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Navigate to the 'Learn' section
[ 0.442, 0.009, 0.525, 0.06 ]
agentbrowse
Click on 14th July
[ 0.2347953216374269, 0.47417840375586856, 0.25584795321637427, 0.5164319248826291 ]
calendars
Select March 20, 2025, as the check-in or check-out date
[ 0.521, 0.432, 0.558, 0.472 ]
agentbrowse
Change website language to German
[ 0.667, 0.255, 0.986, 0.277 ]
agentbrowse
Go to next month
[ 0.4119525547445255, 0.6762246117084827, 0.44114963503649635, 0.7144563918757467 ]
calendars
Sign up for a free account
[ 0.857, 0.049, 0.9369999999999999, 0.084 ]
agentbrowse
Click on a month checkbox
[ 0.5488125985128838, 0.39576090781341694, 0.5602882786800987, 0.4187930827969117 ]
calendars
Reduce calendar resolution
[ 0.3239051094890511, 0.16069295101553166, 0.3476277372262774, 0.1905615292712067 ]
calendars
Set departure day for May 27
[ 0.6385964912280702, 0.6625908234660925, 0.664327485380117, 0.7099535791173305 ]
calendars
Perform search
[ 0.9206204379562044, 0.11483253588516747, 0.9644160583941606, 0.1722488038277512 ]
humanbrowse
Search for content
[ 0.08759124087591241, 0.014142335766423358, 0.42974452554744524, 0.05793795620437956 ]
humanbrowse
Move to September
[ 0.8514887436456063, 0.29112271540469975, 0.8776325344952796, 0.3381201044386423 ]
calendars
Navigate to the Soccer section
[ 0.41, 0.071, 0.44999999999999996, 0.088 ]
agentbrowse
Click to switch to October date
[ 0.7018948739035088, 0.31366224691901406, 0.7086314418859649, 0.32718278768476744 ]
calendars
Filter issues by author
[ 0.368, 0.271, 0.40599999999999997, 0.28900000000000003 ]
agentbrowse
View all tracks
[ 0.1700074133211679, 0.45546304744525545, 0.24901630930656934, 0.4846601277372263 ]
humanbrowse
Explore top book recommendations for 2025
[ -0.23677007299270073, 0, 1.2230839416058394, 0.040145985401459854 ]
humanbrowse
View publications by Ashraf Ghiye
[ 0.258, 0.644, 0.334, 0.662 ]
agentbrowse
Toggle between light and dark mode
[ 0.795, 0.015, 0.8240000000000001, 0.044 ]
agentbrowse
Open Earth and Planetary Astrophysics section
[ 0.705, 0.315, 0.8979999999999999, 0.33 ]
agentbrowse
View more information about Matieyedou Lamboni
[ 0.054, 0.622, 0.182, 0.637 ]
agentbrowse
Navigate to the Community Forum
[ 0.486, 0.925, 0.609, 0.9830000000000001 ]
agentbrowse
View flight prices for earlier departures
[ 0.14, 0.282, 0.184, 0.32599999999999996 ]
agentbrowse
Select the first Tuesday in May
[ 0.4139484489051095, 0.4822941438763377, 0.4493898266423358, 0.5251003269916765 ]
calendars
Switch to Spanish-English dictionary mode
[ 0.661, 0.185, 0.8150000000000001, 0.212 ]
agentbrowse
Select 6-7 nights
[ 0.6909357892335767, 0.23058542413381122, 0.7623888001824818, 0.26881720430107525 ]
calendars
Login to account
[ 0.7788406706204379, 0.15875912408759124, 0.8155793795620438, 0.17062043795620438 ]
humanbrowse
Enter work email
[ 0.46395985401459855, 0.3467153284671533, 0.9311131386861314, 0.38686131386861317 ]
humanbrowse
Read the article about AI modernizing Ireland's healthcare system
[ 0.738, 0.925, 0.972, 0.9650000000000001 ]
agentbrowse
filter for 3 star reviews
[ 0.01871345029239766, 0.3113731162540366, 0.3286549707602339, 0.3415130516684607 ]
humanbrowse
View content of 'optimizers.mdx' file
[ 0.347, 0.815, 0.43299999999999994, 0.83 ]
agentbrowse
Set date (February 2nd)
[ 0.8659044251824818, 0.8301435406698564, 0.9025433394160584, 0.8827751196172249 ]
humanbrowse
View team schedules dropdown
[ 0.805, 0.235, 0.928, 0.262 ]
agentbrowse
Enter email
[ 0.7481751824817519, 0.30822308394160586, 0.9333941605839416, 0.35749315693430656 ]
humanbrowse
Book a table inside at 9.30pm
[ 0.02281021897810219, 0.8830021237864077, 0.2350878193430657, 0.951683859223301 ]
