt. Col. Terry Hart, USAF (BS Mech. E., 1968, Hon. D.Eng., 1988), NASA Space Shuttle astronaut
Captain Nicholas H. Heck (AB 1903, BSCE 1904), geophysicist, seismologist, oceanographer, hydrographic surveyor, and United States Coast and Geodetic Survey officer
Lester Hogan (PhD Physics 1950), microwave and semiconductor pioneer
Gary G. Lash (MS, PhD 1980), geologist known for Marcellus Shale calculations
Bill Maloney (1980), mine drilling expert and participant in the Plan B rescue of miners during the 2010 Chilean mine disaster
Daniel McFarlan Moore (1889), Moore Light inventor
William S. Murray (1895), electrical power generation and railroad electrification expert
Jesse W. Reno (BS Mech Eng., 1883), builder of the world's first escalator
Robert Serber (BS Engineering physics, 1930), physicist in the Manhattan Project
Lewis B. Stillwell (1885), expert on electrical distribution, President of the IEEE and 1935 winner of the IEEE Edison Medal
John Texter (1949; BSEE, 1971; MS Chem, 1973; MS Mathematics, 1976; PhD Chemistry, 1976), engineer and scientist in applied dispersion technology and small particle science, co-initiator of polymerized ionic liquids, and designer of thermodynamically stable dispersions
John M. Thome (1870), director of the Argentina's national observatory, Observatorio Astronómico de Córdoba
Richard Hawley Tucker (BS Civil Eng., 1887), astronomer; namesake of Tucker Crater on the Moon
Claude Allen Porter Turner (BS Civil Eng., 1890), developed early reinforced concrete techniques
Aneesh Varma (2006), founder of Aire and expert on behavior prediction algorithms
William Wiswesser (1936; honorary doctorate 1970), chemist and pioneer in chemical informatics and inventor of Wiswesser line notation
J. Lamar Worzel (1941), geophysicist and oceanographer
Zhou Ming-Zhen, Chinese paleontologist, Chinese Academy of Sciences academic and recipient of the Romer-Simpson Medal
Sports
Rabih Abdullah (1998), former professional football player, Chicago Bears, New England Patriots, and Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Joe Alleva (BS finance, 1975; MBA, 1976), Louisiana State University athletic director and former Duke University athletic director
Craig Anderson (1960), former professional baseball player, New York Mets and St. Louis Cardinals
Lon Babby (BA Political Science, 1973), Phoenix Suns president
Adam Bergen (2004), professional football player, Arizona Cardinals and Dallas Cowboys
Jordan Cohen ('20), Israel Basketball Premier League player
Snooks Dowd, former professional baseball player
Cathy Engelbert (1986), WNBA Commissioner
Sam Fishburn, professional baseball player
John Fitch (BS Civil Eng., 1938), winner of Mille Miglia and Argentine Grand Prix
Paul Hartzell (1976), former professional baseball player, Baltimore Orioles, California Angels, and Minnesota Twins
Bill Hoffman, football player
Al Holbert (Mech. E. 1968), five-time IMSA GT Champion and member of International Motorsports Hall of Fame
John Hill (1972), former professional football player, New York Giants and New Orleans Saints
Jarrod Johnson (1991), former professional football player, Pittsburgh Steelers and San Diego Chargers
Steve Kreider (1978), former professional football player, Cincinnati Bengals
Tim Mayer (1991), IMSA chief operating officer
Matt McBride, professional baseball player
CJ McCollum (BA Journalism, 2013), first Lehigh basketball player to be selected in the NBA Draft
Kim McQuilken (1973), former professional football player, Atlanta Falcons and Washington Redskins
Rich Owens (1994), former professional football player, Miami Dolphins, Kansas City Chiefs, Seattle Seahawks, and Washington Redskins
Vincent "Pat" Pazzetti (1912), member of College Football Hall of Fame
Roger Penske (1959), NASCAR and IRL team owner, member of International Motorsports Hall of Fame, and recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom
Will Rackley (BA Design, 2011), professional football player, Jacksonville Jaguars
Julius Seligson (1930), NCAA and ITA national tennis champion and member of ITA Hall of Fame
Scott Semptimphelter, football player
Levi Stoudt, former professional baseball player, Cincinnati Reds
Lake Underwood (Mech. E.), professional sports car racer
Bobby Weaver (1981), gold medal winner, wrestling, 1984 Summer Olympics
Finn Wentworth (1980), former New Jersey Nets owner and YankeeNets president
Adam Williamson (2005), Major League Soccer soccer player, New England Revolution
References
Lehigh University alumni |
3222123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari%20Telch | Ari Telch | Ari Telch (born May 7, 1962) is a Mexican actor best known for his work in telenovelas and the stage.
Early life and career
Ari Telch Benforado was born to a Jewish family and started acting career with the role of a Jewish boy in El violinista en el tejado (Fiddler on the Roof) with Manolo Fábregas. His next play was Yankee in 1983 produced by Sabina Berman, also of Jewish origin. In Barnum (1986), the play about one of the founders of the Barnum and Bailey circus he rode a monocycle of two meters high. In 1988 he obtained a role in Interés social, a play written by Luis Eduardo Reyes who obtained the National Theater Award for the story. A year later in Loco amor ("Fool for Love" by Sam Shepard) with Angélica Aragón.
First telenovela with Televisa
In 1989 he participated in his first telenovela called Dos vidas ("Two lives") with Televisa. For his role he received a Best new actor award by both TVyNovelas and Eres magazines. In 1990 he made Flor y Canela on television and on stage Vamos a contar mentiras with Silvia Pinal and Querida aquí espantan of Joaquin Bissner.
The following year he joined the cast of Muchachitas, with a role that would give him fame and recognition earning a Best actor award by Eres magazine. Next year, he obtained the starring role in the stage version of La tarea in which he appeared fully nude with María Rojo the co-star of the film version. In spite of public protests the show was sold out and toured the country and obtained the award for Best actor. The same year he participated in El Contrabajo of Patrick Süskind adapted by Nathán Grinberg, who also wrote the music. For this play he obtained the award by the Asociación de Críticos Profesionales de Teatro (ACPT) and the Best actor award in the Festival Internacional de las Artes in Costa Rica. He made 2,500 presentations with this play in Mexico, the United States and Costa Rica. In 1993 he participated in the comedy Una pareja con ángel by Eduardo Palomo with 200 sold out presentations in the theater Xola in Mexico City. In the same year he also appeared in film with the production Novia que te vea.
Next year, he returned to Televisa with Imperio de cristal with María Rubio and the real-life couple Rebecca Jones and Alejandro Camacho. In 1995 he appeared in Cuatro Equis a play for which he wrote the original idea. The play made 800 presentations and gave him another Best actor award by the ACPT and El Heraldo de México. In 1996 he participated in La antorcha encendida with Televisa.
In 1997 he started his production company Telch Producciones, and its members are: Ari Telch, actor/director, Verónica Telch, executive producer, Nathan Grinberg, theatre director, José Manuel Bernal, public relations, Juan Christian Ortega, television producer, Norberto Garcia, technical manager, Luis Eduardo Reyes, consulting services, and Mauricio Pichardo, writer. Telch Producciones has, since then, produced several plays in Mexico. Telenovela producer Epigmenio Ibarra then invited him to star in TV Azteca's Mirada de Mujer (1997) with Angélica Aragón. A telenovela that would become a success in Mexico, Spain, Brazil, El Salvador, Venezuela, Puerto Rico and the United States. Because of this production, Telch and Aragón were featured on Time magazine and were awarded a recognition by the government of Puerto Rico.
In 1999 he hosted the show Chiquitos pero picosos on TV Azteca featuring, among other guests, Vicente Fox the President of Mexico. With his production company and in collaboration with Argos Comunicación he presented the sit-com Amor a las carreras. In 2001 he also presented the stand-up comedy El hermano incómodo co-starring with Leny Zundel. In 2003, his production company presented Contratiempo on stage in which he co-starred with Roxana Castellanos. He obtained for this play another Best actor award by the ACPT and Castellanos a Best new actress, and for Mauricio Pichardo Best script. Luis E. Reyes also received a nomination for Best director. The same year he returned to television with the sequel to Mirada de Mujer while touring the country with Contratiempo with more than 500 presentations. In 2005 he was part of the cast of the telenovela La otra mitad del sol and was touring with contratiempo.
Telch has a daughter with his former wife, actress Ninel Conde, whose name is Sofía (Ari and this daughter share their birthday date). In 2001 he married Brazilian model Marcia Da Cruz with whom he also has a daughter (Paulina).
He was studying to be a Dentist along with his 2 best friends David Ornelas (father of Carolina & Saul Ornelas) & Carlos Oynik, but he left it to be an actor.
Before marrying Ninel Conde, he dated Kate Del Castillo
Ari Telch is part of the cast of the telenovela Pasión Morena and he returned to the theater to play El contrabajo of Patrick Süskind directed by his brother Nathan Grinberg.
Telch celebrates his 25th anniversary as an actor.
Telch suffers from bipolar disorder.
Stage
El Chófer y la Señora Daisy ("Driving Miss Daisy", 2012-2013)
El contrabajo (The Double Bass, 2009–2010)
Ella en mi cabeza (2006)
Contratiempo (2003)
¿Por qué no te quedas a desayunar?
Cuatro Equis (1995)
Una pareja con ángel (1993)
El contrabajo (1992)
La tarea (1992)
Querida aquí espantan (1990)
Vamos a contar mentiras (1990)
Loco amor ("Fool for Love", 1989)
Interés social (1988)
Barnum (1987)
Yankee (1983)
El violinista en el tejado ("Fiddler in the Roof", 1976)
Films
Unhappily Ever After (2023) as Doctor Orozco
Demasiado amor (2002) as Carlos
El método (1999) as Rabbit-Man
Novia que te vea (1994) as Jacobo
Moon Spell (short, 1987)
TV shows
Amor a las carreras as Ricardo (1999)
Chiquitos pero picosos (1999) as Host (1999)
Hora Marcada (1986)
Cachún cachún ra ra! (1981) as David (1985–1987)
Telenovelas
La bella y las bestias (2018) as Armando Quintero
A Corazón Abierto (2012)
Bajo el alma (2011)
Pasión Morena (2009) as Llamita
Mientras Haya Vida (2007) as Ignacio
La Otra mitad del sol (2005) as Patricio Camacho
Mirada de mujer: El regreso (2003) as Alejandro Salas
El amor de mi vida (1998) as Jorge
La antorcha encendida (1997) as Luis de Foncerrada
Mirada de mujer (1997) as Alejandro Salas
Imperio de Cristal (1995)
Encuentro inesperado (1993)
María Mercedes (1992) as Carlos Urbina
Muchachitas (1991) as Joaquín
La fuerza del amor (1990)
Flor y canela (1989) as Tomas
Dos vidas (1988)
Rosa salvaje (1987) as Jorge
Cicatrices del alma'' (1986) as Samuel
References
External links
Official site of Ari Telch Dmente Teatro
Biography by Rocío Heredia
Ari Telch the Telenovela database
Profile on Azteca América
1962 births
Living people
Mexican Jews
Mexican male film actors
Mexican male stage actors
Mexican male telenovela actors
People with bipolar disorder
Male actors from Mexico City
20th-century Mexican male actors
21st-century Mexican male actors |
52307265 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramm | Aramm | Aramm () is a 2017 Indian Tamil-language political drama film written and directed by Gopi Nainar. It features Nayanthara as a district collector, with Ramachandran Durairaj and Sunu Lakshmi in supporting roles. Featuring music composed by Ghibran and cinematography by Om Prakash, the film began production in mid-2016 and had a theatrical release on 10 November 2017. Post-release, the film won appreciation from film critics and performed well commercially.
Plot
The story begins with District Collector Madhivadhani (Nayanthara), who is struggling with her approval to a higher official (Kitty) and telling a bone-chilling story to him.
A week ago, in Kattoor village, poor people are seen fighting with the police for clean water, sanitation, and the verdict to arrest their cruel landlord. Two boys are seen playing in a river, as their family drags them out and scolds them for going and playing there. The next day, a woman named Sumathi (Sunu Lakshmi) and her 4-year-old daughter Dhanshika (Mahalakshmi) are walking together back home. Sumathi soon learns that Dhanshika went missing and enquires the villagers, who tell her that her daughter fell into a borewell. Sumathi rushes there and faints. The villagers call the police, who in turn alerts Madhivadhani. Madhivadhani and her team rush there to assess the situation but are stopped because there is a deep ditch in the middle of the road, which delays their arrival at the site. Madhivadhani and her team finally arrive but are battered by the journalists and the news media, who criticize Madhivadhani over her late arrival and the negligence of the landlord over the open borewell.
Soon, a camp is set up. Sumathi, her husband Pulenthiran (Ramachandran Durairaj), and her son Muthu still await Dhanshika's escape. The police sends down a camera and microphone system so that Madhivadhani can talk with Dhanshika in the borewell. Madhivadhani notices that Dhanshika is not receiving enough oxygen, but the doctors ensure that Dhanshika has enough time to survive. The villagers meanwhile try to rescue Dhanshika on their own but fail every time. The police decides to carry out the "butterfly knot" as they demonstrate to Madhivadhani on a dummy. Madhivadhani alerts the medical team about the consequence of the process that Dhanshika's shoulder might get dislocated, but gives the approval to carry out the process. As the police reach out to Dhanshika with the knot, Dhanshika tries to hold on to the knot, but her arm hurts and she falls back into the borewell. Madhivadhani and the family are distraught over this.
The villagers, angry over the long time taken to rescue Dhanshika and the landlord's negligence, attack the police with stones. Madhivadhani then settles the doubt by telling the villagers that the landlord will get arrested and the child will be rescued. Coincidentally, the landlord gets arrested. Madhivadhani then calls for Captain Maharajan and his team from the Indian Defence Army. Maharajan has an idea: to dig out another horizontal tunnel to get Dhanshika out. Madhivadhani approves it. As Maharajan's team is digging the ground, a crack appears in the ground, which causes all the work to stop immediately. As the day darkens into night, the camera suddenly stops working. As the camera gets fixed, Dhanshika shows no response, which causes Pulenthiran to assume that she is dead. He runs off into the half-dug site as he tries to rescue Dhanshika on his own, thus causing another chaos between the villagers and the police while someone alerts the villagers that Dhanshika is still alive. The family decides to send Muthu (Ramesh Thilaganathan), Dhanshika's brother, to rescue her, which Madhivadhani reluctantly approves. Finally, Dhanshika is rescued alive. Pulenthiran, Sumathi, Muthu, and Dhanshika thank Madhivadhani. Madhivadhani sends Dhanshika to the hospital but emotionally breaks down.
Back in the present, Madhivadhani competes with the higher official and resigns from her post as a district collector. She then decides that she will do something for her people as an ordinary person. The film then ends with a timeline slideshow of incidents of children falling in neglected borewells.
Cast
Nayanthara as Madhivadhani IAS (Voiced by Deepa Venkat)
Ramachandran Durairaj as Pulenthiran
Sunu Lakshmi as Sumathi
Mahalakshmi as Dhanshika
Kitty as Government Official
Vela Ramamoorthy as MLA
E. Ramdoss as Police Officer
Jeeva Ravi as Doctor
T. Siva as Minister
Vignesh as Saravanan
Ramesh as Muthu
Vinodhini Vaidyanathan as Nurse
Production
In July 2016, it was reported that actress Nayanthara had quietly started and almost finished filming for a project where she would portray as district collector directed by newcomer Minjur Gopi. Gopi had earlier garnered media attention during the release AR Murugadoss's Kaththi (2014), where he claimed that the pair had stolen his stories to make their films. Gopi had narrated the story of Aramm, an episode from the life of a District Collector to many producers but they were reluctant to come forward and make the film. Gopi zeroed in on the Collector's part because he knew the film would be critical of the government machinery, but stated he did not assign a gender to the Collector until Nayanthara accepted to work on the film. Gopi had managed to get access to Nayanthara, after being recommended to her by director Sarkunam. The film was predominantly shot in Chennai and around Appanur near Paramakudi, with Ramesh and Vignesh of Kaaka Muttai, Ramachandran Durairaj and Sunu Lakshmi also portraying pivotal roles, while Om Prakash was assigned as the film's cinematographer. Filming work for the project was finished in early October 2016, with the film still being untitled.
The title and first look poster of the film was revealed on 18 November 2016, coinciding with Nayanthara's birthday. The team actively chose to promote the actress as the main selling point of the film, rather than the other members of the cast. Nayanthara, who usually does not take part in promotions for her film, agreed to promote the film because she felt the film had a relevant social message. Gopi also revealed that the actress was heavily involved during the making of the film and operated like an assistant director. She also prevented Gopi from making any changes to the script to cater to her fan following. During the post-production phase of the film, Ghibran worked with the City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra to record the background score.
Soundtrack
The film's music was composed by Ghibran, while the audio rights of the film was acquired by Think Music. The album released on 28 July 2017 and featured three tracks.
Release
Aramm was released on 10 November 2017 across Tamil Nadu and won positive reviews from film critics. The satellite rights of the film were sold to Sun TV.
Reception
Sify's critic wrote Aramm is a "brilliant film that inspires you to wake up and react", adding it was "compelling, moving and quite unlike anything else, you're likely to watch this year". Ananda vikatan gave 60 marks to this film. Reviewer Manoj Kumar of The Indian Express called the film "hard-hitting", adding "while Nayanthara remains in forefront of the action fast developing, the narration does not deviate from its straight path to meet the approval of her star status". Similarly, a critic from The New Indian Express, called it "a powerful film that doesn't flinch from asking tough questions", while the Times of India called it "effective". Film reviewer Sreedhar Pillai of Firstpost wrote Aramm is "a triumph of honest writing", and added "Nayanthara shows why she's called Kollywood's 'Lady Superstar'". The commercial success of the film prompted Gopi Nainar to announce a sequel which would begin in 2018 with Nayanthara reprising the lead role.
Awards
References
External links
2010s political drama films
2010s Tamil-language films
2017 directorial debut films
2017 films
Drama films based on actual events
Films about social issues in India
Films scored by Ghibran
Indian films based on actual events
Indian political drama films |
461562 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Card | USS Card | USS Card (AVG/ ACV/ CVE/ CVHE/ CVU/T-CVU-11/ T-AKV-40) was an American that saw service in World War II. She was named for Card Sound, a continuation of Biscayne Bay, south of Miami, Florida. She was the flagship of Task Group 21.14 (TG 21.14) a hunter-killer group formed to destroy German submarines in the North Atlantic.
In 1964, while operating as an aircraft ferry, Card was sunk with explosives planted by two Viet Cong commandos in the Harbor of Saigon, South Vietnam. She was refloated 17 days later and returned to service after extensive repairs.
Construction and commissioning
Cards hull was laid down on 27 October 1941, under a Maritime Commission contract, MC hull #178, at Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding in Tacoma, Washington, as a Type C3-class ship (cargo type C3-S-A1) and was launched as Hull 178 on 27 February 1942, sponsored by Mrs J. Perry.
She was acquired by the U.S. Navy on 1 May 1942 and redesignated AVG-11 (Aircraft Escort Vessel #11), later reclassified as ACV-11 (Auxiliary Aircraft Carrier 11) on the 20 August 1942 and converted into an escort carrier. She was commissioned on 8 November 1942.
Aircraft carried
Card had capacity for up to 24 fighter and anti-submarine aircraft normally a mixture of Grumman; Wildcat and Avengers with composition dependant upon mission. The squadron had the callsign VC-1 USN (Composite Squadron One).
Service history
World War II
Departing San Diego, California on 18 January 1943, Card arrived at Hampton Roads, Virginia on 1 February for training in the Chesapeake Bay. Her initial mission began in May 1943 as she escorted slow convoy UGS-8A of troopships and supply vessels to Casablanca in French Morocco. This convoy shipped six months after the Allied invasion of North Africa and was assembled in preparation for the subsequent invasion of Sicily. With 129 merchant ships and 19 escorts, it was the largest convoy of the war to date.
During this crossing, Card and her escorting destroyers provided daily anti-submarine patrols against U-Boats by air and by sea while remaining close to the convoy. When escorting the return convoy GUS-8 back to Norfolk, however, Card's orders permitted her to operate more freely against reported concentrations of U-boats as long as she could get back to the convoy in time to protect it. Thus began the evolution toward totally independent Hunter-Killer Group (HKG) operations
On 15 July Card was reclassified from an Auxiliary Aircraft Carrier (ACV) to an Escort Carrier (CVE). She became one of the first of fourteen US CVEs around which US anti-submarine HKGs would be centered. These groups became feasible as increasing numbers of CVEs became available, along with more and better escort ships and aircraft.
They became increasingly effective with the development of improved anti-submarine weapons systems including Mark 24 (FIDO) homing torpedoes and Hedgehog forward-throwing depth charges. Like other US HKGs, those centered around Card operated independently of convoys but, unlike UK HKGs, she operated without centralized control.
These groups used Ultra intelligence from Enigma coded intercepts to locate and destroy U-boats and their replenishment vessels. These intercepts were involved in sinking all 11 submarines sunk by Card'''s HKGs and all but one of the U-boats sunk in the Atlantic Theater by US HKGs during the war. Card steamed from Norfolk on 27 July as flagship for TG 21.14, an HKG formed for offensive operations against German submarines. This deployment lasted until 10 September.
On 7 August her Avenger aircraft attacked while refueling U-66 at . The Avengers dropped depth charges and an acoustic homing torpedo (codenamed "FIDO") near U-117 and U-66. Two more Avengers and two Wildcats arrived later and forced U-117 to dive before dropping more depth charges and another FIDO. U-117 was hit by one of two acoustic torpedoes and sank with the loss of all hands. U-66 escaped and returned to the boat's homeport, Lorient.
On 8 August 1943 fired three torpedoes at the escort carrier but all missed. The following day Aircraft from Card sank U-664 in position , west-southwest of Corvo Island, with depth charges from Avengers. Seven crew members were killed and 44 rescued by USS Borie.
On 11 August her aircraft sank at north-west of the Azores with all hands.
On 27 August her aircraft sank in the Sargasso Sea at , with FIDO torpedoes, all 63 hands were lost.
Her second deployment was from 25 September to 9 November 1943. Lt. (j.g.) Robert. L. Sterns spotted three submarines, , , and , refueling from the Type XIV supply and replenishment ("Milchkuh") , on 4 October, north of the Azores. Coming under heavy anti-aircraft fire from the three U-boats, Lt. Sterns radioed for reinforcements and three more TBM Avengers joined the battle. Sterns dropped an "Fido" acoustic torpedo that sunk U-460 with 62 crew lost and two rescued, and U-422 was sunk at with all hands.
On 13 October, Avenger and Wildcat aircraft sank at , with an acoustic FIDO torpedo.
On 31 October, three of her Avenger aircraft sank , at , north of Flores Island, with FIDOs and attacked , at the same location, but this boat escaped undamaged.
The fifth and final sinking of the deployment was on 1 November, by one of Cards escorts. After a violent, close-range surface action, rammed and sank in , north of the Azores. Too badly damaged to be saved, Borie had to be sunk by a bomb dropped by one of Cards Avengers at , east of Cape Race, Newfoundland.
For her antisubmarine activities from 27 July to 25 October, as part of TG21.14, Card and her task group were awarded the Presidential Unit Citation. Card became the first escort carrier to receive such an award for combating German submarines.Card began her third hunter-killer deployment 24 November 1943 in the North Atlantic. Late on 23 December, the group ran into wolfpack "Borkum"; Card had 12 contacts in 5 hours. Card and her escort were unsuccessfully attacked by and one of her Wildcats spotted the blockade runner Osorno steaming for the Gironde estuary. One of Cards escorts, sank at on 24 December.Cards escort , was sunk by the combined efforts of and at , west northwest of Cape Finisterre, Spain. Card dodged submarines all night with only Decatur as screen, while Schenck rescued survivors from Leary. The task group returned to Norfolk base on 2 January 1944.
From 18 March to 17 May 1944, Card operated on transport duty between Norfolk and Casablanca. She then underwent overhaul until 4 June, when she steamed for Quonset Point, to hold pilot qualification exercises. She returned to Norfolk, 21 June, to serve as the nucleus of TG 22.10. The hunter-killer unit departed Norfolk, 25 June, and on 5 July, two of her escorts, and , sank at . Thirty survivors, including the mortally wounded commanding officer of the submarine, were taken on board Card and put ashore at Boston, Massachusetts, the next day.
Her next anti-submarine cruise was in the Caribbean, and uneventful, 10 July–23 August 1944. She sortied 18 September as the flagship of TG 22.2 for patrol off the Azores, during which she cooperated with British Escort Group 9 to attack a submarine on 12 October. After another patrol with TG 22.2, 1 December 1944 – 22 January 1945, Card entered Philadelphia Naval Shipyard for overhaul until 7 February.
She then transported Army aircraft and Army and Navy personnel to Liverpool, returning to Norfolk 12 March. From 21 March to 24 May, Card was based on Quonset Point, conducting carrier pilot qualifications. She ferried men and aircraft to Guantanamo Bay, 21–24 June, then transited the Panama Canal, to transport materiel to Pearl Harbor and Guam, returning to San Diego, 14 August.
By the end of World War II, Card's aircraft and escorts destroyed a total of 11 German submarines, making her, along with USS Bogue with 9 German and 2 Japanese submarines, the most successful ships of her class.
Assigned to "Magic Carpet" duty, she made two voyages to Pearl Harbor, and one to the western Pacific, from 21 August to 16 December, returning servicemen to the west coast. Card departed Alameda, California, 7 January 1946, for the east coast where she was placed out of commission in reserve at Norfolk, 13 May.
She was reclassified as a helicopter escort carrier CVHE-11, 12 June 1955; a utility carrier CVU-11, 1 July 1958; and an aviation transport AKV-40, 7 May 1959.
Awards
In addition to her Presidential Unit Citation, Card received three battle stars for service in World War II.
Vietnam War
The ship was reactivated on 16 May 1958, as USNS Card and operated with a civilian crew under Military Sea Transportation Service (MSTS) control as an aircraft transport. On 15 December 1961, Card left Quonset Point Naval Air Station in Rhode Island, with a cargo of H-21 Shawnee helicopters and soldiers from Fort Devens, bound for Vietnam. At Subic Bay, in the Philippines, the cargo and troops were transferred to the helicopter carrier , which arrived and unloaded off the coast of Da Nang, on 25 January 1962.
On 2 May 1964, while Card was moored dockside in Saigon, a Viet Cong frogman planted an explosive charge that blew a hole in the hull, killing five crewmen. Card settled in of water. She was patched and pumped out, and raised on 19 May, and towed to Subic Bay, and then Yokosuka, for repairs. Card returned to service on 11 December. The attack has parallels to the suicide bombing of , in terms of being an example of "cost-effective" asymmetric warfare.
During the latter part of 1967, and early part of 1968, Card brought US military helicopters to the Republic of South Vietnam. These helicopters were assembled on board the ship by members of the 388th Transportation Company, 765th Transportation Battalion, and then flown to the US Army airfield at Vũng Tàu. From there the helicopters were assigned to aviation units.
FateCard'' entered the Pacific Reserve Fleet, at Olympia, Washington, on 10 March 1970, was sold for scrapping to Zidell Explorations, Inc for $93,899.99, on 14 May 1971 and withdrawn from the fleet on 9 June 1971.
Awards
Presidential Unit Citation
American Campaign Medal with one battle star
European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with two battle stars
World War II Victory Medal
Navy Occupation Medal with "ASIA" clasp
National Defense Service Medal
Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal
Vietnam Service Medal with one campaign star
Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal
Citations
Bibliography
External links
USS Card at NHHC/DANFS
USS Card at World War II Database
USS Card at U-boat.net
USS Card Association
NavSource Online
VietNamNet Bridge
Bogue-class escort carriers of the United States Navy
Ships built in Tacoma, Washington
1942 ships
World War II escort aircraft carriers of the United States
Cold War auxiliary ships of the United States
Vietnam War auxiliary ships of the United States
Maritime incidents in 1964 |
8296276 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Shakespeare%20Code | The Shakespeare Code | "The Shakespeare Code" is the second episode of the third series of the revived British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It was broadcast on BBC One on 7 April 2007. According to the BARB figures this episode was seen by 7.23 million viewers and was the fifth most popular broadcast on British television in that week. Originally titled "Love's Labour's Won", the episode was re-titled as a reference to The Da Vinci Code.
In the episode, the alien time traveller the Doctor (David Tennant) takes his new travelling companion Martha Jones (Freema Agyeman) in her first trip in time and space. They arrive in 1599 near the Globe Theatre in Southwark, where they meet the playwright William Shakespeare. Shakespeare is being bewitched by three witch-like Carrionites to rewrite the ending to his play Love's Labour's Won so that the performance will create the right words to free the rest of the Carrionite race from imprisonment.
Plot
The Tenth Doctor, who promised to take Martha on one trip, takes her to a performance of Love's Labour's Lost at the Globe Theatre in Southwark in 1599. At the end of the play, William Shakespeare announces a forthcoming sequel entitled Love's Labour's Won. A witch called Lilith uses a voodoo doll to influence Shakespeare to declare that the new play will premiere the following evening. When Lynley, the Master of the Revels, demands to see the script before allowing the play to proceed, Lilith plunges a voodoo doll made of his hair into a bucket of water and stabs it in the chest. Lynley collapses on the ground dead. Lilith compels Shakespeare to write a strange concluding paragraph to Love's Labour's Won before flying away on a broom.
In the morning, the Doctor, Martha and Shakespeare proceed to the Globe Theatre, and the Doctor asks why the theatre has 14 sides. They decide to visit the architect of the theatre in Bethlem Hospital. They find the architect, Peter Streete, in a catatonic state. The Doctor helps him emerge from his catatonia long enough to reveal that the witches dictated the Globe's tetradecagonal design to him. The witches Lilith, Doomfinger, and Bloodtide observe this through their cauldron, and Doomfinger teleports to the cell and kills Peter with a touch. The Doctor identifies the witches as Carrionites, a species whose magic is based on the power of words which allows them to manipulate psychic energy. By uttering the name Carrionite the Doctor is able to repel her.
The Doctor deduces that the Carrionites intend to use the powerful words of Love's Labour's Won to break their species out of imprisonment. The Doctor confronts Lilith, who explains that the three witches were released from their banishment by Shakespeare's genius words after he lost his son Hamnet. Lilith temporarily stops one of the Doctor's two hearts and flies to the Globe Theatre. Shakespeare fails to stop the play from being performed. The actors speak the last lines of the play. A portal opens up, allowing the Carrionites back into the universe. The Doctor tells Shakespeare that only he can find the words to close the portal. Shakespeare improvises a short rhyming stanza but is stuck for a final word until Martha blurts out Expelliarmus. The Carrionites and all the copies of Love's Labour's Won are sucked back through the closing portal.
Continuity
Shakespeare in Doctor Who
Shakespeare has appeared in one earlier Doctor Who episode, and the Doctor has also mentioned prior meetings. The Bard is seen by the Doctor and his companions on the screen of their Time-Space Visualiser in The Chase (1965), conversing with Elizabeth I; in Planet of Evil (1975), the Fourth Doctor mentions having met Shakespeare, and in City of Death (1979) he claims that he helped transcribe the original manuscript of Hamlet; and in The Mark of the Rani (1985) the Sixth Doctor says "I must see him [Shakespeare] again some time".
Among non-TV material, Shakespeare features in the Virgin Missing Adventures novels The Empire of Glass and The Plotters, and in the Big Finish Productions audio drama The Kingmaker. In another Big Finish drama, The Time of the Daleks, a child is revealed to be Shakespeare at the story's end. This has a sequel in Ian Potter's short story Apocrypha Bipedium in Short Trips: Companions, which concerns the young Shakespeare's anachronistic meeting with some of the characters he will later portray in Troilus and Cressida. Finally, the Bard also appears in the Doctor Who Magazine Ninth Doctor comic A Groatsworth of Wit (also written by Gareth Roberts).
Producer Russell T Davies and screenwriter Gareth Roberts have both stated that they were aware of these past references to meeting Shakespeare, but that they would neither be mentioned nor contradicted in the episode. Roberts added that although an early draft of "The Shakespeare Code" contained "a sly reference to City of Death", it was removed because "it was so sly it would have been a bit confusing for fans that recognised it and baffled the bejesus out of everyone else."
References to earlier Doctor Who episodes and stories
The name of the Carrionites derives from screenwriter Gareth Roberts' own New Adventures novel, Zamper (1995), which refers to a slug-like race known as "arrionites". Roberts has said, "I always thought it was a nice word, and I was thinking of the witches as carrion creatures, so I bunged a C in front of it".
In Douglas Adams' lost adventure Shada, there is a passing reference to a Time Lord, Scintilla, who was imprisoned for conspiring with Carrionites; the novelisation of Shada was also written by Roberts.
There are several references to races from earlier Doctor Who episodes. At one point, the Doctor uses the title "Sir Doctor of TARDIS," which had been awarded to him by Queen Victoria in "Tooth and Claw" (2006). The Carrionites' contribution to Love's Labour's Won includes a reference to "Dravidian shores"; a "Dravidians starship" is mentioned in The Brain of Morbius (1976). Lilith refers to the Eternals, a race introduced in the original series serial Enlightenment (1983). In addition, the Doctor finds a skull in Shakespeare's prop store that reminds him of the Sycorax race from "The Christmas Invasion" (2005); when the Doctor mentions the name "Sycorax" to Shakespeare, Shakespeare says that he will use the name (the joke is that the name in fact derives from Caliban's mother in Shakespeare's play The Tempest.)
Other sequences include subtle references to much earlier episodes. One of the putative lines of Love's Labour's Won, "the eye should have contentment where it rests", is taken from episode three of the 1965 serial The Crusade — a story consciously written in Shakespearean style.
Outside references
References related to Shakespeare
The episode concerns the "lost" Shakespeare play Love's Labour's Won, which is referred to in more than one historical document, but which may be just an alternative title for an extant play. Historically, a reference to Love's Labour's Won (in Francis Meres's Palladis Tamia, Wits Treasury, 1598) predates the construction of the Globe Theatre (1599).
The Doctor and Martha make numerous references to Shakespeare's appearance: she notes that he looks nothing like his portrait, and wonders why he is not bald, while the Doctor says he could make his head bald if he rubs it and later gives him a ruff to keep (calling it "a neck brace"). Shakespeare himself speaks with a noticeable Midlands accent, a reference to his birth and upbringing in Stratford-upon-Avon.
The episode makes reference to the many debates about Shakespeare's sexuality. Shakespeare flirts with Martha multiple times during the episode, and ultimately composes Sonnet 18 for her, calling her his "Dark Lady". This is a reference to the enigmatic female character in Shakespeare's Sonnets, although Sonnet 18 is in fact one of those addressed to a male character, the Fair Youth. Shakespeare subsequently flirts with the Doctor as well, at which the Doctor observes, "Fifty-seven academics just punched the air," a reference to the debates on this subject.
There is a running joke throughout the episode in which the Doctor creates an apparent ontological paradox by inspiring Shakespeare to borrow phrases that the Doctor quotes from his plays. Examples of this include the Doctor telling Shakespeare that "all the world's a stage" (from As You Like It) and "the play's the thing" (from Hamlet), as well as the name Sycorax from The Tempest. However, when Shakespeare himself coins the phrase "To be, or not to be", the Doctor suggests he write it down, but Shakespeare considers it "too pretentious". In a different version of the joke, the Doctor exclaims "Once more unto the breach", and Shakespeare initially likes the phrase, before realising it is one of his own from Henry V, which was probably written in early 1599. When questioning Shakespeare about witches, Martha remarks that he has written about witches; a reference to Macbeth, which Shakespeare denies. At the time in which the episode is set, Shakespeare had yet to write Macbeth or Hamlet, which prominently feature the paranormal, such as witches and ghosts.
There are numerous other allusions to Shakespeare's plays. Just before the Doctor steps out of the TARDIS, he exclaims "Brave new world", from Act V Scene I of The Tempest. In an early scene a sign is glimpsed for an inn named "The Elephant". This is the name of an inn recommended in Twelfth Night. The three Carrionites allude to the Weird Sisters from Macbeth (which was written several years after the setting of this episode); like them, the Carrionites use trochaic tetrameter and rhyming couplets to cast spells. When regressing the architect in Bedlam, The Doctor uses the phrase "A Winter's Tale", whilst the architect himself uses the phrase "poor Tom" in the same way as the 'mad' Edgar in King Lear.
Lilith credits the Carrionites' escape from the Eternals' banishment to 'new...glittering' words. Shakespeare is credited with adding two to three thousand words to the English language, including 'assassination', 'eyeball', 'leapfrog' and 'gloomy'.
The character Kempe is William Kempe, a highly regarded comic actor of the era, who was a member of the Lord Chamberlain's Men along with Shakespeare and Richard Burbage.
Wiggins is named after Doctor Martin Wiggins, a distinguished academic in the field of Elizabethan and Jacobean literature and the editor of several editions of influential plays of this period. Wiggins is also a Doctor Who fan and a friend of writer Gareth Roberts. According to Roberts, "if anyone was gonna trip me after transmission it'd be him, so I thought I'd butter him up first".
Other
There are several references to the Harry Potter franchise. At one point, Martha says "It's all a bit Harry Potter", which prompts the Doctor to claim that he has read the final book in the series (which would not be released until three months after the episode was aired; the Doctor refers to it as "Book 7" because the title had not been made public at the time of filming). At the end of the episode, Shakespeare, the Doctor and Martha use a word from Harry Potter, "Expelliarmus", to defeat the Carrionites, and the Doctor exclaims "Good old J.K.!". These references include some metatheatrical humour, since David Tennant played the villain Barty Crouch, Jr in the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire.
There are several references to the paradoxes of time travel. Martha mentions the possibility of killing her grandfather, an allusion to the grandfather paradox, when she first steps from the TARDIS. She also suggests that stepping on a butterfly might change the future of the human race, an idea that originates in Ray Bradbury's 1952 short story A Sound of Thunder. The Doctor explains how history could be changed with devastating results by referring to the movie Back to the Future. Martha scorns this explanation by saying 'The film?' to which the Doctor retorts 'No, the novelisation! Yes the film!'. There is indeed a novelisation of Back to the Future, written by George Gipe.
Some of the words and names used are derived from other works. The Doctor claims Martha comes from Freedonia, a fictional country in the Marx Brothers film Duck Soup - it was also used as the name of a planet in the Doctor Who novel Warmonger (2002) by Terrance Dicks. The planet Rexel 4 is named in an episode of The Tomorrow People from 1974.
The Doctor quotes the line, "Rage, rage against the dying of the light," from "Do not go gentle into that good night" by Dylan Thomas — but warns Shakespeare he cannot use it as it is "somebody else's".
Production
Writing and pre-production
The episode was Gareth Roberts' first writing credit proper on the show, but he had written for Doctor Who many times before. He started writing some Virgin New Adventures, a series of Doctor Who novels, with The Highest Science (1993). He went on to write several more books for Virgin Books and further Doctor Who spin-offs. With the new TV series, Roberts again produced a tie-in novel (Only Human, 2005) and then various smaller jobs for the TV show, including the "Attack of the Graske" digital television interactive mini-episode and the TARDISODEs.
As revealed in Doctor Who Adventures issue 30, this episode had the working title of "Loves Labour's Won". By the time of production, however, the title had been changed to "Theatre of Doom", according to David Tennant's video diary shot during production and included as a bonus feature of the Series 3 DVD set. Tennant remarks that the title would likely change before broadcast, suggesting "Theatre of Doom" was only a temporary title.
The ending featuring Queen Elizabeth was Russell T Davies's idea, who told Roberts to "make it a bit like the ending of The One Doctor", a Big Finish Productions audio drama also written by Roberts.
The scene in which the Doctor and Martha share a room was originally written to have the Doctor casually undress down to his underwear; and still obliviously invite Martha to share the bed. It was rewritten as the producers and Tennant thought it would be inappropriate.
Filming
Filming for the episode took place from 23 August to 15 September 2006. Production started at the production team's Upper Boat Studios in Trefforest for the scenes in the Crooked House.
