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CHEM-001 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Compound A is a green volatile solid composed of three elements, with the chemical formula written as XYmZn, where n is equal to the square of m. A can be prepared by a metathesis reaction between B and C in an anhydrous system, with the other product being D. B is a yellow or green solid and is toxic. D was once used as a substitute for table salt but was discontinued due to its toxicity to the nervous system. Write the chemical formula of A.",
"zh": "化合物A是一种绿色易挥发固体，由三种元素组成，化学式可写作XYmZn，其中n等于m的平方。A可由B和C在无水体系下发生复分解反应制备，另一产物为D。B为黄色或绿色固体，有毒，D曾用作食盐替代品，因为对神经系统毒性而停用。写出A的化学式。"
} | \(U(BH_4)_4\) |
CHEM-002 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "The reaction mechanism is as follows:\n\n1. \\( \\text{BrO}_3^- + \\text{Br}^- + \\text{H}^+ \\xrightarrow{k_1} \\text{X} + \\text{Y} \\)\n2. \\( \\text{X} + \\text{Br}^- + \\text{H}^+ \\xrightarrow{k_2} \\text{Y} \\)\n3. \\( \\text{Ce}^{3+} + \\text{BrO}_3^- + \\text{X} + \\text{H}^+ \\xrightarrow{k_3} \\text{Ce}^{4+} + \\text{X} + \\text{H}_2\\text{O} \\)\n4. \\( \\text{X} \\xrightarrow{k_4} \\text{BrO}_3^- + \\text{Y} + \\text{H}^+ \\)\n5. \\( \\text{Ce}^{4+} + \\text{HOOCCHBrCOOH} + \\text{H}_2\\text{O} \\xrightarrow{k_5} \\text{Br}^- + \\text{Ce}^{3+} + \\text{HCOOH} + \\text{CO}_2 + \\text{H}^+ + \\text{H}_2 \\)\n\nwhere \\( k_1 \\), \\( k_2 \\), \\( k_3 \\), \\( k_4 \\), \\( k_5 \\) are the rate constants for each step of the reaction. Based on this mechanism, write the reaction rate equations for the key intermediate products \\( \\text{Br}^- \\) and \\( \\text{Ce}^{4+} \\) (it is necessary to determine the specific substances represented by \\( \\text{X} \\) and \\( \\text{Y} \\)).",
"zh": "某反应机理如下\n\n1. \\( \\text{BrO}_3^- + \\text{Br}^- + \\text{H}^+ \\xrightarrow{k_1} \\text{X} + \\text{Y} \\)\n2. \\( \\text{X} + \\text{Br}^- + \\text{H}^+ \\xrightarrow{k_2} \\text{Y} \\)\n3. \\( \\text{Ce}^{3+} + \\text{BrO}_3^- + \\text{X} + \\text{H}^+ \\xrightarrow{k_3} \\text{Ce}^{4+} + \\text{X} + \\text{H}_2\\text{O} \\)\n4. \\( \\text{X} \\xrightarrow{k_4} \\text{BrO}_3^- + \\text{Y} + \\text{H}^+ \\)\n5. \\( \\text{Ce}^{4+} + \\text{HOOCCHBrCOOH} + \\text{H}_2\\text{O} \\xrightarrow{k_5} \\text{Br}^- + \\text{Ce}^{3+} + \\text{HCOOH} + \\text{CO}_2 + \\text{H}^+ + \\text{H}_2 \\)\n\n式中\\( k_1 \\)、\\( k_2 \\)、\\( k_3 \\)、\\( k_4 \\)、\\( k_5 \\)分别为各步反应的速率常数，基于以上机理，写出关键中间产物\\( \\text{Br}^- \\)及\\( \\text{Ce}^{4+} \\)的反应速率方程（需求出X、Y代表的具体物质）。"
} | \[ \frac{d[\text{Br}^-]}{dt} = -k_1[\text{Br}^-][\text{BrO}_3^-] - k_2[\text{HBrO}_2][\text{Br}^-] + k_5[\text{Ce}^{4+}] \]
\[ \frac{d[\text{Ce}^{4+}]}{dt} = 2k_3[\text{BrO}_3^-][\text{Br}^-] - k_5[\text{Ce}^{4+}] \] |
CHEM-003 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Compound X is a colorless to yellow liquid. Although it is inorganic, it is commonly used in organic reactions. X hydrolyzes to produce A and B, where A contains two elements with mass fractions of approximately 50% each. B reacts with P, a yellow-red liquid with a foul odor, to produce another irritating liquid Q. P and Q share the same structure and are both non-planar, but Q has a higher melting point and a molar mass 89 units greater than that of P. Write the chemical formula of X. ",
"zh": "化合物X是一种无色至黄色液体，虽然是无机物，但多用于有机反应。X水解生成A和B，其中A中含有两种元素，质量分数大约分别为50%。B与黄红色具有恶臭味液体P反应生成另一刺激性液体Q。P和Q具有相同的结构，且均为非平面型，但Q具有更高的熔点，摩尔质量比Q大89。写出X的化学式。"
} | SOBr2 |
CHEM-004 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Consider a circular DNA plasmid cut at one site by a restriction endonuclease, and the two ends are free to perform a random walk in three-dimensional space. Assume a discrete random walk on a three-dimensional lattice, and the number of steps \\(N\\) is an even number. Find the probability that the two ends meet after \\(N\\) steps.",
"zh": "考虑一个被限制性内切酶在一处切开的环状DNA质粒，两个末端可以自由地在三维空间中进行随机行走。假设在离散情况下在三维格子中进行随机行走，且步数N是一个偶数，求N步之后两个末端相遇的概率。"
} | \[
\sum_{n_1=0}^{N/2} \sum_{n_2=0}^{N/2-n_1} \frac{N!}{[n_1! n_2! (N/2-n_1-n_2)!]^2} \left(\frac{1}{6}\right)^N.
\] |
CHEM-005 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "In a chromium(III) chloride solution, reduction with zinc amalgam yields A. Then, adding acetic acid gives B. The B molecule is centrosymmetric, with a coordination number of 6 for Cr, and the mass fraction of Cr in B is 27.64%. Write the chemical formula of B.",
"zh": "在三氯化铬溶液中用锌汞齐还原得到A，再加入醋酸得到B。B分子呈现中心对称，其中Cr的配位数为6，且质量分数为27.64%。写出B的化学式。"
} | Cr2(OAc)4·2H2O |
CHEM-006 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "After an oxime compound is activated by TsCl, it can undergo rearrangement under strongly alkaline conditions to yield an α-amino-substituted carbonyl compound. A certain group hoped to use this method to introduce an amino group at the α-position of n-butanal in order to prepare α-amino acids in subsequent steps, but did not obtain the expected product. Instead, product A was obtained. Please write the structural formula of A.",
"zh": "肟化合物被TsCl活化后在强碱性条件下可以发生重排得到α氨基取代的羰基化合物。某小组希望用此方法在正丁醛的α位引入氨基以在后续制备α氨基酸，但没有获得预期产物，反而得到A，请写出A的结构简式。"
} | CH3CH2CH2CN |
CHEM-007 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Consider the Boltzmann entropy\n\\[ S = k_B \\ln \\Omega \\]\nFor an ideal gas where particles have energy levels \\( \\varepsilon_0, \\varepsilon_1, \\varepsilon_2, \\ldots \\). For a system of \\( N \\) such particles, with \\( n_j \\) particles in energy level \\( \\varepsilon_j \\), \\( j = 0, 1, 2, \\ldots \\), the entropy of the system is given by the formula:\n\\[ S = k_B \\ln \\left( \\frac{N!}{\\prod_{j=0}^{\\infty} n_j!} \\right) \\]\nsubject to the condition \\( N = \\sum_{j=0}^{\\infty} n_j \\).\nNow, a small amount of energy is injected into the system such that a single particle is promoted from energy level \\( \\varepsilon_0 \\) to \\( \\varepsilon_j \\). Using the above definitions, write an expression for \\( dS \\), the change in the entropy of the system.",
"zh": "考虑玻尔兹曼熵\n\\[ S = k_B \\ln \\Omega \\]\n现有理想气体，其粒子具有能量级 \\( \\varepsilon_0, \\varepsilon_1, \\varepsilon_2, \\ldots \\)。对于一个包含 \\( N \\) 个这样的粒子的系统，其中 \\( n_j \\) 个粒子处于能量级 \\( \\varepsilon_j \\)，\\( j = 0, 1, 2, \\ldots \\)，系统的熵由以下公式给出：\n\\[ S = k_B \\ln \\left( \\frac{N!}{\\prod_{j=0}^{\\infty} n_j!} \\right) \\]\n在满足条件 \\( N = \\sum_{j=0}^{\\infty} n_j \\) 的情况下。\n现在，向系统中注入少量能量，使得单个粒子从能量级 \\( \\varepsilon_0 \\) 被提升到 \\( \\varepsilon_j \\)。使用上述定义，写出 \\( dS \\)，即系统熵的变化的表达式。"
} | \[
dS = k_B \ln\left( \frac{n_0}{n_j + 1} \right)
\] |
CHEM-008 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "The metallic element M has only one natural isotope and exhibits multiple valence states in compounds. Binary compounds of M with chalcogen or halogen elements have a variety of different stoichiometric ratios. A is a binary compound with a special structure formed by M and the non-metallic element X, in which the mass fraction of M is 28.54%. M and X form units with octahedral symmetry, and there are also X atoms connecting these units through M. Write the chemical formula of A.",
"zh": "金属元素M仅有一种天然同位素，在化合物中呈现多种价态。M与氧族、卤族元素二元化合物有多种不同的化学计量比。A是M与非金属元素X组成的一种具有特殊结构的二元化合物，其中M的质量分数为28.54%。M与X形成具有八面体对称性的单元，另有X原子通过M将这些单元连接。写出A的化学式。"
} | Nb6I11 |
CHEM-009 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "DNA binding proteins (such as transcription factors) can interact with DNA by specifically binding to the promoter region or non-specifically binding to other locations on the DNA. The binding energies for specific and non-specific binding are \\(\\varepsilon_s\\) and \\(\\varepsilon_{ns}\\) respectively. Let the number of copies of a particular DBP in an E. coli cell be \\(N_p\\), the number of specific binding sites be \\(N_s = 1\\) (i.e., there is only one promoter), and the number of non-specific binding sites on the chromosome be \\(N_{ns}\\).\n\nAssume that \\(N_{ns} \\gg N_p\\), then all the DBPs will bind to the DNA. In this case, the system has only two possible \"states\", either 1 DBP binds specifically to the promoter and \\(N_p - 1\\) bind non-specifically, or none bind to the promoter and all \\(N_p\\) DBPs bind non-specifically. Calculate the probability that the promoter of this system is bound. (If \\(N\\) is much larger than \\(x\\), the approximation \\(N!/(N - x)! \\approx N^x\\) can be used)",
"zh": "DNA结合蛋白（如转录因子）可以通过特异性结合到启动子区域或非特异性结合到DNA的其他位置与DNA相互作用。特异性和非特异性结合的能量分别为 \\(\\varepsilon_s\\) 和 \\(\\varepsilon_{ns}\\)。设大肠杆菌细胞中某种特定DBP的拷贝数为 \\(N_p\\)，特异性结合位点的数量为 \\(N_s = 1\\)（即只有一个启动子），染色体上的非特异性结合位点数量为 \\(N_{ns}\\)。\n假设 \\(N_{ns} \\gg N_p\\)，那么所有的DBP都将结合到DNA上。在这种情况下，系统只有两种可能的“状态”，即要么1个DBP特异性结合到启动子上而 \\(N_p-1\\) 个非特异性结合，要么没有结合到启动子上而所有 \\(N_p\\) 个DBP都是非特异性结合。计算该系统启动子被结合的概率。（若N远大于x可以使用近似 \\(N!/(N-x)! \\approx N^x\\)）"
} | \[ P_{\text{bound}} = \frac{1}{1 + \frac{N_{ns}}{N_p} \cdot \exp\left(\frac{\varepsilon_s - \varepsilon_{ns}}{k_B T}\right)} \] |
CHEM-010 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Penicillin sulfone can be converted to cephalosporin under the catalytic action of p-toluenesulfonic acid. If the sulfoxide oxygen atom is labeled with O18, in which substance will O18 mainly appear after the reaction?",
"zh": "盘尼西林砜在对甲苯磺酸催化作用下可转化为头孢霉素。若使用O18标记亚砜氧原子，反应后O18主要出现在哪种物质中？"
} | The water produced by the reaction |
