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[ "A", "government", "affidavit", "in", "2006", "stated", "that", "the", "leak", "caused", "558", ",", "125", "injuries", ",", "including", "38", ",", "478", "temporary", "partial", "injuries", "and", "approximately", "3", ",", "900", "severely", "and", "permanently", "disabling", "injuries", "." ]
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[ "The", "Indian", "government", "and", "local", "activists", "argue", "that", "slack", "management", "and", "deferred", "maintenance", "created", "a", "situation", "where", "routine", "pipe", "maintenance", "caused", "a", "backflow", "of", "water", "into", "a", "MIC", "tank", "triggering", "the", "disaster", "." ]
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[ "The", "UCIL", "factory", "was", "built", "in", "1969", "to", "produce", "the", "pesticide", "Sevin", "(", "UCC", "'", "s", "brand", "name", "for", "carbaryl", ")", "using", "methyl", "isocyanate", "(", "MIC", ")", "as", "an", "intermediate", "." ]
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[ "In", "a", "panic", ",", "he", "removed", "his", "mask", ",", "inhaling", "a", "large", "amount", "of", "phosgene", "gas", "which", "resulted", "in", "his", "death", "72", "hours", "later", "." ]
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[ "In", "August", "1982", ",", "a", "chemical", "engineer", "came", "into", "contact", "with", "liquid", "MIC", ",", "resulting", "in", "burns", "over", "30", "percent", "of", "his", "body", "." ]
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[ "Medical", "staff", "were", "unprepared", "for", "the", "thousands", "of", "casualties", "." ]
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[ "170", ",", "000", "people", "were", "treated", "at", "hospitals", "and", "temporary", "dispensaries", ";", "2", ",", "000", "buffalo", ",", "goats", ",", "and", "other", "animals", "were", "collected", "and", "buried", "." ]
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[ "Despite", "safety", "precautions", "such", "as", "having", "water", "carrying", "helicopters", "continually", "overflying", "the", "plant", ",", "this", "led", "to", "a", "second", "mass", "evacuation", "from", "Bhopal", "." ]
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[ "This", "move", "blocked", "plaintiffs", "'", "motions", "for", "class", "certification", "and", "claims", "for", "property", "damages", "and", "remediation", "." ]
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[ "A", "government", "affidavit", "in", "2006", "stated", "the", "leak", "caused", "558", ",", "125", "injuries", "including", "38", ",", "478", "temporary", "partial", "injuries", "and", "approximately", "3", ",", "900", "severely", "and", "permanently", "disabling", "injuries", "." ]
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[ "152", "of", "the", "planned", "200", "work", "sheds", "were", "built", "and", "in", "2000", ",", "16", "were", "partially", "functioning", "." ]
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[ "The", "government", "also", "planned", "2", ",", "486", "flats", "in", "two", "-", "and", "four", "-", "story", "buildings", "in", "what", "is", "called", "the", "`", "`", "widow", "'", "s", "colony", "'", "'", "outside", "Bhopal", "." ]
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[ "The", "final", "compensation", ",", "including", "interim", "relief", "for", "personal", "injury", "was", "for", "the", "majority", "." ]
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[ "The", "`", "`", "Corporate", "Negligence", "'", "'", "point", "of", "view", "argues", "that", "the", "disaster", "was", "caused", "by", "a", "potent", "combination", "of", "under", "-", "maintained", "and", "decaying", "facilities", ",", "a", "weak", "attitude", "towards", "safety", ",", "and", "an", "undertrained", "workforce", ",", "culminating", "in", "worker", "actions", "that", "inadvertently", "enabled", "water", "to", "penetrate", "the", "MIC", "tanks", "in", "the", "absence", "of", "properly", "working", "safeguards", "." ]
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[ "Factors", "cited", "include", "the", "filling", "of", "the", "MIC", "tanks", "beyond", "recommended", "levels", ",", "poor", "maintenance", "after", "the", "plant", "ceased", "MIC", "production", "at", "the", "end", "of", "1984", ",", "allowing", "several", "safety", "systems", "to", "be", "inoperable", "due", "to", "poor", "maintenance", ",", "and", "switching", "off", "safety", "systems", "to", "save", "money", "-", "-", "including", "the", "MIC", "tank", "refrigeration", "system", "which", "could", "have", "mitigated", "the", "disaster", "severity", ",", "and", "non", "-", "existent", "catastrophe", "plans", "." ]