Production then went on a week of location night shoots, beginning in Coventry, including Ford's Hospital, for one night, before moving to the Lord Leycester Hospital at Warwick. Scenes set in the Globe Theatre were then partially filmed in the recreated Globe Theatre in London.
Apart from Newport Indoor Market, where the scenes at Bedlam, as the Bethlem Royal Hospital was known as then, were recreated in the basement, the remainder of the shoot took place in Upper Boat Studios, for the scenes set in the Elephant Inn, sections of Globe Theatre material, and the TARDIS scenes.
In SFX magazine #152, producer Phil Collinson called this episode the "most expensive ever", because of the large amounts of CGI and filming in Warwick, Coventry and London.
Special effects
The special effects on the episode were done by The Mill, who have created the special effects on all Doctor Who episodes since its return in 2005. The vast amount of CGI work required was mainly for the climax of the episode.
One shot of the Doctor and Martha looking at the Globe Theatre was changed between the Series Three preview at the end of "The Runaway Bride" and the final episode; the edge of the Globe Theatre has been replaced with a CGI shot of a village and the distant theatre itself.
Broadcast and reception
The episode was first broadcast at 7pm on 7 April 2007. It was seen by 7.2 million viewers, and was the fourteenth most watched programme of the week.
"The Shakespeare Code", along with "Smith and Jones" and "Gridlock" was released on a DVD on 21 May 2007. It was then re-released as part of the Series Three boxset in November 2007.
Scott Matthewman of The Stage gave "The Shakespeare Code" a mostly positive review, highlighting the guest performances and the theme of the power of words. Digital Spy's Dek Hogan found the plot "ludicrous" but praised the production values and special effects. He speculated that he might like it better when watching it again later after he has warmed up to Martha. Nick Setchfield, writing for SFX, awarded the episode five out of five stars, finding the production "confident". He praised the acting, "witty" script, and the concept of the Carrionites' witch-like appearance. IGN reviewer Travis Fickett rated the episode 7.2 out of 10. He found the plot "straightforward", but still said it was entertaining with a good performance by Kelly.
References
External links
"Witchcraft" – episode trailer
Tenth Doctor episodes
Doctor Who pseudohistorical serials
2007 British television episodes
Television set in Tudor England
Films with screenplays by Gareth Roberts (writer)
Cultural depictions of William Shakespeare
Cultural depictions of Elizabeth I
Fiction about hypnosis
Television episodes about witchcraft
Fiction set in 1599
Television episodes set in London
Television episodes set in the 16th century |
7484413 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Jupiter%20%281944%29 | Operation Jupiter (1944) | Operation Jupiter was an offensive by VIII Corps of the British Second Army from 10 to 11 July 1944. The operation took place during the Battle of Normandy in the Second World War. The objective of the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division (Major-General Ivor Thomas) was to capture the villages of Baron-sur-Odon and Fontaine-Étoupefour and Chateau de Fontaine-Étoupefour, and to recapture Hill 112. An attached brigade of the 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division would take Éterville, Maltot and the ground up to the River Orne and then the tanks of the 4th Armoured Brigade, supported by infantry, would advance through the captured ground and secure several villages to the west of the River Orne. It was hoped that the initial objectives could be captured by after which the 4th Armoured Brigade would exploit the success.
The British advance went well at first but fighting for Hill 112 took all day and Maltot changed hands several times. On 11 July, counter-attacks by the 9th SS Panzer Division Hohenstaufen, 10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg and the schwere-SS Panzer Bataillon 102 (102nd SS Heavy Panzer Battalion) in the afternoon, forced the British off the top of Hill 112 to positions on the north-facing slope. The operation was a tactical failure for VIII Corps but a strategic success for the Allies, attrition having reduced the II SS Panzer Corps to a condition from which it never recovered. British operations of the Second Battle of the Odon conducted in the Odon valley continued in July and the 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division occupied Hill 112 almost unopposed on 4 August, after the Germans withdrew during Operation Cobra and Operation Bluecoat further west. A stone memorial to the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division was built on the hill in the late 1940s.
Background
Operation Epsom
The first battle for Hill 112 was fought at the end of Operation Epsom, when the tanks of 11th Armoured Division broke out from a bridgehead established by the 2nd Battalion, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, part of 227th (Highland) Infantry Brigade 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, at Tourmauville. Hill 112 was an intermediate objective on the way to the River Orne crossings but such was the German reaction, that the 23rd Hussars were only able to capture and hold the hill with difficulty. Hill 112, at the end of a narrow salient, was held by the infantry of the 8th Battalion, Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own). Here they remained under shell and mortar fire until Ultra decryption of German radio traffic, showed that the II SS Panzer Corps was arriving. Before the German reinforcements could attack, General Bernard Montgomery ordered a withdrawal from the hilltop. Montgomery intended to hold the Panzer divisions (approximately seven), on the British-Canadian front, while the First US Army continued the Battle of Cherbourg and broke out from the beachhead. The American objective was feasible, because they had only the equivalent of panzer divisions facing them, despite German attempts to disengage panzer units from the east end of the bridgehead.
Operation Charnwood
Operation Charnwood took place from 8 to 9 July, to capture Caen and prevent the transfer of German armoured units from the Anglo-Canadian front in the east to the American sector. Three infantry divisions supported by three armoured brigades, attacked behind a creeping barrage and made gradual progress against the 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend and the 16th Luftwaffe Field Division. By the end of the day the 3rd Canadian Division, the British 3rd Infantry Division and the 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division had reached Caen. At dawn, the attackers met the rearguards of German units which were retreating across the Orne; Carpiquet airfield had fallen to the Canadians during the morning and by the British and Canadians had secured the north bank of the Orne. With the remaining bridges fortified or impassable and with German reserves close by, the British I Corps ended the operation. Charnwood was mutually costly but a tactical success for the Allies. The Germans were expelled from north of the Orne but established a defensive line south of the city and continued to transfer formations to the American front.
Prelude
British plan
The intent of the operation was to capture the bridges over the Orne near Feuguerolles to provide a bridgehead for the Second Army to attack over the open ground to Bretteville-sur-Laize and Falaise. The 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division (Major-General Ivor Thomas) which had arrived in Normandy in time to play a supporting role in Operation Epsom, would capture the spur running eastwards from Hill 112 to the confluence of the Odon and Orne rivers. The 129th Infantry Brigade would capture the top of the hill and establish observation posts as the 130th Infantry Brigade took the lower ground to the south-east of Hill 112. The infantry brigades were to be supported by Churchill tanks of the 31st Tank Brigade and flame-throwing Churchill Crocodiles of the 141st Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (141st RAC) from the 79th Armoured Division. The 4th Armoured Brigade with the 214th Infantry Brigade would exploit success by forming a bridgehead on the east side of the Orne but the use of troop-carriers was cancelled. The 46th (Highland) Infantry Brigade of the 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division was placed under the command of the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division to capture Verson and Éterville and the land between the confluence of the Odon and Orne. The Highland Brigade would then advance either side of the Odon to the Orne as a flank guard s the 129th Infantry Brigade guarded the right flank on Hill 112.
Artillery plan
The attacking brigades were to be supported by the divisional artilleries of the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division, 11th Armoured Division, 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division and the 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division. The medium and heavy guns of the 3rd Army Group Royal Artillery (AGRA), 8th AGRA and part of the 5th AGRA, the corps artillery of XXX Corps, to the west. Thirteen field regiments, ten medium regiments and 2 1/2 heavy regiments were to participate with three hundred and twelve 25-pounder field guns, a hundred and sixty 4.5-inch and 5.5-inch medium guns, twenty-four 155 mm and sixteen 7.2-inch heavy guns. with nine 16-inch guns, with two 15-inch guns and HMS Belfast with twelve 6-inch guns in the Bay of the Seine were to contribute their firepower. The army artillery amounted to 512 pieces and the Naval contribution was 23 medium and super-heavy guns. The heavy 4.2-inch mortars of the 8th Middlesex and the 3-inch mortars of the infantry were to participate and Hawker Typhoon Fighter-bombers were to operate over the German-occupied roads leading to the area.
German dispositions
Hill 112 was held by the 10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg with 21 on the hill, 22 between the hill and the Orne and 10 in reserve with the Tiger tanks of 102 (SS Heavy Panzer Battalion). The German defences comprised a line of outposts down the north slope of Hill 112 with a main line of resistance along the Caen–Évrecy road. A second line ran from Feuguerolles westwards from the Orne to Bully, Avenay and Évrecy and another outpost line ran through St Martin; another main line of resistance from Bully to Amayé sur Orne to Évrecy. The Orne crossings were held by the pioneer and reconnaissance battalions and artillery support was provided by the 10th SS Artillery Regiment and the 8th Werfer Brigade. When the 3rd Canadian Division took Carpiquet on 9 July, the Germans lost observation westwards over the south-eastern slope of Hill 112 but could still observe from positions further east across the Orne.
Battle
Operation Jupiter began from the Odon bridgehead, which ran from Verson to Baron, after the 214th Brigade crossed the river during the night of After a preliminary bombardment the first battalions of the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division reached Éterville and the north slope of Hill 112 by and the advance to Maltot began. The village was entered but determined German defenders, mortar-fire and armoured counter-attacks made the British position in the village untenable, without control of Hill 112. The German defenders on the hill were dug into cornfields and tanks were hidden in copses. The Germans stopped the British advance at the Caen–Évrecy road and below the crest on the flanks. In the evening the 5th Battalion, Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry (5th DCLI) of 214th Brigade and the 7th Royal Tank Regiment (7th RTR) attacked the hill and reached the hilltop and woods nearby, which brought the four 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division brigades onto the ridge. To the north of Éterville, troops of the 3rd Canadian Division had crossed the Odon and extended the salient to the east.
German counter-attacks began around midnight and got into Éterville several times; on the hill, the 5th DCLI was forced back to the Caen–Évrecy road, after all its anti-tanks guns were destroyed and it suffered During the battle, General Heinrich Eberbach, the commander of had made the defence of Hill 112 the priority () of the II SS Panzer Corps but the British advance had taken the north slope and got half-way across the hilltop. The German defenders had been subject to naval bombardment, air attack and artillery fire but held much of their ground, with the support of Tiger tanks of schwere SS-Panzer Abteilung 102, which had arrived in Normandy two days previous.
Aftermath
Analysis
Exploitation of a German retirement from Caen after Operation Charnwood had not been possible, since the Germans only withdrew to the south bank of the Orne. The British had attacked up open slopes to reach the top of Hill 112, commanded by dug in German units and tanks on the reverse slope. Narrow front attacks were tactically unwise but lack of troops and circumstances had made them unavoidable, despite congestion behind the British front line and the delays this caused in delivering supplies and reinforcements. Lieutenant-General Richard O'Connor, the VIII Corps commander, recommended that more account be taken of topography in the selection of objectives and that the occupation of high ground be favoured over attacks on villages. The British and Canadians had used their increasing experience and kept the initiative but the Germans had not withdrawn despite the cost of such defensive operations. The commanding views from Hill 112 were of great tactical importance but the highest point of the hill was relinquished by the British and left as a no-man's-land, with the opponents dug in on either side.
Several villages in the vicinity had been taken (although the British were pushed out of Éterville) and the Germans had been provoked into counter-attacking British penetrations. The 9th SS Panzer Division, which had been moving out of the line to form an operational reserve, was brought back to contain the attack and the Germans were exposed to Allied naval and ground artillery and attack from the air, which inflicted severe casualties and deprived the German defence of the ability to conduct a counter-offensive. Tank-versus-tank engagements continued to take place at less than , at which the frontal armour of Churchill tanks, was insufficient to resist hand-held hollow-charge weapons or the German high-velocity and anti-tank guns. British tank-mounted, medium-velocity guns could not penetrate the frontal armour of a Panther or the armour of a Tiger from any direction.
Casualties
The 43rd (Wessex) Division suffered in the operation and from 10 to 22 July. The 31st Tank Brigade lost 39 tanks, some of its establishment. The 9th SS Panzer Division suffered 746 casualties from 2 to 18 July; had 19 operational Panzer IV, 50 Panthers and 25 StuG III on 9 July, 20 Panzer IV, 50 Panthers and 27 StuG III on 10 July and 13 Panzer IV, 35 Panthers and twelve StuG III on 12 July. The 10th SS Panzer Division suffered 403 men killed, 1,263 men wounded and 470 missing in July; had 27 Panzer IV and 25 StuG III operational on 9 July; 17 Panzer IV and eight StuGs on 12 July. 102 had 25 operational Tiger tanks when it went into action on 9 July, 14 on 11 July and ten a day later.
Commemoration
The importance of the battles for Hill 112 is remembered by the erection by the 5th DCLI in August 1944 of a memorial labelled Cornwall Wood. A larger wooden memorial to the 43rd (Wessex) Division was built by the residents of Normandy to the combatants and civilians who were killed soon afterwards. A stone memorial was built at Hill 112 by the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division in the late 1940s (carved by German masons) and similar memorials are at Wynyard's Gap in North Dorset, Castle Hill, Mere in Wiltshire and Rough Tor in Cornwall.
Subsequent operations
11 July
At dusk on 11 July, the 4th Battalion, Somerset Light Infantry (SLI) of the 129th Infantry Brigade made a silent attack on the crest of Hill 112. D Company attacked in the centre to re-occupy the orchard with A Company on the right and C Company on the left. A Company crossed the Caen–Évrecy road and tried to dig in but found the ground too hard for their tools and then the Germans were alerted by British machine-gun fire. D Company got to the edge of Cornwall Wood where they received machine-gun fire much of which ricochetted from derelict tanks; one platoon strayed to the right and disappeared. Troops of the 19th Regiment discovered the advance and managed to repulse the British, then found that the German troops on the other side of the orchard had retired. Constant artillery, mortar and machine-gun fire swept the top of Hill 112 and made it untenable for both sides and positions below the crest, where troops could assemble for an attack, were frequently bombarded. Small parties of the 5th DCLI remained in the orchard, not having heard of the retirement and after four days, a group which sent four German prisoners down the hill were ordered back.
Operation Greenline 15–17 July
The crossroads at le Bon Repos and the higher ground overlooking Esquay-Notre-Dame were attacked by the 2nd Battalion, Glasgow Highlanders of the 227th Infantry Brigade, supported by Churchill tanks of the 107th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (107th RAC) from the 34th Tank Brigade and the 141st RAC of the 79th Armoured Division, with Churchill Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers (AVRE) and Churchill Crocodile flame-thrower tanks. The Highlanders advanced from the north-east of Hill 112, south-westwards over the northern slope, towards the defences of the III Battalion, 21st Regiment. As the infantry emerged from dead ground they were met by massed mortar fire, which temporarily disorganised the battalion, as did a smoke screen placed on Hill 112, which had merged with fog and covered the area. The Highlanders managed to cross the start line on time at and captured the SS survivors of a flame attack by the Crocodiles on the Caen–Évrecy road, between Croix des Filandriers and le Bon Repos. The advance continued downhill under Monty's Moonlight (illumination from searchlight beams reflected by clouds) and covering fire from the 107th RAC Churchills on the higher ground just south of Baron.
Esquay was raided around but not held, as its position below a saucer of higher ground made it a shell-trap. The troops dug in on the rises north of Esquay at positions determined earlier using reconnaissance photographs. Tiger tanks of schwere SS-Panzer Abteilung 102 were sent up the southern slope of Hill 112 to repulse an attack that never came. Further west, the rest of the 15th (Scottish) Division had captured Point 113 but not Évrecy, which left the 2nd Glasgow Highlanders overlooked from both flanks. German counter-attacks by infantry of the 21st Regiment and tanks of the 10th at first concentrated on Esquay, which had already been evacuated. The German counter-attack then fell on the positions around le Bon Repos, where two were knocked out by 6-pounder anti-tank guns. The Scottish were pushed back several times, only for the medium artillery of XII Corps to force the Germans back out. On 18 July, the 107th RAC skirmished with dug‑in Tigers and two self-propelled guns, losing four tanks on the ridge. The Highlanders maintained their positions for two days before being relieved by a battalion of the 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division.
Operation Express, 22 July
Operation Express was to jump-off from the village of Louvigny. The 5th Battalion, Wiltshire Regiment (5th Wilts), of the 129th Infantry Brigade, and B Squadron of the 9th RTR from the 31st Tank Brigade, were to capture the village and orchards north of the road from Louvigny; the 4th Wilts with A Squadron, 9th RTR were to attack the woods, orchards and a spur south-east of Maltot. The 4th Somerset Light Infantry (SLI) were kept in reserve, ready to exploit any success. On the east bank of the Orne, the 5th Canadian Infantry Brigade, 2nd Canadian Division raided Etavaux with two companies moving along the railway close to the river, supported by a creeping barrage and tanks from the Sherbrooke Fusiliers on higher ground. Several Canadian soldiers rushed German machine-gun nests and enabled the advance to continue to the village, where they fought with the German garrison until the British barrage was due and then retired. After Maltot was captured, the Canadians returned to occupy the village and took from the 272nd Infantry Division, for a loss of
Operation Express began at and the 5th Wilts advanced behind a smoke screen and an artillery barrage on the right side of the road. The Germans were surprised and at first were stunned by the bombardment. As the British moved through the village, some defenders recovered and hand-to-hand fighting took place. Grenadiers from the 10th Division and Tiger tanks from the 102 began a counter-attack as the British entered Maltot and knocked out several Churchills of B Squadron. A British Forward Air Controller saw the German tanks and called in Typhoon Fighter-bombers which forced the Tigers back to Hill 112, while the grenadiers reinforced the German infantry in the village. On the other side of the Louvigny road, the 4th Wilts advanced with A Squadron, through woods and farms to the final objective south of the village. The infantry went first, two sections in front of each tank, with the squadron commander on foot, accompanying the infantry commanders.
When the 5th Wilts saw that the 4th Wilts across the road had been delayed by the garrison in Lieu de France Farm at the east end of Maltot, Churchill and Churchill Crocodile tanks advanced, bombarded and flamed the defenders and then overran the position. As the British moved into the woods, small parties of British and German infantry stalked each other through trees, small quarries and trenches. The defenders were overrun in about two hours and mopping up began but some German troops were still holding out as dark fell. Most of the remaining defenders retired to Château Maltot on the far side of the road and were cut off and as the 4th Wilts moved forward to the Rau de Maltot stream, they were stopped by fire from the château. Bombardment by the Churchills prompted a German medic to request a truce, which the British were willing to accept, in return for the surrender of all German troops in the château an offer the Germans declined. At dusk, the British attacked and broke into the ground floor but were held back by showers of hand grenades. Overnight the outbuildings were captured and the château was kept under fire by the tanks.
From both battalions reached the final objectives to the west of Maltot and the woods to the south. The British tanks withdrew, having lost eight vehicles and just after dawn, the remaining Germans in the château gave up. By the end of the operation, the 10th Division had been reduced from to could only counter-attack the most vital positions. At dawn, the British were met by the sight of the dead from Operation Jupiter and by long-range fire from German tanks and guns on the south-east slope of Hill 112. The Wilts had taken more than in what they called a "text-book" operation. Commanders had studied maps, photographs and sand models, had been given time to establish infantry-tank co-operation with 7th RTR and conduct a reconnaissance of the terrain. The 43rd (Wessex) Division was withdrawn and the ground taken over by the 53rd (Welsh) Division. The Germans withdrew from Hill 112 in August, during Operation Cobra and Operation Bluecoat further west; the 53rd (Welsh) Division occupied the feature with barely a fight on 4 August.
Notes
Footnotes
References
Further reading
External links
Hill 112 memorial
Brtitish Library map, Caen–Falaise
9th RTR in Operation Jupiter, 10 July
Transcription of The Story of 34 Armoured Brigade (1946)
Battle for Caen
Jupiter
Battles of World War II involving Germany
July 1944 events
1944 in France |
136860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20City%2C%20Texas | Crystal City, Texas | Crystal City is a city in and the county seat of Zavala County, Texas, United States. The population was 6,354 as of the 2020 census. It was settled as a farming and ranching community and was a major railroad stop being from San Antonio. Spinach became a major crop and the city has promoted itself as "Spinach Capital of the World." During World War II, a large internment camp was located here. The town is also noteworthy in the history of Mexican American political self-determination for the founding of the La Raza Unida Party.
History
Farming, ranching, railroad
Crystal City was originally settled by American farmers and ranchers producing cattle and various crops.
The successful production of spinach evolved into a dominant industry. By March 26, 1937, the growers had erected a statue of the cartoon character Popeye in the town because his reliance on spinach for strength led to greater popularity for the vegetable, which had become a staple cash crop of the local economy. Early in its history, the area known as the "Winter Garden District" was deemed the "Spinach Capital of the World" (a title contested by Alma, Arkansas). The first Spinach Festival was held in 1936. It was put on hold during World War II and later years. The festival resumed in 1982. The Spinach Festival is traditionally held on the second weekend in November, and draws former residents (many of them former migrant farm workers) from Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, California, Washington, and beyond.
Internment camp
During World War II, Crystal City was home to a World War II internment camp which housed American civilians of German, Japanese, and Italian ancestry.
Political activism
With the stream of refugees fleeing the Mexican Revolution of 1910, and later added to by Mexican migrant workers lured by the local spinach industry, the demographics of the small rural city began to shift over the years since its 1910 incorporation, due to its proximity to the U.S./Mexico border. By 1963, Crystal City experienced a tumultuous Mexican American electoral victory, as the swiftly emerging Mexican American majority elected fellow Mexican Americans to the city council, led by Juan Cornejo, a local representative of the Teamsters Union at the Del Monte cannery in Crystal City. The newly elected all Mexican American city council, and the succeeding administration, had trouble governing the city because of political factions among the new officials. Cornejo was selected mayor from among the five new council members. His quest for control of the city government eventually led to his loss of political support. Although these five elected officials known as "Los Cinco" only held office for two years, many consider this moment the "spark" or starting point of what became known as the Chicano movement. A new group made up of both Anglos and Mexican Americans, the Citizens Association Serving All Americans, announced its plans to run candidates for countywide offices in 1964, and won.
In 1969, it was no longer allowed for Mexican Americans to speak Spanish in school, and there were no more classes or lessons on Mexican history, culture, or literature, despite the fact that Mexican Americans were in the majority in Crystal City.
Chicano School Walkouts
Mexican Americans were and continue to be the majority of the population of Crystal City. In the late 1960s, over half of these were migrant farmers who would take their children out of school in the spring and sometimes would not return from the migrant circuit until the fall semester had already begun. During the summer interim, government officials and school board members would pass rules and regulations to maintain control of the absentee population. However, not just in these positions of power was a lack of Mexican Americans noticeable. A faculty committee of the local high school ruled that only one Mexican American cheerleader was allowed and the rest had to be Anglo. In the 1969 school year, students were outraged when two cheerleading spots became vacant, but no Mexican American students were allowed to fill the spots because one Mexican American cheerleader was already on the team. That year, the school board also required that any candidate for cheerleader had to have at least one parent who graduated from the high school. When Mexican American students complained to the superintendent, a new rule was created that stated that there were to be three Mexican American cheerleaders and three Anglo cheerleaders. The Anglo parents complained that the superintendent was "caving in" to the Mexican American students, which resulted in the school board nullifying the superintendent's solution and creating a new resolution stating that any future unrest among the students would be met with expulsion.
Student leaders took their concerns to the school board, who refused to hear their demands, which included the "hiring of more Hispanic teachers and counselors; more classes to challenge students and fewer shop and home economics electives; bilingual-bicultural education at the elementary and secondary levels; Mexican American studies classes to reflect the contributions made by Latinos; and the edition of a student representative to the school board."
After the school board refused to hear their demands, the students staged a walkout on December 9, 1969. Students continued to join each day until the number of students walking the picket line exceeded 2,000. When elementary and junior high students began to join the walkout, the Texas Education Agency (TEA) sent negotiators to attempt to try to get the students back in school. The TEA recommended closing schools early for the Christmas holidays, but the schoolboard nixed this idea.
Texas Senator Ralph Yarborough invited three student leaders to come to Washington, DC, to discuss discrimination in their schools. These students also met with Senator Edward Kennedy and Senator George McGovern, who notified the Civil Rights division of the Department of Justice and the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare of situation going on in Texas. Texans for the Educational Advancement of Mexican Americans (TEAMA) provided the striking students with instruction during the Christmas holidays.
The school board finally agreed to a hearing, and on January 9, 1970, student demands were approved. This victory energized the community and that spring, "Mexican American candidates swept the school board and city council elections."
Within two years, the faculty of the school, as well as administrators and the superintendent, reflected the Mexican American majority of the population. The school had an increase in graduating students and a majority of the students were attending some form of higher education. Some of the student leaders of the walkout have gone on to hold key positions at the school and in government.
La Raza Unida Party
By the late 1960s, Crystal City became the location of continued activism in the civil rights movement among its Mexican American majority population, and the birthplace of the third-party political movement known as La Raza Unida Party founded by three Chicanos, including José Ángel Gutiérrez over a conflict about the ethnicity of cheerleaders at Crystal City High School. La Raza Unida, and related organizations, then won election to most offices in Crystal City and Zavala County in the periods between 1969 and 1980, when the party declined at the local level.
In the 1970s, following protests of charges (essentially nonpayment of services) on the part of La Raza Unida, Crystal City's natural gas supply was shut off by its only supplier. Crystal City residents were forced to resort to mostly wood-burning stoves and individual propane gas tanks for cooking.
1976 indictments
In 1976, 11 officials in Crystal City were indicted on various counts. Angel Noe Gonzalez, the former Crystal City Independent School District superintendent who later worked in the United States Department of Education in Washington, DC, upon his indictment retained the San Antonio lawyer and later mayor, Phil Hardberger. Gonzalez was charged with paying Adan Cantu for doing no work. Hardberger, however, documented to the court specific duties that Cantu had performed and disputed all the witnesses called against Cantu. The jury unanimously acquitted Gonzalez. Many newspapers reported on the indictments, but not on the acquittal. John Luke Hill, the 1978 Democratic gubernatorial nominee, had sought to weaken La Raza Unida so that he would not lose general election votes to a third-party candidate. Victory, however, went not to Hill, but narrowly to his successful Republican rival, Bill Clements. Compean received only 15,000 votes, or 0.6%, just under Clements's 17,000-vote plurality over Hill.
Political corruption
In February 2016, almost every top official of the city was arrested under a federal indictment accusing them of taking bribes from contractors and providing city workers to assist an illegal gambling operator, Ngoc Tri Nguyen. Included were Mayor Ricardo Lopez, city attorney William Jonas, Mayor pro tem Rogelio Mata, council member Roel Mata, and former council member Gilbert Urrabazo. A second councilman, Marco Rodriguez, was already charged in a separate case with smuggling Mexican immigrants. A week earlier, Lopez was taken into custody for assault and disorderly conduct during a city council meeting in which a recall election to remove two other city council members and him was discussed. In December, Jonas surrendered to authorities after being charged with assault for allegedly manhandling an elderly woman who was trying to enter a city council meeting. That left one councilman free of federal charges.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.6 square miles (9.4 km), all of it land. Major bodies of water near Crystal City include the Nueces River and Averhoff Reservoir. Soils are well-drained, reddish brown to grayish brown, sandy loam or clay loam of the Brystal, Pryor, and Tonio series; the Brystal is neutral to mildly alkaline and the other two tend to be moderately alkaline.
Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 6,354 people, 2,458 households, and 2,050 families residing in the city.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, 7,190 people, 2,183 households, and 1,781 families resided in the city. The population density was . The 2,500 housing units averaged 686.4 per square mile (265.2/km). The racial makeup of the city was 67.96% White, 0.67% African American, 0.39% Native American, 0.10% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 28.33% from other races, and 2.50% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 94.97% of the population.
Of the 2,183 households, 43.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.9% were married couples living together, 25.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.4% were not families. About 16.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.25 and the average family size was 3.67.
In the city, the population was distributed as 34.9% under the age of 18, 9.6% from 18 to 24, 24.2% from 25 to 44, 18.7% from 45 to 64, and 12.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.1 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $15,400, and for a family was $17,555. Males had a median income of $22,217 versus $14,591 for females. The per capita income for the city was $8,899. About 39.8% of families and 44.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 51.3% of those under age 18 and 43.2% of those age 65 or over.
Economy
The Crystal City Correctional Center, a private prison, was previously one of the largest employers in the Crystal City area when it housed prisoners from a variety of jurisdictions, including federal prisoners.
Transportation
Crystal City is served by U.S. Route 83 and FM 65, FM 582, and FM 1433.
Education
Crystal City is served by the Crystal City Independent School District. The high school teams are known as the Javelinas.
Also, the area has a branch of Southwest Texas Junior College, of which the main campus is to the north in Uvalde.
References
Further reading
Bosworth, Allan R. (1967), America's Concentration Camps, New York: Norton.
Connell, Thomas. (2002). America's Japanese Hostages: The US Plan For A Japanese Free Hemisphere. Westport: Praeger-Greenwood. ; OCLC 606835431
Fox, Stephen, America's Invisible Gulag, A Biography of German American Internment and Exclusion in World War II. Morehouse Pub, 2000, 379 pp.
Miller, Michael V. "Chicano Community Control in South Texas: Problems And Prospects," Journal of Ethnic Studies (1975) 3#3 pp 70–89.
Jensen, Richard J. and John C. Hammerback, "Radical Nationalism Among Chicanos: The Rhetoric of José Angel Gutiérrez," Western Journal of Speech Communication: WJSC (1980) 44#3 pp 191–202
Navarro, Armando. The Cristal Experiment: A Chicano Struggle for Community Control (University of Wisconsin Press, 1998)
Riley, Karen L. Schools behind Barbed Wire: The Untold Story of Wartime Internment and the Children of Arrested Enemy Aliens (2002).
Russell, Jan Jarboe (2015), The Train to Crystal City: FDR's Secret Prisoner Exchange and America's Only Family Internment Camp during World War II, Waterville, ME: Thorndike Press.
Shockley, John Staples. Chicano Revolt in a Texas Town (1974), [detailed narrative of 1960s and 1970s].
External links
Cities in Texas
Cities in Zavala County, Texas
County seats in Texas |
1875159 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Gold | Harry Gold | Harry Gold (born Henrich Golodnitsky, December 11, 1910 – August 28, 1972) was a Swiss-born American laboratory chemist who was convicted as a courier for the Soviet Union passing atomic secrets from Klaus Fuchs, an agent of the Soviet Union, during World War II. Gold served as a government witness and testified in the case of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, who were convicted and executed in 1953 for their roles. Gold served 15 years in prison.
Born in Bern, Switzerland, to parents from the Russian Empire, Gold immigrated to the US with his parents as a child at the age of four and settled in Philadelphia. During the Great Depression, he found work and finished his degree in chemistry at night. He returned to work as a clinical chemist after release from prison.
Early life
Heinrich Golodnitsky was born on December 11, 1910, in Bern, Switzerland to Samson and Celia (Ominsky) Golodnitsky, both Jewish immigrants from what is now Ukraine and was then part of the Russian Empire. Samson had grown up in Smila, where his father was a successful merchant. He was sent to Switzerland for additional schooling, as opportunities for Jews were limited in Russia, but he was influenced by reading Leo Tolstoy and chose to go into woodworking. He became a carpenter. Henrich's mother, Celia, first emigrated from central Ukraine (Russia) as a teenager to Paris, where she studied dentistry. She had become radicalized in Russia and supported the Zionist movement. After running out of money, she took a job in a cigar factory in Bern, where she met Samson. They married around 1907 or 1908.
When Heinrich was 4, his family immigrated to the United States, seeking more opportunity. After they arrived at New York in July 1914, an agent at Ellis Island suggested they shorten their surname to Gold, to which they agreed. In the United States, the boy became known as Harry. They first went to Chicago, where Sam worked in a coalyard and Celia in a tobacco factory, both limited by their lack of English. After a year, they left. Sam went to Norfolk, Virginia, where he had some relatives. Celia took their son to Philadelphia, where her brother Shama had settled. When the shipyard job and conditions in Norfolk did not work out, Sam joined them in Philadelphia, a major industrial city. They settled in South Philadelphia in 1915 in the Jewish section. Ethnic Irish occupied territory to the north, and Italians to the west. After some other jobs, Sam found work as a cabinetmaker at the Victor Talking Machine Company in Camden, New Jersey, across the Delaware River.
In 1917, Gold’s mother had another son, named Yussel (Joseph) after a grandfather. Neighbors on Philip Street later described the Gold family as unusually quiet and stand-offish, but Harry Gold said he had a happy and secure childhood. He greatly enjoyed learning and was a good student in school. To supplement Sam's modest earnings, Celia taught Hebrew and Yiddish to neighborhood children, and was considered an excellent teacher. She expanded the lessons with Jewish folklore and Hebrew literature.
In the early 20th century, immigrant groups in Philadelphia clashed over territory; Gold as a boy in the neighborhood suffered with this, especially since he was small and slight, and non-athletic. His father complained of discrimination by newly hired Italian immigrants at the Victor Company, where he was one of the few Jews. In the mid-1920s an Irish foreman tried to drive him out of the factory, but he persisted. Gold admired his father's stoicism but resented the conflicts and developed a desire to fight prejudice. He had an early interest in chemistry and graduated from South Philadelphia High School in 1929.
Early career
After high school graduation, Gold was offered a job by one of his father’s acquaintances at Giftcrafters, a woodworking firm in the northern Kensington section of the city.
While seeking other positions, Gold found employment at the Pennsylvania Sugar Company. Employment there provided economic security and the opportunity to work with college-educated chemists in state-of-the art labs. He saved money from his work and attended the University of Pennsylvania full time from 1930 to 1932 before his money ran out. The Great Depression was unfolding, and he returned to Pennsylvania Sugar to help his family.
Great Depression, work, and espionage
Gold had expressed interest in the Socialist Party early in life, influenced by his mother, and the family bought the Jewish Daily Forward. He later said that he thought Communism was related to "a wild and vaguely defined phenomenon going on in a primitive country thousands of miles away." For other Americans, the economic crisis challenged faith in capitalism. A week before Christmas 1932, Gold was laid off by the sugar company. Both Harry and his father Sam looked for work each morning, to no avail. The Gold family faced economic ruin.
Gold was offered a job by Tom Black, a former classmate, at the Holbrook Manufacturing Company in Jersey City. Black befriended him and tried to recruit Gold to the Communist Party. Grateful to Black for his friendship and a chance to work, Gold reluctantly became involved. But he continued to hold views against the Party. When Gold found that the PA Sugar Company was hiring at the same salary he was making, he decided to return to the company, Philadelphia, and his family. Black visited Gold and his family, all the while encouraging him to attend communist meetings and join the party.
In 1934, Gold started passing industrial secrets to Black from the sugar company. During this time, Gold also attended Drexel Institute of Technology, taking night courses in chemistry with the goal of pursuing a career in that field.
In 1940, senior NKVD spymaster Jacob Golos recruited Gold to be a spy for the Soviet Union, but Golos was not a recruited agent of the rezidentura. In the late 1940s, Soviet Case Officer Semyon Semenov appropriated Gold from Golos for use by the NKVD. Gold became a formally recruited Soviet agent at this time, and was assigned the codename GUS, GOS, or GOOSE. Semenov remained Gold's control officer until March 1944.
After the war, tensions increased between the US and the Soviet Union following its takeover of territory in Eastern Europe. Communist governments led East Germany, Poland, Yugoslavia, and other eastern nations dominated by the Soviet Union. The Cold War between the US and the Soviet Union had begun.
In 1950, Klaus Fuchs, an NKVD agent, was arrested in England and charged with espionage. Fuchs confessed that while working in the United States during World War II, he had passed information about the atom bomb to the Soviet Union, which had then been a US ally. Fuchs denied working with other spies, except for a courier who collected information from him. When initially shown photographs of suspects, including Gold, Fuchs refused to identify him. After prompting by the prosecution, he identified Gold.
Gold was arrested that year. Under interrogation by US law enforcement officials, he admitted that he had been involved in espionage since 1934 and had helped Fuchs pass classified documents from the Manhattan Project to Soviet General Consul Anatoli Yakovlev. Gold's confession identified many other people connected to the espionage network and led to the arrest of David Greenglass. Greenglass worked as a machinist at the Manhattan Project and had also passed material to Gold. Greenglass's cooperation resulted in the 1950 arrest of his sister Ethel and her husband Julius Rosenberg, who were also charged with conspiracy to commit espionage. Gold cooperated and was a prosecution witness in the trial of the Rosenbergs, as was Greenglass. The latter's testimony contributed to their convictions and death sentences; they were executed.
Unable to make the $100,000 bail, Gold was jailed for 7 and a half months before his trial. In 1951, he was convicted and sentenced to 30 years' imprisonment. In May 1965, one of his appeals resulted in his being paroled for good behavior after serving less than half that time. He was also credited for the time in jail before his trial.
Gold returned to Philadelphia. He worked as a clinical chemist in the pathology lab of John F. Kennedy Memorial Hospital, and ultimately for the chief pathologist. He died on August 28, 1972, during heart surgery, at the age of 61. He had never married. He was interred in Har Nebo Cemetery in Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania.
Representation in other media
Richard Rhodes's book, Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb (1995), includes information about Harry Gold and his role in Soviet espionage.
Millicent Dillon's novel, "Harry Gold: A Novel" (2000; the Overlook Press) ISBN 1-58567-012-X
Steve Sheinkin's book, "Bomb" (2014) ISBN 978-1596434875
See also
Atomic Spies
The Cold War
References
Further reading
Harry Gold testimony, April 26, 1956, part 20, and 1020, both in Scope of Soviet Activity in the United States, U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act, 84th Cong., 2d sess.
Hornblum, Allen M. The Invisible Harry Gold: The Man Who Gave the Soviets the Atom Bomb, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010
Lamphere, Robert and Shachtman, Tom. The FBI-KGB War, New York: Random House, 1986
Trahair, Richard C.S. and Miller, Robert. Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations, Enigma Books 2009
Sheinkin, Steve. Bomb: The Race to Build–and Steal–the World's Most Dangerous Weapon, Roaring Brook Press, 2012; YA non-fiction book
External links
Cold War International History Project (CWIHP) Full text of Alexander Vassiliev's notebooks, including more information on Gold's involvement in espionage.
An Interactive Rosenberg Espionage Ring Timeline and Archive
Annotated bibliography for Harry Gold from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
1910 births
1972 deaths
20th-century American chemists
American people convicted of spying for the Soviet Union
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Jewish American scientists
Clinical chemists
Swiss emigrants to the United States
20th-century American Jews
South Philadelphia High School alumni
People convicted under the Espionage Act of 1917
Chemists from Pennsylvania |
151075 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monteagle%2C%20Tennessee | Monteagle, Tennessee | Monteagle is a town in Franklin, Grundy, and Marion counties in the U.S. state of Tennessee, in the Cumberland Plateau region of the southeastern part of the state. The population was 1,238 at the 2000 census – 804 of the town's 1,238 residents (64.9%) lived in Grundy County, 428 (34.6%) in Marion County, and 6 (0.5%) in Franklin County. The population at the 2020 census was 1,393.
The Marion County portion of Monteagle is part of the Chattanooga–GA Metropolitan Statistical Area, while the Franklin County portion is part of the Tullahoma, TN Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Monteagle is famous for the treacherous stretch of Interstate 24 that passes through the town. It is here that the highway passes over what is colloquially referred to as "The Monteagle" or "Monteagle Mountain", a section of the southern Cumberland Plateau which is a major landmark on the road between Chattanooga and Nashville. The interstate regularly shuts down in inclement weather, routing traffic onto U.S. Route 41. In the Jerry Reed song "The Legend", which is the opening track in the film Smokey and the Bandit, Reed tells the story of the Bandit miraculously surviving brake failure on the "Monteagle Grade". There is also a song called "Monteagle Mountain" by Johnny Cash on the album Boom Chicka Boom.
The town is home to DuBose Conference Center and the Monteagle Sunday School Assembly. The Highlander Folk School, long involved in the labor movement and the civil rights movement, was located here from 1932 to 1961. Rosa Parks attended workshops there shortly before the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
History
Monteagle has long served as a popular point to cross the Cumberland Plateau due to its location along a relatively narrow stretch of the plateau in southern Tennessee. One of the last groups of Cherokees removed from the Southeastern United States along the Trail of Tears passed through what is now Monteagle en route to Oklahoma in late October 1838. This group consisted of approximately 700 Cherokee led by John Bell and escorted by U.S. Army Lieutenant Edward Deas.