CHEM-011 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Compound X is a crystal with a special structure, composed of three elements A, B, and C. Among them, the element A in its elemental form has a relatively low melting point. The anion in X has a trigonal bipyramidal structure, while the cation has an octahedral structure, and all elements in the cation exhibit their common oxidation states. The short-period element B is located at the center of the cation's octahedral structure, accounting for 1.180% of the mass fraction of X. In addition, there are free electrons in the crystal. Please write the chemical formula of X.",
"zh": "化合物X是一种具有特殊结构的晶体，由A,B,C三种元素组成，其中A单质具有较低的熔点。X中阴离子为三角双锥结构，而阳离子为八面体结构，且阳离子中元素均显示出常见价态，短周期元素B原子位于阳离子八面体中心，质量分数占X的1.180%。此外，晶体中还具有自由电子。请写出X的化学式。"
} | [Ba6N]Ga5 |
CHEM-012 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Salt A is insoluble in water. When it is fused together with oxide B which is also insoluble in water, salt C and a non-polar gaseous molecular oxide D are obtained. C is insoluble in water, but it can react with a certain acid E to yield F, G and water. F is insoluble in water, and G is a non-polar gaseous molecule. Given that the mass fraction of the metal element in A is 40.0%, write the chemical formula of G.",
"zh": "盐A难溶于水，与难溶于水的氧化物B共熔，得到盐C和非极性气体分子氧化物D。C难溶于水，但可以和某酸E反应得到F、G和水。F难溶于水，G为非极性气体分子。已知A中金属元素的质量分数为40.0%，写出G的化学式。"
} | SiF4 |
CHEM-013 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "When 1.0 mol of hydrogen peroxide without isotopes is dissolved in 1.0 mol of D₂O and the system reaches ion exchange equilibrium, find the entropy change of the mixing process (neglecting kinetic differences of isotopes).",
"zh": "当1.0mol不含同位素的过氧化氢溶于1.0mol D2O，体系达到离子交换平衡，求混合过程的熵变（忽略同位素的动力学差异）。"
} | 29J/(mol·K) |
CHEM-014 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "A diol compound has a primary and a tertiary hydroxyl group, and there is a double bond at the δ position of the tertiary hydroxyl group. A plan was made to perform Swern oxidation on the substrate, followed by protecting the tertiary hydroxyl group with TBSOTf, but the resulting product was the one where the secondary hydroxyl group was protected. Please write the name of the key named reaction that led to this product.",
"zh": "某二醇化合物的两个羟基分别为一级和三级羟基，而三级羟基δ位存在双键。现计划对底物进行Swern氧化，再用TBSOTf保护三级羟基，但结果得到二级羟基被保护的产物。请写出导致这一产物的关键人名反应名称。"
} | Prins reaction |
CHEM-015 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Trans-1,2-cyclohexanediamine ($\\text{C}_{6}\\text{H}_{14}\\text{N}_{2}$) is a common chelating ligand. Reacting with cobalt(II) chloride can prepare the complex $\\text{Co}(\\text{C}_{6}\\text{H}_{14}\\text{N}_{2})_{2}\\text{Cl}_{3}$. Please write the number of possible stereoisomers of this complex.",
"zh": "反式环己二胺(C6H14N2)是一种常见的螯合物配体，与二氯化钴反应可制备配合物Co(C6H14N2)2Cl3。请写出该配合物可能形成的立体异构体数目。"
} | 7 |
CHEM-016 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "A strongly reducing gas A reacts with a strongly reducing sodium salt B at 180°C to yield a sodium salt C and a simple substance D. Conductivity experiments show that C is of the sodium sulfate type, and the formula weight of the anion in C is 141.8, with high symmetry. Write the chemical formula of C.",
"zh": "强还原性气体A与强还原性钠盐B在180℃下反应，得到钠盐C和单质D。电导实验表明C为硫酸钠型，且C中阴离子的式量为141.8，具有较高对称性。写出C的化学式。"
} | Na2B12H12 |
CHEM-017 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Organic compound X is a constitutional isomer of cyclohexanol. X reacts with potassium thiocyanate to yield Y. Under light, Y decomposes to form an alkene C, which has a D2h point group. Write the name of Y.",
"zh": "有机物X为环己醇的同分异构体，X与硫氰化钾作用得到Y，在光照下，Y分解生成生成烯烃C，C具有D2h点群。写出Y的名称。"
} | Tetramethylthiirane |
CHEM-018 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "There are 0.51 mol of solute A in 500g of water, and the boiling point rises by 0.38 K. If the ebullioscopic constant of the solvent is 0.52 K·kg/mol. Assume that solute A undergoes trimerization in it, find its standard equilibrium constant.",
"zh": "在500g水中有0.51mol的溶质A，沸点升高0.38K，若溶剂的沸点升高常数为0.52K·kg/mol。假设溶质A在其中发生三聚反应，求其标准平衡常数。"
} | 0.72 |
CHEM-019 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "The compound TMSCH=CHCOPh (where TMS is the trimethylsilyl group) is refluxed with benzaldehyde and tributylphosphine to give a product with the molecular formula C16H14O. Write its structural formula.",
"zh": "化合物TMSCH=CHCOPh(其中TMS为三甲基硅基)与苯甲醛和三丁基膦一起回流，得到分子式为C16H14O的产物，写出其结构简式。"
} | PhCH2CH=CHCOPh and PhCH=CHCH2COPh, write one of them. |
CHEM-020 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Chloric acid can oxidize white phosphorus. Write the chemical reaction equation.",
"zh": "氯酸可将白磷氧化，写出反应方程式"
} | 10 HClO3 + 3 P4 + 18 H2O → 12 H3PO4 + 10 HCl |
CHEM-021 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "The metal Ni reacts with the cycloalkene A in a 1:2 ratio to yield molecule B. B has a high degree of symmetry, and its nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectrum shows that there are only two types of hydrogen atoms. When B burns in pure oxygen, the mass of the resulting solid is 27.15% of its original mass. Write the chemical formula of B.",
"zh": "金属Ni与环烯烃A以1:2反应得到分子B。B具有较高的对称性，核磁共振氢谱显示其中只有两种氢原子。B在纯氧中燃烧，得到的固体质量为原质量的27.15%。写出B的化学式。"
} | Ni(C8H12)2 |
CHEM-022 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "When hypophosphorous acid is added to an aqueous solution of copper(II) sulfate and heated to above 40°C, a reddish-brown insoluble substance A is obtained. X-ray diffraction shows that the crystal of A has a wurtzite structure. Write the chemical formula of A.",
"zh": "将次磷酸加入到硫酸铜的水溶液中，加热至40℃以上，得到红棕色难溶物A。X射线衍射表明A晶体为纤锌矿结构。写出A的化学式。"
} | CuH |
CHEM-023 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "(4-Methyl-3-cyclohexenyl)acetic acid reacts with trifluoroacetic anhydride. Given that the product does not contain fluorine, please write its molecular formula.",
"zh": "(4-甲基-3-环己烯基)乙酸与三氟乙酸酐反应，已知产物不含氟，请写出其分子式。"
} | C9H12O |
CHEM-024 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "As is well-known, the Mn element has multiple oxidation states, and correspondingly, it can also form a variety of oxides, such as MnO, MnO₂, etc. The thermodynamic constants of these compounds are shown in the following table:\n| | Mn | O₂ | MnO | Mn₃O₄ | Mn₂O₃ | MnO₂ |\n|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|\n| $\\Delta_f H_m^\\theta$ (kJ∙mol⁻¹) | 0 | 0 | - 385.2 | - 1387.8 | - 959.0 | - 520.0 |\n| $S_m^\\theta$ (J∙mol⁻¹∙K⁻¹) | 32.0 | 205.2 | 59.7 | 155.7 | 110.5 | 53.1 |\n3-1 Through calculations, respectively point out which manganese oxide is the most stable form of existence under standard state and at what temperature conditions.\n3-2 If an excess of MnSO₄ is added to a previously evacuated reaction vessel and heated to 1030 °C, the total pressure of the gas after equilibrium is 103.7 kPa. Given that the equilibrium constant for the dissociation reaction of SO₃ at 1030 °C is 0.504 mol∙L⁻¹, find the pressure of SO₂ in the mixture.",
"zh": "众所周知，Mn元素有多种氧化态，而相应的，它也可以形成多种氧化物，如MnO、MnO2等，这些化合物的热力学常数如下表所示 \n Mn O2 MnO Mn3O4 Mn2O3 MnO2 \n∆_f H_m^θ (kJ∙mol^(-1)) 0 0 -385.2 -1387.8 -959.0 -520.0 \nS_m^θ (J∙mol^(-1)∙K^(-1)) 32.0 205.2 59.7 155.7 110.5 53.1 \n3-1通过计算分别指出，标准状态下哪种锰的氧化物在何种温度条件下为最稳定的存在形式。 \n3-2若在一事先抽空的反应容器内加入过量MnSO4，加热至1030℃，平衡后气体的总压力为103.7kPa，已知SO3在1030℃时解离反应的平衡常数为0.504mol∙L^(-1)，求混合物中SO2的压强。"
} | " 3-1 0∽757.0K：MnO2 757.0K∽1233K：Mn3O4 1233K∽1843K：Mn2O3 1843K-5075K：MnO
3-2 p(SO_2)=0.747bar，p(SO_3)=0.050bar，p(O_2)=0.240bar （0.5 point）" |
CHEM-025 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "PdCl2(PPh3)2 is widely used as a catalyst in the carbonyl insertion reaction of halogenated aromatic compounds. Please write three reaction steps in the cycle (indicate the oxidation state of Pd, and irrelevant ligands can be omitted).",
"zh": "PdCl2(PPh3)2广泛用于卤代芳香化合物插羰基反应的催化剂，请写出循环过程中的三个反应步骤(注明Pd的氧化态，可省略无关配体)。"
} | Pd(0) + Ar-X → Ar-Pd(II)-X
Ar-Pd(II)-X + CO → Ar-C(O)-Pd(II)-X
Ar-C(O)-Pd(II)-X → Ar-C(O)-X + Pd(0) |
CHEM-026 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "N-Methylaniline can undergo rearrangement to give two products under the action of zinc chloride. Given that the rearrangement involves an SN2 process, please write the names of the two key electrically neutral intermediates of this reaction.",
"zh": "N-甲基苯胺在氯化锌的作用下可以发生重排得到两种产物。已知重排涉及SN2过程，请写出该反应的两个关键电中性中间产物的名称。"
} | Aniline, Chloromethane |
CHEM-027 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Organic compound A is a colorless liquid with a yogurt-like odor. The molecular formula of A is C4H8O2. A reacts with LDA, and the resulting anion has two planes of symmetry. Write the systematic name of A.",
"zh": "有机物A为无色液体，具有酸奶味。A的分子式为C4H8O2，A与LDA反应，生成的阴离子具有两个对称面。写出A的系统名称。"
} | 2-Methylpropanoic acid |
CHEM-028 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "An X-ray diffraction ($\\lambda = 0.169\\ nm$) of a cubic crystal system metal shows the first three peaks at $2\\theta = 45.1^{\\circ}$, $64.6^{\\circ}$, $81.6^{\\circ}$, corresponding to the crystal plane indices $(111)$, $(200)$, $(220)$ respectively. Calculate the atomic radius of this metal (unit: $nm$).",
"zh": "某立方晶系金属的X射线衍射（λ=0.169 nm）在2θ=45.1°、64.6°、81.6°处出现前三个峰，对应晶面指数分别为(111)、(200)、(220)。计算该金属的原子半径（单位：nm）。"
} | 0.134nm |