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[ "Kurzman", "argues", "that", "`", "`", "cuts", ".", ".", ".", "meant", "less", "stringent", "quality", "control", "and", "thus", "looser", "safety", "rules", "." ]
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[ "The", "factory", "was", "not", "well", "equipped", "to", "handle", "the", "gas", "created", "by", "the", "sudden", "addition", "of", "water", "to", "the", "MIC", "tank", "." ]
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[ "In", "addition", "to", "it", ",", "carbon", "steel", "valves", "were", "used", "at", "the", "factory", ",", "even", "though", "they", "were", "known", "to", "corrode", "when", "exposed", "to", "acid", "." ]
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[ "Now", "owned", "by", "Dow", "Chemical", "Company", ",", "Union", "Carbide", "maintains", "a", "website", "dedicated", "to", "the", "tragedy", "and", "claims", "that", "the", "incident", "was", "the", "result", "of", "sabotage", ",", "stating", "that", "sufficient", "safety", "systems", "were", "in", "place", "and", "operative", "to", "prevent", "the", "intrusion", "of", "water", "." ]
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[ "This", "water", "was", "diverted", "due", "to", "a", "combination", "of", "improper", "maintenance", ",", "leaking", "and", "clogging", ",", "and", "eventually", "ended", "up", "in", "the", "MIC", "storage", "tank", "." ]
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[ "The", "corporation", "denied", "the", "claim", "that", "the", "valves", "on", "the", "tank", "were", "malfunctioning", ",", "and", "claimed", "that", "the", "documented", "evidence", "gathered", "after", "the", "incident", "showed", "that", "the", "valve", "close", "to", "the", "plant", "'", "s", "water", "-", "washing", "operation", "was", "closed", "and", "was", "leak", "-", "tight", "." ]
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[ "They", "also", "developed", "a", "Responsible", "Care", "system", "with", "other", "members", "of", "the", "chemical", "industry", "as", "a", "response", "to", "the", "Bhopal", "crisis", ",", "which", "was", "designed", "to", "help", "prevent", "such", "an", "event", "in", "the", "future", "." ]
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[ "Contamination", "at", "the", "site", "and", "surrounding", "area", "was", "not", "caused", "by", "the", "gas", "leakage", "." ]
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23
[ "UCC", "'", "s", "laboratory", "tests", "in", "1989", "revealed", "that", "soil", "and", "water", "samples", "collected", "from", "near", "the", "factory", "were", "toxic", "to", "fish", "." ]
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[ "In", "2002", ",", "The", "Yes", "Men", "issued", "a", "fake", "press", "release", "explaining", "why", "Dow", "refused", "to", "take", "responsibility", "for", "the", "disaster", "and", "started", "up", "a", "website", ",", "at", "`", "`", "DowEthics", ".", "com", "'", "'", ",", "designed", "to", "look", "like", "the", "real", "Dow", "website", ",", "but", "containing", "hoax", "information", "." ]
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[ "This", "caused", "a", "chemical", "reaction", "which", "resulted", "in", "the", "buildup", "of", "much", "Carbon", "dioxide", ",", "among", "other", "things", "." ]
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[ "Between", "3", ",", "500", "and", "25", ",", "000", "people", "died", "as", "a", "result", "of", "contact", "with", "the", "cloud", "of", "toxic", "gas", "." ]
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[ "The", "earthquake", "occurred", "as", "the", "result", "of", "motion", "on", "a", "northeast", "striking", "reverse", "fault", "or", "thrust", "fault", "on", "the", "northwestern", "margin", "of", "the", "Sichuan", "Basin", "." ]
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[ "The", "earthquake", "'", "s", "epicenter", "and", "focal", "-", "mechanism", "are", "consistent", "with", "it", "having", "occurred", "as", "the", "result", "of", "movement", "on", "the", "Longmenshan", "fault", "or", "a", "tectonically", "related", "fault", "." ]
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[ "The", "earthquake", "reflects", "tectonic", "stresses", "resulting", "from", "the", "convergence", "of", "crustal", "material", "slowly", "moving", "from", "the", "high", "Tibetan", "Plateau", ",", "to", "the", "west", ",", "against", "strong", "crust", "underlying", "the", "Sichuan", "Basin", "and", "southeastern", "China", "." ]
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[ "On", "a", "continental", "scale", ",", "the", "seismicity", "of", "central", "and", "eastern", "Asia", "is", "a", "result", "of", "northward", "convergence", "of", "the", "Indian", "Plate", "against", "the", "Eurasian", "Plate", "with", "a", "velocity", "of", "about", "50", "mm", "/", "y", "." ]