The town of Monteagle was originally known as "Moffat Station" after John Moffat, a Scottish-Canadian temperance activist who purchased over of land in the area in 1870. In 1872, Moffat donated of land to Fairmount College, a women's college that had decided to relocate to the area from Jackson, Mississippi. The grounds of the school are now home to the DuBose Conference Center, named for one of the school's early pastors. In 1882, the Chautauqua-inspired Monteagle Sunday School Assembly was established to train Sunday school teachers.
The name of Moffat Station was later changed to "Mount Eagle", and afterwards to "Mounteagle". The spelling had been changed to "Monteagle" by the time the town incorporated in 1962.
Geography
Monteagle is located in the southwest corner of Grundy County and the northwest corner of Marion County at (35.239941, -85.834372). The Marion-Grundy county line runs east-to-west through the center of town. The town limits extend west into Franklin County as well.
The town straddles a narrow stretch of the Cumberland Plateau known colloquially as "Monteagle Mountain". This stretch of the plateau is approximately wide, with steep drop-offs to the northwest and southeast. Monteagle lies at an elevation of just under above sea level. By comparison, two nearby cities, Cowan (to the northwest) and South Pittsburg (to the southeast), lie at elevations of less than above sea level.
Interstate 24 passes through the town just south and west of the town center, with access from Exits 134 and 135. I-24 leads northwest to Nashville and southeast to Chattanooga. U.S. Route 41 is Main Street through the town, leading east to Tracy City and northwest to Manchester. U.S. Route 41A branches off from US 41 in Monteagle and leads southwest to Sewanee. Winchester is to the west via US 41A.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 0.48%, is water. The north side of town drains off the plateau into Layne Cove and is part of the Elk River watershed, while the south side drains into Ladd Cove and Cave Cove, part of the Battle Creek watershed. Both watersheds flow to the Tennessee River.
Climate
Monteagle's climate is subtropical (Cfa) under Köppen, typical of Tennessee. However, it's temperate (Do) under Trewartha due to only having 7 months over 50 °F (10 °C). Additionally, its high precipitation means that it's a rainforest climate more typical of the southern Blue Ridge Mountains (see Appalachian temperate rainforest).
Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 1,393 people, 614 households, and 458 families residing in the town.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,238 people, 477 households, and 321 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 701 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 96.45% White, 1.37% African American, 0.32% Native American, 0.73% Asian, 0.08% from other races, and 1.05% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.48% of the population.
There were 477 households, out of which 26.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.3% were married couples living together, 15.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.7% were non-families. 28.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.85.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 19.5% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 23.0% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 25.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.6 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $24,464, and the median income for a family was $29,886. Males had a median income of $24,643 versus $17,708 for females. The per capita income for the town was $12,983. About 21.7% of families and 25.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 42.4% of those under age 18 and 17.6% of those age 65 or over.
Places of interest
DuBose Conference Center
Monteagle Sunday School Assembly
Highlander Folk School
Notable people
Mary Anderson, inventor of the windshield wiper
Al Capone was a frequent visitor to the RyeMabee mansion in Monteagle prior to his 1931 arrest.
May Justus, award winning author
Edwin A. Keeble, architect (Nashville's Life & Casualty Tower)
William Millsaps, presiding bishop of the Episcopal Missionary Church
William Alexander Percy, poet and lawyer, bought Brinkwood, a summer house in Monteagle.
References
External links
Town charter
Towns in Grundy County, Tennessee
Towns in Marion County, Tennessee
Towns in Franklin County, Tennessee
Towns in Tennessee
Chattanooga metropolitan area
Tullahoma, Tennessee micropolitan area |
4824682 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer%20Zitelmann | Rainer Zitelmann | Rainer Zitelmann (born 14 June 1957 in Frankfurt) is a German historian, sociologist, author, management consultant and real estate expert.
Life
Zitelmann studied history and political science at the Technical University of Darmstadt. He completed his doctorate in 1986 under Karl Otmar Freiherr von Aretin with the grade of summa cum laude the subject being the goals of Hitler's social, economic and interior policies. Zitelmann's doctoral dissertation, Hitler: Selbstverständnis eines Revolutionärs went through four editions in Germany and was published in English under the title "Hitler: The Politics of Seduction" (London: London House, 2000).
Then, Zitelmann pursued a career in conservative print media. After his work as a research assistant at the Free University of Berlin, he became an editorial director for the publishing company Ullstein and Propyläen in 1992. Soon, he transferred to the German daily Die Welt as the head of desk for contemporary thought. Later, Zitelmann transferred to the desk for contemporary history and finally to the real estate desk.
In 2000, he founded Dr.ZitelmannPB. GmbH, which had many international companies among its clients, including CBRE, Ernst & Young Real Estate, Jamestown, Cordea Savills and NCC. Zitelmann was the managing director of Dr. ZitelmannPB. GmbH until the end of February 2016, when he sold the company in an MBO.
In 2016, he was awarded his second doctorate, this time in sociology (Dr. rer. pol) at the University of Potsdam. The subject of his second doctoral dissertation was the psychology of the super-rich. His dissertation was published in a variety of languages, including Chinese and Korean, as well as in English under the title The Wealth Elite.
Author
Zitelmann has written a total of 24 books. He is a regular contributor to Le Point, Linkiesta, Neue Zürcher Zeitung, The National Interest and the Washington Examiner, wallstreet:online, Daily Telegraph, City AM, Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Welt, Focus, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, The European.
Examination of National Socialism
Hitler's sense of self as a revolutionary
As a historian, Zitelmann is best known for his argument that Nazi Germany followed a conscious strategy of modernization. In his doctoral thesis, Zitelmann strove to show that the modernising efforts of the Third Reich, which had been diagnosed by scholars like Ralf Dahrendorf, David Schoenbaum and Henry Ashby Turner, were intended as such. Unlike Dahrendorf, Schoenbaum and Turner, who argued that the modernisation of German society during the Nazi period was an unintentional side effect or merely a necessary adjunct towards achieving profoundly antimodern goals, Zitelmann argued that modernization of German society was intended and a central goal of the Nazis. A review published in the Berlin daily Der Tagesspiegel dated July 14, 1988, suggests that "the most important finding of [Zitelmann's] work" is that "Hitler saw himself uncompromisingly as a revolutionary. Dahrendorf and Schoenbaum’s hypothesis, according to which National Socialism had a revolutionising and modernising effect in the social area without actually having intended it, needs to be revised".
Zitelmann argues that far from seeking the agrarian fantasies of Heinrich Himmler or Richard Walther Darré, Hitler wished to see a highly-industrialised Germany that would be on the leading edge of modern technology. Closely linked to the latter goal was what Zitelmann maintains was Hitler's desire to see the destruction of the traditional values and class distinctions of German society and their replacement for at least those Germans considered “Aryan” of a relatively-egalitarian merit-based society. Zitelmann argued that far from being incoherent, disorganised, confused and marginal as traditionally viewed, Hitler's social ideas were in fact very logical and systematic and at the core of Hitler's Weltanschauung (worldview). Zitelmann has argued Hitler was much influenced by Joseph Stalin's modernization of the Soviet Union and that as Führer, Hitler consciously pursued a revolutionary modernization of German society. As part of his arguments, Zitelmann has maintained that "modernisation" should be regarded as a fundamentally "value-free" description, and that one should avoid the knee-jerk association of modernization with "progress" and humanitarianism. Zitelmann's work has faced criticism from those such as Ian Kershaw, who have argued that Zitelmann has elevated what were merely secondary considerations in Hitler's remarks to the primary level and that Zitelmann has not offered a clear definition of "modernization".
The Bonn-based historian Prof. Klaus Hildebrand reviewed the thesis for the German daily Süddeutsche Zeitung in its September 29, 1987, issue: "To view Hitler—just like Stalin and Mao Zedong—as representatives of a permanent revolution or a modernising dictatorship reopens an academic debate that has been ongoing since the years between the wars of the twentieth century. To be welcomed in this context is that Zitelmann, critically controlling his sources and striving for objective balance, inquires with renewed vigour into Hitler’s motives while remaining fully aware of the fact that history fails to coincide with human intentions".
In his research overview, The Hitler of History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997), the American historian John Lukacs presented Zitelmann's thesis, as well as his book Hitler. Eine politische Biographie ("Hitler. A Political Biography""), as important contributions to the scientific study of Hitler. The echo in specialist journals, such as the Journal of Modern History (in a review by Prof. Klemens von Klemperer), and the Historische Zeitschrift, were predominantly positive. In the latter, Germany's leading academic journal for historiography, Prof. Peter Krüger wrote, "Rainer Zitelmann has written one of those books that make you wonder why they have not been available much earlier". In the historiographic quarterly Vierteljahreshefte für Zeitgeschichte, the Polish historian Franciszek Ryszka agreed: "Without a doubt, Dr. Zitelmann’s merit is to have substantially amended, and possibly surpassed, all other Hitler biographies".
However, critical voices existed like in the German weekly Die Zeit of October 2, 1987. On September 22, 1989, the critical review in Die Zeit was followed by another review of the two Hitler studies that had some critical remarks but came to the overall conclusion that Zitelmann had submitted a Hitler biography that was "emphatically sober, without any superfluous moralising, not omitting any of the dictator's villainies". However, the reviewer suggested that "the image of Hitler drawn by the author [calls for] some amendments and corrections".
The American Historical Review wrote in May 1989, "Zitelmann's book is an admirable example of exhaustive scholarship on an important aspect of the mind of Hitler. But it is less likely to stand as a decisive synthesis than as a provocative turn in the pursuit of the eternal enigmas of the Third Reich and its creator". In the February 1988 issue of the Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen, the American historian Gerhard L. Weinberg wrote, "This work will require all who concern themselves with the Third Reich to rethink their own ideas and to reexamine the evidence on which those ideas are based. For any book to do that today is itself a major accomplishment. It would certainly be most unwise for any scholar to ignore the picture of Hitler presented here simply because it does not fit in with his or her own preconceptions".
Zitelmann criticised David Irving in the liberal German weekly Die Zeit on 6 October 1989 by questioning the fact that Irving had said “not without a certain hubris... that he sees no need to pay any mind to the academic debate and research findings of the 'old school historians' he detests". Zitelmann criticised specifically that Irving had deleted the word "extermination camp" from the new edition of his Hitler biography and that he now appeared to share the notions entertained by revisionist historians. "This entire development", as Zitelmann said in Die Zeit, “has so far not been adequately acknowledged and addressed by West German historians". He called on the historians to be more "aggressive" in critically engaging Irving.
In 1991, Zitelmann edited with the Bielefeld-based historian Michael Prinz the anthology Nationalsozialismus und Modernisierung (National-Socialism and Modernisation; Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft). On September 19, 1991, Die Zeit read, “The evidence presented here to substantiate the modernisation dynamics of National Socialism is impressive, and they underline how misleading a one-sided view of national-socialism from the perspective of the 'blood and soil' romanticism would be; the latter having been widely spread, and having essentially contributed to an underrating of National Socialism". The reviewer also criticises that the book's contributing authors had exceeded their mark and should have given more attention to the party's art policy, for instance. "The problem of National Socialism and modernisation is therefore not to be resolved with a simple formula. It needs to be constantly reconsidered and to be illuminated from various angles".
Historicising National Socialism
Zitelmann provoked a mixed reaction with his anthology Die Schatten der Vergangenheit (The Shadows of the Past), which he edited with Eckhard Jesse and Uwe Backes. Its editors sought to respond to Martin Broszat's 1985 call to historicise National Socialism. As the editors emphasize in their introduction, their goal was the "objectification of the discussion of National Socialist times.... The intention is not to 'downplay' anything: only an emphatically sober historiography, free of moralising bias, can create the foundation for assessing the historical and political-moral dimensions of the mass crimes committed by National Socialism." Zitelmann thinks that the historisation of National Socialism suggested by Martin Broszat was a way to resolve the problem of neither engaging in apologetics about the era or nor utterly condemning it. Zitelmann sees his work as a way of allowing those living in the present to understand the Nazi period without seeking to total condemnation or apologia.
In line with their program to treat the time between 1933 and 1945 as scientifically as any other epoch, the book gathered a wide spectrum of authors, from the conservative Ernst Nolte, who again commented on the so-called historians' dispute, to the liberal Imanuel Geiss, a disciple of Fritz Fischer.
As the historian Peter Brandt wrote in Die Welt on October 2, 1990, "The editors have presented a useful book with many important contributions". However, he added, " criticism that could be raised is that—in spite of the emphasis on keeping out any 'extra-scientific' influences—a prejudice against the supposed 'popular pedagogy' treatment of national-socialism had guided the editors' and some of the authors' pen". Brandt stated, however, that the editors deserved total agreement "as they reject any kind of ban on asking questions". The historian Brigitte Seebacher noted in the Rheinischer Merkur on October 5, 1990, “In short, this volume casts light on the national-socialist epoch, and inspires a renewed discussion of how to deal with it correctly". In the November 6, 1990 issue of the Süddeutsche Zeitung, the historian Gregor Schöllgen argued: "Some of the essays will (and should) provoke disagreement. Taken as a whole, this meritorious volume represents an unorthodox contribution toward objectifying the discussion of national-socialism, and one ought to take note of it". The Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung of November 23, 1990 commented that the book was "perfectly suitable to become the subject of dispute.... If it failed to meet this mark, then it would above all be for the reason that only a few readers will be likely to manage to digest the heavy academic fare of the first eighty pages". The review praised Zitelmann's discussion of the historian Ernst Nolte: “Exemplary in its objectivity is Rainer Zitelmann's discussion of Ernst Nolte. Zitelmann points out analogies with Marxist theories on fascism, and suggests that it is impermissible to pinpoint 'anti-Bolshevism in a one-sided and generalising manner' as the central motive of 'the' National Socialists".
Zitelmann also wrote on the subject of Umgang mit der NS-Vergangenheit (dealing with the National Socialist past) in his contribution for the book Bewusstseinsnotstand. Thesen von 60 Zeitzeugen ("The Perceptual State of Emergency: Hypotheses by 60 Historic Witnesses"), edited by Rolf Italiaander (Droste-Verlag, 1990). In 1990, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft published another anthology, edited by Zitelmann with the American historian Ronald Smelser. It offered 22 portraits of the Third Reich's leading figures. Like Zitelmann's doctoral dissertation, the anthology, which combined authors from several countries, was also translated to English, under The Nazi Elite (New York: NYUP, 1993). Reviews were found, for instance, in the Süddeutsche Zeitung of September 4, 1990.
Historikerstreit
During the Historikerstreit between 1986 and 1988, Zitelmann was a strong defender of Andreas Hillgruber and Ernst Nolte. The preface to the second edition in 1988 of his 1987 book Adolf Hitler Selbstverständnis eines Revolutionärs included a lengthy attack on the critics of Nolte and Hillgruber. In an interview with the Swedish historian Alf W. Johansson in November 1992, Zitelmann stated that the Historikerstreit ended with the defeat of the right-wing historians and the triumph of the "left-liberal" historians. Zitelmann went on to state, "Politically, this means that the conservatives are rather defensive and are not united". Zitelmann argued "that has more to do with academic conditions than with the intellectual situation in Germany where now, naturally a few years after the Historians' Controversy, there is in reality a certain change, since the Leftish intellectual circles are no longer on the offensive, but, to the contrary, they find themselves in increasing difficulties".
Criticism of Adenauer
In 1991, Zitelmann's book Adenauers Gegner. Streiter für die Einheit ("Adenauer’s Opponents: Fighters for Unity") came out and was published as paperback by Ullstein under the title Demokraten für Deutschland ("Democrats for Germany") in 1993. As the Social-Democratic politician Erhard Eppler wrote in the preface, "Zitelmann's study illustrates that Adenauer's opponents were no dreamers out of touch with reality but had solid arguments and concepts to present". The book portrays the German Social-Democratic politicians Kurt Schumacher and Gustav Heinemann as well as the Christian Democrat politician Jakob Kaiser, the liberal politician Thomas Dehler, and the journalist Paul Sethe. On October 7, 1991, the German daily Die tageszeitung ("taz") wrote, "The book comes in the nick of time—precisely because it does not join in the supposedly up-to-date chorus of Adenauer enthusiasts". The Social Democratic politician Peter Glotz wrote in Die Welt on April 24, 1991 that Zitelmann's book showed "that Adenauer’s critics had valid arguments when accusing him of finding Europe more important than reunification". The Social Democratic politician Egon Bahr wrote in Der Tagesspiegel of July 28, 1991, "What was later called the lived lie of the Federal Republic can be traced in its inception in Zitelmann's book".
That Zitelmann's sympathies went toward Thomas Dehler, rather than Konrad Adenauer, was evident during an academic panel on December 8, 1997 at which he gave a lecture on occasion of the hundredth anniversary of Dehler's birth. The symposium, organised by the Haus der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland in co-operation with the liberals’ parliamentary group, was documented in the conference notes and titled Thomas Dehler und seine Politik (Thomas Dehler and His Politics, Berlin: Nicolai Verlag, 1998). Aside from Zitelmann's contribution, Thomas Dehler und Konrad Adenauer, the volume contains contributions by the liberal politicians Hermann Otto Solms, Wolfgang Mischnick and Hans-Dietrich Genscher.
The Wealth Elite and the Psychology of the Super-Rich
In 2017, Zitelmann’s study on ultrarich individuals with assets in the tens and hundreds of millions was published as The Wealth Elite: A Groundbreaking Study of the Psychology of the Super-Rich, which was based in part on in-depth interviews with 45 exceptionally-wealthy individuals. The study took the form of a qualitative social science study, as there are too few representative cohorts for a quantitative study of the super-rich. Most of the study's interviewees were self-made multimillionaires. The study shows that a high proportion of the super-rich were engaged in entrepreneurial activities as early as their school and/or university days. One of the study’s most striking findings is that many of the super-rich were highly competitive athletes in their youth. In contrast, their educational achievements did not play a decisive role in the level of wealth that they attained: the upper quartile of interviewees (assets of US$330 million to US$3.3 billion) had more members without a university degree than did the lower quartile (assets between US$11 and US$33 million). In their decision-making, Zitelmann's wealthy interviewees tended to act intuitively, rather than be guided by analysis. The study found that implicit knowledge gained as a result of implicit, often informal, learning experiences played a far more significant role than academic education. All of the interviewees completed a Big Five personality test. It revealed that conscientiousness was a particularly-strong trait and neuroticism a particularly-weak trait. Extraversion and openness to new experiences were also pronounced traits. That corresponds with the findings of previous research.
In contrast, research has underestimated the role of sales skills in the financial success of the super-rich. The interviewees themselves rated the importance of sales skills extremely highly. Most of Zitelmann's wealthy interviewees overcame considerable setbacks and crises as they built their wealth. It also emerged from the interviews that there were many similarities in the ways they deal with defeats and setbacks.
One of the study’s key findings is that many self-made people are absolute nonconformists, who have repeatedly swum against the tide of prevailing opinion and been able to build their wealth as contrarians.
The Rich in Public Opinion
In 2020, Zitelmann's book The Rich in Public Opinion was published. In it, he criticised academic prejudice research for neglecting to explore prejudice against a particular minority, the rich. His book was based on an international survey conducted by the Allensbacher Institute and Ipsos Mori in Germany, the United States, the United Kingdom and France. On the basis of the survey, respondents were assigned to one of three groups: social enviers,” non-enviers and “ambivalents.
Based on the survey findings, social enviers represent 33% of the population of Germany, 34% in France, 20% in the United States and 18% in the United Kingdom. Zitelmann also calculates a Social Envy Coefficient, which indicates the ratio of social enviers to non-enviers in any given country. A value of 1.0 means that the number of social enviers and non-enviers is equal. A value of less than 1.0 means that the number of non-enviers outweighs the number of social enviers.
Accordingly, social envy is highest in France at 1.26, followed by Germany at 0.97. Social envy is significantly lower in the United States (0.42) and the United Kingdom (0.37). The accuracy of the three groups can be seen above all in the clearly-divergent responses provided by social enviers and non-enviers to dozens of the survey’s other items. For example, the traits social enviers most frequently attributed to the rich were self-centred, ruthless, materialistic, arrogant, greedy, cold-hearted and superficial.
Only two of the 25 personality traits most frequently cited by social enviers are positive, the others being negative. In contrast, the traits most frequently attributed to the rich by non-enviers were industrious, intelligent, bold/daring, materialistic, imaginative and visionary.
Based on surveys of attitudes towards the wealthy in the United States, Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Spain and Sweden, Zitelmann calculated the Social Envy Coefficient, which depicts social envy in each country. This is complemented by the Personality Trait Coefficient, which shows whether respondents attribute positive or negative personality traits to the rich. These two coefficients are combined to form the basis of the Rich Sentiment Index, which reveals that the French, the Spanish and the Germans are more critical of the rich than the Swedes, the Americans and the British. Italy occupies the middle ground, where the young are far more positive towards the rich than the old.
Books
The Nazi Elite, New York Univ Pr, New York 1993, .
Hitler: The Policies of Seduction, Allison & Busby, London 2000, .
New edition: Hitler's National Socialism. Management Books 2000, Oxford 2022, . Updated version with a preface: On the Recent Historiography of Hitler and National Socialism (1996-2020).
Dare to be Different and Grow Rich, Indus Source Books, Mumbai 2012, .
The Wealth Elite: A groundbreaking study of the psychology of the super rich, Lid Publishing, London and New York 2018, .
The Power of Capitalism: A Journey Through Recent History Across Five Continents, Lid Publishing, London and New York 2018, .
Dare to be Different and Grow Rich: The Secrets of Self-Made People, Lid Publishing, London and New York 2019, .
The Art of a Successful Life: The Wisdom of the Ages from Confucius to Steve Jobs., Lid Publishing, London and New York 2020, .
The Rich in Public Opinion: What We Think When We Think about Wealth, Cato Institute, Washington 2020, .
How People Become Famous: Geniuses of Self-Marketing from Albert Einstein to Kim Kardashian. Management Books 2000. Gloucestershire 2021, .
In Defense of Capitalism, Republic Book Publishers 2023, .
Endnotes
References
Heilbrunn, Jacob "Germany's New Right" pages 80–98 from Foreign Affairs, Volume 75, Issue #6, November–December 1996
Kershaw, Ian The Nazi Dictatorship Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation, London: Arnold Press, 2000, .
Lukacs, John The Hitler of History, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997, .
1957 births
Living people
20th-century German historians
Writers from Frankfurt
German liberal theorists
German libertarians
German management consultants
German male non-fiction writers
21st-century German historians |
133275 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon%2C%20Pennsylvania | Sharon, Pennsylvania | Sharon is a city in western Mercer County, Pennsylvania, United States. The city, located along the banks of the Shenango River on the state border with Ohio, is about northeast of Youngstown, about southeast of Cleveland and about northwest of Pittsburgh. The population was 13,147 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Hermitage micropolitan area.
History
The Sharon area was first settled in 1795. It was incorporated as a borough on October 6, 1841, and incorporated as a city on December 17, 1918. The city operated under the Pennsylvania third-class city code until 2008, at which point it adopted a home rule charter under which the elected position of mayor was replaced with a hired city manager and financial officer.
The founding families of Sharon first settled on a flat plain bordering the Shenango River, between two hills on the southwestern edge of what is today Sharon's downtown business district. According to local legend, the community received its name from a Bible-reading settler who likened the location to the Plain of Sharon in Israel.
Initially a center of coal mining, Sharon's economy transitioned to iron and steelmaking and other heavy industry after the arrival of the Erie Extension Canal in the 1840s. Following extensive national deindustrialization of the 1970s and 1980s, the city's economy diversified and is now based primarily on light industry, education, health care, and social services.
Prior to Prohibition in 1919, Sharon was home to a large commercial beer brewery, Union Brewing Co., which was forced to close its doors like many U.S. breweries of the era. During World War II the Westinghouse Electric Corporation at Sharon produced 10,000 torpedoes for the US Navy.
The Frank H. Buhl Mansion was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.
Sharon is the home of the original Quaker Steak & Lube, which opened in 1974, and formerly The Vocal Group Hall of Fame.
Geography
Sharon is located at in southwestern Mercer County. The city borders the city of Hermitage to the north and east, the city of Farrell to the south, and on the west the census-designated places of Masury and West Hill, Ohio.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. The Shenango River flows through the city and provides drinking water to Sharon and several surrounding communities.
Demography
As of the census of 2000, there were 16,328 people, 6,791 households, and 4,189 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 7,388 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 86.44% White, 10.85% African American, 0.21% Asian, 0.18% Native American, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.23% from other races, and 2.08% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.88% of the population.
From the Census Ancestry Question, Sharon has the following ethnic make-up: German 21%, Irish 14%, Italian 11%, Black or African American 11%, English 8%, Polish 5%, Slovak 5%, Welsh 3%, Scots-Irish 2%, Hungarian 2%, Dutch 2%, French (except Basque) 2%, Croatian 1%, Scottish 1%, Russian 1%, Swedish 1%, Arab 1%, Slavic 1%, American Indian tribes, specified 1%. Sharon's Jewish community is served by the Reform Jewish Temple Beth Israel.
There were 6,791 households, out of which 28.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.7% were married couples living together, 16.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.3% were non-families. 33.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.97.
In the city, the population was distributed with 24.4% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 27.2% from 25 to 44, 22.0% from 45 to 64, and 18.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.7 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $26,945, and the median income for a family was $34,581. Males had a median income of $30,072 versus $20,988 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,913. About 14.0% of families and 17.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.8% of those under age 18 and 8.8% of those age 65 or over.
Education
Children in Sharon are served by the Sharon City School District. The district colors are black and orange, and the school mascot is the Tiger. The following schools currently serve Sharon:
Case Avenue Elementary School – grades K-6
C.M. Musser Elementary School – grades K-6
West Hill Elementary School – grades K-6
Sharon Middle School – grades 7-8
Sharon High School – grades 9-12
Sharon is home to the Shenango campus of Pennsylvania State University, which offers several two-year and four-year degrees. It also hosts Laurel Technical Institute, a for-profit trade school, and the Sharon Regional Health System School of Nursing.
Tourism
Buhl Mansion
Shenango River Lake
Waterfire Sharon
Broadcast media
Television
Because of Sharon's location on the Pennsylvania/Ohio border, it is served by WKBN-TV (CBS), WFMJ-TV (NBC), WYTV (ABC), WYFX-LD (Fox) and WBCB (CW), all broadcast from nearby Youngstown, OH.
Radio
Sharon is served by AM radio stations such as WLOA (1470 AM) (Farrell, PA), WPIC (790 AM), WKBN (570 AM) (Youngstown, OH), and by FM radio stations such as WYFM/"Y-103" (102.9 FM), WLLF/"The River" (96.7 FM) (Mercer, PA), WYLE/"Willie 95.1" (95.1 FM) (Grove City, PA), WMXY/"Mix 98.9" (98.9 FM) (Youngstown, OH) and WWIZ/"Z-104" (West Middlesex, PA).
Notable people
Mike Archie – former National Football League running back
Carmen Argenziano – actor Stargate SG-1
Teryl Austin – National Football League coach, Pittsburgh Steelers, Senior Defensive Assistant/Secondary coach
Jane J. Boyle – judge
Tony Butala – founder, lead vocalist, The Lettermen, president Vocal Group Hall of Fame
Mike Connell – former National Football League punter
John Daverio – professor of music
Jonathan Dresel – Drummer for Jimmy Kimmel Live and his older brother Bernie Dresel, Grammy Award-winning LA studio drummer known for the Simpsons, Family Guy and many others.
Nate Dunn – artist, Pennsylvania Impressionism School
John H. Garvey – President, The Catholic University of America (2010–present)
Charlie Gibson – catcher for the Philadelphia Athletics (1905)
Bob Golub – stand-up comedian, actor, writer, filmmaker
Mick Goodrick – jazz guitarist
Erwin Hahn – physicist
Randy Holloway – former National Football League defensive end
Marc Howard – former Philadelphia news anchor
Marlin Jackson – National Football League cornerback
Benjamin Jarrett – Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives
Jane Katz – (born 1943), Olympic swimmer
John Kiriakou – former CIA officer convicted of violating the Intelligence Identities Protection Act; notable in waterboarding debate
Ty Longley – guitarist, Great White
John D. MacDonald – best-selling crime novelist
Jack Marin – former National Basketball Association player
Paul McKee – professor and author of children's reading primers
Hugh McKinnis – former Canadian Football League and National Football League running back
Bill Murray – nationally syndicated cartoonist and children book illustrator
Grover Norquist - founder and president, Americans for Tax Reform
Lester Rawlins – actor
Mike Sebastian – former halfback in the National Football League and second American Football League
Frank Secich – author, rock musician and member of the group Blue Ash
Hershel Shanks – founder, Biblical Archaeology Society, editor, Biblical Archaeology Review
Willie Somerset – ABA All-Star professional basketball player
Lorenzo Styles – former linebacker for Atlanta Falcons and St. Louis Rams; head coach for the Marion Blue Racers
James Henry Taylor – professor of mathematics
Leo Yankevich – poet, translator, editor of The New Formalist
See also
References
External links
City website
Sharon, PA/city-data
Cities in Mercer County, Pennsylvania
Cities in Pennsylvania
Populated places established in 1795
1795 establishments in Pennsylvania |
20224059 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaunna%20Hall | Shaunna Hall | Shaunna Elizabeth Hall (born July 28, 1963) is an American composer and musician from the San Francisco Bay Area. As guitarist, she was a founding member of the band 4 Non Blondes and is currently a member of George Clinton's Parliament-Funkadelic.
Early life
Hall played trumpet in school, studying under Jon Simms, the founder of the San Francisco Gay Freedom Day Marching Band and Twirling Corps, at Benjamin Franklin Intermediate School in Daly City, California. She started taking the guitar seriously as a teenager at Serramonte High School, and studied songwriting at the Blue Bear School of Music in San Francisco with Bonnie Hayes.
1980s
Hall joined her first band, The Crash Puppies, in the early 1980s. In the late 1980s, she and bassist Christa Hillhouse formed Cool and Unusual Punishment, a new wave duo. Later, they joined, along with drummer Wanda Day, The Lesbian Snake Charmers, led by singer Jai Jai Noire.
Hall met vocalist Linda Perry, and when The Lesbian Snake Charmers broke up, they co-founded the alternative rock group 4 Non Blondes with Perry, Hillhouse, and Day in 1989.
1990s
In 1990, 4 Non Blondes won the SF Weekly Award (Wammies) for Best Rock Band. Bigger, Better, Faster, More! by Interscope Records was released in 1992 and was the only studio album released by the band. It includes performances and five compositions by Hall ("Morphine & Chocolate", "Spaceman", and others). The album peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Top 200. "Spaceman" was released as a single in 1993 and peaked at number 39 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. Hall left the band in 1992 during the recording of "Bigger, Better, Faster, More!" over musical differences with the band as well as with the producer. The album was completed with session guitarist Louis Metoyer.
Hall and Pat Wilder subsequently founded Bad Dog Play Dead in 1992. The all-female ensemble played funk, rock, country and pop songs written largely by Hall and Wilder, and the group reunited Hall and 4 Non Blondes drummer Wanda Day. They recorded a demo, engineered and mixed by Garry Crieman at Hyde Street Studios, San Francisco. Janis Tanaka played bass on the demo but did not join the group. The band played live in San Francisco for several months until the permanent disability of Day in December 1992.
Hall played as a part of the agro-core hard rock band The Alcohol of Fame (named by studio engineer Garry Crieman) from 1993-95. The group began as an ensemble Hall put together to perform a benefit for Day at the I-Beam in San Francisco in early 1993. The band changed line-ups, with the core trio of Hall, Crash and Spingola finally teaming with drummer Becky Wreck from the Lunachicks later that year. Their first official performance was at Female Trouble's "The Dykemare Before Christmas" in December 1993. With the addition of bassist Erica Liss of MDC in early 1994, the lineup made a six-song demo, Mendocino Demo 1994, and played the New Music Seminar in New York, NY followed by an east coast summer tour in 1994.
Though Wreck remained on the east Coast, the core trio of Crash, Hall and Spingola returned to San Francisco. Drummer Peter French and a series of bass players including Dennis Dismore and the late Warner Harrison joined The Alcohol of Fame in 1995. The group recorded a second demo in the spring of 1995 at Gush Studios in Oakland, California. Warner announced his departure from the band only weeks after finishing the demo, and the group disbanded.
In 1996, Hall and Tribe 8, Bay Area queercore pioneers, joined Nirvana, Soundgarden, Joan Jett, The Gits, and others on the Home Alive! Compilation. The project raised funds and awareness for self-defense education for women in honor of Mia Zapata, the singer of The Gits who was beaten and murdered while walking home.
Hall appears on Frat Pig and another song from the Tribe 8 CD Fist City on Alternative Tentacles Records. She co-produced Tribe 8's Role Models for America released in 1998 on Alternative Tentacles.
Throughout the 1990s, Hall played with the theatrical six-piece group The Eric McFadden Experience. In 1998, the group received the SF Weekly Award (Wammies) for Best Americana Band and released Our Revels Now are Ended. The CD includes one Hall composition, "Macaroon", which also appeared on an early 4 Non Blondes demo.
2000s
Alien Lovestock's 2000 CD Planet of Fish includes the composition "Alien Love" co-written by Hall, Eric McFadden and George Clinton.
Hall composed eight tracks with Storm, Inc. for the independent release The Calm Years in April 2001. Storm, Inc. started in the summer of 1999 when Hall sat in with singer Storm Large as a support guitarist for acoustic gigs. Hall and Storm, Inc. wrote and created The Calm Years. and toured the US west coast following its release.
As a sound designer, Hall helped create the first online video game developed by Shockwave in 2000. Tamale Loco is now available in the Shockwave Favorites Vol. 1 game bundle or as a standalone download at Shockwave.com.
In the summer of 2001, she played with Dog Ass, a trio with Los Angeles drummer Becky Wreck and bassist Christy Michel. Formed specifically to play a Breast Cancer Awareness Benefit presented by Loudithfaire, a festival celebrating lesser-known women in rock, the trio gave a few shows in San Francisco and Los Angeles before Hall moved to Barcelona, Spain in 2002.
Hall wrote, produced, and directed a short film called The Beauty of Betrayal in May 2002. Brick Seriously and Hall recorded the video in San Francisco. It features her composition Beauty Sleeps recorded in San Francisco and Los Angeles with drummer Kevin Carnes, EricMcFadden Experience members Sam Bass, Ben Barnes and Paula O'Rourke. Janis Tanaka plays the saw on the instrumental. Hall appears in the film along with actress Natalie Richie.
In July 2002, Hall began touring with George Clinton and Parliament-Funkadelic. Since then, she has played on several US, Canadian and European tours as well as dates abroad. She was the monitor engineer from 2002–2004, and the P-Funk Live at the 2004 Montreaux Jazz Festival DVD credits her engineering work. She became the first official female guitarist of P-Funk in 2007.
Hall and Dutch artist Margot van Ham shared an art/music studio in Barcelona, Spain from 2004 to 2006. In 2004, Hall released a video called The Third Eye. Van Ham produced the video in 2004 with a song Hall wrote with Paul Hill and Clip Payne of P-Funk in 2002. The video was released in 2006 as a part of Hall's multimedia project, Electrofunkadelica: e3+FUNKnth = music for the body, mind & soul.
In 2007, Hall appeared on the BBC program The 100 Most Annoying Pop Songs We Hate To Love, which featured the 4 Non Blondes song "What's Up? at number 91 on the list.
Hall joined a number of artists for former artist liaison and backstage manager Tiffany Travalent's benefit at 12 Galaxies in San Francisco in 2007. Led by Eric McFadden, a large group of musicians including Bernie Worrell (Parliament-Funkadelic), Dawn Silva (Brides of Funkenstein/Sly and the Family Stone), Jerry Harrison (Talking Heads), Pete Sears, Carol Hernandez, and The Meters' drummer Ziggy Modeliste gave their time to benefit Travalent, who suffers from severe chronic pain, is unable to work, and had large outstanding medical bills. A DVD of the event was released with footage from the show and related content.
Hall earned two engineering credits in 2008—the first for Clinton's vocals on the song Heads Will Roll, for Lee "Scratch" Perry's Return of the Super Ape. The second, George Clinton and his Gangsters of Love, charted on both the Billboard R&B and Independent Charts.
Current projects
Hall returned to the United States in 2005, and continues to tour the world as a guitarist with George Clinton and Parliament-Funkadelic in The P-Funk Allstars. She became an official band member in 2007 after five years of touring as a part-time player, monitor engineer, and crew member.
She released a solo project, Electrofunkadelica, in 2006. She wrote, produced, and recorded most of the project on a Macintosh laptop with a portable studio while touring the world with P-Funk on the road between 2002 and 2005, and the tracks feature many P-Funk members and musician friends. The 2006 release Electrofunkadelica: e3+FUNKnth = music for the body, mind & soul, is a collection of audio recordings and three videos. It consists of contemporary music and projected visual imagery performances described as "containing some social and political messages, some emotional and inspirational, and some are just plain fun". The Electrofunkadelica live performances feature Hall on guitar, electronic sources including looping samplers, Kevin Carnes on drums, Stephan G. as VJ, and occasional guest vocalists or instrumentalists. Projected visual imagery plays a large part in the show, with VJ mixing, animation and film.
She is currently creating the next Electrofunkadelica collection, which will again feature many musical guests and the recording debut of drag king character BB Kink. Hall created BB Kink as an Electro-GoGo-Love-Blues guitar player. She introduced the character in late 2008 with performances in Barcelona at Sala Monasterio and San Francisco at Anon Salon.
Interests and affiliations
Hall was a panelist for the 2000 and 2005 ROCKRGRL Music Conference, and has been a volunteer performer for Bread and Roses since 1997. She is a member of ASCAP.
Discography
George Clinton
George Clinton and His Gangsters of Love
Shanachie - 2008
Engineer
Billboard R&B and Independent Charts
Lee "Scratch" Perry
Return of the Super Ape
Goldenlane Records - 2008
Engineer
Electrofunkadelica
e3+FUNKnth=music for the body, mind & soul
Make Music, Not War Records - 2006
Guitar, producer, songwriter and more
Eric McFadden
Dementia
Bad Reputation Records - 2006 Guitar
420 Funk Mob
Alive in Spain
wefunk 2kAD - 2004
Guitar
wefunkFM.com, wefunk records, and thefunkstore.com
Eric McFadden
Eric McFadden
2002
Guitar
Alien Lovestock
Planet of Fish
NMX Records - 2001
Songwriter
Storm, Inc.
The Calm Years
Gender Nectar Records - 2001
Guitar, BVs, songwriter
The Flying Other Bros.
Secondary
Producer/ Engineer
2000
The Flying Other Bros.
Demo & IPO
1999
Producer/ Engineer
Tribe 8
Role Models for Amerika
Alternative Tentacles - 1998
Guest Guitar, BVs, Co-Producer
The Eric McFadden Experience
Our Revels Now Are Ended
NMX Records - 1998
Guitar, Songwriter
Eric McFadden
Who's Laughing Now
NMX records - 1997
Guitar
Various Artists
Home Alive: The Art of Self Defense
Sony - 1996
Guitar
Tribe 8
Fist City
Alternative Tentacles - 1995
Guest guitar
Nicodemus
Dance Hall Giant
PSM Recordings - 1995
Guitar
The Alcohol of Fame
Gush Demo '95
Recorded at Gush Studios, Oakland, CA - 1995
Engineered by Allen Kraft, Mastered by Matt Murmen at Different Fur Studios, San Francisco
Songwriter, Guitar
The Alcohol of Fame
Mendocino Demo Session 1994
Recorded by Joey Mobile Sound - 1994
Songwriter, Guitar
Positive Sound Massive
"Sex & Guns" and "Unity"
PSM Records - 1993
Bad Dog Play Dead
Hyde St. Demo
Recorded by Garry Crieman at Hyde Street Studios, SF - 1992
Songwriter, Guitar
4 Non Blondes
Bigger, Better, Faster, More!