CHEM-029 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Suspend 61.2 grams (0.2 moles) of 1,3-Propylenediaminetertaacetic acid in 1 liter of water. With stirring, add 94.8 grams (0.3 moles) of barium hydroxide octahydrate. The heating of the mixture is continued until the hydroxide is completely dissolved, yielding another white crystalline substance. Then add a solution prepared by dissolving 56.2 grams (0.2 moles) of cobalt(II) sulfate heptahydrate in 200 milliliters of water, and heat on a steam bath for 1 hour. After cooling to room temperature, add 30 grams of activated carbon and 50 milliliters of 30% hydrogen peroxide. Pass a large flow of air into the solution for 20 hours to oxidize it. During this period, a trace of formaldehyde odor can be detected. Remove the mixture of precipitated barium sulfate and activated carbon, and wash it with 1 liter of cold water. Combine the washings with the filtrate, evaporate to 200 milliliters on a steam bath while passing air, and cool to room temperature. Crystallization then starts slowly. After 3 hours, add 300 milliliters of ethanol over 2 hours. Then place it in a cold storage overnight to allow crystallization. 82.5 grams (82% yield) of purple crystals are obtained. Given that the molar mass of the product is 1003.8, write its chemical formula.",
"zh": "将61.2克（0.2摩尔）丙二胺四乙酸悬浮于1升水中，在搅拌下，加入94.8克（0.3摩尔）八水合氢氧化钡。将混合物加热一直继续到氢氧化物完全溶解，生成另一种白色结晶性物质。接着加入用200毫升水溶解56.2克（0.2摩尔）七水合硫酸钴（Ⅱ）的溶液，在水蒸汽浴上加热1小时。冷却到室温后，加30克活性炭和50毫升30%过氧化氢。向溶液中通入大流量空气20小时使其氧化。在这期间可以检测出有微量的甲醛臭。除去沉淀出来的硫酸钡和活性炭的混合物，用1升冷水洗涤。把洗液与滤液合并，在水蒸汽浴上边通空气边蒸发到200毫升，冷却到室温，则慢慢地开始析出结晶。3小时后，用2小时加入300毫升乙醇。接着在冷库中放置一夜，使其结晶。得紫色结晶82.5克（产率82%）。已知产物摩尔质量为1003.8，写出其化学式。"
} | Ba[Co(C11H14N2O8)2]·8H2O |
CHEM-030 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "N-Phenylhydroxylamine can undergo rearrangement under the action of an acid. If methanol is used as the solvent, write the name of the reaction product.",
"zh": "N-苯基羟胺在酸作用下可以发生重排，若以甲醇为溶剂，写出反应产物名称。"
} | p-Anisidine (Para-methoxyaniline) |
CHEM-031 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Consider a continuous single-molecule chemical reaction that consists of N identical and irreversible elementary steps, each with a rate constant of k. Experimentally, it is found that the average waiting time for the formation of products is 689.0 milliseconds and the standard deviation is 243.6 milliseconds. Assuming that N is large, calculate k.",
"zh": "考虑一个连续的单分子化学反应，它包含N个相同且不可逆的基本步骤，每个步骤的速率常数为k。实验发现生成产物的等待时间平均为689.0毫秒，标准差为243.6毫秒。假设N很大，计算k。"
} | \[
11.6 \, \text{s}^{-1}
\] |
CHEM-032 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "An experimental group attempted to use 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene as the substrate and carry out a sulfonation reaction on it using concentrated sulfuric acid, obtaining product A. However, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy indicates that A has 6 kinds of hydrogen atoms with different chemical environments. Please write the name of A.",
"zh": "某实验小组试图以1,2,4,5-四甲基苯为底物，使用浓硫酸对其进行磺化反应，得到了产物A。但核磁谱表明A有6种化学环境的氢原子，请写出A的名称。"
} | 2,3,4,5-tetramethylbenzenesulfonic acid |
CHEM-033 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Organic compounds A and B can react with hydrochloric acid under the catalysis of a Lewis acid to yield an organic compound C with the molecular formula C₇H₇Cl. It is known that both A and C exhibit aromaticity, both A and B possess a threefold rotational axis, and both B and C contain a methylene group. Write the name of compound B.",
"zh": "有机物A、B与盐酸可以在Lewis酸的催化下发生反应，得到分子式为C7H7Cl的有机物C。已知A和C均具有芳香性，A和B均含有三重旋转轴，B和C均含有亚甲基。写出化合物B的名称。"
} | Paraformaldehyde or 1,3,5-trioxane |
CHEM-034 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "The acid dissociation constant of an indicator HIn is \\( K_a = 1.0\\times10^{-5} \\). In a solution with pH = 4.000, the molar absorption coefficients of HIn and In⁻ are \\( ε_{\\text{HIn}} = 200 \\, \\text{L·mol}^{-1}·\\text{cm}^{-1} \\) and \\( ε_{\\text{In}^{-}} = 1500 \\, \\text{L·mol}^{-1}·\\text{cm}^{-1} \\) respectively. The absorbance measured with a 1.00 cm cuvette is 0.620. Find the total concentration of the indicator in the solution.",
"zh": "某指示剂 HIn 的酸离解常数为 \\( K_a = 1.0 \\times 10^{-5} \\)。在 pH = 4.000 的溶液中，HIn 和 In⁻ 的摩尔吸光系数分别为 \\( ε_{\\text{HIn}} = 200 \\, \\text{L·mol⁻¹·cm⁻¹} \\) 和 \\( ε_{\\text{In⁻}} = 1500 \\, \\text{L·mol⁻¹·cm⁻¹} \\)。用 1.00 cm 比色皿测得吸光度为 0.620，求溶液中指示剂的总浓度。"
} | 0.00195mol/L |
CHEM-035 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "In industrial production, CO and H₂ can synthesize CH₃OH under the catalysis of ZnO/CuO: CO + 2H₂ = CH₃OH. At 298.15 K and \\(p^{\\theta}\\), the relevant data for each substance are as follows:\n| Substance | CO(g) | H₂(g) | CH₃OH(g) | CO₂(g) | H₂O(g) | O₂(g) |\n|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|\n| \\(\\Delta_{f}H_{m}^{\\theta}/(kJ\\cdot mol^{-1})\\) | - 110.5 | 0 | - 200.7 | - 393.5 | - 241.8 | 0 |\n| \\(S_{m}^{\\theta}/(J\\cdot mol^{-1}\\cdot K^{-1})\\) | 197.7 | 130.7 | 239.8 | 213.8 | 188.8 | 205.2 |\n\n3-1 Calculate \\(K^{\\theta}\\) for the above reaction at 498.15 K. (Assume that \\(\\Delta_{r}H_{m}^{\\theta}\\) and \\(\\Delta_{r}S_{m}^{\\theta}\\) are independent of temperature).\n\n3-2 Industrial production is carried out at 498.15 K, and the ratio of \\(n(CO):n(H_{2})\\) in the raw material gas is 1:2. Assuming that the reaction has reached equilibrium under the action of the catalyst, calculate the conversion rates of the raw materials at a total pressure of 10 bar and 100 bar respectively.\n\n3-3 If a small amount of air is mixed into the raw material gas, with \\(n(\\text{air}):n(CO) = 0.25:1\\). Let \\(x(O_{2})\\) in air be 0.20 and \\(x(N_{2})\\) be 0.80. Try to calculate the content of the main components of the outlet gas at a total pressure of 10 bar.",
"zh": "在工业化生产中，CO和H2可在ZnO/CuO催化下合成CH3OH： CO + 2H2 = CH3OH 在298.15K和pθ 下，各物质的相关数据如下： \n CO(g) H2(g) CH3OH(g) CO2(g) H2O(g) O2(g) \nΔfHmθ /（kJ∙mol-1) -110.5 0 -200.7 -393.5 -241.8 0 \nSmθ /（J∙mol-1∙K-1) 197.7 130.7 239.8 213.8 188.8 205.2 \n3-1计算498.15K下上述反应的Kθ 。（假设ΔrHmθ 和 ΔrSmθ 与温度无关） \n3-2工业生产是在498.15K下进行，原料气中n(CO)：n(H2)=1:2，假设在催化剂作用下反应已达到平衡，分别计算在总压为10bar和100bar时原料的转化率。 \n3-3若原料气中混入了少量空气，n(空气)\\:n(CO)=0.25:1 ，设空气中x(O2)为0.20，x(N2)为0.80，试计算总压为10bar时出口气体的主要组分的含量。"
} | 3-1 Kθ=0.010
3-2 Conversion rates are: 0.26 and 0.85 respectively
3-3 CO: 0.25, H2: 0.57, CH3OH: 0.079, CO2: 0.036, N2: 0.072 |
CHEM-036 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "A certain sublimable solid X can burn in air. 1.0425 g of solid X is weighed, and upon combustion, 0.8888 g of a solid product soluble in dilute sulfuric acid is obtained, along with the generation of carbon dioxide and water. The central atom of the X molecule is sp hybridized and is connected to two identical groups. Write the chemical formula of X.",
"zh": "某易升华固体X可在空气中燃烧。称取1.0425g固体X，燃烧得到0.8888g可溶于稀硫酸的固体产物，另有二氧化碳和水产生。X分子中心原子为sp杂化，且连接两个相同的基团。写出X的化学式。"
} | Zn(CH3)2 |
CHEM-037 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Methyl chloroacetate is refluxed with sodium azide in DMF for 12 hours to obtain the intermediate product A. A is refluxed with p-methoxybenzaldehyde under the alkaline condition of methanol/sodium methoxide to obtain the heterocyclic compound B. Write the name of B.",
"zh": "氯乙酸甲酯与叠氮化钠在DMF中回流12小时，得到中间产物A，A与对甲氧基苯甲醛在甲醇/甲醇钠的碱性条件下回流，得到杂环化合物B。写出B的名称。"
} | 7-methoxy-2-indolecarboxylate |
CHEM-038 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Under the action of LDA, (S)-2 - methylcyclooctanone reacts with 1 mol of methyl iodide. Please write the name of the major product (stereochemistry required).",
"zh": "在LDA作用下，(S)-2-甲基环辛酮与1mol碘甲烷反应，请写出主要产物的名称（要求立体化学）。"
} | (2R, 8S)-2,8-dimethylcyclooctanone |
CHEM-039 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Compound A is a common colorless liquid composed of elements X and Y, with a molecular weight of 34. Historically, it was hypothesized that molecule A has a certain structure, under which there is one type of chemically equivalent X atom and two types of chemically equivalent Y atoms. If both X and Y have three isotopes, then what is the number of isotopic isomers of this structure?",
"zh": "化合物A为常见无色液体，由元素X和Y组成，分子量为34。历史上曾假设A分子具有某种结构，该结构下有一种化学环境的X原子和两种化学环境的Y原子。若X和Y都有三种同位素，那么该结构的同位素异构体的数目为？"
} | 45 |
CHEM-040 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Write the point group of [PtCl₄]²⁻, and then based on this write the splitting pattern of the metal Pt's d-orbitals in the ligand field.",
"zh": "写出[PtCl₄]²⁻的点群，然后据此写出金属Pt的d轨道在配体场中的分裂方式。"
} | The D₄h point group. Splits into A₁g + B₁g + B₂g + Eg |
CHEM-041 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "1,2-Ethanedithiol is a commonly used reagent in the polarity reversal strategy for aldehyde compounds. A group replaced it with ethanedithiol to prepare thioacetals, and after adding a base, a gaseous organic compound was generated. Write the name of this product.",
"zh": "丙二硫醇是醛类化合物极性翻转策略中的常用试剂，某小组改用乙二硫醇制备缩硫醛，在加入碱后产生了某气体有机物，写出该产物的名称。"
} | Ethylene |
CHEM-042 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Using the methane hydration method to produce hydrogen, if the molar ratio of the raw material gas composition is $n_{(H_2O)}:n_{(CH_4)} = 5:1$, the reaction conditions are at atmospheric pressure and the temperature is 500°C. It is known that for each mole of water, the Gibbs free energy changes of the following two reactions are:\n$CH_4(g)+H_2O(g)\\to X(g)+H_2(g)$, $G_m^{\\Theta}(1) = 4.435\\ kJ/mol$\n$X(g)+H_2O(g)\\to Y(g)+H_2(g)$, $G_m^{\\Theta}(2)= - 6.633\\ kJ/mol$\nCalculate the mole fraction of hydrogen after reaching equilibrium and drying.",