calendars
Change date of booking
[ 0.8005388914233577, 0.30339805825242716, 0.8811017335766423, 0.3640776699029126 ]
calendars
Navigate to the Models section
[ 0.278, 0.016, 0.35600000000000004, 0.041999999999999996 ]
agentbrowse
Select hotels with breakfast
[ 0.025547445255474453, 0.7930061303827751, 0.041970802919708027, 0.814537230861244 ]
humanbrowse
Input textbox to set number of travelers
[ 0.08833922261484099, 0.24090083423035522, 0.2697474970553592, 0.2766415500538213 ]
humanbrowse
Select Feb
[ 0.382313526459854, 0.35961768219832735, 0.4565037636861314, 0.4169653524492234 ]
calendars
View product catalog
[ 0.04167141879562044, 0.1338862559241706, 0.9583285812043796, 0.21919431279620852 ]
humanbrowse
Open survey in a new browser window
[ 0.402, 0.556, 0.5840000000000001, 0.5940000000000001 ]
agentbrowse
Go to the next page of search results
[ 0.741, 0.393, 0.781, 0.41700000000000004 ]
agentbrowse
Filter places with solidarity fare
[ 0.22850412249705537, 0.4241119483315393, 0.40518256772673733, 0.5532831001076426 ]
humanbrowse
Open contact form
[ 0.41430485857664234, 0.024793388429752067, 0.4731837363138686, 0.05785123966942149 ]
humanbrowse
View calendar for September
[ 0.21532846715328466, 0.6480380499405469, 0.2591240875912409, 0.7051129607609988 ]
calendars
Navigate to the Admissions section
[ 0.364, 0.038, 0.474, 0.132 ]
agentbrowse
Select puffers category
[ 0.4729841468978102, 0.2527372262773723, 0.5374657846715328, 0.27645985401459855 ]
humanbrowse
Change search terms
[ 0.28284671532846717, 0.0215311004784689, 0.5224965784671532, 0.0645933014354067 ]
humanbrowse
View children's section
[ 0.5448648494525548, 0.012917115177610334, 0.5721515739051095, 0.060279870828848225 ]
humanbrowse
Change location
[ 0.0364963503649635, 0.22393364928909953, 0.3774378421532847, 0.273696682464455 ]
humanbrowse
Choose 4am
[ 0.6427634580291971, 0.6727851941747572, 0.7230554288321168, 0.7225424757281553 ]
calendars
Get more information about MathJax
[ 0.069, 0.78, 0.121, 0.8 ]
agentbrowse
Navigate to the Business section
[ 0.325, 0.06, 0.392, 0.098 ]
agentbrowse
Go to July
[ 0.5176351505474452, 0.33737864077669905, 0.546832230839416, 0.3762135922330097 ]
calendars
Navigate to fiction new releases
[ 0.44163435218978103, 0.927007299270073, 0.6327554744525548, 0.9416058394160584 ]
humanbrowse
Add Sonic 3 to watchlist
[ 0.013686131386861315, 0.5479014598540146, 0.15054744525547445, 0.5770985401459854 ]
humanbrowse
Add a new word
[ 0.6870437956204379, 0.5063868613138686, 0.9242700729927007, 0.5611313868613139 ]
humanbrowse
API options
[ 0.03742690058479532, 0.5468245425188375, 0.09850146198830409, 0.566200215285253 ]
humanbrowse
Navigate to the 'Reclassification of works' section
[ 0.802, 0.156, 0.9680000000000001, 0.173 ]
agentbrowse
Click 7pm
[ 0.5036496350364964, 0.6410042475728155, 0.614963503649635, 0.7198877427184466 ]
calendars
Start search
[ 0.8778328999985744, 0.593836150100927, 0.9772651839430315, 0.6573600221478768 ]
humanbrowse
Navigate to page 11 of the articles
[ 0.603, 0.671, 0.643, 0.7110000000000001 ]
agentbrowse
Zoom out button for the interactive world map
[ 0.024606154299175502, 0.11517761033369214, 0.0401575382803298, 0.14531754574811626 ]
humanbrowse
View government-related information
[ 0.41561644616788324, 0, 0.5352703010948905, 0.04784688995215311 ]
humanbrowse
Button to sort places by given criteria
[ 0.18845700824499412, 0.7115177610333692, 0.3839811542991755, 0.767491926803014 ]
humanbrowse
Order online from Yankee Lobster
[ 0.088, 0.663, 0.403, 0.6940000000000001 ]
agentbrowse
Also perform a car search
[ 0.14652714416058393, 0.33816425120772947, 0.16295050182481752, 0.35990338164251207 ]