Interscope Records - 1992
Guitar, Songwriter
Video projects and performance videos
Second Wind
Beauty of Betrayal
The 3rd Eye
Going To The Hukilau
Good Thoughts, Bad Thoughts
Stellar Evolution
Details
George Clinton and the P-Funk All Stars - Cosmic Slop
Projects and groups
2008–present
BB KINK
2005–present
Electrofunkadelica
live band
Shaunna Hall - guitar, keyboards, vocals, & various machinery
Kevin Carnes - drums, samplers
VJ - Stephan G.
Other members, characters, and guests TBA
2004
The Third Eye Video
With Margot van Ham
2002–present
George Clinton & the P-Funk All-Stars
2002
''Beauty of Betrayal'' Video
With Brick Seriously
1999-2001
Storm, Inc.
Shaunna Hall - Guitars, bvs
Michael Cavaseno - Guitars, bvs
Storm Large - Vocals
Kevin Carnes - Drums
Ubidube Whitaker - Bass
1997-2005
The Eric McFadden Experience
Eric McFadden - guitar, vocals
Shaunna Hall - guitar, vocals
Paula O'Rourke - bass, vocals
Paulo Baldi - drums
Sam Bass - cello
Benjamin Barnes - violin
1993-1995
The Alcohol of Fame
Band Members 1993-1994
Shaunna Hall - Guitars, bvs
Cara Crash - Guitars, bvs
Steve 'Spit' Spingola - Vocals
Becky Wreck - Drums
Erica Liss - Bass
Band Members 1994-1995
Shaunna Hall - Guitars, bvs
Cara Crash - Guitars, bvs
Steve 'Spit' Spingola - Vocals
Warner Harrison - Bass
Peter French - Drums
1992-1993
Bad Dog Play Dead
studio band:
Shaunna Hall - guitar, vocals
Pat Wilder - guitar, vocals
Wanda Day - drums
Janis Tanaka - bass on recordings
Christi-on Crawford - Vocal on "Head Spin"
live band:
Shaunna Hall - guitar, vocals
Pat Wilder - guitar, vocals
Wanda Day - drums
Katherine Chase - bass, vocals
Anna Carney - keyboards and vocals and guitar
Christi-on Crawford -guest vocalist
1989-1992
4 Non Blondes
Christa Hillhouse, bass
Shaunna Hall, guitar
Wanda Day, drums
Linda Perry, vocals
1988-1989
Cool and Unusual Punishment
Shaunna Hall
Christa Hillhouse
Press and media
Early 4 Non Blondes Interview (July 1991) - Interview by Gary Indiana for Flipside Magazine
"Shaunna Hall gets in touch with her inner geek" - Interview by Danise von Rod on Loudithfaire.net
ROCKRGRL Interview: Issue #41 Sept/Oct - Cover: Kat Bjelland
Coverage from BAM Magazine on Storm, Inc. and "The Calm Years" features interviews with Shaunna, et al.
January 2008- WomensRadio.com Review of Electrofunkadelica by Brian Ball
August 2007 - Boise Weekly Review of Electrofunkadelica by Dam McMahon
References
External links
Official website
Four Non Blondes by Christa Hillhouse
African-American guitarists
American women composers
20th-century American composers
P-Funk members
Musicians from the San Francisco Bay Area
1963 births
Living people
20th-century American guitarists
4 Non Blondes members
20th-century women composers
20th-century American women guitarists
African-American women musicians |
67446691 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago%20City%20League | Chicago City League | The Chicago City League was a minor league baseball league based in Chicago, Illinois. The Independent level league played with teams based entirely in Chicago. The league played in 1887, from 1890 to 1894 and 1909 to 1910 as a minor league. In the era of segregated baseball, the 1909 and 1910 leagues were integrated, with the Leland Giants joining as a member.
History
The Chicago City League began minor league play in 1887. The 1887 league member teams are unknown.
The 1890 Chicago City League played with six team members. The Chicago Brands, Chicago Franklins, Chicago Garden Citys, Chicago Rivals, Chicago West Ends and Chicago Whitings were the six league franchises. Records and standings are unknown.
The Chicago City League continued play in 1891 with the same six franchises remaining.
The 1892 Chicago City League added two teams. The 1892 league members were the Chicago Brands, Chicago Crystals, Chicago Franklins, Chicago Garden Citys, Chicago Lake Views, Chicago Rivals, Chicago West Ends and Chicago Whitings.
The same eight teams continued Chicago City League play in the 1893 season.
The 1894 Chicago City League reduced to six teams. The 1894 league played with the Chicago Brands, Chicago Franklins, Chicago Garden Citys, Chicago Lake Views, Chicago Rivals and Chicago Whitings as the member teams. The Chicago City League disbanded after the season, in part because the league's better teams could schedule games independently and make more profit.
The Leland Giants played regular exhibition games against Chicago City League teams, integrating the league games.
In February, 1909, former Chicago White Sox player Nixey Callahan, owner of the Logan Squares team in Chicago, petitioned the National Commission for a working agreement for his team and other teams in Chicago. This occurred a year after major league stars Ty Cobb and Tommy Leach had approached Callahan about the possibility of leaving their teams to join the Logan Squares. The major leagues formally recognized player contracts with the Chicago clubs.
In the 1909 and 1910 seasons, the Chicago City League played again as an Independent minor league. The exact teams in the final two seasons are unknown, but the league was integrated, as the Leland Giants joined the league in 1909. Other league members of the reformed league reportedly included the Anson's Colts, Logan Squares, the Gunthers, the West Ends and Rogers Park. Cap Anson owned the Anson's Colts team.
It was reported that the Leland Giants won the 1909 Chicago City League championship by 7.0 games with a 31-9 record. The Leland Giants then played a three-game series against the Chicago Cubs in October, 1909. The Cubs won the first game 4–1 on October 18, 1909. With a 9th inning rally, the Cubs won the second game 6–5 and then the Cubs took the final game 1–0. The games were held at Gunther Park, located at 4701 North Ashland Avenue. Today, Chase Park is located at the site, on the corner of Ashland Avenue and Leland Avenue.
A Cuba based team, called the Stars of Cuba had been barnstorming in Chicago in 1909 and 1910. In July, 1910, it was reported the "Chicago Baseball League" as it was formally known, had barred member teams from playing against outside "colored baseball teams," including the Cuban teams. The ban did not include the member Leland Giants.
On August 27, 1910, the Logan Squares and Rogers Park played a night game, using a temporary lighting system. The Logan Squares won the game, 3–1, with 3,500 in attendance. Callahan played center field for his team in 1910 and led the league in stolen bases with 38, while hitting .333. On October 31, 1910 the Chicago Cubs defeated the Logan Squares 3–1 in an exhibition game.
It was reported the Leland Giants won the Chicago City League championship again in 1910 and the Chicago Cubs declined the offer to play the Leland Giants after the 1910 season.
In June, 2017, the Chicago Cubs honored the Leland Giants of the Chicago City League, wearing Leland Giants replica uniforms in a game against the Pittsburgh Pirates.
Teams by season
1887: Unknown
1890: (6) Chicago Brands, Chicago Franklins, Chicago Garden Citys, Chicago Rivals, Chicago West Ends, Chicago Whitings
1891: (6) Chicago Brands, Chicago Franklins, Chicago Garden Citys, Chicago Rivals, Chicago West Ends, Chicago Whitings
1892: (8) Chicago Brands, Chicago Crystals, Chicago Franklins, Chicago Garden Citys, Chicago Lake Views, Chicago Rivals, Chicago West Ends, Chicago Whitings
1893: (8) Chicago Brands, Chicago Crystals, Chicago Franklins, Chicago Garden Citys, Chicago Lake Views, Chicago Rivals, Chicago West Ends, Chicago Whitings
1894: (6) Chicago Brands, Chicago Franklins, Chicago Garden Citys, Chicago Lake Views, Chicago Rivals, Chicago Whitings
1909: (6) Anson's Colts, Chicago West Ends, Gunthers, Leland Giants, Logan Squares, Rogers Park
1910: (6) Anson's Colts, Chicago West Ends, Gunthers, Leland Giants, Logan Squares, Rogers Park
Standings
The Chicago City League's yearly standings and team records are unknown. It was reported the Leland Giants won the league championship in 1909 and 1910, with the 1909 team winning by 7.0 games, with a 31-9 record.
Ballparks
The league ballparks are mostly unknown. Reportedly, the 1910 Leland Giants played home games at a Auburn Park, located where Wentworth Gardens is today. Today, the address is 3770 South Wentworth Avenue, Chicago, IL.
Notable alumni
Baseball Hall of Fame alumni
Cap Anson, Anson's Colts, owner (1909–1910)
Rube Foster, Leland Giants (1909–1910)
John Henry Lloyd, Leland Giants (1910)
Notable alumni
Jim Andrews, Chicago Whitings/Lake Views (1891/1892–1894)
Art Ball, Chicago Rivals (1893)
Bill Bowman, Chicago Rivals (1890)
Charlie Cady, Chicago Rivals/Garden Citys (1891/1894)
Nixey Callahan, Logan Squares, player/owner (1909–1910)
John Carbine, Chicago Franklins (1890)
Pete Galligan, Chicago Garden Citys (1891)
Ed Gastfield, Chicago Franklins (1891–1894)
Emil Geiss, Chicago Brands (1894)
Lou Gertenrich, Chicago Garden Citys (1894)
Pretzels Getzien, Chicago Franklins (1894)
Charlie Hallstrom, Chicago Whitings (1890–1891)
John Hollison, Chicago Whitings (1892)
Marty Honan, Chicago Whitings (1890)
Home Run Johnson, Leland Giants (1910)
Charlie Irwin, Chicago Rivals (1890)
Walt Kinzie, Chicago Whitings/Rivals (1890/1891)
Frank Meinke, Chicago Brands (1890)
Joe Murphy, Chicago Whitings (1891)
Pete O'Brien, Chicago Whitings (1891)
Eddie O'Meara, Chicago Rivals (1891)
Chick Pedroes, Chicago Franklins (1891)
Skel Roach, Chicago Whitings (1894)
George Rooks, Chicago Rivals (1894)
Edward Santry, Chicago Franklins (1890)
Mort Scanlan, Chicago Whitings (1891–1892)
Dangerfield Talbert, Leland Giants (1909–1910)
See also
Chicago Garden Citys playersChicago Whitings playersLeland Giants players
References
Defunct minor baseball leagues in the United States
Baseball leagues in Illinois
Defunct professional sports leagues in the United States
Sports leagues established in 1887
Sports leagues disestablished in 1910
Baseball in Chicago |
41087890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Stayner | Richard Stayner | Vice-Admiral Sir Richard Stayner (1625–1662) was an English naval officer who supported the Parliamentary cause during the English Civil War and the Interregnum. During the First Anglo-Dutch War he commanded the in actions at Portland (February 1653), the Gabbard (June 1653) and in the Battle of Scheveningen (29–31 July 1653). During the Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660), he won renown and a fortune in prize money when he captured a great part of the Spanish West Indian treasure fleet off Cadiz in 1656. He was knighted by the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell for services in Admiral Robert Blake's destruction of Spanish ships at Santa Cruz, 1657. He was a rear-admiral of the fleet which brought Charles II to England in 1660. He was again knighted at the Restoration. He died at Lisbon, while serving as vice-admiral of the Mediterranean fleet.
Biography
Richard Stayner was one of several children of Roger Stayner of Tarrant Gunville, Dorset.
In his youth served in the Newfoundland fisheries trade. He joined the Parliamentary navy and served in a subordinate rank during the Civil War. On 22 June 1649 he was appointed commander of the prize, "now a State's ship", though a very small one, her principal armament being two sakers (that is, six-pounders). She was specially fitted out "for surprising small pickaroons that lurk among the sands" on the Essex coast, and for convoy service in the North Sea.
In August he captured the , a small frigate, apparently one of Prince Rupert's vessels, for which and other good services he was awarded £20 and £5 for a gold medal. In November 1652 he commanded the , fitting out at Chatham; but seems to have been moved from her in January to command the Foresight, which was one of the fleet with Blake in the battle off Portland on 28 February 1652/3 (in other words, 18 February 1652 Julian or 28 February 1653 Gregorian calendar). He was certainly with the fleet in the following April, when he signed the declaration of the sea-officers on the dissolution of the Rump Parliament by Oliver Cromwell, which was, in fact, a resolution "not to meddle with state affairs, but to keep foreigners from fooling us".
In the battle off the Gabbard on 2–3 June 1653, Stayner commanded the Foresight in the white squadron under the immediate command of William Penn, and was afterwards sent into the river in convoy of twelve disabled ships, eleven Dutch prizes, with 1,350 prisoners, and the body of Admiral Richard Deane, which he was ordered to take to Woolwich.
Stayner rejoined the fleet in time to take part in the decisive battle of Scheveningen (29–31 July), and continued with it until the end of the season. In December he was strongly recommended by George Monck for a larger ship, and in the following January was appointed to the , in which during the spring, until the end of the end of the First Anglo-Dutch War, he was employed in active cruising in the North Sea, during which he made several captures, including one rich East Indiaman of eight hundred tons, having on board four chests of silver.
In July he was appointed by Blake to the Catherine, and in September sailed for the Mediterranean with Blake, returning to England with him in October 1655. In the following February he was in command of the Bridgwater and sailed again with Blake for Cadiz, which was kept closely blockaded.
In September, when the sea-generals with the greater part of the fleet went to Aveiro, Stayner, then in the , was left off Cadiz in command of a small squadron of some six or seven ships.
On 8 September he fell in with the Spanish treasure fleet which, having information from a prize that the English had left the coast, was pushing on for Cadiz in such perfect confidence that, it is said, the Spaniards supposed Stayner's ships to be fishing-vessels; yet three of Stayner's ships at least, the Speaker, Bridgwater, and , were each of more than nine hundred tons. Nothing could be done that night, and the next morning several of Stayner's ships had fallen to leeward. He had only three with him, but these were the powerful ships just named; and as they were now within twelve miles of Cadiz, he judged that delay was unwise, and attacked the Spaniards about nine o'clock in morning. Of the four capital ships in the Spanish fleet, one escaped and ran for Cadiz, but struck on a rock and went to the bottom. The three others were captured, but two of them caught fire and were burnt with all their cargo and a great part of their men. The fourth remained in the possession of the English; some of the other ships also were taken. The value of the prize to the captors was estimated at £600,000; but it was stated by the Spaniards that their loss was not less than nine million dollars, or nearly two millions sterling. The news of this tremendous blow reached England early in October. An official narrative of it was published on 4 October, and a thanksgiving service ordered to be held on the 8th in all the churches in London and Westminster.
Shortly after this Stayner returned to England with Edward Montagu (later Earl of Sandwich); but rejoined Blake early the next year, and took a brilliant part in the destruction of the Spanish ships at Santa Cruz on 20 April.
Having arranged the ships with the utmost care and judgement, and those ships being supported by a considerable number of forts and batteries on shore, the Spaniards thought themselves so perfectly secure, in case of an attack, that their admiral sent Blake an open defiance. On reconnoitring the force and position of the enemy, the English admiral found it impossible to bring off the enemy's ships, though gallantry and prudence might render it possible to destroy them. Stayner was immediately detached to begin the attack, and being supported by Blake with the remainder of the fleet, the Spaniards were, in a very few hours, driven out of their ships and breast-works The former were instantly taken possession of by the English: and it being impossible to bring them off they were all set on fire and burnt to the water's edge.
The Royalist politician and historian Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon eulogised this action, writing:
For his conduct on this occasion he was knighted by the Lord Protector Cromwell on his return to England in the following August. During the rest of the year and during 1658 he commanded in the Downs, nominally as second to Montagu, who was most of the time in London, and really as commander-in-chief, with his flag as rear-admiral sometimes in Essex, sometimes in , and towards the end of the time in Speaker. His work was entirely administrative, and he had no active share in the battles of Mardyke and Dunkirk, though he was in constant communication with Sir William Goodsonn, by whom they were entirely conducted. In the summer of 1659 he was rear-admiral of the fleet with Montagu in the Sound, and on 16 April 1660 was appointed by Montagu to be rear-admiral of the fleet which went over to bring King Charles II to England. For this service he was knighted on 24 September (his earlier knighthood, conferred by Cromwell, not being recognised by the Royalists).
In the early summer of 1661 Stayner was again commander-in-chief in the Downs, and in June sailed for Lisbon and the Mediterranean as rear-admiral of the fleet under Montagu now the Earl of Sandwich. When Sandwich took de facto possession of Tangier, it was Stayner who was put in command of the first shore battalion of seamen. Then, when Sandwich went to Lisbon to take Catherine of Braganza to London, Stayner, with his flag in the Mary, remained as vice-admiral of the fleet under Sir John Lawson. On 2 July it was reported from Lisbon that he had just arrived from Tangiers; on 20 July that he was dangerously ill; on 9 October that he had died—apparently a few days before. In pursuance of his wish to be buried beside his wife, who seems to have died in 1658, his body was embalmed and brought home in the Mary, which arrived at Spithead on 3 November.
Family
Richard Stayner married Elizabeth (1635?–1662), daughter of Thomas Hebbe of Loughborough. They had two children, Richard and Elizabeth.
On 30 May 1663 Richard petitioned for repayment of £300 which his father had advanced for the king's service. The claim was approved by Sandwich, but there is no mention of the money having been paid.
Notes
References
Attribution
1625 births
1662 deaths
Roundheads
People from English Tangier |
12240016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20fusion | Cell fusion | Cell fusion is an important cellular process in which several uninucleate cells (cells with a single nucleus) combine to form a multinucleate cell, known as a syncytium. Cell fusion occurs during differentiation of myoblasts, osteoclasts and trophoblasts, during embryogenesis, and morphogenesis. Cell fusion is a necessary event in the maturation of cells so that they maintain their specific functions throughout growth.
History
In 1847 Theodore Schwann expanded upon the theory that all living organisms are composed of cells when he added to it that discrete cells are the basis of life. Schwann observed that in certain cells the walls and cavities of the cells coalesce together. It was this observation that provided the first hint that cells fuse.
It was not until 1960 that cell biologists deliberately fused cells for the first time. To fuse the cells, biologists combined isolated mouse cells, with the same kind of tissue, and induced fusion of their outer membrane using the Sendai virus (a respiratory virus in mice). Each of the fused hybrid cells contained a single nucleus with chromosomes from both fusion partners. Synkaryon became the name of this type of cell combined with a nucleus.
In the late 1960s biologists successfully fused cells of different types and from different species. The hybrid products of these fusions, heterokaryon, were hybrids that maintained two or more separate nuclei. This work was headed by Henry Harris at the University of Oxford and Nils Ringertz from Sweden's Karolinska Institute. These two men are responsible for reviving the interest of cell fusion. The hybrid cells interested biologists in the area of how different kinds of cytoplasm affect different kinds of nuclei. The work conducted by Henry and Nils showed that proteins from one gene fusion affect gene expression in the other partner's nucleus, and vice versa. These hybrid cells that were created were considered forced exceptions to normal cellular integrity and it was not until 2002 that the possibility of cell fusion between cells of different types may have a real function in mammals.
Two types
There are two different types of cell fusion that can occur. These two types include homotypic and heterotypic cell fusion.
Homotypic cell fusion occurs between cells of the same type. An example of this would be osteoclasts or myofibers being fusing together with their respective type of cells. Whenever the two nuclei merge a synkaryon is produced. Cell fusion normally occurs with nuclear fusion, but in the absence of nuclear fusion, the cell would be described as a binucleated heterokaryon. A heterokaryon is the melding of two or more cells into one and it may reproduce itself for several generations. If two of the same type of cells fuse, but their nuclei do not fuse, then the resulting cell is called a syncytium.
Heterotypic cell fusion occurs between cells of different types, making it the exact opposite of homotypic cell fusion. The result of this fusion is also a synkaryon produced by the merging of the nuclei, and a binucleated heterokaryon in the absence of nuclear fusion. An example of this would be Bone Marrow Derived Cells (BMDCs) being fused with parenchymatous organs.
Four methods
There are four methods that cell biologists and biophysicists use to fuse cells. These four ways include electrical cell fusion, polyethylene glycol cell fusion, and sendai virus induced cell fusion and a newly developed method termed optically controlled thermoplasmonics.
Electrical cell fusion is an essential step in some of the most innovative methods in modern biology. This method begins when two cells are brought into contact by dielectrophoresis. Dielectrophoresis uses a high frequency alternating current, unlike electrophoresis in which a direct current is applied. Once the cells are brought together, a pulsed voltage is applied. The pulse voltage causes the cell membrane to permeate and subsequent combining of the membranes and the cells then fuse. After this, alternative voltage is applied for a brief period of time to stabilize the process. The result of this is that the cytoplasm has mixed together and the cell membrane has completely fused. All that remains separate is the nuclei, which will fuse at a later time within the cell, making the result a heterokaryon cell.
Polyethylene glycol cell fusion is the simplest, but most toxic, way to fuse cells. In this type of cell fusion polyethylene glycol, PEG, acts as a dehydrating agent and fuses not only plasma membranes but also intracellular membranes. This leads to cell fusion since PEG induces cell agglutination and cell-to-cell contact. Though this type of cell fusion is the most widely used, it still has downfalls. Oftentimes PEG can cause uncontrollable fusion of multiple cells, leading to the appearance of giant polykaryons. Also, standard PEG cell fusion is poorly reproducible and different types of cells have various fusion susceptibilities. This type of cell fusion is widely used for the production of somatic cell hybrids and for nuclear transfer in mammalian cloning.
Sendai virus induced cell fusion occurs in four different temperature stages. During the first stage, which lasts no longer than 10 minutes, viral adsorption takes place and the adsorbed virus can be inhibited by viral antibodies. The second stage, which is 20 minutes, is pH dependent and an addition of viral antiserum can still inhibit ultimate fusion. In the third, antibody-refractory stage, viral envelope constituents remain detectable on the surface of cells. During the fourth stage, cell fusion becomes evident and HA neuraminidase and fusion factor begin to disappear. The first and second stages are the only two that are pH dependent.
Thermoplasmonics induced cell fusion Thermoplasmonics is based on a near infrared (NIR) laser and a plasmonic nanoparticle. The laser which typically acts as an optical trap, is used to heat the nanoscopic plasmonic particle to very high and extremely locally elevated temperatures. Optical trapping of such a nanoheater at the interface between two membrane vesicles, or two cells, leads to immediate fusion of the two verified by both content and lipid mixing. Advantages include full flexibility of which cells to fuse and fusion can be performed in any buffer condition unlike electroformation which is affected by salt.
In human therapy
Alternative forms of restoring organ function and replacing damaged cells are needed with donor organs and tissue for transplantation being so scarce. It is because of the scarcity that biologists have begun considering the potential for therapeutic cell fusion. Biologists have been discussing implications of the observation that cell fusion can occur with restorative effects following tissue damage or cell transplantation. Though using cell fusion for this is being talked about and worked on, there are still many challenges those who wish to implement cell fusion as a therapeutic tool face. These challenges include choosing the best cells to use for the reparative fusion, determining the best way to introduce the chosen cells into the desired tissue, discovering methods to increase the incidence of cell fusion, and ensuring that the resulting fusion products will function properly. If these challenges can be overcome then cell fusion may have therapeutic potential.
Role in cancer progression
Cell fusion has become an area of focus for research in cancer progression in humans. When multiple types of differentiated cells fuse, the resulting cell could potentially be polyploid. Polyploid cells can be unstable due to their different genetic combinations which can often result in the cell becoming diseased. Polyploid cells can also result in unscheduled endoreplication, a process when DNA is replicated within the cell without the cell dividing, which has been linked to cancer development because of the increase in genetic instability within the cell. Metastasis, the spreading of cancer cells to different areas of the body and one of the leading causes of cancer related death, is a process that is linked to cell fusion. Cells derived from bone marrow fuse with malignant tumor cells, creating cells that have traits of each parent cell. These fused, cancerous cells have migration capabilities inherited from the bone marrow derived cell (BMDC) that allow it to travel throughout the body.
Microorganisms
Fungi
Plasmogamy is the stage of the sexual cycle of fungi in which two cells fuse together to share a common cytoplasm while bringing haploid nuclei from both partners together in the same cell.
Amoebozoa
Cell fusion (plasmogamy or syngamy) is a stage in the Amoebozoa sexual cycle.
Bacteria
In Escherichia coli spontaneous zygogenesis (Z-mating) involves cell fusion, and appears to be a form of true sexuality in prokaryotes. Bacteria that perform Z-mating are called Szp+.
Other uses
To study the control of cell division and gene expression.
To investigate malignant transformations.
To obtain viral replication.
For gene and chromosome mapping.
For production of monoclonal antibodies by producing hybridoma.
For production of induced stem cells.
To assess protein shuttling in what is known as a heterokaryon fusion assay.
See also
Cell-cell fusogens
Cellular differentiation
Fertilisation
Fusion mechanism
Fusion protein
Interbilayer forces in membrane fusion
Lipid bilayer fusion
References
Further reading
H. Harris: Cell fusion, 1970, Harvard University Press, Mass.
Cell biology
Cell culture techniques |
39743229 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell%20Douglas%20Phantom%20in%20UK%20service | McDonnell Douglas Phantom in UK service | The United Kingdom (UK) operated the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II as one of its principal combat aircraft from 1968 to 1992. The UK was the first export customer for the F-4 Phantom, which was ordered in the context of political and economic difficulties around British designs for the roles that it eventually undertook. The Phantom was procured to serve in both the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm (FAA) and the Royal Air Force (RAF) in several roles including air defence, close air support, low-level strike and tactical reconnaissance.
Although assembled in the United States, the UK's early Phantoms were a special batch built separately with a significant amount of British technology as a means of easing the pressure on the domestic aerospace industry in the wake of major project cancellations. Two variants were initially built for the UK: the F-4K variant was designed from the outset as an air defence interceptor to be operated by the FAA from the Royal Navy's aircraft carriers, and the F-4M version was procured for the RAF to serve in the tactical strike and reconnaissance roles. In the mid-1980s, a third Phantom variant was obtained when fifteen second-hand F-4J aircraft were purchased to augment the UK's air defences following the Falklands War.
The Phantom entered service with both the FAA and the RAF in 1969. In FAA service, while primarily intended for fleet air defence, it had a secondary strike role. In the RAF it was soon replaced in its initial tasks by other aircraft designed specifically for strike, close air support and reconnaissance, and instead was moved to the air defence mission. By the mid-1970s, the Phantom had become the UK's principal interceptor, a role in which it continued until the early 1990s.
Background
In the late 1950s, the British Government began the process of replacing its early second-generation jet combat aircraft in service with the Royal Air Force (RAF) and Fleet Air Arm (FAA). At the time, the British aerospace industry was still the major provider of aircraft to the British Armed Forces, and designs from several companies were in service. The 1957 Defence White Paper precipitated a significant change in the industry, as the Government compelled major aerospace manufacturers to amalgamate using new aircraft contracts as an incentive. As a result, two large groups emerged; the British Aircraft Corporation (BAC), formed by the amalgamation of English Electric, Vickers-Armstrongs, Bristol, and Hunting; and Hawker Siddeley Aviation, which came from the merger of Hawker Siddeley with Folland, de Havilland, and Blackburn.
At this time, the RAF wished to replace the English Electric Canberra light bomber in the long-range interdictor role, and the Hawker Hunter in the close air support role, while the Royal Navy (RN) sought an aircraft to assume the fleet air defence role from the de Havilland Sea Vixen. BAC, through its English Electric subsidiary, had begun developing a new high-performance strike aircraft, the TSR-2, which was intended for long-range, low-level strike missions with conventional and tactical nuclear weapons, as well as tactical reconnaissance. Hawker Siddeley was also developing the P.1154, a proposed supersonic version of its P.1127 V/STOL demonstrator, that could be marketed to both the RAF and RN to fulfil several roles, including close air support, air superiority, and fleet air defence.
During the early 1960s, aircraft development became increasingly expensive, resulting in major projects often becoming mired in political and economic concerns. The TSR-2 project experienced increasing cost overruns, and the P.1154 was subject to the ongoing inter-service rivalry between the RN and RAF. This led to two wildly differing specifications being submitted for the P.1154 that were impossible to fulfil with a single airframe.
In February 1964, the RN withdrew from the P.1154 project, and moved to procure a new fleet air defence interceptor. It eventually selected the McDonnell F-4 Phantom then in service with the United States Navy (USN) as its primary air defence aircraft, intended to be operated from both existing and planned aircraft carriers. This better suited the RN, as the Phantom had two engines (providing redundancy in the event of an engine failure), was cheaper than the P.1154, and was available immediately. In October the same year, the general election brought the Labour Party back into power. The new government undertook a defence review, which led to the publication in February 1966 of a white paper that cancelled several projects, including both the P.1154 and the TSR-2. As a consequence, the government had to find alternatives to replace the Canberra and Hunter for the RAF. To replace the Canberra in the long-range role (which was intended for the TSR-2), the F-111 was selected, with plans for a redesigned variant; the roles undertaken by the Hunter (for which P.1154 was to be procured) would be undertaken by a further purchase of F-4 Phantoms.
The RN was happy with the Phantom as its Sea Vixen replacement, given that the type had been operational in the fleet air defence role with the USN since 1961. USN Phantoms had also successfully undertaken touch-and-go landings on and . During her 1966 Far East deployment, Victorious was able to successfully launch and recover USN Phantoms from the carrier . The RAF was less enthusiastic, as the Phantom was not optimised for the close air support role, and had been selected as its Hunter replacement more as a way of decreasing the per-unit cost of the overall UK order.
Partly as a means of maintaining employment in the British aerospace industry, agreement was reached that major portions of the UK's Phantoms would be built domestically. Hawker Siddeley Aviation was appointed as McDonnell's primary UK partner in January 1965, to be responsible for repair, maintenance, design and modification work on Phantoms for the RAF and RN at Brough Aerodrome. Further work was delegated to BAC, at its Warton facility, and to Short Brothers in Belfast.
The F-4J variant, which was then the primary version in service with the USN, was the basis for the UK aircraft, subject to major redesign. The most significant change was the use of the larger and more powerful Rolls-Royce Spey turbofan in place of the General Electric J79 turbojet to allow operations from the RN's smaller carriers. To accommodate the larger engines, BAC redesigned and built the entire rear fuselage section. The Westinghouse AN/AWG-10 radar carried by the F-4J was to be procured and built under licence by Ferranti. Approximately half of the structure and equipment of the UK's Phantoms was produced by British manufacturers; all the components were then shipped to St Louis for assembly by McDonnell. The changes to the aircraft led to the two variants being given their own separate series letters, the FAA version being designated as the F-4K and the RAF version as the F-4M.
Initially, there was an intention to procure up to 400 aircraft for the RN and the RAF, but the development cost for the changes to accommodate the new engines meant that the per-unit price eventually ended up three times the price of an F-4J. Due to government policy, the budget for the Phantom procurement was fixed, therefore these costs could not be evened out by a large production run and only 170 were ordered.
Operational history
Prototypes
The British Government ordered four prototypes (two F-4K and two F-4M), together with a pair of pre-production F-4K aircraft. The first UK Phantom, a prototype F-4K (designated YF-4K), initially flew on 27 June 1966 at the McDonnell plant in St. Louis. The second made its first flight on 30 August 1966. The two pre-production F-4K aircraft were constructed alongside the prototypes, and were initially used for fit check trials of the various systems to be fitted. The first was used for catapult/arrestor and deck landing trials, and the second was primarily for testing the radar and missile systems. All four were delivered to the UK from 1969 to 1970 for continued test work by the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment (A&AEE), Ministry of Defence Procurement Executive, Rolls-Royce, and BAC (and later its successor, British Aerospace). The first F-4M prototype (designated YF-4M) first flew on 17 February 1967, and was also used for fit checks before delivery to the UK.
F-4K Phantom FG.1
Royal Navy
In 1964, the Phantom was ordered for the Fleet Air Arm (FAA) to serve as the RN's primary fleet air defence aircraft, with a secondary strike capability. It was intended that these aircraft would operate from the decks of four aircraft carriers: and , which would be rebuilt to enable the operation of the aircraft; and two planned new ships.
The requirements for the intended force of four aircraft carriers meant that five squadrons of Phantoms would be needed. In its 1966 Defence White Paper, the Government decided to cancel the two new carriers, and begin a gradual rundown of fixed-wing aviation in the Royal Navy, which led to a reduction in the total order from 140 to 48, with options for another seven. The intention was to form a pair of front-line squadrons, each of twelve aircraft, that would operate from the two remaining, heavily modernised fleet carriers. The remaining 24 aircraft were to be used to form a training unit, and to provide a reserve pool in the event of aircraft losses.
The RN received its first F-4K Phantoms, which carried the British designation FG.1, in April 1968. These were assigned to 700P Naval Air Squadron (700P NAS), which was to serve as the Intensive Flying Trials Unit. Upon completion of the successful flight trials, 767 Naval Air Squadron was commissioned in January 1969 as the FAA's training squadron. This was followed at the end of March 1969 by 892 Naval Air Squadron, which was commissioned as the RN's first operational Phantom unit. During 892 NAS's initial work up, three of its aircraft were entered in the Daily Mail Trans-Atlantic Air Race, a competition to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the first trans-Atlantic flight. One aircraft set a record of four hours and 46 minutes for the west to east crossing between Floyd Bennett Field in New York City and Wisley Airfield outside London, a record that stood for five years.
At the same time as the Fleet Air Arm (FAA) was receiving its first aircraft, the A&AEE had three FG.1s delivered to its 'C' Squadron for flight deck trials aboard . Two sets of trials were successfully carried out in March and June 1969; the first comprised approaches and touch-and-go landings, while the second set of trials involved full catapult launch and arrested recovery. As a result of the reheat from the Spey turbofans, the ship's jet blast deflectors (JBD) were not used; instead a steel plate was fixed to the deck to absorb the heat of the engines building to launch, and fire hoses were used after each launch to prevent them melting.
had entered refit to accommodate the Phantom in 1967; this involved the ship undergoing a major reconstruction, including several elements to allow operation of the aircraft; the flight deck was increased in area and fully angled to 8½°, the arresting gear was replaced with a new water-spray system to accommodate the Phantom's higher weight and landing speed, and bridle catchers and water-cooled JBDs were fitted to the catapults. Once this work was complete, Eagle was scheduled to undergo a similar modernisation. In 1968, the government announced plans to completely phase out fixed-wing aviation in the Royal Navy, decommissioning all of its aircraft carriers by 1972. This led to the intended refit of Eagle being cancelled, and the options for seven additional FG.1s not being taken up. As a consequence, it was decided to further reduce the FAA's Phantom fleet to 28 aircraft.
The 1970 change of government led to a reprieve for the Fleet Air Arm, as it was decided that the cost of refitting Ark Royal was too much for only two more years of use, which led to it being retained in service as the RN's sole aircraft carrier. Because it was believed that 892 NAS would be the final carrier-based fixed-wing squadron to be commissioned into the FAA, their Phantoms each bore a capital Omega (Ω) letter on their tail fins, intended to symbolise their place at the end of the RN's era of fixed-wing aviation.
Ark Royal embarked 892 NAS as part of her air group for the first time in 1970, with 12 aircraft. The first operational use of the RN's Phantoms had come in 1969, when 892 NAS had embarked for training with the US aircraft carrier in the Mediterranean, and had undertaken air defence missions alongside the ship's own F-4Js. This deployment showed the necessity for the modifications fitted to Ark Royal; during the initial launches from Saratoga, the heat from the afterburners caused the deck plates to distort, leading to subsequent catapult launches being undertaken at reduced weight without the use of re-heat.
During Ark Royal'''s first three-year commission, 892 NAS, which had initially used RNAS Yeovilton in Somerset as its home base, moved to RAF Leuchars in Fife, where, during the periods when it was not embarked, it undertook Quick Reaction Alert (QRA) duties alongside the RAF's 43 Squadron. At the same time, 767 NAS was disbanded as the RN's Phantom training unit; the squadron had been the joint training unit for both the FAA and the RAF in using the FG.1. In its place, an RAF-operated Phantom Training Flight was established at RAF Leuchars in August 1972.
The Phantom served in the FAA until 1978, when Ark Royal was withdrawn from service, leaving no ship in the RN capable of operating the type. The final catapult launch from Ark Royal was a Phantom of 892 NAS on 27 November 1978 during the disembarkation of the air group at the end of the ship's final deployment; the squadron's aircraft were delivered to RAF St Athan in Glamorgan, south Wales, where they were handed over to the RAF. During the type's service with the RN, ten of the FAA's fleet of twenty-eight aircraft were lost in crashes.
Royal Air Force
Following the cancellation of the planned refit of HMS Eagle to allow her to operate the Phantom, twenty airframes that had originally been ordered for the FAA were diverted to the Royal Air Force (RAF) to serve in the air defence role. At the time, the RAF's primary interceptor was the English Electric Lightning, which had comparatively poor range, loiter time, and weapons fit. These limitations hampered its effectiveness, especially in long interceptions of Soviet Air Forces and Soviet Naval Aviation bombers and reconnaissance aircraft over the North Sea and North Atlantic. A new Phantom squadron was formed at RAF Leuchars, the UK's most northerly air defence base at the time, to take advantage of the improvements that the Phantom provided over the Lightning: it could carry more fuel, and had consequently better range and endurance; it was fitted with a more powerful radar; and it could carry more missiles (up to eight, compared to two for the Lightning). On 1 September 1969, 43 Squadron was formed at Leuchars, operating as part of the UK's northern Quick Reaction Alert (QRA) zone alongside the Lightnings of 11 Squadron and 23 Squadron. In 1972, when 11 Squadron was redeployed to join 5 Squadron at RAF Binbrook, it was replaced at Leuchars by the RN Phantoms of 892 NAS.Jackson 1988, p. 62
Upon the withdrawal of HMS Ark Royal'' in 1978, the Phantoms of the FAA were handed over to the RAF and used to form a second squadron at Leuchars. At the time, 111 Squadron was stationed at Leuchars operating the FGR.2 version of the Phantom, having been there since 1975. In 1979, to save costs resulting from the differences between the FG.1 and FGR.2, the squadron converted to the ex-Navy aircraft and the FGR.2 airframes were distributed to other Phantom units. Upon 111 Squadron's conversion to the FG.1, the Phantom Training Flight, which had been resident at Leuchars since 1972, was disbanded, and responsibility for all Phantom conversion training turned over to 228 Operational Conversion Unit (228 OCU).
Both 43 and 111 Squadrons retained the FG.1 until 1989, when they converted to the new Tornado F.3. Following the standing down of the two operational squadrons and the final withdrawal of the type from service, the bulk of the RAF's FG.1 Phantoms were scrapped. The RAF lost eight of their FG.1s in crashes throughout the type's twenty-year service.
Operators (FG.1)
Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment (A&AEE)
700P Naval Air Squadron
767 Naval Air Squadron
892 Naval Air Squadron
No. 43 Squadron
No. 64 (R) Squadron
No. 111 Squadron
Phantom Training Flight
F-4M Phantom FGR.2
Close air support
Following the cancellation of both the TSR-2 and P.1154 programmes, the RAF was still left with a requirement for aircraft in the long-range strike, close air support, and reconnaissance roles. This resulted in orders for two aircraft types, the General Dynamics F-111K, intended for the long-range interdiction role, and the F-4M Phantom, which would be used for close air support; both aircraft were to be fitted for reconnaissance. The F-111K was cancelled within a year of being ordered, but the order for 150 Phantoms went ahead alongside the Phantom order for the RN; the final 32 units of the RAF order were eventually cancelled. The RAF Phantom, given the designation FGR.2, was broadly similar to the naval version, with some minor variations in terms of engines, avionics and structure relating to its use as a land-based rather than carrier-based aircraft.
The first RAF Phantom unit was 228 Operational Conversion Unit, which was stood up in August 1968. The Phantom entered operational service as part of Strike Command in May 1969, when 6 Squadron was formed at RAF Coningsby in the tactical strike role. 54 Squadron was formed in September the same year, followed by 41 Squadron in 1972 as a tactical reconnaissance unit. A further four squadrons were formed under the auspices of RAF Germany in 1970 and 1971: 2 Squadron, 14 Squadron, 17 Squadron, and 31 Squadron, all at RAF Brüggen.
