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Japan’s history has several accounts of war. Japan was also an important country during World War I and World War II. Thus, there are many war heroes in Japan’s history that are still celebrated. Here are the most well-known seven generals in Japan’s history. - Tadamichi Kuribayashi - Tomoyuki Yamashita - Masatake Okumiya - Tojo Hideki - Iwane Matsui - Isoroku Yamamoto - Minoru Genda The Yasukuni Shrine in Chiyoda commemorates the war heroes of Japan. Various Shinto festivals are held in the shrine to remember those who died for the country. However, the shrine is a point of controversy since it lists people who were convicted of war crimes. Even then, the fact remains that the generals mentioned in this article were famous in their own right. - Born – July 7, 1891 - Years of service – 1911 to 1945 - Battles served – World War II, Battle of Iwo Jima, Battle of Hong Kong - Awards – Order of the Rising Son, Order of the Sacred Treasure - Died – March 26, 1945 - Cause of death – Killed in combat Kuribayashi was born in Nagano on July 7, 1891. He was from a minor samurai family who had settled in the prefecture since the 15th century. Growing up, he was a literary enthusiast. He was very good at poetry and composition. His inclination was towards journalism. However, he was persuaded by his teachers to join the Imperial Japanese Army Academy. He trained to become an able army man. However, he did not give up on his love for literature. He wrote the lyrics for several martial songs. Kuribayashi was well aware of the risks of war with America. He often said that America was a formidable enemy. Kuribayashi led the army during the Battle of Iwo Jima and was an able leader. He composed six Courageous Battle Vows to motivate his men. He also composed instructions for his men to follow through. His leadership shone through due to these actions. The exact day and the way in which Kuribayashi was killed is unclear. However, it is believed that he was killed sometime around March 26, 1945. He was leading his soldiers in an attack on Marine and Air Force ground crews in the early hours of the morning. He had removed all badges from his uniform to look like a common soldier. Hence, his body could not be identified. But it is believed that he died during this combat. - Born – November 8, 1885 - Years of service – 1905 to 1945 - Battles served – World War I, Second Sino-Japanese War, Pacific War - Nicknames – Tiger of Malaya, The Beast of Bataan - Awards – Order of the Golden Kite, Order of the Rising Sun, Order of the Sacred Treasure - Died – February 23, 1946 - Cause of death – Died by Hanging Yamashita was born in a village in Osugi. His father was a local doctor. He attended military schools in his youth. In 1905, he ranked 16th among 920 fellow cadets. He fought against the Germans in World War I as a lieutenant. Over the next years, he moved up the army ranks. He was promoted to the position of lieutenant-general in 1937. Yamashita was an able general trained in the art and skills of war. However, it is said that he lacked the political skills. Thus, he could not have a good relationship with those in political power. But, he was very committed to his values as a soldier. He also always upheld his allegiance to the Emperor. During 1940, he visited Western Europe on a mission. He met Hitler and Bussolini during this time. Yamashita was very vocal about the need for Japan and China to make peace. He was also an advocate of maintaining peaceful relations with the US and Great Britain. Due to his open support for leniency towards rebel officers and some other views, he fell in disfavor with the Emperor. He was tried by an American military tribunal for war crimes. The Japanese army killed civilians and committed atrocities. As their commander, Yamashita was held responsible. Thus, he was sentenced to death. He was hanged to death. - Born – July 27, 1909 - Years of service – 1930 to 1945 and 1954 to 1964 - Battles served – World War II - Died – February 22, 2007 - Cause of death – Old age Okumiya served as a Commander and Lieutenant-general in the Japan Air Self-Defense Force. He started as a midshipman in 1930. In 1933, he received his wings as a naval aviator. He served in World War II aboard the aircraft Ryujo. He also served on the 2nd Air Fleet of the Navy. At the end of the war, he was demobilized. The Japanese Air-Self Defense Force was in its early days in 1954 when he joined. He served as the Commander of the force. Also, he was actively involved in training personnel. Okumiya was a known historian, too. He documented Japan’s role in World War II. He also co-authored a book. The book was called Midway: The Battle That Doomed Japan. He also was the co-author of the book Zero!. The book was about a long-range fighter aircraft. - Born – December 30, 1884 - Years of service – 1944 - Battles served – World War II, Russian Civil War, Japanese Battle of Manchuria, Second Sino-Japanese War - Awards – Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun, Order of the Golden Kite (2nd Class), Order of the Sacred Treasure - Died – December 23, 1948 - Cause of death – Execution by hanging Hideki Tojo was a general in the Japanese Army. He also served as the Prime Minister from 1941 to 1944. Also, from 1940 to 1944, he was the Minister of War. It was Tojo who went on Japanese radio in 1941 to announce to the public that Japan was at war. Tojo was a popular leader during the early years of the war. Since Japan went through a series of victories, he gained support from all quarters. However, after the Battle of Midway, as Japan was losing its footing, he started facing opposition. His views on Asian political dynamics were objected to. The Indian invasion approved by Tojo proved to be a disaster. This was again, a major blow for Tojo. When Japan surrendered in 1945, Tojo was arrested for war crimes. He tried to kill himself instead of being captured but failed. A trial took place eventually. Being the general, he took full responsibility for the crimes committed by his men. As a result, he was convicted. He was sentenced to death and executed by hanging. - Born – July 27, 1878 - Years of service – 1897 to 1938 - Battles served – Russo-Japanese War, Second Sino-Japanese War, Siberian intervention - Awards – Order of the Golden Kite (1st Class), Order of the Rising Sun (1st Class), Military Medal of Honor - Died – December 23, 1948 - Cause of death – Convicted and executed Matsui was a general in the Japanese Army. He chose to serve in the military forces in his youth. The Russo-Japanese War was the first war he served in. Matsui retired from the Army in 1935. However, he was called back two years later to serve in the Second Sino-Japanese War. He finally retired again in 1938. Matsui quickly gained the reputation of being an expert on China. He believed in having peaceful relations between Japan and China. Thus, he played a major role in forming the Greater Asia Association. Matsui was tried for war crimes after Japan lost World War II. He was convicted during a trial by the Allied forces. He was hanged with other war criminals. - Born – April 4, 1884 - Years of service – 1904 to 1943 - Battles served – Russo-Japanese War, World War I, World War II - Awards – Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum (posthumous award), Order of the Golden Kite (1st Class), Sacred Treasure (1st Class) - Died – April 18, 1943 - Cause of death – Killed on duty Yamamoto was a Naval Officer. He was born in Nagaoka. Later, he was adopted by the samurai family Yamamoto. He was actively involved in naval aviation. He was in charge of major strategies during the attack on Pearl Harbor. Also, he was actively involved in the Battle of Midway. He commanded during the Pacific War, too. He was injured during one of his battles. As a result, he lost two fingers on his left hand. He was openly against a pact with Nazi Germany. Due to this, he received a lot of heat from other officers and politicians. He even received death threats. However, he stood by his opinion. He also strongly believed that it was in the best interest of Japan to not have such a pact. He was killed when his plane was shot down by the US Air Force. - Born – August 16, 1904 - Years of service – 1924 to 1945 and 1954 to 1962 - Battles served – World War II, Pearl Harbor Attack Plan, Battle of Midway - Awards – US Legion of Merit, Order of the Sacred Treasure (2nd Class), Order of the Rising Sun (2nd Class) - Died – August 15, 1989 - Cause of death – Natural causes Genda was the son of a farmer from Kake. He joined the Army academy and trained to be a fighter pilot. He is known most for his active role in the Pearl Harbor attack. When he served aboard Ryujo, he had already come in contact with Yamamoto. So, during the planning of the Pearl Harbor attack, he worked closely with Yamamoto. He also suggested using the element of surprise for a high impact. Genda served in World War II and was involved in direct combat. He spent 30,000 flight hours during the war. He provided great insights during the war planning. His assessment of enemy aircraft was very accurate. Later, he also wrote an autobiography detailing his war experiences. After retiring from active service in the army, Genda joined politics. He was elected as a member of the upper house.

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Dynamics of ocean currents 433 system is moving through space at an unknown speed. Ocean currents result from two processes the action of the wind on the surface of the water, and from variation in water temperature that causes movement a process known as convection. Western boundary currents, such as the gulf stream and kuroshio currents, are warm, deep, and fast moving surface currents that transport a lot of water and heat from the tropics to higher latitudes. Pdf threedimensional reconstruction of oceanic mesoscale. Identify major ocean gyres and their physical properties temperature, speed, and direction. The current flow varies both in time, with depth below the mean surface and in space. It is best seen at an inlet connecting the ocean with a barrier sound. Correlate current direction and speed with global winds. Currents are generally measured in meters per second or in knots 1 knot 1. Additionally, if you would like all of the resources together in a pdf document, that can be accessed as a complete resource here. Oceanic current synonyms, oceanic current pronunciation, oceanic current translation, english dictionary definition of oceanic current. Youll find handouts on ocean tides, hurricanes, marine biologists, and much more. There are plenty of resources appropriate for elementary, intermediate, and secondary school students. For example, in the open ocean, currents may move around small submesoscale features, only a few hundred meters in size, around mesoscale features, a few tens of kilometers across, such as ocean rings and eddies, or may flow across or around entire ocean basins including well known features such as the gulf stream north. This friction then forces the water to move in a spiral pattern, creating gyres. Ocean currents and climate national geographic society. Ocean currents houston independent school district. The kuroshio current, for example, can travel between. Dynamics of ocean currents california digital library. Geography for upsc cse ocean currents civil services. These 4 factors keep currents flowing in distinct patters around the earth. Jan 07, 2020 oceanic currents describe the movement of water from one location to another. Surface currents extend to about 400 m below the surface, and they move as fast as 100 kmday. Grades 48 learning goals students will understand the location of the major surface currents of the oceans, how surface currents affect nearby landmasses, the relationship between temperature of water and density, the relationship between salinity of water and density. They flow in between the equator and about 20 0 south. Have students begin watching ocean currents internet video lesson, 10 minutes. An ocean current is a continuous, directed movement of sea water generated by a number of. Deep ocean currents energy resourcesa case study of. At any particular location, the high and low tides. Heat and salt transports can be calculated using currents, sea surface temperature sst, and sea surface salinity. No means are available fox determining absolute motion, but this is of no concern, because theobserved largescale motion of the atmosphere and the sea can be adequately described by means of the simple equations if the. And that temperature, density, and the earths rotation all play a role. Ocean currents article about ocean currents by the free. Similarly, the major current feature of the southern ocean is the antarctic circumpolar current acc, which, by virtue of its great depth, has an enormous volume transport. Some of the more prominent currents include the california and humboldt currents in the pacific, the gulf stream and labrador current in the atlantic, and the indian monsoon current in the indian ocean. Ocean current worksheet temperature affects and surface. Jan 15, 2016 atlantic ocean currents the behavior of the atlantic ocean currents is quite significant because of their influence on the climate of northwestern europe, climate of northwestern africa and fishing in the grand banks region. Geography for upsc cse ocean currents civil services lets crack upsc cse. These results were consistent with the results obtained when applying gams on similar scales guyomard et al. Equatorial atlantic ocean currents under the influence of prevailing trade winds, the north equatorial current and the south equatorial current start from the eastern. Teach your students about oceanography with our most popular oceanography worksheets and teaching resources. Ocean current definition of ocean current by the free. The pdf is compiled by clearias, so the credit goes to them. Unit 2 ocean currents in this unit, you will investigate the forces that drive surface currents in the worlds oceans. Equatorial atlantic ocean currents under the influence of prevailing trade winds, the north equatorial current and the south equatorial current. Ocean currents,waves and tides scavenger huntthis scavenger hunt introduces to students an information and basics and details about the science related to ocean currents, waves and tides. Oceanography worksheets and teaching resources teachervision. The currents are generated from the forces acting upon the. Tides create a current in the oceans, which are strongest. Currents are in geostropic balance each gyre includes 4 current components. Ocean current notes ocean water contains streamlike movements of water called ocean currents. Magnetic and oceanic currents by pliny earle chase. Ocean currents shortcut method by to learn faster clear ias. Today were going to learn about ocean currents slide 3 1. Ocean currents flow for great distances, and together, create the global conveyor belt which plays a dominant role in determining the climate of many of the earths regions. Engineering ocean currents is a fun and interactive activity that is designed to enhance. Threedimensional reconstruction of oceanic mesoscale currents from surface information article pdf available in journal of geophysical research. These interactions vary with latitude, altitude, and local and regional geography, all of which can affect oceanic and atmospheric flow patterns. Oceanic current definition of oceanic current by the free. There are 28 scavenger hunt cards with colorful pictures. The top part indicates the wind cycle, the lower part shows the major currents that develop in response to the wind. Scientists across the globe are trying to figure out why the ocean is becoming more violent and what, if anything, can be done about it. Surface currents carry warm or cold water horizontally across the ocean s surface. This textbook covers physicaloceanographic processes, theories, data, and measurements, targeted at upperdivision undergraduates and graduate students in oceanography, meteorology, and ocean engineering. This height varies the layer of air under an upperlevel high pressure system are thicker500mb isobar is at a higher elevation500mb isobars bend poleward on map ridge. Temperature distribution of oceans the study of the temperature of the oceans is important for determining the movement of large volumes of water vertical and horizontal ocean currents, type and distribution of marine organisms at various depths of oceans, climate of coastal lands, etc. The following aspects are highlighted in this lesson. Ocean currents 433 system is moving through space at an unknown speed. Data marker buoys drift with ocean currents temperatures. Ocean currents and marine life article pdf available in current biology 2711. A summary of the monsoon system in the indian ocean. Introduction to physical oceanography open textbook library. Great weather for the beach does not always mean its safe to swim or even play in the shallows. Depth contours, shoreline configurations, and interactions with other currents influence a current s direction and strength. An ocean current is a regular movement of large amounts of water along defined paths. If a deep, cold, salty current is flowing away at depth, there has to be water. Also, monsoon winds in northern indian ocean are peculiar to the region, which directly influence the ocean surface water movement. Appropriate as part of a natural science unit for a variety of grade levels. Winds are able to move the top 400 meters of the ocean creating surface ocean currents. This edition of the earth science reference tables should be used in the classroom beginning in the 201112 school year. Surface currents are mostly caused by the wind because it creates friction as it moves over the water. Source of heat in oceans the sun is the principal source of energy. Depth contours, shoreline configurations, and interactions with other currents influence a current s direction and. More specifically, ocean currents influence the temperature of the regions through which they travel. Students will understand how surface ocean currents work, what drives them, and where in the ocean they. An overview of ocean currents and how they circulate. Dipartment of commerce national oceanic and atmolpheric adminiltration national ocean survey office of program development and management. As such, oceanographers and marine biologists are interested in the causes, effects, and patterns of ocean currents. Convection currents, or density currents, are a variety of gradient currents. Finally, students may need their earth science reference tables esrt for parts of the lesson a document used widely in the new york state earth science regents course as. Choose a station using our tides and currents map, click on a state below, or search by station name, id, or latitudelongitude. An ocean current is any more or less permanent or continuous, directed movement of ocean water that flows in one of the earths oceans. Indian ocean currents effect of monsoons on north indian. Enter a minimum of 3 characters of a station name to retrieve a listing of stations containing those exact. Enrol and complete the course for a free statement of participation or digital badge. The chances of drowning at a beach with lifeguards are 1 in 18 million u. Where winds blow in the same direction for a long period of time, currents will develop that transport large masses of water over considerable distances across ocean surfaces. Ocean currents are the continuous flow of huge amount of water in a definite direction while the waves are the horizontal motion of water. Currents are influenced by global wind coriolis effect, salinity, continental deflection and convection cells. The ocean exerts a major influence on weather and climate by absorbing energy from the sun, releasing it over time, and globally redistributing it through ocean currents. Oceanic current article about oceanic current by the free. Ocean currents, including the ocean conveyor belt, play a key role in determining how the ocean distributes heat energy throughout the planet, thereby regulating and stabilizing climate patterns. That warm water from the tropics causes mild winters in western europe. This lesson will discuss surface ocean currents, deep water ocean currents, and the forces that drive them. Water currents are a crucial abiotic factor or issue that considerably influences copy of marine organisms, marine ecosystems we tend to all inhabit. You do not need to select a plan or take a free trial in order to use your credits. The current is like the wind, being stochastic both in space and time. Select chapter 6 global fluxes and the deep circulation. For example, in the open ocean, currents may move around small submesoscale features, only a few hundred meters in size, around mesoscale features, a few tens of kilometers across, such as ocean rings and eddies, or may flow across or around entire ocean basins including well known features such as the gulf stream north atlantic, kuroshio. Ocean currents are distinguished by origin, location, physical characteristics, and stability. May 23, 2019 today wer sharing notes on ocean currents one of the most important topics of geography for ssc. The wind also carries dry air, and the winter monsoon season is the dry season for most of southern asia. Ocean currents are similar to winds in the atmosphere in that they transfer. Sunlight penetrates sufficiently to support the growth of phytoplankton andor macro algae. Wind currents, or drift currents, are the main form of movement of the surface layer of water in oceans and seas and frequently lead to the development of gradient currents. In 1992, a cargo ship carrying bath toys got caught in a storm. Thermohaline currents are warm salty cold fresh water ocean currents. The first examination for which these tables will be used is the january 2012 regents examination in physical settingearth science. Ocean current worksheet temperature affects and surface currents. Jul 21, 2019 oceanic currents are found all over the globe and vary in size, importance, and strength. Ocean currents quick revision series geography for upsc. Deep ocean currents energy resourcesa case study of australia australia, where despite the huge reserves of uranium and the leading position of exporter of nuclear fuels the nuclear energy is banned. Pdf today, ocean currents are also gaining importance due to the possibility. Warm and cold surface currents redistribute the suns heat more evenly around the earth. Surface currents are mostly caused by the w ind because it creates friction as it moves over the water. Displaying top 8 worksheets found for ocean currents. Coops provides the national infrastructure, science, and technical expertise to monitor, assess, and distribute tide, current, water level, and other coastal oceanographic products and services that support noaas mission of environmental stewardship and environmental assessment and prediction. Water moves ahead from one place to another through ocean currents while the water in the waves does not move, but the wave trains. Learning ocean science through ocean exploration section 5. Waves, tides and currents foldable 5th grade science. Did you know that the water in the worlds oceans is always on the move. Jan 31, 2019 dive into the science of ocean currents including the global conveyor belt current, and find out how climate change affects them. Ocean current, stream made up of horizontal and vertical components of the circulation system of ocean waters that is produced by gravity, wind friction, and water density variation in different parts of the ocean. Jan 15, 2016 indian ocean currents indian ocean is half an ocean, hence the behavior of the north indian ocean currents is different from that of atlantic ocean currents or the pacific ocean currents. Currents are responsible for circulating water throughout the earths oceans. Today wer sharing notes on ocean currents one of the most important topics of geography for ssc. In both oceans, it is separated from the equatorial circulation by the equatorial countercurrent, which flows eastward. Convection occurs because the oceanic waters heat up becoming less dense. What are the different ocean currents that carry warm water give at least three examples. The most striking difference is the seasonal reversal of the monsoon winds and its effects on the ocean currents in the northern hemisphere. Upon completion of video, students should begin to answer questions provided on the ocean currents worksheet. Download ocean currents geography notes pdf admin may 23, 2019. Surface waters of the earths oceans are forced to move, primarily by winds. Students should be taking no tes as they watch the video. Well, tim and moby will give you the inside scoop on all this stuffand morein this brainpop movie on ocean. The ocean s primary production is intimately connected to the movement of currents, and impacts most living things in the ocean. Moreover, at a finer scale, we found that higher swordfish cpue occurred with lower tidal fluctuations which coincided with the possible generation of lowvelocity oceanic currents. In this experiment, the students will hypothesize the cause of ocean currents and then develop a. Ocean currents transport important quantities, such as nutrients, heat and pollutants around the world, often with direct consequence to humans. The tidal current floods and then ebbs with slack waters in between. Map the ocean floor, identifying the major mountain ranges and rifts, learn about ocean currents and color a map of the prevailing currents on earth, make an ocean in a bottle craft and then round it out with an ocean lapbook. Oceans in general have a great influence on rainfall on a continental basis and an influence on temperatures along coastal margins. Examine ocean salinity and temperature patterns and their. An ocean current is a continuous, directed movement of sea water generated by a number of forces acting upon the water, including wind, the coriolis effect, breaking waves, cabbeling, and temperature and salinity differences. Deep ocean currents are caused by differences in water temperature and salinity density. Atlantic ocean currents the behavior of the atlantic ocean currents is quite significant because of their influence on the climate of northwestern europe, climate of northwestern africa and fishing in the grand banks region. The upper 200 m of the ocean is termed the photic zone. Surface currents are those found in the upper 400 meters 1,300 feet of the ocean and make up about 10% of all the water in the ocean. This is particularly true for features such as currents, fronts, or water masses, which are. R470r473 june 2017 with 1,300 reads how we measure reads. Figure 3 is an isotherm map that shows ocean temperatures around africa. This unit introduces students to forces that force ocean currents, and allows students to explore what thermohaline and winddriven currents in the ocean look like and why. Ocean currents and mixing by winds and waves can transport and redistribute heat to deeper ocean layers. It is a significant ocean current in the pacific, atlantic and the indian ocean that flows from east to west.790 324 673 1235 1025 1005 824 453 765 1434 914 238 795 630 486 654 1378 1137 444 668 880 344 674 934 1221 115 422 563 14 1440 9 622 279

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In today’s wired world, people will start experimenting with an interesting new programming language shortly after it appears on a hosting service. But things took longer in the early days of Lisp. McCarthy’s famous paper on Lisp was presented at a conference in May 1959 and published in CACM in April 1960, by which time a system with an interpreter and compiler was running on MIT’s IBM 704; the paper notes “A programmer’s manual is being prepared.” Gradually copies of Lisp were requested by other IBM installations (the system was ported to the 709 and then the 7090). Modifications were often required to adapt it to a particular hardware configuration or operating environment and it was several years before Lisp was adapted to other kinds of computers. Without the internet or “social networking”, the propagation of ideas depended even more heavily on people. The physicist Harold V. McIntosh was one of the first to spread Lisp beyond MIT. In 2008, McIntosh wrote: My first experience with LISP was while working for the Martin Company in Baltimore, Maryland. The Massachussetts Institute of Technology had an “Industrial Liaison Program,” to a session of which I was sent to hear a presentation on this new symbolic programming language by members of their Artificial Intelligence group. That was the famous meeting which was interrupted by a garbage collection, visible via a remote monitor connected to the computer room. We heard about climbing “gradients in theorem space” as a way to prove theorems and saw a demonstration of the computation of a symbolic derivative and afterwards I was assured by a friend who worked in the group that it was even possible to compute gradients of functions of several variables. Returning to Baltimore, I was disenchanted by the whole episode but on reporting the experience to the director of the computer center, his reaction was “I want one of those!” So, it was back to MIT to cajole a copy of the tape from my friend, and learn how to use it. A copy of the user’s manual for Lisp 1.5 was available, as well as a published description of the language in Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery. Part of the learning process was to write a Lisp processor of my own in the assembly language of the IBM 709 (later 7090), which was christened MBLISP, computing center projects being required to have a name. MB was the Share code for “Martin Baltimore.” During the time that MBLISP was under development there were some prospective applications — computing group character tables, transforming quantum mechanical Slater integrals to take advantage of their symmetry, even getting representations of the Lie group SU(3) which were needed in nuclear physics. Slater himself at MIT already had a program called Shadow, but using a symbolic language seemed as though it might be an improvement. In any event, the combination of having applications and writing the processor made one quite aware of both the favorable and unfavorable aspects of LISP, both as a language and in its implementation as an operating system. In addition to using Lisp for his own work, McIntosh immediately began introducing it to students. In 1963 he wrote: In a summer institute conducted by RIAS at the campus of Morgan State College in Baltimore, in July and August of 1961, a dozen students ranging in age from 17 to 23 and in educational level from high school to college graduate, studied programming for an IBM 7090 computer and “programming languages” which are designed to handle particular types of problems. The experience of this institute shows that students can be introduced directly to that class of computers which we have arbitrarily designated as large, as well as how this study may supplement mathematical training of the more customary sort. The students at this institute and ones the next two summers at the Quantum Theory Project of the University of Florida, Gainesville, investigated a variety of topics, from puzzles to flexagons to group theory, and wrote a series of reports on MBLISP and its applications. After two years at the University of Florida, McIntosh accepted an offer at CENAC (Centro Nacional de Calculo, Instituto Politecnico Nacional) in Mexico. Robert Yates, one of the students who’d attended the Baltimore and Florida summer institutes, recently told me: … Mac’s connection with Mexico started with Marcos Moshinsky – for years Mexico’s best theoretical physicist… Moshinsky was interested in group theory – SU3 in particular and he had these creation/annihilation operators that did not commute. [A, B] = AB – BA = I. All of the blackboards of the Physics Institute were filled up with polynomials of As and Bs – the algebra is tedious to say the least. Mac told Moshinsky that LISP could do the algebra and Moshinsky was interested. Yates visited Mexico several times, and spent the 1963-1964 academic year there before returning to Johns Hopkins to finish his bachelor’s degree. It was during this visit that Yates helped organize the First International Lisp Conference. Lowell Hawkinson was also introduced to Lisp by Harold McIntosh: One of the students who had attended McIntosh’s 1961 Lisp summer school was Peter Conrad, my sophomore year roommate at Yale. Through this connection, I ended up attending McIntosh’s 1962 offering in Gainesville, probably funded entirely out of his own pocket. In preparation for this, I read a primer on Lisp that he and his students had written a year or two earlier, and then I began writing simple recursive Lisp functions for set-theoretic operations — before I had ever seen other than a picture of a computer. During the next academic year at Yale, I built a Lisp interpreter, YULISP, for the IBM 709. Among other things, it had a rather sophisticated relocating garbage collector, perhaps the first instance of this kind of garbage collector. I also began work on a compiler version of YULISP. (All this was much to the detriment of my academic studies.) I spent August of 1963 at Uppsala University as a guest of Prof. Per-Olov Lowdin, a quantum theorist, mathematician, and friend of Harold McIntosh. The central event of this visit was a talk on Lisp I presented in a grand old lecture hall at the university. At age 20, I was rather ill-prepared to deliver such a public lecture, but perhaps I planted a seed or two of interest in one or two Swedes. Over the next couple of years, I continued to work under the mentorship of Harold McIntosh, first at the University of Florida in Gainesville and then at the Instituto Politecnico Nacional in Mexico City (where Adolfo Guzmán was a student and where Bob Yates was also to be found). At the Instituto Politecnico, I taught Lisp and continued implementing Lisps, both the YULISP compiler version for the IBM 709 and a just-for-fun interpreter for the CDC 160-A, a tiny paper tape machine. Yates supplied some additional detail: Hawkinson & Yates LISP. While I was in Mexico City (September 1963 – September 1964), I had the opportunity to work with Lowell and become familiar with his plans for his next LISP version (again for the IBM 7090). The extensions consisted in incorporating integers, floating point numbers and arrays as basic objects (like atoms and lists) in the LISP language in a very efficient manner and this LISP was a compiler instead of an interpreter which made it much faster still. Towards the middle of 1964, we worked together and got the compiler running on the IBM 709 at the Politecnico. I went back to finish my bachelor’s degree at Johns Hopkins and Lowell remained 7-8 months more and was able to finish the garbage collector (which collected both lists and arrays — an innovation at that time). Lowell sent me a card deck and I continued work on the compiler at Bell Labs (Holmdel). However, Bell Labs wanted me to do the garbage collector for their Snobol4 project (Griswold) and then I went to Stanford for my doctorate. I essentially abandoned the Hawkinson-Yates LISP system and never had any more contact with it. While earning his doctorate at Stanford, Yates worked at Stanford Research Institute (now called SRI International) on theorem proving and its applications to question-answering, problem-solving, etc. — the language QA4 was an outcome. Later he returned to Mexico where he was at the Universidad National Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM) for many years, including Centro de Investigacion en Matemáticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas (CIMAS) and Instítuto de Geofisica. He is currently with the firm Alternativas en Computación. Hawkinson’s career next took him to Information International, Inc. and the LISP 2 project, which I hope to take up in a later posting. Hawkinson mentioned Adolfo Guzmán: a Mexican engineer who worked with McIntosh at Instituto Politecnico Nacional and wrote his undergraduate dissertation on an interpreter for CONVERT, a pattern-matching language he designed with McIntosh. In a paper on CONVERT, Guzmán and McIntosh noted: The first version was written in MBLISP, a LISP dialect which differs from LISP in a number of technical details, but which had a sufficient amount of pushdown list and free storage space available to be able to execute reasonably complicated examples. As an interpreter–interpreting a CONVERT interpreter for a slow machine–it was decidedly slow. The Q-32 version using a faster machine with a Lisp compiler gave a much better performance. One of the programs analyzed a group of order 16, defined as a semi-direct product C8:C2 of cyclic groups of order 8 and 2, respectively. It was possible to obtain the group table in about three minutes at times when the time-sharing competition was not intense which meant about a second per group product, a figure several hundred times as fast as for MBLISP in the 709. The Q-32 Lisp has a limited pushdown list available, which prevented the execution of quite a number of programs, since CONVERT is highly recursive. However, the latest experience has been with yet another LISP processor, a compiler, constructed for the CENAC by Lowell Hawkinson and Robert Yates, and which they are presumably continuing to develop. It is unique in having an excellent array and floating-point numerical capability, as well as being very carefully organized in all other aspects. As a result it is one of our current vehicles for the CONVERT programs. Guzmán Arenas went on to earn a master’s degree and PhD at MIT with Marvin Minsky as his advisor. He has had a long and productive career in Mexico and the United States. McIntosh stayed in Mexico, working in various positions at Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Instituto Nacional de Energía Nuclear, and finally Universidad Autónoma de Puebla. He has advised many graduate students, created widely-used software packages, and published several books — see here for a summary. Update 7/10/2012: McIntosh comments: “It might be of interest that Gerardo Cisneros and Carlos Bunge later on considerably extended the Slater integral programs; as I recall this included using CONVERT. REC and CONVERT were my answers to perceived shortcomings in LISP.” Incidentally, Cisneros wrote “La computación en México y la influencia de H. V. Mcintosh en su desarrollo” in 1991. Thanks to Harold McIntosh, Robert Yates, Lowell Hawkinson, and Adolfo Guzmán Arenas for sharing their stories with me. Thanks to Harold McIntosh, Robert Yates, and Adolfo Guzmán Arenas, and Herbert Stoyan for making available documents. And thanks to Steve Russell for encouraging me to contact Harold McIntosh. J. McCarthy, R. Brayton, D. Edwards, P. Fox, L. Hodes, D. Luckham, K. Maling, D. Park and S. Russell. LISP I Programmer’s Manual. Computation Center and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, March 1, 1960. PDF at bitsavers.org H. V. McIntosh. 2008: An anniversary. Posting to Cellular automata miscellanea forum, October 17, 2008. Retrieved from Google cache of http://cellular.ci.ulsa.mx/miscelanea/viewtopic.php?t=99&view=next& sid=7d8412cce26816e74caae70f1afb9a25 August 14, 2010. Robert Yates, personal communications, August 14 and September 28, 2010. Lowell Hawkinson, personal communication, April 7, 2010. Adolfo Guzmán Arenas. CONVERT. Diseño de un lenguaje para manipulación simbólica de datos, y de su procesador correspondiente. Tesis de licenciatura, en español. ESIME-IPN, 1965. online at ipn.academia.edu