"zh": "使用甲烷水化法制备氢气，若原料气组成的摩尔比为 n_(H_2O):n_(CH_4)=5:1，反应条件为常压，温度为500℃，已知每摩尔水发生下面两个反应自由能变为\nCH_4(g)+H_2O(g)→X(g)+H_2(g) ， G_m^Θ(1)=4.435kJ/mol\nX(g)+H_2O(g)→Y(g)+H_2(g) ， G_m^Θ(2)=-6.633kJ/mol\n试计算达到平衡并干燥后，氢气的摩尔分数。"
} | 0.77 |
CHEM-043 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Fluoride X has strong oxidizing properties. It reacts with ammonia to yield two gaseous simple substances and a salt. At room temperature, the density of the product gas is 69.85 g/mol. Determine the chemical formula of X.",
"zh": "氟化物X具有强氧化性，与氨气反应，得到两种单质气体和一种盐。常温下产物气体的密度为69.85g/mol。X的化学式。"
} | KrF2 |
CHEM-044 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "In an ethanol/sodium ethoxide system, hydrogen sulfide gas is introduced, and the inorganic product is A. React A with two equivalents of sulfur in ethanol, producing B and releasing a gas. Write the chemical formulas of A and B.",
"zh": "在乙醇/乙醇钠体系中通入硫化氢气体，产物中的无机物为A，将A与两当量的硫在乙醇中反应，产生B并放出气体。写出A、B的化学式。"
} | A: NaHS
B: Na2S5 |
CHEM-045 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "U238 undergoes α decay to obtain the nuclide X with a half-life of 4.5×10⁹ years. X can undergo β decay with a half-life of 24.1 days. There is initially 119 g of pure uranium. After one million years, identify what nuclide X is and calculate its mass.",
"zh": "U238发生α衰变得到核素X，半衰期为4.5*10^9年，X可发生β衰变，半衰期为24.1天。现有起始量为119g的纯铀，放置一百万年，指出得到的X是哪种核素，并计算其质量。"
} | X is Th234, with a mass of $1.7\times10^{-9}\ \text{g}$ |
CHEM-046 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Salt X is a compound that is highly soluble in water. It has been used in a variety of treatment methods and also as a rodenticide. When X reacts with Y in an aqueous solution, a highly alkaline compound is obtained, along with a common white precipitate Z. Given that the mass fraction of the metal element in X is approximately 81%, write its chemical formula.",
"zh": "盐X为易溶于水的化合物，曾被用来当作多种治疗手段使用，也曾被用作灭鼠剂。在X溶液中与Y反应，得到一种具有强烈碱性的化合物，并生成常见白色沉淀Z。已知X中金属元素的质量分数为约为81%，写出其化学式。"
} | Tl2SO4 |
CHEM-047 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "The condensation of propionaldehyde and ammonia molecules can synthesize pyridine compounds. Please write its systematic name.",
"zh": "丙醛与氨分子缩合可以合成吡啶化合物，请写出其系统名称。"
} | 3,5-dimethyl-2-ethylpyridine |
CHEM-048 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Weigh a certain solid sample with a mass \\( m = 0.500 \\, \\text{g} \\) (absolute error \\( \\Delta m = \\pm 0.002 \\, \\text{g} \\)), dissolve it and dilute to a volume \\( V = 100.00 \\, \\text{mL} \\) (absolute error \\( \\Delta V = \\pm 0.08 \\, \\text{mL} \\)). Given that the molar mass of this substance \\( M = 100.00 \\, \\text{g/mol} \\) with no error. Find the relative error and absolute error of the solution concentration \\( c \\).",
"zh": "称取某固体样品质量 \\( m = 0.500 \\, \\text{g} \\)（绝对误差 \\( \\Delta m = \\pm 0.002 \\, \\text{g} \\)），溶解并定容至 \\( V = 100.00 \\, \\text{mL} \\)（绝对误差 \\( \\Delta V = \\pm 0.08 \\, \\text{mL} \\)）。已知该物质的摩尔质量 \\( M = 100.00 \\, \\text{g/mol} \\)，无误差。求溶液浓度 \\( c \\) 的相对误差和绝对误差。"
} | Relative error is 0.406%, absolute error is 0.000203 mol/L |
CHEM-049 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Compared to an ideal rubber band, in reality the force experienced by a rubber band is not linear with \\(L\\), but includes a cubic term:\n\\[ f = bT \\frac{L}{L_0} \\left( 1 - \\left( \\frac{L_0}{L} \\right)^3 \\right) \\]\nTherefore, the energy of the rubber band is expressed as:\n\\[ E = ab^2 L_0 T^2 \\]\nwhere \\(a\\) and \\(b\\) are constants. Calculate \\(\\Delta S\\) and \\(\\Delta A\\) when the rubber band is stretched from \\(L_0\\) to \\(L\\).",
"zh": "与理想橡皮筋相比，实际上橡皮筋所经历的力与 \\( L \\) 并非线性关系，而是包含一个三次项：\n\\[ f = bT \\frac{L}{L_0} \\left( 1 - \\left( \\frac{L_0}{L} \\right)^3 \\right) \\]\n因此，橡皮筋的能量表示为：\n\\[ E = ab^2 L_0 T^2 \\]\n其中 \\( a \\) 和 \\( b \\) 是常数。计算橡皮筋从 \\( L_0 \\) 拉伸到 \\( L \\) 时的 \\( \\Delta S \\) 和 \\( \\Delta A \\)"
} | \[
\Delta S = -b \left( \frac{L^2}{2L_0} - \frac{3L_0}{2} + \frac{L_0^2}{L} \right)
\]
\[
\Delta A = bT \left( \frac{L^2}{2L_0} - \frac{3L_0}{2} + \frac{L_0^2}{L} \right)
\] |
CHEM-050 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Oxide A is a pale yellow-green solid, and the mass fraction of oxygen is about 17%. A reacts with gas B at high temperature to produce C and D. When the temperature drops, A is regenerated. C is a white volatile solid at room temperature and is the main raw material for preparing the negative conductive adhesive of laminated batteries and ITO films. D is a common colorless solvent. Write the chemical formulas of A-D.",
"zh": "氧化物A为浅黄绿色固体，氧的质量分数约为17%。A在高温下和气体B反应，生成C和D，当温度降低后重新生成A。C在常温下为白色易挥发固体，是用来制备叠层电池负极导电胶、ITO薄膜的主要原料。D为常见无色溶剂。写出A-D的化学式。"
} | A is In2O3, B is HCl, C is InCl3, D is H2O |
CHEM-051 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Compound A is a yellow-green solid that reacts with water to form an acid B. Passing the gaseous compound C into B produces a precipitate D. It is known that the cation and anion in D have the same configuration, but the molar mass of the cation is more than 10 times that of the anion. Please write the chemical formula of D.",
"zh": "化合物A为黄绿色固体，与水反应生成一种酸B。在B中通入气体化合物C生成沉淀D。已知D中阴阳离子构型相同，但阳离子的摩尔质量是阴离子的10倍以上。请写出D的化学式。"
} | [NH4]ReO4 |
CHEM-052 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "A signaling molecule (regarded as a sphere with a radius of 2.0 nm) starts from the endoplasmic reticulum 2.0 μm away from the cell membrane and diffuses in the cytoplasm (with an effective viscosity η = 0.0030 Pa·s, T = 37℃). Calculate the average time (in seconds) the protein needs to reach the cell membrane (the cell is regarded as a sphere with a diameter of 10 μm) for the first time, ignoring any obstacles encountered.",
"zh": "某信号分子（视为半径2.0 nm的球）从距离细胞膜2.0 μm的内质网出发，在细胞质（有效粘度η=0.0030 Pa·s，T=37℃）中扩散。计算该蛋白质需首次抵达细胞膜（细胞视为直径10 μm的球）经历的平均时间（单位为秒，忽略遇到的障碍）。"
} | 0.070s |
CHEM-053 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "A group uses cyclohexene as a raw material to react with peroxyacid to obtain epoxide A in order to synthesize steroid compounds, and then uses the Grignard reagent PhCH2CH2MgBr to react with the epoxide to obtain B. However, in fact, their product is a five-membered ring compound C. Please write the name of C.",
"zh": "某小组为合成甾体化合物以环己烯为原料与过氧酸反应得到环氧化物A，再使用格氏试剂PhCH2CH2MgBr与环氧化合物反应得到B。然而，实际上它们的产物为五元环化合物C，请写出C的名称。"
} | 1-Cyclopentylphenylpropanol |
CHEM-054 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Compound A has extremely strong oxidizing properties and is obtained by the reaction of elemental X and gaseous elemental Y at low temperatures. The decomposition of A can also produce Y, while in a humid environment, it produces another toxic and corrosive gas B. It is known that the mass fraction of element Y in A is 27.48%. Write the chemical formula of A.",
"zh": "化合物A具有极强的氧化性，在低温下由单质X和气体单质Y反应得到。A分解也可产生Y，而在潮湿环境中则产生另一种具有毒性和腐蚀性的气体B。已知A中Y元素的质量分数为27.48%。写出A的化学式。"
} | HgF4 |
CHEM-055 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "14 grams of nickel sulfate heptahydrate ($\\ce{NiSO4·7H2O}$) is dissolved in water. With thorough stirring, it is poured into an aqueous solution prepared from 10 grams of potassium bicarbonate. The precipitated nickel carbonate mixture is boiled until no more bubbles are formed, followed by suction filtration. This blue-green carbonate is pressed firmly on the funnel and washed thoroughly with hot water. A mixture of 5–6 mL of glacial acetic acid and about 10 mL of water is added, allowing it to flow through the filter paper. The mixture is heated on a boiling water bath until the carbonate dissolves, then cooled. The resulting nickel(II) acetate is dissolved in a very small amount of water (with a little acetic acid added to prevent hydrolysis). Separately, 60 grams of ammonium acetate and 40 grams of sodium nitrite are dissolved in a very small amount of water. To prevent the temperature from dropping due to the dissolution of the salts, thorough stirring and gentle heating are applied. If necessary, the resulting solution is suction filtered. This solution is mixed with the above-mentioned aqueous nickel(II) acetate solution, then 30 mL of concentrated ammonia water is added, and the mixture is stirred thoroughly at room temperature. A red, lustrous complex salt soon begins to precipitate. This process is completed in about 1 hour. After standing overnight, the viscous mother liquor is removed by decantation. The precipitate is immersed in ethanol, transferred to a funnel along with the ethanol, washed well with ethanol, and dried at room temperature to obtain red, orthorhombic plate-like crystals A. In an ammonia gas environment, A is converted into purple crystals B with a molar mass of 253. Write the chemical formula of A.",
"zh": "将14克水合硫酸镍NiSO₄·7H₂O溶于水，在充分搅拌下注入到由10克碳酸氢钾配成的水溶液中，把沉淀出来的碳酸镍混合物煮沸到不再起泡，接着抽滤。将这种蓝绿色碳酸盐在漏斗上经充分挤压，用热水充分洗涤。加入5~6毫升冰醋酸和大约10毫升水的混合物，使其从滤纸上流过去。在沸腾水浴上加热到碳酸盐溶解，接着冷却，把生成的乙酸镍（Ⅱ）用极少量的水溶解（加少量乙酸以防止水解）。另取60克乙酸铵和40克亚硝酸钠用极少量水溶解。这时为了防止由于盐的溶解而使温度下降，要充分搅拌并轻微加热。如有必要可将生成的溶液进行抽滤。将此溶液和上述乙酸镍（Ⅱ）水溶液混合，然后加入30毫升浓氨水，在室温下充分搅拌。具有红色光泽的络盐很快就开始沉淀出来。这个过程大约1小时就可完成。放置一夜后，用倾析法把具有粘度的母液除去。把沉淀浸入乙醇中，和乙醇一起移到漏斗上，用乙醇很好洗涤，在室温下干燥，得到红色斜方板状结晶A。在氨气环境中，A转化为摩尔质量253的紫色结晶B。写出A的化学式。"