Along with their conventional strike role, 14, 17, and 31 Squadrons were assigned a tactical nuclear strike role by Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SACEUR), using weapons supplied by the United States. After initial work-up, 2 Squadron operated from RAF Laarbruch in the tactical reconnaissance role. The aircraft assigned to the two tactical reconnaissance units were fitted with a pod containing four optical cameras, an infrared linescan and a sideways looking radar.
During the 1970s, France and the UK were developing a new aircraft, the SEPECAT Jaguar, which could fill the RAF tactical strike and reconnaissance missions: the Jaguar was introduced into service in 1974, and led to a re-think of the Phantom's role as, at the same time, the limitations of the Lightning as an interceptor were becoming more apparent. The conversion of the RAF's FGR.2 squadrons to operate the Jaguar, combined with its procurement of the Blackburn Buccaneer, meant that it was possible to begin transferring Phantoms to operate purely as interceptors in the air defence role.
Air defence
In October 1974, 111 Squadron converted from the Lightning to the Phantom FGR.2, becoming the first unit to operate the type in the air defence role (notwithstanding 43 Squadron, which had used the FG.1 version since 1969). As more Jaguars were delivered, Phantoms were released enabling existing Lightning squadrons to be converted; 19 Squadron and 92 Squadron, the forward-deployed air defence units in Germany, converted in 1976 and 1977 respectively, at the same time moving from RAF Gütersloh, which was the closest RAF base to the East German border, to RAF Wildenrath, taking advantage of the Phantom's superior range over the Lightning. Three other UK based squadrons, 23, 29 and 56, were also converted between 1974 and 1976. 111 Squadron, which had been the first unit to use the FGR.2 as an interceptor, converted to the FG.1 version in 1979 following the transfer of the RN's remaining airframes to the RAF. The Phantom subsequently served as the RAF's primary interceptor for over a decade until the introduction into service of the Panavia Tornado F.3 in 1987.
When Phantoms were first delivered to interceptor squadrons, they remained in the grey-green disruptive colouration camouflage scheme more associated with the strike and close air support missions they had originally undertaken. During the late 1970s, the RAF began experimenting with new colours for its air defence units, and 56 Squadron was tasked with trialling proposed new schemes. In October 1978, a Phantom FGR.2 of 56 Squadron became the first to be painted in the new "air superiority grey" colour, combined with small, low-visibility roundels and markings. Although the roundel remained in low-visibility colours, individual squadron markings eventually returned to more observable sizes and colours.
In May 1982, three Phantoms from 29 Squadron were forward deployed to RAF Wideawake on Ascension Island to provide air cover for the RAF's operations during the Falklands War, replacing Harriers of 1 Squadron, which were transiting to the war zone. In October 1982, following the end of the conflict and the reconstruction of the runway, 29 Squadron detached nine of its aircraft to RAF Stanley to provide air defence for the Falkland Islands. In March 1983, 23 Squadron took up the role, remaining stationed there until October 1988, when they were replaced by 1435 Flight.
Initially, it was intended that Phantoms and Tornados would serve alongside each other. A total of 152 Tornado F.3s were ordered for the RAF, enough to convert four squadrons of Phantoms and two of Lightnings, but insufficient to completely convert every air defence squadron. The intention was to retain a pair of UK based Phantom squadrons at RAF Wattisham, alongside a pair of Tornado units at RAF Coningsby to provide air defence cover for the southern half of the UK Air Defence Region. Another two squadrons stationed in Germany would also be retained. However, the end of the Cold War saw the Phantom withdrawn from service under the Options for Change defence review. This saw the disbanding of 228 Operational Conversion Unit in January 1991, with the Phantom Training Flight, which had previously operated FG.1 training between 1972 and 1978, re-established for twelve months to run refresher courses on the type.
As part of the gradual run down of the RAF's presence in Germany, the two forward-based units were to be disbanded, and there would also be a reduction in the number of air defence squadrons, leading to the two UK-based units being disbanded in late 1992. Just prior to the final withdrawal of the Phantom, it was recalled operationally as a result of Operation Granby, the UK's participation in the First Gulf War, when aircraft from 19 and 92 Squadrons were forward deployed to provide air defence cover at RAF Akrotiri; this was to replace the Tornados that had been originally deployed there on exercise, and were subsequently sent to the Gulf region.
Following their withdrawal from service, with a few exceptions, the bulk of the RAF's FGR.2 fleet was scrapped. Over their service life, 37 FGR.2s were lost to crashes.
Operators (FGR.2)
F-4J(UK) Phantom F.3
In 1984, following the deployment of a squadron of Phantoms to the Falkland Islands, the government decided that the resulting gap in the UK's air defences needed to be filled, and so sought to purchase another squadron of Phantoms. Because the aircraft in RAF service were a special production batch built to UK specifications, it was not possible to obtain identical aircraft. A total of 15 airframes, each with no more than 4,300 hours, were selected from among the best of the ex-USN F-4Js stored at the Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center at Davis–Monthan Air Force Base in Arizona. The F-4J was chosen because it was the variant from which the RAF's F-4Ks and F-4Ms were developed, and was thus the closest available to the British aircraft. However, three of the initially selected airframes had to be rejected, and were replaced with three alternatives. The 15 that were ultimately procured were extensively refurbished at the Naval Air Rework Facility at Naval Air Station North Island, and brought to a standard almost equivalent to the F-4S, which was the last variant in service with the USN, the only differences being the absence of leading-edge slats and a helmet gun sight.
The major difference between the F-4J and the British Phantoms was the absence of the Rolls-Royce Spey turbofan, the former being fitted with the General Electric J79-10B turbojet. Initially capable of carrying the AIM-7 Sparrow and AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missiles (AAM), they were soon made compatible with the Skyflash and SUU-23A gun pod, bringing them into line with the rest of the RAF's Phantoms. Despite modifications to allow them to operate with the rest of the fleet, the F-4Js retained the vast bulk of the equipment they were originally fitted with, even requiring their crews to use American flying helmets.
Although the new Phantoms were assigned a British designation as the F.3, to avoid confusion with the incoming Tornado ADV (the definitive version of which was also designated F.3) they were generally referred to as the F-4J(UK). They were assigned to 74 Squadron at RAF Wattisham in Suffolk, which stood up in October 1984, two months after the first flight. When they were procured, the fifteen airframes were expected to have a five-year service lifespan; ultimately, the F.3 was retained through the transition to the Tornado, which began entering service in 1987, remaining in operation for seven years. In 1990, thanks to the conversion of F-4M squadrons to the Tornado, the RAF were able to transfer the best of its remaining FGR.2s to 74 Squadron, which meant that the F.3 was able to be withdrawn in January 1991. With a couple of exceptions, all of the RAF's F-4Js were broken up for scrap. One of the 15 airframes was lost in a crash in 1987, killing both crew members.
Operators (F.3)
No. 74 Squadron
Variations
Between the FG.1 and FGR.2
The Phantom FG.1 and FGR.2 as built were similar, being fitted with broadly the same turbofan jet engines and avionics, although there were minor differences. The FG.1 was initially fitted with the Mark 201 version of the Rolls-Royce Spey, while the FGR.2 had the Mark 202; the Mark 201 had an unacceptable time lag between throttle movement and engine response, which was remedied in the 202. The 201 was eventually upgraded to the Mark 203 version, which had a modified control system for the afterburner, allowing it to light faster and enable power to be applied quickly in the event of a bolter on the small decks of the RN's aircraft carriers. Both variants were fitted with a version of the same avionics package; the FG.1 was fitted with the AN/AWG-11, which differed primarily in having a nose radome that was hinged and able to fold backwards against the aircraft's fuselage to allow for storage in the hangar of an aircraft carrier; the system was designed to be integrated with both the AGM-12 Bullpup missile and the WE.177 free-fall nuclear weapon as required. The AN/AWG-12 fitted to the FGR.2 was not foldable, and featured a better ground mapping mode, to take into account the strike role for which the type was originally procured; allied to this was a Ferranti inertial navigation/attack system (removed when the type converted to the air defence role). Additionally, as the FGR.2 was procured to undertake the tactical reconnaissance mission, 30 airframes were specifically wired to allow carriage of the reconnaissance pod developed by EMI. It was also configured to be able to control the SUU-23/A gun pod; FG.1s used by the RAF were also able to use the gun pod, but the RN's FG.1s lacked this capability.
Between British Phantoms and other Phantoms
Although there were minor differences between the two types of Phantom built for the UK, there were many significant ones between the British Phantoms and those built for the United States. The most obvious was the substitution of the Rolls-Royce Spey turbofan for the General Electric J79 turbojet. The Spey was shorter but wider than the J79, which meant that the British Phantoms' rear fuselage had to be widened by . The position of the afterburner also meant that the rear of the fuselage had to be made deeper. The engine had higher mass flow rates which required the intakes to be enlarged by 20%, with a consequent increase in drag. To further increase airflow at lower speeds, auxiliary intake doors were fitted on the rear fuselage.
Performance estimates of the British Phantom compared to its American equivalent indicated that the former had a 30% shorter take-off distance, 20% faster climb to altitude, higher top speed, and longer range. The Spey was more efficient at lower altitudes, and had better acceleration at low speed, giving British Phantoms better range and acceleration, which was shown during the deployment of 892 NAS to the Mediterranean aboard in 1969, when the F-4K was repeatedly quicker off the deck than the F-4J used by the Americans. It was less efficient at higher altitudes, the British Phantoms lacking speed compared to J79-powered versions owing to the increased drag of the re-designed fuselage. This discrepancy became apparent when the F-4J was obtained by the UK in 1984; it was regarded as being the best of the three variants to serve in the RAF.
The small size of the aircraft carriers and , from which the RN's Phantoms were intended to operate, compared to the USN carriers of the period, meant that the F-4K version required significant structural changes compared to the F-4J, from which it was descended, and which performed a similar role. As well as the folding nose radome to allow for storage in the smaller hangars of the British ships, it had to have a significantly strengthened undercarriage to account for higher landing weights (British policy was to bring back unused ordnance). The F-4J featured a nosewheel oleo that extended by to provide the correct attitude for launch from American catapults. The F-4K's nose wheel oleo extended by to increase the take-off attitude (the extension of the nose wheel put the Phantom at a 9° attitude) due to the shorter and less powerful British catapults. It was also fitted with drooping ailerons, enlarged leading edge flaps, and a slotted tailplane, and increased flap and leading edge blowing, all to improve the lift and handling characteristics of the aircraft during operation from the much smaller carriers of the Royal Navy.
As the Phantom continued in service, other changes were made, most notably the Marconi ARI.18228 Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) fitted on top of the vertical stabiliser of FG.1 and FGR.2 Phantoms in the mid-1970s, but not to the F.3, which retained the original RWR in fairings on the leading edges of the wings. The F.3 also retained its original AN/AWG-10 radar, which was upgraded to AN/AWG-10B standard as part of the procurement package, making it both clearer and more reliable than the derived AN/AWG-11 and AN/AWG-12 units in the FG.1 and FGR.2. From 1978, the Skyflash AAM, derived from the AIM-7 Sparrow, began to be delivered to RAF Phantom units, and was used concurrently with the Sparrow; all three UK Phantom variants were eventually fitted to operate the Skyflash.
Aircraft production
The first batch of F-4 Phantoms produced for the United Kingdom received aircraft registrations in the XT range, with a total of 44 production models (20 × FG.1 and 24 × FGR.2), as well as the four prototypes and two pre-production models being given XT serial numbers. The bulk of the UK's specially built Phantoms were delivered with XV serials (94 × FGR.2 and 28 × FG.1), while the two cancelled sets of airframes (32 × FGR.2 and 7 × FG.1) also received XV numbers. The second-hand examples (15 × F.3) obtained in 1984 received serials in the ZE range.
Other UK Phantom proposals
Although the Phantom was ordered in 1966, the variants that were eventually constructed were not the first to be offered to the UK. McDonnell Aircraft had been conducting studies into the possibility of the Royal Navy using the Phantom on its carriers since 1959.
Other proposed Spey-powered Phantoms
McDonnell concluded that more power was needed than the J79 turbojet could provide to operate from the smaller decks of British carriers, and as a result, consulted Rolls-Royce about whether the RB-168 Spey turbofan, then in development for use in the Blackburn Buccaneer, could be fitted to the aircraft. In 1960, McDonnell approached the Royal Air Force with its model number 98CJ, which was an F4H-1 (later F-4B) with various modifications, including the installation of the Spey Mk.101 turbofan. McDonnell continued studies, proposing afterburning Mk.101 engines in 1962, while trials of an F-4B fitted with an extendable nose wheel oleo took place aboard in 1963. In 1964, the company proposed the model 98FC, which was identical to the F-4D variant, but would have been fitted with the RB.168-25R.
RF-4M
A further proposal came after the order for the F-4M was being finalised, and was a result of the UK's need for an aircraft to perform the tactical reconnaissance role. For this, McDonnell offered two options:
The standard F-4M fitted with a reconnaissance pod in place of the centreline external fuel tank;
A modified airframe, designated as RF-4M, with the reconnaissance equipment carried internally.
Although the RF-4M would have had some advantages, it was discounted as the cost would have been greater, with consequently fewer aircraft purchased, while only those that had been modified would have been able to undertake the reconnaissance mission. Ultimately, the RAF chose the standard F-4M and external pod, which allowed all of its aircraft to perform all designated roles.
F-4(HL)
Another McDonnell proposal was a variation of the carrier-based Phantom, with the goal of improving catapult performance and lowering approach speeds. The F-4(HL), also known as Model 98HL, was planned as a Spey-powered aircraft with a longer fuselage and wingspan, less sweep, stabilators with increased area, and air intakes with auxiliary blow-in doors to increase airflow at low speeds. This proposal was not taken forward.
Replacement
Panavia Tornado
In the early 1970s, the RAF issued an Air Staff Requirement (ASR) for the development of a new interceptor intended to replace both the Phantom and the Lightning. An early proposal was McDonnell Douglas's plan for a Phantom with a variable-geometry wing. This was rejected by the RAF owing to the fact that there was little apparent improvement in performance over the existing Phantom, and that it might affect the development of the Multi-Role Combat Aircraft (MRCA). An alternative idea was to take the MRCA, which evolved into the Panavia Tornado, and develop an interceptor version. The UK's partners in the MRCA project displayed no enthusiasm for this air defence version of the Tornado, so the UK alone began the process, and the authorisation for what came to be known as the Tornado Air Defence Variant (ADV) was issued in March 1976. The initial plan was for the Tornado to replace the remaining two squadrons of Lightnings, as well as all seven squadrons of Phantoms.
While the Tornado was in development, the RAF looked at interim measures to replace the Phantom, which had been in service for over a decade by 1980, and was beginning to suffer from fatigue; one proposal was the lease or purchase of F-15 Eagles to re-equip 19 and 92 Squadrons, the units stationed in Germany. Further suggestions were that up to 80 F-15s be procured, to replace the Phantom and Lightning squadrons then in service, or even cancel the Tornado entirely and purchase the F-15 with UK adaptations (specifically fitting of the AI.24 Foxhunter radar developed for the Tornado, and the Skyflash air-to-air missile).
In the end, the F-15 option was not seriously considered, as it was felt there would not be time or cost savings over the Tornado ADV. The Tornado ultimately replaced the Phantom in four squadrons; the two FG.1 units, plus two FGR.2 units (23 and 29 Squadrons), while 56 and 74 Squadrons, and the two Germany based units (19 and 92 Squadrons) retained the Phantom.
BAe Sea Harrier
In the 1970s, the RN was developing what was known as the 'Through-Deck Cruiser', a 20,000-ton ship with a full-length flight deck intended to embark a squadron of large anti-submarine warfare helicopters. Almost as soon as the first ship, , was ordered, another specification was added to the design: as well as the helicopters, a small squadron of STOVL aircraft would form part of the air group to act as a deterrent to long-range reconnaissance aircraft. This concept initially dated back to 1963, when the prototype Hawker Siddeley P.1127 Short Take-Off and Vertical Landing (STOVL) aircraft undertook initial landings aboard , while three years later, a pre-production Hawker Siddeley Kestrel (which subsequently became the Harrier), conducted a series of extensive trials from , which proved the concept of using vertical landing aircraft aboard carriers. As a result, a navalised version of the Harrier was developed. Over the life of the design process, the Sea Harrier's air defence role was augmented by responsibility for reconnaissance and maritime strike missions. In March 1980, 14 months after 892 Naval Air Squadron was decommissioned and its Phantoms handed over to the RAF, 800 Naval Air Squadron was formed as the first operational Sea Harrier squadron.
Aircraft replaced by and replacing the Phantom
Sir Sydney Camm, the Chief Designer at Hawker for many years, once said that no British aircraft could be considered a success until it was able to match the capabilities of the Phantom. In the RAF and RN, it was the direct replacement in squadron service for a total of four different aircraft types, comprising nine separate variants. In turn, the Phantom was replaced in squadron service by three different aircraft (see table):
Aircraft on display
The below list details aircraft that were placed on display after service with the Royal Air Force or Royal Navy. The remaining aircraft were either lost in crashes or scrapped following withdrawal.
YF-4K (prototype)
XT596 — Fleet Air Arm Museum, RNAS Yeovilton, Somerset, England.
F-4K
XT597 — Bentwaters Cold War Museum, Woodbridge, Suffolk, England – not on public display.
XT864 — Ulster Aviation Society, Maze-Long Kesh, Lisburn, Northern Ireland.
XV426 — City of Norwich Aviation Museum, Norwich, Norfolk, England (cockpit section only)
XV582 — South Wales Aviation Museum, St Athan, Wales.
XV586 — RNAS Yeovilton, Somerset, England – stored not on display.
F-4M
XT891 — RAF Coningsby, Lincolnshire, England.
XT899 — Kbely Museum, Czech Republic.
XT905 — Bentwaters Cold War Museum, Woodbridge, Suffolk, England – not on public display.
XT914 — Wattisham Airfield, Suffolk, England.
XV401 — Bentwaters Cold War Museum, Woodbridge, Suffolk, England.
XV406 — Solway Aviation Museum, Carlisle Airport, Cumbria, England.
XV408 — Tangmere Military Aviation Museum, West Sussex, England.
XV415 — RAF Boulmer, Alnwick, Northumberland, England.
XV424 — Royal Air Force Museum London, Colindale (former RAF Hendon), London, England.
XV470 — RAF Akrotiri, Cyprus – stored and not on public display.
XV474 — Imperial War Museum Duxford, Cambridgeshire, England.
XV497 — Bentwaters Cold War Museum, Woodbridge, Suffolk, England, England.
F-4J(UK)
ZE359 — American Air Museum, Duxford Aerodrome, Cambridgeshire, England; painted in USN VF-74 Squadron markings.
ZE360 — Defence Fire Training and Development Centre, Manston Airport, Kent, England – not on public display.
Future preservation
In October 2019, the British Phantom Aviation Group (BPAG) announced plans to restore two of the remaining Phantoms not on public display, with the aim of finding display locations for them. In partnership with the 74 Squadron Association, the BPAG obtained ZE360, a Phantom F.3 stored at Manston in Kent, and one of only two remaining complete examples, with the ultimate goal of displaying it in its original RAF markings. The other planned restoration is of XT597, one of the two pre-production FG.1 aircraft that was used for its entire career by the A&AEE. Upon restoration, this will form part of the BPAG's collection.
Specifications (F-4K)
The F.3 retained a high degree of American equipment, and was longer, lighter, and faster at altitude. The FG.1 and FGR.2 were broadly identical, with the only significant difference, aside from those already stated, being the ability of the FGR.2 to carry the dedicated reconnaissance pod built by EMI, and containing the following:
2 × F.135 forward facing camera
4 × F.95 oblique facing camera
Texas Instruments RS700 infra-red linescan
MEL/EMI Q-Band sideways looking reconnaissance radar
Phantom bases
The Royal Air Force operated the Phantom from a number of bases in the UK, Germany, and the Falkland Islands during its operational service, while the Royal Navy initially based its Phantom units at its main air station at RNAS Yeovilton; following the disbanding of the FAA's dedicated training squadron, its sole operational Phantom squadron was subsequently moved to take up residence at the RAF's base at RAF Leuchars.
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
United Kingdom
Royal Air Force
Fleet Air Arm
1960s British attack aircraft
1960s British fighter aircraft |
1911591 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderaan | Alderaan | Alderaan () is a fictional planet featured in the Star Wars franchise. It is blue-green in appearance, depicted as a terrestrial planet with humanoid inhabitants, and characterized by a peaceful culture. It is the home planet of Princess Leia Organa, one of the lead characters in the film series, as well as former Rebel shock trooper Cara Dune. In the original 1977 film, Alderaan is destroyed by the Death Star's superlaser.
Depiction
Early drafts of the Star Wars story include references to at least two planets which later evolved into the concept of Alderaan. Star Wars author George Lucas included a planet called Alderaan in early treatments; in The Star Wars (1973), Alderaan is a city-planet and the capital planet of the galaxy (prefiguring the planet Coruscant which later featured in the films). The draft script opens with a scene in which an "eerie blue-green" planet called Aquilae is threatened by an armed space fortress.
In Lucas' 1975 draft, Adventures of the Starkiller as taken from the Journal of the Whills, Saga I: The Star Wars, the capital planet of Alderaan is described as a floating city in the clouds, "suspended in a sea of cirrus methane". A planet described in Lucas' draft script as being "under siege by the Imperial Legions of Alderaan" and which is later destroyed is named as Ogana Major. Early sketches commissioned by Lucas from conceptual illustrator Ralph McQuarrie show a design which very closely resembles Cloud City, as featured in the later sequel, The Empire Strikes Back. In Lucas' third draft, the Imperial City of Alderaan has become the home world of the Sith Lords, and Darth Vader holds Princess Leia captive here. Lucas continued to hone his script, aided by screenwriters Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz; names of planets and characters were revised and the narrative was improved, and by the fourth draft, scenes on the Imperial capital planet had been moved to a space station called the Death Star and the peaceful world destroyed by the Empire had taken the name Alderaan.
The on-screen depictions of Alderaan in the Star Wars films are scant; the distant planet is seen momentarily in Star Wars (1977) prior to its destruction, and in Revenge of the Sith (2005) a short scene shows a city amid a snow-covered, mountainous landscape.
Film
Alderaan was originally featured in the first film, Star Wars, released in 1977. The opening scene depicts the capture of a small spaceship from Alderaan, the Tantive IV, by the Galactic Empire, and introduces the character of Princess Leia Organa, a princess of the Royal House of Alderaan who is played by Carrie Fisher.
Alderaan appears in a later scene in the film, but is only shown on-screen in a distant view from space as the Empire's gigantic space station, the Death Star, moves into orbit around the planet. The battle station's commander, the Grand Moff Tarkin (Peter Cushing) orders the Death Star's superweapon to be fired at the planet as both a test of the superlaser at full power and as a message to the rest of the galaxy that the price of any type of resistance was extermination. Alderaan explodes instantly in a ball of fire. It is later shown that the shattered planet has been reduced to a cloud of asteroids as the Millennium Falcon spaceship attempts to visit the planet.
The destruction of Alderaan meant that it was not depicted in subsequent Star Wars films until the series of prequel films was produced. The planet made its first on-screen appearance since 1977 in Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (2005), appearing briefly at the end of the film. The adoptive father of Princess Leia, Bail Organa (Jimmy Smits) is seen piloting a starship to the planet's surface, which is shown as a mountainous, alpine region covered in snow. Landing his ship in a citadel among the mountains, he brings the newborn Leia to the royal palace and introduces her to his wife, Queen Breha. The backdrop for these scenes was created by compositing landscape footage of Grindelwald in Switzerland with CGI images of the city.
The planet is not featured in the 2016 film Rogue One, but the character Bail Organa makes an appearance, stating that he will return to Alderaan to wait for his daughter, Leia, to bring the Jedi Master Obi-Wan Kenobi. This precedes the narrative of the 1977 film, A New Hope. He dies when the Death Star destroys the planet.
Television
In an episode of the animated television series Star Wars: The Clone Wars entitled "Assassin", Ahsoka Tano has premonitions of Padmé's death on Alderaan.
The mercenary Carasynthia "Cara" Dune, in The Mandalorian, is a former Republic Shock Trooper from Alderaan, according to Moff Gideon, which she later confirms.
The planet appeared in the first and sixth episodes of the streaming series Obi-Wan Kenobi, in scenes depicting the Organa's residence and its surroundings.
Comics
The comic series Star Wars: Princess Leia (2015) deals with Princess Leia and Evaan Verlaine (a female rebel pilot also native from Alderaan), rescuing survivors from Alderaan's destruction. It also features a brief flashback to Leia's childhood on the planet and her relationship with her adoptive father Senator Bail Organa.
In Star Wars #33 (2017), Leia tells Luke that sometimes she can see Alderaan among the stars as, from certain perspectives in the galaxy, its light has not ceased to emit.
Legends
Alderaan is mentioned frequently and also serves as a location in several works in the Star Wars Expanded Universe, the collection of books, comics and other material considered outside official canon, now branded Star Wars Legends. In various stories, Alderaan is presented as the home of the characters Tycho Celchu, and of Ulic Qel Droma who fought in the Great Sith War in 4000 BBY.
Radio drama
The 1981 NPR/BBC radio drama adaptation of Star Wars features scenes set on Alderaan, in which Princess Leia discusses her mission to acquire the Death Star plans from agents of the Rebel Alliance with her father, Bail Organa (Prestor Organa). In a later scene, she is confronted by the Imperial commander Lord Tion and accused of treason. It is established that Alderaan has a strict policy against weapons.
Novels
In Michael A. Stackpole's 1998 novel, I, Jedi, Alderaan features as the sanctuary of the Caamasi when their home world of Caamas is devastated by the Galactic Empire.
Alderaan is featured in a 1991 role-playing game, Graveyard of Alderaan (part of Star Wars: The Roleplaying Game). It describes how, after the Clone Wars, Alderaan's massive war machine was dismantled, and the weapons were placed aboard an armory warship called Another Chance. The ship was programmed to continually jump through hyperspace until called home by the Alderanian Council. Bill Slavicsek, who wrote the game's sourcebook, later drew from it for his edition of A Guide to the Star Wars Universe.
Comics
In the Dark Horse comic Dark Empire (1991–1992), New Alderaan is a Rebel Alliance colony planet populated by Alderaanians who were off-world when Alderaan was destroyed. Mon Mothma's daughter lives there.
Description
In Alan Dean Foster's 1976 novelization of the original film, Alderaan is described as a "small green gem of a world".
The planet appears more substantially in Star Wars reference guides to fictional locations. According to Kevin J. Anderson's The Illustrated Star Wars Universe (1995) and Wallace, Kolins and McKinney's Star Wars: The Essential Guide to Planets and Moons (1998), Alderaan is covered by wild grasslands, plains, forests and mountain ranges. The planet has no ocean, but has a semi-frozen polar sea, and thousands of lakes and rivers. It is rich in biodiversity, populated by a wide variety of flora and fauna, such as the nerf and the thranta.
Human life on the planet is evidenced by a number of cities, built to harmonize with the natural environment such as on canyon walls, on stilts along the shoreline or under the polar ice. The capital city, Aldera, has been built on a small island in the center of a caldera. The Alderaanian people value arts and education highly, and place high importance on their participation in the Galactic (later Imperial) Senate and the promotion of peace through demilitarization. The largely democratic society is formed as hereditary constitutional monarchy, ruled by the King or Queen of Alderaan from the Royal House of Antilles and later, due to marriage, the House of Organa. The planetary government is the High Council of Alderaan, presided over by a First Chairman and Viceroy.
Cultural analysis
The destruction of Alderaan is considered by some as an artistic depiction of the danger of nuclear weapons during the Cold War and some claim it is used as a example of inadequate political and military action leading to negative effects.
See also
List of Star Wars planets and moons
Star Wars: The Han Solo Trilogy, Volume 3 – Rebel Dawn
Star Wars: X-Wing, Book 4 – The Bacta War
Atlantis
Númenor
References
Footnotes
Citations
Sources
Further reading
Star Wars: Roleplaying Game – Coruscant and the Core Worlds, hardcover 2003, by Craig R. Carey, Chris Doyle, Jason Fry, Paul Sudlow, John Terra, Daniel Wallace,
External links
Star Wars planets
Fictional destroyed planets
Fictional terrestrial planets
Fictional elements introduced in 1977
de:Orte aus Star Wars#Alderaan |
14238581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick%20%26%20Norah%27s%20Infinite%20Playlist | Nick & Norah's Infinite Playlist | Nick & Norah's Infinite Playlist is a 2008 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Peter Sollett and starring Michael Cera and Kat Dennings. Written by Lorene Scafaria and based on the novel of the same name by Rachel Cohn and David Levithan, the story tells of teenagers Nick (Cera) and Norah (Dennings), who meet when Norah asks Nick to pretend to be her boyfriend for five minutes. Over the course of the night, they try to find their favorite band's secret show and search for Norah's drunken best friend.
The film came into development in 2003 when producer Kerry Kohansky Roberts found Cohn and Levithan's novel and decided to adapt it for film. Scafaria was hired to write the script in 2005, and Sollett signed on to direct the film in 2006. Principal photography took place over 29 days from October to December 2007, primarily in Manhattan and Brooklyn, New York City.
The film premiered on September 6, 2008, at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival and was released theatrically on October 3, 2008. It tripled its US$10million budget with a total gross of US$33.5million. An accompanying soundtrack was released on September 23, 2008, and the film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on February 3, 2009. It attracted generally positive reviews from critics and received nominations for three Satellite Awards, one GLAAD Media Award, one MTV Movie Award and one Golden Reel Award.
Plot
New Jersey teenager Nick O'Leary is a straight bass player in a queercore band named The Jerk-Offs. Heartbroken after being dumped by his girlfriend Tris, Nick continues making and sending her "breakup" mix CDs. Bandmates Thom and Dev convince Nick to perform at a club and search for a secret show that legendary indie band Where's Fluffy? is performing in New York City that night.
Norah Silverberg attends Convent of the Sacred Heart with her friends Tris and Caroline. She appreciates Nick's taste in music when retrieving his mix CDs that Tris threw away. The three end up at Arlene's Grocery in Manhattan, where The Jerk-Offs are playing. After Tris teases her about not having a boyfriend, Norah asks Nick to pretend to be one and kisses him, not knowing he is the one Tris dumped. Caroline gets drunk and Norah wants to take her home, but Nick's bandmates offer to do so and encourage Norah and Nick to find the Where's Fluffy? show together.
When Thom and Dev stop at Gray's Papaya for hot dogs, a confused Caroline escapes from Thom's van, believing they plan to sexually assault her. Nick and Norah meet with Thom and Dev to try to find her. A confusing phone call leads them to look for her at a club that Where's Fluffy? is rumored to be playing, but cannot find Caroline or the band. They finally locate Caroline when she gives them clues in another phone call.
A jealous Tris catches up with the group, and Nick leaves them to talk to her. An upset Norah meets her on-again-off-again boyfriend Tal at a club. When she realizes he only hopes to get a record deal with Norah's father, a famous producer, she promptly leaves him. Nick decides to confront Tris, but she pleads for a ride home and flirts with him in the car. They stop, and while Tris seductively dances in front of the car, Nick reminisces fondly about Norah and the night's events and drives away, leaving Tris behind.
Nick calls Norah, apologizing for leaving, and she agrees to meet him again. They go to Electric Lady Studios, a music studio owned by Norah's father. Norah gets Nick to play something he wrote in the studio and then joins him in the recording room. They kiss, and Nick gives Norah her first orgasm. Norah gets a text message from Caroline telling her she learned the location of the Where's Fluffy? show. When they arrive at the show, they run into Tris and Tal. Tal starts a fight with Nick, but Thom and Dev's friend Lethario steps in and headbutts Tal. Nick and Norah share a smile and leave together. At Penn Station, Nick admits that he does not care about missing the concert, and they kiss on the escalator as the sun rises over New York City.
Cast
Michael Cera as Nick, the "straight bass player in a gay band" teenager who is heartbroken after his girlfriend breaks up with him. Cera was the first actor to be cast after being recommended to Sollett by producer Kerry Kohansky Roberts based on his performance in Arrested Development. Sollett called him a "genius" and a "terrific actor", as well as a "brilliant improvisational comedian". Cera, who had previously taken improvisation classes, said that "It's fun [to improvise], just having a conversation. It always feels real because it is real." He lived in an apartment in New York's East Village for the duration of filming. Cera had never driven a stick shift vehicle before filming, and was taught so that he could be shot driving Nick's Yugo.
Kat Dennings as Norah, the beautiful teenage daughter of a wealthy record producer who shares Nick's passion for music. Dennings was the second actor to be cast (Cera having been first), Sollett saying that "her being liberated from [people's expectations] liberated the film in many ways, and certainly her character from cliché." Dennings felt that she related to Norah more than any other she had played before and "wanted to make sure she was really fleshed out". Her favorite day of shooting was with a group of drag queens at a gay cabaret, but she said that filming Norah's first orgasm was "really uncomfortable... Really, really."
Alexis Dziena as Tris, Nick's unfaithful ex-girlfriend who attends school with Norah and Caroline. Dziena was one of the first actors cast, having done her final read-through audition with Cera, Dennings, and Graynor. She said that the filming period was "a really fantastic time", but complained about the night shoots and having to sleep through the day: "Oh, it's terrible. ... I'm okay as long as the sun's not up when I'm going to sleep but sleeping during the day is rough."
Ari Graynor as Caroline, Norah's best friend. Graynor auditioned for the roles of both Norah and Caroline, and was chosen to play Caroline, which she says rescued her from "one of those horrible actor black holes of really thinking that I'd probably never work again". Graynor related to both characters, saying that "I've had many nights as Caroline. And I've had many nights as Norah, taking care of Caroline." Sollett claimed that "everything she did in the movie was her own invention", calling her improvisation "brilliant". She improvised an entire scene taking place at the Port Authority Bus Station in which Caroline talks to a stranger and which was not part of the script. When Caroline vomits, Graynor held a mixture of ginger ale and ginger cookie in her mouth which she spat into a toilet and a bag.
Aaron Yoo as Thom, Nick's friend and the guitarist for The Jerk-Offs. Yoo was supposed to mime playing the guitar when filming The Jerk-Offs' concert, but requested that he be taught the chords to play when he had spare time. He found it very difficult to drive the van featured in the film and jokingly referred to it as a "tank" and a "World War II veteran".
Rafi Gavron as Dev, Nick's friend and the lead singer of The Jerk-Offs. Gavron recorded a song performed by The Jerk-Offs in the film at Electric Lady Studios, where part of the story takes place. Filming The Jerk-Offs' concert at Don Hill's in New York, the owner of the bar, Don Hill, mistook Gavron for a professional musician in spite of Gavron's calling himself a "useless singer".
Jonathan B. Wright as Beefy Guy (Lethario), a new gay friend of Thom and Dev.
Jay Baruchel as Tal, Norah's "friend with benefits" and an amateur musician. Baruchel said that the film was "by far the hippest movie I've ever been in—that's for damn sure".
Cameos
Rachel Cohn and David Levithan, authors of the same-titled novel on which the film is based, have uncredited cameos as a couple sitting behind Nick and Norah at a diner.
Lorene Scafaria, who wrote the screenplay for the film, cameos as Drunk Girl in Yugo
Seth Meyers and Andy Samberg, then working together in the cast of Saturday Night Live, cameo as Drunk Guy in Yugo and Homeless Man, respectively
Eddie Kaye Thomas, Graynor's then boyfriend, cameos as Jesus in a gay cabaret
John Cho cameos as Hype Man
Kevin Corrigan agreed to cameo as Man at Port Authority so long as he had no speaking lines; his turkey sandwich scene, which was not scripted, was entirely improvised by Graynor.
Devendra Banhart, whose song "Lover" plays during the opening credits/scenes, cameos as Customer in Deli.
Production
Writing
Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist is based on the novel written by Rachel Cohn and David Levithan, which producer Kerry Kohansky Roberts brought into development as a film in 2003. Lorene Scafaria was hired by Roberts in early 2005 to adapt the novel for Chris and Paul Weitz and Focus Features; the script was her first film adaptation. Peter Sollett signed on to direct the film in 2006, when the script was in its second draft, and collaborated with Scafaria. Scafaria said that Norah "was me on the page", while Sollett felt that as a teenager he was "not dissimilar to Nick". Both had similar experiences to Nick and Norah, commuting into Manhattan at night, Scafaria from New Jersey and Sollett from Staten Island.
Cohn and Levithan had written the novel in alternating chapters: Cohn writing from Norah's perspective and Levithan writing from Nick's perspective. Cera and Dennings recorded voice-over narration to mimic the first-person perspective from which the novel is written, but the voice-overs were not included in the final cut of the film. Scafaria says that the differences between the novel and the film were "to make it a little more cinematic". She said that Nick and Norah's parents were written out of the script "to absorb what it's like to be young, [because] you're not thinking about your parents when you're out all night". In addition to searching for Where's Fluffy?, Sollett felt that the film needed a second MacGuffin to propel the story forwards, so Norah's best friend Caroline got drunk and then lost, giving Nick and Norah an additional objective.
Filming
Shooting on a budget of US$10million, principal photography of Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist took place from late October to early December 2007. The film was shot over 29 days in one-week blocks, and was one of the first to receive a filming subsidy from the state of New York under the "Made in NY" incentive program. Filming took place mainly in Manhattan's East Village and Lower East Side, as well as Williamsburg, Brooklyn. Filming locations included Katz's Delicatessen, Mercury Lounge, Arlene's Grocery, Pennsylvania Station, Port Authority Bus Terminal, Veselka restaurant, and Don Hill's bar. Union Pool, a bar in Brooklyn, was also used for filming but requested to be called "Brooklyn Pool" in the film, and Norah's father's recording studio was filmed at Electric Lady Studios. Some scenes were shot on a sound stage in a studio in Brooklyn.
The cast did many rehearsals, including on-location rehearsals, which Dennings described as "the most practical thing I've ever heard of". During the course of filming, the actors slept during the day, woke in the afternoon, had their make-up applied on set, and filmed from dusk until dawn. The cast and crew members would often sit inside The Jerk-Offs' van between takes to avoid the cold, and sometimes stayed inside, out of sight, while scenes were being filmed in the van. Reshoots of the film began in May 2008; the film had originally begun at The Jerk-Offs' show where Nick and Norah first meet, and all prior scenes were written in later. Editor Myron Kerstein cut some of the shots on set due to time and budgetary restraints.
Reception
Critical response
Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist received generally positive reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 75% based on 186 reviews, with an average score of 6.6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist combines a pair of charming leads, the classic New York backdrop, and a sweet soundtrack". At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film received an average score of 64 out of 100, based on 32 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.
Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars, praising Dennings' on-screen presence, the "considerable chemistry" between Cera and Dennings, and the "excellent" soundtrack.
The New York Times critic A. O. Scott described Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist as a "shy, sweet romance" that "surveys the varieties of teenage experience with tolerant sympathy".
James Berardinelli of ReelViews reviewed the film warmly with three out of four stars, complimenting the soundtrack, the "witty" dialog and the appeal of the film to both adults and teenagers. Michael Ordona wrote for the Los Angeles Times that the film is familiar, but is "fleshed out with atmosphere, a nice blend of broad goofiness and sophistication, and two appealing leads who bring it to life". Entertainment Weeklys Lisa Schwarzbaum graded the film as an A−, giving particular commendation to its nonchalant portrayal of gay teenagers and Norah's Jewish identity. Richard Corliss of Time magazine opined that the film was "smart, sweet, [and] bordering-on-adorable" while the title characters were "worth watching, admiring and cuddling up to".
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times wrote that Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist "doesn't bring much to the party. [...] It's not much of a film, but it sort of gets you halfway there, like a Yugo." Rolling Stones Peter Travers gave the film 2 out of 4 stars, saying, "I'm yawning just writing this.... Sollett, hoping for a Before Sunrise/Before Sunset vibe, sadly settles for a soggy aftertaste." In a review for The Village Voice, Robert Wilonsky likened the film to "something crafted in a lab by 54-year-old hucksters trying to sell shit to the kids under the cheerless guise of 'alternative.' The only thing it's an alternative to? Good."