humanbrowse
Go to Banff Film Festival website
[ 0.08485401459854014, 0.11034443430656934, 0.9151459854014599, 0.19246122262773724 ]
humanbrowse
Click on 29 April
[ 0.15516651459854014, 0.7741935483870968, 0.19765054744525548, 0.8291517323775388 ]
calendars
Learn more about Problem Solving skills
[ 0.47, 0.8, 0.5579999999999999, 0.8180000000000001 ]
agentbrowse
Choose 30 April at 6
[ 0.7750912408759124, 0.4929839199029126, 0.853786496350365, 0.6127123786407767 ]
calendars
Remove event from small room calendar
[ 0.21532846715328466, 0.4731182795698925, 0.23905109489051096, 0.5041816009557945 ]
calendars
Select custom dates
[ 0.17518248175182483, 0.45145631067961167, 0.29927007299270075, 0.4854368932038835 ]
calendars
Change check-in date
[ 0.3883867472627737, 0.22630331753554503, 0.4889085310218978, 0.273696682464455 ]
humanbrowse
Navigate to the Scottish Premiership Table
[ 0.336, 0.158, 0.387, 0.174 ]
agentbrowse
18 May
[ 0.6186131386861314, 0.5221786137440758, 0.6532846715328468, 0.5672023104265402 ]
calendars
Click on the last day of the month
[ 0.24483918795620438, 0.7120669056152927, 0.28901973083941607, 0.7718040621266428 ]
calendars
heart button to save the The Ordinary hydrate set
[ 0.28810307017543857, 0.4967707212055974, 0.3302083333333333, 0.5355220667384284 ]
humanbrowse
Go to the calendar for July and August
[ 0.7791970802919708, 0.21792099192618225, 0.8193430656934306, 0.26867070357554784 ]
calendars
reviews which mention that it's too large
[ 0.560233918128655, 0.3673472820236814, 0.6456140350877193, 0.4017929224973089 ]
humanbrowse
Change end date
[ 0.5180628421532847, 0.2114695340501792, 0.6530993385036497, 0.26881720430107525 ]
calendars
Select 9.30
[ 0.7108519616788321, 0.5788834951456311, 0.7914148038321168, 0.6237864077669902 ]
calendars
next month
[ 0.6240875912408759, 0.33852932464454977, 0.6642335766423357, 0.3906620260663507 ]
calendars
Accept cookies
[ 0.6167883211678832, 0.828698904028436, 0.9562043795620438, 0.886977932464455 ]
humanbrowse
Click on month 04/26
[ 0.3585766423357664, 0.23476702508960573, 0.4635036496350365, 0.3016726403823178 ]
calendars
Look for a table on Monday
[ 0, 0.8703731796116505, 0.1972798813868613, 0.9274120145631068 ]
calendars
Shop for iPhones
[ 0.424, 0.243, 0.562, 0.266 ]
agentbrowse
Add event to calendar
[ 0.3534695701877566, 0.8055885889196909, 0.4735291752501996, 0.8508812689012096 ]
calendars
View free items
[ 0.6528874269005848, 0.5454892966360856, 0.7352521929824561, 0.5617991845056065 ]
humanbrowse
Select the last available date this month
[ 0.33128020945220193, 0.7976093342036553, 0.3779873791621912, 0.8543774477806788 ]
calendars
Select April 30, 2025, as the check-in date
[ 0.756, 0.476, 0.793, 0.516 ]
agentbrowse
Pick the July 1st, 13:00 session
[ 0.021482277121374866, 0.40292634474327627, 0.9785177228786252, 0.5200374388753056 ]
calendars
Open subject dropdown menu
[ 0.26457002737226276, 0.4270334928229665, 0.3982664233576642, 0.48444976076555024 ]
humanbrowse
open the side menu
[ 0.16374269005847952, 0.06308932212028542, 0.2548245614035088, 0.09570909785932721 ]
humanbrowse
Start watching The Traitors
[ 0.18704379562043796, 0.6478102189781022, 0.3512773722627737, 0.8832116788321168 ]
humanbrowse
Navigate to the 'GIVE' page for donations
[ 0.431, 0, 0.477, 0.038 ]
agentbrowse
Click event on 21 April
[ 0.18339416058394162, 0.6618876941457587, 0.2965328467153285, 0.6786140979689367 ]
calendars
Navigate to the Cookies section
[ 0.554, 0.486, 0.6110000000000001, 0.502 ]
agentbrowse
Navigate to the 'source' directory inside the 'docs' folder
[ 0.099, 0.479, 0.137, 0.494 ]
agentbrowse
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio

WebClick: A Multimodal Localization Benchmark for Web-Navigation Models

We introduce WebClick, a high-quality benchmark dataset for evaluating navigation and localization capabilities of multimodal models and agents in Web environments. WebClick features 1,639 English-language web screenshots from over 100 websites paired with precisely annotated natural-language instructions and pixel-level click targets, in the same format as the widely-used screenspot benchmark.

Design Goals and Use Case

WebClick is designed to measure and advance the ability of AI systems to understand web interfaces, interpret user instructions, and take accurate actions within digital environments. The dataset contains three distinct groups of web screenshots that capture a range of real-world navigation scenarios, from agent-based web retrieval to human tasks like online shopping and calendar management.

On a more technical level, this benchmark is intended for assessing multimodal models on their ability to navigate web interfaces, evaluating AI agents' understanding of UI elements and their functions, and testing models' abilities to ground natural language instructions to specific interactive elements.

Dataset Structure

The dataset contains 1,639 samples divided into three key groups:

  1. agentbrowse (36%): Pages encountered by the SurferH agent while solving web retrieval tasks from WebVoyager
  2. humanbrowse (31.8%): Pages and elements interacted with by humans performing everyday tasks (e-shopping, trip planning, personal organization)
  3. calendars (32.2%): A specialized subset focusing on calendar interfaces, a known challenge for UI understanding models

Each sample consists of:

  • image: A screenshot of a web page
  • instruction: A natural language instruction describing the desired action
  • bbox: Coordinates of the bounding box (relative to the image dimensions) that identify the correct click target, such as an input field or a button
  • bucket: One of agentbrowse, humanbrowse, calendars: group this row belongs to

The dataset includes several challenging scenarios:

  • Disambiguation between similar elements (e.g., "the login button in the middle", “the login button in the top-right”)
  • Cases where OCR is insufficient because the visible text isn't the interactive element
  • Navigation requiring understanding of relative spatial relationships between information and interaction points

Dataset Creation: High Quality Annotations and NLP Instructions

A key strength of this benchmark is its meticulous annotation: all bounding boxes correspond precisely to HTML element boundaries, ensuring rigorous evaluation of model performance. Each screenshot is paired with natural language instructions that simulate realistic navigation requests, requiring models to not only understand UI elements but also interpret contextual relationships between visual elements.