} | Ni(NO2)2(NH3)4 |
CHEM-056 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Turing patterns can be described by a dimensionless set of dynamic equations:\n1. \\(\\frac{\\partial u}{\\partial t} = c\\Delta u + f(u, v)\\)\n2. \\(\\frac{\\partial v}{\\partial t} = d\\Delta u + g(u, v)\\)\nwhere \\(u\\) and \\(v\\) are system variables, representing the concentrations of two substances participating in a chemical reaction respectively, \\(c\\) and \\(d\\) are diffusion coefficients, \\(\\Delta u\\) is the diffusion term.\n\nUnder a certain system:\n\\[ c = \\varepsilon^2, \\quad d = \\frac{\\kappa}{\\eta}, \\quad f(u, v) = \\frac{u^2}{v} - u, \\]\n\\[ g(u, v) = \\frac{u^2}{\\varepsilon \\eta} - \\frac{v}{\\eta}, \\]\nwhere the coefficients \\(\\kappa, \\eta, \\varepsilon\\) are the system's control parameters. Let \\(\\eta = 0.10\\), \\(\\varepsilon = 0.040\\). To make the system have eigenvalues with positive real parts, find the range of values of \\(\\kappa\\).",
"zh": "图灵斑图可以用无量纲化的动力学方程组描述\n1. \\(\\frac{\\partial u}{\\partial t} = c\\Delta u + f(u, v)\\)\n2. \\(\\frac{\\partial v}{\\partial t} = d\\Delta u + g(u, v)\\)\n其中u和v是系统变量，分别代表参与化学反应的两种物质的浓度，c和d是扩散系数，Δu为扩散项，\n某体系下\n\\[ c = \\varepsilon^2, \\quad d = \\frac{\\kappa}{\\eta}, \\quad f(u, v) = \\frac{u^2}{v} - u, \\]\n\\[ g(u, v) = \\frac{u^2}{\\varepsilon \\eta} - \\frac{v}{\\eta}, \\]\n其中系数 \\(\\kappa, \\eta, \\varepsilon\\) 为系统的控制参数，令 \\(\\eta = 0.10\\), \\(\\varepsilon = 0.040\\)。为使系统有正实部特征值，求\\(\\kappa\\)的取值范围。"
} | κ>0.0093 |
CHEM-057 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Potassium bifluoride has relatively strong acidity, but after adding a certain common weak acid to the solution, the solution exhibits alkalinity. Please write the reaction equation.",
"zh": "二氟氢化钾具有较强的酸性，但在溶液种加入某常见弱酸后，溶液呈现出碱性。请写出反应方程式。"
} | \(2KHF_2+B(OH)_3=KBF_4+KOH+2H_2O\) |
CHEM-058 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Organic compound A has a molecular weight of 89. It is converted into organic compound B under acidic conditions, and two inorganic substances C and D are produced. Among them, molecule C belongs to the $C_{\\infty v}$ point group, molecule D belongs to the $C_{2v}$ point group, and B contains only one type of chemically equivalent hydrogen atom. Write the names of A, B, C, and D.",
"zh": "有机化合物A分子量为89，在酸性条件转化为有机物B，并产生两种无机物C和D。其中C分子为C∞v点群，D分子为C2v点群，而B中仅含一种化学环境的氢原子。写出A、B、C、D的名称。"
} | A:2-nitropropane B:acetone C:nitrous oxide D:H20 |
CHEM-059 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-059.png | {
"en": "As shown in the scanning tunneling microscope image of the silicon surface, write its corresponding crystal plane indices.",
"zh": "如图为硅表面扫描隧道显微镜图，写出其对应的晶面指标。"
} | {111} |
CHEM-060 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-060.png | {
"en": "The crystal projection of a certain metal-organic framework is shown as follows. The green spheres are Zr atoms, the red spheres are O atoms, the black spheres are C atoms, and hydrogen is not shown. Given that this crystal contains no water of crystallization, please write its chemical formula.",
"zh": "某金属有机框架的晶体投影如图所示，其中绿色球为Zr原子，红色球为O原子，黑色球为C原子，而氢在其中未表示出。已知该晶体不含结晶水，请写出其化学式。"
} | C84H52O32Zr6 |
CHEM-061 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-061.png | {
"en": "Please write down the corresponding numbers of carbon atoms A-G on the ring in the product to those in the reactant in the conversion shown in the figure in sequence.",
"zh": "请按顺序依次写出如图所示的转化中，产物环上碳原子A-G在反应物中对应的编号。"
} | 7342165 |
CHEM-062 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-062.png | {
"en": "The molecular weight of a certain compound is 176, and its infrared spectrum is as shown in the figure. Please write its name.",
"zh": "某化合物的分子量为176，其红外光谱如图所示，请写出其名称"
} | 1,2-dimethyl-3-phenyl-1,3-dione |
CHEM-063 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-063.png | {
"en": "The figure shows the adsorption curve of CO gas on charcoal at 273 K. Please use the Langmuir adsorption model to estimate the ratio of the adsorption rate constant \\(k_a\\) to the desorption rate constant \\(k_d\\).",
"zh": "图为273 K下，CO气体在木炭上的吸附曲线，请使用Langmuir吸附模型，估算吸附速率常数ka与脱附速率常数kd的比值。"
} | 7.51x10^-3 kPa^-1 |
CHEM-064 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-064.png | {
"en": "The number of chiral carbon atoms in the compound shown in the figure is",
"zh": "如图所示的化合物中手性碳原子数目为"
} | 8 |
CHEM-065 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-065.png | {
"en": "The binary phase diagram of Pb-Bi is shown as follows. Please write the phases that form partially miscible solid solutions.",
"zh": "Pb-Bi的二组分相图如图所示，请写出其中形成部分互溶固溶体的相。"
} | 2, 5, 9 (Look at the three-phase horizontal lines) |
CHEM-066 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-066.png | {
"en": "The reaction yields an ionic compound A. Please calculate the ratio of the molar masses of its cation and anion (accurate to three decimal places).",
"zh": "反应得到离子化合物A，请计算其阴阳离子摩尔质量之比（精确到小数点后第三位）。"
} | 0.689 (corresponding chemical formula is [C20H28Br]Br3, incorrect chemical formulas will not receive points) |
CHEM-067 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-067.png | {
"en": "Write the chemical formula of the key organic reagent for the following transformation. It is known that the by-product of this reaction is a common organic solvent with a molecular weight of 78.",
"zh": "写出实现下面转化的关键有机试剂的化学式，已知该反应副产物为某分子量78的常见有机溶剂。"
} | CH2=SO(CH3)2 |
CHEM-068 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-068.png | {
"en": "Write the structural formula of the other reactant in this transformation (using R to represent).",
"zh": "写出该转化的另一个反应物的结构简式（用R表示）"
} | CH3N=CHR |
CHEM-069 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-069.png | {
"en": "The diffraction pattern of 18Cr2Ni4W under a transmission electron microscope is shown in the figure. The camera constant is 2.008 mm·nm. Determine the unit cell parameter a of this substance.",
"zh": "18Cr2Ni4W在透射电镜下衍射花样如图所示，相机常数为2.008mm·nm，求该物质的晶胞参数a。"
} | 0.284nm |
CHEM-070 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-070.png | {
"en": "Write the main reaction conditions required for the following transformation.",
"zh": "写出下面转化所需的主要反应条件"
} | \( h\nu \) |
CHEM-071 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-071.png | {
"en": "Write the structural formulas of the key organic reagents for the following transformation.",
"zh": "写出实现下面转化的关键有机试剂的结构简式。"
} | CH3C≡CN(C2H5)2 |
CHEM-072 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-072.png | {
"en": "A certain complex of Yb has the structure shown in the figure, and the number of its stereoisomers is",
"zh": "Yb的某配合物具有如图所示的结构，其立体异构体的数量为"
} | 5 |
CHEM-073 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-073.png | {
"en": "The following is the XRD characterization diagram of the system at different stages during the reaction process. The \"■\", \"●\", \"○\", \"▽\", \"◆\" represent five different substances: TiC, Al, Al₃Ti, Ti, and C. Please write the chemical formulas of the substances they represent in the order of \"■\", \"●\", \"○\", \"▽\", \"◆\".",
"zh": "下图是对反应进程中处于不同阶段的体系 XRD 表征图，其中的“■”、“●”、“○”、“▽”、“◆”代表了 TiC、Al、Al3Ti、Ti、C 五种不同的物质。请按照“■”、“●”、“○”、“▽”、“◆”的顺序分别写出其代表物质的化学式。"
} | TiC，C，Ti，Al，Al3Ti |
CHEM-074 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-074.png | {
"en": "Write the name of each step of the reaction in the conversion process (write as many as there are).",
"zh": "写出转化过程中每一步反应名称（有几个写几个）"
} | Two [3,3] σ migrations ([3,5] σ migration is the wrong answer) |
CHEM-075 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-075.png | {
"en": "Write the structural formula of the reaction product (stereochemistry is not required)",
"zh": "写出反应产物的结构简式（不要求立体化学）"
} | nBu3SnCH=CHCH(OMe)CH2C≡CTMS |
CHEM-076 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-076.png | {
"en": "The elements represented by the red, yellow, and blue spheres are to be written in sequence. For two anions of valence one formed by elements A, B, and C as shown in the diagrams. In the compound corresponding to the left diagram, the element represented by the blue sphere has a mass fraction of 17.6%.",
"zh": "A、B、C三种元素可以形成如图所示的两种阴离子，且均为一价。左图对应的化合物中，蓝球代表的元素质量分数为17.6%。请依次写出红、黄、蓝球代表的元素符号。"
} | O, S, N |
CHEM-077 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-077.png | {
"en": "The unit cell of the BaCuO6 crystal is shown as follows. Its unit cell parameters are a = 9.249 Å, b = 10.399 Å, c = 14.400 Å, α = 110.463°, β = 108.576°, γ = 90.503°. Please calculate its density.",
"zh": "BaCuO6晶体的晶胞如图所示，其晶胞参数分别为a=9.249 Å, b=10.399 Å, c=14.400 Å, α=110.463°, β=108.576°, γ=90.503°, 请计算其密度。"
} | 3.24g/cm^3 |
CHEM-078 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-078.png | {
"en": "The gold atomic cluster \\(Au_n\\) has the structure shown in the figure for each face. Please write the chemical formula of the atomic cluster.",
"zh": "金原子簇\\(Au_n\\)的每个面具有如图所示的结构，请写出原子簇的化学式。"
} | Au_20 |
CHEM-079 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-079.png | {
"en": "The transformation shown in the figure yields two products, A and B, where the molecular weight of A is 44 greater than that of B. Please write the name of A.",