Variety magazine's John Anderson described it as a "sparsely plotted comedy" that is "sweet, no doubt, but a bit too slick for its own good".
Box office
The world premiere of Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist was held on September 6, 2008, at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival. It was released theatrically in the United States on October 3, 2008, grossing US$11,311,751 from 2,421 screens on its debut weekend, placing third in the box office rankings. The following weekend, it grossed $6,420,474 with a per-screen average of $2,652 and a cumulative gross of $20,730,708, ranking fifth. It earned another $3,693,384 on its third weekend with a per-screen average of $1,648 and a cumulative gross of $26,500,875, dropping to eighth place. The film ended its theatrical run with a total domestic gross of $31,487,293 and a foreign gross of $2,018,844, giving a worldwide total of $33,506,137. It placed 92nd for the highest-grossing films of 2008 and 85th for the year's highest-grossing opening weekends.
The film was screened at the London Film Festival in October 2008 and at the Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema in March 2009.
Award nominations
Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist was nominated for three Satellite Awards, in the categories of Best Film – Musical or Comedy, Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy (Michael Cera), Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy (Kat Dennings), but failed to win any.
The film was also nominated at the GLAAD Media Awards in the category of Outstanding Film – Wide Release, and Kat Dennings was nominated for an MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance – Female.
The film's supervising music editor Andrew Dorfman was nominated for a Golden Reel Award by the Motion Picture Sound Editors for Best Sound Editing – Music in a Feature Film, but did not win.
Home media
Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist was released on DVD and Blu-ray in North America on February 3, 2009. The disc includes: one audio commentary with Peter Sollett, Michael Cera, Kat Dennings and Ari Graynor, and another with Sollett, Rachel Cohn, David Levithan, and Lorene Scafaria; the featurettes "A Nick and Norah Puppet Show by Kat Dennings" and "Ari Graynor's Video Diary: A Look Behind-the-Scenes"; a music video for Bishop Allen's song "Middle Management"; storyboard animations with optional audio commentary; a faux interview with Michael Cera, Kat Dennings and Eddie Kaye Thomas; deleted scenes; outtakes; and a photo gallery.
Soundtrack
Cohn and Levithan's novel contained many musical references, including songs by The Cure and Green Day, as did Scafaria's screenplay, which she originally submitted with a mix CD featuring her ideas for the film's soundtrack, including songs by The Black Keys, Bloc Party, and Frou Frou. In the final cut of the film, however, most of the music was chosen by Sollett, editor Myron Kerstein and music supervisor Linda Cohen. Sollett said that he "got lucky" with the songs that he was able to choose because, within the financiers and the studio, "there was nobody in that group who knew all that much about music or the music that we had in the film". His objective when selecting the music was to find "the best music you haven't heard yet", primarily from bands based in New York City. While filming in New York, he emailed songs "right out of my iTunes [library]" which he thought would suit particular scenes to Kerstein, who was in Los Angeles assembling the film as it was shot.
See also
Nick and Nora Charles
Notes
References
External links
Author Rachel Cohn
Author David Levithan
2008 LGBT-related films
2000s coming-of-age comedy-drama films
2008 romantic comedy-drama films
2000s teen comedy-drama films
2000s teen romance films
2008 films
American coming-of-age comedy-drama films
American romantic comedy-drama films
American teen comedy-drama films
American teen drama films
American teen LGBT-related films
American teen romance films
Coming-of-age romance films
2000s English-language films
Films about music and musicians
Films based on American novels
Films directed by Peter Sollett
Films scored by Mark Mothersbaugh
Films set in New Jersey
Films set in New York City
Films shot in New York City
LGBT-related romantic comedy-drama films
Mandate Pictures films
2000s American films |
1589819 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canale%205 | Canale 5 | Canale 5 () is an Italian free-to-air television channel of Mediaset, owned by MFE - MediaForEurope. It was the first private television network to have a national coverage in Italy in 1980.
On 4 December 2012, Mediaset launched Canale 5 HD, a simulcast of Canale 5 in high-definition. The channel is aimed at a primarily adult audience, offering, mainly, entertainment, movies and TV series. Since January 2013, Canale 5 has been directed by Giancarlo Scheri.
History
1970s
In 1974 in Milano 2, a satellite city built by Silvio Berlusconi, Giacomo Properzj and Alceo Moretti, the private cable television station Telemilanocavo was founded, whose transmissions began on 24 September. The channel broadcast via cable thanks to the sentence of the Constitutional Court in July, which liberalizes this type of television broadcasting. Approximately 5,000 households are connected to the cable system, which corresponded to 20,000 viewers.
Then, following the liberalization of terrestrial local broadcasting, many other television stations were born and competition, causing a drop in revenues, led the owners to sell the television in 1976 for the symbolic price of one lira to a company of the Berlusconi group, based in a basement of an apartment building near the Palazzo dei Cigni, also condoning the unpaid rent.
With the transition from cable to terreatrial, Telemilanocavo moved its studios to the Palazzo dei Cigni and became Telemilano 58, from the name of the UHF channel frequency used and taken over by the local broadcaster TVI Television International of Milan, with a system in Hotel Michelangelo. At the same time technical investments were made with the alliance of an entrepreneur specialized in the production of equipment for the reception of television signals, Adriano Galliani, who assumed an important role in the production of the broadcaster's television equipment. Success came in the 1979-1980 season with several broadcasts conducted, among others, by Mike Bongiorno, Claudio Lippi, Claudio Cecchetto and I Gatti di Vicolo Miracoli.
On February 23, 1979, the trademark "Canale 5" was registered in Milan. A few months later, on 12 November, the trademark "Canale 5 Music Srl" was also registered in the same city. The name was chosen by Berlusconi with Adriano Galliani "for a matter of euphony" but also because a local name like that of Telemilano was starting to feel tight for a broadcaster that aspired to become a major national television network. In this period Berlusconi buys several local private broadcasters scattered throughout Italy: the idea of the "pizzone" (the shipment of pre-recorded videotapes from one broadcaster to another) emerges after Berlusconi bought Tele Torino International from FIAT.
1980s
On January 10, 1980 Silvio Berlusconi and Mike Bongiorno held a press conference in the Telemilano studios. With a view to create a national network, Berlusconi agrees with about 50 private broadcasters (even those not owned by him) scattered throughout Italy, to broadcast the same programs at the same time on all stations. The experiment officially begins with the game show I sogni nel casetto (Dreams in the Drawer), hosted by Mike Bongiorno and produced by Reteitalia. The game show, together with other Reteitalia productions, will have largely positive audience results, also thanks to the "pizzone" technique, thanks to which Reteitalia's productions were broadcast nationwide.
Thus began, in this period, the broadcasts of Canale 5 as a network at extra-regional level throughout the north. In the center-south, the network was called Canale 10 and had the same programming, logo and ownership as Canale 5. In Lombardy, programming covered the whole day, while in the other regions it could be broadcast starting in the late morning or only in the evening thanks to the interconnection with the local broadcasters associated with the circuit.
On 11 November 1980, the Canale 5 logo definitively replaced that of Canale 10 also in the center-south; is the official start date of transmissions of the national network of Canale 5. The opening and closing theme of the programs begins with the song Rondò veneziano by Gian Piero Reverberi chosen by Berlusconi under the advice of Freddy Naggiar of Baby Records.
The first sporting event of great interest broadcast was the Mundialito (from 30 December 1980 to 10 January 1981), a football tournament held in Uruguay to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the first edition of the World Cup. Reteitalia secured the European television rights but then sold them to Rai and in exchange was able to broadcast the matches of the tournament, except those of the national team and the final, live in Lombardy and delayed in the other Italian regions. The matches reach an audience of eight million viewers.
In 1981 Canale 5 obtained legal recognition as a unitary circuit that broadcast over the following stations:
Telemilano 58 (Lombardia);
Tele Emilia-Romagna (Emilia-Romagna);
Tele Torino International (Piemonte);
Video Adige (Trentino-Alto Adige);
Video Veneto (Veneto);
A&G Television (Liguria);
Tele Toscana 1 and Teleamiata (Toscana);
Videoumbria (Umbria);
Roma TV (Lazio);
Sole TV (Abruzzo);
Ischia TV (Campania);
Puglia TV (Puglia);
Tele Calabria 1 (Calabria);
TVR and Tele Monte Lauro (Sicilia);
Sardegna TV (Sardegna).
The companies related to these stations were then absorbed by the Canale 5 SpA company in 1990.
In 1981, the first variety show produced on its own by Fininvest was created, the show Hello Goggi hosted by Loretta Goggi. Although Mike Bongiorno had already hosted some successful programs on Canale 5, Loretta Goggi is the first Rai personality to leave public TV to work on Canale 5, as well as the first woman. However, the program did not get the ratings it expected, due to the network's inexperience in the production and creation of variety shows and the lack of live coverage, then reserved for Rai and local broadcasters.
With Buongiorno Italia presented by Marco Columbro and Antonella Vianini, the broadcasts were also extended to the morning and around 8pm, even if Canale 5 did not have a newscast due to the lack of live coverage, an information program called Canale 5 News - Speciale was broadcast.
Furthermore, in 1981 Canale 5 bought the rights to broadcast the American soap opera Dallas, which in the following years was the protagonist of a true "audience war" against Dynasty of Mondadori's competitor Rete 4.
In the early 1980s Canale 5 also broadcast container programs such as Pomeriggio con Five and Okay, dedicated to American and European cartoons and Japanese anime.
Between 1980 and 1981, however, advertising revenues went from 13 to 75 billion lire. There were 6,000 hours of cinema in the network's film warehouse.
Between September and December 1981, the average daily audience was 1,400,000, equal to 10% of the total, while in 1983 the percentage rose to 13%. The advertising turnover is 110 billion, equal to 20% of the total. From 1982, after Loretta Goggi and Mike Bongiorno, many other Italian television personalities from Rai signed a contract with Fininvest such as Corrado, who led to the debut of the morning quiz Il pranzo è servito, which inaugurated the noon time slot, and the Sandra Mondaini and Raimondo Vianello couple, who presented the variety show Attenti a noi due. In 1982 the Speciale Canale 5 - News segment changed its name to Canale 5 News and began to be broadcast in the late evening slot. In 1983, the evening television audience amounted to over 8 million, equal to almost 30% of the total; in 1984, according to the ISTEL survey, they exceeded 9 million, equal to 33%.
Among the successes of the period are the television series Dallas and The Thorn Birds, both with 15 million viewers, and the afternoon schedule was filled with American series and soap operas while the morning schedule with quizzes and game shows such as Encore, hosted by Mike Bongiorno.
In 1982 Fininvest bought Italia 1 from Edilio Rusconi and made it its second network. Later, in 1984, it also took over Rete 4 from Mondadori; following this, some programs first seen on Rete 4 moved to Canale 5, such as the Maurizio Costanzo Show, which would be broadcast for over twenty years, and also Nonsolomoda.
In October 1984, the National Independent Radio Association filed a complaint against Fininvest which in fact violated the law on the radio and television monopoly; subsequently, the group's three networks were shut down in the Lazio, Abruzzo and Piedmont regions, but the Craxi I Government intervened, issuing a decree-law later known as the Berlusconi Decree (which legalized national broadcasting over the air, including by private radio and television broadcasters), repealed the Rai monopoly law. A few days before the blackout, Canale 5 begins to offer a schedule based on information, with new programs conducted by Arrigo Levi, Guglielmo Zucconi, Giorgio Bocca and Peter Nichols: due to the blackout, the debut of all these broadcasts took place in December.
In 1985 programmes such as Buona Domenica and Forum made their debut, which would become the longest-running program on the Mediaset networks.
In 1987, Canale 5 achieved an historic record: the prime-time premiere of the film The Lady in Red on January 14, was followed by almost 13 million viewers, reaching over 48% share. Also in 1987 Caffelatte was born, a container of cartoons, which would then move to Italia 1 the following year.
1990s
Following the Mammì law of 1990, Canale 5 (together with Italia 1 and Rete 4) obtained the authorization to broadcast live nationally; the direction was assigned in 1991 to Giorgio Gori. The first live broadcasts on the network are Cos'è cos'è, conducted by Jocelyn Hattab, Non è la Rai, directed by Gianni Boncompagni and Buona Domenica which in this period finally manages to beat Domenica in, broadcast on Rai 1 in the same slot. However, the programming is similar to the previous decade, with morning and early evening quizzes such as Tutti x uno and La Ruota della Fortuna, which becomes the most watched program in that time slot for the entire first half of the nineties. Furthermore, Striscia la Notizia came from Italia 1, which enjoyed enormous success and is still broadcast in the prime access slot of the network. The program will then act as a "driving force" for TG5, which had its first edition on January 13, 1992, under the direction of Enrico Mentana.
Some programs born on Italia 1 are promoted on Canale 5, such as Paperissima - Errori in TV and Scherzi a parte.
There was no shortage of programs for children and teenagers, such as Bim Bum Bam, broadcast from 1991 to 1997 (previously on air and then returned to Italia 1), every afternoon, within which American cartoons, Japanese anime and live-action TV series were broadcast for children; in the 1993/94 season A tutto Disney was also aired, replacing Bim Bum Bam (for this season airing only from Monday to Friday) on Saturday afternoons and offering classic Disney cartoons interspersed with segments and games with Irene Ferri and Riccardo Rossi. However, the program is little appreciated and was canceled and replaced by the fortunate Bim Bum Bam which will also return to air on Saturdays.
In April 1996, Fininvest 's television activities were brought together under the Mediaset brand.
During this period the Canale 5 schedule was based on self-produced TV series and programs such as Ore 12, Stranamore, Beato tra le donne and Tira & Molla .
2000s
In 2000 reality shows arrive in Italy with Grande Fratello which will obtain excellent results reaching 16 million viewers for the final of the program, and which during the season sees numerous controversies. Other programs destined for a long life also make their debut, C'è posta per te with Maria De Filippi and Chi vuol essere millionario?, with Gerry Scotti. Striscia la Notizia, thanks to its success and the consequent greater demand for advertisements, extends its duration. Other hits of the period are Stranamore and La Corrida.
Otherwise, the programming is still similar to the previous decade, containing self-produced TV series such as Carabinieri and District of Police as well as programs such as Ciao Darwin and Zelig .
On 22 May 2001, in conjunction with the Notte dei Telegatti, Canale 5 renewed its graphic layout, presenting a stylized version of the logo. This new logo appears for the first time after the end of the episode of Striscia la Notizia and at the same time as the usual announcement of Fiorella Pierobon's prime time. On the same day, The Sopranos premiered.
In November 2004 Enrico Mentana leaves the direction of TG5 to Carlo Rossella and then to Clemente Mimun on 3 July 2007.
2010s
During this period, all the network's programs are reconfirmed, both on weekdays and on holidays, with no change in hosting. The only significant change is the move from Italia 1 of the late evening broadcast Chiambretti Night, hosted by Piero Chiambretti and promoted to the flagship network Mediaset due to the satisfactory ratings data, which flanks Matrix and, during the broadcasting period of the reality show, Mai dire Big Brother.
On 19 September 2012, Canale 5 proposed the first Champions League match in HD on 506 of terrestrial television channel on Mediaset HD, which temporarily replaced the high definition version of Italia 1.
On 5 December 2012, Canale 5 HD was activated on mux La3 visible throughout Italy with the exception of northwestern Tuscany, where the Monte Serra transmitting center has switched off the multiplex for interference.
On 16 April 2018, the logo and graphic design were renewed ahead of the 2018 World Cup broadcast on the Mediaset networks. The same rebrand also applies to TG5.
2020s
The channel secured the 2021-2024 rights cycle for the Coppa Italia, starting from the round of 16.
Carriage
Since 2003, the channel is also free of charge in digital terrestrial areas in areas covered by Mediaset 2 and Mediaset 4 mux, and from 26 November 2010 also in the areas covered by the Mediaset 6 mux through the deferred version of one hour Canale 5 +1, Transferred from 11 July 2011 on mux Mediaset 5.
It was also available until 11 July 2011, in high definition (though forced) Canale 5 HD in regions where transition to digital terrestrial switch-off occurred and reached by mux Mediaset 6. From the end of July the high definition channel Has been re-activated on mux Mediaset 6 and is only visible in Sardinia.
Anyone who has a set top box or MHP (Multimedia Home Platform) television can enjoy the interactive features included in the broadcaster's signal (interactive TV), called Canale 5 Plus.
On 12 May 2009, with the movie Remembered for Me, for the first time, Canale 5 broadcast at 16:9; Transmissions and new format are made exclusively via the digital terrestrial signal. From 1 November of the same year, the advertising space, promo and bumper of the Mediaset networks are also broadcast.
On analogue television (with a definitive broadcast date on 4 July 2012) and on satellite signal (until 18 July 2012), the events were transmitted in 4: 3 format with letterbox format. Furthermore, the original language of the digital terrestrial audio track was not and still is not possible.
Since 1 October 2009, in the satellite broadcast, Canale 5's entire programming has been coded in Mediaguard 2 (a system used previously for service by Mediaset networks to encrypt foreign broadcasts) and Nagravision: Full use of the issuer is only possible using a Tivùsat smart card.
Mediaset always has Hotbird 13 ° E of service frequencies to power terrestrial DTT / DVB-H repeaters (transmitted in a professional mode with dedicated equipment, so it can not be tuned by the end user) only sporadically in case of testing you can receive from the standard DVB-S2 decoders. In these frequencies there are all Mediaset channels present on digital terrestrial, but still encrypted on satellite.
To continue providing service to non-card users, a second satellite frequency has been activated from the same date (the channel identifier is capitalized) on which you can continue to receive the signal clear: Which do not hold foreigners' rights, however, are obscured by an information notice where users are invited to have a Tivùsat decoder.
Programming
Canale 5 has always been the flagship channel of Mediaset, in correspondence with Rai 1: for this reason the programming varies from major events (Film Festival, New Year's Eve, Christmas concert) to information, insight and entertainment.
TG5, newscast.
Amici di Maria De Filippi, talent show with Maria de Filippi.
Avanti un altro!, game show with Paolo Bonolis.
Caduta libera (Italian version of La'uf al HaMillion, game show) with Gerry Scotti.
C'è posta per Te, people show with Maria de Filippi.
Forum, judicial show with Barbara Palombelli.
Mattino Cinque, news show with Federica Panicucci and Francesco Vecchi.
Pomeriggio Cinque, news show with Barbara d'Urso
Tu si que vales, talent show.
Uomini e donne, reality show and talk show with Maria de Filippi
Striscia la notizia
New Amsterdam
Youth programs
Bim Bum Bam
The channel airs movies and soap-opera, including Acacias 38 and The Baker and the Beauty.
Like Rai 1, the Holy Mass is transmitted on Sundays at 10.00 AM.
Services
Canale 5 Plus
It is the channel's interactive television service on DTT. It provides access to current news, weather forecasts, programming guides and games coded in Mhp.
In 2006, during the summer an app was launched that the users to watch Mediaset's archive television series such as Odiens, La sai l'ultima? and Il pranzo è servito.
Logos
The current logo of the network is a 5 overlapped by the stylized head of Biscione (a reference to the Visconti family and the city of Milan), from whose mouth, unlike the original, comes out a flower. There is also a second interpretation, according to which the queue of the Biscione is placed at five (even if the 5 is written with a typographical font).
Management
Announcers
In the past, Canale 5 had a mistress good evening.
The first announcer of the network was Eleonora Brigliadori, who was active from September 1980 to May 1984.
After that, Fiorella Pierobon, who was the longest advertiser of the network, was active for 19 years, from May 1984 to June 2003 (previously Pierobon was Italia 1's announcer).
In June 2003, Pierobon, reporting directly to Striscia la notizia, announced that he would leave the role as Miss Goodnight to engage in other projects. Pierobon was replaced (after a long selection in the 2003 Velone Summer Program) by Lisa Gritti, who was active for a little more than a year, from September 2003 to December 2005, before the position was abandoned following a scandal, which stripped the Striscia la notizia, where the announcer was also involved.
After the resignation of the Gritti, the network decided to forgo this figure (as was the case with Italia 1 in 2002, after the abandonment of Gabriella Golia).
Other announcers of Canale 5 (for short periods) have been: Fabrizia Carminati, Alba Parietti, Paola Perego, Susanna Messaggio, Michela Rocco of Torrepadula, and Daniela Castelli. Among the announcers of Canale 5 were also Barbara d'Urso, who at the end of the seventies was Miss Telemilano 58, tonight; the local television broadcaster later transformed into Canale 5.
The background music of the advertisements used from 1980 to 1993 was composed by Augusto Martelli, whereas the accompanying advertisement music used from 1993 to 2005 was composed by Alessandro Radici. The first background music jingle was never officially released by RTI, whereas the second jingle (the full version being 1 minute and 33 seconds long), was released for digital download from Mediaset, MusicShop.
Audience
Audience share
Average Monthly Day on Target Individuals 4+
See also
Mediaset
Rete 4
Italia 1
Italia 2
References
Bibliography
External links
Official Site
Old official site (1996)
Mediaset television channels
Television channels and stations established in 1980
Italian-language television stations |
251147 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isatis%20tinctoria | Isatis tinctoria | Isatis tinctoria, also called woad (), dyer's woad, or glastum, is a flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae (the mustard family) with a documented history of use as a blue dye and medicinal plant. Its genus name, Isatis, derives from the ancient Greek word for the plant, . It is occasionally known as Asp of Jerusalem. Woad is also the name of a blue dye produced from the leaves of the plant. Woad is native to the steppe and desert zones of the Caucasus, Central Asia to Eastern Siberia and Western Asia but is now also found in South-Eastern and Central Europe and western North America.
Since ancient times, woad was an important source of blue dye and was cultivated throughout Europe, especially in Western and Southern Europe. In medieval times, there were important woad-growing regions in England, Germany and France. Towns such as Toulouse became prosperous from the woad trade. Woad was eventually replaced by the more colourfast Indigofera tinctoria and, in the early 20th century, both woad and Indigofera tinctoria were replaced by synthetic blue dyes. Woad has been used medicinally for centuries. The double use of woad is seen in its name: the term Isatis is linked to its ancient use to treat wounds; the term tinctoria references its use as a dye. There has also been some revival of the use of woad for craft purposes.
In the Marche region, the cultivation of the plant was an important resource for the Duchy of Urbino in Italy. To fully understand the importance of the ford industry in the State of Urbino, it is enough to read the comprehensive Chapters of the art of wool in 1555, which dictated prescriptions regarding the cultivation and trade of woad, whether in loaves or macerated (powdered).
Testifying to the importance that this crop had in the economy in addition to the archival documents was the identification of a hundred millstones surveyed by Delio Bischi in the Province of Pesaro and Urbino, the original use of which had become completely unknown as their memory had been lost.
History of woad cultivation
Ancient use
The first archaeological finds of woad seeds date to the Neolithic period. The seeds have been found in the cave of l'Audoste, Bouches-du-Rhône, France. Impressions of seeds of Färberwaid (Isatis tinctoria L.) or German indigo, of the plant family Brassicaceae, have been found on pottery in the Iron Age settlement of Heuneburg, Germany. Seed and pod fragments have also been found in an Iron Age pit at Dragonby, North Lincolnshire, United Kingdom. The Hallstatt burials of the Hochdorf Chieftain's Grave and Hohmichele contained textiles dyed with woad.
Melo and Rondão write that woad was known "as far back as the time of the ancient Egyptians, who used it to dye the cloth wrappings applied for the mummies." Skelton states that one of the early dyes discovered by the ancient Egyptians was "blue woad (Isatis tinctoria)." Lucas writes, "What has been assumed to have been Indian Indigo on ancient Egyptian fabrics may have been woad." Hall states that the ancient Egyptians created their blue dye "by using indigotin, otherwise known as woad."
A dye known as in Aramaic is mentioned in the Babylonian Talmud.
Celtic blue is a shade of blue, also known as in Welsh, or in both the Irish language and in Scottish Gaelic. Julius Caesar reported (in ) that the Britanni used to colour their bodies blue with , a word that means primarily , but also the domestic name for the woad (Isatis tinctoria), besides the Gaulish loanword (from Proto-Celtic ). The connection seems to be that both glass and the woad are "water-like" ( is from Proto-Indo-European , ). In terms of usage, the Latin is more often used to refer to glass rather than woad. The use of the word for the woad might also be understood as "coloured like glass", applied to the plant and the dye made from it.
Gillian Carr conducted experiments using indigo pigment derived from woad mixed with different binders to make body paint. The resulting paints yielded colours from "grey-blue, through intense midnight blue, to black". People with modern experiences with woad as a tattoo pigment have claimed that it does not work well, and is actually caustic and causes scarring when put into the skin.
It has also been claimed that Caesar was referring to some form of copper- or iron-based pigment. Analysis done on the Lindow Man did return evidence of copper. The same study also noted that the earliest definite reference to the woad plant in the British Isles dates to a seed impression on an Anglo-Saxon pot. The authors theorize that vitrum could have actually referred to copper(II) sulfate's naturally occurring variant chalcanthite or to the mineral azurite. A later study concluded the amount was "not of sufficient magnitude to provide convincing evidence that the copper was deliberately applied as paint".
Woad was an important dyeing agent in much of Europe and parts of England during the medieval period. However, dye traders began to import indigo during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, which threatened to replace locally grown woad as the primary blue dye. The translation of vitrum as woad may date to this period.
Medieval period onwards
Woad was one of the three staples of the European dyeing industry, along with weld (yellow) and madder (red). Chaucer mentions their use by the dyer ("litestere") in his poem The Former Age:
No mader, welde, or wood no litestere
Ne knew; the flees was of his former hewe;
The three colours can be seen together in tapestries such as The Hunt of the Unicorn (1495–1505), though typically it is the dark blue of the woad that has lasted best. Medieval uses of the dye were not limited to textiles. For example, the illustrator of the Lindisfarne Gospels () used a woad-based pigment for blue paint.
In Viking Age levels at archaeological digs at York, a dye shop with remains of both woad and madder have been excavated and dated to the 10th century. In medieval times, centres of woad cultivation lay in Lincolnshire and Somerset in England, Jülich and the Erfurt area in Thuringia in Germany, Piedmont and Tuscany in Italy, and Gascogne, Normandy, the Somme Basin (from Amiens to Saint-Quentin), Brittany and, above all, Languedoc in France. This last region, in the triangle created by Toulouse, Albi and Carcassonne, known as the Lauragais, was for a long time the biggest producer of woad, or pastel, as it was locally known. One writer commented that "woad […] hath made that country the happiest and richest in Europe."
The prosperous woad merchants of Toulouse displayed their affluence in splendid mansions, many of which still stand, as the Hôtel de Bernuy and the Hôtel d'Assézat. One merchant, Jean de Bernuy, a Spanish Jew who had fled the inquisition, was credit-worthy enough to be the main guarantor of the ransomed King Francis I after his capture at the Battle of Pavia by Charles V of Spain. Much of the woad produced here was used for the cloth industry in southern France, but it was also exported via Bayonne, Narbonne and Bordeaux to Flanders, the Low Countries, Italy, and above all Britain and Spain.
After cropping the woad eddish could be let out for grazing sheep.
The woad produced in Lincolnshire and Cambridgeshire in the 19th century was shipped out from the Port of Wisbech, Spalding and Boston, both the last to northern mills and the USA. The last portable woad mill was at Parson Drove, Cambridgeshire, Wisbech & Fenland Museum has a woad mill model, photos and other items used in woad production.
A major market for woad was at Görlitz in Lausitz. The citizens of the five Thuringian Färberwaid (dye woad) towns of Erfurt, Gotha, Tennstedt, Arnstadt and Langensalza had their own charters. In Erfurt, the woad-traders gave the funds to found the University of Erfurt. Traditional fabric is still printed with woad in Thuringia, Saxony and Lusatia today: it is known as Blaudruck (literally, "blue print(ing)").
Use as Chinese medicine
The woad plant's roots are used in Traditional Chinese medicine to make a medicine known as banlangen ( ) that purports to have antiviral properties. Banlangen is used as an herbal medicinal tea in China for colds and tonsular ailments. Used as a tea, it has a brownish appearance and (unlike most Chinese medicines) is mildly sweet in taste.
Woad and indigo
The dye chemical extracted from woad is indigo, the same dye extracted from "true indigo", Indigofera tinctoria, but in a lower concentration. Following the Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India by the navigator Vasco da Gama in 1498, great amounts of indigo were imported from Asia. Laws were passed in some parts of Europe to protect the woad industry from the competition of the indigo trade. It was proclaimed that indigo caused yarns to rot. This prohibition was repeated in 1594 and again in 1603. In France, Henry IV, in an edict of 1609, forbade under pain of death the use of "the false and pernicious Indian drug".
With the development of a chemical process to synthesize the pigment, both the woad and natural indigo industries collapsed in the first years of the 20th century. The last commercial harvest of woad until recent times occurred in 1932, in Lincolnshire, Britain. Small amounts of woad are now grown in the UK and France to supply craft dyers. The classic book about woad is The Woad Plant and its Dye by J. B. Hurry, Oxford University Press of 1930, which contains an extensive bibliography.
A method for producing blue dye from woad is described in The History of Woad and the Medieval Woad Vat (1998) .
Woad is biodegradable and safe in the environment. In Germany, there have been attempts to use it to protect wood against decay without applying dangerous chemicals. Production of woad is increasing in the UK for use in inks, particularly for inkjet printers, and dyes.
Invasive and noxious weed
In certain locations, the plant is classified as a non-native and invasive weed. It is listed as a noxious weed by the agriculture departments of several states in the western United States: Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. In Montana, it has been the target of an extensive, and largely successful, eradication attempt.
Notes
References
Sources
External links
Woad.org.uk - All About Woad - Cultivation, Extraction, Dyeing with Woad, History and facts about woad
The Former Woad Industry Rex Wailes in Transactions of the Newcomen Society, 1935-36 Vol 16.
USDA information on Isatis tinctoria
Brassicaceae
Flora of Western Asia
Flora of Siberia
Medicinal plants of Asia
Plant dyes
Medicinal plants of Europe
Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus |
26897197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Carolina-class%20battleship | South Carolina-class battleship | Two South Carolina-class battleships, also known as the Michigan class, were built for the United States Navy in the early twentieth century. Named and , they were the first American dreadnoughts—powerful warships whose capabilities far outstripped those of the world's older battleships.
At the turn of the twentieth century, the prevailing theory of naval combat was that battles would continue to be fought at relatively close range using many small, fast-firing guns. As such, each of the ships in the United States' previous s carried many medium-sized weapons alongside four large guns. This paradigm was soon to be subverted, as American naval theorists proposed that a ship mounting a homogeneous battery of large guns would be more effective in battle.
As these ideas began to enjoy wider acceptance, the US Congress authorized the country's navy to construct two small battleships. This displacement was roughly the same size as the Connecticut class and at least smaller than foreign equivalents. A solution was found in an ambitious design drawn up by Rear Admiral Washington L. Capps, the chief of the navy's Bureau of Construction and Repair; it traded speed for heavy armament and relatively thick armor, both of which were favored by naval theorists of the time.
With their superfiring main armament, press accounts billed South Carolina and Michigan, along with the British , as heralding a new epoch in warship design. All three, however, were soon surpassed by ever-larger and stronger super-dreadnoughts. The class's low top speed of about , as compared to the standard of later American battleships, relegated them to serving with older, obsolete battleships during the First World War. After the end of the conflict and the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty, both South Carolinas were scrapped.
Background
In 1901, the US Navy's battleship designs reflected the prevailing theory of naval combat: battles would begin at long distances before closing the range for knockout blows. In the latter stage, shorter-range, faster-firing guns would prove most useful. Following this philosophy, the premier battleship class then under construction—the —carried four large , eight , and twelve guns, an armament slightly heavier than typical foreign battleships of the time.
The Naval Institute's Proceedings magazine devoted space in two of its 1902 issues to possible improvements in battleship design. The first article was authored by Lieutenant Matt H. Signor, who argued for a ship with and /40 caliber guns in four triple turrets. The secondary battery would be composed of /60 guns. This paper provoked enough thought that Proceedings published comments on the story from Captain William M. Folger, Professor P. R. Alger, and naval constructor David W. Taylor—the latter an up-and-coming officer and future head of the Bureau of Construction and Repair (C&R). These comments expressed doubt that the proposed vessel could be codified into a feasible design, but they praised his thoughts as a step in the right direction. Alger believed that Signor was on the right track in suggesting larger armament, though he thought that triple turrets would be unworkable and eight 12-inch guns in four twin turrets would be a much more realistic arrangement. With this, naval historian Norman Friedman believes that Alger made one of the "earliest serious proposals for a homogeneous big-gun battery."
The suggestion leading directly to the South Carolina class came from Homer Poundstone, a Lieutenant Commander in the Navy, who became the principal proponent of an American all-big-gun design. In a December 1902 paper written for President Theodore Roosevelt, he argued for greatly increasing the size of current battleships, although he also supported retaining mixed main batteries. However, by the March and June 1903 editions of Proceedings, Poundstone began advocating for an all-big-gun arrangement, featuring twelve guns mounted on a ship. In October of the same year, the Italian naval architect Vittorio Cuniberti presented a similar idea in an article for Jane's Fighting Ships entitled "An Ideal Battleship for the British Navy". He argued in favor of a ship with twelve 12-inch guns on a slightly larger displacement than the battleships in service at the time, . He believed that the higher weight would allow 12 inches of armor and machinery capable of propelling the ship at . Poundstone used what he believed to be the great popularity for this idea among Europeans to justify the all-big-gun design.
In 1903, Poundstone's designs began receiving attention from American naval authorities. After being refined by Washington Irving Chambers, Poundstone's work was brought to the Naval War College, where it was tested in war games during the 1903 Newport Conference. The results indicated that a theoretical battleship that dispensed with the intermediate 8- and 7-inch armament and was armed with only twelve 11- or 12-inch guns, all able to fire on a single broadside, was worth three of the battleships then in service. According to the men who conducted the tests, the main reasoning for the finding was that the measure of effective gun ranges was directly related to the maximum length of an enemy's torpedo range. At this time, the latter was roughly ; at that distance, the 7- and 8-inch guns common to American intermediate batteries would not be able to penetrate the armor of enemy battleships. Worse still, it was certain that—as the United States was developing a torpedo—gun range would have to rise in the near future, making the intermediate guns even less useful. However, a homogeneous main battery of 11- or 12-inch guns would be able to penetrate the armor and have sufficient explosive power to disable an enemy capital ship, and adding as many guns as possible would provide a strong defense against torpedo-carrying but unarmored destroyers.
Design
Faced with this evidence, the General Board sent a formal request in October 1903 to C&R, asking it to draw up plans for a battleship including these characteristics. No progress had been made by 26 January 1904, when the General Board asked C&R for a design including four 12-inch guns, eight 10-inch or larger guns, and no intermediate armament beyond 3-inch anti-destroyer guns. The move to only 10-inch weaponry was the result of doubt among naval authorities that heavier guns could physically be mounted on a ship's broadside. No action was taken on this request until September, when C&R began planning a ship with four 12-inch guns in dual turrets along with eight dual 10-inch or four single 12-inch guns.
Meanwhile, the Naval War College played three battleship designs against each other at its 1904 Newport Conference: the ships that were built following the 1903 conference; the new C&R design from September; and the latest battleships under construction, the Connecticut class. The 7- and 8-inch guns, and even the 10-inch guns, were demonstrated again to be unsatisfactory; even when hitting a battleship at the ideal angle of ° to its belt, they failed to pierce beyond 12 inches of Krupp armor—not enough to counter enemy capital ships. Speed calculations were also performed which demonstrated that even a advantage over an enemy fleet would be inconsequential in the final outcome of almost all naval battles because the slower ships could stay within range by turning on a tighter radius.
Within the naval bureaus, however, there was still much resistance. In mid-to-late 1904, Poundstone continued to lobby the General Board while C&R protested that the final determinant in a naval battle would be the light guns—and in any case such a large uniform battery was not feasible. Poundstone replied with a design of his own creation, which he called USS Possible and fit twelve 11-inch guns on a ship that displaced 19,330 long tons. With support from Lieutenant Commander William Sims, who was able to cite the increasingly accurate long-gunnery of the Navy, and interest shown in the project by President Roosevelt, the bureaucratic stalling ended.
On 3 March 1905, Congress passed a bill that authorized the Navy to construct two new battleships to be named after the states of South Carolina and Michigan. The maximum tonnage limit was set at 16,000 long tons, the same weight as the mixed-battery Connecticut class of two years prior, in an attempt to stem the rising displacement—and accompanying costs—of the Navy's new capital ships. The provision was met with a mixed reception from naval designers. Some, including retired Admiral of the Navy George Dewey, thought the limit should have been set at the minimum standard of foreign battleships, or around . Others believed adding a significant amount of speed or firepower—something one would expect with an increase in tonnage—would require much more than 18,000 tons, and argued that the increase in size would buy nothing more than an increased target profile.
The Constructor of the Navy, Rear Admiral Washington L. Capps, devised an ambitious design that packed powerful armament and thick armor onto the small hull. He believed that future naval battles would involve fleets rather than single-ship actions, and so while the wing turrets so common in European designs were useful in the latter role for putting a maximum amount of firepower in any given direction, they were less so when operating as part of a line of battle. From this, Capps theorized that the principal concern of battleships was how much shell weight they could fire per broadside. The arrangement of superfiring turrets placed on the centerline would allow the hull to be as short as possible while still having the most powerful broadside possible. A ship with its main battery placed along the center of the ship can focus the same amount of fire to port (left) or starboard (right) during a broadside. In contrast, wing turrets had significant shortcomings: their location on either side of a ship's superstructure led to smaller total broadsides, and the extreme weight placed on the sides of the ships led to torsional stress and rolling inertia.
As the additional main battery turrets with their associated magazines used a great amount of space within each already-limited ship, Capps was forced to economize in other ways to stay within the tonnage limit. Machinery had to be built smaller than normal to fit in the space between the fore and aft magazines, both of which were larger than usual. Boiler rooms were moved inboard to make room for torpedo protection. The biggest drawback was in propulsion: there was no room for engines that could provide the same amount of power as on previous battleships. Capps suggested cutting down the number of boilers by one-third to make room; it may have been at this point that he considered turbine propulsion. All the Bureau of Engineering could offer in response was more compact boiler rooms by eliminating centerline bulkheads.
The designers were running into the problem that Friedman calls the "squeeze": the essential elements of a battleship (armament, propulsion machinery, and armor) typically added up to about sixty percent of their design displacement. Favoring one of these factors, what he called the "three primary military qualities," would force the designers to accept compromises in one or both of the others. In the end, they chose armament and armor over speed; as a result, the South Carolina class' top speed was lower than all future US battleships.
Specifications
At a design displacement of 16,000 long tons, the South Carolina-class dreadnoughts were the same size as their Connecticut-class pre-dreadnought predecessors. In service, they could actually be lighter: had a standard displacement of , while Michigan was only by the same measurement. The ship's hull size was also comparable to the Connecticuts, with a length of overall, between perpendiculars, and the same at the waterline. The class' beam was , draft was , and metacentric height was normally, coming in slightly lower at when at full load. They were designed to carry about 869 men.
The South Carolinas had a propulsion system consisting of two vertical triple-expansion steam engines driving two 3-bladed screws. These were in turn powered by twelve coal-fired superheating Babcock & Wilcox water-tube boilers located in three watertight compartments. Together, they weighed , which was just over the specified contract limit. Traditional triple-expansion engines were installed rather than the steam turbines used in the British Dreadnought. The actual coal capacity of the ships was at full load, slightly more than the designed maximum of , allowing for an endurance of at . While both ships surpassed in idealized trial conditions, the navy expected that the normal top speed would be around .
The class' main battery consisted of eight /45 caliber Mark 5 guns in four turrets, one pair fore and one aft, with 100 rounds for each gun. The guns were placed in an innovative superfiring arrangement, where one turret was mounted slightly behind and above the other. The anti-torpedo-boat secondary armament of twenty-two guns was mounted in casemates, and the two torpedo tubes were placed beneath the waterline, one on each side of the ship.