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Refusing to abdicate, he was blinded and cast into prison. The expansion was partially halted between 638 and 639 during the years of great famine and plague in Arabia and Levant, respectively, but by the end of Umar's reign, Syria, Egypt, Mesopotamia, and much of Persia were incorporated into the Islamic State. Bajkam was killed on a hunting party by marauding Kurds. The length of these periods is not precisely defined, nor are the specific developments that took place during each period. The Christian Reconquista continued in Al-Andalus, and was eventually completed with the fall of Granada in 1492. Anthony Bryer. As new areas were conquered, they also benefited from free trade with other areas of the growing Islamic state, where, to encourage commerce, taxes were applied to wealth rather than trade. In Yazid's reign, civil wars began in different parts of the empire. Hamdanid troops helped ad-Daula escape to Mosul and then to Nasibin. Some Muslims around the world believe "humans and other living things have evolved over time," yet some others believe they have "always existed in present form. The history of Islam in Germany goes back as far as the 8th century. The name "Iran" disappeared from official records of the Saffarids, Samanids, Buyids, Saljuqs and their successor. Toward the beginning of the high Middle Ages, the doctrines of the Sunni and Shia, two major denominations of Islam, solidified and the divisions of the world theologically would form. Some of the taifas, such as that of Seville, were forced to enter into alliances with Christian princes and pay tributes in money to Castille.. Next step would be to cross to sea to al-Andalus, where Rahman I could not have been sure whether he would be welcome. His death signalled the end of Umayyad rule in the East, and was followed by the massacre of Umayyads by the Abbasids. Um den Islam als Glauben anzunehmen, reicht es aus, diesen Satz in ehrlicher Absicht zu sagen. The next caliph, Al-Mustanjid, saw Saladin extinguish the Fatimid dynasty after 260 years, and thus the Abbasids again prevailed. Browse for your friends alphabetically by name. They oversaw the initial phase of the Muslim conquests, advancing through Persia, Levant, Egypt, and North Africa. The Quran states that they were created from fluid and extract of altered clay,- this mixture is said to have been given time for it to develop and was brought to life by the blowing of soul into their bodies. To some, jihad is the essence of radical Islamist ideology, a synonym for terrorism, and even proof of Islam's innate violence.To others, jihad means a peaceful, individual, and internal … “Its support - and this includes what is even called the ‘peace camp’ in Israel - for a two-state solution is an idea that says that you do not have to directly control every part of historical Palestine in order to establish your dominance and hegemony between the River Jordan and the Mediterranean. These clans came to serve as catalysts, forwarding the faith to large parts of the Horn region.. Islamic rule first came to the Indian subcontinent in the 8th century, when Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh, though this was a short-lived consolidation of Indian territory. Al-Mutawakkil built the Great Mosque of Samarra as part of an extension of Samarra eastwards. Egypt continued to be unquiet. He was tolerant towards Shi'i, but toward the Umayyad community he was not so just. During his two-year reign, Mundhir I fought against Umar ibn Hafsun. Historical Atlas of Islam - Preliminary Section; Preface To The First Edition; List of Collaborators on the First Edition; Preface to the Second Edition; Section I. Während seiner frühen Lebensjahre war der Prophet Muhammad (Friede sei auf ihm) sehr bekümmert die große Unmoral seiner Zeit zu sehen. However, explicit discussion of human evolution is often missing, e.g. Hisham suppressed both revolts. The Battle of Akroinon, a decisive Byzantine victory, was during the final campaign of the Umayyad dynasty. Animosity emanating from this conflict has caused numerous attacks on supporters (or perceived supporters) of each side by supporters of the other side in many countries around the world. News of the prince's arrival spread throughout the peninsula. Using a famous sword he personally joined the execution of the Baghdad rebels. However, before anything could be done, trouble broke out in northern al-Andalus. 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Second Continental Congress The Second Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that met beginning in May 10, 1775, soon after shooting in the American Revolutionary War had begun. It succeeded the First Continental Congress, which met briefly during 1774. The second Congress managed the colonial war effort, and moved slowly towards independence, adopting the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. By raising armies, directing strategy, appointing diplomats, and making formal treaties, the Congress acted as the de facto national government of what became the United States. With the ratification of the Articles of Confederation in 1781, the Congress became known as the Congress of the Confederation. While the Articles would ultimately prove unsuccessful and lead to the formation of the United States Constitution, the Congress helped to found the American democracy. When the Second Continental Congress convened on May 10, 1775, it was, in effect, a reconvening of the First Continental Congress: many of the same 56 delegates who attended the first meeting were in attendance at the second, and the delegates appointed the same president (Peyton Randolph) and secretary (Charles Thomson). Notable new arrivals included Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania and John Hancock of Massachusetts. Within two weeks, Randolph was summoned back to Virginia to preside over the House of Burgesses; he was replaced in the Virginia delegation by Thomas Jefferson, who arrived several weeks later. Henry Middleton was elected as president to replace Randolph, but he declined, and so Hancock was elected president on May 24. Delegates from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies were present when the Second Continental Congress convened. Georgia had not participated in the First Continental Congress and did not initially send delegates to the Second Continental Congress. On May 13, 1775, Lyman Hall was admitted as a delegate from the Parish of St. John's in the Colony of Georgia, not as a delegate from the colony itself. On July 4, 1775, revolutionary Georgians held a Provincial Congress to decide how to respond to the American Revolution, and that congress decided on July 8 to send delegates to the Continental Congress. They arrived on July 20. Its predecessor, the First Continental Congress, had sent entreaties to the British King George III to stop the Intolerable Acts and had created the Articles of Association to establish a coordinated protest of the Intolerable Acts; in particular, a boycott had been placed on British goods. That First Congress provided that the Second Continental Congress would meet on May 10, 1775, to plan further responses if the British government had not repealed or modified the Intolerable Acts. By the time the Second Continental Congress met, the American Revolutionary War had already started with the Battles of Lexington and Concord. The Congress was to take charge of the war effort. For the first few months of the struggle, the Patriots had carried on their struggle in an ad-hoc and uncoordinated manner. They had seized arsenals, driven out royal officials, and besieged the British army in the city of Boston. On June 14, 1775, Congress voted to create the Continental Army out of the militia units around Boston and quickly appointed Congressman George Washington of Virginia over John Hancock of Massachusetts as commanding general of the Continental Army. On July 6, 1775, Congress approved "A Declaration by the Representatives of the United Colonies of North-America, now met in Congress at Philadelphia, setting forth the causes and necessity of their taking up Arms." On July 8, Congress extended the Olive Branch Petition to the British Crown as a final attempt at reconciliation. However, it was received too late to do any good. Silas Deane was sent to France as a minister (ambassador) of the Congress. American ports were reopened in defiance of the Navigation Acts. Although it had no explicit legal authority to govern, it assumed all the functions of a national government, such as appointing ambassadors, signing treaties, raising armies, appointing generals, obtaining loans from Europe, issuing paper money (called "Continentals"), and disbursing funds. The Congress had no authority to levy taxes, and was required to request money, supplies, and troops from the states to support the war effort. Individual states frequently ignored these requests. According to one historian, commenting on the source of the Congress' power: The appointment of the delegates to both these congresses was generally by popular conventions, though in some instances by state assemblies. But in neither case can the appointing body be considered the original depositary of the power by which the delegates acted; for the conventions were either self-appointed "committees of safety" or hastily assembled popular gatherings, including but a small fraction of the population to be represented, and the state assemblies had no right to surrender to another body one atom of the power which had been granted to them, or to create a new power which should govern the people without their will. The source of the powers of congress is to be sought solely in the acquiescence of the people, without which every congressional resolution, with or without the benediction of popular conventions or state legislatures, would have been a mere brutum fulmen; and, as the congress unquestionably exercised national powers, operating over the whole country, the conclusion is inevitable that the will of the whole people is the source of national government in the United States, even from its first imperfect appearance in the second continental congress. Declaration of Independence Congress was moving towards declaring independence from the British Empire in 1776, but many delegates lacked the authority from their home governments to take such an action. Advocates of independence in Congress moved to have reluctant colonial governments revise instructions to their delegations, or even replace those governments which would not authorize independence. On May 10, 1776, Congress passed a resolution recommending that any colony lacking a proper (i.e. a revolutionary) government should form one. On May 15 Congress adopted a more radical preamble to this resolution, drafted by John Adams, in which it advised throwing off oaths of allegiance and suppressing the authority of the Crown in any colonial government that still derived its authority from the Crown. That same day the Virginia Convention instructed its delegation in Philadelphia to propose a resolution that called for a declaration of independence, the formation of foreign alliances, and a confederation of the states. The resolution of independence was delayed for several weeks as revolutionaries consolidated support for independence in their home governments. Congress finally approved the resolution of independence on July 2, 1776. Congress next turned its attention to a formal explanation of this decision, the United States Declaration of Independence, which was approved on July 4 and published soon thereafter. Articles of Confederation The Continental Congress was forced to flee Philadelphia at the end of September 1777, as British troops occupied the city. The Congress moved to York, Pennsylvania, and continued their work. After more than a year of debate, on November 15, 1777, Congress passed and sent to the states for ratification of the Articles of Confederation. The issue was large states wanting a larger say, nullified by small states that feared tyranny. Jefferson's proposal for a Senate to represent the states and a House to represent the people was rejected (a similar proposal was adopted later in the United States Constitution). The small states won and each state had one vote. Congress urged the individual states to pass the Articles as quickly as possible, but it took three and a half years for all the states to ratify the Articles. Of the then thirteen states, the State Legislature of Virginia was the first to ratify the Articles, on December 16, 1777, and the State Legislature of Maryland became the last to do so, on February 2, 1781. In the meantime, the Second Continental Congress tried to lead the new country through the war with borrowed money and no taxing power. Finally, on March 1, 1781, the Articles of Confederation were signed by delegates of Maryland at a meeting of the Second Continental Congress, which then declared the Articles ratified. On the next day, the same congressional delegates met as the new Congress of the Confederation. As historian Edmund Burnett wrote, "There was no new organization of any kind, not even the election of a new President." It would be the Confederation Congress that would oversee the conclusion of the American Revolution. Dates and places of sessions - May 10, 1775 – December 12, 1776, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania - December 20, 1776 – March 4, 1777, Baltimore, Maryland - March 5, 1777 – September 18, 1777, Philadelphia - September 27, 1777 (one day only), Lancaster, Pennsylvania - September 30, 1777 – June 27, 1778, York, Pennsylvania - July 2, 1778 – March 1, 1781, Philadelphia - History of the United States (1776-1789) - Timeline of United States revolutionary history (1760-1789) - Cogliano, Revolutionary America, 1763-1815, p. 113. - Burnett, Continental Congress, pp. 64–67. - Fowler, Baron of Beacon Hill, p. 189. - Worthington C. Ford, et al. (ed.), Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789, 2:44–48. Retrieved June 25, 2008. - Cogliano, Revolutionary America, 1763-1815, p. 59. - Find Documents: Results Retrieved June 25, 2008. - Bancroft, Ch. 34, p. 353 (online) Retrieved June 25, 2008. - Congress Cyclopædia of Political Science (New York: Maynard, Merrill, and Co., 1899). Retrieved June 25, 2008. - Miller, 1948, ch. 22. - Burnett, Continental Congress, 503. - Burnett, Edward Cody. The Continental Congress. New York: Norton, 1941. ASIN: B000O05KBU - Cogliano, Francis, D. Revolutionary America, 1763 - 1815. Taylor and Francis, 2007. ASIN: B000OI0HXI - Fowler, William M., Jr. The Baron of Beacon Hill: A Biography of John Hancock. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1980. ISBN 978-0395276198 - Adams, Willi Paul. The First American Constitutions: Republican Ideology and the Making of the State Constitutions in the Revolutionary Era. U. of North Carolina Press, 1980. ISBN 0742520692 - Cogliano, Francis D. Revolutionary America, 1763-1815: A Political History. London: 2000. ISBN 0415180570 - Ford, Worthington C., et al. (ed.). Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789. (34 vol., 1904–1937) (online edition) Retrieved July 9, 2008. - Force, Peter (ed.). American Archives. 9 vol. 1837-1853, major compilation of documents 1774-1776. (online edition) Retrieved July 9, 2008. - Henderson, H. James. 2002. Party Politics in the Continental Congress. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-8191-6525-5 - Kruman, Marc W. Between Authority and Liberty: State Constitution Making in Revolutionary America. U. of North Carolina Pr., 1997. ISBN 0807847976 - Maier, Pauline. American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence. Random House, 1997. ISBN 9780679454922 - Miller, John C. Triumph of Freedom, 1775-1783. 1948. ISBN 0313207798 - Montross, Lynn. 1970. The Reluctant Rebels; the Story of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789. Barnes & Noble. ISBN 0-389-03973-X - Rakove, Jack N. The Beginnings of National Politics: An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress. Knopf, 1979. ISBN 0801828643 All links retrieved November 2, 2019. - “The Continental Congress - History, Declaration and Resolves, Resolutions and Recommendations” from Americans.net - Full text of Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789 - Interactive Flash Version of John Trumbull's "Declaration of Independence" |Location of the capital of the United States| |1774 First Continental Congress||Philadelphia| |1775 – 1781 Second Continental Congress||Philadelphia → Baltimore → Lancaster → York| |1781 – 1789 Congress of the Confederation||Philadelphia → Princeton → Annapolis → Trenton → New York| |1789 to date United States Congress||New York → Philadelphia → Washington| New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.

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What would you say if someone told you a word sounded cutting, harsh or spiky to them? What would you think if they told you another word looked round, smooth or blobby? Sound symbolism is a phenomenon explored through what’s known as the Bouba-kiki effect. It’s our tendency to connect modalities together, e.g. sound and shape (or taste or emotion, etc). We explore this concept further and what it means for branding and design. Understanding the bouba-kiki effect and sound symbolism It all starts with a seemingly simple question, which of these two shapes is called “bouba” and which one is “kiki”? Inspired by a psychological study from 1929, researchers tested the manner in which we ascribe certain sounds to certain shapes. The following 2001 investigation invited participants to name two contrasting shapes out of a given selection of nonwords; “bouba” and “kiki”. These names contrasted sounds according to pronunciation and the visual shapes of each letter. Results found that 95% of participants assigned the word “bouba” to the rounder shape and “kiki” to the spikier shape, which is as the researchers predicted. The study showcased the strength of the connections our brain makes between sounds and visual shapes. There have been many subsequent developments in this line of research, involving other senses like taste and how we perceive others’ appearances. Before we look at how you could apply the bouba-kiki effect to branded designs, let’s look into understanding the theory. When we talk about “rounded” sounds, we’re thinking about the shape our lips make when pronouncing these sounds. So the oo in “boot”, u in “fun” and o in “wrote” all require our lips to make a rounded shape to pronounce these words, while the vocalisation is happening at the back of our oral cavities. “Unrounded” sounds are therefore the opposite of this, they require the lips to be spread apart when pronounciated, like the ee in “peek”, i in “fit” or a in “had”. The bouba-kiki effect shows the influence that the sound’s visual shape has on our perception of it. Consonants such as k, t or z are thought to be spikier, sharp sounds due to the shape of their corresponding letter. This is in contrast to letters like g, b or o, which are all considered as round, soft or curvy shapes and sounds. This means that a person’s literacy—or ability to interpret these letters—plays a big role in the bouba-kiki effect. The language(s) spoken by each person also makes a difference, as does the letters in each corresponding alphabet. Sound symbolism is even implicated with how languages were formed, based on our innate assumptions and expectations. For the purpose of this blog post, we’re sticking to English. Making crossmodal connections So the premise of the bouba-kiki effect is that people tend to associate certain sounds with certain shapes and certain characteristics; this is called sound symbolism. The study found that for entities named with round sounding-words, people attribute easygoingness. For entities whose nouns involved spikier or sharper sounds, we tend to regard these as being more precise or determined. These associations are called crossmodal connections, because they’re links we’re making across our senses. These links influences the choices we make and the biases we hold; they can even impact human relationships. One explanation of this sound symbolism is the intrinsic human need to find patterns between things. Researchers claim this could be why we find sounds and shapes symbolic of humanistic personality traits. Think about the recent phenomenon of the “Karen” meme. Is it a coincidence that the name chosen to denote such a person, to focus in on specific negative beliefs and behaviours that this type of person performs, is represented through a word made up of sharp, spiky and determined sounds and shapes? If we tilt our attention back to Bouba-kiki, this supports the theory in that sound symbolism and crossmodal connections influence the choices we make and the biases we hold. Symbolic design and branding choices Now that we’ve understood how our brains tend to associate sounds with shapes, let’s think about how this influences branding and design. Let’s continue to think about the practical and more tangible outcomes. If many humans have this inbuilt mechanism to attribute certain sounds to have certain shapes and characteristics, how could brands and designers use these findings to their advantage? Your brand name is your very first introduction to a customer and it will evoke a response: a certain set of assumptions. And it’s not just sharp versus soft and big versus small. Our associations with words go far beyond that, even to predicting humor. If we look at some famous examples, what is more “bouba” than Google? Easy, accessible experience that is so big that it almost literally holds the world and beyond. It was also a nonsensical word just like bouba at its culmination, leaving people to make assumptions about what it will be. while all the round spaces in the Google logo is very much a bouba. And what about Nike? Precise, determined, energetic, competitive, you’ve got it all right there. The precision and action evoking Nike swoosh is more compatible with a kiki. Piecing together a branding puzzle Brands should be holistic and consistent in creating an aesthetic to attract their target audience. This means that every aspect of it needs to slot together. If a brand or product name doesn’t complement the wider brand personality, it feels jolty and awkward. For instance, if the name is adopting a pre-existing word, its meaning might not match this new context; if it’s a nonword, it could sound unattractive, inappropriate or be hard to remember for target audiences. If this is the case, you won’t win customer trust. A strong sense of branding needs to flow across every detail the brand subsumes. Its name needs to match the font it’s written in, the logo it’s joining onto and the company’s overall tone of voice. This way of discerning what works together and what doesn’t comes down to individual tastes and preferences. At the core of this is the bouba-kiki effect and its—on the surface—seemingly simplistic finding that it’s in our nature to associate certain shapes and sounds together. So the use of bouba-kiki in branding and design have to go hand in hand. All the elements that go into your brand identity work together to tell a cohesive story with an emotional, positive impact on target audiences. Here are some branding ideas and design tips based on the bouba-kiki effect. Sounding out a name As we’ve talked about, a brand name is at the core of any brand’s identity; it often remains a consistent foundation as the brand evolves over time. A recent study explored the power of sound symbolism and applied it theoretically to branding. Researchers found that participants expected front vowels to feature in nouns denoting small entities and back vowels to be included in nouns denoting large entities. Whether a vowel is determined as front or back depends on the position of your tongue as you pronounce each sound. The highest point of your tongue is poised towards the front of your mouth for front vowels. These include sounds like the a in “bad”, e in “shed and i in “knit”. The opposite is true when pronouncing back vowels. These sounds include the u in “huge”, o in “drone” and oo in “book”. If we use a literal example for a minute, in Dickens’ Great Expectations the i in “Pip” conveys the quality of being “small”. This is rather fitting as Pip is the name of the protagonist in the book: a small child. On the other hand, the rounded o sound in “London”, evokes a sense of largeness. Returning to the study, researchers found that using these vowels to convey such principles in nonwords is more effective and memorable than mixing nonwords with preexisting words. This means that if you’re a new brand or launching a new product, it’s going to be a really good idea to invent a word with sounds and letters that communicate the principles of your brand/product. Upon hearing or reading the name, customers will then already have some sort of sense or expectation about your brand/product. Ultimately, this initiates space for consistent branding. It offers the beginnings of a seamless journey as potential customers become familiar with your brand. Shaping a logo Your logo design is just as elemental as your brand name; together they set the tone for your entire brand identity. So it’s easy to see how being mindful of sound symbolism can positively influence designs. Employing curvy lines, round silhouettes and avoiding straight, sharp edges is going to be more “bouba”. As we can see from Moo Cafe’s logo design, pictured, these curves suit personable, natural brands offering a friendly experience for customers. The opposite type of shape including harsh edges and straight lines feels more “kiki”. This could be a good starting point in logo design for brands wanting to affirm their efficiency, speed, or direct nature, such as banks or automobile companies. There’s no reason why your brand name and logo can’t be even more obscure, somewhere in the middle of the two spectrums of bouba and kiki. You can make your own nonsensical word and shape based on your blossoming knowledge of sound symbolism. This awareness of crossmodal associations can be an immensely helpful guide in how to convey your brand to an audience, on your own terms. Spreading your wings with a visual presence Once you have your brand name and logo perfected, you can begin to flesh out your wider visual presence. Is your brand largely digital or are you designing physical products or spaces? Are we talking branded web designs, product packaging or a holistic package both on and offline? The cross-modal links you made use of in with your brand name and logo can extend throughout your entire brand aesthetic. And everything you create has to be consistent in style, sound and message. When working with a retail space, for instance, the sound of your name can be a great guide for how to shape that experience. Take a look at suitcase brand Rimowa’s (which sounds to me like a sleek bouba) flagship store in Tokyo: curvy, big and bright. The space is very compatible with the sound of the brand. Perhaps it’s a singular, key product your brand focuses upon and you need a stunning web design to attract attention with. As you can see in the above example, Phillips have centred this site around one product. It oozes round, soft and smooth shapes across everything from it’s title “somneo”, to its sans serif font and the curve-edged layout design. The brand echoes the shape of the product through the sound of its name and the warm pastels of its identity. It’s a great example of how to use sound symbolism to create a consistent visual presence for your brand. Ride the bouba-kiki wave Once you have an understanding of how sounds inform how we think things will look and feel, then you can really master it in your favor. It’s needless to say that psychology and branding go hand in hand. There’s no explicit reason why you couldn’t support a round-sounding brand name with a spiky-looking logo, but it won’t feel as natural. Perhaps, your desired effect is an unnerving, awkward brand identity—just make sure that your audience are in on it.

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|There were "old" features in your gua (hexagram). It means that you have two hexagrams. The first one — is something that the Book tells you at the moment, the second is something it warns you about. 53. Infiltrating (jiàn). Development Moving slowly, we can achieve more. Unhurried ride provides an opportunity not only to reach a distant goal, without riding a horse to death and breaking the wagon, but also allows much to see and learn. Inital text of I Ching Development. The maiden is given in marriage. Good fortune. Perseverance furthers. On the mountain, a tree: The image of Development. Thus the superior man abides in dignity and virtue, in order to improve the mores. - The wild goose gradually draws near the shore. The young son is in danger. There is talk. No blame. - The wild goose gradually draws near the cliff. Eating and drinking in peace and concord. Good fortune. - The wild goose gradually draws near the plateau. The man goes forth and does not return. The woman carries a child but does not bring it forth. Misfortune. It furthers one to fight off robbers. - The wild goose gradually draws near the tree. Perhaps it will find a flat branch. No blame. - The wild goose gradually draws near the summit. For three years the woman has no child. In the end nothing can hinder her. Good fortune. - The wild goose gradually draws near the cloud heights. Its feathers can be used for the sacred dance. Good fortune. Forces were set in motion. But this is only the beginning. Do not hurry time and events – way will be long, motion will be unhurried. Know how to wait patiently. Difficulties would be overcome if the effort is made. In relations with other be well-balanced, cautious. Keep the fight by the rules, look for peaceful solutions, do not be lazy to long negotiations - and then prevail over a rival. Personal relations are developing smoothly, in love - harmony. This hexagram is made up of Sun (wood, penetration) above, i.e., without, and Kên (mountain, stillness) below, i.e., within. A tree on a mountain develops slowly according to the law of its being and consequently stands firmly rooted. This gives the idea of a development that proceeds gradually, step by step. The attributes of the trigrams also point to this: within is tranquillity, which guards against precipitate actions, and without is penetration, which makes development and progress possible. The development of events that leads to a girl's following a man to his home proceeds slowly. The various formalities must be disposed of before the marriage takes place. This principle of gradual development can be applied to other situations as well; it is always applicable where it is a matter of correct relationships of co-operation, as for instance in the appointment of an official. The development must be allowed to take its proper course. Hasty action would not be wise. This is also true, finally, of any effort to exert influence on others, for here too the essential factor is a correct way of development through cultivation of one's own personality. No influence such as that exerted by agitators has a lasting effect. Within the personality too, development must follow the same course if lasting results are to be achieved. Gentleness that is adaptable, but at the same time penetrating, is the outer form that should proceed from inner calm. The very gradualness of the development makes it necessary to have perseverance, for perseverance alone prevents slow progress from dwindling The tree on the mountain is visible from afar, and its development influences the landscape of the entire region. It does not shoot up like a swamp plant; its growth proceeds gradually. Thus also the work of influencing people can be only gradual. No sudden influence or awakening is of lasting effect. Progress must be quite gradual, and in order to obtain such progress in public opinion and in the mores of the people, it is necessary for the personality to acquire influence and weight. This comes about through careful and constant work on one's own moral development. All the individual lines in this hexagram symbolize the gradual flight of the wild goose. The wild goose is the symbol of conjugal fidelity, because it is believed that this bird never takes another mate after the death of the first. The initial line suggests the first resting place in the flight of water birds from the water to the heights. The shore is reached. The situation is that of a lonely young man who is just starting out to make his way in life. Since no one comes to help him, his first steps are slow and hesitant, and he is surrounded by danger. Naturally he is subjected to much criticism. But these very difficulties keep him from being too hasty, and his progress is successful. The cliff is a safe place on shore. The development has gone a step further. The initial insecurity has been overcome, and a safe position in life has been found, giving one enough to live on. This first success, opening up a path to activity, brings a certain joyousness of mood, and one goes to meet the future It is said of the wild goose that it calls to its comrades whenever it finds food; this is the symbol of peace and concord in good fortune. A man does not want to keep his good luck for himself only, but is ready to share it with The high plateau is dry and unsuitable for the wild goose. If it goes there, it has lost its way and gone too far. This is contrary to the law of development. It is the same in human life. If we do not let things develop quietly but plunge of our own choice too rashly into a struggle, misfortune results. A man jeopardizes his own life, and his family perishes thereby. However, this is not all necessary; it is only the result of transgressing the law of natural development. If one does not willfully provoke a conflict, but confines himself to vigorously maintaining his own position and to warding off unjustified attacks, all goes well. A tree is not a suitable place for a wild goose. But if it is clever, it will find a flat branch on which it can get a footing. A man's life too, in the course of its development, often brings him into inappropriate situations, in which he finds it difficult to hold his own without danger. Then it is important to be sensible and yielding. This enables him to discover a safe place in which life can go on, although he may be surrounded by danger. The summit is a high place. In a high position one easily becomes isolated. One is misjudged by the very person on whom one is dependent-the woman by her husband, the official by his superior. This is the work of deceitful persons who have wormed their way in. The result is that relationships remain sterile, and nothing is accomplished. But in the course of further development, such misunderstandings are cleared away, and reconciliation is achieved after all. Here life comes to its end. A man's work stands completed. The path rises high toward heaven, like the flight of wild geese when they have left the earth far behind. There they fly, keeping to the order of their flight in strict formation. And if their feathers fall, they can serve as ornaments in the sacred dance pantomimes performed in the temples. Thus the life of a man who has perfected himself is a bright light for the people of earth, who look up to him as an example. Barbara Hejslip interpretation Moving forward, carefully think over each step and then success will not change to you and in the further. If, not giving in on arrangements, you not begin to advance event, the happiness and success will be your satellites. The turtle has less chances to come to finish of the first, than at a hare. You in the beginning of a long way. Financial business will recover, and the patience and judiciousness will be renumerated eventually by performance of desires. 16. Providing-For (yù). Enthusiasm If time and circumstances favor you, do not create difficulties artificially. Be able to comply with the measure, even in joy. Inital text of I Ching Enthusiasm. It furthers one to install helpers and to set armies marching. Thunder comes resounding out of the earth: The image of Enthusiasm. Thus the ancient kings made music in order to honor merit, and offered it with splendor to the Supreme Deity, inviting their ancestors to be present. - Enthusiasm that expresses itself Brings misfortune. - Firm as a rock. Not a whole day. Perseverance brings good fortune. - Enthusiasm that looks upward creates remorse. Hesitation brings remorse. - The source of enthusiasm. He achieves great things. Doubt not. You gather friends around you as a hair clasp gathers the hair. - Persistently ill, and still does not die. - Deluded enthusiasm. But if after completion one changes, there is no blame. It is start of a new cycle of development. It is time of activity, creativity, willingness to act due to free rush instead of pressure of circumstances. A feeling of joy is everywhere. Learn how to curb you in order to freedom does not become a tyranny; otherwise it will give rise to chaos. Be honest, kind, fair and do not indulge pride. Move to a clear road; do not go in all directions at once. Do not hurry time. Enjoying your life, remember moderation. The strong line in the fourth place, that of the leading official, meets with response and obedience from all the other lines, which are all weak. The attribute of the upper trigram, Chên, is movement; the attributes of K'un, the lower, are obedience and devotion. This begins a movement that meets with devotion and therefore inspires enthusiasm, carrying all with it. Of great importance, furthermore, is the law of movement along the line of least resistance, which in this hexagram is enunciated as the law for natural events and for human life. The time of ENTHUSIASM derives from the fact that there is at hand an eminent man who is in sympathy with the spirit of the people and acts in accord with it. Hence he finds universal and willing obedience. To arouse enthusiasm it is necessary for a man to adjust himself and his ordinances to the character of those whom he has to lead. The inviolability of natural laws rests on this principle of movement along the line of least resistance. Theses laws are not forces external to things but represent the harmony of movement immanent in them. That is why the celestial bodies do not deviate from their orbits and why all events in nature occur with fixed regularity. It is the same with human society: only such laws are rooted in popular sentiment can be enforced, while laws violating this sentiment merely arouse resentment. Again, it is enthusiasm that enables us to install helpers for the completion of an undertaking without fear of secret opposition. It is enthusiasm too that can unify mass movements, as in war, so that they achieve victory. When, at the beginning of summer, thunder - electrical energy - comes rushing forth from the earth again, and the first thunderstorm refreshes nature, a prolonged state of tension is resolved. Joy and relief make themselves felt. So too, music has power to ease tension within the heart and to loosen the grip of obscure emotions. The enthusiasm of the heart expresses itself involuntarily in a burst of song, in dance and rhythmic movement of the body. From immemorial times the inspiring effect of the invisible sound that moves all hearts, and draws them together, has mystified Rulers have made use of this natural taste for music; they elevated and regulated it. Music was looked upon as something serious and holy, designed to purify the feelings of men. It fell to music to glorify the virtues of heroes and thus to construct a bridge to the world of the unseen. In the temple men drew near to God with music and pantomimes (out of this later the theater developed). Religious feeling for the Creator of the world was united with the most sacred of human feelings, that of reverence for the ancestors. The ancestors were invited to these divine services as guests of the Ruler of Heaven and as representatives of humanity in the higher regions. This uniting of the human past with the Divinity in solemn moments of religious inspiration established the bond between God and man. The ruler who revered the Divinity in revering his ancestors became thereby the Son of Heaven, in whom the heavenly and the earthly world met in mystical These ideas are the final summation of Chinese culture. Confucius has said of the great sacrifice at which these rites were performed: "He who could wholly comprehend this sacrifice could rule the world as though it were spinning on his hand." A man in an inferior position has aristocratic connections about which he boasts enthusiastically. This arrogance inevitably invites misfortune. Enthusiasm should never be an egotistic emotion; it is justified only when it is a general feeling that unites one with others. This describes a person who does not allow himself to be misled by any illusions. While others are letting themselves be dazzled by enthusiasm, he recognizes with perfect clarity the first signs of the time. Thus he neither flatters those above nor neglects those beneath him; he is as firm as a rock. When the first sign of discord appears, he knows the right moment for withdrawing and does not delay even for a day. Perseverance in such conduct will bring good fortune. Confucius says about this line: To know the seeds, that is divine indeed. In his association with those above him, the superior man does not flatter. In his association with those beneath him, he is not arrogant. For he knows the seeds. The seeds are the first imperceptible beginning of movement, the first trace of good fortune (or misfortune) that shows itself. The superior man perceives the seeds and immediately takes actin. He does not wait even a whole day. In the Book of Changes it is said: "Firm as a rock. Not a whole day. Perseverance brings This line is the opposite of the preceding one: the latter bespeaks self-reliance, while here there is enthusiastic looking up to a leader. If a man hesitates too long, this also will bring remorse. The right moment for approach must be seized: only then will he do the right thing. This describes a man who is able to awaken enthusiasm through his own sureness and freedom from hesitation. He attracts people because he has no doubts and is wholly sincere. Owing to his confidence in them he wins their enthusiastic co-operation and attains success. Just as a clasp draws the hair together and hold it, so he draws man together by the support he gives them. Here enthusiasm is obstructed. A man is under constant pressure, which prevents him from breathing freely. However, this pressure has its advantage--it prevents him from consuming his powers in empty enthusiasm. Thus constant pressure can actually serve to keep one alive. It is a bad thing for a man to let himself be deluded by enthusiasm. But if this delusion has run its course, and he is still capable of changing, then he is freed of error. A sober awakening from false enthusiasm is quite possible and Barbara Hejslip interpretation Your sun already ascends; as long you waited success, and here now it is absolutely close. Now time has to different hobbies - do not take a great interest in them without a measure. The success will soon come to you; be ready to it. And in realization of your plans, and even in game you will be accompanied with success. In any way it is impossible to be petty and mercantile, going on a way of success. But also it is not necessary to spend more that receive. Wait a little - and your desires will be executed.