"zh": "下图所示的转化得到了两种产物A和B，其中A的分子量比B大44。请写出A的名称。"
} | 2-bromo-3-(bromomethyl)quinoline |
CHEM-080 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-080.png | {
"en": "The two reactions in the figure yield products that are isomers of each other. Please write their molecular formulas.",
"zh": "图中两个反应得到产物互为异构体，请写出其分子式。"
} | C6 |
CHEM-081 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-081.png | {
"en": "The figure shows the CV curve of polycrystalline platinum in sulfuric acid measured by the staircase signal voltammetry method. Compared with the results of the simulated ramp signal, given that the scan rate is 100 mV/s and the charge density of hydrogen monolayer adsorption on Pt is approximately 210 μC/cm², find its specific capacitance C.",
"zh": "图为阶梯信号伏安法测得的多晶铂在硫酸中的CV曲线，与模拟斜坡信号的结果对比，已知扫描速率为100mV/s，氢单层吸附在Pt上的电荷密度约为 210μC/cm^2，求其比电容C。"
} | 160μF/cm^2 (involves estimation, answers between 130 - 200μF/cm^2 are considered correct) |
CHEM-082 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-082.png | {
"en": "As shown in the figure, a microorganism-semiconductor hybrid system (*X. autotrophicus* coupled with CdTe quantum dots) is used for light-driven biomass synthesis.\n\nThe rate of establishment of the proton gradient ($P$, defined as the difference between the extracellular and intracellular proton concentrations) is proportional to the light intensity ($I$), and is affected by consumption by ATP synthase and natural leakage. The change in the intracellular ATP concentration ($A$) depends on the synthesis rate of ATP synthase, as well as the consumption rates by the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle and nitrogenase, and basal metabolic consumption. The growth rate of biomass ($B$) depends on the rates of carbon fixation and nitrogen fixation, both of which rely on the ATP concentration. Assume that the growth rate is determined by the slower of the two, and consider the effect of cell density on light utilization (reflected through $I$, here simplified as $I$ already incorporating this effect).\nIt is known that\n* Light intensity-related term $k_1 I = 10 \\text{ units/s}$\n* ATP synthase parameters: $k_2 = 50 \\text{ units/s}$, $K_{m,P} = 5 \\text{ units}$, $k_3 = 2 \\text{ (ATP units)/(proton units)}$\n* Proton leakage coefficient: $k_{leak} = 0.1 \\text{ s}^{-1}$\n* ATP consumption parameters: $k_{CBB} = 0.8 \\text{ L/(g·s)}$, $k_{N2ase} = 0.5 \\text{ L/(g·s)}$, $K_{m,A} = 0.2 \\text{ mM}$, $k_{maint} = 0.05 \\text{ s}^{-1}$\n* Substrate concentrations (constant): $[CO_2] = 10 \\text{ mM}$, $[N_2] = 20 \\text{ mM}$\n* Growth parameters: $\\mu_{C, max} = 0.01 \\text{ s}^{-1}$, $\\mu_{N, max} = 0.008 \\text{ s}^{-1}$, $K_{m,CO2} = 1 \\text{ mM}$, $K_{m,N2} = 2 \\text{ mM}$, $K_{m,A,growth} = 0.3 \\text{ mM}$\n* Initial conditions (t = 0): $P(0) = 0 \\text{ units}$, $A(0) = 0.1 \\text{ mM}$, $B(0) = 0.5 \\text{ g/L}$\n\nCalculate the proton gradient $P(1800)$, ATP concentration $A(1800)$ and biomass concentration $B(1800)$ at $t = 1800$ seconds.",
"zh": "如图所示，一种微生物-半导体杂合体系统 (*X. autotrophicus* 耦合 CdTe 量子点) 被用于光驱动的生物质合成。\n\n质子梯度 ($P$，定义为胞外质子浓度与胞内质子浓度的差值) 的建立速率正比于光强 ($I$)，并受到ATP合酶消耗和自然泄漏的影响。胞内ATP浓度 ($A$) 的变化取决于ATP合酶的合成速率以及CBB循环和固氮酶的消耗速率，还有基础代谢消耗。生物质 ($B$) 的增长速率取决于碳固定和氮固定的速率，两者均依赖于ATP浓度。假设增长速率由两者中较慢者决定，并考虑细胞密度对光利用的影响（通过 $I$ 体现，这里简化为 $I$ 已包含此效应）。\n已知\n* 光强相关项 $k_1 I = 10 \\text{ units/s}$\n* ATP合酶参数: $k_2 = 50 \\text{ units/s}$, $K_{m,P} = 5 \\text{ units}$, $k_3 = 2 \\text{ (ATP units)/(proton units)}$\n* 质子泄漏系数: $k_{leak} = 0.1 \\text{ s}^{-1}$\n* ATP消耗参数: $k_{CBB} = 0.8 \\text{ L/(g·s)}$, $k_{N2ase} = 0.5 \\text{ L/(g·s)}$, $K_{m,A} = 0.2 \\text{ mM}$, $k_{maint} = 0.05 \\text{ s}^{-1}$\n* 底物浓度 (恒定): $[CO_2] = 10 \\text{ mM}$, $[N_2] = 20 \\text{ mM}$\n* 增长参数: $\\mu_{C, max} = 0.01 \\text{ s}^{-1}$, $\\mu_{N, max} = 0.008 \\text{ s}^{-1}$, $K_{m,CO2} = 1 \\text{ mM}$, $K_{m,N2} = 2 \\text{ mM}$, $K_{m,A,growth} = 0.3 \\text{ mM}$\n* 初始条件 (t=0): $P(0) = 0 \\text{ units}$, $A(0) = 0.1 \\text{ mM}$, $B(0) = 0.5 \\text{ g/L}$\n\n计算 $t=1800$ 秒时的质子梯度 $P(1800)$、ATP浓度 $A(1800)$ 和生物质浓度 $B(1800)$。"
} | P(1800)≈1.2 units
A(1800)≈0.0065 mM
B(1800)≈0.69 g/L
(Error within 20% is acceptable) |
CHEM-083 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-083.png | {
"en": "As shown in the figure, when the compound is added with trifluoroacetic acid in an ethanol solvent, products A and B are formed, where the molecular weight of A is 2.03 times that of B. Write the name of B.",
"zh": "如图所示的化合物在乙醇溶剂中加入三氟乙酸，生成产物A和B，其中A的分子量为B的2.03倍。写出B的名称。"
} | Benzofuran |
CHEM-084 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-084.png | {
"en": "The reaction yields a five-membered cyclic product. Please write its systematic name (the catalyst is palladium(II) acetate).",
"zh": "反应得到五元环状产物，请写出其系统名称（催化剂为醋酸钯）"
} | 3-(2-oxotetrahydrofuran-4-yl)propanoic acid |
CHEM-085 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-085.png | {
"en": "Add a certain spongy substance to a sulfuric acid solution, heat and react at 40 degrees, then add a white powder, let it stand overnight to obtain the crystals shown in the figure. Their molar mass is 597 g/mol. Please write its chemical formula.",
"zh": "将某海绵状物质加入硫酸溶液，在40度下加热反应，随后加入白色粉末，静置过夜，获得如图所示的晶体，其摩尔质量为597 g/mol。请写出其化学式。"
} | CsTi(SO4)2·12H2O |
PHY-001 | Physics | null | {
"en": "A spaceship is doing variable linear motion, and the acceleration felt by the crew members of the spaceship is constantly \\(a\\). At a certain moment, the spaceship launches two missiles forward. At the moment of launch, the velocities of the two missiles relative to the spaceship are \\(u\\) and \\(\\lambda u\\) respectively. It is known that the acceleration felt by each of the two missiles is constantly \\(0\\), and the magnitude of \\(u\\) can be compared with the speed of light \\(c\\) in vacuum. Try to find: \n(1) The time difference \\(\\Delta t\\) measured by the spaceship crew for the spaceship to catch up with the two missiles.\n(2) Suppose the initial rest mass of the spaceship is \\(M\\). If during this journey, the spaceship accelerates by ejecting gas with a constant velocity \\(v\\) in the spaceship's reference frame, find the mass \\(m\\) of the gas consumed by the spaceship during the process of catching up with these two missiles and the change \\(\\delta M\\) in the rest mass of the spaceship.",
"zh": "飞船做变速直线运动，飞船乘员感受到的加速度恒为a，某时刻飞船向前发射两枚导弹，在发射瞬间，两枚导弹相对于飞船的速度分别为u和λ*u.已知两枚导弹各自感受到的加速度恒为0，且u的大小可以与真空中光速c相比拟，试求（1）飞船乘员所测得的飞船追上两枚导弹之间的时间差Δt\n（2）设飞船初态静质量为M，如果这段路程中飞船是通过向后喷出在飞船参考系下速度恒为v的气体来进行加速的，求飞船追上这两枚导弹之间喷射气体所消耗的气体质量m以及飞船的静质量变化量δM"
} | (1)$\frac{c*ln(\frac{(c+\lambda u)(c - u)}{(c-\lambda u)(c + u)})}{a}$
(2)$\delta M = M((\frac{c - u}{c+\lambda})^{\frac{c}{2v}}-(\frac{c-\lambda u}{c+\lambda u})^{\frac{c}{2v}})$
$m=(1 - \frac{v^{2}}{c^{2}})^{\frac{1}{2}}*M((\frac{c - u}{c+\lambda})^{\frac{c}{2v}}-(\frac{c-\lambda u}{c+\lambda u})^{\frac{c}{2v}})$ |
PHY-002 | Physics | null | {
"en": "There is now a spherical shell with inner and outer radii $R_1$, $R_2$ and temperatures $T_1$, $T_2$ respectively. Inside the spherical shell is a uniform thermal medium with specific heat capacity $c$, mass volume density $\\rho$, and Fourier heat conduction coefficient $k$, and the medium has reached thermal equilibrium inside. Now a heat engine operates on this system. Assume that the spherical shell does not undergo a phase change and volume changes can be ignored.\n(1) Assuming that the heat engine can obtain the maximum mechanical work allowed in theory, try to find the temperature $T$ that the spherical shell finally reaches.\n(2) Find the maximum mechanical work $W_1$ that can be obtained.",
"zh": "现有一球壳内外半径分别为R_1,R_2,温度分别为T_1,T_2,球壳内部为比热容为c,质量体密度为ρ，傅里叶热传导系数为k的均匀热介质,介质内部已达到热平衡。现有一热机工作在这个系统上，设球壳不发生相变，体积变化可忽略。\n（1）假定热机能从系统获得理论上允许的最大机械功，试求球壳终达到的温度T\n（2）求允许获得的最大机械功W_1"
} | (1)T = $(T_{2})^{(B^3+\frac{(R_2)^3}{(R_2)^3-(R_1)^3})}*(T_{1})^{(-B^3-\frac{(R_1)^3}{(R_2)^3-(R_1)^3})}*(R_2/R_1)^{B_3}*\exp(1/3-\frac{1}{3*A^3*((R_2)^3-(R_1)^3)})*(\frac{(T_2*R_2)^3-(T_1*R_1)^3}{3}+\frac{3B((T_2*R_2)^2-(T_1*R_1)^2)}{2}+3B^2*((T_2*R_2)-(T_1*R_1)))$
where A=$\frac{R_1*T_1-R_2*T_2}{R_1-R_2}$,
B=$\frac{R_1*R_2*(T_1-T_2)}{R_1-R_2}$
(2)W_1 = $4cρ*\pi*(\frac{A*((R_2)^3-(R_1)^3)}{3}-\frac{B*((R_2)^2-(R_1)^2)}{2})-\frac{4*cρT*\pi((R_2)^3-(R_1)^3)}{3}$ |
PHY-003 | Physics | null | {
"en": "A ring with radius \\(R\\) is stationary, and a disk with radius \\(r\\) rolls without slipping along the inside of the ring. Given that the angular acceleration of point \\(C\\) (the center of the disk) around point \\(O\\) (the center of the ring) is \\(\\alpha\\) (with an initial angular velocity of \\(\\omega_0\\)), find the acceleration of point \\(A\\) on the disk (the point in contact with the ring) relative to the ring.",
"zh": "半径为R的圆环静止不动，半径为r的圆盘沿圆环内侧作无滑动的滚动。已知圆盘中心C点绕环中心O点的角加速度为\\(\\alpha\\)（初始角速度为\\(\\omega_0\\)），试求圆盘上与圆环相接触的A点相对圆环的加速度。"
} | (\omega_0+\alpha t)^2(R-r)\frac{R}{r} |
PHY-004 | Physics | null | {
"en": "A uniform thin rod of length \\(l\\) has a linear mass density of \\(\\lambda\\) and a constant specific heat \\(C\\). Initially, one end (\\(x = 0\\)) has a temperature of \\(T_1\\), the other end (\\(x = l\\)) has a temperature of \\(T_2=4T_1\\), and the temperature in between is distributed according to a quadratic function: \\(T(x)=T_1+\\frac{3T_1}{l^2}x^2\\). The rod reaches thermal equilibrium spontaneously under adiabatic conditions, with volume changes neglected. Try to find: (1) The temperature \\(T_f\\) after thermal equilibrium; (2) The entropy increment \\(\\Delta S\\) throughout the whole process.",