Armor on the South Carolina class was described by naval author Siegfried Breyer as "remarkably progressive", despite deficiencies in horizontal and underwater protection. The belt was thicker over the magazines, , than over the propulsion, , and in front of the forward magazines, . The casemates were also protected with 10 to 8 inches of armor, while the deck armor varied from . The turrets and conning tower had the heaviest armor, with 12–8–2.5 inches (face/side/roof; 305–203–63.5 mm) and , respectively. The barbettes were protected with 10 to 8 inches of armor. The total weight of the armor amounted to 31.4% of the design displacement, slightly more than the next three battleship classes.
Ships
Construction and trials
The contracts for the South Carolina class were awarded on 20 and 21 July, respectively. Without armor or armament, South Carolina would cost $3,540,000, while Michigan would come in at $3,585,000. With armor and armament, the ships cost about $7,000,000 each.
Michigans keel was laid down on 17 December 1906, one day before South Carolina. After the initial construction periods, the ships were launched on 26 May and 11 July 1908 (respectively). Michigan was slightly more than half complete when launched, and the ship was christened by Carol Newberry, the daughter of Assistant Secretary of the Navy Truman Handy Newberry. The warship was billed as epoch-making, and the spectacle drew many prominent individuals, including the governor and lieutenant-governor of Michigan, the governor of New Jersey, the mayor of Detroit, and the secretary of the Interior Department, along with many naval admirals and constructors. Like its sister ship, South Carolina was just over halfway completed when it was launched. The accompanying ceremony took place just after noon and was attended by many notable residents of the state of South Carolina, including Governor Martin Frederick Ansel. His daughter Frederica christened the ship.
After their fitting-out stage, the two ships were put through sea trials to ensure they met their contracted specifications. The first attempt at putting Michigan through a trial was conducted at the navy's traditional testing grounds off Rockland, Maine, beginning on 9 June 1909. Although the ship completed its standardization run, other tests were disrupted when it ran aground on a sand bar. Although Michigan was pulled off without incident, the navy soon discovered that both propellers required repair, delaying the completion of the trials until 20–24 June. The battleship was commissioned several months later on 4 January 1910—making the United States the third country to have a dreadnought in commission, behind the United Kingdom and Germany, but just ahead of Brazil's —and its shakedown cruise lasted until 7 June.
South Carolinas trials were conducted off the Delaware Capes beginning on 24 August 1909, and its standardization runs were slightly faster than Michigans. After final modifications at William Cramp, South Carolina was commissioned on 1 March 1910 and departed for a shakedown cruise six days later.
Service history
After being commissioned, South Carolina and Michigan were both assigned to the US Atlantic Fleet. The two operated up and down the American east coast from July until November. On 2 November, as part of the Second Battleship Division, the ships left the Boston Navy Yard for a training voyage to Europe, where they visited the Isle of Portland in the United Kingdom and Cherbourg in France. In January 1911, they returned to the US naval base in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, before continuing to Norfolk, Virginia. After further maneuvers, the two ships split up; Michigan remained on the east coast, while South Carolina embarked on another trip to Europe. The ship visited Copenhagen (Denmark), Stockholm (Sweden), Kronstadt (Russia), and Kiel (Germany)—the last during Kieler Woche, a large sailing event—before returning in July 1911.
South Carolina next took part in the 1911 naval review in New York, before several months of traveling to ports on the east coast and welcoming a visiting German naval squadron including the battlecruiser and two light cruisers. After a three-month overhaul in Norfolk, South Carolina joined Michigan on a cruise to Pensacola, New Orleans, Galveston, and Veracruz in Mexico, as part of the Special Service Squadron. South Carolina later visited Colón, Panama, in January 1913. Both ships continued their previous service of visiting east coast ports before unrest in Mexico and the Caribbean caused the American government to order them away. South Carolina landed marines on Haiti on 28 January to protect the American delegation there. They returned to the ship when Oreste Zamor took power, but continued disorder later led the United States to occupy Haiti. South Carolina then joined Michigan at Veracruz while the United States occupied that city.
At the beginning of the First World War, both of the South Carolina-class battleships were grouped with two older pre-dreadnoughts ( and Connecticut) due to their top speeds, which were lower than all subsequent US battleships. South Carolina was refitted in Philadelphia between 14 October and 20 February 1915, and both ships were kept on neutrality patrols on the American side of the Atlantic, even after the US entered the war on 6 April 1917. In January 1918, Michigan was training with the main fleet when it traveled through a strong storm. The high winds and waves caused its forward cage mast to collapse, killing six and injuring thirteen.
On 6 September 1918, South Carolina escorted a fast convoy partway across the Atlantic, becoming one of the first American battleships (alongside and ) to do so. When returning to the United States, South Carolina lost its starboard propeller. When continuing with the port propeller, a valve in its engine malfunctioned; continuing with an auxiliary valve caused a large amount of vibration, so the ship was stopped just hours later for temporary repairs on the main valve before continuing to the Philadelphia Naval Yard for repairs. Michigan had the same problem when escorting a convoy in the next month; the ship lost its port propeller on 8 October, but managed to return home on 11 October without further incident. After the war's end on 11 November 1918, both South Carolina-class battleships were used to repatriate American soldiers that had been fighting in the war.
In the years after the war, the two battleships were used for training cruises. The terms of the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty, which limited naval construction to avert a vastly expensive naval arms race, also called for disposing of dozens of older battleships in the signatories' navies. South Carolina was decommissioned on 15 December 1921, shortly before the end of the conference, and its sister followed on 11 February 1922, days after the treaty was signed. Both were stricken from the navy listing on 10 November 1923 and scrapped during 1924 in the Philadelphia Naval Yard.
Footnotes
Endnotes
References
Books
Breyer, Siegfried. Battleships and battle cruisers, 1905–1970. Translated by Alfred Kurti. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1973. .
Campbell, N.J.M. "United States of America: 'The New Navy, 1883–1905'." In Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. London: Conway's Maritime Press, 1979. . .
Friedman, Norman. Battleship Design and Development, 1905–1945. New York: Mayflower Books, 1978. . .
———. US Battleships: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1985. . .
Jones, Jerry W. US Battleship Operations in World War I. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1998. . .
Journal articles
Cuniberti, Vittorio. "An Ideal Battleship for the British Fleet," in Jane, Fred T., ed. All The World's Fighting Ships. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co., 1903.
Dinger, H.C. "USS South Carolina: Description and Official Trials." Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers 22, no. 3 (1910): 200–38. .
Folger, W.M.; Alger, Philip R.; Taylor, D.W. "Discussion; A New Type of Battleship." Proceedings of United States Naval Institute 28, no. 2 (1902): 269–275. . .
Friedman, Norman. "The South Carolina Sisters: America's First Dreadnoughts." Naval History 24, no. 1 (2010): 16–23. .
"Launching the Navy's 'All-Big-Gun' Battleship." Harper's Weekly 52, no. 2687 (1908): 30. . .
Leavitt, William Ashley. "USS Michigan: Description and Official Trials." Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers 21, no. 3 (1909): 915–71.
Poundstone, Homer C. "Size of Battleships for US Navy." Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute 29, no. 1 (1903): 161–74.
———. "Proposed Armament for Type Battleship of US Navy, with Some Suggestions Relative to Armor Protection." Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute 29, no. 2 (1903): 377–411.
"Progress of Naval Vessels." International Marine Engineering 13, no. 8: (1908): 364. . .
Signor, Matt H. "A New Type of Battleship." Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute 28, no. 1 (1902): 1–20.
"The Battleship South Carolina." International Marine Engineering 13, no. 9 (1908): 401.
"The Michigan." Navy (Washington, DC) 2, no. 6 (1908): 26–29.
"The South Carolina Launched." Navy (Washington, DC) 2, no. 7 (1908): 35–36. .
Others
"Michigan." Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History & Heritage Command.
"South Carolina." Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History & Heritage Command.
External links
Naval History & Heritage Command – South Carolina class battleship (old site)
USS South Carolina (Battleship # 26, later BB-26), 1910–1924
USS Michigan (Battleship # 27, later BB-27), 1910–1924
Battleship classes
World War I battleships of the United States |
7214036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draconian%20Measures | Draconian Measures | Draconian Measures is a fantasy novel by American writers Don Perrin and Margaret Weis, based in the Dragonlance fictional fantasy campaign setting, and is the second book of the Kang's Regiment series, or The Chaos War series. It was published in 2000 by Wizards of the Coast.
Characters
Kang - The Bozak commander of the all-draconian engineering unit the First Dragonarmy Engineers during the War of the Lance.
Slith - A Sivak who is the second-in-command, as well as Kang's best friend, adviser, and confidant.
Granak - A giant Sivak who is the standard bearer.
Gloth - A Bozak troop subcommander in charge of First Squadron. He has served with Kang and Slith since early in the War of the Lance.
Cresel - A Baaz draconian placed in charge of the female draconians.
Huzzad - A female Knight of Takhsis who is Kang's friend.
Maranta - General Maranta, the arrogant Aurak commander of a fort of Draconians that Kang and his unit encounter while fleeing from a pursuing goblin army.
Fonrar - A female bozak draconian who is a child, but the leader of the twenty female draconians.
Thesik - A female Aurak that is Fonrar's best friend.
Hanra and Shanra - Two female sivak sisters.
Riel - a female Baaz draconian who speaks for the other female Baaz
Summary
The book begins with Kang and his force of draconians preparing to ambush an army of goblins which are trying to destroy Kang's force because they have females. After springing the ambush, they find out that the goblins were aware of the ambush, and turned the ambush around on the draconians. Hobgoblins quickly appear, and so Kang tells his main force to retreat, while signaling a support force to cover.
Meanwhile, on a hill a short distance away, the guarded female draconians notice that Kang's force is retreating, and becoming suspicious, they question the male draconians that are guarding them; however, realizing that they are being given an excuse, Fonrar sends in a sivak, Shanra, disguised as a male to discover the truth, since the female sivaks had an ability to blend in with their surroundings.
Later, after Shanra returns, Fonrar and Thesik learn that the bozaks saw flashes of light in a nearby canyon. Knowing that the males wouldn't believe them, Fonrar and Thesik set out to learn more. After getting closer to the light, Fonrar accidentally trips, which causes the mysterious shapes that caused the light to question them. They are faced with answering, or getting attacked within five seconds, and so, Thesik and Fonrar jump onto a boulder to announce their presence. The moonlight shines off of Thesik's scales, revealing her as an aurak to the draconians that were the mysterious shapes.
Back at the base, the hobgoblins attack, quickly overwhelming Kang's force. Kang and Slith prepare to make a bold stand when suddenly the hobgoblins retreat in a wild melee. Then, Kang hears giggles behind him, and turning around, sees Thesik, Fonrar, and the sivak sisters, Shanra and Hanra. The females announce that they brought reinforcements, salute (while giggling) him, and introduce Prokel, the subcommander of the Ninth Infantry.
After introductions, Prokel leads Kang and his forces to a "fort", a ramshackle mess, evidenced by the collapsing guard towers. They meet the commander of the fort, General Maranta. Slith recalls a situation during the war against the elves when Slith kills a "pointy-eared female", then "does a dance" as the pointy-ear for the benefit of the troops. Maranta was surveying the camp at that time, and orders the pointy-eared female to be put under arrest. After learning it was Slith, he was given latrine duty for a month. Thankfully, Maranta doesn't remember any of that. Maranta calls of the commanders into the Bastion, a gigantic extremely well fortified building at the heart of the fort, and then introduces Kang to the rest of the commanders. Noticing that Kang had an aurak in his forces, he asks why Kang is in command. Kang then reveals the females, creating an enemy out of Maranta because Kang received the "glory" from Takhisis.
Life in the fort continues, until Maranta discovers that the goblin horde didn't give up, and are gathering outside the fort to prepare for a siege. Obviously, this strains the relationship between Kang and Maranta. The females are forced to spend their lives within a wooden house, supposedly to protect them from other draconians, and so, begin to get bored. They decide to begin drills to prepare themselves to fight, and so the females ambush a draconian to get a requisition allowing them to get twenty swords from the quartermaster. At this time, Maranta decides to examine the females, and so when Cresel announces to the females that a visitor is coming, the females place a "water barrel drop", intending that it drops on Gloth's head. Unfortunately, when Maranta enters, the water barrel falls on him instead.
Kang is sent to a nearby fort of Knights of Takhisis to ask for help. He learns that the Knights of Takhisis are actually paying the goblins to kill the draconians with the help of an informer, a female knight that he had met before, Huzzad. Huzzad is discovered by the Knights, and so is forced to escape with Kang. They return to the fort, where Maranta wants to torture Huzzad. Kang refuses to give her over, causing Maranta to tell Kang that he can have her for personal uses. Huzzad becomes a friend to the females, and learns about their secret abilities, like Kapak spit, which is like a healing salve, unlike the male Kapaks' poisonous spit. She also manages to persuade Kang to allow the females to parade and march with the males, forcing Kang to rethink whether the females still need to be "babied" anymore.
The siege continues, with the draconians unable to break out. Kang and his forces begins to build an explosive fake dragon that can fly to scare the goblins, but by then is not welcomed by Maranta anymore. About this time, Kang begins to notice that his draconians are disappearing. Events reach a climax when the goblins attack the fort, causing Kang to admit that the females should be treated just like the rest of the males, and so, with the females, and Huzzad, enters the Bastion to search for Slith, one of the missing draconians. He finds out that Maranta has the Heart of Dracart, a magical orb that duplicates draconians by splitting the draconian's soul into hundreds of parts, or hundred of "new" draconians. Discovering that Maranta intends to do this to Slith, he and the females manage to kill Maranta. They attempt to leave the Bastion, but Maranta's personal guards attempts to stop them, with a crossbowman managing to fatally wound Huzzad. The females then become berserker-like by the death of their friend and kill almost all of the guards. Then, after finally exiting the bastion, they find that the goblins have breached the fort. Kang gives the command to release the fake dragon, and Thesik casts an illusion on the dragon to look like a real gold dragon. The dragon flies over the wall, but Kang realizes that the fuse for the explosives have gone out. He crushes the Heart of Dracart in his hand, mangling his hand, but gaining enough magical power to cast a fireball, which causes the dragon to explode, destroying part of the goblin army and the hobgoblin general.
After the siege, Kang and the females conduct a funeral for Huzzad, and with the other draconian troops, heads to Teyr to establish their own draconian city. Kang also retires from being the commander due to personal reasons, and the fact that he can't fight well with his mangled hand anymore. He becomes the Governor of Teyr. The author also hints that Kang has fallen in love with Fonrar.
Granak and several other characters from the alter-egos of users on a Dragonlance internet newsgroup.
Reception
See also
Draconian (Dragonlance)
The Doom Brigade
References
2000 American novels
American fantasy novels
Dragonlance novels
Novels by Margaret Weis |
318645 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol%20Brabazon | Bristol Brabazon | The Bristol Type 167 Brabazon was a large British piston-engined propeller-driven airliner designed by the Bristol Aeroplane Company to fly transatlantic routes between the UK and the United States. The type was named Brabazon after the Brabazon Committee and its chairman, Lord Brabazon of Tara, who had developed the specification to which the airliner was designed.
While Bristol had studied the prospects of developing very large aircraft as bombers prior to and during the Second World War, it was the release of a report compiled by the Brabazon Committee which led the company to adapt its proposed bomber into a large civil airliner, to meet the Type I specification for the long-distance transatlantic route. Initially designated as the Type 167, the proposed aircraft was furnished with a huge -diameter fuselage, containing full upper and lower decks on which passengers would be seated in luxurious conditions. It was powered by an arrangement of eight Bristol Centaurus radial engines which drove a total of eight paired, contra-rotating propellers set on four forward-facing nacelles.
Bristol decided to submit the Type 167 proposal to meet Air Ministry Specification 2/44. Following a brief evaluation period, a contract to build a pair of prototypes was awarded to Bristol. At the time of its construction, the Brabazon was one of the largest aeroplanes ever built, being sized roughly between the much later Airbus A300 and Boeing 767 airliners. Despite its vast size, the Brabazon was designed to carry only 100 passengers, each one being allocated their own spacious area about the size of the interior of a small car. On 4 September 1949, the first prototype had its maiden flight. In addition to participating in a flight test programme in support of the intended production aircraft, the prototype made high-profile public flying displays at the 1950 Farnborough Airshow, Heathrow Airport, and the 1951 Paris Air Show.
However, due to the high cost per seat mile compared to the alternatives, the Brabazon was unable to attract any firm orders, so the aircraft was a commercial failure. On 17 July 1953, Duncan Sandys, the Minister of Supply, announced that the Brabazon had been cancelled due to a lack of military or civil orders. In the end, only the single prototype was flown, and it was broken up in 1953 for scrap, along with the incomplete, turboprop-powered Brabazon I Mk.II.
Design and development
Background
During the Second World War, the British government made the decision to dedicate its aircraft industry to the production of combat aircraft and to source the majority of its transport aircraft from manufacturers in the United States. Having foreseen that the effective abandonment of any development in terms of civil aviation would put Britain's aviation industry at a substantial disadvantage once the conflict had come to an end, during 1943 a British government committee began meeting under the leadership of Lord Brabazon of Tara with the aim of investigating and forecasting the post-war civil aviation requirements of Britain and the Commonwealth of Nations.
The committee, which had become known simply as the Brabazon Committee, delivered its report, which was likewise known as the Brabazon Report. The report called for the construction of a total of four of five designs they had studied. Of those designs, the Type I was a very large transatlantic airliner, the Type II was a short-haul airliner, the Type III was a medium-range airliner for the multiple-hop "Empire" air routes, and the Type IV was an innovative jet-powered 500 mph (800 km/h) airliner. In particular, the Type I and Type IV were regarded as being of very high importance to the industry, particularly the jet-powered Type IV, which would give Britain a commanding lead in the field of jet transport. An outline of the specifications for the various envisioned aircraft, including the gigantic Type I, was issued by the Committee.
As early as 1937, the Bristol Aeroplane Company had conducted studies into very large bomber designs, one of which received the internal company designation of Type 159, and another, undesignated design that broadly resembled the eventual configuration of the Brabazon. Additionally, Bristol's design team had already been considering the requirements of an aircraft capable of conducting routine transatlantic flights, which had led to projections of the necessary size, weight and range of such an airliner. Amongst those, it was determined that, in order to be profitable, a minimum payload of 100 passengers should be carried by the type.
In 1942, the Air Ministry issued a draft operational requirement from the Air Staff, which sought a heavy bomber design that would be capable of carrying a payload of at least 15 tons of bombs. In response, Bristol dusted off their original work and updated it to incorporate their newer and substantially more powerful Bristol Centaurus engines. The Bristol design team, led by L. G. Frise and Archibald Russell, worked with several key performance parameters. Those included a range of 5,000 mi (8,000 km), 225 ft (69 m) wingspan, eight engines buried in the wings driving four pusher propeller installations, and enough fuel for transatlantic range. The Convair B-36 was in many ways the American equivalent of that projected "100-ton bomber". In addition to Bristol, many leading British manufacturers had provided several preliminary studies in response to the Air Ministry's operational requirement. However, in expectation of long development times, and the difficulties associated with balancing the aircraft's range, load and defensive armament, the Ministry never took up any of the British manufacturer's designs. Instead, it was decided to continue development of the existing Avro Lancaster, which led to the production of the improved Avro Lincoln.
In 1942, the Brabazon Report was published and Bristol chose to respond, submitting a slightly modified version of their bomber to fulfil the Type I requirement. Bristol's earlier work had demonstrated the sort of performance that the Brabazon Committee had been looking for, and so the Committee authorised the firm to begin preliminary design of such an aircraft that year, with the proviso that work on wartime aircraft should not be disrupted by the project. Bristol was soon issued with a contract to produce a pair of prototype aircraft.
Bristol 167
In November 1944, after further work on the design, a final concept for the Type 167 was published. The final design featured a large 177 ft (54 m) fuselage, paired with a sizable wing. The wing, which had a 230 ft (70.1 m) wingspan, possessed an enormous internal volume, to house sufficient fuel for the transatlantic flights envisioned for the type. It was powered by eight Bristol Centaurus 18-cylinder radial engines, which were the most powerful British-built piston engines available at the time, each being capable of generating . These engines which were installed in a unique arrangement of setting each engine in pairs in the wing; instead of using a common crankshaft, the paired engines each had their driveshafts angled towards an enormous central gearbox. They drove a series of eight paired contra-rotating propellers, which were set on four forward-facing nacelles.
The Brabazon Report had assumed that the wealthy people flying in the aircraft would consider a long trip by air to be uncomfortable, and so designed the Type I for luxury, demanding 200 ft3 (6 m3) of space for every passenger, which was expanded to 270 ft3 (8 m3) for luxury class. If outfitted with conventionally spaced seating, the dimensions of the Type 167 could have accommodated up to 300 passengers, instead of the 60 seats opted for. Other high-comfort measures were proposed, such as an onboard cinema, a cocktail bar, and lounge area. According to author Stephan Wilkinson, the decision to focus on comfort over other qualities such as speed and payload had been a historic preoccupation of Britain operators to specifically tailor their services towards wealthy travellers, and noted that as having been a key pre-war ethos of the British airline Imperial Airways. Meanwhile, some figures within the aircraft industry were forecasting heavy demand from passengers then relying on ocean liners.
To meet these varied requirements, the Type 167 specified a huge -diameter fuselage, which was about 5 ft (1.5 m) greater than a Boeing 747, with full-length upper and lower decks. That enclosed sleeping berths for 80 passengers, a dining room, 37-seat cinema, promenade and bar or, alternatively, day seats for 150 people. At one point, the Committee recommended the adoption of a narrower fuselage to house a total of 50 passengers. The British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) agreed with that recommendation, and also expressed its preference for a design accommodating only 25 passengers. In August 1943, an agreement with the airline led to the selection of an interior layout which contained a forward area housing six compartments, each one for six passengers, along with a seventh compartment for just three passengers, a midsection above the wing – the wing was deep at that point – which accommodated 38 seats arranged around tables in groups of four along with a pantry and galley, and a rear area with 23 seats in an aft-facing cinema, complete with a cocktail bar and lounge. Similar to the Saunders-Roe Princess, the Brabazon concept was a fusion of prewar and postwar thinking, using highly advanced design and engineering to build an aircraft that was no longer relevant in the postwar world.
The Brabazon was the first aircraft to be outfitted with 100 per cent powered flying controls; it was also the first to feature electric engine controls, and the first equipped with high-pressure hydraulics. The large span and mounting of the engines close inboard, together with structural weight economies, demanded some new measure to prevent bending of wing surfaces in turbulence. Thus, one of the innovative features of the Brabazon was a purpose-developed gust-alleviation system, which used an assortment of servos that were triggered from a gust-sensing probe installed on the exterior of the aircraft's nose; an improved version of this system, along with fully automated trimming, was to have been deployed on board the Brabazon Mark II. Hydraulic power units were also designed to operate the aircraft's giant control surfaces.
A tremendous effort was put into saving weight across the aircraft. The Type 167 used a number of non-standard gauges of skinning in order to tailor every panel to the strength required, thereby saving several tons of metal. Bristol employed revolutionary new machining and construction methods for drilling, milling, folding, and rolling many of the airframe's components. Rivets were sealed in aircraft dope to greatly reduce the number of rivets required for airframe assembly. Significant emphasis had been placed upon simplifying the construction process and incorporating several manufacturing efficiencies. Some of the design and construction work for the aircraft was shared out to other British companies, such as Folland Aircraft.
The act of manufacturing the Brabazon alone was found to be a challenge. During the first two years of the development, the question of how and where to manufacture the aircraft was amongst the biggest issues that had preoccupied the design team and delayed progress on the project. Bristol's existing factory at Bristol Filton Airport proved to be too small to handle what was one of the largest aircraft in the world, let alone producing the type in quantity, while the adjacent 2,000 ft (610 m) runway was also too short to launch it. While considerations were made for developing the firm's Banwell facility, it was eventually decided to expand the main Filton site to suit the Brabazon. Work on the project was slowed as a consequence of meeting Bristol's wartime commitments; amongst the early physical steps was the construction of a full-scale wooden mockup in the old No. 2 Flight Shed so that components and fittings could be applied and tested.
In October 1945, construction of the first prototype's fuselage commenced in an existing hangar while a gigantic hall for performing final assembly of up to eight Brabazons was constructed; at the time of construction, the hall was the largest hangar in the world. the designer of the new assembly hall, T. P. O'Sullivan, was subsequently awarded the Telford Premium for the work. The runway was also lengthened to 8,000 ft (2,440 m), as well as being widened; this extension had necessitated the compulsory relocation of the inhabitants of the village of Charlton to neighbouring Patchway, which was a somewhat controversial measure at the time.
Mark II
During the early 1940s, the only means for providing propulsion to large aircraft was to produce increasingly complex and enlarged radial engines. The emergence of jet propulsion, specifically the turboprop engine, happened to coincide with the Brabazon's development. Accordingly, there was considerable interest in applying such an engine to the airliner as it potentially offered a simpler and more powerful alternative to the original Centaurus powerplant. Other advantages of turboprops included lower vibration levels (which would increase passenger comfort) and superior performance at higher altitudes.
In 1946, it was decided to build the second prototype using eight Bristol Coupled Proteus turboprop engines – paired turboprops driving four-bladed screws through a common gearbox. This would have increased the Brabazon's cruising speed, from 260 to 330 mph (420–530 km/h), and its ceiling, while also reducing the aircraft's empty weight by about 10,000 lb (4,540 kg). This Brabazon Mark II would have been able to cross the Atlantic (London-New York) in a reduced time of 12 hours. However, by 1950, development of the Proteus engine had run into substantial difficulties, being both overweight and underpowered as well as being subject to fatigue issues at one stage.
In addition to the adoption of the Proteus, there were other envisioned changes for the Brabazon Mark II. In particular, a revised wheel arrangement which had been planned would have enabled the type to use the majority of runways on both the North Atlantic and Empire routes. Although the Proteus was slimmer than the Centaurus, the wing thickness was not to be reduced in the Mark II but the leading edge would be extended around the engines.
Testing
In December 1945, Bristol Chief Test Pilot Bill Pegg was selected to be the chief pilot for the Brabazon. In preparation for the impending flight testing, as a means of gaining experience in operating such a vast aircraft, Pegg accepted an invitation issued by Convair to travel to Fort Worth, Texas, to fly their B-36 Peacemaker, a large strategic bomber operated by the United States Air Force.
During December 1948, the Mk.I prototype, registration G-AGPW, was rolled out for engine runs. On 3 September 1949, the prototype, piloted by Pegg and co-piloted by Walter Gibb, along with a crew of eight observers and flight engineers, performed a series of trial taxi runs; these revealed no problems save for the nosewheel steering not working correctly, thus this was temporarily disabled. On 4 September 1949, the prototype performed its maiden flight over the Bristol area, flying for a total of 25 minutes, captained by Pegg. Prior to the takeoff, around 10,000 people had gathered at the airfield's perimeter to witness the feat. During this flight, it ascended to about 3,000 ft (910 m) at 160 mph (257 km/h) and landed at 115 mph (185 km/h), throttling back at 50 ft (15 m). The British press mainly reported favourably of the occasion, one newspaper praising the aircraft as being "the queen of the skies, the largest land-plane ever built".
Four days later, the prototype was presented at Society of British Aircraft Constructors' Airshow at Farnborough; according to author Philip Kaplan, the timing of the first flight had been set as such to enable such a high-profile early appearance to be performed. The Brabazon's appearance at Farnborough would lead to the adoption of a formal and deliberate company policy as much of the aircraft's test programme in the vicinity of various British cities in order to spread public awareness. Accordingly, the Brabazon was demonstrated at the 1950 Farnborough Airshow, at which it performed a takeoff, clean configuration flypast and a landing. In June 1950, the Brabazon made a visit to London's Heathrow Airport, during which it made a number of successful takeoffs and landings; it was also demonstrated at the 1951 Paris Air Show. Gibb, who flew the aircraft as pilot-in-command on multiple flights, summarised his flying experiences with the type: "It was very comfortable. It flew very well. It was big. You didn't whip it around like a Tiger Moth or Spitfire, but as long as you treated it like a double-decker bus or a large aeroplane, you had no trouble at all".
While the Brabazon's flight tests were being performed, BOAC became increasingly uninterested with the prospects for operating the type. On a test flight, BOAC chairman Sir Miles Thomas briefly took the controls and found the aircraft to be underpowered and very slow to respond to the controls. BOAC quickly decided it was not for them. Bristol had been subject to financial hardship, while development of the Proteus engine intended to power the envisioned and improved Brabazon Mark II was proving troublesome. Flight tests of the aircraft itself had revealed some fatigue issues in the inner wingbox area, while the projected operating costs for the Brabazon had been revised upwards as the programme had proceeded. BOAC, being unconvinced of the aircraft's merits, ultimately chose to decline to place any order for the type. Gibb stated of the situation: "the spec wasn't correct for post-war flying. The people who wrote the specs... conceived of an aeroplane with all this comfort, bunks, and a great dining room to eat in. And, of course, come the day, that wasn't what the airlines wanted. They wanted to ram as many passengers as possible into the tube and give 'em lunch on their laps.
At one point, although some interest was shown by British European Airways (BEA) for conducting operational flights using the prototype Brabazon itself, various problems that would typically be expected to be present on a prototype meant the aircraft would never receive an airworthiness certificate.
Cancellation
By 1952, about £3.4 million had been spent on development and there were no signs of purchase by any airline. In March, the British government announced that work on the second prototype had been postponed. The cancellation of the project was announced by the Minister of Supply (Duncan Sandys) on 17 July 1953 in the Commons, saying the programme had given all the useful technical knowledge it could but without any firm interest from either civil or military users, there was no justification for continuing to spend money on the Brabazon. By this point, roughly £6 million had been spent on the programme and a further £2 million would have been required in order to complete the Mark II. In October 1953, after 164 flights totalling 382 hours' flying time, the first prototype was broken up, sold for £10,000 in scrap value, along with the uncompleted Mk.II prototype. All that remains are a few parts at the M Shed museum in Bristol and the National Museum of Flight in Scotland.
Although considered a failure and a white elephant, the record of the Brabazon is not entirely unfavourable. At least half of the large sums spent on the project had been expended upon the construction of infrastructure, including £6 million for new large hangars and an extended runway at Filton. These improvements meant that Bristol was in an excellent position to continue production of other designs; the assembly hall was soon being used for building another transatlantic aircraft, the Britannia. In addition, many of the techniques which had been developed during the Brabazon project were applicable to any aircraft, not just airliners.
Bristol had also been awarded the contract for the Type III aircraft, for which they delivered the Britannia. By making use of the advances made during the development of the Brabazon, Bristol were able to design the Britannia to possess the best payload fraction of any aircraft up to that time, and it held that record for a number of years. Although the Britannia was delayed after problems with the separate Type IV, the jet-powered de Havilland Comet, it went on to be a workhorse for many airlines into the 1970s.
Specifications (Mark I)
See also
Convair XC-99
Hughes H-4 Hercules
Saunders-Roe Princess
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
"Airborne in the “Brab”: Demonstration Flights from London Airport: Good Progress with Mk. I Development". Flight, 3 August 1951, Vol. LX, No. 2219. pp. 148–150.
Buttler, Tony. Secret Projects 1935–1950 Fighters and Bombers. Midland Publishing, 2004. .
Castle, Matt. "The Plane That Flew Too Soon." damninteresting.com.
Gilbert, James. The World's Worst Aircraft. Philadelphia, PA: Coronet Books, 1978. .
Jackson, A.J. British Civil Aircraft since 1919, Volume 1. Putnam & Company Limited. 1973. .
Kaplan, Philip. "Big Wings: The Largest Aeroplanes Ever Built." Pen and Sword, 2005. .
Winchester, Jim. "Bristol Brabazon (1949)." The World's Worst Aircraft: From Pioneering Failures to Multimillion Dollar Disasters. London: Amber Books Ltd., 2005. .
External links
The Bristol Brabazon – Engineering masterpiece or Great White Elephant
"Brabazon Bulletin" a 1949 Flight article
Brabazon
1940s British airliners
Eight-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft with contra-rotating propellers
Cancelled aircraft projects
Aircraft first flown in 1949 |
31058535 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kissing%20Time | Kissing Time | Kissing Time, and an earlier version titled The Girl Behind the Gun, are musical comedies with music by Ivan Caryll, book and lyrics by Guy Bolton and P. G. Wodehouse, and additional lyrics by Clifford Grey. The story is based on the 1910 play, Madame et son Filleul ("Madame and her Godson") by Maurice Hennequin, Pierre Véber and Henry de Gorsse. The story is set in contemporary France, with a glamorous actress at the centre of a farcical plot of imposture, intrigue and mistaken identity.
The piece ran for 160 performances on Broadway in 1918 with its former name, and, after substantial revision, for 430 performances in London in 1919–20 as Kissing Time, to catch the post-war mood. This was followed by a touring production. The New York cast included Donald Brian. The star-studded London cast included Stanley Holloway, Yvonne Arnaud, Leslie Henson, George Grossmith, Jr. and Phyllis Dare.
History
The plot of the musical was adapted by Bolton and Wodehouse from the 1910 play, Madame et son Filleul ("Madame and her Godson") by Maurice Hennequin, Pierre Véber and Henry de Gorsse. The Girl Behind the Gun opened at the New Amsterdam Theatre in New York 16 September 1918, starring Donald Brian, and running until 1 February 1919.
It then was rewritten and opened as Kissing Time at the Winter Garden Theatre, London, on 20 May 1919, running until 3 July 1920. The Observer calculated that a million people saw the show during the 13 months of its run. A touring company took the production to the British provinces, led by George Gregory and Maidie Adams. The J.C. Williamson company toured the piece in Australia in 1920 with a company headed by Gladys Moncrieff.
In October 1920, a musical called Kissing Time, with mostly the same music by Caryll, played in New York beginning at the Lyric Theatre, but the book was by George V. Hobart, and the lyrics were by Hobart, Philander Johnson, Clifford Grey and Irving Caesar. It starred Edith Taliaferro.
Roles and London cast
Captain Wentworth – Stanley Holloway
Georgette St. Pol – Yvonne Arnaud
Lady Mercia Merivale – Isabel Jeans
Zelie –
Bibi St. Pol – Leslie Henson
Brichoux – George Barrett
Max Touquet – George Grossmith, Jr.
Lucienne Touquet – Phyllis Dare
Colonel Bolinger – Tom Walls
Synopsis
Four people are separately travelling to visit the glamorous actress Georgette St. Pol at her country house at Fontainebleau. First, her godson, Brichoux, whom she has not seen for many years; he is now the cook to a regiment of the French army. Second, her friend Lucienne Touquet. Third, Georgette's former guardian, Colonel Bolinger. Fourth, Lucienne's husband, Max Touquet, temporarily absenting himself from his military service; he is unaware that his wife is to visit Georgette, whom he hopes to interest in a play that he has written.
Max and Brichoux meet as they approach the house. To gain access, Max persuades his comrade to exchange army papers, and Georgette allows him in, believing him to be her godson. Partly in revenge for her husband's roving eye and partly because she finds Max attractive, she does not discourage his evident interest in her.
The sudden arrival of Max's wife sets off a series of impersonations and swapped identities. Max, to avoid discovery by Lucienne, shaves off his moustache and beard and continues to maintain that he is Brichoux. Lucienne is not deceived, and she retaliates by a vigorous flirtation with Colonel Bolinger. To prevent the embarrassment of Georgette's exposure, her husband, Bibi, finds himself having to pose as a servant in his own house, while the Colonel assumes Max is Georgette's husband. Max, meanwhile, has to keep silent while his real wife receives the attentions of the Colonel. The real Brichoux intermittently appears and has to be explained away.
Max, still unaware of Bibi's real identity, finds himself attending an evening event in his company. Bibi's indignation at his position breaks out continually. Eventually, Max confesses to Georgette that he is not her godson, and the chain of imposture unravels. The Colonel, finding that he has been flirting with Max's wife, hastily overlooks Max's deception and breach of military rules, and all ends happily.
Musical numbers
The musical numbers in the London production were as follows:
Act I
No. 1 – Chorus of Girls, with Capt. Wentworth – "Here's another godson, girls, we found him in the street; he belongs to us."
No. 2 – Georgette and Chorus – "Godmothers who are as young and fair as you must be circumspect"
No. 3 – Bibi and Chorus – "Ever since I owned a car, with the girls I'm popular"
No. 4 – Georgette, Max and Bibi – "When far from the din of the battle, our heroes come home for a rest"
No. 5 – Lucienne and Chorus – "Tho' weary and dreary life seems today, and tho' the man I love is far away"
No. 6 – Max – "You wouldn't call me fickle, I've too much sense of duty, but corn before the sickle is my attitude to beauty."
No. 7 – Georgette, Colonel, Max and Bibi – "So many, who have married unhappily, you meet, that when you see a couple so devoted, it's a treat..."
No. 8 – Lucienne and Bibi – "Love I fear is very complex, most find once they begin it."
No. 9 – Finale Act I – "I've just come back from Paris to spend a week at home"
Act II
No. 10 – Chorus – "Wouldn't you like us all to help you?"
No. 11 – Georgette, Colonel and Max – "Oh, how wonderful 'twould be, you must agree"
No. 12 – Bibi – "Gosh! women are the hardest propositions!"
No. 13 – Lucienne and Max – "Joan and Peter met one night and thought they'd take the floor."
No. 14 – Company – "Some day never forget I may marry you yet"
No. 15 – Lucienne – "Won't you tell me 'love' in your realm above"
No. 16 – Dance – "The Hudson Belle"
No. 17 – Georgette and Chorus – "When I play in Paris the fellows I know, all are crazy, don't know why"
No. 18 – Lucienne and Max – "Since first, my dear, I met you"
No. 19 – Finale Act II – "There's a light in your eyes, on your lips there's a smile"
A new song composed by William Merrigan Daly, called "The Nicest Sort of Feeling", was added in the 1920 New York production.
Critical reception
For the London opening at the new Winter Garden Theatre, reviewers devoted up to half their allotted column-space to remarks about the interior of the new building. Moreover, the two male leads, Grossmith and Henson, had both been away from the West End on wartime service in the navy and army respectively, and reviewers devoted further space to welcoming them back. As to the show itself, The Manchester Guardian commented, "Kissing Time has a story, so that the old reproach of musical comedy cannot be made here. … Mr. Caryll's music was reminiscent of Mr. Caryll. And very nice too." The Observer wrote of "a constant state of merriment", and praised all the principal performers, remarking on Henson's "inexhaustible humour", and describing Grossmith as "cheery, good natured, as in the old days", Phyllis Dare as "wholly delightful", and the other female leads as "charming".
Notes
External links
The Girl Behind the Gun at the IBDB database
Kissing Time at the IBDB database
Links to midi files and cast list of Kissing Time in London
1919 musicals
West End musicals
Musicals set in Paris
Musicals set in country houses
Musicals by George V. Hobart
Musicals by Ivan Caryll |
45113225 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amity%2C%20New%20Farm | Amity, New Farm | Amity is a heritage-listed detached house at 101 Welsby Street, New Farm, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1892 to . It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.
History
Amity is a single-storeyed timber residence fronting the Bulimba Reach of the Brisbane River at New Farm. The house was built in 1892 for Thomas Welsby (1858–1941), a prominent Brisbane businessman, politician, historian and sportsman.
Thomas Welsby was born at Ipswich in November 1858 and educated at John Scott's School in Ipswich and Ipswich Boys Grammar School. He worked for the Bank of New South Wales and Australian Joint Stock Bank in Brisbane before leaving to practise as a public accountant, trustee and auditor in 1884. He became a member of the Brisbane Stock Exchange, operated a shipping partnership and audited the Brisbane Municipal Council accounts in 1893.
He was a member of the Booroodabin Divisional Board in 1893–1902 (chairman 1897–1900), and chairman of the New Farm State School committee in 1899–1908. He was instrumental in the formation of the Engineering Supply Company of Australia in 1903, was a director of the Royal Bank of Queensland, and had interests with Sir Robert Philp (Premier of Queensland 1899–1903 and 1907–08) in mining and with GC Willocks, a railway contractor. Welsby was also a trustee for the Mount Garnet railway debentureholders (1901–15), and chairman of Queensland Brewery Ltd (1907–19).