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31
[ "Earthquakes", "of", "this", "size", "have", "the", "potential", "to", "cause", "extensive", "damage", "and", "loss", "of", "life", "." ]
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[ "In", "August", "1933", ",", "the", "magnitude", "7", ".", "5", "Diexi", "earthquake", ",", "about", "90", "km", "northeast", "of", "today", "'", "s", "earthquake", ",", "destroyed", "the", "town", "of", "Diexi", "and", "surrounding", "villages", ",", "and", "caused", "many", "landslides", ",", "some", "of", "which", "dammed", "the", "rivers", "." ]
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[ "One", "SilkAir", "flight", "was", "diverted", "and", "landed", "in", "Kunming", "as", "a", "result", "." ]
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[ "Cathay", "Pacific", "delayed", "both", "legs", "of", "its", "quadruple", "daily", "Hong", "Kong", "to", "London", "route", "due", "to", "this", "disruption", "in", "air", "traffic", "services", "." ]
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[ "All", "of", "the", "highways", "into", "Wenchuan", ",", "and", "others", "throughout", "the", "province", ",", "were", "damaged", ",", "resulting", "in", "delayed", "arrival", "of", "the", "rescue", "troops", "." ]
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[ "Immediately", "after", "the", "earthquake", "event", ",", "mobile", "and", "terrestrial", "telecommunications", "were", "cut", "to", "the", "affected", "and", "surrounding", "area", ",", "with", "all", "internet", "capabilities", "cut", "to", "the", "Sichuan", "area", "too", "." ]
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[ "China", "Mobile", "had", "more", "than", "2", ",", "300", "base", "stations", "suspended", "due", "to", "power", "disruption", "or", "severe", "telecommunication", "traffic", "congestion", "." ]
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[ "According", "to", "Chinese", "state", "officials", ",", "the", "quake", "caused", "69", ",", "180", "known", "deaths", "including", "68", ",", "636", "in", "Sichuan", "province", ";", "18", ",", "498", "people", "are", "listed", "as", "missing", ",", "and", "374", ",", "176", "injured", ",", "but", "these", "figures", "may", "further", "increase", "as", "more", "reports", "come", "in", "." ]
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39
[ "In", "terms", "of", "school", "casualties", ",", "thousands", "of", "school", "children", "died", "due", "to", "shoddy", "construction", "." ]
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40
[ "Reginald", "DesRoches", ",", "a", "professor", "of", "civil", "and", "environmental", "engineering", "at", "Georgia", "Tech", ",", "pointed", "out", "that", "the", "massive", "damage", "of", "properties", "and", "houses", "in", "the", "earthquake", "area", "was", "because", "China", "did", "not", "create", "an", "adequate", "seismic", "design", "code", "until", "after", "the", "devastating", "1976", "Tangshan", "earthquake", "." ]
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[ "Pingwu", "County", "and", "Beichuan", "County", ",", "Sichuan", ",", "also", "northeast", "of", "Wenchuan", "and", "close", "to", "the", "epicenter", "of", "a", "7", ".", "2", "Ms", "earthquake", "in", "1976", ",", "suffered", "a", "6", ".", "1", "Ms", "aftershock", "(", "5", ".", "7", "Mw", "according", "to", "USGS", ")", "on", "August", "1", ";", "it", "caused", "2", "deaths", ",", "345", "injuries", ",", "collapse", "of", "707", "homes", ",", "damages", "to", "over", "1", ",", "000", "homes", ",", "and", "blocked", "of", "country", "roads", "." ]
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[ "However", ",", "the", "Red", "Cross", "Society", "of", "China", "said", "that", "(", "on", "May", "13", ")", "`", "`", "it", "was", "inconvenient", "currently", "due", "to", "the", "traffic", "problem", "to", "the", "hardest", "hit", "areas", "closest", "to", "the", "epicenter", ".", "'", "'" ]
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[ "By", "May", "15", ",", "Premier", "Wen", "Jiabao", "ordered", "the", "deployment", "of", "an", "additional", "90", "helicopters", ",", "of", "which", "60", "were", "to", "be", "provided", "by", "the", "PLAAF", ",", "and", "30", "were", "to", "be", "provided", "by", "the", "civil", "aviation", "industry", ",", "bringing", "the", "total", "of", "number", "of", "aircraft", "deployed", "in", "relief", "operations", "by", "the", "air", "force", ",", "army", ",", "and", "civil", "aviation", "to", "over", "150", ",", "resulting", "in", "the", "largest", "non", "-", "combat", "airlifting", "operation", "in", "People", "'", "s", "Liberation", "Army", "history", "." ]
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