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Methodology and Method This section starts with the methodology, which will discuss the chosen research philosophy and approach. This chapter will also go through the method used to define, collect, and analyze the data. The first part comprises the philosophical basis for the research and is followed by an explanation of the method chosen to study the phenomena in question. Within the methodology, the philosophical foundation of the research and the research de-sign will be presented. Philosophical Foundation of the Research In accordance with the qualitative approach chosen to explore the Pinterest usage of Swedes, the philosophical foundation of this thesis is based on an interpretivistic point of view. Interpretivism differs from positivism, which has its roots in the natural science, re-garding their scientific aims (Schwandt, 2000; Malholtra & Birks, 2007). An interpretivist is trying to understand the research subject, whereas the positivist is searching for a universal explanation or law that can be used to predict future incidence (Schwandt, 2000). As “hu-man actions are meaningful” one needs to understand the meaning behind an action in order to draw conclusions from it. These meanings can differ depending on the context (Schwandt, 2000: 191). The interpretivistic research philosophy is based on the idea that there exists no ‘context-free’ theory and that every interpretation of a text or information has to be viewed within its individual framework (Bender, 2014). With regards to the research subject, the in-terpretivistic research philosophy best reflects the goal of this thesis, which is, in depth, to understand the Pinterest usage of selected Swedes, rather than delivering generic explana-tions why people are using this platform. Therefore, the results of this study need to be understood within the context of Swedish users and Pinterest and they cannot automatical-ly be applied to other countries or social media platform In the context of user behavior, a qualitative research approach has certain advantages over quantitative research. Qualitative research has for example a low degree of abstraction, which results in proximity to the research object that is often lost in quantitative research (Heinze, 2001). Also, as there has neither been sufficient research done on the usage of Pinterest in Europe nor Sweden, qualitative research is the most suitable approach for ex-ploring an unknown subject, since it does not require the formulation of specific hypothe-sizes, that would need to be tested in quantitative research (Heinze, 2001; Malhotra & Birks, 2007; Dworkin, 2012). Further, qualitative research allows conducting a study with a relatively small group of participants compared to the amount of primary data that is need-ed to draw conclusions from quantitative research (Malhotra & Birks, 2007; Dworkin, 2012). Since the usage of Pinterest in Sweden is not very common yet, finding an adequate number of participants is in any case difficult. However, the main advantage of qualitative research and an important task of this study is the ability to truly understand the partici-pants’ behaviors, feelings and motivations when using Pinterest (Dworkin, 2012; Malhotra Birks, 2007). Qualitative studies enable the researcher to uncover these often-subconscious thoughts through bonding with the participants and probing (Malhotra & Birks, 2007). Finally, it can be concluded that only a qualitative approach can picture the holistic dimension of the research subject: Swedes usage of Pinterest. With regards to the fairly limited theory and research in the field of Pinterest usage, conclu-sions from this study will be drawn by abductive reasoning. Unlike deduction, where the researcher uses general and sound theory to explain specific empirical findings (Gravetter Forzano, 2012) or induction, where the observation of many single empirical events lead to general theory, abduction is not seeking for a universal explanation (Malholtra & Birks, 2007; Thagard & Shelley, 1997). Abductive reasoning tries to find the most likely explana-tion and therefore also a set of incomplete information can be used to draw conclusion from (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2011). This is important, since only a limited amount of selected participants will be interviewed within this study, which, to some ex-tent, can be seen as incomplete information. In the process of abductive reasoning, existing theory or a set of hypotheses are used to explain empirical findings (Thagard & Shelley, 1997). In some cases though, existing theories need to be adapted to new scientific insights. This advantage of abductive reasoning is crucial, since the questionnaire of this study, used for the interviews, is based on four distinct consumer behavior theories, which might need to be extended or reduced depending on the outcome of the interviews. Further, in a quali-tative and exploratory study, where, as it has been explained, no generalizations to a large population can be made, abduction is the appropriate method of inference. Generally, there are three distinctive research designs known as descriptive, causal and ex-ploratory research. As it can be derived from its name, the objective of descriptive research is to describe and measure individual variables (Malholtra & Birks, 2007). The research de-sign is very structured and based on specific hypothesizes that need to be tested. However, compared to causal research design, descriptive research is not investigating the relation-ships between different variables (Gravetter & Forzano, 2012). Exploratory research differs from the other two research approaches through its flexibility (Malholtra & Birks, 2007). The focus of exploratory research lays on understanding the research subject and gaining new insights without the necessity of quantitative measurement (Malholtra & Birks, 2007). In the light of the limited research that has been done regarding the use of Pinterest, there is no background of previous studies to form hypothesizes from, which makes neither de-scriptive nor causal research an appropriate research design at this point. Instead, an ex-ploratory research designs is seen as the adequate method, to explore the research subject from different angles. Especially with regards to the research questions of this study, which, among others, want to explore the underlying motivations people have for using Pinterest. Further, the question of how users perceive brand activity requires a deep under-standing, independent of quantitative measurements and hypothesizes, of how users inter-act with this new social media platform and what they expect from it. The method consists of information about the data collection, in-depth interviews and how the analysis of the data was conducted. Secondary data is, other than primary data, not specifically collected for the current re-search problem (Malholtra & Birks, 2007). Despite that, secondary data is important for the theoretical background in order to reach a broad understanding of the research problem. In this case previous developed theories were used to develop a question guide for the in-depth interviews. Furthermore, secondary data can aid the interpretation and verification of findings from primary data collection (Malholtra & Birks, 2007). Primary data collection enables the researcher to gather information, which directly ad-dresses the research question (Malholtra & Birks, 2007). For this thesis, primary data was collected through qualitative semi-structured in-depth interviews with Pinterest users from Sweden. As the advantages of qualitative research over quantitative research with regards to the research problem have already been explained earlier, the next step is to understand how the quality and accuracy of qualitative data can be assessed. Trustworthiness in Qualitative Research Every study, whether it is of qualitative or quantitative nature, needs to be “open to critique and evaluation” (Long & Johnson, 2000: 30). Quantitative studies are evaluated based on their reliability and validity. Reliability refers to the extent to which findings from a study can be repeated and the method and same measurement techniques will lead to the same results (Malholtra & Birks, 2007). Validity questions the appropriateness of the measure-ment tool and asks whether the chosen tool is actually measuring what it claims to do (Malholtra & Birks, 2007; Long & Johnson, 2000). The use of the terms validity and relia-bility for qualitative studies is a highly controversial topic among researchers and the con-cept trustworthiness is often found to be more appropriate (Shenton, 2004). To reach trustworthiness, four criteria have been identified by Lincoln and Guba (1985) and are ac-cepted by most qualitative researchers that need to be fulfilled: credibility, transferability, dependability and conformability. Credibility in this case can be compared to internal validity and refers to the accuracy of the research data in representing reality (Lincoln & Guba, 1985). There are many different pro-cedures that can be undertaken to ensure credibility; the following was realized within this study. First, the adoption of well established research models and method for data analysis. In this case well-known models such a as the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Theory of Reasoned Action were used to develop a question guide, further the method of content analysis was used to analyze the data (Shenton, 2004). Second, through pro-longed engagement in the usage of Pinterest, the researchers themselves have gathered in-formation and knowledge on how to approach this topic (Lincoln & Guba, 1985; Shenton, 2004). Third, equivalence, a technique that uses alternative wordings for questions with the same meaning and projective questioning, a technique which “requires the subjects to give opinions of other people’s actions, feelings or attitudes” (Donoghue, 2000: 49), were used to increase honesty during the interviews (Long & Johnson, 2000; Shenton, 2004). As a fourth procedure, peer scrutiny was used to receive feedback from colleagues regarding the approaches and methods used to explore the topic of Pinterest usage in Sweden (Shenton, 2004; Long & Johnson, 2000). Fifth, the researchers kept a reflective journal throughout the interview process in order to constantly evaluate e.g. the effectiveness of the chosen methods (Long & Johnson, 2000; Shenton, 2004). At last, each interviewee was asked to validate his or her transcripts, in order to improve the credibility of the data (Long & John-son, 2000; Lincoln & Guba, 1985; Shenton, 2004). The second criterion for establishing trustworthiness in qualitative research is transferabil-ity (Lincoln & Guba, 1985). Transferability is supposed to represent external validity or generalizability, which is not a strength of qualitative studies, since they can hardly be ap-plied to a context other than the one investigated in the study (Long & Johnson, 2000; Shenton, 2004). However, a “thick description” (Shenton, 2004: 70) of how the study was conducted, as it is presented in the methodology and method part, facilitates transfers (Lin-coln & Guba, 1985). Dependability asks whether the study’s results are consistent and if the same results can be repeated, it therefore is similar to reliability used to evaluate quantitative studies (Lincoln & Guba, 1985). Again, a repetition of qualitative research may be difficult due to its strong contextual character, but a detailed description of the research design, how information were gathered and a reflection regarding the effectiveness of the chosen methods increase the study’s dependability (Shenton, 2004). The last criterion that ensures the trustworthiness of a qualitative study is conformability, which evaluates a study’s neutrality (Lincoln & Guba, 1985). Especially in qualitative stud-ies, a researcher’s motivation and interest can bias the outcome of the study. Therefore, de-tailed reasoning with regards to the strength and weaknesses of the chosen methods and a strong focus on the researchers own reflectivity maximize conformability (Lincoln & Guba, 1985; Shenton, 2004). In-depth interviews were chosen as the appropriate qualitative method for conducting this study. In-depth interviews are personal and direct interviews, where only one participant at the time will be questioned through an experienced interviewer (Malhotra & Birks, 2007). This method is used to gain deep and rich knowledge and understandings from individuals on a specific topic (Nagy Hesse-Biber & Leavy, 2011; Chirban, 1996). Especially, the inter-viewees’ personal experience with Pinterest, their emotions and motivations behind the us-age and the everyday context in which they are using this social media platform is im-portant with regards to the research questions (Chirban, 1996; Malhotra & Birks, 2007). The question guide of the in-depth interviews is semi-structured, which means that there is a predetermined set of open ended questions, but depending on the process of the inter-view, the interviewer will ask follow-up questions, probe and through active engagement motivate the participant to give rich information (Nagy Hesse-Biber & Leavy, 2011). The interviews took place in private surroundings, where the participants were able to relax and feel comfortable answering to the questions; the participants were further informed that their identities would be kept anonymous (Chirban, 1996). In this study some interviews were online in-depth interviews, which means they were conducted over Skype or another online video call software. This is due to the fact, that some interviewees are not living within the reach of the interviewers. In total fourteen interviews were conducted. In gen-eral, there exist no universal rule about the sample size of in-depth interviews and research-ers have been trying to quantify this issue throughout the years with recommendations var-ying between 5 and 50 interview participants (Dworkin, 2012). Nevertheless, most re-searchers agree, that the point of saturation, when any further data collection is not giving any new insights, is an important indicator for when sufficient data has been found (Dworkin, 2012). The researchers believe, the point of saturation was reached with four-teen participants; otherwise the number of interviews would have been adapted. The interviews were on average 45 minutes long. In the beginning of the interview, the in-terviewer clarified the goals and objectives to the participant. Through this procedure, the participants better understood what is expected from them and were additionally given the possibility to clarify questions for their part (Chirban, 2012). Further, throughout the inter-view, the interviewers were attentive and empathetic with the participant in order to suc-cessfully probe and receive the desired depth of answers (Chirban, 2012). Despite that, the interviewers needed to be self-aware of their individual impact on the participant (Chirban, 2012). Any conspicuousness was part of the notes the interviewers took during the inter-view session and were further written down in the reflection journals that both researchers kept. The notes from the interview were additionally supported by audio-records and the journals were discussed between the interviewers in order to improve later interviews. The question guide for the interviews can be found in appendix 2. 1.2 Problem Definition 1.4 Research Questions 1.5 Delimitation of the Study 1.6 Key Terms 2 Theoretical Framework 2.1 Social Media Usage and the Place of Pinterest 2.2 Need Fulfillment 2.3 The Theory of Reasoned Action 2.4 The Technology Acceptance Model 2.5 Social Media Marketing and the Awareness of Brands on Pinterest 3 Methodology and Method 4 Presentation of Empirical Findings 4.1 Need Fulfillment Findings 4.2 Theory of Reasoned Action Findings 4.3 Technology Acceptance Model Findings 4.4 Awareness of Brand Activity Findings 5 Analysis and Discussion 5.1 Need Fulfillment Analysis 5.2 Theory of Reasoned Action Analysis 5.3 Technology Acceptance Model Analysis 5.4 Awareness of Brand Activity Analysis 6.1 Answers to Research Questions GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT

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Humans often appear to react irrationally in the face of disease, as the COVID-19 pandemic has shown. Many cling to religion or become superstitious. Others become fatalistic. In times of plague and trauma, we moderns seek to protect ourselves with prayers, charms, sigils and spells as much as any medieval peasant. That a surgical mask is hygienic doesn’t make it any less of a magical symbol. But perhaps magic – particularly plague magic – isn’t so irrational. Have humans always pursued the occult arts because they actually work, at least sometimes? Despite the often blood-soaked history of the use of the term ‘magic’, we must remember that Western history is filled with thinkers who have defended its honour as good natural science – a tried-and-true technology for harnessing interactions between minds and bodies, human and otherwise. And their empirical claims were never tested more than during the centuries of plague. During the previous millennium, the biggest boom in the practice of magic coincided with the Black Death in the mid-14th century. It was the deadliest pandemic in human history, killing as much as half the population of Asia, Africa and Europe – around 200 million souls. It caused major social and political transformations in the process: slaves, raiders and mystics became kings, and new empires were founded on predictions of the end of time. Plague isn’t merely a medieval curse, either; the bacterium responsible, Yersinia pestis, is very much still with us, genetically unchanged. The Islamic world, my own area of focus as a historian of science and empire, was hit particularly hard by the plague – termed ta‘un in Arabic, meaning ‘smiter’. There, it helped give rise to what I call the ‘occult-scientific revolution’, where various occult sciences – astrology, alchemy, kabbalah, geomancy, dream interpretation – became an important basis for empire more than ever before. The ability to predict the future with divination, then change it with magic, was of obvious political, military and economic interest, and associated with Alexander the Great in particular. Western Europe saw a parallel upsurge of occultism – much of it from Arabic sources – which we now call the Renaissance. The scientific revolution that followed continued the same trend: historians now admit that saints of science such as Johannes Kepler, Francis Bacon, Robert Boyle and Isaac Newton were likewise raving occultists. Medicine, too, was often classified and practised as an occult science among premodern Muslim, Jewish and Christian physicians. Many considered it alchemy’s sister, both sciences being predicated on the harnessing of cosmic correspondences and natural sympathies to restore elemental equilibrium in the human body – the definition of health. Techniques for life-extension were also central to the alchemical quest. The sweeping physical and sociopolitical imbalances wrought by plague were accordingly answered by an upsurge in medicine, occult and otherwise. The Ottoman empire is a prime example of just such a sociobiological transformation. It controlled increasingly large areas of Asia, Europe and North Africa between the 14th and 20th centuries, and plague persisted there for its entire duration. In the name of public health, the Ottoman state sought to purge cities of both physical and moral contaminants, including prostitutes, beggars, illegal immigrants, criminals, bachelors and bachelorettes. While we haven’t gone so far as to outlaw bachelorhood, the effect of our own pandemic is comparable: 2020 and 2021 saw a ramping up of state control, too. Not unlike their modern counterparts in epidemiology and public health, the authors of the most important Ottoman plague treatises were leading scholars striving to combat this existential threat to state and society. They presented plague as a social problem, a disease of the body politic, just as much as an environmental problem. Unlike those of today’s experts, however, their manuals were often emphatically magical. Wherever the pandemic hit hardest and longest, the occult arts boomed – as a scientific response The most sophisticated and extensive of these manuals was the Treatise on Healing Epidemic Diseases by Taşköprizade Ahmed (1495-1561). As an imperial judge in Bursa and then Istanbul, as well as a famed encyclopaedist, historian and astronomer, Taşköprizade’s approach to this topic was very much cutting edge. His Arabic masterwork deals with the full range of legal, ethical, religious and especially medical responses to plague current by the 16th century, with an emphasis on experimentally proven methods. Taşköprizade first offers a strong argument in favour of rational responses to plague: obviously, one should avoid or flee plague-stricken areas if possible. Here, he counters earlier Arabic plague treatises that denied the contagiousness of the disease and contested the legal permissibility of fleeing it. He also condemns the fatalistic attitude of some of his contemporaries, singling out mystics for derision. The correct procedure is to have faith in God – then protect yourself and others, preferably medically. Taşköprizade then categorises plague medicine as being either physical or spiritual. The first type includes standard pharmaceuticals derived from plants, animals or minerals; the second includes Quranic prayers and invocations of divine names, planets, angels or jinn by means of mathematical talismans. As Taşköprizade asserts, however, spiritual medicine is more potent than physical medicine, though the two should always be combined to ensure the best health outcome. Likewise, to him, mental hygiene is at least as important as bodily hygiene for surviving a pandemic. He devotes a full third of this work to detailing a range of occult technologies as the most rigorously empirical means by which one can defend against or cure plague, giving many historical and contemporary examples of their success, some of which he witnessed himself. He ends by citing Plato and the Delian problem – which involves the creation of a cube double the volume of the first – as ultimate proof of the effectiveness of Pythagorean mathematical magic in averting the disease. Taşköprizade is not unusual in the Western medical tradition in his emphasis on magic as simply good science. Contemporary Latin Christian authors of plague treatises did the same, though they focused more on alchemy than talismanry. But regardless of religious affiliation, wherever the pandemic hit hardest and longest, the occult arts boomed – as a rational, scientific response. A similar sociobiological transformation took place in the 19th century, when two new pandemics joined plague to ravage much of the Islamic world: cholera and colonialism. The scholarly response was much the same: potions and prayer must be combined to combat them both. Some scholars went further, and declared European invasion to be cholera’s cause and twin, and likewise best resisted by magic. Under the Qajar dynasty, which ruled Iran from 1785 to 1925, most cities boasted gold anti-plague talismans that were buried at the city limits. The manufacture of such devices was an important service rendered to the state by many early modern philosophers. However, conniving princes reportedly sold some of these devices to English diplomats, after which cholera struck those cities. And both Iranian and Afghan rulers recruited astrologers and talismanists to help drive out Russian invaders. In Morocco to the far west, Mawlay al-Hasan I (who reigned 1873-94) took up the study of alchemy himself in a bid to transform the French into fish and cast them out to sea. As these examples suggest, it’s normal for humans to turn to magic in times of trauma. So war, like plague, is also good for the occult business. Embattled Muslim philosophers sometimes acted as assassins-at-a-distance as part of their standard imperial repertoire. Similarly, the English occultist Dion Fortune led a Magical Battle of Britain against Nazi German invasion during the Second World War. And during the Cold War, both the Soviet and US militaries invested in psychical research and ufology. Reports of paranormal battlefield experiences are common, too. By any premodern definition, the placebo effect is simply a form of magic Why did, and do, most practitioners of spiritual medicine see it as a perfectly rational response? Why do premodern physicians often report its experimental success? Leaving aside the possible agency of spirits and other nonhuman entities, one factor is certain: the placebo effect. The term acquired its current English meaning in the 18th century thanks to Benjamin Franklin, who took part in a Parisian experiment designed to disprove mesmerism (the therapeutic magnetisation of water and metal). It refers to the clinical effectiveness of inert substitutes in healing disease, as long as the patient believes them to be a real drug. Animals and even plants respond similarly in laboratory experiments. Despite the often dismissive use of the term, the placebo effect remains one of the most powerful effects in modern medicine. Its twin, the nocebo effect, can be equally powerful: if a patient has been advised to expect a negative side-effect, she could well go on to experience it. As for overall outcomes, even some of the most potent drugs have at most a 60 per cent efficacy, while placebos sit at 35-40 per cent. It’s also not clear to what extent the greater effectiveness of certain modern drugs is due to their marketing. Under conditions of mass trauma, combined with sincere belief and mental focus, the effectiveness of the placebo often goes up sharply. Individual focus can be equally potent: research has shown that patients under hypnosis can endure surgery without anaesthesia and perform other physiological feats, such as stopping blood loss. Those suffering from dissociative identity disorder – likely a form of self-hypnosis in response to childhood trauma – are likewise able to change their physiology at will, whereby allergic reactions, musculature, body shape, handedness and vision often differ between personalities. As it happens, creating extreme psychophysical conditions is also a prerequisite to the practice of many occult arts: fasting, prayer, isolation, a vegetarian diet, ritual cleanliness and constant vigil, for weeks, months or even years on end. Psychedelics might also be involved, which similarly produce an altered, hypnotic state of consciousness. The intense mental and physical engagement required by magical ritual can be thought of as artificial trauma: sensory deprivations create medicines that often work. On the other hand, failure to believe or to perform a ritual with technical precision normally results in the failure of the operation. By any premodern definition, then, the placebo effect is simply a form of magic. Which term we use is unimportant for practical purposes: either way, the fact is that mind can affect matter under the right circumstances. The point is to harness these mind-matter interactions to achieve positive health outcomes. This powerful, magical effect was recognised and routinely utilised – on the authority of Plato himself – by premodern Muslim, Jewish and Christian physicians. Our triumphalist narrative of scientific progress notwithstanding, and the antibiotic revolution aside, in many cases premodern treatments worked roughly as well as modern medicine. Whether you believe in the authority of celestial spirits or of doctors in white lab coats, the effect is similar: astonishing reversals (or inducements) of disease can sometimes be achieved through the power of belief alone – especially when ritually, traumatically harnessed. The witch doctor and the medical doctor have more in common than they might suppose. As such, perhaps we should take a page from our premodern predecessors and recognise that physical and mental hygiene are two sides of the same sociobiological coin. Pandemic diseases, once established in local biomes, can almost never be eradicated, only controlled and lived with, as human societies have done for millennia. But fear and paranoia are equally contagious, and can become pandemics in their own right. In a time of global traumas, it seems only rational to use the power of belief as part of our basic hygiene, too.

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Anti Inflammatory Foods The days are getting longer and the weather is getting warmer so it’s time to try 10 anti inflammatory recipes for spring! Many of us are familiar with the foods that can increase inflammation in the body. These include sugar, refined carbohydrates, trans and saturated fats. But, in addition, there are many plant foods and healthy fats that have anti inflammatory properties that help reduce inflammation also. Health Conditions Related to Inflammation Not all inflammation that happens in the body is a bad thing. For example, short-term, acute inflammation happens in the body when you accidently stub your toe and it begins swelling. That is part of the healing process. However, chronic, long-term inflammation in the body provides wear and tear. This wear and tear is undesirable and it can actually make changes in the body. Some of the health conditions that have been linked to chronic inflammation include diabetes, heart disease, autoimmune conditions like GI issues, dementia/Alzheimer’s and even obesity. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle that includes eating foods that fight inflammation is a healthy start to reducing chronic inflammation in the body. How Foods Help Reduce Inflammation Plant-based foods can help reduce inflammation because they contain phytochemicals (plant chemicals) that help prevent and fight it which include antioxidants found in fruits and vegetables. The more vibrant the colors of fruits and vegetables, the better and including as many colors as possible is important also. Healthy plant chemicals like anti oxidants help reduce the effects of oxidation that happens in the body during normal metabolism. In this process, waste products called free radicals can cause harm in our body over time. The anti oxidants help reduce the harmful effects of these. Plant based foods are full of these antioxidants. Another example of a super plant chemical in our diet is polyphenol. Polyphenols include resveratrol, ellagic acid and flavonoids. These are often found in purple foods but there are others also. All with a load of healing properties. You can find out more about the types of polyphenols here: Beta carotene and allium are two other phytochemicals rich in antioxidants. Beta carotene is found is dark orange and green leafy fruits and vegetables. They help keep the immune system healthy. Examples of these include sweet potatoes, carrots, kale, spinach and arugula and many more. Allium rich foods include white foods and include onions, garlic, leeks and scallions. The sulfur compounds in these foods have lots of preventive qualities, including reducing inflammation and having antioxidants. Indole glucosinolates are another powerful anti inlammatory phytochemical which also helps prevent cancer. These powerful plant chemicals are found in cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, cauliflower cabbage and Brussels sprouts. Ellagic acid, a phytochemcial found in purple/red fruits like berries, grapes and pomegranates along with nuts. Why getting a wide variety of colors in fruits and vegetables is important? The more colors of fruits and vegetables included in our diet, the more beneficial phytochemicals that we include. In addition, going beyond our usual choices and trying new and diverse produce options adds even additional nutrition! Anti Inflammatory Foods to Eat Here are some plant foods that help fight inflammation: - healthy fats like olive oil, nuts like almonds and walnuts, seeds like flax and hemp, fatty fish such as salmon, mackerel, tuna and sardines - green leafy vegetables like kale, collards and spinach - fruits such as berries, cherries, and citrus - Whole grain foods in their natural state such as brown rice, wheat berry, quinoa, buckwheat and millet. Anti Inflammatory Benefits of Mediterranean Diet There are several anti inflammatory meal plans, but, the Mediterranean style of eating has been around since ancient times and includes a variety of food groups. It is mostly plant-based with the focus on fruits and vegetables, whole grains, nuts, olives, fatty fish but can also include some animal products. However, it can be vegetarian or even modified to be vegan also. The Mediterranean diet has also had years of research showing it’s benefits to reducing chronic disease. I love the Oldways Cultural Food Tradtions’ “Your Guide to the Mediterranean Diet. Make Each Day Mediterranean”. The idea of taking concepts of the Mediterranean diet and making it more regional is something that I also envisioned. That is why I created the Appalachian Pyramid and put together ways how to localize it. I call this way of eating Mediterranean Diet Appalachian Style. You can find out more about the Mediterranean Diet Appalachian Style in the blog post below. The focus of all meal plans with the goal of reducing inflammation in the body is eating a variety of fruits and vegetables, let’s talk about some of the produce that is available during the spring. Here are some of the fruits and vegetables available in the spring that offer a variety of phytochemicals. - Green Onions Because, we have discussed some ways that fruits and vegetables help reduce inflammation, I will share some delicious anti inflammatory recipe ideas! Anti-inflammatory Spring Recipes - Black-eyed Pea Bowls’ - Spring Strawberry Asparagus Salad - Pecan Encrusted Trout over Greens - Raspberry Habanero Hempeh Tacos - Orange Radish and Spinach Salad - Purple Cabbage Behl - Low Fodmap Vegetable Curry Soup - Super Hero Chili - Apple Blueberry Tofu Salad - Spring Strawberry Asparagus with Trout These first three recipes Black-eyed Pea Bowls, Spring Strawberry Asparagus Salad and Pecan Encrusted Trout over Greens can be found on my blog at MMediterranean Diet Appalachian S Change up the anti inflammatory foods to these black eyed pea bowls to use seasonal ingredients. Black Eyed Pea Bowls This strawberry and asparagus salad was my inspiration for my latest creation towards the end of the post. Spring Strawberry Asparagus Salad Trout along with salmon, provides healthy omega 3 fats that help cool down the inflammation in our body. Pecan Encrusted Trout I love this local hempeh made by Smiling Hara. Plant based proteins are often a great anti inflammatory food. Raspberry Habanero Tempeh Tacos If you don’t have hempeh where you live, you can substitute tempeh or you can order it on the Smiling Hara website. It doesn’t get any more spring than fresh radishes and greens from the garden or tailgate market. And these vibrant colors are full of anti oxidant foods. Orange Radish and Spinach Salad This salad with the radishes, citrus, cabbage and greens just screams spring. “Hello spring!” This Purple Cabbage Behl is full of colorful anti inflammatory ingredients which feature foods rich in polyphenols. Purple Cabbage Behl Feel free to switch up the ingredients to this salad based on what is in season. This soup is full of anti inflammatory ingredients that is good for the immune system. If you have IBS symptoms, learning about the low fodmap diet may help reduce inflammation if you have food sensitivities. Contact me for more info. Low Fodmap Vegetarian Curry This soup recipe is pure comfort a long with some healing ingredients! I named this vegetarian recipe after the creator, my husband who is my super hero. If you don’t want to make the chili pulp, use your blend of chili powder and other seasonings. Super Hero Chili This super chili can take on a life of it’s own by switching up your vegetables and you can even experiment with dried fruit! For women’s health, this salad contains lots of healthy nutrients needed along with anti inflammatory fruits and vegetables. Apple Blueberry Tofu and Kale Salad In addition to this kale salad recipe, you will find a lot of great tips to keep women healthy! I was inspired to create this new recipe after talking with Gina Smith at Edible Asheville Magazine. Her story on healthy fats highlights many in this recipe like Sunburst Trout, pecans, and local hickory nut oil mixed with olive oil. The recipe features a colorful variety of fruits and vegetables also! Spring Spinach, Asparagus Strawberry and Salad with Trout This colorful, seasonal salad is a new spin on a classic. The addition of smoked trout adds protein and healthy fat so that it is a complete meal. You can add a little purple with a few rings of red onion. You can mix and match greens depending on what is in the garden and local farmer’s markets. This salad would be delicious with grated local hard cheese or crumbled blue or goat cheese. Makes 4 servings. 4 cups of baby spinach or other greens, washed well 2 peeled and chunked sweet potatoes 1/2 large bunch asparagus (cut off woody end and then cut asparagus spear in half 1 cup, stemmed and sliced strawberries 5 ounces Hot Smoked Sunburst Trout, flaked in large chunks 1/4 lightly toasted pecans Olive oil for roasting 1/2 cup olive oil (you can also substitute a little Hickory Nut Oil from Acorntopia for the olive oil to give the dressing a smoked flavor) 1/4 cup balsamic vinegar (try a local one like Highland Gourmet) 1/2 teaspoon sea salt fresh ground pepper Preheat oven to 400 degrees. On a baking sheet, add sweet potatoes and asparagus spears. Lightly drizzle with olive oil and when oven is at temperature add the vegetables and roast about 15 minutes until they get soft and start to brown. While the vegetables are roasting, Add washed and dried greens in a medium size serving bowl and add the strawberry slices. While the vegetables are cooling, make the balsamic dressing by add the oil in a cruet along with salt, pepper and balsamic dressing. Give it a good shake before pouring it over finished salad. After taking out the roasted sweet potatoes and asparagus and after oven has cooled to low heat, add nuts to a small roasting dig and lightly toast in the pan. After the vegetables have cooled to room temperature, add them to the salad along with large flakes of smoked trout. Pour a moderate amount of dressing over the salad and top with pecans. Add grated cheese if desired. This is a great recipe to try changing out the fruits and vegetables based on the seasons. In the summer, try cabbage, blueberries and greens beans with the trout. You could also try peaches and tomatoes. In the fall, try apple, winter squash along with your greens. Spring super stars of the vegetable kingdom include strawberries, greens and asparagus. If you are lucky to have some local sweet potatoes from last years crop, that is a colorful bonus! In addition to healthy foods, other habits to reduce inflammation and keeping your immune system healthy include: - If you drink alcohol, only drink moderate amounts. Health recommendations suggest 1 drink a day for women and 1-2 drinks a day for men. Try mixing things up with some sparkling water or some of these mocktails. - Getting adequate sleep - Reducing stress whenever possible. - If you have food intolerances that cause inflammation in the diet, working with a registered dietitian to determine what these foods are and how to plan healthy meals without them or safely add them back when ready. To summarize, I hope this information about the protective role of plants for your body from inflammation is helpful. In addition, I also am excited for you to try these spring recipe ideas! They are delicious and they can also provide a lot of nutrients that your body needs. Lastly, if you are wanting to learn more about healthy fats and what local products are available in Western North Carolina, check out the Spring edition of Edible Asheville. It features my latest recipe and the finished product in my kitchen. LLeocaFood | Local Breweries | Things To Do | Edible Ash I am excited to share ways to help you include more anti inflammatory foods in your diet. Not only will these colorful foods help improve our health but they also make our plates more beautiful and tasty. As an Asheville Nutritionist and Registered Dietitian, I help my clients improve their health through food and find things that they enjoy eating. You can find out more about some of the things that I do here:

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This Day in History: October 8th Today in History: October 8, 1918 Corporal Alvin C. York, while at the head of a small detachment near the Meuse River in the Argonne Forest in France, killed at least 20 German soldiers and captured an additional 132 men, which later earned him the Congressional Medal of Honor. York was born in a log cabin near the Tennessee-Kentucky border in 1887. He was the third of 11 children that scraped out a living from hunting and subsistence farming. York became a fundamentalist Christian in 1915, and two years later when the U.S. entered World War I he was drafted into the Army. Due to his religious beliefs, York attempted to get out of going to war as a conscientious-objector, but was denied that status and so enlisted in the 82nd Infantry Division. He arrived in France in May 1918 for active duty on the Western Front. In September of that year, he took part in the successful Saint-Mihiel offensive and was promoted to corporal and given his own squadron to command. What took place on October 8, 1918 was part of the Meuse-Argonne offensive, which was the last big allied push against the Germans on the Western Front during World War I. York and his men had the job of capturing German-held positions across a valley; after encountering problems, the small group of 17 men was fired upon by German machine guns from a nearby hill. York described what happened next in his diary: They killed all of Savage’s squad; they got all of mine but two; they wounded Cutting and killed two of his squad; and Early’s squad was well back in the brush on the extreme right and not yet under the direct fire of the machine guns, and so they escaped. All except Early. He went down with three bullets in his body. That left me in command. I was right out there in the open. And those machine guns were spitting fire and cutting down the undergrowth all around me something awful. And the Germans were yelling orders. You never heard such a ‘racket in all of your life. I didn’t have time to dodge behind a tree or dive into the brush, I didn’t even have time to kneel or lie down. I don’t know what the other boys were doing. They claim they didn’t fire a shot. They said afterwards they were on the right, guarding the prisoners. And the prisoners were lying down and the machine guns had to shoot over them to get me. As soon as the machine guns opened fire on me, I began to exchange shots with them. I had no time nohow to do nothing but watch them-there German machine gunners and give them the best I had. Every time I seed a German I jes teched him off. At first I was shooting from a prone position; that is lying down; jes like we often shoot at the targets in the shooting matches in the mountains of Tennessee; and it was jes about the same distance. But the targets here were bigger. I jes couldn’t miss a German’s head or body at that distance. And I didn’t. Besides, it weren’t no time to miss nohow. I knowed that in order to shoot me the Germans would have to get their heads up to see where I was lying. And I knowed that my only chance was to keep their heads down. And I done done it. I covered their positions and let fly every time I seed anything to shoot at. Every time a head come up I done knocked it down. Then they would sorter stop for a moment and then another head would come up and I would knock it down, too. I was giving them the best I had. I was right out in the open and the machine guns [there were over thirty of them in continuous action] were spitting fire and cutting up all around me something awful. But they didn’t seem to be able to hit me. All the time the Germans were shouting orders. You never heard such a racket in all of your life. Of course, all of this only took a few minutes. As soon as I was able I stood up and begun to shoot off-hand, which is my favorite position. I was still sharpshooting with that-there old army rifle. I used up several clips. The barrel was getting hot and my rifle ammunition was running low, or was where it was hard for me to get at it quickly. But I had to keep on shooting jes the same. In the middle of the fight a German officer and five men done jumped out of a trench and charged me with fixed bayonets. They had about twenty-five yards to come and they were coming right smart. I only had about half a clip left in my rifle; but I had my pistol ready. I done flipped it out fast and teched them off, too. I teched off the sixth man first; then the fifth; then the fourth; then the third; and so on. That’s the way we shoot wild turkeys at home. You see we don’t want the front ones to know that we’re getting the back ones, and then they keep on coming until we get them all. Of course, I hadn’t time to think of that. I guess I jes naturally did it. I knowed, too, that if the front ones wavered, or if I stopped them the rear ones would drop down and pump a volley into me and get me. Then I returned to the rifle, and kept right on after those machine guns. I knowed now that if I done kept my head and didn’t run out of ammunition I had them. So I done hollered to them to come down and give up. I didn’t want to kill any more’n I had to. I would tech a couple of them off and holler again. But I guess they couldn’t understand my language, or else they couldn’t hear me in the awful racket that was going on all around. Over twenty Germans were killed by this time. –and I got hold of the German major. After he seed me stop the six Germans who charged with fixed bayonets he got up off the ground and walked over to me and yelled “English?” I said, “No, not English.” He said, “What?” I said, “American.” He said, “Good —–!” Then he said, “If you won’t shoot any more I will make them give up.” I had killed over twenty before the German major said he would make them give up. I covered him with my automatic and told him if he didn’t make them stop firing I would take off his head next. And he knew I meant it. He told me if I didn’t kill him, and if I stopped shooting the others in the trench, he would make them surrender. So he blew a little whistle and they came down and began to gather around and throw down their guns and belts. All but one of them came off the hill with their hands up, and just before that one got to me he threw a little hand grenade which burst in the air in front of me. Alvin York Statue I had to tech him off. The rest surrendered without any more trouble. There were nearly 100 of them. So we had about 80 or 90 Germans there disarmed, and had another line of Germans to go through to get out. So I called for my men, and one of them answered from behind a big oak tree, and the others were on my right in the brush. So I said, “Let’s get these Germans out of here.” One of my men said, “it is impossible.” So I said, “No; let’s get them out.” So when my man said that, this German major said, “How many have you got?” and I said, “I have got a-plenty,” and pointed my pistol at him all the time. In this battle I was using a rifle and a .45 Colt automatic pistol. So I lined the Germans up in a line of twos, and I got between the ones in front, and I had the German major before me. So I marched them straight into those other machine guns and I got them. The German major could speak English as well as I could. Before the war he used to work in Chicago. And I told him to keep his hands up and to line up his men in column of twos, and to do it in double time. And he did it. And I lined up my men that were left on either side of the column, and I told one to guard the rear. I ordered the prisoners to pick up and carry our wounded. I wasn’t a-goin’ to leave any good American boys lying out there to die. So I made the Germans carry them. And they did. And I takened the major and placed him at the head of the column and I got behind him and used him as a screen. I poked the automatic in his back and told him to hike. And he hiked. The major suggested we go down a gully, but I knew that was the wrong way. And I told him we were not going down any gully. We were going straight through the German front line trenches back to the American lines. It was their second line that I had captured. We sure did get a long way behind the German trenches! And so I marched them straight at that old German front line trench. And some more machine guns swung around and began to spit at us. I told the major to blow his whistle or I would take off his head and theirs too. So he blew his whistle and they all surrendered– all except one. I made the major order him to surrender twice. But he wouldn’t. And I had to tech him off. I hated to do it. I’ve been doing a tolerable lot of thinking about it since. He was probably a brave soldier boy. But I couldn’t afford to take any chances and so I had to let him have it. There was considerably over a hundred prisoners now. It was a problem to get them back safely to our own lines. There was so many of them there was danger of our own artillery mistaking us for a German counter-attack and opening up on us. I sure was relieved when we run into the relief squads that had been sent forward through the brush to help us. On the way back we were constantly under heavy shell fire and I had to double-time them to get them through safely. There was nothing to be gained by having any more of them wounded or killed. They done surrendered to me and it was up to me to look after them. And so I done done it. So when I got back to my major’s p.c. I had 132 prisoners. We marched those German prisoners on back into the American lines to the battalion p.c. (post of command), and there we came to the Intelligence Department. Lieutenant Woods came out and counted 132 prisoners. And when he counted them he said, “York, have you captured the whole German army?” And I told him I had a tolerable few… The next morning Captain Danforth sent me back with some stretcher bearers to see if there were any of our American boys that we had missed. But they were all dead. And there were a lot of German dead. We counted twenty-eight, which is just the number of shots I fired. And there were thirty-five machine guns and a whole mess of equipment and small arms. The salvage corps was busy packing it up. And I noticed the bushes all around where I stood in my fight with the machine guns were all cut down. The bullets went over my head and on either side. But they never touched me. So you can see here in this case of mine where God helped me out. I had been living for God and working in the church some time before I come to the army. So I am a witness to the fact that God did help me out of that hard battle; for the bushes were shot up all around me and I never got a scratch… I say that He did save me. Now, He will save you if you will only trust Him. York was soon promoted to sergeant, and remained on the front lines until ten days before the armistice. In April 1919, he was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor, the highest American military decoration. He went on to found a school for needy children in rural Tennessee called the York Industrial Institute. - The Man Who Fought in WWII With a Sword and a Bow - WWII Files: Audrey Hepburn and the Dutch Resistance - Simo Häyhä, “White Death”, Sniped Over 542 Soviet Soldiers in WWII |Share the Knowledge!|