Curation Rationale

WebClick focuses on realism by capturing authentic interactions: actions taken by humans and agents. The records of WebClick are English-language, desktop-size screenshots of 100+ websites. Each record points to an element outlined by a rectangular bounding box and an intent corresponding to it. In particular, the dataset focuses on providing bounding boxes and intents that are not ambiguous, thus increasing the trustworthiness of the evaluation of a VLM on this data.

Challenging Examples for UI Element Selection

With this new benchmark, H Company aims to unlock new capabilities in VLMs, and stimulate the progress of web agents.

Our dataset includes examples that go beyond standard object detection or OCR, requiring genuine UI understanding and instruction-based visual reasoning. These examples highlight failure points in current models and test capabilities critical for real-world interaction with user interfaces, demonstrating H Company's commitment to creating targeted benchmarks around challenging areas.

Key Challenges Captured in the Benchmark

  • UI Understanding
    Tasks require comprehension of common UI conventions (e.g., icons, labels, layout). For instance, identifying the correct user settings button may involve recognizing a gear icon, or adding a specific product to a cart might require interpreting both imagery and adjacent labels. State-of-the-art models often fail at such tasks due to lack of contextual or semantic UI awareness.

  • Instruction-Based Disambiguation
    Some instructions describe objects based on spatial position, appearance, or intent (e.g., "middle of the page", "green button"). These tasks require combining textual instruction with visual reasoning in order to solve them — a challange most models do not yet handle robustly.

  • Calendar Navigation
    Even frontier models struggle to interact with calendar widgets. Understanding which dates are available (e.g., not grayed out or marked unavailable) is a frequent failure case, demonstrating gaps in dynamic UI interpretation.

  • Format and Location Sensitivity
    Instructions that rely on regional formats—like time (“18:45”) or date representations—test the model’s resilience to location-specific variations. Models trained on culturally homogeneous data often perform poorly here.

Example Tasks

Category Instruction Image
UI Understanding Access user account settings Access user account settings
UI Understanding Add Insignia cable to cart Add Insignia cable to cart
UI Understanding Pick the first available date Pick the first available date
Format Understanding Choose 18:45 Choose 18:45
UI Disambiguation Green button to create a travel alert Green Button to create a travel alert
UI Disambiguation Log in button (middle of the page) log in button (middle of the page)
UI Disambiguation Select fifth image in gallery Select fifth image in gallery
Calendar Understanding Select Aug 7th Select aug 7th

Results of Popular Models

To put our benchmark into context, we evaluate our benchmark alongside the popular Screenspot [1] and ScreenspotV2 [2] benchmarks using a set of popular pre-trained models. From the table we can observe that the models mostly underperform on WebClick compared to both Screenspot benchmarks, making it a more challenging task. We also find that WebClick provides better signal for downstream performance for agentic applications of the model.

Model WebClick (ours) Screenspot Screenspot V2
osunlp/UGround-V1-2B [3] 71.69% 77.12% 79.31%
osunlp/UGround-V1-7B [3] 82.37% 85.69% 84.26%
Qwen/Qwen2.5-VL-3B-Instruct [4] 71.15% 82.78% 84.34%
Qwen/Qwen2.5-VL-7B-Instruct [4] 74.37% 85.53% 88.04%
ByteDance-Seed/UI-TARS-2B-SFT [5] 64.23% 66.82% 69.39%
ByteDance-Seed/UI-TARS-7B-DPO [5] 80.67% 84.20% 86.70%
Holo1-3B 81.50% 86.01% 87.33%
Holo1-7B 84.03% 87.42% 89.85%

Annotations

Annotations were created by UI experts with specialized knowledge of web interfaces. Each screenshot was paired with a natural language instruction describing an intended action, and a bounding box precisely matching HTML element boundaries. All labels were hand-written or hand-reviewed. Instructions were rewritten when needed to only contain non-ambiguous intents rather than visual descriptions. Screenshots were manually reviewed to avoid any personal information, with any identifiable data removed or anonymized.