He stood unsuccessfully for the Queensland Legislative Assembly as a candidate for Fortitude Valley in the 1899, 1902 and 1909 Queensland elections. As a Ministerialist he won North Brisbane in 1911 and held Merthyr from 1912 to 1915. Nicknamed "Bung Bung", he generally disliked parliamentary life.
Welsby loved history and sport. He was foundation honorary treasurer (1913), president (1936–37) and vice-president (1917–36, 1937–41) of the Historical Society of Queensland. He advocated that government subsidise the society to collect Queensland's early records, and he bequeathed his large library to the society and his portrait hangs over the entrance. Welsby also wrote seven books about the history of the Moreton Bay region.
In 1882 Welsby had been manager and half-back for Queensland's first intercolonial Rugby Union team which played in Sydney. He helped to revive the code in 1928, was a life member of the Queensland Rugby Union (president 1929–39) and donated the Welsby Cup. He was foundation secretary of the Brisbane Gymnasium in 1882, sponsored boxing matches and formed the Queensland Amateur Boxing and Wrestling Union in 1909. Welsby had a house at Amity on Stradbroke Island and was patron of the Amateur Fishing Society from 1916. He was also a founding member of the Royal Queensland Yacht Club in 1885, later being commodore in 1903–19.
Welsby also collected flora and fauna, historical letters and manuscripts, rare editions of early colonial authors and charts prepared by early explorers. The figurehead and smoking chair from the government steam yacht, the Lucinda, were also among his prized possessions. The Lucinda was the vessel on which the Draft Constitution of Australia was signed.
Welsby married Margaret Gilchrist Kingston in February 1893. They had two daughters, a son, and a young Torres Strait Islands girl named Jane whom they had fostered. Their son died in 1902 aged two months, and Margaret died the following year from tuberculosis. Jane was later Welsby's housekeeper and remained with him until his death in February 1941 at Amity.
The land on which Amity stands had been alienated from the crown by Thomas Adams on 10 January 1845. Of this land, section 9 of Subdivision A of eastern suburban allotment 22 was acquired by eight Brisbane men on 17 January 1887 and mortgaged to Peter Nicol Russel. This land was sold to the Federal Building Land and Investment Society Ltd on 28 January 1889, and then subdivided. On 15 March 1889 Welsby purchased sub 130 from the Society to whom he then mortgaged the property. Thomas Augustine Ryan purchased subs 131 and 132 on 13 March 1889, and sold sub 131 to Welsby on 22 December 1891. Welsby then mortgaged subs 130 and 131 to the London Chartered Bank of Australia and built Amity. Both allotments were transferred to Margaret Gilchrist Welsby on 2 May 1895. Sub 132 was purchased by Margaret Gilchrist Welsby from Ryan on 12 February 1897. On Margaret's death, the whole property was transmitted to Thomas Welsby as trustee on 28 May 1903.
Amity was constructed by Welsby just prior to his marriage, and for the rest of his life was his only Brisbane residence. Prior to the construction of Amity, Welsby had been living with his mother at Clairvue in Bowen Terrace, New Farm. In his memoirs, architects and builders, including the Stanleys and Petries, show up among Welsby's close circle of friends. No tender notice for the construction of the house is to be found in Brisbane newspapers of the time, and it may well have been built by someone he knew. Welsby moved into the house in December 1892, and in February 1893 endured the disastrous flood which came within of the verandah flooring. Welsby marked the height of the flood on the entrance stairs, and the marker still survives.
Amity was built with its entrance to Roberts Street, but by 1907 this was named Welsby Street. By this time the railway line to the nearby sugar refinery was in place to the south of Forrest Street on Amity's southern boundary. On 14 February 1910 a Deed of Grant was issued to Welsby in trust for allotment 1 of section 65, which adjoined the southern boundary of the property, in place of Forrest Street. A new Certificate of Title was issued for the whole of the land to Welsby as Trustee under Margaret's will.
By the early 1900s, Amity's original design, consisting of a variation of a four-room house with encircling verandahs and a kitchen wing at the rear, had become too small for the family. An extension was built at the rear, replacing the rear verandah with bedrooms, a bathroom, a large central room and incorporating the original kitchen wing. The date of this extension is unknown, but it had been completed by 1925 when a drainage survey plan was drawn. This plan also shows a fern house against the eastern verandah and a jetty in the river.
In 1919 Welsby was approached by his neighbour William Ruddle senior to enter into a deal with an English company wanting to purchase both residential properties and the street between them as the site for a wharf. The total offer for both properties was of which was for Amity. This was an enormous offer as Amity was valued at 22 years later, however no sale eventuated.
The whole of land was transferred to Welsby's daughters Marion Clark and Hannah Welsby in equal shares on 18 November 1932, and Marion became sole owner on 5 October 1948.
Welsby left his mark on the house in a number of ways, including the orientation of the house to the river, the terraced gardens to the river's edge, his initials in the leadlight sidelights of the entrance, and the name Amity in the leadlight fanlight. Other elements include the coral garden bed edging, compass points marked in the front concrete path, and the 1893 flood marker on the entrance stairs. A river front rotunda and baths had been constructed prior to 1925, and were destroyed during the 1974 floods.
After Welsby's death in 1941, Jane continued to live at Amity for another 14 months before she moved to Windsor. The property was let for several years until Marion bought Hannah's half share and with her husband James C Clark returned to Amity. Their son James W Clark also lived at Amity for a few years after his return from the Second World War, and built the corrugated iron garage that still stands in the rear garden. James C Clark died in 1948, and his son moved out when he married in 1950. By this time Amity, with the exception of The Hollins next door which was part of the Colonial Sugar Refining Company Ltd refinery, had been separated from the residential part of New Farm by increasing industry. This included the introduction of the railway line through to the refinery, and the erection of the naval base just downstream by the Royal Australian Navy during the Second World War.
On 30 June 1952, Amity was purchased by the Colonial Sugar Refining Company and Marion Clark built a house at Hamilton. The company let the house to several tenants and it was used for some years as the refinery manager's residence including the family of CSR Refinery Manager Arthur Graham in the mid to late 1970s. The removal of folding doors between the living and dining areas probably occurred in the 1950s or 1960s when one of the CSR families occupied the premises.
Amity was let as a naval residence for the adjoining HMAS Moreton. On 7 July 1980 the refinery, now CSR Ltd, transferred subs 130–132 which were purchased by the Commonwealth of Australia on 31 July 1980 for use as the residence of the Officer Commanding, Queensland Region, Royal Australian Navy. The river end of Welsby Street was closed and incorporated into HMAS Moreton. HMAS Moreton closed in 1994 and Amity is currently used as the residence of the Officer in Charge of the Naval Support Office, South Queensland.
The Hollins, to the southeast of Amity, was removed from its site and relocated to Pullenvale in 1988. Amity is now the last surviving nineteenth century timber riverfront residence at New Farm.
In 1997, Amity was purchased by Brisbane architect Tony Dempsey. In 2006, Dempsey sought approval to construct a six-storey apartment block in Amity's backyard. Although that proposal was rejected in 2008, Dempsey sought approval for a four-storey development in 2011.
Description
Amity is built fronting the Bulimba Reach of the Brisbane River to the northeast, with access from Welsby Street to the northwest. It is a single-storeyed chamferboard residence with timber stumps and a hipped corrugated iron roof with cast iron ridge cresting. The building has verandahs to three sides fronting the river, and a later addition at the rear which has sub-floor laundry and car accommodation.
The building is symmetrical to the river frontage, with a central entry which has a slightly projecting gable with a decorative timber fretwork panel, timber finial and paired timber posts. Entrance steps have a marker indicating the level of the 1893 flood. Verandahs have cast iron railings and valance, raked boarded ceilings, chamfered timber posts, and adjustable timber louvred panels fixed above railings at verandah corners and along the Welsby Street frontage. Wide step-out sash windows, flanked by narrow sashes, open onto the verandahs from principal rooms, and a lattice screen panel, with door, divides the northwest verandah.
The rear of the building, consisting of a later addition which incorporates the original kitchen wing, has a corrugated iron half-gabled roof, timber batten skirt between stumps, sash windows with hoods, and a large panel of hopper windows with leadlight panels above to the southwest wall.
Internally, the front section of the house has a central hall with the northeast main entry consisting of a panelled timber door with leadlight sidelights and fanlight. The sidelights feature Thomas Welsby's initials TW entwined, with the fanlight featuring the name AMITY. Similar door, sidelights and fanlight are located at the rear of the hall, originally opening to the rear verandah, but now opening to the rear section of the house. The hall is bisected by a timber arch with moulded pilasters, imposts, extrados and keystone. On the southeast is a large living room, divided by a large opening which originally housed folding cedar doors which have since been removed, with a fireplace at the southern end with marble surround and tiled inserts. Two bedrooms and a dressing room (originally Welsby's library) are located on the northwest. The building has vertically boarded walls, boarded ceilings with ceiling roses, panelled timber doors with fanlights, and timber skirtings, architraves and cornices.
Internally, the rear section of the building has similar finishes, with a large central room with an internal stair to the laundry and garage below, a panel of hopper windows to the southwest with leadlight panels above, and a large ceiling rose. Two bedrooms are located to the southeast, and a bathroom links into the original verandah which is expressed in the ceiling line. A study and a kitchen with a brick fireplace, consisting of the original kitchen wing, are located on the northwest.
The grounds are terraced to the northeast leading to the river, with a central path and stair leading from the main entry to the early timber picket fence and gate at the river's edge. A wrought iron arch with a pendant lamp and timber posts forms the entry from Welsby Street, and a path leads to the main entry. Compass points are set into the path at the main entry, and coral is used for some garden bed edgings. Two large palms are located in the northeast grounds, one at either side of the property, with the northern palm surrounded by a large strangler fig. Large palms and timber steps are located to the east of the building, and camphor laurel trees border the rear yard. A small corrugated iron garage with a skillion roof is located to the south of the building, and a flagpole is located near the picket fence at the river's edge.
Heritage listing
Amity was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.
Amity is the last surviving timber riverfront residence at New Farm, and provides evidence that the building's immediate vicinity, now principally industrial in nature, was once a fashionable residential area.
The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.
Amity is the last surviving timber riverfront residence at New Farm, and provides evidence that the building's immediate vicinity, now principally industrial in nature, was once a fashionable residential area.
The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.
The building, though not opulent in finishes and detailing, displays a high quality of design and is very intact.
The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.
The building, though not opulent in finishes and detailing, displays a high quality of design and is very intact. The substantial plantings, including palms, figs and camphor laurels, ensure the property contributes strongly to the area's riverscape quality.
The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.
Constructed by Thomas Welsby, prominent Brisbane businessman, politician, historian and sportsman, in 1892, Amity was his principal residence until his death in 1941. The property retains substantial evidence of Welsby's occupation, interests and love of Moreton Bay, including the building's general intactness, design and orientation to the river, artefacts and leadlight panels. The extent of the grounds (dating from 1897), and the gardens including plantings, terracing, borders, artefacts and fencing, are important evidence of Welsby's interests and his long association with Amity. The building remained in the family's possession until 1952, since which time it has had a long association with the nearby CSR Ltd refinery as a manager's residence. Purchased by the Commonwealth in 1980, it has been the principal naval residence in Queensland, associated with HMAS Moreton until its closure in 1994.
References
Attribution
External links
Queensland Heritage Register
Heritage of Brisbane
New Farm, Queensland
Houses in Queensland
Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register
Royal Australian Navy bases |
488687 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher%20information%20metric | Fisher information metric | In information geometry, the Fisher information metric is a particular Riemannian metric which can be defined on a smooth statistical manifold, i.e., a smooth manifold whose points are probability measures defined on a common probability space. It can be used to calculate the informational difference between measurements.
The metric is interesting in several aspects. By Chentsov’s theorem, the Fisher information metric on statistical models is the only Riemannian metric (up to rescaling) that is invariant under sufficient statistics.
It can also be understood to be the infinitesimal form of the relative entropy (i.e., the Kullback–Leibler divergence); specifically, it is the Hessian of the divergence. Alternately, it can be understood as the metric induced by the flat space Euclidean metric, after appropriate changes of variable. When extended to complex projective Hilbert space, it becomes the Fubini–Study metric; when written in terms of mixed states, it is the quantum Bures metric.
Considered purely as a matrix, it is known as the Fisher information matrix. Considered as a measurement technique, where it is used to estimate hidden parameters in terms of observed random variables, it is known as the observed information.
Definition
Given a statistical manifold with coordinates , one writes for the probability density as a function of . Here is drawn from the value space R for a (discrete or continuous) random variable X. The probability is normalized by
where
is the distribution of .
The Fisher information metric then takes the form:
The integral is performed over all values x in R. The variable is now a coordinate on a Riemann manifold. The labels j and k index the local coordinate axes on the manifold.
When the probability is derived from the Gibbs measure, as it would be for any Markovian process, then can also be understood to be a Lagrange multiplier; Lagrange multipliers are used to enforce constraints, such as holding the expectation value of some quantity constant. If there are n constraints holding n different expectation values constant, then the dimension of the manifold is n dimensions smaller than the original space. In this case, the metric can be explicitly derived from the partition function; a derivation and discussion is presented there.
Substituting from information theory, an equivalent form of the above definition is:
To show that the equivalent form equals the above definition note that
and apply on both sides.
Relation to the Kullback–Leibler divergence
Alternatively, the metric can be obtained as the second derivative of the relative entropy or Kullback–Leibler divergence. To obtain this, one considers two probability distributions and , which are infinitesimally close to one another, so that
with an infinitesimally small change of in the j direction. Then, since the Kullback–Leibler divergence has an absolute minimum of 0 when , one has an expansion up to second order in of the form
.
The symmetric matrix is positive (semi) definite and is the Hessian matrix of the function at the extremum point . This can be thought of intuitively as: "The distance between two infinitesimally close points on a statistical differential manifold is the informational difference between them."
Relation to Ruppeiner geometry
The Ruppeiner metric and Weinhold metric are the Fisher information metric calculated for Gibbs distributions as the ones found in equilibrium statistical mechanics.
Change in free entropy
The action of a curve on a Riemannian manifold is given by
The path parameter here is time t; this action can be understood to give the change in free entropy of a system as it is moved from time a to time b. Specifically, one has
as the change in free entropy. This observation has resulted in practical applications in chemical and processing industry: in order to minimize the change in free entropy of a system, one should follow the minimum geodesic path between the desired endpoints of the process. The geodesic minimizes the entropy, due to the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality, which states that the action is bounded below by the length of the curve, squared.
Relation to the Jensen–Shannon divergence
The Fisher metric also allows the action and the curve length to be related to the Jensen–Shannon divergence. Specifically, one has
where the integrand dJSD is understood to be the infinitesimal change in the Jensen–Shannon divergence along the path taken. Similarly, for the curve length, one has
That is, the square root of the Jensen–Shannon divergence is just the Fisher metric (divided by the square root of 8).
As Euclidean metric
For a discrete probability space, that is, a probability space on a finite set of objects, the Fisher metric can be understood to simply be the Euclidean metric restricted to a positive "quadrant" of a unit sphere, after appropriate changes of variable.
Consider a flat, Euclidean space, of dimension , parametrized by points . The metric for Euclidean space is given by
where the are 1-forms; they are the basis vectors for the cotangent space. Writing as the basis vectors for the tangent space, so that
,
the Euclidean metric may be written as
The superscript 'flat' is there to remind that, when written in coordinate form, this metric is with respect to the flat-space coordinate .
An N-dimensional unit sphere embedded in (N + 1)-dimensional Euclidean space may be defined as
This embedding induces a metric on the sphere, it is inherited directly from the Euclidean metric on the ambient space. It takes exactly the same form as the above, taking care to ensure that the coordinates are constrained to lie on the surface of the sphere. This can be done, e.g. with the technique of Lagrange multipliers.
Consider now the change of variable . The sphere condition now becomes the probability normalization condition
while the metric becomes
The last can be recognized as one-fourth of the Fisher information metric. To complete the process, recall that the probabilities are parametric functions of the manifold variables , that is, one has . Thus, the above induces a metric on the parameter manifold:
or, in coordinate form, the Fisher information metric is:
where, as before,
The superscript 'fisher' is present to remind that this expression is applicable for the coordinates ; whereas the non-coordinate form is the same as the Euclidean (flat-space) metric. That is, the Fisher information metric on a statistical manifold is simply (four times) the Euclidean metric restricted to the positive quadrant of the sphere, after appropriate changes of variable.
When the random variable is not discrete, but continuous, the argument still holds. This can be seen in one of two different ways. One way is to carefully recast all of the above steps in an infinite-dimensional space, being careful to define limits appropriately, etc., in order to make sure that all manipulations are well-defined, convergent, etc. The other way, as noted by Gromov, is to use a category-theoretic approach; that is, to note that the above manipulations remain valid in the category of probabilities. Here, one should note that such a category would have the Radon–Nikodym property, that is, the Radon–Nikodym theorem holds in this category. This includes the Hilbert spaces; these are square-integrable, and in the manipulations above, this is sufficient to safely replace the sum over squares by an integral over squares.
As Fubini–Study metric
The above manipulations deriving the Fisher metric from the Euclidean metric can be extended to complex projective Hilbert spaces. In this case, one obtains the Fubini–Study metric. This should perhaps be no surprise, as the Fubini–Study metric provides the means of measuring information in quantum mechanics. The Bures metric, also known as the Helstrom metric, is identical to the Fubini–Study metric, although the latter is usually written in terms of pure states, as below, whereas the Bures metric is written for mixed states. By setting the phase of the complex coordinate to zero, one obtains exactly one-fourth of the Fisher information metric, exactly as above.
One begins with the same trick, of constructing a probability amplitude, written in polar coordinates, so:
Here, is a complex-valued probability amplitude; and are strictly real. The previous calculations are obtained by
setting . The usual condition that probabilities lie within a simplex, namely that
is equivalently expressed by the idea the square amplitude be normalized:
When is real, this is the surface of a sphere.
The Fubini–Study metric, written in infinitesimal form, using quantum-mechanical bra–ket notation, is
In this notation, one has that and integration over the entire measure space X is written as
The expression can be understood to be an infinitesimal variation; equivalently, it can be understood to be a 1-form in the cotangent space. Using the infinitesimal notation, the polar form of the probability above is simply
Inserting the above into the Fubini–Study metric gives:
Setting in the above makes it clear that the first term is (one-fourth of) the Fisher information metric. The full form of the above can be made slightly clearer by changing notation to that of standard Riemannian geometry, so that the metric becomes a symmetric 2-form acting on the tangent space. The change of notation is done simply replacing and and noting that the integrals are just expectation values; so:
The imaginary term is a symplectic form, it is the Berry phase or geometric phase. In index notation, the metric is:
Again, the first term can be clearly seen to be (one fourth of) the Fisher information metric, by setting . Equivalently, the Fubini–Study metric can be understood as the metric on complex projective Hilbert space that is induced by the complex extension of the flat Euclidean metric. The difference between this, and the Bures metric, is that the Bures metric is written in terms of mixed states.
Continuously-valued probabilities
A slightly more formal, abstract definition can be given, as follows.
Let X be an orientable manifold, and let be a measure on X. Equivalently, let be a probability space on , with sigma algebra and probability .
The statistical manifold S(X) of X is defined as the space of all measures on X (with the sigma-algebra held fixed). Note that this space is infinite-dimensional, and is commonly taken to be a Fréchet space. The points of S(X) are measures.
Pick a point and consider the tangent space . The Fisher information metric is then an inner product on the tangent space. With some abuse of notation, one may write this as
Here, and are vectors in the tangent space; that is, . The abuse of notation is to write the tangent vectors as if they are derivatives, and to insert the extraneous d in writing the integral: the integration is meant to be carried out using the measure over the whole space X. This abuse of notation is, in fact, taken to be perfectly normal in measure theory; it is the standard notation for the Radon–Nikodym derivative.
In order for the integral to be well-defined, the space S(X) must have the Radon–Nikodym property, and more specifically, the tangent space is restricted to those vectors that are square-integrable. Square integrability is equivalent to saying that a Cauchy sequence converges to a finite value under the weak topology: the space contains its limit points. Note that Hilbert spaces possess this property.
This definition of the metric can be seen to be equivalent to the previous, in several steps. First, one selects a submanifold of S(X) by considering only those measures that are parameterized by some smoothly varying parameter . Then, if is finite-dimensional, then so is the submanifold; likewise, the tangent space has the same dimension as .
With some additional abuse of language, one notes that the exponential map provides a map from vectors in a tangent space to points in an underlying manifold. Thus, if is a vector in the tangent space, then is the corresponding probability associated with point (after the parallel transport of the exponential map to .) Conversely, given a point , the logarithm gives a point in the tangent space (roughly speaking, as again, one must transport from the origin to point ; for details, refer to original sources). Thus, one has the appearance of logarithms in the simpler definition, previously given.
See also
Cramér–Rao bound
Fisher information
Hellinger distance
Information geometry
Notes
References
Garvesh Raskutti Sayan Mukherjee, (2014). The information geometry of mirror descent https://arxiv.org/pdf/1310.7780.pdf
Shun'ichi Amari (1985) Differential-geometrical methods in statistics, Lecture Notes in Statistics, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Shun'ichi Amari, Hiroshi Nagaoka (2000) Methods of information geometry, Translations of mathematical monographs; v. 191, American Mathematical Society.
Paolo Gibilisco, Eva Riccomagno, Maria Piera Rogantin and Henry P. Wynn, (2009) Algebraic and Geometric Methods in Statistics, Cambridge U. Press, Cambridge.
Differential geometry
Information geometry
Statistical distance |
1178931 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddy%20Ruxpin | Teddy Ruxpin | Teddy Ruxpin is an animatronic children's toy in the form of a talking 'Illiop', a creature which looks like a bear. The toy's mouth and eyes move while he reenacts stories played on an audio tape cassette deck built into its back. While the character itself was created by Ken Forsse, the talking toy was designed and built by Forsse’s Alchemy II, Inc. employees, including Larry Larsen and John Davies. Later versions have a digital cartridge in place of a cassette.
At the peak of its popularity, Teddy Ruxpin became the best-selling toy of 1985 and 1986. The 2006 version was awarded the 2006 Animated Interactive Plush Toy of the Year award by Creative Child Magazine. A cartoon based on the characters debuted in 1986. Teddy's extreme popularity in 1986 buoyed the controversial launch of the Nintendo Entertainment System, also distributed by Worlds of Wonder.
Technology
Conventional cassette tapes carry two audio tracks for stereo sound reproduction. Teddy Ruxpin cassettes use the left track for audio and the right track for a control data stream. The data stream controls servomotors that move the eyes and mouth and can divert the audio signal to Grubby, the companion toy, by means of a proprietary cable. This allows the two to engage in pre-recorded interactions. Grubby only works with the original WoW version of Teddy Ruxpin.
If a conventional audio cassette is played in either the second or third generation models of the original Teddy Ruxpin, this is detected and its right audio track is ignored and Teddy will not move. The production eject mechanism was design by global design firm RKS Design. Early versions of the toy use three servo motors, but this was reduced to two and even one in later versions.
History
After the September 1985 debut, various toy makers have produced Teddy Ruxpin over the years. The first was Worlds of Wonder from 1985 until its bankruptcy in 1988. The cut rights were then sold to Hasbro, and produced again from 1991 to 1996. Another version debuted in 1998 by Yes! Entertainment, and another version in 2006 by BackPack Toys, owned and operated by Robert Taylor. The most recent version was produced by Wicked Cool Toys.
Shortly after his debut, Teddy Ruxpin was dubbed the "Official Spokesbear for the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children" in 1985.
Worlds of Wonder
Teddy Ruxpin was launched in 1985 by toy manufacturer Worlds of Wonder. Then came the companion toy Grubby, different outfits for Teddy and Grubby, and several other non-animatronic companion toys and characters. This includes two different versions of the bird-like Fobs (one orange, one purple) that are hand puppets with a sock-like, extendable neck. Other hand puppets are the larger Wooly What's-It, three interchangeable Anythings (This, That, The Other), Tweeg, and L.B. The Bounder.
Other items produced by Worlds of Wonder for Teddy Ruxpin are the Answer Box and Picture Show. Actress Joanna Kerns served as Teddy's spokesperson shortly after its introduction, while at the height of her fame as Maggie Seaver on the ABC-TV sitcom Growing Pains.
Teddy Ruxpin sales peaked in 1986. Worlds of Wonder launched a series of safety messages for children, with different partners including firefighters and the United States Lifesaving Association. WoW became the exclusive distributor for the launch of the smash hit Nintendo Entertainment System, based on leveraging the undeniable strength of Teddy Ruxpin and Lazer Tag.
To retailers who were bitterly adamant against hearing the words "video game" after having survived the video game crash of 1983, WoW salesman Jim Whims distinctly recalled delivering an ultimatum: "If you want to sell Teddy Ruxpin and you want to sell Lazer Tag, you're gonna sell Nintendo as well. And if you feel that strongly about it, then you ought to just resign the line now." Historian Steven Kent wrote: "Anyone who wanted to sell Teddy Ruxpin and Lazer Tag, including Sears and Toys R Us, was going to hear about the Nintendo Entertainment System." WoW received windfall sales commissions from selling the NES, and $800 million in back orders for the Christmas season, mainly for Teddy Ruxpin and Lazer Tag.
In 1987, Worlds of Wonder contracted with Wendy's restaurants to feature a Teddy Ruxpin themed Kid's Meal promotion. These are similar to the miniatures produced by Worlds of Wonder, except they are smaller and flocked. Teddy Ruxpin characters joined the Ice Capades program, which toured the country.
In 1987 management staff of Worlds of Wonder grossly overestimated the popularity and inventory requirements of Teddy Ruxpin, which was actually in declining demand and was dwarfed by the NES. The excessive parts orders for making Teddy Ruxpin overextended the company's assets, and the situation was worsened when stock trades by company officers spooked investors.
In response to devaluation, WoW issued Non-Investment Grade Bonds, commonly known as junk bonds, in an effort to buoy itself. Although there is some contention as to whether this strategy would have helped, the attempt was made moot by the 1987 stock market crash. Worlds of Wonder filed for bankruptcy protection and was liquidated in 1988. They went through a series of layoffs. The creditors continued to operate the company in receivership until finally closing in late 1990. By 1991, Worlds of Wonder had closed and the remaining assets were liquidated.
Playskool
In 1991, the Teddy Ruxpin toy line was bought by Hasbro, which produced him under their Playskool line until 1996 using the redesign that had been implemented by WoW. This design is smaller and uses cartridges that resemble 8-track tapes, instead of cassette tapes.
Yes! Entertainment
In 1998, Yes! Entertainment brought Teddy Ruxpin back to stores for a third time. The toy's size is largely the same as the Playskool version. Yes! returned to using the standard cassette tapes. This venture was short-lived, however, as Yes! Entertainment's corporate management and financial troubles ultimately resulted in AlchemyII withdrawing the licensing for Teddy.
During this production of Teddy Ruxpin, an "interactive video" model was released under the branding "TV Teddy". The TV Teddy system consists of a series of specially encoded VHS cassettes, an RF-transmitter that relays signals encoded on the video track to the animatronic toy, and an animatronic RF-receiver consisting of a loudspeaker, and two servos which provide much-simplified eye and mouth movements compared to both the WoW and Playskool versions.
The VHS cassettes consist of original opening content specifically designed for Teddy to interact with, followed by previously-released Hi-Topps videos which are encoded with additional content for the animatronic toy. A small Beanie Baby version of the toy is boxed with the Yes! Teddy Ruxpin based on the popularity of Beanie Babies at the time.
BackPack Toys
In 2005, BackPack Toys announced a fourth version of Teddy Ruxpin, which replaced the audio tapes with digital ROM cartridges.
Wicked Cool Toys
Wicked Cool Toys began the production of a new Teddy Ruxpin in late 2017. This Teddy Ruxpin does not come with physical cartridges, instead being programmed with 3 stories inside of the toy. The rest of the stories are available for purchase on a mobile app.
In May 2018, Alchemy and The Jim Henson Company made a deal to make a new Teddy Ruxpin series, animated as digital puppetry, aimed at preschoolers. The series was eventually scrapped.
In September 2021, DJ2 Entertainment picked up the television and film rights to Teddy Ruxpin.
Book and cassette episode list
Worlds of Wonder
Worlds of Wonder produced the largest number of stories:
Other
Worlds of Wonder created two devices that work only with Teddy Ruxpin: the Picture Show and Answer Box. Neither of these work with Grubby. The Picture Show cassettes use slide wheels, similar to the View Master:
Big Little Wooly
Gimmick Learns A Lesson
The Great Grundo Groundrace
Teddy & The Surf Grunges
Teddy's Underwater Rescue
Tweeg's Lemonade Stand
Wedding In Grundo
The Answer Box cassettes are these:
Color My World
Counting is Fun
Easy as ABC
Just About The Size Of It
Learn About Opposites
Shapes are Everywhere
Up, Down and All Around
Book and cartridge episode list
Voice actors
Phil Baron was the voice actor on all tapes and on the TV show The Adventures of Teddy Ruxpin. He left the entertainment industry in the 1990s to become a cantor. Baron is currently the only voice actor officially associated with the property, as Teddy Ruxpin has been the only character in the storyline requiring updated voice recordings for new projects. The late Will Ryan voiced Grubby in the 1980s and returned as Grubby in the early 1990s for a musical project.
The late Tony Pope was the original voice of Newton Gimmick. He and other AlchemyII voice actors in the 1980s did not reprise their roles in the television series because production was moved to Canada, starring John Stocker as Gimmick. Baron and Ryan have provided the voices of Teddy and Grubby, respectively, in every project from 1985 up until Ryan's death in 2021.
Ryan voiced the character of Tweeg in the adventure series. John Koensgen voiced Tweeg for the television series. Russi Taylor and Katie Leigh did the voices of Leota the Woodsprite and Princess Aruzia, respectively, on the book-and-tapes. When the TV series was produced in Canada, Holly Larocque and Abby Hagyard took over the roles.
The Adventures of Teddy Ruxpin
The Adventures of Teddy Ruxpin is a television series that ran from 1986 to 1987. In it, Teddy Ruxpin leaves his homeland in Rillonia with his friend Grubby in search of adventure. They meet an inventor named Newton Gimmick, who accompanies them on their quest for the Treasure of Grundo. The trio unexpectedly find six crystals with different meanings and powers. These crystals enable the Monsters and Villains Organization (MAVO) to have absolute power over the land.
Their leader, Quellor, wants to make sure that an Illiop never possesses the crystals. Elsewhere, a less pronounced threat routinely besieges the trio: the wannabe villain Jack W. Tweeg, a greedy troll intending to join MAVO. The sixty-five episode series unfolds gradually, as the trio meet interesting and often friendly creatures while visiting intriguing lands and going on wondrous adventures.
Unofficial tape injunction
At least two other companies (Vector Intercontinental and Veritel Learning Systems) produced tapes that work with the Teddy Ruxpin toy. Worlds of Wonder successfully sued them in 1986, claiming the effect these tapes had on Teddy were too similar to the results of playing the proprietary recordings, and the courts in Ohio and Texas ordered the infringing tapes off the market.
In popular culture
Brigsby Bear, a 2017 American film, featured an animatronic bear suit, similar to the one in the animatronic pilot for The Adventures of Teddy Ruxpin. In the plot of the film, the suit is used in the production of a children's television series. The suit's mouth and eyes move when it plays a tape, just like the original toy. It is shown accepting both compact cassette and VHS tapes, both technologies that the toy utilized.
The 2019 comedy-horror film Camp Wedding featured a possessed Teddy Ruxpin toy as a central plot point. The prop was an authentic Teddy Ruxpin toy, modified to speak the lines, as well as to hide its logo. The toy is visible at the top of the film's poster.
Teddy Ruxpin is mentioned in the 2012 comedy film Ted.
A Teddy Ruxpin toy appears in the 2021 film House of Gucci.
See also
AG Bear
References
External links
Grundo Gazette
The UNofficial Teddy Ruxpin Frequently Asked Questions website
Teddy Ruxpin Hospital and Adoption Centre
1980s toys
1990s toys
Animatronic robots
Mascots introduced in 1985
Hasbro products
Products introduced in 1985
Fictional teddy bears
Books about bears
Bear mascots
Toy brands
Toy mascots
Male characters in television
Male characters in advertising
Worlds of Wonder (toy company) products
Teenage characters in television
Electronic toys |
33612231 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon%20O%27Connor | Simon O'Connor | Simon David O'Connor (born 25 February 1976) is a New Zealand politician and a former member of the New Zealand House of Representatives for the National Party. He represented the Tāmaki electorate from 2011 to 2023.
Early life
O'Connor was raised in Whangārei, the eldest of three children, where he attended St Mary's Primary School and Pompallier College. He was a keen fencer and was president of the Auckland University Fencing Club.
O'Connor completed training to be a Catholic priest, which involved working on the island of Taveuni in Fiji for two years at a vocational training centre, prison chaplaincy at Mount Eden Prison, military chaplaincy at Waiouru Army Base, and spending time with people in hospitals and hospices. He did not seek ordination, deciding instead to study and pursue a career in politics.
O'Connor graduated from the University of Auckland with a Bachelor of Arts in Geography and Political Studies (his Political Studies Honours dissertation looked at the works of René Girard), a Bachelor of Theology, and a Master of Arts with First Class Honours (Political Studies). He has also worked as a contracts manager for Southern Cross Insurance.
O'Connor was the chairperson of Monarchy New Zealand between 2010 and 2012 and remains a board member.
Political career
O'Connor has been involved in the National Party since 2005. He was deputy chair of the party's Northern Region before seeking the National nomination for the Maungakiekie electorate in 2008. He lost the selection contest to Sam Lotu-Iiga, who went on to win the seat, but O'Connor was appointed as a list candidate for the 2008 general election, ranked 72nd.
He was selected as the party's candidate in the electorate following the withdrawal of sitting MP Allan Peachey shortly before the 2011 election and was elected to Parliament. In his first term, he was a member of the Education and Science committee and the Transport and Industrial Relations committee, and the deputy chair of the Finance and Expenditure committee. O'Connor held his electorate at the 2014 general election. In his second term, he chaired the Health committee. During his tenure as chair, the committee ran an inquiry into euthanasia which did not propose any changes to the law.
O'Connor was re-elected at both the 2017 general election and the 2020 general election. National was in opposition after these two elections. O'Connor held various National Party spokesperson roles during this period, including corrections (2017 to 2023), customs (2018 to 2023), arts, culture and heritage (2020 to 2023) and internal affairs (two separate periods in 2021 and 2023). He briefly resigned his portfolios in late 2021 when his brother-in-law, Simon Bridges, was demoted by National leader Judith Collins. He chaired the Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade committee from 2017 to 2020 and was a member of the Justice committee from 2021 to 2023.
Since 2020, O'Connor was a co-chair of the Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China (IPAC), an international group of legislators working towards reform on how democratic countries approach China, and specifically, the Chinese Communist Party. In December 2020, he and fellow IPAC member Louisa Wall urged New Zealand to speak out against China's alleged "coercive diplomacy" and support Australia in the face of diplomatic and economic pressure from China. In August 2022, O'Connor, fellow IPAC member Labour MP Ingrid Leary, and other members from Australia, India and Japan launched a new local Indo-Pacific chapter to focus on increased Chinese militarisation in that region.
Defeat at the 2023 general election
On 30 September 2022, it was reported that three unknown people had launched campaigns to replace O'Connor as the National party's Tāmaki candidate at the 2023 New Zealand general election. On 21 October, O'Connor's challengers were identified as lawyer Andrew Grant and restaurant proprietor Sang Cho. Grant had publicly opposed "tough on crime" rhetoric. Ultimately, the challenge was unsuccessful and O'Connor was confirmed as the National Party candidate for Tāmaki at a party meeting in November 2022.
In late April 2023, ACT New Zealand confirmed that its deputy leader Brooke van Velden would be contesting O'Connor's Tāmaki electorate in a "two ticks" campaign during the 2023 general election. ACT leader David Seymour cited O'Connor's socially conservative views on abortion and euthanasia as factors in ACT's decision to seriously contest O'Connor's' seat. In August 2023, the National Party announced its party list for the election. O'Connor's position was 54th, down from 35th in 2020. An opinion poll released on 2 October showed van Velden tied with O'Connor. On election day, van Velden was ahead by 4,500 votes. Due to O'Connor's low list ranking, he was not eligible to return to Parliament.
Political views
O'Connor was one of National's most conservative MPs and a member of a subgroup of evangelical Christian National MPs known as "the Taliban". In conscience votes, O'Connor voted:
against raising the drinking age from 18 in 2012;
against the Marriage (Definition of Marriage) Amendment Bill in 2013, a bill allowing same-sex couples to marry in New Zealand;
against changing the flag of New Zealand during the 2015–2016 New Zealand flag referendums;
in support of a bill to allow Easter Sunday trading in 2016;
against the End of Life Choice Bill in 2017 and 2019;
against the Abortion Legislation Bill in 2019 and 2020; and
against the Conversion Practices Prohibition Legislation Bill in 2022.
O'Connor has received criticism for comments he has made in relation to his conservative views.
On 10 September 2017, two weeks before the general election and on World Suicide Prevention Day, O'Connor posted on Facebook that it was "strange" how Labour leader Jacinda Ardern was "concerned about youth suicide" but was "happy to encourage the suicide of the elderly, disabled, and sick" by way of her support of the End of Life Choice Bill. The post was condemned by some politicians and social media.
In March 2020, he attracted attention for a statement he made as part of his speech in opposition to the third reading of the Abortion Legislation Bill, where he repeated a quotation from the Bible in Latin: "Mihi vindicta: ego retribuam, dicit Dominus," which is translated as "Vengeance is mine; I will repay, saith the Lord.” The contrast between this and the criticisms of the bill's opponents in the speech given in support of it by Amy Adams was noted by journalist Richard Harman as a public expression of deep divisions on the issue between liberals and conservatives within the National Party caucus.
O'Connor was one of only eight MPs to vote against the Conversion Practices Prohibition Legislation Act 2022. In early February, O'Connor spoke against the Bill during its second reading, claiming during his speech that banning conversion therapy would erase gay and lesbian individuals, who would then be encouraged to live as transgender people. He also claimed that the Bill violated free speech by focusing on "hurt feelings." O'Connor's remarks were described as "transphobic and cringeworthy" by LGBT activist Shaneel Lal, who contended that he underestimated the ability of queer children to have dialogue with their parents. Similar sentiments were echoed by Auckland Councillor Richard Hills and Labour MP Marja Lubeck. The Bill passed its third and final reading on 15 February 2022, becoming law.
In late June 2022, O'Connor published a Facebook post welcoming the United States Supreme Court's overtuning of Roe v. Wade. He subsequently removed the post after National Party leader Christopher Luxon stated that the post was "causing distress" and did not represent the party's position on abortion. In response to the controversy around O'Connor's post, several Tāmaki residents called for O'Connor to resign as their Member of Parliament. By contrast, former National MP Alfred Ngaro defended O'Connor's freedom of expression and accused Luxon of silencing National MPs. On 28 June, O'Connor apologised to his National Party colleagues for the hurt and distress that his Facebook post had caused. He denied that he had been "gagged" by Luxon and explained that he had offered to taken down the post because it had attracted " toxic and unhealthy" comments.
In March 2023, O’Connor apologised after making comments in Parliament that linked the 2023 Nashville school shooting to remarks that Marama Davidson, co-leader of the Greens, had made about white cisgender men.
Personal life
On 10 December 2016, he married Rachel Trimble, the sister of fellow National MP Simon Bridges, and has five step children.
References
External links
Profile at the New Zealand Parliament website
On Point podcast
1976 births
Living people
New Zealand National Party MPs
New Zealand Roman Catholics
New Zealand MPs for Auckland electorates
New Zealand monarchists
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
21st-century New Zealand politicians
Unsuccessful candidates in the 2008 New Zealand general election
Candidates in the 2011 New Zealand general election
Candidates in the 2014 New Zealand general election
Candidates in the 2017 New Zealand general election
Candidates in the 2020 New Zealand general election
Unsuccessful candidates in the 2023 New Zealand general election |
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