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Use a Notebook to Learn More English Vocabulary - Increase English Vocabulary. 7 Mobile Apps That Will Dramatically Increase Your Vocabulary. Would you like a bigger vocabulary? If you're like most people, the answer is yes. Then again, if you're like most people, you don't have the free time to enroll in a course or work your way through the dictionary. But you can use your smartphone as a powerful tool to learn new words, increase your vocabulary and strengthen your command of the English language without devoting blocks of time to the task. These apps make learning new words painless or even fun, and all you need is a minute or two at a time while drinking your morning coffee or waiting in line. (Unless noted otherwise, these apps are available for both iOS and Android devices.) 1. This combined learning tool and game allows you to either learn and retain words you choose or words the app chooses for you. "Gratitude" or "Gratefulness"? By Maeve Maddox Lauren writes: I have searched the internet for the answer to this, but I cannot find it: What is the difference between ‘gratitude’ and ‘gratefulness’ if any. Both Merriam-Webster and the OED treat the words as synonyms: Merriam-Webster:gratitude: the state of being gratefulgratefulness: : the quality or state of being grateful OED:gratitude: The quality or condition of being gratefulgratefulness: The quality of being grateful The abstract noun gratitude comes from Medieval Latin gratitudo, “thankfulness.” The adjective grateful comes from an obsolete adjective grate, “agreeable, thankful,” which came from a Latin adjective, gratus, “pleasing.” Personally, I prefer gratitude to gratefulness because I don’t like using -ness abstract nouns when a form without -ness is available and suits the context. Here are some examples of what seem to me to be unnecessary -ness formations, together with the words that can be used instead: Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Vocabulary Building Strategies by Vocabulary Cartoons. BBC Learning English - Course: English In A Minute / Unit 1 / Session 55 / Activity 1. Houses and buildings. Science and technology. Free English Vocabulary Lessons. Health Vocabulary. English vocabulary site:www.thoughtco.com at DuckDuckGo. People and relationships vocabulary. Success vocabulary. Words in the News. Food and drink. Quickly open pages with Google AMP Viewer - Google Search Help. Homophones, Homographs, and Homonyms. Learning English - Today's Phrase. Study English - Series 1, Episode 9: ADHD. Text: Strategies to Improve Your Vocabulary. There are several proven benefits in improving your vocabulary, but how should we go about learning new words in the most effective way? By using the following ten vocabulary-building strategies, you are guaranteed to develop a strong vocabulary and keep improving it every day. 1. Read Voraciously It’s undeniable that reading is the most effective way to get new vocabulary. BBC Learning English - Course: News Review / Unit 1. Real Vocabulary: What does transpire mean? Learn English Vocabulary - Internet Acronyms. Learn English Vocabulary - Office Jargon. Learn English Vocabulary - Up Quiz. General words meaning to give. To find something or someone. To arrive in a place, or to enter a place. English Profile - Word of the Week. The preposition under is known even at A1 level in its core meaning of LOWER POSITION. The frequent meaning LESS THAN, as in under £20, under the age of ten, under 50% seems to be known from A2 level. Further phrases with under are included at the higher levels, such as be under the impression at B2 and be under way at C2. Under also occurs in the common idioms down under, under your nose and be/feel under the weather, all of which are included at C2. It is possible to search for idioms as a separate category in the English Vocabulary Profile – for example, to find all idioms containing the word under, type this word in the Search box and select ‘idioms’ in the Category menu of Advanced search. Under is also used as a prefix and a wild card search (typing under* in the Search box) will return all the words in the English Vocabulary Profile that start with under, including underdeveloped, underestimate, undergo, underline, underlying, etc. Vocabulary: Ways to Extend Student Learning - Craig Thaine. English Dictionaries. English Vocabulary - Word Lists, Games, Worksheets, Lessons and Exercises for ESL Students and Kids. Word Games and Vocabulary Puzzles for ESL Students. World Wide Words. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Learn English online for free with hundreds of interactive English exercises on this site. Practise grammar, prepare for exams, learn English words and do listening practice. Find a lot of information about what words mean and how they are used in our English dictionary. Vocabulary Browse hundreds of vocabulary exercises to help you learn more English collocations, synonyms, idioms and phrasal verbs as well as other aspects of vocabulary. Intermediate grammar Grammar exercises for intermediate learners at the B1–B2 level of the CEFR. Advanced grammar Grammar exercises for advanced learners at the C1–C2 level of the CEFR. Listening and pronunciation These exercises focus on sounds, syllables and stress in words to improve your listening and pronunciation skills. Exam preparation. Keen, tenacious, and determined: Boost your SAT vocabulary for the SAT reading section. Search. Vocabulary. Words and Their Stories - Articles. Supermarkets. Vocabulary Building. English Pronunciation. English Spelling. Vocabulary - Learn English - Education. Activities for Learners. English vocabulary Archives - Botanical Linguist. Oxford Dictionaries. About Words – Cambridge Dictionaries Online blog – Commenting on developments in the English language. 7f8de955 596b 437c ba40 a68ed754c348. Education Vocabulary. Economy vocabulary. Transport and Travel Vocabulary. Creative Industries. Society Vocabulary. Oxford English Vocab Trainer on the App Store. NATURE VOCABULARY. Oxford Learner’s Pocket Word Skills. Idioms and Phrasal Verbs. Fashion. Oxford Word Skills. PET Vocabulary List. Oral English Activities. Vocabulary learning tools. Free Classroom Resources. Browse Encyclopedia Britannica Quizzes. We’re on a roll! (Everyday idioms in newspapers) By Kate Woodford We like to keep you supplied with frequent, up-to-date idioms on this blog. One way in which we do this is by reading, every few months, a range of national newspapers that were published on the same day. We then pick out the idioms and phrases in use. As ever, we only include common, current idioms and phrases – in other words, the type that will be most useful to learn. This week’s phrases come from tabloid newspapers. Elsewhere in the same paper, it is reported that a TV celebrity has ‘set her sights on’ becoming an online lifestyle guru. The same paper notes that a serious crime was not widely reported in the media while other, less important events received a great deal of attention. The business pages, meanwhile, report on a businessman who is ‘on a roll’, forming a new company and becoming involved in various other projects. Another tabloid rudely comments that a celebrity chef has been piling on the pounds, meaning ‘putting on weight’. Like this: Like Loading... Quizzes. The Science of Awkwardness Vsauce Vocabulary in contextPeople & society18 items Academic Word List (sublist 1) Preparing for IELTS? Studying academic vocabulary? This quiz will help you explore the words from the AWL and their collocations. Emma Watson's Harry Potter Outtake Jimmy Kimmel Live. Level 200 Vocabulary Topics. Learn English and grow your Vocabulary. Time adverbs Vocabulary. Free English Vocabulary Games and Exercises. Leisure Vocabulary. Word list, List of words - www.myvocabulary.com. Q: How can I use 775 word lists from A: Suggestions for usage for teachers, parents, students and life-long learners! Choose 15-25 words that are unknown to you from the list provided. Look up and write down the definition, part of speech and use the new word in a sentence of more than 6 words. Practice using the new word. Harder words by topic - index. Vocabulary exercises for learners of English as a second language. Vocabulary exercises for learners of English as a second language. Vocabulary, Vocabulary Games - www.myvocabulary.com. Vocabulary, Vocabulary games - www.myvocabulary.com. Common Core alignment to "Reading: Literature and Subject-related Content" is to 3 key phrases:"Particular Topic", "Grade Relevant Text and Subject Area" and"Context". CCSS Alignment Strand Numbers for Specific Grades:Particular Topic: "CCSS.ELA-Literacy. " precedes these numbers: 4.6. 5.6, 6.6, 7.6, 8.6, 9-10.6, 11-12.6Grade & Subject-Relevant Text/Area: "CCSS.ELA-Literacy. " precedes these numbers:(Reading: Informational Text) RI.2.4, RI.3.4, RI.4.4. RI.5.4, RI.6.4, RI.7.4, RI.8.4, RI.9-10.4, RI.11-12.4(Reading: Literature) RL.2.4, RL.3.4, RL.4.4. Learn words from the news: chunks, flying buttress, brace, Gothic masonry, crumbles. Common Vocabulary for learners. Topic Dictionaries at Oxford Learner's Dictionaries. How Strong Is Your Vocabulary?: Weekly Challenge. Wiktionary:Topics. Vocabulary site:thoughtco.com at DuckDuckGo.

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Media to Use for Presentation Aids Presentation Aids Module - Understand the range of media choices for presentation aids. - Identify advantages and disadvantages of different presentation aid media. - Explain the role of careful planning and good execution when using presentation aids. The venue of your speech should suggest the appropriate selection of presentation aids. In your classroom, you have several choices, including some that omit technology. If you are speaking in a large auditorium, you will almost certainly need to use technology to project text and images on a large screen. Many students feel that they lack the artistic skills to render their own graphics, so they opt to use copyright-free graphics on their presentation aids. You may do this as long as you use images that are created in a consistent style. For instance, you should not combine realistic renderings with cartoons unless there is a clear and compelling reason to do so. Being selective in this way will result in a sequence of presentation aids that look like a coherent set, thereby enhancing your professionalism. In keeping with careful choices and effective design, we also have to do a good job in executing presentation aids. They should never look hastily made, dirty, battered, or disorganized. They do not have to be fancy, but they do need to look professional. In this section we will discuss the major types of media that can be used for presentation aids, which include computer-based media, audiovisual media, and low-tech media. In most careers in business, industry, and other professions for which students are preparing themselves, computer-based presentation aids are the norm today. Whether the context is a weekly department meeting in a small conference room or an annual convention in a huge amphitheater, speakers are expected to be comfortable with using PowerPoint or other similar software to create and display presentation aids. If your public speaking course meets in a smart classroom, you have probably had the opportunity to see the computer system in action. Many such systems today are nimble and easy to use. Still, “easy” is a relative term. Don’t take for granted someone else’s advice that “it’s really self-explanatory”—instead, make sure to practice ahead of time. It is also wise to be prepared for technical problems, which can happen to even the most sophisticated computer users. When Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple and cofounder of Pixar, introduced a new iPhone 4 in June, 2010, his own visual presentation froze.Macworld. (2010, June 7). WWDC: Steve Jobs’ iPhone 4 launch glitches [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yoqh27E6OuU The irony of a high-tech guru’s technology not working at a public presentation did not escape the notice of news organizations. The world was first introduced to computer presentations back in the 1970s, but these software packages were expensive and needed highly trained technicians to operate the programs. Today, there are a number of presentation softwareSoftware packages that enable a speaker to visually show material through the use of a computer and projector. programs that are free or relatively inexpensive and that can be learned quickly by nonspecialists. Table 15.1 "Presentation Software Packages" lists several of these. Table 15.1 Presentation Software Packages |Adobe Acrobat Presenter||http://www.adobe.com/products/presenter/features||$| In addition to becoming more readily accessible, presentation software has become more flexible over the years. As recently as the mid-2000s, critics such as the eminent graphic expert and NASA consultant Edward Tufte charged that PowerPoint’s tendency to force the user to put a certain number of bullet points on each slide in a certain format was a serious threat to the accurate presentation of data. As Tufte put it, “the rigid slide-by-slide hierarchies, indifferent to content, slice and dice the evidence into arbitrary compartments, producing an anti-narrative with choppy continuity.”Tufte, E. (2005, September 6). PowerPoint does rocket science—and better techniques for technical reports [Online forum]. Retrieved from http://www.edwardtufte.com/bboard/q-and-a-fetch-msg?msg_id=0001yB&topic_id=1 Tufte argues that poor decision making, such as was involved with the 2003 space shuttle Columbia disaster, may have been related to the shortcomings of such presentation aids in NASA meetings. While more recent versions of PowerPoint and similar programs allow much more creative freedom in designing slides, this freedom comes with a responsibility—the user needs to take responsibility for using the technology to support the speech and not get carried away with the many special effects the software is capable of producing. What this boils down to is observing the universal principles of good design, which include unity, emphasis or focal point, scale and proportion, balance, and rhythm.Lauer, D. A., & Pentak, S. (2000). Design basics (5th ed.). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt College Publishers. As we’ve mentioned earlier, it’s generally best to use a single font for the text on your visuals so that they look like a unified set. In terms of scale or proportion, it is essential to make sure the information is large enough for the audience to see; and since the display size may vary according to the monitor you are using, this is another reason for practicing in advance with the equipment you intend to use. The rhythm of your slide display should be reasonably consistent—you would not want to display a dozen different slides in the first minute of a five-minute presentation and then display only one slide per minute for the rest of the speech. In addition to presentation software such as PowerPoint, speakers sometimes have access to interactive computer-based presentation aids. These are often called “clickers”—handheld units that audience members hold and that are connected to a monitor to which the speaker has access. These interactive aids are useful for tracking audience responses to questions, and they have the advantage over asking for a show of hands in that they can be anonymous. A number of instructors in various courses use “clickers” in their classrooms. Using computer-based aids in a speech brings up a few logistical considerations. In some venues, you may need to stand behind a high-tech console to operate the computer. You need to be aware that this will physically isolate you from the audience you with whom you are trying to establish a relationship in your speech. When you stand behind presentation equipment, you may feel really comfortable, but you end up limiting your nonverbal interaction with your audience. If your classroom is not equipped with a computer and you want to use presentation software media in your speech, you may of course bring your computer, or you may be able to schedule the delivery of a computer cart to your classroom. In either case, check with your instructor about the advance preparations that will be needed. At some schools, there are very few computer carts, so it is important to reserve one well in advance. You will also want to see if you can gain access to one ahead of time to practice and familiarize yourself with the necessary passwords and commands to make your slides run properly. On the day of your speech, be sure to arrive early enough to test out the equipment before class begins. Although audio and video clips are often computer-based, they can be (and, in past decades, always were) used without a computer. Audio presentation aids are useful for illustrating musical themes. For instance, if you’re speaking about how the Polish composer Frederick Chopin was inspired by the sounds of nature, you can convey that meaning only through playing an example. If you have a smart classroom, you may be able to use it to play an MP3. Alternatively, you may need to bring your music player. In that case, be sure the speakers in the room are up to the job. The people in the back of the room must be able to hear it, and the speakers must not sound distorted when you turn the volume up. Video that clarifies, explains, amplifies, emphasizes, or illustrates a key concept in your speech is appropriate, as long as you do not rely on it to do your presentation for you. There are several things you must do. First, identify a specific section of video that delivers meaning. Second, “cue up” the video so that you can just pop it into the player, and it will begin at the right place. Third, tell your audience where the footage comes from. You can tell your audience, for instance, that you are showing them an example from the 1985 BBC documentary titled “In Search of the Trojan War.” Fourth, tell your audience why you’re showing the footage. For instance, you can tell them, “This is an example of storytelling in the Bardic tradition.” You can interrupt or mute the video to make a comment about it, but your total footage should not use more than 20 percent of the time for your speech. In some speaking situations, of course, computer technology is not available. Even if you have ready access to technology, there will be contexts where computer-based presentation aids are unnecessary or even counterproductive. And in still other contexts, computer-based media may be accompanied by low-tech presentation aids. One of the advantages of low-tech media is that they are very predictable. There’s little that can interfere with using them. Additionally, they can be inexpensive to produce. However, unlike digital media, they can be prone to physical damage in the form of smudges, scratches, dents, and rips. It can be difficult to keep them professional looking if you have to carry them through a rainstorm or blizzard, so you will need to take steps to protect them as you transport them to the speech location. Let’s examine some of the low-tech media that you might use with a speech. Chalk or Dry-Erase Board If you use a chalkboard or dry-erase board you are not using a prepared presentation aidA presentation aid designed and created ahead of time to be used as a coherent part of a speech.. Your failure to prepare visuals ahead of time can be interpreted in several ways, mostly negative. If other speakers carefully design, produce, and use attractive visual aids, yours will stand out by contrast. You will be seen as the speaker who does not take the time to prepare even a simple aid. Do not use a chalkboard or marker board and pretend it’s a prepared presentation aid. However, numerous speakers do utilize chalk and dry-erase boards effectively. Typically, these speakers use the chalk or dry-erase board for interactive components of a speech. For example, maybe you’re giving a speech in front of a group of executives. You may have a PowerPoint all prepared, but at various points in your speech you want to get your audience’s responses. Chalk or dry-erase boards are very useful when you want to visually show information that you are receiving from your audience. If you ever use a chalk or dry-erase board, follow these three simple rules: - Write large enough so that everyone in the room can see. - Print legibly; don’t write in cursive script. - Write short phrases; don’t take time to write complete sentences. It is also worth mentioning that some classrooms and business conference rooms are equipped with smartboards, or digitally enhanced whiteboards. On a smartboard you can bring up prepared visuals and then modify them as you would a chalk or dry-erase board. The advantage is that you can keep a digital record of what was written for future reference. However, as with other technology-based media, smartboards may be prone to unexpected technical problems, and they require training and practice to be used properly. A flipchart is useful when you’re trying to convey change over a number of steps. For instance, you could use a prepared flipchart to show dramatic population shifts on maps. In such a case, you should prepare highly visible, identical maps on three of the pages so that only the data will change from page to page. Each page should be neatly titled, and you should actively point out the areas of change on each page. You could also use a flip chart to show stages in the growth and development of the malaria-bearing mosquito. Again, you should label each page, making an effort to give the pages a consistent look. Organize your flip chart in such a way that you flip pages in one direction only, front to back. It will be difficult to flip large pages without damaging them, and if you also have to “back up” and “skip forward,” your presentation will look awkward and disorganized. Pages will get damaged, and your audience will be able to hear each rip. In addition, most flip charts need to be propped up on an easel of some sort. If you arrive for your speech only to find that the easel in the classroom has disappeared, you will need to rig up another system that allows you to flip the pages. Poster Board or Foam Board Foam board consists of a thin sheet of Styrofoam with heavy paper bonded to both surfaces. It is a lightweight, inexpensive foundation for information, and it will stand on its own when placed in an easel without curling under at the bottom edge. Poster board tends to be cheaper than foam board, but it is flimsier, more vulnerable to damage, and can’t stand on its own. If you plan to paste labels or paragraphs of text to foam or poster board, for a professional look you should make sure the color of the poster board matches the color of the paper you will paste on. You will also want to choose a color that allows for easy visual contrast so your audience can see it, and it must be a color that’s appropriate for the topic. For instance, hot pink would be the wrong color on a poster for a speech about the Protestant Reformation. Avoid producing a presentation aid that looks like you simply cut pictures out of magazines and pasted them on. Slapping some text and images on a board looks unprofessional and will not be viewed as credible or effective. Instead, when creating a poster you need to take the time to think about how you are going to lay out your aid and make it look professional. You do not have to spend lots of money to make a very sleek and professional-looking poster. Some schools also have access to expensive, full-color poster printers where you can create large poster for pasting on a foam board. In the real world of public speaking, most speakers rely on the creation of professional posters using a full-color poster printer. Typically, posters are sketched out and then designed on a computer using a program like Microsoft PowerPoint or Publisher (these both have the option of selecting the size of the printed area). Handouts are appropriate for delivering information that audience members can take away with them. As we will see, handouts require a great deal of management if they are to contribute to your credibility as a speaker. First, make sure to bring enough copies of the handout for each audience member to get one. Having to share or look on with one’s neighbor does not contribute to a professional image. Under no circumstances should you ever provide a single copy of a handout to pass around. There are several reasons this is a bad idea. You will have no control over the speed at which it circulates, or the direction it goes. Moreover, only one listener will be holding it while you’re making your point about it and by the time most people see it they will have forgotten why they need to see it. In some case, it might not even reach everybody by the end of your speech. Finally, listeners could still be passing your handout around during the next speaker’s speech. There are three possible times to distribute handouts: before you begin your speech, during the speech, and after your speech is over. Naturally, if you need your listeners to follow along in a handout, you will need to distribute it before your speech begins. If you have access to the room ahead of time, place a copy of the handout on each seat in the audience. If not, ask a volunteer to distribute them as quickly as possible while you prepare to begin speaking. If the handout is a “takeaway,” leave it on a table near the door so that those audience members who are interested can take one on their way out; in this case, don’t forget to tell them to do so as you conclude your speech. It is almost never appropriate to distribute handouts during your speech, as it is distracting and interrupts the pace of your presentation. Like other presentation aids, handouts should include only the necessary information to support your points, and that information should be organized in such a way that listeners will be able to understand it. For example, in a speech about how new health care legislation will affect small business owners in your state, a good handout might summarize key effects of the legislation and include the names of state agencies with their web addresses where audience members can request more detailed information. If your handout is designed for your audience to follow along, you should tell them so. State that you will be referring to specific information during the speech. Then, as you’re presenting your speech, ask your audience to look, for example, at the second line in the first cluster of information. Read that line out loud and then go on to explain its meaning. As with any presentation aid, handouts are not a substitute for a well-prepared speech. Ask yourself what information your audience really needs to be able to take with them and how it can be presented on the page in the most useful and engaging way possible. - Speakers in professional contexts are expected to be familiar with presentation software, such as PowerPoint. - Computer-based media can produce very professional-looking presentation aids, but as with any other media, the universal principles of good design apply. - Speakers using computer-based media need to practice ahead of time with the computer they intend to use in the speech. - Each presentation aid vehicle has advantages and disadvantages. As such, speakers need to think through the use of visual aids and select the most appropriate ones for their individual speeches. - Every presentation aid should be created with careful attention to content and appearance. What’s wrong with this presentation aid? - How would you change it? - What kind of presentation aids might you use in a speech on the health benefits of laughter? Why might these be good choice?

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Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), may account for about 15 percent of all cases of dementia in the UK. It’s thought that DLB on its own affects over 100,000 people in the UK alone, making it one of the leading causes of dementia in the UK. But DLB is still relatively unknown, compared to other types of dementia. Related: What is dementia? DLB has some of the same symptoms as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, and can be wrongly diagnosed as these and other conditions. It is most common in people over 65. Related: Learn more about Alzheimer's disease Related: Find out more about Parkinson's disease Lewy bodies – named after the doctor who first discovered them – are miniscule amounts of protein in nerve cells. Scientists don’t yet really understand why these protein deposits are found in the brain, or how they play a part in dementia. We do, however, have some knowledge of how they affect us. Having Lewy bodies in the brain is linked to having lower levels of acetylcholine and dopamine – both important chemical messengers. This means that connections between nerve cells are lost, and this causes the ongoing death of nerve cells and a reduction in brain tissue. Lewy bodies can be found in different parts of the brain, and their location affects the symptoms that develop. Lewy bodies at the base of the brain are linked to difficulties with movement - one of the main symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Lewy bodies found in the brain’s outer layers are connected with problems with the brain’s ability to think and process information. This is a typical trait of DLB. Like other forms of dementia the symptoms of Parkinson’s and DLB become worse with time. And the symptoms of these two conditions become more alike, as they progress. Symptoms of dementia with Lewy bodies Dementia with Lewy bodies is different for everyone who has this condition. Each person with DLB will have different sets of symptoms. And the speed at which their condition – and symptoms – progress can vary a great deal from one person to another. Someone with DLB will usually have some of the symptoms of both Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Other symptoms can include reduced ability to tackle problem solving, memory problems, and unpredictable and quickly changing levels of confusion. People with DLB can have very varying levels of alertness. They may seem quite aware, and then seem to be staring into space, or are drowsy and almost asleep. These changes can happen every hour or more, or even every few minutes. DLB can also cause: - Symptoms similar to Parkinson’s, with slower movements than normal, tremors and stiff muscles. - Visual hallucinations – often seeing people and/or animals that aren’t there - Disturbed sleep, which can include them talking and moving - Being unsteady on their feet, fainting and falling Diagnosing Dementia with Lewy bodies In its early stages DLB can be quite difficult to diagnose - the symptoms could be caused by a range of other conditions. Your GP will be able to carry out some of the tests needed for a diagnosis. Some, however, will have to be carried out by specialists. You may need to have a brain scan (a computerized tomography (CT) scan, for instance) to check whether your symptoms are being caused by a stroke, for example, or by brain shrinkage. They may also refer you for blood tests and possibly, to a memory clinic. How dementia with Lewy bodies progresses DLB, like other types of dementia, is a progressive condition. This means that symptoms become steadily worse over time – and there may be more of them. This will affect memory, and behaviour – being restless and agitated for instance. In fact with the changes that time brings, and the changes to memory and mental competence, the condition may appear more like the middle to later stages of Azheimer’s disease. Other changes that will appear as the disease progresses can include more difficulty with movement and walking. Falls are more common at this stage, as are increasing problems with eating and swallowing. Related: Download our falls prevention guide Treatment for dementia with Lewy bodies There are no drugs or other treatments than can cure dementia with Lewy bodies, however there are some treatments that can help, by managing the symptoms, and helping the person with DLB feel calmer. The first step will be for the experts involved – GP, dementia specialists and social care need experts – to look at the situation and create a care plan tailored to each individual person. This should aim to give the best quality of life for each person. This is important because people who have DLB will all have different problems and different needs. As time goes by and the disease progresses the professionals involved will need to reassess the person with dementia. This will allow them to update the level of care and possibly re-assess any medications they need. Drug treatments for dementia with Lewy bodies There are some drug treatments that may help people with DLB, but they must be used with care, as some may cause unpleasant side effects. Because every person with DLB reacts differently, it is very hard to know how each one is likely to respond to the medication. Drugs given to help with hallucinations and mental issues may make that person’s movement problems worse. And medication to help with movement problems may make that person’s mental capacity and/or hallucinations worse. Cholinesterase inhibitor drugs - galantamine, donepezil and rivastigmine - may be of some help in treating some of the symptoms of DLB, such as the highs and lows in mental abilities and alertness. These drugs aren’t, at the moment, licensed for use in people with DLB, so it can depend on your doctor whether or not they are prepared to prescribe them. (There is some evidence that these drugs can help with DLB. Your doctor may be prepared to prescribe one of these drugs outside the terms of the licence – or ‘off label’). Sometimes antipsychotic drugs may be prescribed to someone with DLB. These are to help with agitation or worrying hallucinations. However, these can have serious and even dangerous side effects, and may increase the risk of death so they are only used in certain cases, and after a great deal of thought. Clopixil (Clopenthixol), Dolmatil (Sulpiride) and Largactil (Clorpromazine) are some of the antipsychotic drugs available. Levodopa, which is prescribed for people with Parkinson’s disease, is occasionally also prescribed for people with DLB who have movement problems. However, it doesn’t work as effectively in people with DLB, and can reduce their mental abilities. Other treatments for dementia with Lewy bodies There are non-medicinal treatments than can help both the person with DLB and their family and carers. Some of these may be provided free – ask your GP or specialist team whether any services that provide expert help, such as occupational therapy or physiotherapy, are provided through the NHS in your area. Occupational therapy can help with problems with day to day tasks, such as getting washed and dressed. An occupational therapist or physiotherapist may also be able to help with mobility, and independence. They will also be able to suggest aids and adaptations to the home that can make life easier for the person with DLB. Related: How physiotherapy can benefit your health Speech and language therapy may be able to help if the person with DLB has difficulty speaking or swallowing. Ask whether this is available through your GP. Memory loss in people who have dementia with Lewy bodies People who have dementia often have trouble remembering things that happened an hour or a day ago, but can recall their younger days far more clearly. Unfortunately, as their dementia continues to become worse even these memories can become hazy or non-existent. If you are looking after someone with dementia it can help them recall their past if they have old photographs, letters, books etc. around them, as physical reminders. Research has found that this can help people with dementia feel calmer and more in control. It may be worth playing them music or DVDs of older films that they liked when they were younger. Listening to them talk about their past can also be rewarding for both of you. Of course it may be that their memories aren’t all happy ones, but it can really help to listen to these too, and talk sympathetically about these events. Cognitive stimulation therapy for dementia with Lewy bodies The exercises and activities involved in cognitive stimulation therapy aim to help improve memory and communication skills. It’s a good idea for people with DLB and other forms of dementia to take part in this form of therapy in an organized, group setting, but they can also do this at home, with carers. Ask your GP or one of the specialist team for more information. Sleeping problems in people who have dementia with Lewy bodies This can be disruptive for the person with DLB, their carers and family. Slowly increasing physical exercise, and reducing the amount of daytime napping can help with night-time sleeping. Reducing the amount of stimulation – TV, alcohol, tea and coffee – in the evening can also help. It’s also worth talking to the person’s GP about whether sleeping pills might help and if they are suitable. Regular routines for people who have dementia with Lewy bodies Having a regular routine, and keeping household items in the same place, can help people with dementia. It should make it easier for them to remember where things are, if they are always in the same spot, and help reduce their confusion.