Licence

  • Curated by: H Company
  • Language: English
  • License: Apache 2.0

Dataset Sources

Citation

[1] SeeClick: Harnessing GUI Grounding for Advanced Visual GUI Agents Kanzhi Cheng, Qiushi Sun, Yougang Chu, Fangzhi Xu, Yantao Li, Jianbing Zhang, Zhiyong Wu Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), Aug. 2024

[2] OS-ATLAS: A Foundation Action Model for Generalist GUI Agents Zhiyong Wu, Zhenyu Wu, Fangzhi Xu, Yian Wang, Qiushi Sun, Chengyou Jia, Kanzhi Cheng, Zichen Ding, Liheng Chen, Paul Pu Liang, Yu Qiao arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.23218 (2024)

[3] Navigating the Digital World as Humans Do: Universal Visual Grounding for GUI Agents Boyu Gou and Ruohan Wang and Boyuan Zheng and Yanan Xie and Cheng Chang and Yiheng Shu and Huan Sun and Yu Su The Thirteenth International Conference on Learning Representations (2025)

[4] Qwen2.5-VL Technical Report Qwen Team arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.13923 (2025)

[5] UI-TARS: Pioneering Automated GUI Interaction with Native Agents Yujia Qin, Yining Ye, Junjie Fang, Haoming Wang, Shihao Liang, Shizuo Tian, Junda Zhang, Jiahao Li, Yunxin Li, Shijue Huang, Wanjun Zhong, Kuanye Li, Jiale Yang, Yu Miao, Woyu Lin, Longxiang Liu, Xu Jiang, Qianli Ma, Jingyu Li, Xiaojun Xiao, Kai Cai, Chuang Li, Yaowei Zheng, Chaolin Jin, Chen Li, Xiao Zhou, Minchao Wang, Haoli Chen, Zhaojian Li, Haihua Yang, Haifeng Liu, Feng Lin, Tao Peng, Xin Liu, Guang Shi arXiv:2501.12326 (2025)

BibTeX:

@dataset{hcompany2025uinavigate,
  author = {H Company Research Team},
  title = {WebClick: A Multimodal Localization Benchmark for Web-Navigation Models},
  year = {2025},
  publisher = {H Company},
}

@misc{andreux2025surferhmeetsholo1costefficient,
      title={Surfer-H Meets Holo1: Cost-Efficient Web Agent Powered by Open Weights}, 
      author={Mathieu Andreux and Breno Baldas Skuk and Hamza Benchekroun and Emilien Biré and Antoine Bonnet and Riaz Bordie and Matthias Brunel and Pierre-Louis Cedoz and Antoine Chassang and Mickaël Chen and Alexandra D. Constantinou and Antoine d'Andigné and Hubert de La Jonquière and Aurélien Delfosse and Ludovic Denoyer and Alexis Deprez and Augustin Derupti and Michael Eickenberg and Mathïs Federico and Charles Kantor and Xavier Koegler and Yann Labbé and Matthew C. H. Lee and Erwan Le Jumeau de Kergaradec and Amir Mahla and Avshalom Manevich and Adrien Maret and Charles Masson and Rafaël Maurin and Arturo Mena and Philippe Modard and Axel Moyal and Axel Nguyen Kerbel and Julien Revelle and Mats L. Richter and María Santos and Laurent Sifre and Maxime Theillard and Marc Thibault and Louis Thiry and Léo Tronchon and Nicolas Usunier and Tony Wu},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2506.02865},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.AI},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.02865}, 
}

Dataset Card Contact

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