"zh": "长度为 l 的均匀细棒，质量线密度为 \\(\\lambda\\)，比热为常量 C。初始时一端（\\(x=0\\)）温度为 \\(T_1\\)，另一端（\\(x=l\\)）温度为 \\(T_2 = 4T_1\\)，中间温度按 二次函数分布：\\(T(x) = T_1 + \\frac{3T_1}{l^2}x^2\\)。棒在绝热条件下自发达到热平衡，忽略体积变化。试求：（1）热平衡后的温度 \\(T_f\\)；\n（2）全过程的熵增量 \\(\\Delta S\\)；"
} | (1)T_f=2T_1
(2)\Delta S=C\lambda l(2-\ln2-\frac{2\pi}{3\sqrt{3}}) |
PHY-005 | Physics | null | {
"en": "A single slit has a width of \\(a\\) and is covered with an amplitude-type mask. Taking the center of the slit as the origin and the direction perpendicular to the slit as the \\(x\\)-axis. Suppose the amplitude transmittance after passing through the mask is \\(t(x)=\\exp(-|x|/a)\\). A monochromatic parallel light with wavelength \\(\\lambda\\) is incident perpendicularly.\n\nTry to find the intensity distribution formula of Fraunhofer diffraction.",
"zh": "单缝缝宽为a，复盖一振幅型掩膜。若以缝中心为原点，与缝垂直的方向取为x轴。设经掩膜后的振幅透射率为 \\(t(x)=\\exp(-|x|/a)\\) 波长为\\(\\lambda\\)的单色平行光垂直入射。\n试求夫琅禾费衍射的强度分布公式。"
} | \[I=\frac{I_0}{(1+a^2K^2\sin^2\theta)^2}[1-e^{-1/2}[\cos(\frac{aK}{2}\sin\theta)+aK\sin\theta\sin(\frac{aK}{2}\sin\theta)]]^2\] |
PHY-006 | Physics | null | {
"en": "A planet of mass \\(m\\) orbits a star of mass \\(M\\). Throughout the entire space between the planet and the star, there is a uniformly distributed thin cosmic dust. It is known that the density of the dust is \\(\\rho(r)=\\rho_0\\frac{r_0^2}{r^2}\\) and is very small, such that the direct collision effects between the planet and the dust can be ignored. For a circular planetary orbit with angular momentum \\(L\\), solve for its radius \\(r_1\\)",
"zh": "一质量为m的行星绕质量为M的恒星运动。设在行星与恒星之间的整个空间内均匀分布着稀薄的宇宙尘埃，已知尘埃的密度为\\(\\rho(r)=\\rho_0\\frac{r_0^2}{r^2}\\)且很小，可以忽略行星与尘埃之间的直接碰撞作用。对于角动量为L的圆形行星轨道，求解其半径\\(r_1)"
} | $r_1=\frac{M}{8\pi\rho_0r_0^2}(\sqrt{1+\frac{16\pi\rho_0r_0^2L^2}{Gm^2M^2}}-1)$ |
PHY-007 | Physics | null | {
"en": "n large conducting thin plates with the same area \\(S\\) are placed parallel to each other, with a distance of \\(\\sum_{i = 1}^{n}d_{i}\\) between them. There are \\(n\\) parallel dielectric blocks between the plates, each with an area of \\(S\\), thickness \\(d_{i}\\), permittivity \\(\\epsilon_{i}\\) and resistivity \\(\\rho_{i}\\). There is no net charge anywhere in the whole device. The outer sides of these \\(n\\) conductors are connected to the positive and negative poles of a DC power supply with an electromotive force of \\(V_{0}\\) and negligible internal resistance respectively through an ideal wire, a resistor \\(R\\) and a switch \\(K\\). At \\(t = 0\\), \\(K\\) is closed. At any \\(t>0\\), the surface charge density of the conductor plate connected to the positive pole of the power supply is denoted as \\(\\sigma_{+}=\\sigma_{+}(t)\\).\n\nProblem requirements:\nExplain that \\(\\sigma_{+}(t)\\) satisfies an \\(n\\)-th order linear differential equation, and its general solution is \\(\\sum_{i = 1}^{n}c_{i}\\cdot\\exp(\\lambda_{i}t)+c_{0}\\), where \\(c_{i}\\) are undetermined constants, and for any \\(\\lambda\\in\\{\\lambda_{i}\\}\\), it must satisfy \\(\\text{det}(\\lambda\\mathbf{I}-\\mathbf{A}) = 0\\), where \\(\\mathbf{A}\\) is an \\(n\\)-th order matrix. Find the expression of the undetermined matrix \\(\\mathbf{A}\\).",
"zh": "面积同为S的n块大的导体薄平板平行放置，相距$\\sum_{i=1}^{n} $d_{i}$$，板间有n块面积也是S，厚度、介电常量和电阻率分别为$d_{i}$、$ε_{i}$、$ρ_{i}$的平行介质块，整个装置处处无净电荷。将这n块导体外侧面通过理想导线、电阻R和电键K，分别与电动势为V₀、内阻可略的直流电源正极、负极相连。t=0时刻将K接通，任意t>0时刻与电源正极连通的导体平板电荷面密度记为σ₊=σ₊(t)。\n题目要求：\n说明σ₊(t)满足n阶线性微分方程，其通解为$\\sum_{i=1}^{n} $c_{i}*exp($λ_{i}$)+c_{0}$$,其中$c_{i}$为待定常数，而且任意λ∈{$λ_{i}$},其必定满足det(λI-A) = 0,其中A为n阶矩阵，求出待定矩阵A的表达式"
} | $A_n =T_n +U_n$
where
$$
T_n =
\begin{bmatrix}
-1/(\epsilon_1*\rho_1) & 1/(\epsilon_1*\rho_1) & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\
1/(\epsilon_1*\rho_1) & -1/(\epsilon_1*\rho_1)-1/(\epsilon_2*\rho_w) & 1/(\epsilon_2*\rho_2) & \ddots & \vdots \\
0 & 1/(\epsilon_2*\rho_2) & \ddots & \ddots & 0 \\\vdots & \ddots & \ddots & \ddots & 1/(\epsilon_{n - 1}*\rho_{n - 1}) \\
0 & \cdots & 0 & 1/(\epsilon_{n - 1}*\rho_{n - 1}) & -1/(\epsilon_{n - 1}*\rho_{n - 1})-1/(\epsilon_n*\rho_n)
\end{bmatrix}
$$
$$U_n\begin{cases}
{i,j} = d_{i - 1}/(\epsilon_{i - 1}R)-d_{i}/(\epsilon_{i}R) & \text{when } j = 0 \\
-1/(\epsilon_n*\rho_n) & \text{when } j = n-1 \\
\end{cases}$$ |
PHY-008 | Physics | null | {
"en": "In a uniform one-dimensional crystal composed of the same kind of atoms, only the closest neighboring atoms interact with each other (all others can be neglected), and the potential energy of interaction is \\(V(x)=-\\frac{A}{x^{5}}+\\frac{B}{x^{13}}\\), where \\(x\\) is the distance between adjacent atoms, and \\(A\\) and \\(B\\) are two constants.\n\n1. Try to find the average distance between atoms at equilibrium.\n2. When the relative deformation of this crystal near the equilibrium position is a unit value, try to find its elastic stiffness coefficient (expressed in terms of \\(A\\) and \\(B\\)).\n3. Slowly stretch the crystal. What is the level of deformation before the crystal breaks.",
"zh": "由同种原子组成的均匀一维晶体中，只有最相邻的原子之间有相互作用（余皆可略），作用势为\\(V(x)=-\\frac{A}{x^{5}}+\\frac{B}{x^{13}}\\)，其中x是相邻原子的间距，A和B是两个常量。\n\n1.试求平衡时原子间的平均距离。\n2.当此晶体在平衡位置附近的相对形变为单位值时，试求其弹性倔强系数（用A和B表示）。\n3.将晶体慢慢拉伸，试问当形变为多大时，晶体会被拉断。"
} | (1)x_0=(\frac{13B}{5A})^{1/8}
(2)k=40A(\frac{5A}{13B})^{7/8}
(3)x_c=(\frac{91B}{15A})^{1/8} |
PHY-009 | Physics | null | {
"en": "In space, there is a dielectric spherical shell with radius \\(R\\). The permittivity inside the spherical shell is \\(\\epsilon_{1}\\), and outside the spherical shell is \\(\\epsilon_{2}\\). At the center of the spherical shell, there is an electric dipole with its direction pointing along the positive \\(z -\\)axis, and the electric dipole moment due to free charges is \\(p\\). Meanwhile, there exists a uniform electric field \\(E\\) pointing along the positive \\(z -\\)axis (which can be regarded as being generated by two uniformly charged infinite large plates at infinity).\n(1) Find the surface charge density \\(\\sigma(\\theta)\\) on the spherical shell, where \\(\\theta\\) is the angle between the radius vector and the \\(x -\\)axis.\n(2) If the spherical shell rotates with an angular velocity \\(\\omega\\) uniformly about the \\(x -\\)axis, and assuming that the permeability inside the spherical shell is \\(\\mu_{1}\\) and outside the spherical shell is \\(\\mu_{2}\\), find the magnetic field distribution \\(B(r,\\theta)\\).",
"zh": "空间中有一半径为R的介质球壳，球壳内的介电常数为$ε_{1}$,球壳外为$ε_{2}$,球壳中心有一方向指向z轴正方向的电偶极子，自由电荷带来的电偶极矩为p，同时存在有指向z轴正方向的匀强电场E(可以看作在无穷远处由俩均匀带电的无限大平板产生）\n（1）求球壳上电荷面密度σ(θ),θ为矢径与x轴的夹角\n（2）如果球壳以角速度ω绕着x轴匀角速度转动，再假设球壳内的磁导率为$μ_{1}$,球壳外为$μ_{2}$求磁场分布B(r,θ）"
} | (1)σ(θ) = $3ε_{0}*\frac{ε_{1}-ε_{2}}{ε_{1}+2ε_{2}}*(p/(2\pi*ε_{1}*R^3)+E)cos(θ)$
(2)If \(r < R\), then:
\(B=\frac{3ωμ_{1}*μ_{2}*ε_{0}*\frac{ε_{1}-ε_{2}}{ε_{1}+2ε_{2}}*(p/(2\pi*ε_{1}*R^3)+E)}{R(2μ_{1}+3μ_{2})}*(r(3(\cosθ)^2 - 1)\hat{r}-3r\cosθ\sinθ\hat{θ})\)
If \(r > R\), then:
\(\frac{3ωμ_{1}*μ_{2}*ε_{0}*R^4*\frac{ε_{1}-ε_{2}}{ε_{1}+2ε_{2}}*(p/(2\pi*ε_{1}*R^3)+E)}{(2μ_{1}+3μ_{2})}*(\frac{3(\cosθ)^2 - 1}{r^4}\hat{r}+\frac{2\cosθ\sinθ}{r^4}\hat{θ})\) |
PHY-010 | Physics | null | {
"en": "Two infinitely large grounded conducting planes A and B are placed parallel and vertically, separated by a distance of \\(3d\\) (\\(d = 10\\ \\mathrm{cm}\\)). Between the two plates, a small pendulum bob is suspended. The suspension point is at a distance \\(d\\) from plate A and \\(2d\\) from plate B. The bob is suspended by an insulating string of length \\(l = 1\\ \\mathrm{m}\\), with a mass \\(m = 0.1\\ \\mathrm{g}\\) and a charge \\(q = 5\\times10^{-9}\\ \\mathrm{C}\\). The small pendulum bob undergoes small-angle oscillations in the vertical plane. Electromagnetic damping and air damping are ignored. $g$ is taken as $9.80665\\frac{m}{s^2}$. Find the oscillation period \\(T\\).",
"zh": "两块足够大的接地导体平面 A 和 B 平行竖直放置，相距 \\(3d\\)（\\(d = 10\\ \\mathrm{cm}\\)）。在两板之间，悬挂点距离A板为 \\(d\\)、距离B板为 \\(2d\\)，用长 \\(l = 1\\ \\mathrm{m}\\) 的绝缘细线悬挂一个质量 \\(m = 0.1\\ \\mathrm{g}\\)、电量 \\(q = 5\\times10^{-9}\\ \\mathrm{C}\\) 的小摆球。让小摆球在竖直平面内小角度摆动，忽略电磁阻尼和空气阻尼。$g$取$9.80665\\frac{m}{s^2}$求摆动周期 \\(T\\)。"
} | 2.0708s |
PHY-011 | Physics | null | {
"en": "Calculate the exact magnetic field at a point \\( (d, 0, z) \\) located a distance \\( z \\) above the \\( xy \\)-plane and a horizontal displacement \\( d \\) along the \\( x \\)-axis from the center of a square loop of side \\( w \\), carrying a current \\( I \\). In order to verify your answer, suppose $z=d=w/2$, let final $B=B_x\\hat{x}+B_z\\hat{z}$, show me the result of $\\alpha=\\frac{B_x\\piz}{\\mu_0I},\\beta=\\frac{B_z\\piz}{\\mu_0I}$.",
"zh": "Calculate the exact magnetic field at a point \\( (d, 0, z) \\) located a distance \\( z \\) above the \\( xy \\)-plane and a horizontal displacement \\( d \\) along the \\( x \\)-axis from the center of a square loop of side \\( w \\), carrying a current \\( I \\). In order to verify your answer, suppose $z=d=w/2$, let final $B=B_x\\hat{x}+B_z\\hat{z}$, show me the result of $\\alpha=\\frac{B_x\\piz}{\\mu_0I},\\beta=\\frac{B_z\\piz}{\\mu_0I}$."