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Parents want the best for their children. But do you know how to properly train your children to achieve their goals? Subscribe to the Real Truth for FREE news and analysis.Subscribe Now You look across the dinner table and see your child looking back at you. By a certain age, he or she has probably expressed an interest in a certain job or career. Usually, such ideas are fanciful, and are either related to something seen on television or the same job held by you or your spouse. Your son may want to grow up to be a firefighter, lawyer or doctor. Your daughter may hope to be a teacher, veterinarian or ballerina. Such youthful dreams will likely change over time, but whatever their aspirations, you naturally want success—and happiness—for your children. You want them to experience a fulfilling life and a rewarding career. But have you ever realized that you are vital to their success? You can offer them knowledge that, unlike the suggestions of popular psychology, will lead them to true and lasting success. If you instill this knowledge deep within them, creating the basis for their thinking, you will have happy and well-developed children! People often link success to wealth, power or fame. But is this success? Famous people, who often have both power and wealth, are usually the same ones who are miserable. Their problems, addictions and struggles are covered by television and entertainment magazines. As stated in a well-known song, “Money can’t buy me love.” And judging by the lives of the rich and famous, neither can it buy happiness. Such people are not a reflection of true success. One who is truly successful will be fulfilled and happy. So, if the common perception of success is wrong, then what is it? The main reason most do not understand success is that they assume it is a quality or trait one has from birth. But success is not an innate “talent.” Rather, it is directly related to a desire to produce, grow, learn and achieve. If success is not a natural ability, then how does one “get” it? Is there a formula? Amazingly, there is! There are definite laws to achieving—and instilling—success! If you instill a desire—and the laws to success—in your children, they will succeed! Teaching these principles will ensure that they become happy, fulfilled, successful adults. The first great law to success is setting the right goal. Thousands of self-help books exist that describe how to set and reach one’s goals. Many times, they discuss different levels of goals—short, medium and long-term—yet often miss the all-important step of setting the correct goal. Even the few books that attempt this never mention the role of character or purpose of life in goal-setting. Teach your children about different kinds of goals. Some are harmful to them; others are greatly beneficial. For instance, they will naturally focus on “getting” material things. These goals must be replaced with right, proper and godly goals. They should want to help those around them. Teach them to set goals that include out-flowing concern for others. Children do not naturally know this—it must be taught to them! In fact, the four most important parental duties are to teach, teach, teach and teach! It is important that you do not give your children everything on a “silver platter.” This will make them believe that they do not need goals or have to work hard. By setting goals—and working to achieve them—children will develop a proper work ethic and confidence. Having first set the right goal, one is then able to focus on how to achieve that goal. And one of the main keys to doing so is embodied in the second law of success: education. As with any muscle in the body, the human brain needs to be exercised. In fact, research shows that those who continue mental exercise as they grow older are far less likely to develop diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. God’s Word states, “Train up a child in the way he should go: and when he is old, he will not depart from it” (Prov. 22:6). If you teach your children when they are young, they will exercise their minds throughout their lives. Teaching them to think can be done in a variety of ways. Teach them to reflect on what they say and do. Teach them to analyze questions and thoughtfully respond. Encourage your children to enjoy learning. Make it fun! If, at a very young age, you seed their minds with a craving for understanding and knowledge, your children will look at any problem and learn how to solve it. It has been said that knowledge is power. By encouraging a desire to learn, you are giving your children the ability to harness that power. Realize, however, that knowledge is power only if used. And this requires taking care of the body as well as the mind. This introduces the third law of success: good health. The role of parents in their children’s health is often overlooked. As with instilling a desire to learn, you must also instill the knowledge of how—and what—to eat. No matter what excuses may be put forth, your children’s health is your responsibility. You control what they eat and, to a large degree, their health! If one has set the correct goal, and even becomes educated about that goal, he is still stopped in his tracks if he becomes sick. If a person is tired, weak or always sick, he cannot accomplish much. With children, health also directly affects the second law. If they are not healthy, they will not be able to attend school, and will miss out on receiving a full education. Think about what you feed your family. Do you follow the principle of staying on the outer walls of a supermarket—where the raw fruits, vegetables, meats and grains are kept? Or do you only shop in the aisles—where much of the processed, sugary and least healthful foods are generally located? Do you reward your children with healthy treats—or empty calories? An entire article could be written showing the myriad of childhood health problems relating to a bad diet. Do you want your children to have attention problems or Type-2 diabetes? You can prevent such things by monitoring what they eat. Remember this principle: “Grains sustain, vegetables build, fruits cleanse, and herbs help to heal.” The fourth law springs from the previous one. When your children are healthy, they have more energy. When properly focused, this energy is drive. This is the desire to work and achieve. Are you beginning to see how teaching your children right goals builds a framework for success? Having a good work ethic—wanting to work for success—is the basis behind drive. A world-record-breaking swimmer once stated that the reason he succeeded was not because of natural talent, but because he was willing to work harder than his opponents. This is drive! Train your children to not procrastinate and work hard. This will enable them to do things that they would have otherwise viewed as impossible—and they will be thrilled by what they accomplish! Wise King Solomon once said, “The desire accomplished is sweet to the soul…” (Prov. 13:19). Teach this to your children. When they accomplish a goal, they will feel a satisfaction that is “sweet to the soul.” Once understood, they will then always be driven to accomplish any task set before them. In working toward any important goal, your children must understand that obstacles and setbacks may arise. Resourcefulness, the fifth important law to success, keeps one from feeling that there is no solution. He will think—investigate—and find a way to succeed! In many situations, one’s ability to find not just a solution—but the best solution—can determine success or failure. Consider one example from nature: a stream of water, when encountering various obstructions, does not simply stop flowing. It will naturally go around, over or through any barriers. Likewise, when your children face obstacles, resourcefulness will lead them to seek a way around, over or through them. The human mind is designed to learn the most when it is struggling. When setbacks occur, the learning mechanism in the mind kicks in. Teaching your children this will prevent them from getting discouraged. They will come to realize that obstacles and problems are not a bad thing, but the best possible chance to learn and grow! It can be said that the continued application of resourcefulness is applying the critical sixth law of success: perseverance—also called “stick-to-it-iveness.” Perseverance is working at a problem even when the solution is not evident. Any goal or thing of worth requires hard work—one must pay the price. Most today, however, are unwilling to pay that price and will settle for second best, or worse. Teaching your children to persevere will give them the inner strength needed to achieve their goals. This will have implications in not just their goals and desires, but also in every aspect of their lives! Teach your children to never give up—even in the face of hardship—and you will virtually ensure their success. Although listed last, the seventh law of success—contact with and continuous guidance from God—over-arches all previous laws. This law is the foundation of success! If you teach your children to respect and obey you, you are teaching them to develop a similar relationship with God. As a parent, you must understand that, to your children, you play this vital role. When you teach your children—when you correct them—when you encourage them—you are creating a basis by which they will respond to their divine Parent—God. This also applies to you! Look at yourself. Do you consider the success of your children success for yourself? Is having happy and successful children your goal? Do you have contact with God and continually seek His guidance and help to do so? Your children’s success is actually far more important than you may realize. Of course, a good career, happy marriage, and successful future are critical for them. But there is a greater purpose being worked out in your children, and a great potential that they may be able to reach—to one day become leaders, kings and priests in the kingdom of God! (Read Revelation 1:6 and 5:10.) Does this sound impossible? God has allowed mankind to work out its own way. This is the reason there is so little true success in the world. But very soon, Jesus Christ will return to Earth to establish the kingdom of God—a government that will rule over all nations. While we have not yet reached this glorious time, you can claim this promise from God now! The Bible states that your obedience to God will place His protection on your children (I Cor. 7:14). With this protection comes an understanding of the proper—successful—way of life. With God’s protection and involvement in your life, you too can achieve the role of king and priest—and rule in His kingdom. (To learn more about God’s incredible purpose for you and your children, order the free book The Awesome Potential of Man.) Simply learning these laws is only the beginning. There is a vitally important aspect of your children’s development that towers above just knowing about the true God and His laws to success: your example! All small children look up to their parents. You are the center of their growing world, and your example affects them more than anything you could teach them. Are you applying the laws of success in your life? Are you living the way of “give” and following what you are learning in The Real Truth magazine about the true God of the Bible? The success of your children hinges on your answer! Most do not know that the Bible has much to say about childrearing. The book Train Your Children God’s Way shows the Creator’s clear instruction to parents, grandparents and any planning to become parents. Order your free copy of this crucial book today.

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The black-capped petrel, known as the little devil by locals, is struggling for survival on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola. But how do you convince people to care about a bird when their children are starving? This is the challenge facing Adam Brown and his conservation group, EPIC. Name: Adam Brown Species: Black-capped petrel Location: The Caribbean After graduating as a conservation biologist in the US, Adam took several jobs studying songbirds and seabirds. But after a while, he wasn’t satisfied; there were already a lot of people working in this field and Adam didn’t feel like he was really making a difference. So he and his wife decided to set-up a conservation group in the Caribbean, called EPIC (Environmental Protection in the Caribbean). They are now working with local people to save the black-capped petrel from the edge of extinction. One of their greatest challenges in trying to understand and meet the needs of poor, rural communities while ensuring the long-term survival of the species. Conservation in the Caribbean is difficult. Most of the islands are independent nations, so there’s not one over-arching ethic through the whole region. There are some areas where the conservation work is great; the US Virgin Islands is fantastic and the island I’m on right now, Dominica, is terrific. But there are plenty of islands where there’s no environmental presence at all. So we felt that if we could get in there, then we could make some difference. Over the years we have, so it’s been really rewarding. I’m working with a species called the black-capped petrel. It’s a very difficult species to study because of a couple of unique things about it. It’s a seabird so it spends all of its day on the ocean feeding, but at night it comes into the centre of the island to nest. It may fly inland for about 50 kilometres and it nests in a burrow 3 meters underground. This makes it terribly difficult to find and once you have it’s difficult to monitor. Because of this people lost track of what was going on with the black-capped petrel. They thought the species was extinct until the 1960s, when David Wingate – who is credited with single–handedly saving the Bermuda petrel from extinction – found the black-capped petrel way up in the mountains in the middle of nowhere. But despite rediscovering the species, there really wasn’t a lot of conservation follow-up. Until about 10 years’ ago when people started looking for the bird again and found that there are only about 1,000 or 2,000 left. The whole population, from what we know, is only on the island of Hispaniola. But there’s some inkling that they’re on Dominica as well, so that’s why we’re here right now. The last known nest in this part of the Caribbean was here in 1862, so about 150 years ago. We’re keeping our fingers crossed that we find them here. If we do, it’d be a pretty big deal. W0w, rediscovering populations of the Black-capped Petrel would be amazing. But what’s threatening its survival? In a place like Dominica, which has a really strong environmental ethic, it won’t really be people that are the problem. But instead, it’ll be things like introduced predators. In Haiti [which occupies the western portion of the island of Hispaniola] the population is big, so the problem is people. It’s not people directly hunting the bird or capturing it, but it’s the encroachment on its habitat. The bird requires deep-sloped, pristine forested areas but in Haiti there’s only 5% of the original forest intact. The destruction of its habitat starts off with the collection of wood to make charcoal; millions of people depend on charcoal to cook with, so that’s a lot of wood to collect. Then people start moving into those cleared areas to graze their cows or to farm. As those areas get developed that way, people start building their houses there and the process pushes itself along in that fashion. So in what ways are you working to change this trend? Our goal is to work with people to highlight that there is a species here, that it’s an iconic species that’s only found on the island and nowhere else in the world. We’re trying to create understanding and figure out a balance between the people living there and making sure that this bird isn’t driven to extinction. We realised that we’re not going to come in and change things quickly so forging partnerships with humanitarian groups, who already have relationships in these villages, is a great way to go. We really need to deal with some of things that are making people go into these areas to log trees. So if charcoal is an issue, then we need to get more people using natural gas to cook with. You’d think that was a simple thing to do, but it’s cheaper to buy a bag of charcoal and cook in a hole in the ground, than it is for people to go out and buy a stove and replenish it with natural gas. The other thing is, the crops that people plant are high yield and low income crops. They don’t get a lot of return for the amount of land that they need to farm. We would like to introduce farming techniques that would allow people to grow crops that are both high yield and high income. Another problem is that folks have to pay for things like water, because their water catchment systems are terrible. So we can alleviate some of the financial hardships that people have in these villages by creating catchment systems, for instance. To be honest, I’m a biologist, I’m not a humanitarian so this not my area of expertise. But I know these things need to be done for the petrel to survive on Haiti. There’s a delicate balance between the poverty of the people and the success of the bird. This is not unique in the world; if it’s not the petrel, than it’s the elephant or the Bengal tiger. It’s that poor, rural communities live next to areas where there are endangered species. I know programmes like this have had success, so I know this one can too. There are a lot of highlights and lots of lowlights. I think finding areas where we didn’t know the birds lived before is fantastic. As a biologist, that’s really rewarding. By discovering it’s an important area, we can then take on conservation measures. Also, seeing local people commit to the project is really rewarding. We had a meeting with the village elders recently, where they sat down with us and we had this really frank discussion. We explained that this bird is very important to us and asked them: ‘How are we going to make sure that this bird survives?’ They took on that challenge and said: ‘These are the things we need. If together we can make these things happen, then we feel we can protect the bird.’ Walking away from that meeting was great. That was the next step; a really important step from the community. They didn’t say: ‘We couldn’t care less about this bird, our children are starving and we can’t get medicine when we’re sick.’ Instead, they said: ‘We’re willing to take this on with you.’ The biggest challenge day-to-day is access. Getting to places is really difficult; the roads are terrible, if there are even roads at all. But what’s really frustrating is to be in a forest, where you know the petrels are nesting, and to go back to that same place a year later to find the forest is gone. It was just cleared for charcoal. It shows that you’re up against the clock. I feel optimists about it. Being in Dominica, where I am right now, where the conservation challenges are different helps with that. If the petrels are here on Dominica – where the forests are really protected and the people care a lot about keeping the island the same – then I feel really good about the future of the petrel. In Haiti, I feel good about it as well, but I know it’s not going to be easy. It’s going to get worse, before it gets better. I feel though that we’re on the right road. The buy-in from the community is really important and I feel like that was big step. It’s these collaborative efforts – with conservation groups, humanitarian groups, and the local people – that makes me feel good about the future. It seems like you’ve learnt a lot from this experience, what are your top 5 tips for others looking to achieve a similar goal? 1) You have to have a lot of patience. This is the first thing. You go in thinking it’s just like how you live your life at home. You believe you can get so much done. From working in places like Haiti, I’ve learnt that you only get about a quarter of the things done that you’d anticipated achieving. 2) Being open to multidisciplinary collaboration is really important. If you’re a scientist, don’t just stick with scientists. Know that other people have different strengths that can help you. 3) Be willing to change your idea. People always go into conservation projects with a preconceived idea of what success looks like and how you’re going to achieve it. You need to know that those things are going to change along the way and that’s just from you learning. 4) Raising money is really difficult. I think that the average person who writes funding proposals gets about 1 in 7 of those grants. So don’t get disillusioned by a lack of funding. If you really care about something, be willing to put your own sweat equity into it to get it done. 5) I didn’t realise until recently how important storytelling was within conservation. Science is really dry to people. When you’re talking to non-scientists about conservation, they just glaze over. To bring conservation to the public, it needs to be done in an entertaining and engaging way. That’s where storytelling comes in – articles, short films, podcasts, radio broadcasts, even songs. That’s how you bring a story to people and make them care about conservation.

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Rapitech STK008 Soil Test Kit for measuring pH and NPK (80 tests) Test your soil for a healthy garden! To test the soil in garden beds where you will plant shrubs, perennials, vegetables or fruit, dig down 10 cm with a trowel and take a small sample at that level. For lawns, annuals and houseplants, take a sample 5 – 8 cm below the soil surface. Easy system to prepare your soil samples. Compare your test results for pH, N (Nitrogen), P (Phosphorus) and K (Potassium) individually with the included color reading chart. In total 4X 20 tests. English manual and pH preference list included. USER MANUAL RAPITECH SOIL TEST KIT STK008 pH 20 tests – Nitrogen (N) 20 tests – Phosphorus (P) 20 tests – Potassium (K) 20 tests Test your soil for a healthy garden ! PREPARING YOUR SOIL SAMPLES For lawns, annuals or house plants, take the soil sample from about 5-8 cm below the surface. For perennials especially shrubs, vegetables and fruit, the sample should be taken 10 cm deep. Avoid touching the soil with your hands. Test different areas of your soil, as it may differ according to past cultivation, underlying soil differences or a localized condition. It is preferable to make individual tests on several samples from different areas, than to mix the samples together. Place your soil sample into a clean container. Break the sample up with the trowel or a spoon and allow it to dry out naturally. This is not essential, however it makes working with the sample easier. Remove any small stones, organic material such as grass, weeds or roots and hard particles of lime. Then crumble the sample finely and mix it thoroughly. 1.Put the dry crumbled soil in a test tube up to the 1 ml. mark. Add one spoon of barium sulphate. 2.Add the pH test solution to the 2,5 ml. mark. Cap the tube. 3.Shake the tube thoroughly. 4.Put the tube down and leave it to settle for about 5 minutes. If the solution takes too long to settle, add another scoop of barium sulphate and re-shake. Compare the color of the test tube with the colors of the pH reading chart to see the result. N, P AND K TESTS The filtering device and filter disks are used for the Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium tests to extract nutrients from the soil. STAGE ONE: PREPARING THE FILTERING DEVICE Unscrew the green cap of the device and remove the plunger. Put one of the filter papers into the bottom of the plunger ensuring a neat fit by using the end of the spoon. SPECIAL NOTE: if the soil is particularly clay based, or the solution that filters through is too clouded, use two disks together. STAGE TWO: FILTERING THE NUTRIENTS 1.Fill the barrel of the filtering device with your dry and crumbled soil sample to the level required: N op to 1 ml., P up to 0,5 ml., and K up to 0,5 ml. 2.Add the appropriate test solutions: N Test = add N1 solution up to the 2,5 ml. mark, P Test = add P1 solution up to the 2 ml. mark, K Test = add K1 solution up to the 2 ml. mark. 3.Insert the plunger just inside the barrel of the filtering device and gently shake for 30 seconds. Press the plunger down slowly, until it just touches the soil/test solution in the barrel. 4.Put the cap on the filtering device and screw it down slowly until you see the solution filtering from the barrel into the plunger. You may feel strong resistance while filtering. Holding the filtering device at a 45 degree angle rather than holding it straight up should help to relieve the resistance. 5.When there is enough solution in the plunger, unscrew and remove the cap of the filtering device, and pour the solution from the plunger into a test tube up to the 1 ml. mark. Complete the test with the specific instructions for N, P and K (you’ll find them below). NITROGEN (N) TEST Add one level spoon of the N2 powder. Cap the test tube and gently shake for 10 seconds. Let the tube stand untouched for 5 minutes. Take your reading by holding the test tube against the Nitrogen reading chart. PHOSPHORUS (P) TEST Add ½ of a level spoon of the P2 powder. Cap the test tube and immediately take the color reading by putting the tube on the circle printed next to the comparison chart and look down through the tube to judge the color against the Phosphorus reading chart. Look down through the tube for Phosphorus and Potassium test readings. POTASSIUM (K) TEST Add now 0,5 ml. of the K2 solution. Let the tube stand untouched for 5 minutes before taking a reading. The solution will show a certain degree of cloudiness according to how much Potassium is present. Put the test tube in the circles printed next to the black and dotted rectangles in the Potassium Reading Chart. Put the tube first on the High (= Surplus) reading, and move it down the chart until one of the boxes is just visible. This box will be the result of your Potassium reading. TO RAISE OR LOWER THE pH OF YOUR SOIL Raising and lowering pH is not an exact science & most plants have a reasonably wide tolerance, certainly within 1 pH point. Consult the pH preference list and you will see that the majority of all plants can manage well on a pH around 6,5. But some need an alkaline soil and some a particularly acid soil. Altering pH takes time, so do not expect rapid changes. You’d better work steadily to provide your plant with ideal conditions. ADJUSTING SOIL pH pH can be adjusted to provide more suitable growing conditions for the different plants you wish to grow. Or, you can leave the pH of the soil as it is, and select plants that like the level revealed by your test. Once you have your pH reading, check the pH Preference list below (or look it up on the internet) for the ideal pH levels of your plants, trees, shrubs, vegetables or fruits. If your pH reading differs significantly from the recommended levels, you need to adjust your soil pH. You can correct pH at any time of the year, but the best period is to start in the Fall and to check progress in the Spring. Products to raise the pH level are: dolomitic (or calcic) limestone and hydrated lime. Products to lower the pH level are iron sulfate and aluminum sulfate. These products are available in specialized garden stores. Warning: Do not add lime and fertilizer together; lime first. Allow at least 1 month to pass before applying fertilizer. Retest 30 days after applying fertilizer. Sandy soil: A light, coarse soil comprised of crumbling and alluvial debris. Loam soil: A medium friable soil, consisting of a blend of coarse (sand) alluvium and fine (clay) particles mixed within fairly broad limits with a little lime and humus. Clay soil: A heavy, clinging, impermeable soil, comprised of very fine particles with little lime and humus and tending to be waterlogged in winter and very dry in summer. Adequate reserves of plant food should be available in the soil before planting vegetables, preparing a seed or flower bed, sodding or seeding a lawn, or planting shrubs and trees. To make up any deficiencies, apply fertilizers according to your test soil result. You can buy products in a specialized garden store to increase the individual levels of N, P and K. SPECIAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LAWN In case of a new lawn, pay special attention to soil preparation before planting. Proper soil preparation for any size lawn will have a significant impact on the amount of water and care it demands in the future. Till the soil to a depth of at least 30 cm and incorporate plenty of organic material (20 cm or more). Test your soil for pH and adjust to the levels recommended on the pH preference list for your type of grass. Refer to the adjusting soil pH chart for recommended lime or sulfate applications. For established lawns, Nitrogen is the most essential nutrient to promote lush growth and a deep, green color. Phosphorus and Potassium, in lesser quantities, are also important for strong root formation and growth. Compound fertilizers will supply all 3 nutrients, or you can select an individual fertilizer such as Nitrate or Soda. SAFETY & HYGIENE All the liquids and powders are safe if used correctly. Keep out of the reach of children and animals, and ensure that you wash your hands thoroughly after each test. In the event the liquid or the powder is swallowed, drink plenty of water and seek medical advice. Keep away from food and drinks. CLEANING AND STORAGE It is important to wash out all the test tubes and the filtering device in warm soapy water immediately after each test. Rinse well and wait until the tubes and the filtering device are dry. The kit should be stored in a clean and dry environment, preferably in a sealed container. Make sure all the bottles are properly sealed and that storage conditions are not subject to extreme heat or cold. Once opened, the liquids and powder should be used within a twelve month period. The filter papers must remain dry ! FINDING THE RIGHT PH VALUE Have a look at the Ph-Preference list on our website www.plantcaretools.com or search for the proper pH value online.

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To begin this post, I will confess to having an attachment to the date of birth that Richard III wrote in his personal prayer-book. In his own hand, he inscribed next to the entry for October 2 the words “hac die natus erat Ricardus Rex anglie IIIus apud ffoderingay Anno D’ni mcccc lijo” (“at this day had been born King Richard III of England, at Fotheringhay, in the year of our Lord 1452”). I was born on October 2, five centuries later. As a student of “Ricardian” history, it’s a point of pride for me to be born on the same calendar day as Richard — which makes me rather eccentric to say the least. Nevertheless, it’s rare that we get to see anyone from the medieval period writing down their birthday, and so it is with some confusion that I see some people taking an issue with this date because they are distracted by the Gregorian calendar which came into existence in 1582, almost 100 years after Richard became king and then died. What are we to make of the differences between the Julian (medieval) calendar and the Gregorian (modern) one? Should we adjust the date of Richard’s birth to account for our modern calendar? One author, Joan Szechtman, has addressed this dilemma. In her blog Random Thoughts of an Accidental Author, she writes that dates need to be adjusted … only if the story takes place between October 1582 and September 1752. This is because in February 1582, Pope Gregory XIII issued a papal bull to correct discrepancies in the calendar where the solstices didn’t align. The bull decreed that ten days were to be eliminated from the calendar such that the day following Thursday, October 4, 1582 would thereafter be known as Friday, October 15, 1582 (instead of October 5th)—hence eliminating ten days from that year. Years that were divisible by 100 must also be divisible by 400 to be a leap year, and new rules were put in place for determining the date on which Easter fell. In addition, leap day was moved from the day before February 25th to the day after February 28th. (I wonder if the Julian leap day was February 24.5?) A further complication was the day celebrated for the New Year. Not only did it vary from country to country, but also between groups within a country. So the New Year may have been celebrated in March, January, or December. This bull also set the New Year to January 1st. The bull was issued after Great Britain broke with the Roman Catholic Church. Great Britain did not adopt the new calendar until September 1752, when September 14th immediately followed September 2nd. When Pope Gregory made his calendar, it was not intended to be applied retroactively to previous centuries and past dates were not altered. The main reason historians engage in “date adjustment” is to account for discrepancies during the period when Great Britain was still using the Julian calendar whereas Roman Catholic countries on the Continent had followed the papal bull and adopted the Gregorian one. So, if one happened to be dealing with an event that was recorded in France as occurring on October 12, 1590, and if one wanted to find out what was happening in England on that same day of the week, one would have to look at what the English had recorded as occurring on October 2, 1590. Historians notate this by indicating whether the date in question is Julian (“Old Style” or “OS”) or Gregorian (“New Style” or “NS”). Historians have not applied the Old Style/New Style system to dates from the 15th century because there’s no need to. What happened on October 2, 1452 in England also happened on October 2, 1452 in France, since both countries were following the Julian calendar then. At most, historians sometimes designate 15th century years in the manner XXXX/Y, e.g., 1480/1, which is to convey the difference between the medieval legal year, which in England began on Lady Day (March 25), versus the calendar year which began on January 1st. This would apply only to dates between January 1-March 24, and is intended to assist the reader with clarifying the calendar year in question. Because Richard was born on October 2, well after Lady Day, there is no need to make any such notation for his birth year of 1452. More importantly, the Gregorian calendar only affected the civil calendar, not the religious one. This is another reason to be very cautious in applying it retroactively — a process that results in what is called a “proleptic Gregorian calendar”. For example, the Battle of Agincourt is recorded to have occurred on St Crispin’s Day, the 25th of October, 1415 – no one disputes the month or day of the week on which it happened. Would any serious historian claim that we should recalculate that date based on the Gregorian calendar? If we do, then we must apply the rule of calculation for the “proleptic Gregorian calendar” and add 9 days to that date* – making the battle fought on November 3, the feast day of Winifred the Virgin Martyr. Imagine how utterly different the narrative of that battle would be written if Winifred had to replace St Crispin in this speech from Shakespeare’s Henry V: This day is call’d the feast of Crispian. He that outlives this day, and comes safe home, Will stand a tip-toe when this day is nam’d, And rouse him at the name of Crispian. He that shall live this day, and see old age, Will yearly on the vigil feast his neighbours, And say “To-morrow is Saint Crispian.” Then will he strip his sleeve and show his scars, And say “These wounds I had on Crispin’s day.” Old men forget; yet all shall be forgot, But he’ll remember, with advantages, What feats he did that day. Then shall our names, Familiar in his mouth as household words— Harry the King, Bedford and Exeter, Warwick and Talbot, Salisbury and Gloucester— Be in their flowing cups freshly rememb’red. This story shall the good man teach his son; And Crispin Crispian shall ne’er go by, From this day to the ending of the world, But we in it shall be rememberèd- We few, we happy few, we band of brothers; For he to-day that sheds his blood with me Shall be my brother; be he ne’er so vile, This day shall gentle his condition; And gentlemen in England now a-bed Shall think themselves accurs’d they were not here, And hold their manhoods cheap whiles any speaks That fought with us upon Saint Crispin’s day. Changing dates can therefore have a profound, and unintentional, effect on the historiography of an event. If we use the “proleptic Gregorian calendar” to say that Richard III was actually born on the 11th of October instead of the 2nd of October, then don’t we also change what saint’s feast day would have been celebrated on the day of his birth? Admittedly, this may seem esoteric to modern secularists, but to medieval people this might have been deemed slightly heretical. Finally, there’s the argument that we should adjust Richard III’s birth date because it would be more accurate in terms of a seasonal or astronomical understanding. Our “understanding” of October 2 today means that the sun rises and sets, and that particular constellations would be ascendant in the sky, at X, Y, and Z times; in 1452 all those things would be different on the day they recorded as October 2. In Fotheringhay, Northamptonshire, the sun rises 15 minutes later on October 11 than on October 2 according to modern calculations. As pointed out by several writers of historical fiction, this may be important for how they portray past events such as battle scenes.** It may also be important for those who subscribe to the study of astrology, and for casting astrological charts. I am not a strong believer in astrology, but even if one were, the astrological argument is confounded by the fact that the Earth’s rotation is not a constant speed. The Earth’s rotation is actually slower with every passing day, making today ever so slightly longer than yesterday. Even under the Gregorian calendar, there are fluctuations in the dates of the solstices; in 1903, the date of the winter solstice was December 23, whereas in 2096, it will be December 20 – 2.25 days of variation compared with the seasonal event. Sir John Herschel noted that the Gregorian calendar fell behind in the astronomical seasons, and therefore offered a different way to calculate leap years (a proposal that has yet to be adopted). So, if we stood at the site of Fotheringhay Castle on October 11, 2017, it is unlikely that what we would see in the skies would have been precisely identical to what Richard’s contemporaries had seen on October 2, 1452. Phew! Are you confused by now? I know I am! This is really complicated material. And I am by no means an expert on this issue. Personally, I believe that changing dates from the 15th century to meet the 21st century calendar is slightly dodgy, and leads to a distortion of the historical record. Perhaps I am wrong, and am missing the counter-argument(s). I welcome hearing alternative views; but until then, if Richard wrote that he was born on October 2, then that’s good enough for me. (*Under the “proleptic Gregorian calendar”, one would add 10 days to 16th century dates, 9 days to 15th century, and 8 days for the 14th century.) (**To change the date from October 2 to October 11 would also alter the day of the week Richard was born on – from Monday to Wednesday. How that may impact the historical narrative is unknown or of minimal value, but it does result in a discrepancy between the “truth” of his birth date and one that results in a “pseudo-truth”.) You can find Joan Szechtman’s blog at http://rtoaaa.blogspot.com/2011/07/tale-of-two-times-or-when-is-8th-really.html For a free, on-line digitization of Richard III’s Book of Hours, including his handwritten note regarding his date of birth, see http://leicestercathedral.org/about-us/richard-iii/book-hours/ For the medieval calendar of saints’ days, see http://www.medievalist.net/calendar/home.htm For a table for converting Julian dates into “proleptic Gregorian calendar” dates, see https://infogalactic.com/info/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar

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Described as one of the greatest environmental challenges in current generation, the British Petroleum oil spill has come not only at the wrong time for the Obama Administrations but has also severally impacted negatively on the economies around the Gulf of Mexico. Critics point out that it could years to ascertain the exact estimate of damage this environmental disaster has on the economy and the ecosystem around the Gulf of Mexico. Louisiana, which remains the nearest state to the Gulf of Mexico, has its 400 mile coats line severely polluted by floating oil. So much has happened but the true impact of this environmental disaster will take years to estimate. This essay seeks to specifically analyze the impact of BP oil spill of the hotel industry in these affected regions. Towards this, available literatures and statistics of the current status of hotel industry with those retrieved from the recent past before the disaster will be comparatively analyzed. A conclusion on the state of affairs as regard this industry will then be given and any other relevant information dissected. Anger and frustrations continues to besiege the Washington administration concern the recent catastrophic, meteoritic Deepwater Horizon oil spill Cassidy (2010) reports that: “Like frantic doctors in the emergency room, frantic politicians are prone to overreaction and error. It is imperative for leaders to check their own pulses first in times of national distress. Rather than responding with reason and precision, the Deepwater Horizon oil spill has provoked overreaction and error from Washington.” However emotion and alarm seems to be taking a better toll of the Washington administration whose reaction Cassidy describes as knee-jerk fashion. This is painting a somewhat grim picture of the Obama administration currently experiencing a difficult political situation. Cassidy (2010) reports that “Americans, particularly Louisianans, are outraged and heartbroken that oil continues pouring from the site of the spill weeks after it broke open. Lacking the equipment or expertise needed to take control of an oil leak 5,000 feet under the sea, the federal government appears impotent” Unfortunately President Barrack Obama’s character is receiving a bashing from former folks and allies alike concerning his reaction in this matter. Oil spills continue to occur the world over but this one seems to attract more political attention than environmental concern. In Cassidy’s opinion “the president should recognize that the verdict on his administration’s handling of this disaster will be rendered in six months or six years – not on the 6 o’clock news. The president should take his own pulse” (2010). Accordingly the over 300,000 Louisianans whose livelihood thrives on energy economy continue to be optimistic that the president will get round and work out this disaster physically not emotionally. The people affected and suffering as a result of the oil spill consider that an offshore suspension for the multinational corporation executives is a drop in the ocean for them considering their capability to transfer their rigs elsewhere. However how about those whose job is on the line due to this suspension. Cassidy reports that “it is harsh punishment for the welders, roustabouts, workers and pipe fitters, in the range of service and support industries connected to energy production in the Gulf Coast”(2010). The chilling relationship between White House and energy giant BP is becoming confrontational over the costs incurred due to the Gulf oil spill .The U.S. is seeking to expand the scope of BP’s liability. CBS /AP reports that “efforts to contain the undersea oil leak appear to be progressing, but cleaning up the millions of gallons of oil in the Gulf of Mexico and paying out damage claims to affected residents in the region remains a daunting task for the British energy company.”(2010) So far BP has spend over $80 million to June as compensation for people for lost wages and this figure continues to grow. The oil giant’s total liabilities are expected to run into tens of billions when it’s finally over. The showdown has a new argument emerging … that the government being responsible for the moratorium should take responsibility for the job losses… Make your first order with 15% discount and get 10% OFF MORE for ALL orders by receiving 300 words/page instead of 275 words/page Economists paint grim pictures on the future of hotel industry following the aftermath of the BP oil disaster. This is largely linked to the declining number of tourists heading to the affected states. One microeconomic sector that has been hit hardest by the BP oil spill is the hotel industry. Tourism operators as well as restaurants and hotel owners have all reported sharp decline in business due to the effects of the oil spill. This has been precipitated by the scare of tar balls spotted along the Florida key beaches. While researchers established that the spotted tar balls did not have their origins from the oil spill disaster, there was already a enough distrust in the main beaches surrounding the affected states. The tourism industry has thus lost millions of dollars due to the decline in business. The loss to the state of Florida due to decline in tourism is illustrated by Venice, Gorman and Pascual (2010) in stating that “Tourism is its economic lifeblood, its largest industry, generating $60 billion in spending from more than 80 million visitors a year, bringing in 21 percent of all state sales taxes and employing nearly 1 million Floridians”. Economists abide in the fact with increase in the losses of revenue due to decline in the tourism industry, the hotel owners are likely to lose massively in the coming months. In fact, it has been estimated that it might take a long time for normal activities to resume in the shores of the affected states of Louisiana, Florida, Mississippi and Alabama because experts cannot fully analyze the extent of this environmental disaster consequences. Given the dynamic nature of business and customer reaction towards such a tragedy, it might take along time before the hotel owners can effectively win back the confidence of their customers. With the rising uncertainty on the real effects of the oil spill tragedy, it might take time before the hotel industry records a buzz of activity as in the past. The theories of capital structure attempts to provide an explanation between the mix of securities and financing sources that may be employed by business hardest by tragedies to finance their real investments. Most of these theories have focused on the proportions of debt vs. equity as observed on the right-hand sides of the firms’ balance sheets. Several theories have been advanced on the debt-equity choices without one being universally accepted. For example, the trade-off theory suggests that firms seek debt levels that will provide a balance between the tax advantages of additional debt against the cost of possible financial distress. The pecking order theory on the other hand advances that a firm will borrow, rather than issue equity, when internal cash flows are not sufficient to fund capital expenditures, suggesting that the amount of debt will reflect on the firms cumulative need for external funds. The free cash flow theory on the other hand proposes that dangerously high debt levels will increase value, notwithstanding the threat of financial distress, when the firms operating cash flow significantly surpasses its profitable investment opportunities. The latter theory has been designed for mature firms that are more inclined to over-invest (Armstrong, 2007). The surveys of the optimal capital structure all seem to step from the Modigliani and Miller (1958) assertions that financing doesn’t matter in the case of perfect markets. According to his model, the market values of the firms’ debt and equity, D and E should add up to the total firms value given that V is a constant. This proposition assumes that the assets and growth opportunities on the left hand side of the balance sheet have been held at a constant. This assumption results, to a large extent, in generalization of the mixes of the securities issued by the firm. For example, the debt period (whether long term or short term, callable or call-protected, straight or convertible etc) are not factored in the equations. This would also suggest that each firms cost of capital stands at a constant regardless of the debt ratio. Unfortunately, the capital markets are not sufficiently perfect. This is more so when we consider the effects of a major crisis in a micro-economy such as the analysis of the impact of oils spill on the hotel industry in Louisiana, Florida, Mississippi and Alabama. The future for the hotel industry in financing their operations is this seen to be in jeopardy following lack of confidence in their capital structure by lending institutions. The high level of uncertainties in the estimation of forward-looking financial figures stems from the problems of estimating accurate values for the risk-free rate, the corporate bonds credit spread and the corresponding gearing ratios. The increasing cost of debt also in the case of stable and reputable hotel service providers has resulted from the shortage in credit supply and the lack of cheap financing sources precipitated by lack of customer confidence. This will definitely make it more difficult for the hotel industry to determine the optimal capital structures from the traditional approach, largely due to the increases in risk aversions and the more extreme positions that are being taken by different stakeholders. This has meant that a lot of hotel owners and restaurants are struggling to stay afloat in business. The above scenario present hotel firms along the Gulf of Mexico with major headaches in the ascertainment of the costs of debts and what should be their optimal capital structure and creating confidence on their customers. It has been advanced that in turbulent times, businesses should consider multiple scenarios in an attempt to arrive at the optimal capital structure for their businesses, which should provide three different degrees of outcomes-optimistic, base and pessimistic (Armstrong, 2007). The drivers to be taken into account should ideally vary as an attribute of the varying situations such as additional premiums required, market conditions and the interest rates. These should be tailored to capture the underlying business issues and concerns for the key stakeholders. It has been advanced that elaborating on the intrinsic values of the firms and overall business risks in the long term and capturing the same in forward-looking figure can provide a solid background on the basis of which solid capital structures can be anchored in times of crisis. The impacts of oil spill have always been catastrophic (ASTM Committee, 1984). Fisheries, tourism and shipping are some of the economic activities along the Gulf of Mexico that have been hardest hit by the environmental disaster caused by BP oil spill. This has necessitated the United States government to declare a fishery disaster in the surrounding waters. According to Venice, Gorman and Pascual (2010), “the U.S. government has declared a fishery disaster in the seafood-producing states of Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama due to the oil spill which makes them eligible for federal funds to offset the impact on fisherman and their communities of the oil pollution in their fishing grounds”. This means that the fisheries department has been negatively affected by the oil spill to a very large extent. This is more worrying because the affected state of Louisiana is responsible for more than a third of the United States seafood supply. In addition to the above, it employs thousands of US citizens either directly or indirectly. This issue is buttressed by Venice, Gorman and Pascual (2010) in stating that “Louisiana’s $2.4 billion seafood industry supplies up to 40 percent of U.S. seafood supply, employs over 27,000 people and is the second-biggest U.S. seafood harvester and the top provider of shrimp, oysters, crab and crawfish”. This demonstrates that the effect of BP oil spill has denied the United States its primary source of seafood, led to massive loss of employment opportunities and has finally led to massive losses of revenue that is estimated to be in the range of billions of dollars. Hire our qualified writers! Not enough time to create an assignment by yourself?Order now - on time delivery - original content - quality writing The losses of jobs within the fishing industry are likely to increase in the tourism, hotel and shipping sectors of the economy One aspect of the ecosystem that has been greatly affected by the BP oil spill is wildlife. The BP oil spill has not only triggered an imbalance in the existing ecosystem but has also made the affected regions completely inhabitable to a sizable percentage of wildlife. Some of the wildlife reserve areas that that have been affected include the “Breton National Wildlife Refuge in the offshore Breton, Chandeleur Islands, and the Pass-a-Loutre refuge further to the south” (Smith, 2010). In addition to the above, the states have lost a large number of wildlife due to the environmental pollution precipitated by the oil spill. This estimate is perhaps presented best by Venice, Gorman and Pascual (2010) in stating that “over the 40 days since the spill started, wildlife officials report that 491 birds, 227 turtles and 27 mammals, including dolphins, have been collected dead along the U.S. Gulf Coast, according to an update released on Sunday by the oil response unified command”. Sharks as well as eels and turtles have been reported to have been sported dead and floating on water surface (Weise and Rice, 2010). This environmental disaster has therefore robbed us a good percentage of some of our prized wildlife species. The extent of the damage to the existing wildlife cannot be estimated but is ultimately expected to rise in the coming future. The greatest concern to scientists remains the unknown and unseen effects of the oil spill to the underwater marine life and environment. Furthermore, the impact of BP oil spill has dealt a big blow to the shipping industry. This is because very critical shipping routes have been closed and the numbers of delays caused by the oil slick are on the rise. These shipping lanes are the lifeline of the United States’ export and imports. In addition to the above, the cost of shipping has escalated by the mandatory inspections and decontaminations before entering ports. In conclusion, the impacts of BP oil spill have been demonstrated to affect the environment the economy and have led to losses of thousands of employment opportunities. In addition to the above, what is important to note is that small affected businesses may experience more difficulties in gaining access to credit during this tragic period, given their less intense asset bases, that is required as collateral in the issuance of loans. As a result, smaller firms may actually not be highly dependent on bank loans, largely because they fail to meet loaning requirements from the financial institutions. Their capital structure may therefore be fewer banks dependent. Conversely, it may be argued that the effects of oil spill catastrophe bear more significance on the larger, bank-dependent firms (Armstrong, 2007). This is because the perception of the customers in regard to the levels of oil pollution. According to Smith (2010), “when it comes to oil, market perceptions can quickly become reality. But if irrational fears don’t have an effect, political decisions about offshore drilling might nudge prices upward” It has also been advanced that managers in firms will time the issuance of public debts to periods when interest rates are low relative to recent historical rates (Leary, 2005). This is usually done, largely in part due to the limited availability of loan facilities. It should be noted though that only large and publicly owned firm can be able to raise more capital through equity. From the above sentiments, it can be ascertained that the current credit crunch will have profound bearings on a firms cost of debt and the subsequent capital structure. However, it should be noted that the degree of effect will vary based on the characteristics of the firm, chiefly among which are whether the firms are bank dependent or non-bank dependent. Relative to firms with public debt market access, the leverage ratios of bank dependent firms either decrease or increase following a contraction or expansion, relatively, of the bank credit. Conversely, these businesses will shift the composition of their financing sources in response to the tight credit conditions created by the oil spill. Thus, it can be adjudged that bank dependent firms or corporations will tend to shift towards equity financing following bank debts scarcity. On the other hand, non bank dependent firms tend to shift between bank debt and public debt markets. It can therefore be ascertained that the leverage ratios and debt placement structures are not wholly determined by the changes in firms demand for capital structures. It would appear that supply frictions in the credit market are also important determinants of firms capital structures and more so for the bank dependent firms (Leary, 2005). This would imply that the same capital market imperfections that create linkages between the banking sector and the economic growth also create linkages between credit conditions and firms financial structures. Get a price quote: The discussions presented in this paper have shown that tragedy like the BP oil spill will have an impact on the cost of debts as assessed by the capital structure theories of hotel firms. It is has been established that the impact, to a large extent will be moderated by the characteristics of the hotel. These will largely depend on the impact of shifts in the availability of bank loans on the capital structures for the bank-dependent businesses relative to firms with access to public debt markets. The frictions in credit supply impacts on the flow of capital through the banking system are seen as having considerable impacts as ascertained by the time series and cross-sectional variation in debt placement structures and leverage ratios. The availability of bank loans following the periods of credit crunches results largely in the leverage ratios for the bank dependent to increase relative to the firms with public market access. These have been ascertained as occurring as a result of the convergence of the constrained access to bank debts and the associated reliance on equity financing by the smaller firms in the periods of credit crunches as well as the substitution from private to public debt by the larger firms. In conclusion, it is evident that the effect of the oil spill on micro economics is so far greater than can be simply estimated. The complexity that surrounds the whole affair makes it almost impossible to ascertain the extent this tragedy could have on the hotel industry. One fact that remains quite clear is that American citizens whose livelihoods depend on fishing in the Gulf of Mexico must be prepared to hold their breaths for any good news. The lifting of the fishing may not come immediately after success in contacting the spill because damage to the ecosystem is already done. It is important that hotel and ship owners adjust very first and adapt to the new challenges. This may involve a back up plan in any case things are set right, they must have the capacity to ensure that they return business back to normal as fast as possible.

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This article emphasises the need to rescue Europe from the yawning chasm of today’s reality by reconsidering common cultural heritage, a latent concept that was completely disregarded in the creation process of the European Union. Nevertheless, this mission entails the overcoming of significant obstacles, such as the existence of a dual complex based on existential fears: an inward fear defined by the threat of cultural diversity, which implies cultural hegemony in Gramsci’s terms, and, at the same time, an outward fear based on the shame over the colonising past. European economic integration seems to have found its limits, and even more so in a time of tense uncertainty experienced today by Europe as a result of recent events, such as the triumph of Brexit in the United Kingdom. Thus, some analysts have begun to think about whether the fact of having overlooked culture prevents greater cohesion; that integration and construction of a real European identity that increasingly seems more necessary. In this context, intangible cultural heritage emerges as an element, no less indispensable despite its familiarity, which helps shape our lives while being made up by collective creations in which each community is represented more faithfully than in any other expression. Its recognition by UNESCO, through the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage and other successive declarations, has meant, at least on paper, a legal acknowledgement of an anthropological reality: that of a shared culture in progress beyond nationalist officialisms and nostalgic localisms. It has also meant the promotion of a cultural diversity of Europe itself which, for the first time, would begin to be seen and recognised as a source of strength and resources rather than with the suspicion or apprehension that it awoke among the “founding fathers” of the EU, when the burden of the shadow of World War II meant that, on many occasions, the different cultural identities were still seen as the cause of the disappearance of that happy “world of yesterday” (Zweig, 2002). Hence, after the conference “Beyond Cities and Nations”, we must ask the following question about national and citizen identities ‒ recognised or recognisable ‒ from inside or outside: can intangible cultural heritage, the intangible heritage that makes us human in a certain way, still be a key instrument in European construction? This is the question that has underpinned this conference of analysis of intangible cultural heritage in Europe. This no surprise because, in the current circumstances, looking at this heritage appears as a distinct viewpoint on an old and new path, as familiar as it is rarely trodden. The path that remains to be taken, crossing through “today’s fears” (Díaz Viana, 2017). But, when doing this, it is also worth asking about the underlying reasons for the European refusal to acknowledge diversity itself and also about the difficulty that still exists for the anthropological concept of culture to penetrate the different fields, particularly those of creativity, art and knowledge. In these fields, it seems that the excluding vision of culture as “high culture” should still prevail, however much it is besieged by relativism and the “philosophy of decolonisation” (Finkielkraut, 1988: 89). The Constrictions of an Elitist Conception of Culture Thus, in Europe very often only what some historians call “high culture” is identified as culture, and the human capacity to create that exists in each individual is limited to the exclusive and apparently exquisite creations of a few artists as geniuses and unique beings. Special mention should be made of the precarious situation of anthropology (as a scientific discipline) in countries such as Spain – but not in the Anglo-Saxon or Nordic world ‒, where it was established late and is perpetually harassed by the pseudo-sciences surrounding it: theosophists, para-psychologists and other pseudo-professionals of rarity or the picturesque strove to present themselves to the administrations and society as “experts” in subjects that fall under the anthropological discipline. And, even worse, the term itself is replaced by that of “ethnography”, which continues to be the method and set of techniques with which anthropological work is undertaken, and is not in itself a science nor encompasses everything that anthropology can and must embrace. Something similar happens with the replacement of the term and concept of “culture” – anthropologically understood ‒ with that of “tradition”, which cannot aspire to be its main object of study but just an aspect of interest insofar as it is the means or the way in which cultures are conveyed and transformed. And this happens when dealing with “high” and “low” culture, “popular cultures” “culture of the cultivated”; and regardless of the delivery of knowledge made through what anthropologists such as Redfield called “Big” and “Small Tradition”. Thus, perhaps because “ethnography” and “tradition” are words that inhabit a rather greyer and semantically more neutral area than “anthropology” and “culture”, they have been used and abused until replacing – in given non-academic fields ‒ these others. It should not be like this and anthropology should not continue to be confused with a science only interested in the primitive or exotic when, as some important anthropologists from the last century already pointed out, far from dealing with “measuring brains” and “handling pieces of junk” (Kluckhohn, 1983: 20), it focuses its aims on understanding what is human through cultures; and serves, among other things and even as its ultimate goal, to carry out diagnoses of what is happening in our own society and how “hybridism and complexity” work (García Canclini, 2001). It may also be that, as mentioned above, mistaking the concept and object has entailed errors of diagnosis among even the most lucid minds. A paradigmatic case is that of Jean Monnet himself. When he compared the goals of the American federal nation project with the difficulties that still beset the European project, he did not seem to be aware of the cultural deficit in the construction of the EU, not so much divided by “its traditions, languages or ways of life” as “by the national rivalries and their attempts at domination,” which he also emphasised (Monnet, 2008). Understanding mainly the “minor” cultural traditions as a source of conflict is a mistake from which we are still suffering as Europeans. Because, in any case, the urgency of a cultural union was systematically relegated and when it was finally incorporated into the panorama of the integration of our nations it was almost always encumbered by constraints and tics that would explain this initial deficit of culture in the overall EU construction plan. All this has meant that when, somewhat late, European programmes on culture were established, they avoided the search for common substrates and copied models such as the French one, anchored in a hegemonically elitist view of the cultural ‒ that of this “culture of the cultivated” ‒ and its later reconversion into industry: networks of museums, archives, declarations and awards that meant the consecration of artists or monumental settings or cities would be in the list of these programmes’ priority objectives. A Twofold Complex: The Fear of Seeming Colonialist Again and Dividing Europe based on Cultural Differences This idea of culture is still closely linked to what Gramsci called “hegemonic culture”, which does not admit or incorporate into its dimension of national culture cultural or linguistic diversities that clash with the “official conceptions of the world” (Gramsci, 1988: 488). However, and somewhat paradoxically, when cultural programmes try to exchange the obsolete “development assistance plans” in developing countries with an updated terminology they will turn to the supposed panacea or amulet under the label of “cultural diversity” to ward off possible postcolonial criticisms. Or to dissimulate, in this way, the arrogance with which for centuries European oligarchies would treat both their “savages from within” ‒ the country people ‒ and their “savages from outside” ‒ the natives of the colonies (Díaz Viana, 1991: 9-20). Both complexes were widely translated and embodied in a lily-livered attitude towards the possible European construction on its diverse identities ‒ within a common identity ‒ or in the feeling of guilt faced with policies which, indeed, were often real pillaging strategies beneath the civilising aim with which they were introduced. Because the approaches to cultural planning would be burdened with a somewhat fearful attitude in the “inward” viewpoint and a somewhat shameful feeling in the “outward” perspective. Fear of awakening old conflicts by looking at and recognising the communities that, with their diverse languages and cultures, make up not only Europe but the countries of the Union; shame over creating beyond the European field the suspicions and mistrust of all kinds that the colonialist expansion left in so many remote latitudes. A kind of domination that was complemented with the “construction of the colonial subject” and the implacable contempt for other cultures and polytheistic beliefs, which will be considered little more than a “demonology” (Spivak, 2010: 42) Both syndromes must be overcome as soon as possible to face a future in which the European countries form a block of the scale and level of those that now have more importance in the world, because without real and powerful cultural cohesion the integration of a united Europe will never be feasible. Let’s Take Cultural Heritage Seriously as an Anthropological Cohesive Foundation and Resource in European Integration Whether Jean Monnet wrote the following lines ‒ apocryphally attributed to him by some ‒ they could well have been assumed by him in his capacity as father or ideologue of the European Union: “If we had to start the construction of Europe now, we would begin with culture.” In any case, the acceptance by many of the truth concealed in this sentence that was never said, does suggest recognition of a necessary rectification by the architects of the European Union in terms of what perhaps should have been the priorities of that process of integration of the different countries and legislations. But another declaration by Jean Monnet which summarises the founders’ real intention in the European dream does seem authentic: “We are not forming coalitions of states, we are uniting men.” However, not even the states have united or reunited beyond the laudable agreements or cooperation treaties, because this above all has been done by the market, economics and finance. Only they, as well as the regulatory policies and directives in close relation with (if not in servitude to) them, seem to have really become community issues – and not always for the wellbeing of the citizens. The urgency to develop at the same time a certain awareness of the need for a reunification in the cultural was being systematically relegated. And when, in the end, this idea was incorporated in the panorama of the integration of our nations in the process, it did so, almost always, encumbered by certain constraints and tics that would explain that initial deficit of culture in the general EU construction plan. This is worth recalling in this European Year of Cultural Heritage in order to reflect rigorously on what has been done in cultural affairs in Europe and to identify the challenges we are facing. Because cultural identity does exist, however much one believes otherwise (Jullien, 2017). The incorporation of a renewed and more anthropological concept of culture, such as that included in the concept of intangible heritage and in the policies, programmes and directives promoted by UNESCO, which fundamentally derive from its declarations, has come late to the agreement of the plans and actions of European integration. And it will not be very effective if it is reduced, as is sometimes happening, to inventorying and promoting the most decorative, striking or typical. Such a re-approach has to be a real anthropological shift in the treatment of culture or it will be nothing. At most, this development of names and institutions will come to form part of that now long and familiar deterioration of concepts related to non-dominant or “subordinate” cultures that end up in old labels and marked by negative connotations: “folklore”, “traditional culture”, “popular traditions”, “ethnographic heritage”… (Prat, 1999: 87-109). Terminological erosion that is not resolved with the ipso facto reconversion of that industry of the picturesque into supposed anthropology of the autochthonous overnight, without academic training or theoretical reflection or without having changed slanted and banal approaches to culture. On the contrary, it is crucial, on the one hand, to seek out the common substratum of European culture ‒ which is no other than that of Romanitas and the Graeco-Latin legacy ‒ in its popular cultural expressions, as the discourses of national cultures have so far only studied the differences between peoples or regions in depth. On the other hand, it is becoming necessary to vindicate – beyond the shadows, which do exist, of European history ‒ what Western thought has contributed to the design and advancement of humanity as a whole in our progress from “animals to gods” (Harari, 2014). Its humanistic and anthropological story. Díaz Viana, L., in Clifford, J. and G. E. Marcus (eds.), Retóricas de la antropología, Oviedo, Júcar, 1991, pp. 9-20. Díaz Viana, L., Miedos de hoy. Leyendas urbanas y otras pesadillas de la sobremodernidad, Salamanca, Amarante, 2017. Finkielkraut, A., La derrota del pensamiento, Barcelona, Anagrama, 1988. García Canclini, N., Culturas híbridas. Estrategias para entrar y salir de la modernidad, Barcelona, Paidós, 2001. Gramsci, A., Antología. Selección, traducción y notas de Manuel Sacristán,Madrid, Siglo xxi, 1988. Harari, Y. N., De animales a dioses. Breve historia de la humanidad, Barcelona, Debate, 2014. Kluckhohn, C., Antropología, Mexico, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1983. Jullien, F., La identidad cultural no existe, Barcelona, Taurus, 2017. Monnet, J., Los Estados Unidos de Europa han comenzado: La Comunidad Europea del Carbón y del Acero. Discursos y alocuciones 1952-1954 (Raíces de Europa), Madrid, CEU San Pablo-Ediciones Encuentro, 2008. Prat, J., “Folklore, cultura popular y patrimonio”, Arxius de Sociologia,3, 1999, 87-109,. Redfield, R., “The Social Organization of Tradition”, in The Little Community. Peasant Society and Culture, Chicago, University Press, 1960. Spivak, G. C., Crítica de la razón poscolonial,Madrid, Akal, 2010. Zweig, S., El mundo de ayer. Memorias de un europeo, Barcelona, Acantilado, 2002.

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Who's Behind Listverse? Jamie founded Listverse due to an insatiable desire to share fascinating, obscure, and bizarre facts. He has been a guest speaker on numerous national radio and television stations and is a five time published author.More About Us 10 Mysterious Cats Of Great Britain Big cats, such as lions, tigers, and leopards, are not native to the British Isles. The most fearsome feline known to the British are the wildcats (Felis silvestris silvestris) that have made a cozy home in the Highlands of Scotland. Despite this fact, Great Britain is a treasure trove of big cat sightings. England is particularly active, with rural felines populating areas like Dartmoor and West Sussex. Most of these reported sightings fall into the “mystery cat” category, which is usually an area occupied by folklorists and cryptozoologists. Many believe that the prevalence of big cat sightings in Great Britain is due to the tradition of “black dogs” or other supernatural hounds that appear frequently in local legends. However, some of these sightings have been taken seriously. For example, the British Royal Marines were dispatched to Devon and Somerset in 1983 in order to carry out Operation Beastie—a campaign designed to capture the Beast of Exmoor. The creature had successfully evaded the Queen’s best sharpshooters, but the troops did manage to get a good glimpse at what they believed to be a large black panther. Since 1983, eyewitness accounts of mystery cats in Great Britain have only increased and may prove there are more things lurking in the woods than what is commonly accepted. 10The Fiskerton Phantom In August 1997, the Fiskerton Phantom was first spotted by four young South Yorkshire girls. Nicki Handley, Nicola Proctor, Rachel Rowan, and Joanna Brogan were enjoying a walk near the Lincolnshire village of Fiskerton when they saw the 1.2-meter-tall (4 ft) creature dinning on dead animal carcasses. The girls described the mysterious animal as “bear-like” with black fur. Furthermore, the girls told reporters that the beast had large teeth and claws. They even claimed that the animal left footprints in the dirt after finishing its pheasant dinner. Unbeknownst to most outside of Lincolnshire, reports of a similar creature had been made earlier in the year. In most of the cases, the mysterious animal was described as being either bear-like or akin to a large, predatory cat. Since 1997, Fiskerton Phantom sightings have been almost nonexistent. Today, the Fiskerton Phantom is better known for the character Fiskerton on the animated television show The Secret Saturdays. 9Beast Of Bodmin Moor Even without the beast, Cornwall’s Bodmin Moor would be a terrifying place. Although officially designated as one of the “Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty,” Bodmin Moor is a desolate granite moorland covered with windswept heather. Bodmin Moor is also home to the Stripple Stones and the Trippet Stones, a prehistoric stone circle that is more or less a small-scale Stonehenge. It was in this environment that the Beast of Bodmin Moor stalked its prey and snacked on the area’s livestock. The first reports of the creature surfaced in the 1990s. At that time, 60 eyewitnesses said that they had seen a panther-like animal with black fur and white-yellow eyes. It was widely stated that the animal was approximately 1–1.5 meters (3–5 ft) long. The British government took these reports so seriously that they opened an investigation in 1995. Although London asserted that they could not find any evidence of a panther living on Bodmin Moor, they didn’t rule it out, either. Some people claimed that the beast attacked more than just sheep and cows. On October 26, 1993, Jane Fuller reported that she was struck on the head by an unknown animal while she was walking her dog on Bodmin Moor. Four years later, bite marks on livestock—along with unusual droppings—spurred amateur investigators into action. One of these investigators claimed that they saw what appeared to be a puma and its cub on the moor. In December 2014, the Daily Mail released the files from the 1995 investigation to the public. In what had to be a deflating moment for cryptid hunters, the released documents showed that the beast was nothing more than a 30-centimeter-tall (12 in) cat. 8Fen Tiger Of Cambridgeshire Two years before Operation Beastie, another large cat was seen prowling around the English countryside. Instead of the moors of the West country, this creature preferred the fens of Cambridgeshire. It was first seen in 1982 near the village of Cottenham. The Fen Tiger then went dormant for 12 years, until it was sighted again in 1994. William Rooker even captured what he believed to be the tiger on camera. Since then, the tiger has become a staple of eyewitness reports given to the Cambridgeshire police. In 2010, a large, lynx-like animal was reported prowling around the fields of Little Eversden, Somersham. In 2013, a possible big cat was blamed for an attack on some sheep, while two other reports of a panther-like cat were made in Comberton and Melbourne. The sheer weight of all these reports had led members of the British Big Cat Society and other so-called experts to assert that the Fen Tiger was either a tiger or a puma that was released into the wild by an owner who had purchased the animal illegally. While many scoff at this notion, it remains true that people in Cambridgeshire continue to see the beast. 7Big Cats Of Monmouthshire In August 2000, police in the Welsh town of Gwent issued a warning to residents to be on the lookout for a “leopard-like” animal that had previously attacked an 11-year-old boy named Josh Hopkins. The boy said that the animal had struck him while he and his brother were searching for their pet near their home in Trellech. While searching in a patch of tall grass, the big cat jumped up and struck Hopkins in the face with one of its front paws. The attack marred the child’s face with five bloody claw marks. The story immediately received nationwide attention, and once again, big cat enthusiasts were quick to claim that a black panther was to blame. Other various media outlets used the ordeal to examine the phenomenon of big cat sightings in Great Britain. As for Wales, more than a dozen sightings around Gwent have been reported since 2011. The South Wales Police received 17 reports, all in 2013, and each one claimed that a black, panther-like cat was roaming the countryside. 6Big Cats Of The Cotswolds The Cotswolds of south-central England is a perfect destination if you’re seeking the quiet beauty of the British countryside. Tucked beneath the green, rolling hills of the Cotswolds are quaint houses with thatched roofs, stone exteriors, trappings of a bygone age . . . and several big cats that are currently terrifying residents. As recently as 2015, many residents of the Cotswolds have come forward to claim that they have spotted a black panther or a panther-like creature. The sightings have mostly occurred near the towns of Cirencester and South Cerney, but one has stated that a large, black cat was prowling the land in front of Cirencester’s Roman amphitheater. Some Cotswolds residents have claimed that the big cats are responsible for the alarming number of attacks on the local deer population. While the usual mixture of big cat enthusiasts and amateur sleuths have voiced their support for the theory that the cats are present in rural Great Britain, the Forestry Commission confirmed in 2009 that two of its agents had seen what they believed to be large panthers in the Forest of Dean in Gloucestershire. 5Big Cats Of Shropshire And Wales Shropshire, on the border of Wales, sits in the heart of England’s big cat country. Between 2010 and 2015, 14 sightings were reported to the Dyfed-Powys police in nearby Wales, while one Shropshire resident claimed to have seen a panther-like animal in March 2014. Other eyewitnesses have told similar tales since 2009. In that same year, a wounded lamb was found in the Welsh town of Builth Wells. A year later, in the Shropshire border town of Oswestry, a large cat that was the size of a sheepdog was reported to the police. Other sightings have occurred in the towns of Telford, Meifod, and Llanidloes. In 2008, the Shropshire Star newspaper released video footage taken by Billingsley farmer Shirley Lewis. The footage appeared to show a black cat calmly walking through the fields near their farm. Many claim that such animals are the descendants of the wild animals outlawed by the Dangerous Wild Animals Act of 1976, which was intended to halt the then-popular practice of keeping wild predators like tigers and lions as pets. A minority claimed that panthers were brought to the British Isles by the victorious Romans and then released into the wild. Another minority believed that the cats who haunt the British countryside are somehow connected with extraterrestrials, and some sightings have coincided with UFO reports. 4Beast Of Buchan From as far back as the 1930s, the Buchan area of Scotland’s Aberdeenshire has been a focal point for big cat sightings, although Scottish wildcats have been known to traverse the fields of Aberdeenshire and Banffshire. Both of these towns border the Highlands, and eyewitnesses believe that the Beast of Buchan is far too large and long to be a wildcat. A 2006 video from Banffshire certainly seems to support this assertion. In 2011, a recent transplant from Inverness named James Gray posted an eyewitness account on the Internet. Mr. Gray saw a large, black cat with a bushy tail while he was walking with his dog, Sophie, between the villages of Old Deer and Mintlaw at around 5:00 PM. According to his initial report and interviews, the animal crouched down, waited for a few seconds, and then trotted off. Other spotters have described the beast as everything from an unusually large lynx to a black panther. Most firsthand accounts compare the beast to large dog breeds like greyhounds or Alsatian shepherds. George Redpath, a big cat enthusiast and wildlife liaison officer in Fife, believes that the Beast of Buchan is actually just one of some 50 cat species that live almost undetected in the Scottish wilderness. 3The Policeman And The Mystery Cat On June 30, 2009, an off-duty Ministry of Defense dog-handler named Chris Swallow was helping a friend tend their garden in Helensburgh, Argyll, Scotland. Swallow noticed a large, black object moving near a railway line. His first thought that the creature was larger than a Labrador dog, longer than any native cat species, and had an abnormally long tail. Once Swallow noticed that the large cat was in danger of getting hit by an approaching train, he ran to warn it. It was at this point that he realized that he was in the presence of the fabled Coulport Cougar. Swallow grabbed his cell phone and trained its camera on the beast. The phone recorded what appeared to be a black panther walking confidently along a set of train tracks. His footage quickly made the rounds and has since become a popular entry in the fast-growing list of big cat sightings in Great Britain. 2Beast Of Bevendean Dubbed the “Beast of Bevendean,” this cat has been spotted since 2008. In that summer, several witnesses came forward and claimed that they had seen a large, black cat in the woods near the city of Brighton and Hove. After they compared their accounts during a meeting at the Holy Nativity Church in Bevendean, the residents agreed that the animal posed a threat to their pets, and possibly their children. On June 10 of the same year, Bevendean resident and dog owner Bill Batchelor claimed that a large, vicious cat had attacked his dog during their walk. Unlike the majority of accounts throughout Great Britain, Batchelor told Sussex police that a sandy-colored cat (not a black panther) with a gray muzzle had attacked his pet. In October 2010, a resident of Preston Park, Brighton, named Avis Carter claimed that she had spotted the Beast of Bevendean while she was picking apples on Bevendean Hill. Carter’s statement claimed that the large cat had tabby-like markings, and she said that the cat ran into the undergrowth once it noticed her presence. In the winter of 2009, Debra Munn, a 56-year-old resident of Brighton, told members of the Sussex Big Cat Watch that the Beast of Bevendean was actually one of many pumas and lynxes that were naturally breeding in the area. Although not a widely held belief, Munn’s theory may explain why some reports offer different stories about the beasts’s appearance. 1The Lion Of Bedford For the most part, big cat sightings all seem to point to the existence of black panthers in the forests and fields of Great Britain. A smaller minority of cases point to either lynxes or mountain lions as the culprits behind various sightings. Lions, on the other hand, are rarely sighted. That all changed in October 2012 when witnesses reported seeing a lion in a residential area near the town of Bedford. Six weeks prior to these reports, an “orange and brown” beast had caused a panic among Essex residents, who believed that a lion was on the loose near a camping site in Clacton. These reports were believable enough that the Essex police deployed armed officers and helicopters to the area in order to capture the animal. As it turned out, police located a large Maine Coon cat named Teddy Bear and decided that he was the cause of all the worry. As for Bedford, the lion sightings began when two women were out walking their dogs and saw what appeared to be a lion lounging near a housing estate. Like the earlier panic in Essex, Beford’s lion was probably nothing more than a fat Maine Coon. Although far from the most valid sighting of a big cat in Great Britain, the Bedford case of 2012 may be the country’s most unique. Benjamin Welton is a freelance writer based in Boston. His work has appeared in The Weekly Standard, The Atlantic, Listverse, Metal Injection, and other publications. He currently blogs at literarytrebuchet.blogspot.com.