} | \[\alpha=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4}-\frac{\sqrt{6}}{60},\beta=\frac{7\sqrt{6}}{60}.\] |
PHY-012 | Physics | null | {
"en": "A conducting spherical shell with inner and outer radii $R_2$ and $R_3$ respectively carries a charge $Q$. It concentrically encloses a grounded conducting sphere with radius $R_1$, where $R_1 < R_2$. Find the electric potential at various points in space and the induced charge on the conducting sphere. (Hint: Use Green's reciprocity theorem)",
"zh": "内外径分别为 Ｒ2、Ｒ3 导体球壳，带电\n荷量为Q，同心地包围着一个半径为Ｒ1 的接地导体球，\nＲ1＜Ｒ2，求空间各点电势和导体球上的感应电荷．\n（Hint:利用格林互易定理）"
} | When \(r > R_3\)
\(V=\frac{Q}{(1 + R_1*R_2/(R_3*(R_1 - R_2)))*4\pi*\epsilon_0*r}\)
When \(R_2<r<R_3\)
\(V=\frac{Q}{(1 - R_1*R_2/(R_3*(R_1 - R_2)))*4\pi*\epsilon_0*R_3}\)
When \(R_1<r<R_2\)
\(V=\frac{Q}{(1 - R_1*R_2/(R_3*(R_1 - R_2)))*4\pi*\epsilon_0*R_3}+\frac{Q*R_1*R_2}{4\pi*\epsilon_0*(-R_1*R_2 + R_1*R_3 - R_3*R_2)}*(1/r - 1/R_2)\)
When \(r < R_1\)
\(V = 0\)
At \(R_3\) there is a uniformly distributed charge \(\frac{Q}{(1 - R_1*R_2/(R_3*(R_1 - R_2)))} \)
At \(R_2\) there is a uniformly distributed charge \(-\frac{Q}{(-1+R_1*R_2/(R_3*(R_1 - R_2)))} \)
At \(R_1\) there is a uniformly distributed charge \(\frac{Q}{(-1+R_1*R_2/(R_3*(R_1 - R_2)))} \) |
PHY-013 | Physics | null | {
"en": "1. If the interaction force between particles can be written as $\\frac{c}{r^z}$, where $c$ and $z$ are constants independent of the state variables of the system, $z > 3$, and $r$ is the distance between two particles. Assuming the particle radius is $b$, use the Boltzmann distribution law to derive the equation of state of the gas composed of these particles.\n2. Using the equation of state of the non-ideal gas obtained in the above question, calculate the following for this gas:\n(1) The coefficient of thermal expansion $\\alpha$;\n(2) The difference between the specific heat at constant pressure and the specific heat at constant volume $c_{P}-c_{V}$;\n(3) The increase in entropy $S_{2}-S_{1}$ of the gas in the process of changing the volume of the gas from $V_{1}$ to $V_{2}$ while keeping the temperature of the gas constant.",
"zh": "1.如果粒子之间的相互作用力可以记作$\\frac{c}{r^z}$,其中c,z为与系统状态量无关的常量,z>3，r为俩粒子间的距离，假设粒子半径为b(很小，忽略其对势能的影响，只考虑对空间体积的影响)，试利用玻尔兹曼分布律推导出该粒子组成的气体的状态方程。\n2.试由上题中得到的非理性气体的状态方程，计算该气体的：\n(1) 热膨胀系数 α；\n(2) 定压和定容比热容之差 $c_{P}$−$c_{V}$；\n(3) 在维持气体的温度不变，气体的体积由 $V_{1}$ 变到 $V_{2}$ 的过程中气体熵的增量 $S_{2}$−$S_{1}$。"
} | 1.$(p-\frac{N^2*k*T*2*\pi*(c\(kT))^{3/n}*\Gamma{1 - 3/n}}{V^2*3})(V-N*\frac{4*\pi*b^3}{3})=NkT$
2.(1).
α = $\frac{\frac{Nk}{V-4*\pi*N*b^3}+\frac{N^2*k*2*\pi*(c\(kT))^{3/n}*\Gamma{2 - 3/n}}{V^2*3}}{\frac{NkT}{(V-4*\pi*N*b^3)^2}+\frac{N^2*k*T*4*\pi*(c\(kT))^{3/n}*\Gamma{1 - 3/n}}{V^3*3}}$
(2)c_p-c_v = p*α
(3)$S_{2}$−$S_{1}$ = $NK\ln(\frac{V_2-4*\pi*N*b^3}{V_1-4*\pi*N*b^3})+\frac{N^2*k*T*2*\pi*(c\(kT))^{3/n}*\Gamma{1 - 3/n}}{3}*(1/V_1-1/V_2)$ |
PHY-014 | Physics | null | {
"en": "A particle of mass \\(m\\) is moving in a central potential energy field \\(V(r)=-\\frac{\\alpha}{r}+\\frac{\\beta}{r^{2}}\\), where \\(\\beta\\) is a small quantity. The angular momentum of the initial state is given as \\(M\\), and the energy of the initial state is given as \\(E\\). Find the precession angular velocity of the particle's motion (taking into account low-order relativistic effects, i.e., \\(\\frac{v}{c}\\ll1\\) and keeping the first-order correction).",
"zh": "现有质量为m的粒子在有心力势能场$ V(r) = -\\frac{alpha}{r} +\\frac{beta}{r^2}$内运动，其中&{beta}&为小量，初态角动量给定为M，初态能量给定为E,求粒子运动的进动角速度（考虑低阶相对论效应，即v/c<<1而保留一阶修正）"
} | $$\Omega = \underbrace{\frac{m\alpha \beta}{M^3} (1 - e^2)^{3/2}}_{\text{Potential field correction term}} + \underbrace{\frac{3m^2\alpha^3}{2M^3 c^2} (1 - e^2)^{3/2}}_{\text{Relativistic correction term}}
$$
where $e = e &= \sqrt{1 + \dfrac{2EM^2}{m\alpha^2}} \quad \text{Orbital eccentricity} \\$ |
PHY-015 | Physics | null | {
"en": "At a paraxial height $y_{0}$ there is a particle. Lenses are periodically placed on an optical bench. The convex lenses all have a focal length of $f_1$ and are located at a horizontal distance of $s + 2kf$ ($k = 0,1,\\ldots,N - 1$) from the particle on the optical bench; the concave lenses all have a focal length of $-f_2$ and are located at a horizontal distance of $s+(2k + 1)f$ ($k = 0,1,\\ldots,N - 1$) from the particle on the optical bench. Find the image position of this particle.",
"zh": "在傍轴高度$y_{0}$处有一质点，在光具座上周期地摆放着透镜，其中凸透镜的焦距均为f_1，位于光具座上水平距离质点s+2*k*f (k=0,1,...N-1)处;凹透镜焦距均为-f_2，位于光具座上水平距离质点s+(2*k+1)*f (k=0,1,...N-1)处，求该质点的成像位置"
} | x = s+2Nf-\frac{as+b}{cs+d}
y = y_0/(cs+d)
where, the definitions of a, b, c, d are:
a = $\frac{\frac{\sqrt{(2-f/f_1+f/f_2)^2-4}-f/f_1-f/f_2}{2}}{\sqrt{(2-f/f_1+f/f_2)^2-4}}*(\frac{2+f/f_2-f/f_1+\sqrt{(2-f/f_1+f/f_2)^2-4}}{2})^N+$\frac{\frac{\sqrt{(2-f/f_1+f/f_2)^2-4}+f/f_1+f/f_2}{2}}{\sqrt{(2-f/f_1+f/f_2)^2-4}}*(\frac{2+f/f_2-f/f_1-\sqrt{(2-f/f_1+f/f_2)^2-4}}{2})^N$
b = $f*\frac{(\frac{2+f/f_2-f/f_1+\sqrt{(2-f/f_1+f/f_2)^2-4}}{2})^N-(\frac{2+f/f_2-f/f_1-\sqrt{(2-f/f_1+f/f_2)^2-4}}{2})^N}{\sqrt{(2-f/f_1+f/f_2)^2-4}}$
c = $(1/f_2-1/f_1-f/(f_1*f_2))*\frac{(\frac{2+f/f_2-f/f_1+\sqrt{(2-f/f_1+f/f_2)^2-4}}{2})^N-(\frac{2+f/f_2-f/f_1-\sqrt{(2-f/f_1+f/f_2)^2-4}}{2})^N}{\sqrt{(2-f/f_1+f/f_2)^2-4}}$
d = $\frac{\frac{\sqrt{(2-f/f_1+f/f_2)^2-4}+f/f_1+f/f_2}{2}}{\sqrt{(2-f/f_1+f/f_2)^2-4}}*(\frac{2+f/f_2-f/f_1+\sqrt{(2-f/f_1+f/f_2)^2-4}}{2})^N+$\frac{\frac{\sqrt{(2-f/f_1+f/f_2)^2-4}-f/f_1-f/f_2}{2}}{\sqrt{(2-f/f_1+f/f_2)^2-4}}*(\frac{2+f/f_2-f/f_1-\sqrt{(2-f/f_1+f/f_2)^2-4}}{2})^N$ |
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ScienceOlympiad: Challenging AI with Olympiad-Level Multimodal Science Problems
Dataset Description
The ScienceOlympiad dataset is a meticulously curated benchmark designed to test the limits of current AI models in scientific reasoning. It comprises elite, competition-level problems in physics and chemistry. Addressing the need for more diverse and realistic challenges, ScienceOlympiad introduces multimodal integration as a key dimension. Unlike purely text-based datasets, a significant portion of problems requires models to analyze and interpret visual information from diagrams and figures—a critical skill for real-world scientific problem-solving. Our objective is for ScienceOlympiad to serve as a pivotal evaluation tool, accelerating progress in domain-specific reasoning for the physical and chemical sciences while advancing the frontier of integrated text and visual understanding.
Data Fields
Each entry in the dataset represents a single problem and contains the following fields:
problem_id: (string) - A unique identifier for each problem.discipline: (ClassLabel) - The scientific discipline of the problem (PhysicsorChemistry).problem: (A dictionary ofstring) - A dictionary containing the problem statement in both English (en) and Chinese (zh).answer: (string) - The correct answer or solution.image: (Image) - An image or diagram associated with the problem, stored in theimages/directory. This field will beNoneif no image is present.
Data Splits
This dataset consists of a single test split, provided in the test.parquet file.
Dataset Creation
The dataset is composed of a curated collection of problems from three sources: classic problems, adaptations of established problems, and original compositions. Each problem has been meticulously reviewed to ensure rigorous difficulty and unambiguous wording.
How to Use
You can load the dataset using the Hugging Face datasets library:
from datasets import load_dataset, Image
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import datasets
# Force a redownload to get the latest metadata
features = datasets.Features({
'problem_id': datasets.Value('string'),
'discipline': datasets.ClassLabel(names=['Physics', 'Chemistry']),
'problem': {
'en': datasets.Value('string'),
'zh': datasets.Value('string'),
},
'answer': datasets.Value('string'),
'image': datasets.Image(decode=True),
})
ds = load_dataset("ByteDance-Seed/ScienceOlympiad", features=features)
test_ds = ds['test']
example = test_ds[60]
image_data = example['image']
if image_data:
plt.imshow(image_data)
plt.show()
Citation
If you use the ScienceOlympiad dataset in your research or work, please consider citing it:
@misc{bytedance_seed_2025_scienceolympiad,
author = {[Bytedance-Seed]},
title = {ScienceOlympiad: Challenging AI with Olympiad-Level Multimodal Science Problems},
year = {2025},
publisher = {Hugging Face},
journal = {Hugging Face repository},
howpublished = {\url{[https://huggingface.co/datasets/Bytedance-Seed/ScienceOlympiad](https://huggingface.co/datasets/Bytedance-Seed/ScienceOlympiad)}},
}
License
ScienceOlympiad is released under the CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain Dedication.
This means the work has been dedicated to the public domain by waiving all rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law. You can copy, modify, distribute, and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. For more details, see the LICENSE file or the full legal text of the CC0 license.
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