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Technology has always found a way to throw surprises, in a way we least expect it to. Mind-boggling inventions have changed the way of our lives since time immemorial. The realms of Immersive Technology, which is rapidly on the rise, is set to transform the way people work, live, and consume entertainment across the globe. It would in such a way that our interaction with content would never be the same again. Augmented and Virtual Reality (AR and VR) define the two spectrums of immersive technology that could replace mobile computing. Though widely known for its gaming applications, the potential of AR/VR cannot be restricted to this. Now, let’s dive in and understand the scope of AR/VR applications. The scope of applicability of AR/VR in the real-estate domain is multifarious. The technology enables designers to have a thorough understanding of the project through a 3D depiction of how it would look upon completion, even before the very foundation is laid. It is also an effective marketing solution, using which the designers could provide prospective customers with a virtual experience that gives them an idea of how the project will look upon its completion. The most marked utility of the technology in this sector would be in the ambit of safety training. It is implicit that construction sites are riddled with accidents. Reports of workers falling from heights are so commonplace, that it has become an unavoidable facet of construction sites. Traditional training has evidently not been effective in this regard, thanks to our distraction-prone minds. Statistics suggest that VR experiences have led to a retention rate of 80% after a year of training, whilst traditional training showed a retention rate of only 20% after a week of training. The technology is increasingly being adopted by major construction companies, showing signs of a much-needed revolution. While AR helps customers experience homes directly through interactive 3D visualizations, VR takes them out of the physical world, momentarily transporting them to their virtual home. Traditionally, the marketing of interior design was done using oral explanations and 2D drawings. Effective as it may be, the method has room for clarity. A virtual depiction of a living space rather provides customers with a clear idea of the layout, thereby reducing any miscommunication between the consumer and the designer. Designers now have the option of testing colours and the interior landscape to calculate the necessary materials and labour costs. An AR app makes for easier landscaping, while VR helps in creating plans for any construction and making attractive presentations of the design concept. Marketing and Advertising We now know that Immersive Technology provides an absorbing and attractive experience. Rendering such an experience creates an emotional chord with prospective customers and increases the likelihood of a purchase. For example, we happened to work with a famed automobile manufacturing entity who liked to explore a method through which they could showcase the capabilities of its van to customers without taking it to their doorsteps every time. The platform created here enabled the sales personnel to provide a realistic depiction of the van through a virtual experience of the vehicle. AR strengthens consumer engagement through interactive 3D means, while the fully immersive environment of VR helps in grabbing the attention of the avid viewer. Our educational system is in severe need of upheaval, and VR intends to offer the future generation with an immersive experience so as to help them to learn by doing. It breathes life into subjects by rendering it a real-life depiction; be it animal behaviour, life sciences, or the fight of the Gandhi’s for an independent India – here is a platform where they’ll learn it all with curiosity and wonder. To illustrate from our experiences, We had the opportunity to work with a renowned academic publisher who desired to make its educational content more creative. We created an AR content for their textbooks that explain complex concepts in a simple, fun, and immersive manner. These budding kids got to travel to the moon or walk into the great pyramids (no they weren’t taken there though). AR experiences enable a student to observe learnings in a 3D environment, while VR facilitates realistic experiences of the subject. Immersive Technology is a tool that helps reduce manufacturing costs while increasing productivity. Its utilities include research and design, review of workflows and benchmarking, maintenance, quality control and risk management, control of robotics, expert support, inventory picking, skilling, hands-on training, workplace design and layout, equipment design, product development, etc. While AR accelerates factory processes and facilitates engineers to demonstrate prototypes, construction site, and the likes, VR mimics reality in a safe environment and plays a vital role in all the aforementioned aspects, among many others. Virtual reality is proving to be a game-changer in the medical realms. It is emerging as a medium that could help in providing enhanced medical training to the next generation of medical specialists. Moreover, it enables the performance of surgery through robotic devices (thereby reducing complications during the surgical process and quickening the procedure), provides enhanced health treatments that could save lives, and helps in pain management (again, this is proven). Apart from physical ailments, VR is also suggested for diagnosing and treating dementia, depression, autism, and other psychiatric disorders. While VR serves in the aforementioned ways, AR facilitates telemedicine – a process that helps in receiving medical consultation without visiting hospitals or clinics. Its other healthcare applications are similar to that of VR and includes augmented surgery, augmented diagnosis, augmented training of medical forces, etc. E-commerce, the rapid growth of which wasn’t even contemplated in the dawn of this century, is all set to be influenced by another technological wonder – Immersive Technology. AR and VR experiences would bring the customers closer to the products through personalized shopping experiences. Here are a few examples of how e-retailers are leveraging this technology: - E-bay’s AR tool allows shoppers to hold their phone over any products and try those on virtual boxes. On a more precise note, they use a cardboard VR viewer called Shoptical to render a personalized in-store feeling to customers, irrespective of their location of purchase. The company is also planning the launch of a VR enabled departmental store in collaboration with the Australian retailer, Myers. - Ikea’s Place app has enabled customers to experience the furniture desired by them at their home before deciding on a purchase. - Sephora, a French chain of cosmetic stores, has designed an app that allows users to take a selfie and do a virtual test on how different cosmetic products would suit their faces. - A hardware chain in the United States known as Lowe’s provides a virtual depiction of how their products would look like in the homes of the prospective customer. Army researchers from the United States are exploring what Immersive Technology could offer to the military segment. Notably, the U.S. Department of Defence spends an estimated $14 billion or more per year on “synthetic” digital training (refers to a training method that trains personnel for real-life jobs through digital environments). VR/AR-based military training, provided by means of satellite imagery or body-worn sensor information, is envisaged to help the armed forces to collaborate and make decisions more effectively than traditional training. These technologies facilitate the provision of training in any environment rather than in training centres, thereby saving time, cost, money, and stress. Like in all sectors, it is a training method built for enhanced work safety, wherein the training is provided in a safe environment. VR/AR experiences, through satellite communications, earth observation, and navigation data, can be extended beyond the reach of terrestrial networks, provide updated live mapping, and convey location-specific information. The technology is now leveraged by the astronauts of the ESA (European Space Agency) to help them prepare for life on the International Space Station. Attracting the best of talents is a task that is easier said than done. AR/VR Technology helps recruiters in streamlining recruitment, creating a gamified application system, demonstrating virtual tours to candidates, assessing capabilities, providing training to the recruited workforce, and the likes. Here are a few examples of its applicability: - Sixsense Enterprises Inc., a motion tracking and VR software, provides recruiters with precise motion-tracking data to simulate, evaluate, and improve the skill sets of the candidate. - ActiView, an Israeli start-up, is aiming to combine VR and machine learning to demarcate behavioural attributes among applications by estimating their performance in critical areas such as work methodology & approach, integrity, motivation, and cognitive skill sets. AR maps are being implemented by Google. The facility would combine the functions of GPS location and Street View data to align with the exact location of the camera. And make a note of this, the technology would be designed in such a way that your battery doesn’t drain. AR provides a means for companies to showcase data by placing it in a visual context and thereby bringing it to life. VR facilitates the participation and conduct of conferences and shows, helping in the removal of both domestic and international barriers. Both these technologies would be handy in translating or creating a common space for enhanced collaboration and changing the way teams learn, communicate, and interact with customers. Oil & Gas The Oil & Gas sector falls among the domains that would be highly impacted by this brilliant technology. It influences areas such as operations, underground surface terrain analysis, training of personnel, and a host of others. Gaming and Entertainment The AR/VR wave was first felt in the gaming sector. AR stormed into the scene with Pokémon Go. The game, which was released in 2016, won the undiluted attention of the masses, so much so that intriguing Facebook memes were attributed for it. AR and VR Gaming services can be rendered through Arcade Gaming Centres or can be provided for home entertainment. These technologies, among its varied applications, are also used in the Escape Rooms concept, wherein people could spend a few hours in a haunted house or a battlefield (no worries, you won’t be harmed). Such escape avenues can now be found across India. The signs are all blatant, AR/VR will change the way of our lives in ways we never anticipated before, making it easier and more proficient. Its rate of adoption is rapid, as is the case with all technological inventions. The use cases are an eye-opener on what the technology could offer, and remember – it’s cost-effective.

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Over the last 25 years, the world has seen a rise in the frequency of natural disasters. Today, there are more people at risk from natural hazards than ever before, with those in developing countries particularly at risk. This series explores measures that have been taken, and could be taken, in order to improve responses to the threat or occurrence of natural disasters in the MENA and Indo-Pacific regions. Read more ... Pakistan is extremely vulnerable to climate change and natural disasters. The period 2009-2015 was particularly devastating for Pakistan, as the country experienced a number of both man-made (terrorism-related) and natural disasters (e.g., floods, an earthquake, drought, and heat waves). Until the devastating earthquake of October 2005, the perception of risk from hazards in Pakistan had been focused solely upon the annually recurring floods. Since then, however, there has been a growing realization that Pakistan is exposed to all types of disasters and that they are occurring with increasing frequency and intensity. The term “humanitarian assistance” refers to multi-agency activities by a variety of non-governmental, inter-governmental, and international organizations aimed at providing goods and services required during a natural disaster relief operation. Assistance in these situations is composed of the provision of food, clothes, medicines, temporary shelters, and hospital equipment. The aim of organizations engaged in disaster relief efforts is to mitigate the impact of a disaster in order to reduce morbidity and mortality and improve well-being, human dignity, and quality of life. Therefore, such organizations can play a pivotal role during disaster emergencies. However, it has also been observed—and most stakeholders believe—that humanitarian assistance during emergencies has not been very successful in supporting the affected population and achieving the desired outcome. This essay first discusses the main reasons for these disappointing results, and then, by way of illustration, considers responses to some of Pakistan’s recent disasters. Explaining Sub-Optimal Outcomes in Disaster Relief Operations There are at least four main reasons that help to explain why humanitarian assistance in disaster emergencies is often not as effective as it could be. 1. Ambiguous Mandates: A Symptom of Short-termism Many of the various organizations engaged in providing humanitarian assistance are themselves not very clear about their respective mandates, roles, and responsibilities. This lack of clarity contributes to a great deal of duplicative work, lack of coordination, and ultimately wastage of efforts and resources. The primary cause of this problem seems to be the common preoccupation of stakeholders involved in the process with achieving short-term gains when their strategic priorities should be focused toward sustainable development. Indeed, it is important to redefine the roles of all concerned, identifying the linkages between emergency/relief services and those that could yield longer-term benefits for affected communities. 2. Unbalanced and Unrealistic Donor Funding Another cause of the sub-optimal effectiveness of humanitarian responses to natural disasters is the prevailing approach by donors to funding humanitarian operations, which is unbalanced and unrealistic. While it is natural for donors to expect that the funds they disburse to humanitarian organizations will be used efficiently and effectively, the measures they have instituted in order to ensure accountability are often impractical and onerous. In linking performance with the next tranche of funds to be released for the same purpose, they normally require the submission of exhaustive progress reports containing minute details about expenditures. However, for most humanitarian organizations maintaining a complete record of all activities in an emergency situation and environment is extremely difficult. Furthermore, such requirements tempt recipients to employ questionable practices, and even submit fabricated reports so as to demonstrate their progress and thereby obtain additional funds. Furthermore, making the renewal of funding contingent on reports that demonstrate short-term gains leads implementers to work on those issues that promise positive, marketable outcomes and to avoid working on difficult and deep-rooted problems. Often, information from the field that sheds light on ongoing struggles or reveals lack of success is not shared with funding agencies. It is essential that donors make every effort to understand the needs of beneficiaries and the capacities of implementing partners to deliver appropriate services (short- or long-term). Additionally, donors would be well advised to adopt a balanced and realistic approach to assessing their implementing partners’ strengths and limitations in tackling the many, varied, and complex operational challenges they face in disaster emergencies. 3. Flaws in Aid disbursements and Management Procedures Disaster emergencies have an inherently dynamic character. In order to meet the complex and changing needs of affected populations in real-time, humanitarian actors require flexible, predictable, and timely release of funds by donors. However, this frequently does not happen. Moreover, most of the funds released to the implementing partners in order to meet the needs of affected communities are instead usually allocated to satisfy ongoing administrative expenses. It is essential that donors understand the distinction between short-term assistance—geared towards providing immediate relief and saving lives—and long-term assistance—aimed at eradicating the root causes of poverty, morbidity, and mortality. Drawing this distinction will enhance donors’ ability to determine when and how much aid should be disbursed, and thus help ensure that the institutional support they provide is both appropriate and equitable. 4. Skills Deficiencies among Implementing Staff Instances where humanitarian operations are (partially) staffed by individuals who lack suitable knowledge, experience, and skills can result not just in sub-optimal delivery of assistance but can also fuel workplace stress, frustration, and anger. In such situations, instead of relieving the misery of the affected population, they negatively reflect the donor and implementing partners by disrupting program functions and service delivery. Multi-task humanitarian responses capable of saving lives in difficult environments require highly capable professionals possessing management experience, as well as diplomatic skills. This professional cadre must also have the ability to appropriately assess the situation and to develop culturally sensitive plans that are equitable, affordable, and feasible; and that satisfy donor mandates and priorities. Effectiveness of Humanitarian Assistance Programs in Pakistan Pakistan is a classic example where many national and international organizations have been working since the devastating earthquake in Muzaffarabad in 2005 and in the context of the subsequent earthquakes, catastrophic flood, drought, and other public health emergencies. Following each of these tragic events, Pakistan’s government and non-governmental organizations (N.G.O.s) received significant financial support from donor agencies aimed at improving the living conditions of the most vulnerable populations. Nevertheless, in all of these crises, support has focused primarily on activities related to the response phase, with relatively little attention and sparse resources devoted to the other phases of the disaster cycle—preparedness, recovery, and rehabilitation. This has occurred, even as Pakistan, a signatory of the Hyogo Framework of Action (H.F.A.) and other international treaties, has expressed its commitment to invest more in preparedness, keeping in mind long-term sustainable goals and objectives for managing “slow burn” crises before they turn into acute emergencies. A brief examination of several “slow burn” crises in Pakistan sheds light on the shortcomings of the prevailing approach to disaster response. The case of the drought in Tharparkar District, which is a part of Sindh province, is illustrative. Tharparkar had been experiencing drought for ten years, which however did not to garner due attention from provincial departments, the district administration, NGOs, or development partners. As a result, the situation gradually worsened, culminating in the loss of precious human lives and livestock. The wide reporting of these tragic losses triggered a response by humanitarian organizations and government agencies. However, these efforts focused on providing short-term remedies in the form of provision of food and medical assistance. They included no sustainable measures for addressing the root causes of the situation responsible for increased mortality and morbidity among infants, children, and mothers. Here, it is important to note that Tharparkar District, the world’s only fertile desert, depends on annual summer rainfall to be productive. Water scarcity, which is one of the main underlying causes of low production, spurred a massive migration of people in search of food and water. Yet, most of the water projects implemented in the district—due to political interference—were initiated in areas where there was no shortage of water. Prior to the onset of the drought, a number of fatal diseases were observed in peacocks and sheep, the standard livestock for Thari people. Animal feed shortages in the market drove up prices. This compounded the financial burden borne by a population that was already destitute and suffering from poor health and nutrition. These circumstances ultimately contributed to an increase in maternal and child mortality and morbidity. Responses to the recurring floods in Pakistan offer yet another example of an excessively narrow, reactive, and short-term approach to responding to natural disasters. Since the devastating floods of 2010, Pakistan has been beset, almost annually, by a major flood, resulting in massive destruction of infrastructure along with substantial loss of life and economic damage. This recurrence of flooding has exerted extra pressure on the country’s fragile economy. Analyses of the response phase by different humanitarian organizations has revealed that much of the focus has been on short-term response activities such as the provision of food and shelter, with very little focus on activities with sustainable impact (e.g., providing mineral water instead of water purification units). In another instance, following the 2014 flood in the mountainous area of Chitral, the response was “successful” in achieving short-term gains though without taking steps to mitigate long-term disaster risks. The flood destroyed most of the housing stock of residents of the area. In response, residents were provided with financial compensation in amounts that enabled them to rebuild their severely damaged or destroyed homes. However, the recipients of this compensation then went about reconstructing their houses on the original sites along the banks of the naalas (i.e., streams) that had overflowed and thus in the direct path the flood had taken—either unaware of the risk they were incurring or not provided an alternative. Much of the attention of most, if not all organizations engaged in addressing natural disasters is focused on the response phase rather than on sustainable measures, preparedness to mitigate the impact of disasters, or improvements in the resilience of communities. To be sure, sustainable measures are expensive. However, they can nonetheless be undertaken by the pooling of resources. Effective and efficient humanitarian assistance requires improved cooperation, coordination, collaboration, and communication among all stakeholders. It also requires a holistic, long-term approach that focuses on identifying and prioritizing interventions based on a shared vision and commitment to improving the quality of life in addition to mitigating the immediate impact of disasters. See the U.N. Draft Convention on expediting the delivery of emergency assistance, Art. 1, para. 1(c), UN Doc. A/39/267/Add. 2, 1984. See also “Strengthening the coordination of humanitarian emergency assistance of the U.N.,” U.N.G.A. Resolution 46/182, December 19, 1991. Common terminologies include humanitarian assistance, emergency aid, relief aid, development aid, development cooperation, and development assistance among others. For the purpose of this paper humanitarian aid describes the universal (caring and commitment to saving lives and improving the human condition in emergency, relief, rehabilitation, development). Rick McInnis-Ray, “Justice Delayed for the Wartime Victims in the Democratic Republic of Congo,” Canadian Broadcasting Company, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Jul. 7, 2011; and Peter Walker and Daniel Maxwell, ‘Shaping the Humanitarian World’ (Routledge: New York, NY, 2008): 97-117. Arjun Katoch, “The Responders’ Cauldron: The Uniqueness of International Disaster Response,” Journal of International Affairs 59, 2 (2006): 153-172. Michael Clemens, Steven Radelet, and Rikhil Ghavnani, “Counting Chickens When They Hatch: The Short-term Effect of Aid on Growth,” Centre for Global Development, Working Paper No. (July 2004). Jennifer Rubenstein, “Distribution and Emergency,” The Journal of Political Philosophy 15, 3 (2007): 296-320. Culture = mores, traditions, customs, way of life, ethnicity. Values = principles, standards, morals, ethics. Beliefs = conviction, idea, certainty. Rob Crilly, Saving Darfur: Everyone’s Favourite African War (London: Reportage Press, 2010); and Frances Richardson, “Meeting the Demand for Skilled and Experienced Humanitarian Workers,” Development in Practice 16, 3/4 (2006): 334-341.

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Burning and discomfort in the chest and abdomen, a bitter taste in the throat, and gaseous bloating – acidity and heartburn can be awful! Acidity or an acid reflux occurs when the LES - the lower esophageal sphincter at the bottom of the esophagus fails to work optimally, thus permitting acid from the stomach to gain entry upwards in to the esophagus. Let’s understand what triggers an episode of heartburn Normally, when you swallow, the LES, which is a muscle at the base of the oesophagus relaxes and permits fluid and food to go into the stomach; and then the muscle constricts and becomes taut again. When the LES weakens or is impaired, stomach acid regurgitates back in to the oesophagus from the stomach setting off heartburn. Typically, heartburn is a burning sensation in the chest, and the distress tends to aggravate after you eat, when you lie down or when you bend over. You will also experience a sensation of water-brash or sour liquid being regurgitated in your throat and a horrid feeling that food is not settling in the stomach, making you feel uncomfortably full. A sporadic episode of heartburn is exceedingly common and need not be any cause for panic. By and large, acidity and heartburn can be effectively and easily tackled with food remedies, lifestyle alterations and over-the-counter drugs. Conversely, if you have frequent bouts or the pain comes in the way of your daily routine, do not neglect; it calls for medical care. Foods that battle acidity remarkably well The first line of defense is prevention, so let’s explore various foods as well as guidelines that help circumvent an attack of acidity. Also, we’ve rounded up a fantastic list of natural remedies for heartburn and home remedies for acid reflux using ingredients that are sitting in your pantry! • Banana: The banana is a tummy tamer; its high-fibre content enhances the process of digestion appreciably. Packed with potassium, the fruit increases the manufacturing and release of mucus in the stomach, thereby preventing too much acid from building up in the stomach, whilst also battling the adverse effects of excessive acid production. One of the best natural remedies for acidity, the banana is also loaded with pectin, a soluble fibre which helps soothe the entire GI tract. It efficiently deals with heartburn, regularizes bowel movement and also treats peptic ulcers. Try to incorporate the fruit into your daily diet, especially if you are prone to recurrent episodes of acidity. The super ripe fruits are best to fight acidity. Kick-start your day with a smoothie comprising of bananas, apple juice, yogurt and some ice cubes. Voila! You’re all set for a heartburn-free day! • Yogurt: The perfect antidote to acidity! Integrating dahi in your diet ensures improved stomach and intestinal health; given that yogurt is one of the best home remedies for acidity. Dahi neutralizes the acid in the stomach; lactic acid in dahi coats the lining of the stomach and thereby protects it and reduces inflammation. What’s more, yogurt is chockfull of pro-biotics which are critical for good digestion and good gut health. It contains live active cultures which help maintain normal intestinal balance. The beneficial bacteria in curd prevent an accumulation of gas which often causes acid reflux. It also perks up digestion and assimilation of food and significantly decreases your vulnerability to acid reflux by keeping your gastrointestinal tract in top-notch condition. The helpful bacteria in dahi have shown to shield the stomach from ulcers by squashing the growth and multiplication of H. pylori, which is an ulcer-causing bacterium. Jump-start your day with a bowl of granola topped with generous dollops of yogurt or knock down a glass of chilled yogurt smoothie or have a bowl with lunch; you can’t go wrong with a raita! • Watermelon: The watermelon has an alkalizing effect on the body. It decreases the acidity in your system and is also incredibly anti-inflammatory. Because of its high water content, it delivers large amounts of nutrients per calorie, which is a remarkable health benefit. One of the lesser known and used home remedies for heartburn relief, the watermelon is brimming over with a red carotenoid pigment which is a potent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agent that reduces irritation, burning and inflammation in the GI tract. Try to have at least one serving of the fruit per week. • Ginger: Gingerols in ginger have the potent ability to ease gastrointestinal anguish. In fact, the ginger root is a key home remedy for hyperacidity, providing instant heartburn relief! The gingerols are powerful anti-inflammatory agents which alleviate irritation and inflammation in the GI tract and perk up its functioning. It is a robust carminative and eliminates intestinal wind almost instantaneously. It relieves spasms and burning in the GI tract and copes very well with heartburn. Include a cup of ginger tea in your daily morning routine. • Turmeric: Curcumin in turmeric stimulates digestion and prevents an acid build-up. Fortunately, Indian cuisine includes plenty of the spice and is a rather liberal component in our diet. Curcumin is a powerful anti-inflammatory agent which reduces inflammation and irritation in the GI tract. It greatly soothes the stomach lining. Make a concoction of haldi powder and soonth (ginger powder) and have a little bit, every couple of hours. Turmeric poultices can also be applied to the belly to allay pain and inflammation. Tata Sampann Haldi Powder is scientifically processed and hygienically packaged to preserve its natural goodness. What’s more, each packet of turmeric offers at least 3 % of curcumin. • Potato: Potato juice neutralizes surplus stomach acid and also helps heal the lining of the esophagus and stomach. Studies have also demonstrated that potato affords pain relief, wards off bacterial contamination and also accelerates healing. Drink half a glass of potato juice and the results are startlingly instantaneous! • Almonds: Almonds leave an alkaline ash in your body. They are particularly good for digestion since their fat content helps counterbalance the stomach acid. Eat a fistful of almonds at midday; it’ll stave off acidity attacks successfully. In case, your suffering from burning in the chest and stomach, eat 5 to 7 almonds and wait for about half an hour; symptoms of heartburn abate rapidly. Add roasted almonds to your morning bowl of oatmeal, or add the nuts to your stir-fry or have a handful as a power-snack! Certain foods and drinks as well as certain specific conditions make you more vulnerable to an attack of hyperacidity. It is crucial to identify your specific trigger and steadily avoid it. Here’s a list of the likely triggers – - Spicy foods - Greasy, fried foods - Citrus fruits - Tomato-based products, such as ketchup, ready-made bottled sauces, marinara sauce, etc. - Aerated beverages - Caffeinated drinks - Consuming large meals - Lying down after a meal - Exercising after a meal 3 Foods that you need to steer clear of! The following three foods set off and / or aggravate heartburn; it’s best to avoid them in case you are vulnerable. • Coffee: Coffee is naturally acidic. It contains an organic acid which lends the brew that sharp, zesty jolt that you love! Coffee is a big cause as well as an aggravating factor for acid reflux, and you are left to suffer burning in the belly, burping and disagreeable acidic liquid creeping in to the esophagus from the stomach. • Aerated drinks: Carbonated, aerated drinks need to be skimped on completely. They cause acid regurgitation by making the lower esophageal sphincter relax. What’s more, the bubbles have a tendency to expand in the stomach, generating lots of pressure and pain and further worsening the situation. • Fried foods: Fatty, greasy, fried foods require a lot more acid to break them down compared to other foods. Indeed, fried foods are some of the worst foods that cause a reflux. Pass over the French fries, fritters, crisps, wafers, onion and bell pepper rings and fried chicken. Get instant relief from acidity and heartburn with these lifestyle changes Lifestyle modifications have a big role to play in the successful management of heartburn and acidity. Here’s a directory of do’s and don’ts which will provide immense assistance. - Maintain a healthy body weight and shed all those unwanted pounds. Being over-weight puts a lot of pressure on the abdomen, pushing the stomach and intestines and causing acid to reflux into the esophagus. Follow a strict diet and exercise regimen to shed the extra pounds. - Avoid tight-fitting clothes; they too put undue pressure on the belly and the lower esophageal sphincter of the esophagus, affecting normal functioning. - Know your heartburn triggers and stay away from them. Learning to recognize your triggers will help lessen acid reflux. Experts advocate that you should test one possible trigger at a time. So, if you suppose that coffee is your trigger, take a break from coffee, and see how your belly responds; likewise test out all other likely triggers. - Stay away from late meals. Stop eating 2 hours before bedtime; give your stomach time to empty completely before you lie down to sleep. - Steer clear of large meals; instead have small and frequent meals through the day. Also, eat slowly and take small bites. Chew your food well. Bolting your food does not allow the lower esophageal sphincter to open and close at a healthy pace. - Make sure you have loads of fibre in your diet. A high fibre diet is linked to lower incidence of acidity and dyspepsia by decreasing stomach acidity. Lentils are your best friends! They are jam-packed with fibre and promise you excellent gut health. Ensure that you consume at least one bowl of lentils per day. - After a meal, never lie down –this is a chief cause for regurgitation, causing the stomach acid to leak back up into the esophagus. - In case you habitually experience heartburn at night or when lying down, elevate your head by propping yourself with pillows. Or you could insert a wedge between the bed and the mattress to raise your body from the waist up. - Exercising soon after a meal can set off heartburn too; avoid it. - Quit smoking and keep away from alcohol. When to confer with a doctor? Heartburn that occurs frequently and interferes with your routine is considered gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) and can seriously impair your esophagus. It can also cause Barrett’s esophagus which is a precancerous condition. You need to discuss with your health care provider if the home remedies fail to offer any relief from the acid reflux and you continue to have recurrent and frequent episodes of heartburn. The views and opinions expressed, and assumptions & analysis presented in this content piece are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of any other agency, organization, employer or company. The information, including but not limited to, text, graphics, images and other material contained on this website are for informational purposes only. The purpose of this website is to promote broad consumer understanding and knowledge of various health topics. It is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health care provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition or treatment and before undertaking a new health care regimen, and never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website.

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For today’s dharma talk I want to start with a story from a collection of stories from early Buddhism, called the Jataka tales. These tales consist of numerous anecdotes and fables that depict the Buddha in previous lives sometimes as an animal, sometimes as a human. The tales were written to give insight into the character and long efforts of the Buddha through all of his lifetimes to attain awakening. The Jataka tales are dated between 300 BC and 400 AD. So here is the story of the Gray Parrot The Buddha was once a little gray parrot. When lightning sets a tree ablaze and her forest begins to burn, the parrot cries out a warning to others: “Fire! Run to the river!” Then she flies toward the safety of the river and its other shore. But as she flies, she sees below her animals and trees already trapped, surrounded by flames. And suddenly she sees a way to save them. She flies to the river. The animals already huddled safely there are sure nothing more can be done. Each offers a valid reason for staying safely put and not making further efforts. But the little parrot says she has spotted a way, so she must try. She wets her feathers in the river, fills a leaf cup with water, and flies back over the burning forest. Back and forth she flies carrying drops of water. Her feathers become charred, her claws crack, her eyes burn red as coals. A god looking down sees her. Other gods laugh at her foolishness, but this god changes into a great eagle, flies down, and tells her, as it’s hopeless, to turn back. She won’t listen but continues bringing drops of water. Seeing her selfless bravery, the god is overwhelmed and begins to weep. His tears put out the fire and heal all the animals, plants, and trees. Falling on the little parrot, the tears cause her charred feathers to grow back red as fire, blue as a river, green as a forest, yellow as sunlight. She is now a beautiful bird The parrot flies happily over the healed forest she has saved.Translation by Rafe Martin Does this sound familiar? For those who have been attending our Sangha for a while, it will. This story is just like the story of Quechan people of Equador, titled the Hummingbird. In that story, our brave tiny hummingbird takes a beak full of water at a time, and all by herself works at putting out a raging fire. I love that two distinct and distant culture communicate this same value in within the same story – one of the highest human values, that of compassion in action. Even though they are just birds, I believe the parrot and the hummingbird are aware of the impossibility of what they are trying to do, but it doesn’t make any difference for they can’t do otherwise, they have no choice. It is who they are. Personally, I like the Hummingbird story because you never know how it ends. Knowing how it ends isn’t necessary because it is the doing that matters. That brings us to now, to the times we are living in. Right now, it is easy to feel rather helpless – like there’s so little, we can do. We see all the suffering in the world, all the broken-heartedness, all the destruction and we shut down, become numb, give up. We find ourselves cut off from our heart because we think, what can I do? It is too big I am too small. I want to do something….but what is the use? That’s what I love about these two stories, I love the impossibility of the effort of the parrot and the hummingbird and the face and that this impossibility doesn’t stop them. What can we accomplish when we are willing to try the impossible? I think we know the feeling that underlies these stories and here is the magic of these parables; they give our true hearts a voice. When all the doubt and pessimism and feelings of powerlessness are let go of, this I believe, is our natural response. It is the same heart that is at the center of the Bodhisattva Vows. Beings are numberless. I vow to free them all. Delusions are inexhaustible. I vow to end them. Dharma gates are boundless. I vow to enter them. Buddha’s way is unsurpassable. I vow to become it. Both these stories and the Bodhisattva Vows have one thing in common, it is their impossibility. So why would we take vows that there is no way we can achieve? And what is it about the story of the parrot and the hummingbird that resonate? Except for a few diehard utilitarians, the response to this story from kids to adults is an emotional one. I think at the heart they say something about us maybe it’s the whispering of our inner Buddha-nature? Or the whispers from our ancient inner warrior poets that vow that no man, woman, deer or tree be left behind. I love the Bodhisattva vows, it is what attracted me to Buddhism in the first place. There is something epic and at the same time so obvious to me in them. I love what Shunryu Suzuki said about the vows when someone asked why anyone would take such a vow, he said that “We have to do it because our true nature wants us to. “ In one of the more traditional translations the first Bodhisattva vow is: Beings are numberless. I vow to Save them all. I personally like the word free better. Years of being a psychological martyr trying to literally save others and ultimately not for their benefit but for my own, the word SAVE can be problematic. I bring this up to make an important point, something that I learned that helped me put down the Book of the Martyrs and just be an ordinary human being. When someone acts as a martyr, as a rescuer, there is from the start an inequality, a superiority complex a power dynamic which puts the sufferer and the saver on different levels, which is ironic because so many of the rescuers I know have issues, with low self-esteem, shame, and victimization. I think this is important to remember. Pema Chodron teaches, “Compassion is not a relationship between the healer and the wounded. It’s a relationship between equals.” I love the idea of the wounded healer; can it be any other way? For me the motivation that drives the first Bodhisattva vow is this – it is out of our own woundedness revealed that we want to be a healer for ourselves and for others. She goes on to teach, Only when we know our own darkness well can we be present with the darkness of others. Compassion becomes real when we recognize our shared humanity.”Comfortable with Uncertainty – Page 74 One of the mistakes we make is that we try to heal ourselves by healing others. We are unaware that ultimately healing is directionless it is non-dualistic – It is hard to realize that we are already in the midst of healing, we are already whole. Not knowing this healing becomes quid pro quo, this for that, and it becomes an unconscious economic transaction. Some of us believe that by saving an “other”, and only by saving and “other” , I will be loved, I will be acceptable, I will be OK – it rarely has anything to do about being healed. It has nothing to do with knowing our own darkness. In some ways the martyr, the rescuer thinks that if they save you, they will no longer have to know their own darkness, they can banish it, keep it at bay. Freeing you, saving you is all they need to do to dispel the darkness. The problem with this thinking is it doesn’t work. I think that is one of the reasons why the vows were written the way they are . Beings are numberless. I vow to free them all. Built into the vows are their impossibility – and that impossibility is important- The vows are not transactional, there is no choice in them – it all or nothing. We do not just free nice people or just our family, and at the same time, there is no endpoint where we can say, there, done. If I can just save you, then everything will be OK, But the vows don’t allow for this…but wait there is another and another and another. I vow to free them all. This is liberating in a way – because ultimately the paradox of freedom is when we chose not to have a choice that is when we are free. I love these lines from Robert Aitken. “I have heard people say, ‘I cannot recite these vows because I cannot hope to fulfill them. Actually, Kanzeon, the incarnation of mercy and compassion, weeps because she cannot save all beings. Nobody fulfills these ‘Great Vows for All,’ but we vow to fulfill them as best we can. They are our practice.”Taking the Path of Zen Page 62 The impossibility is the point. As Mark Knickebaine has written,” to commit to these impossibilities is to acknowledge that every being can be, and deserves to be, released from suffering (ourselves included).” That means yourself, your neighbor, your ex, your boss – all of them, When we vow to free all being we no longer have to decide who we are called to be compassionate toward, we are called to be compassionate to all of them, every being’s suffering matters. I really like this from Rick Ferris – If I have vowed to save ALL beings, then if I come across a PARTICULAR being that I can save, I should save it. I don’t have to debate whether I should save this being — I’ve already made a vow.https://moestly.wordpress.com/ Choosing to free all beings really means freeing myself, because what good would it be to be free and all alone, while others are suffering. The vows are about attending to our own shit – our anger, our fear, our suffering and at the same time that I am attending to yours through deep listening and compassionate action. If my vow is to free numberless beings that means that I can’t be casting blame on others, I can’t be making up excuses or rationalizing or justifying what I want because I want it. I need to put all these on the altar as offering to all the Buddhas. By attending to my own life, by waking the way of oneness with all other beings, I have set out into the bodhisattva vow. It means that I am doing what I can right now, one beak full, one feather soaked moment at a time. Right now, right here. Our aspiration is for greater and greater awakening but If we decided to wait until we are awakened to free others, to help them in their suffering, what good would that be. Our vows are the vows of an ordinary human being sparked by love, we vow to become the wounded healer. Our awakening is in the vow itself. Beings are numberless. I vow to free them all. Here are two quotes I want to share – one from Shantideva the 8 century sage and writer of The Way of the Bodhisattva and Chögyam Trungpa Rinpoche – first by Santideva, May I be a protector to those without protection,The Bodhicaryāvatāra Pages 19-21 A leader for those who journey, And a boat, a bridge, a passage For those desiring the further shore. May the pain of every living creature Be completely cleared away. May I be the doctor and the medicine And may I be the nurse For all sick beings in the world Until everyone is healed. And lastly Trungpa Rinpoche, As the earth sustains the atmosphere and outer space accommodates the stars, galaxies, and all the rest, we are willing to carry the burdens of the world. We are inspired by the physical example of the universe. We offer ourselves as wind, fire, air, earth, and water—all the elements. – The Collected Works of Chögyam Trungpa: Volume 3: Cutting Through Spiritual In our daily lives, the effort may seem near impossible, there is so much suffering. Our practice is universal our activity is local. We change the world by changing ourselves and our relationship with it. We do this in West Valley working in our immigrant community. We do this working with the homeless, we do this with our neighbor or the brother you have never talked to, we do this in our homes with our lovers, our wives, our husbands, and children. We do this not by saving the forests in the Amazon, but by fighting for the rivers and desert lands right here and now. I want to close with one of my favorite stories and it encapsulates this entire dharma talk. It is called the Old Man and the Starfishes. THE OLD MAN AND THE STARFISH A young man is walking along the ocean and sees a beach on which thousands and thousands of starfish have washed ashore. Further along, he sees an old man, walking slowly and stooping often, picking up one starfish after another and slinging each one into the ocean. “Hey old man, why are you throwing starfish into the ocean?,” “Because the sun is up and the tide is going out and if I don’t throw them further in they will die.” “Your crazy, there are miles of beach and starfish everywhere! You can’t possibly save them all, you can’t even save one-tenth of them. It won’t make a difference. The old man listens calmly and bends down picks up another starfish and throws it into the sea. He stands starring at the waves and says to the young man, “It made a difference to that one picks up another and throws it into the sea And that one.” Based on the story by Loren Eiseley May we all have the heart of this old man and find the beauty in the impossibility of our aspiration. May all beings be free.

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In addition to the six Tudor royal burials at Westminster Abbey, there are several more whose location is either unknown or well-hidden to the immediate eye. These royal children, whilst (almost) invisible in terms of a lack of memorial or a monument that is at best, unseen, we tend quite naturally to only look for those tombs which we know can be found. All of the (legitimate) children of Henry VIII are buried at Westminster Abbey. Mary I and Elizabeth I, England’s first two queens regnant – share a large tomb in the Henry VII Chapel, although only bearing Elizabeth’s monument. Their half-brother’s grave is recorded by a modern stone located most appropriately given his lineage, to the west of the vault, which contains his paternal grandparents, Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. The first Tudor King and Queen lie in the magnificent tomb created by the Italian sculptor Pietro Torrigiano, who also designed the tomb of Henry VII’s mother, Lady Margaret Beaufort – also buried at the Abbey. The Abbey somehow provides something of a diagram of the Tudor royal family tree in architectural form; albeit with one of its most important branches missing. Henry VIII is of course, buried at St. George’s Chapel, Windsor, in a vault which he shares with his third, “entirely beloved” wife, Jane Seymour. Henry VIII’s fourth queen, Anne of Cleves, is buried in a low stone sculpted tomb in the Sacrarium at Westminster Abbey, to the south of the High Altar, an exalted location which befits her queenly status, but one which comes at a price, because her own monument is practically obscured by other monuments and overshadowed of course, by the Altar itself. Its hallowed location aptly reflects the deeply held piety of Queen Anne, who was buried according to Catholic rites. At least four royal Tudor children, however, have almost vanished. Elizabeth of York, who predeceased Henry VII by six years, died on 11 February 1503 – her birthday – at the Tower of London, as a result of childbirth. She was buried in the new Henry VII Chapel at Westminster Abbey, “having fulfilled the age of 37 years”, as the inscription reads on her tomb by Torrigiano. Elizabeth of York’s death was the tragic result of an admirable forbearance in the face of horrific personal tragedy, namely to conceive another child while still grieving for her eldest son. Which she duly did, only a month after the death of Arthur Tudor, Prince of Wales in 1502: “[We] are both young enough to have more”. In fact, Queen Elizabeth gave birth on 2 February 1502, to a daughter, Princess Katherine, who died eight days later. Despite her bold and brave attempt to give birth to new life in the wake of shocking personal anguish, Elizabeth of York herself too died, seemingly as the result of a post-partum infection. Queen Elizabeth’s surviving children were of course, as history now knows, Prince Henry, Duke of York, later King Henry VIII, Princess Margaret Tudor, future Queen of Scotland and Princess Mary Tudor, future spouse of Louis XII of France and later, Duchess of Suffolk. But there were other children. Tempting as a counterfactual argument can be, these children did not survive infancy and become the subject of intense discussion as to their future marital prospects alongside other ruling royal houses, so they are destined to remain historical question marks. Aside, however, from their dynastic value to their parents as child-chess pieces on the European marriage board, the royal children were still undoubtedly loved as children. The grief that had been felt over the death of Arthur Tudor, Prince of Wales, had been heartrending and extreme. It left the new Tudor dynasty – whose roots stretched no further back than the legitimate victory at Bosworth Field and Henry VII’s distant descent through Henry V’s queen, Catherine of Valois – with the shaky reality that there was in fact, only one remaining son that stood between Henry VII having no successor to the House he had established to rule England after his death. While there is no certain evidence to support the marriage of Catherine of Valois and Owen Tudor, the claim of the grandson that did result from the relationship – Henry VII – would certainly have been lent greater weight by the presumption that it had been legitimate. Claims were held to be strengthened through marriage with another blood claimant – similar to a thoroughbred mentality – hence the union of Henry Tudor with Elizabeth of York, thereby uniting the Houses of Lancaster and York, the hitherto warring white and red roses being now the Tudor rose of a new dynasty. Henry VII’s infant daughter, Princess Elizabeth Tudor, was set to marry the future King Francis I of France, for which discussions were already in place when she was an infant. Princess Elizabeth Tudor (who had been born on 2 July 1492) died at Eltham Palace, while her parents were at the Palace of Sheen on 14 September 1495, aged three years and two months. The cause was likely to have been a short – unspecified – illness, probably thought not to have been serious, because both Henry VII and Elizabeth of York were not summoned to Eltham and were still away when the child died. Princess Elizabeth died when Elizabeth of York was already in the fourth month of pregnancy with what would turn out to be another daughter, Princess Mary Tudor, future Queen of France and Duchess of Suffolk. Elizabeth was transferred in a ‘black chair’ [chariot] of six horses to Westminster. Her cortege was placed in the choir, covered with a black cloth, “fringed with red and white roses” and the words in gold “Jesus est amor meus”. The grief-stricken inscription on the plate which was placed at the foot of her effigy says it all quite simply: “Death snatched her away”. Henry VII and Queen Elizabeth spent the sum of £318 on her funeral, a vast sum according to the time and especially for Henry VII, who in public enjoyed a reputation for parsimoniousness, which clearly did not extend to his expression of private grief. The King and Queen did not attend the service. Princess Elizabeth’s tomb consisted of a small chest of grey marble with a black marble slab on top. Her copper-gilt effigy has not survived. Elizabeth’s tomb, erected by her grieving parents, cost £371.os.11d. (Alison Weir, Elizabeth of York, Pg 309, 2013). It may be seen to the right of the altar, in front of the great shrine of St. Edward the Confessor, although its inscription is long since worn away, having begun to do so in the 1700s. The inscription, however, was fortunately recorded before it began to wear away, having previously been copied by the antiquarian John Stow. (Weir, Pg 309). So small is the tomb, however, that it could easily be overlooked – an infant princess, who had been a younger sister of the future Henry VIII, born the year after his birth in 1491. Thomas More wrote in his Elegy on Elizabeth of York, a poignant tribute to the baby Elizabeth: “Adieu sweetheart! My little daughter late, thou shalt, sweet babe, such is thy destiny, thy mother never know; for here I lie… At Westminster, that costly work of yours, mine own dear lord, I shall never see”. (A. P. Stanley, Historic Memorials of Westminster Abbey, 6th edition, Pg 199, 1882). Elizabeth of York’s baby son Prince Edmund (1499-1500) and her daughter Princess Katherine, whom Elizabeth died after having given birth to in 1502, were both buried at Westminster Abbey, but no memorial exists to either, and the location of both is unknown. Poignantly, in the south aisle of the Lady Chapel, next to the tomb of Henry VII’s mother, Lady Margaret Beaufort, is the monumental tomb of Mary, Queen of Scots, whose vault actually contains a vast amount of her descendants, who all share a resting place with their historically ‘doomed’ ancestress. Amongst these are many children of the Stuart dynasty – that followed the House of Tudor through a sad irony, due to the Tudor’s own distinct lack of philoprogenitiveness – who died in infancy, including the first ten children of James II and the eighteen babies of Queen Anne – the last Stuart monarch – all of whom had meant to help secure her own dynasty. Elizabeth of York was the great first Tudor queen (consort) and is also the ancestress, of course, of the royal House of Stuart – through her daughter, Queen Margaret of Scotland – sharing the vault of Torrigiano’s tomb, not only with her husband Henry VII, but also her great-great-grandson, King James I of England and VI of Scotland, discovered when A.P Stanley, Dean of Westminster, ordered a search for the latter in 1869, when the vault was opened. But there is another child, whose birth was the course of rapturous joy, who had he survived, would undoubtedly have resulted in a very different reign for King Henry VIII, likely altering his urgent need for further marriages and perhaps making a marriage with Queen Anne Boleyn unnecessary, with enormous consequences for subsequent English history. One ‘heir male’, could have temporarily comforted the King’s dynastic anxiety, but would only have perpetuated the fear felt by Henry VII when his second son, Henry, Duke of York, was the sole male child to survive, leaving the burden of the succession on his young shoulders. Because it was the same anxiety, transferred to the next generation. By the time that Catherine of Aragon’s pregnancies had ceased, Henry VIII’s love of Anne Boleyn was a genuine coincidence of conscience, enabling him to – probably subconsciously – combine his passion for Anne, with a passionate need to father an heir. Henry, Duke of Cornwall, eldest son of Henry VIII and his first queen, Catherine of Aragon, was born at Richmond Palace in 1511. The country celebrated with pageants and the Westminster Tournament, recorded on its famous ‘Roll’; bells pealed throughout England. The baby prince died, however, on 22 February; he was buried at night at Westminster Abbey, attended by ten children of the Chapel Royal; lengths of black cloth were ordered. Henry VIII spent a “lavish sum” on the funeral of his son, burying the hope that had occasioned his birth. When finally Catherine of Aragon did bear a healthy child in 1516, a daughter – the future Mary I – Henry VIII bravely declared that “by the grace of God, boys will follow… We are both still young”. It was nearly an exact echo of the words roundly pronounced by Elizabeth of York, on the death of his elder brother, Arthur Tudor, Prince of Wales, in 1502. The great wish of Henry VIII – the heartfelt Tudor longing for sons, was dashed by a miscarriage of Queen Anne Boleyn in 1536, just identifiable as having been a boy, but later fulfilled by Jane Seymour, with the birth in 1537 of the future Edward VI. As it happened, Catherine of Aragon’s ‘healthy’ child, was the future Mary I; whose tomb – dominated by the vast memorial to her half-sister Elizabeth I – is in the Abbey, not far from the presumed burial place of her baby elder brother, whose birth was greeted with such rejoicing. Jane Seymour’s son, therefore, shares the great resting place of Westminster Abbey, with the baby prince that Catherine of Aragon gave birth to, thereby fulfilling the hope of Henry VIII, two marriages later. The location of the burial of Henry, Duke of Cornwall, the beloved baby boy whose birth was attended with such national outpourings of joy, is believed to be in the Sacrarium, on the north side of the Sanctuary, close to the entrance of the Chapel of St. Edward the Confessor, near therefore, to the tombs of the child Princess Elizabeth Tudor and of Henry VIII’s fourth wife, Anne of Cleves. The architect George Gilbert Scott was engaged in the construction of a new High Altar at Westminster Abbey in the 1860s, during which time a small lead casket of a child was discovered near to one of the steps. It was not disturbed, however, and there is no memorial, or even an inscription, as the spot is only a supposed one. While these four royal children did not survive to maturity, their lives are still of great historical importance, despite the fact that there are no memorials to them, save for that erected by Henry VII for Princess Elizabeth Tudor. Indeed, one could be forgiven for not even noticing the latter, as there is not even an inscription. These children are mentioned generally, as footnotes in the historical narrative, because so little is known and monuments to the other three were not made. As children of history, they are certainly not the only ones which have been ‘forgotten’ in favour of their more well-known siblings, who survived to adulthood. But they are surely, still important. ©Elizabeth Jane Timms, 2018.

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News Desk26 June 2021 Safa Mariyam discusses the intricacies of biowarfare and how states use genetic engineering to create diseases that can be used against enemies. It is possible that the world may soon witness a biological war. A tectonic shift in the world’s disposition is observed in a matter of a few weeks causing the human race to fall flat on its face. An unswerving germ has crippled the 21st century’s roaring socioeconomic infrastructure, creating rather a doomsday scenario. Covid-19 has roused the world to sense a ‘palpable threat’ posed by a purported act of bioterrorism, an ugly face of plutocracy, and selective mutism of the world towards humanitarian crisis. From hegemonic power politics between US-China rivalry to bickering over the production and distribution of the vaccine has just divided the allies, shelved UN, and discarded WHO instantly. It is not eccentric if one would think of the ‘novel’ coronavirus as a bioweapon, keeping in mind the nefarious economic and political vying for unipolar status between the United States and China. Leaving guns to the primitive men, world order, on a geo-political podium has experienced a drastic transformation from uni-polarity to multi-polarity due to unprecedented developments triggered simply by a ‘biological agent’. Since the Human Genome Project has deciphered the script of life whereby providing the human genetic blueprint, enormous entries in genomic databases have made it sinecure for a bioweaponeer to design highly infectious cryptic viruses. Such viruses could clandestinely infect a population and later become activated. As the realm of genetic engineering has advanced, tailored development of lethal and contagious pathogens is feasible, rendering biodefense a challenging phenomenon. The dark side of biotechnology or ‘black biology’ has made it attainable to create ‘designer genes’ that can be exploited as lethal bioweapons. The current imbroglio ensued by ‘novel’ coronavirus has shifted the world’s attention towards biological warfare like never before. Coronavirus pandemic went through the globe like a hot knife through butter, nevertheless, such infectious diseases were renowned as a potential tool in warfare as early as 600 BC. Petrifying events like Black Death (plague), anthrax, and smallpox all show a grief-stricken picture of melancholy humanity has endured. Bio-warfare refers to the deliberate spread of disease to plants, livestock, and humans by using a biologically hazardous agent or a bioweapon. A bioweapon may sound like another kind of giant bazooka, but it is merely a few micrometers in size, not even visible to the human eye. According to WHO, bioweapon is a harmful micro-organism like bacteria, toxin, or virus, used as agents to spread infectious disease. Bio-weapons are extremely cheap when compared to the cost of a nuclear weapon program. As an example, a neuro-toxin ‘botulinum’ infamously known as ‘miracle bio-poison’, secreted by bacteria Clostridium botulinum, is known for its extreme lethality and potency. According to research, 1 gram of crystalline toxin, if evenly circulated and inhaled, can kill more than one million people (Dhaked & Singh, 2010). A purified form of botulinum toxin from bacteria Clostridium botulinum is nearly 3 million times more intoxicating than sarin, a chemical nerve agent. Dr. Piers Millett, an expert on science policy and international security whose work centers on biotechnology and biowarfare articulates, ‘‘Imagine aerosolizing a lovely genome editor that knocks out a specifically nasty gene in your population. It’s a passive thing. You breathe it in and it retroactively alters the population’s DNA.’’ Countries waging wars through bioweapons The stratagem of nations to equip bio-weaponry in battles is as old as the war itself. Over 2,000 years ago, the earliest example of bio-warfare occurred when Assyrians had infected enemy wells with a rye ergot fungus. In 1763, during the Siege of Fort Pitt, the British army distributed smallpox-infested blankets to Native Americans. In 1495, the Spanish had mixed wine with the blood of leprosy patients to sell to their French foes in Naples, Italy. Germany had been accused of spreading cholera in Italy and plague in St. Petersburg, Russia during World War II. In 1984, the Rajneeshee cult had intentionally contaminated salad bars in Oregon restaurants with Salmonella typhimurium causing 751 cases of poisoning. Large-scale production and weaponization of many organisms such as those causing brucellosis, tularemia, and anthrax subsequently took place in many countries including the USSR, the USA, and the UK during the 1950s and 1960s.In 2001, Bacillus anthracis spores were sent anonymously in the US postal system that caused 22 cases of anthrax and 5 deaths. In the ‘Anthrax anxiety’ over 50,000 people took broad-spectrum antibiotics and deluged the medical care centers. Despite signing the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC) in 1972, the Former Soviet Union carried a clandestine bioweapon program ‘Biopreparat’ until the 1990s. The massive military program to weaponize biological agents expended hundreds of US dollars on the research and sought out the most deadly and transmissible bacteria (plague) and virus (smallpox) to humans. A Japanese biowarfare program employed more than 3000 scientists and 150 buildings in Pingfan for its research and development. The center known as “Unit 731” worked on the pathogenic microorganisms and diseases of interest such as B.anthracis, Neisseria meningitis, Vibrio cholera, Shigella spp. and Yersinia pestis. An estimate of more than 10,000 war prisoners had died due to infection spread during experimentation of the Japanese program between 1932 and 1945. Advanced gene editing technologies Due to new-fangled DNA editing techniques in the genetic engineering domain, constructive or destructive modifications in a biological cell are now a duck soup for scientists. Such genome editing tools or ‘cut and paste tools’ are rather cheap, displaying immense potential for good use in the medical field when used to fix genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis or deadly types of cancer. However, its horrendous use could be made by designing killer mosquitoes, anti-biotic resistant superbugs, and contagious viruses. Advanced gene editing technologies include CRISPR (Cas9), TALENs, zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), and homing endonucleases or meganucleases. These scientific breakthroughs have the capacity to kick out a selective gene and insert the desired gene instead, or even design a gene from a scratch. This technological revolution has accelerated myriad discoveries in the field of human gene therapy, drug modification, precision genetic medicine, disease modeling, and medical pathology studies. Furthermore, advances in synthetic biology have empowered us to control pathogen’s innate programming language and install genetic logic gates to generate microbes with desirable functions. Forcing biology to behave like electronics, microbes equipped with reliable genetic logic gates can have an entire genome ‘boot up’. Re-programming and genetic mixing of different living cells have paved a smooth road for the development of binary biological weapons and highly infectious micro-organism. In a study, a strain of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis was re-programmed to combat malignant cells (Anderson, et. al, 2006). In an engineered bacterial cell, OR logic gates were synthesized which stimulated the production of the drug in the presence of some disease marker (Brophy & Voigt, 2014). Thus, it is not difficult for a non-state actor to develop bio or binary weaponry and achieve his bellicose missions against other states. Categorizing bioterrorism agents Whilst breakthrough advances in the realm of microbial biotechnology and comparative genomics, it is imperative to envisage proliferation and the use of new biological weapons for war contingencies and terrorist events. Pugnacious nationalist leaders and imperialistic warheads may persevere in seeking them for hegemonic motives. For such a risk, the Centers for Disease Control has grouped over 30 potential bioterrorism agents (micro-organisms and toxins ) into three threat categories on the basis of lethality and transmissibility. First priority group includes agents likeBacillus anthracis, Ebola, Lassa, Clostridium botulinum toxin. The second list includes pathogens with less morbidity rate i-e Staphylococcal enterotoxin B, Brucella species, Epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens, E.coli O157:H7, Salmonella species. Whereas, list C focuses on the emerging pathogens which could be engineered for mass dissemination due to their availability, easy production, and high mortality rates. It includes the Nipah virus and hantavirus. A group of elite scientists in the United States, JASON group, had categorized futuristic techniques that could design lethal genetically modified organisms. These included; binary biological weapons; designer genes; gene therapy as a weapon; stealth viruses; host-swapping diseases and designer diseases. Next-generation bioweapons developed by integrating genetic engineering and computational biology is the weaponry par excellence. Dr. Kanatjan Alibekov, an infectious disease physician and the highest-ranking detector of the Biopreparat program (Russia), published Biohazard, a detailed account of his experience. He disclosed that along with Soviet biologists, he had prepared Biopreparat’s first vaccine-resistant tularemia bomblet as a bioweapon. His team had also boosted the potency of the anthrax strain 836 and called it the ‘battle strain’. Dr. Alibek confided that Russian scientists had improved many of these deadly strains to evade the immune system and existing treatments. In May 1998, Alibek testified before the U.S. Congress that in Soviet’s opinion, the best biological agents were those which had no antidote. And those agents for which vaccines or treatment existed, antibiotic-resistant or immunosuppressive resistant variants were designed. In the early 1990s, chimeras of VEE (Venezuelan equine encephalitis), Ebola, and Marburg genes inserted into the smallpox virus were developed by Russian biologists. Chimeras are man-made viruses, engineered by injecting genes from one virus to another, to make even a virulent viral strain. In 1997, Russian scientists had published research in a British journal Vaccine, in which they had transferred the genome of the bacteria Bacillus cereus into Bacillus anthracis cultures, rendering the anthrax bacteria strain resistant to the Russian anthrax vaccine. Arming against biological weapons Exponential discoveries in the biotechnology domain have rendered biological weapons exceptional in their invisibility, transmissibility as well as potency. Engineering of these agents targets at creating encumbrance to military responses, crippling the socio-economic stability and pulverize the government on the global podium, leaving the healthcare system naked and dilapidated. Also, Geneva Protocol signed in 1925 has proved itself to be a ‘toothless’ treaty as it does not ensure any verification or compliance even after banning the bacteriological methods of warfare. However, the amalgamation of microbial biotechnology with immuno-informatics can put forward significant countermeasures against these infectious war agents. These include elucidating on the human genome, boosting the human immune system, understanding viral and bacterial genomes, and how the human body responds to an infection. Rapid detection of the bio-agent by highly sensitive and advanced diagnostics can be done by the latest technologies such as CRISPR SHERLOCK and DETECTR which may take even less than an hour. Researchers are also focusing on the commercialization of nano-theranostics and micro-chips for the fast and accurate detection of infectious agents. Also, there is a huge demand of the time for the development of new vaccines, antibiotics, and antiviral drugs which is now a lot easier after the advent of techniques like reverse vaccinology and subtractive genomics. Moreover, in view of the great misfortune we face today in the form of pandemics, it is evident that economic expansion has outperformed ethical scientific development. Incessant US-China squabbling over the origin of the virus at the extreme time of crisis has made covid-19 become rather a political football. All of the ‘politicking’ on, when multitudes of infected humans are out of ventilators, pummeled by poverty, and grieved by the sickness. Seams that were loosening long before the sudden eruption of the virus are now ripping apart even quicker. The ‘Chi-merica’ imbroglio has not only stymied the trade agreements in times of severe crisis but has also augmented a deeper world divide in terms of sanctions and vaccine monopoly. What is more worrisome about living in this ‘Biological Century’ is the intensity of threat one feels by the clandestine acts of bioterrorism. Keeping in mind the heightened capabilities of the scientists to manipulate DNA segment, it raises the question of the creation of such vaccine-resistant strains which could mutate resulting in a species for which no antidote could be developed in the future, putting forth dreadful consequences. This leaves us with some serious queries. Is the covid-19 pandemic just a start towards a new world order? Have humans really equipped themselves to fight bio-warfare? Will black biotechnology consider the bio-security challenges before the next global humanitarian crisis? Winston Churchill had once lamented, “Blight to destroy crops, Anthrax to slay horses and cattle, plague to poison, not armies but whole districts- such line along which science is remorselessly advancing’’. There are those who say ‘The First World War was chemical; the Second War was nuclear, and that the Third World War-God forbid-will be biological. Safa Mariyam is an MPhil scholar and a researcher in Industrial Biotechnology, NUST, Islamabad, Pakistan. She is also a member of the American Society for Microbiology, ASM, and is the author of ‘Nanotheranostics’, an international book publication for Springer Nature, Germany. She can be reached at [email protected] views expressed in the article are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect the editorial policy of Global village Space.

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A large, wicker balloon basket in the New England Air Museum in Windsor Locks, Connecticut is believed by the museum to be the oldest surviving, intact aeronautical artifact used in the United States. This basket is a relic of the adventurous career of Connecticut inventor and showman Silas Markham Brooks, whose career as a balloonist reached great heights before he plummeted to obscurity in old age. With 187 known balloon ascensions, this man is arguably Connecticut’s foremost air traveler of the 19th century. By the mid-1800s ballooning had progressed from brief, low-altitude flights of the crude, hot-air type invented by the Montgolfier brothers of France in 1783 to more sustained flights in gas-filled balloons. Municipal lluminating gas produced from coal was the least expensive option but was not always readily available. When municipal illuminating gas was unavailable, balloonists generated pure hydrogen gas from iron or zinc filings, water, and sulfuric acid, a laborious and expensive process. The Brooks basket was formerly displayed at the Canton Historical Museum, which has a cache of Brooks-related memorabilia. For years the material languished in a locked safe; in 1997 museum staff opened the safe and discovered its contents. Inside was an old scrapbook of news clippings, several periodicals with articles on ballooning, and four packets of penciled notes (possibly an interview of Brooks by a Hartford Courant reporter, c. 1897) recounting episodes in his life. His accounts of his ballooning experiences have been verified by newspaper accounts and historical society archives. Most of his earlier exploits are yet to be authenticated. Brooks was born in Plymouth, Connecticut in 1824 to Willard Brooks, a clockmaker and farmer, and Maria Markham Brooks. As a young man he worked as a farmhand in nearby Burlington and then in a wooden-works clock factory in the same town. His education included the usual local district school plus two semesters at Bristol Academy, the private forerunner of a public high school. Always tinkering with mechanical gadgets and musical instruments, Silas said he was hired in 1850 by Phineas T. Barnum to invent fanciful musical instruments and mechanical stage effects for Barnum’s American Museum in New York City. Brooks reported that he worked for Barnum for a few months and then started his own career of entertaining the public. A few years later, Brooks developed and managed a museum of curiosities in St. Louis, Missouri. Next, in partnership with two friends, he operated for a couple of years a traveling circus of 80 performers and 100 animals. To augment the shows, the partners hired the well-known balloonist John Wise to make public ascensions. The circus was successful, but the cost of generating hydrogen gas exhausted all the proceeds. Wise was the only one who profited, as he insisted on $100 in advance before each ascension. Brooks next partnered with Samuel L. Brown, an old showman from Albany, New York, to stage balloon ascensions in the daytime and fireworks at night. In 1853, during a show in Memphis, Tennessee, their balloonist, William Paullin of Philadelphia, became ill and was unable to perform. Finding no one else to risk the flight, Brooks climbed into the basket slung beneath the hydrogen-filled balloon, cast off a few sandbags, and shot skyward. Reveling in the unaccustomed, spectacular view of the great Mississippi River, he floated along for several miles. Then, reluctantly, he released some of the gas from the balloon and descended to a bumpy and near disastrous landing. Gas balloons of those days were made of silk panels that tapered together at both ends, stitched together, and coated with a varnish and linseed-oil mixture. The spherical or pear-shaped gas-bag was then loosely encased in a network of cotton cords that attached to a wooden ring around the balloon’s neck. Suspended from the ring was the wicker passenger car. A wooden panel at the top of the gas-bag had at its center a four-inch trapdoor held shut by a coil spring. A lanyard from this door led down through the balloon to the passenger car so that the operator could release gas to cause the balloon to descend. To ascend, the aeronaut spilled sand from a ballast bag to lighten the weight. Horizontal movement, as with today’s hot air balloons, depended on air currents. Brooks’s unexpected balloon voyage was a defining experience that led to a new career for the young Yankee. He called himself “Professor Silas Brooks, the Great American Aeronaut.” (Balloonists of that day regularly dubbed themselves “Professor,” regardless of their education.) From then on, Brooks himself made all his own balloon flights. Brooks made his Connecticut ballooning debut in July 1854. Upon his arrival in the state, he went to see gun-maker Samuel Colt. In the packet of notes, Brooks reported why: Colonel Colt was at that time building his immense dike on the flats below Hartford. I was told to see him first, for if his name headed the subscription list, the rest of the city would follow. I went to his office alone and rang the bell. A servant took in my card and came back to say that Colonel Colt would see me. When I entered his office he was sitting in his big armchair reading his newspaper and he hardly turned to look at me. “Any business with Colonel Colt?” said he. I replied— “Yes, I want to get up an aeronaut ascension by subscription and I was told to come to you first, for if you gave, the other people surely would.” He inquired when we wanted [to make the balloon ascension]. I replied, “June 25th.” “Won’t give you a cent,” was his answer—“Can’t afford to have my men stop work one day.” He added that he might consider it if the date were July 4th. (Colt’s workers would already have this national holiday off.) Colt also offered $100 if Brooks and his colleagues would make the ascension from Colt’s meadow and promised further assistance in laying pipes from the city gas-works, putting up seats, and acting as marshal. The event was a great success, with laudatory accounts in the local papers the following day, and the aeronaut netted the very large sum of $1,600. Brooks then went to Middletown to prepare for a flight in that city. He had his balloon spread out in a hall for inspection, but during the night the building caught fire and the balloon was lost. Undaunted, Silas hired several women to stitch panels together to make two new balloons and took his balloons to cities along the Ohio River. The Midwest was great for ballooning because its abundance of wide-open farmland provided for safe landings. There was also a ready market of people willing to pay subscriptions to entice balloonists to perform. Teaming up again with Samuel L. Brown, “Professor” Brooks became a big success. He made the first balloon ascensions in several cities, including St. Louis and Chicago, and in the state of Michigan. A heart-stopping incident occurred on Friday, September 17, 1858 in Centralia, Illinois. Brooks was not well that day, so a less-experienced man named Wilson made the ascension. After landing, Wilson left the balloon ropes in the hands of a group of men and boys. Thinking to have some fun with the tethered balloon, one man got into the basket and the ropes were loosened. However, he was too heavy, so his two children were placed in the basket and the ropes again loosened. With this lesser weight the balloon jerked free of the handlers, and the two children soared alone into the sky. Panic ensued. Brooks hurried to the scene to assure the parents that the balloon would come down eventually of its own accord. After a few hours, the resourceful eight-year-old girl noticed the small rope coming out of the neck of the balloon, tugged on it, and the balloon descended. They landed safely in a tree next to a farmhouse about 3 a.m. The October 1858 issue of Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper featured this escapade on its cover. The following year Silas Brooks took part in a well-publicized attempt to build a balloon capable of crossing the Atlantic Ocean. A wealthy Vermonter, Oscar Gager, engaged John La Montain, another well-known aeronaut, to build a huge balloon capable of lifting 25,000 pounds, sufficient to carry all necessary equipment and passengers, including a boat for emergency ocean landing. They then hired John Wise, considered an authority on ballooning (he had flown balloons for Brooks’s circus earlier), to become the director-in-chief of the Trans-Atlantic Balloon Corporation. In 1850, Wise published a book on the scientific principles of ballooning, to which the aeronauts of the time often referred. (A copy of this book inscribed by the author “to my friend Silas M. Brooks” is in the collection of the Canton Historical Museum.) Wise decided on a test flight from St. Louis and persuaded the city to provide free city gas for the adventure. Silas Brooks volunteered to lead the way at the start in his smaller balloon, the Comet. On July 1 the two balloons took off. Silas descended at dusk, but the giant Atlantic went on for more than 800 miles and made a rough landing in upstate New York. The damaged balloon was used once more in a test flight, but again suffered damage, and the trans-Atlantic attempt was called off for lack of funds. Years later Wise was lost in a balloon flight over Lake Michigan. Early in the Civil War, Brooks, Wise, and others offered their services to the Union, but aeronaut Thaddeus Lowe secured President Lincoln’s ear and became the founder of the Army Balloon Corps. Brooks and his younger brother George returned to Connecticut, where they made most of their remaining ascensions. Over the years Brooks taught others—including his brother and one Fred Moore—his craft. Brooks and Moore took a large balloon Brooks had built on a test flight from Winsted; they encountered a thunderstorm en route. In his notes Brooks described their adventure: It seemed as if the balloon were drawn into the cloud to the very center. The edges of the cloud being like black curtains down around the balloon. It was dark; the balloon would whirl and sometimes almost turn bottom upwards. I adjusted my valve and tried to go up but so much water we could not rise. We were in the cloud and borne along with it, tossed by the currents in the cloud—up, down, cross-wise, everyway. Lightning went from one cloud to another with a snapping and crackling. The reverberations of the thunder would come up from below. We were drenched with sheets—hailstones hurled all around us. … I opened the valve as wide as I could to come down. As soon as we got below the cloud we struck a comparatively still atmosphere. We found ourselves pretty near the north end of New Hartford. It was not raining; the cloud went off over Hartford and gave them a terrible deluge. …Suddenly another current took us and wheeled us to the north and we landed on Barndoor Hills in Simsbury and came down in an old pasture lot and I tore the balloon open to let gas out but the wind caught the balloon and made a big sail. We tore through brush and rocks at a fearful rate. Finally we came up against a brush and stonewall fence. The basket caught the fence, a mangled, ragged, confused mass. Looking for ways to make easy money, Silas hired an artist named Hilliard to paint a panorama depicting fanciful views above the clouds and aerial landscapes. Predecessors to motion pictures, panoramas consisted of long scrolls of cloth with painted scenes wound on large rollers. Wartime audiences in Connecticut and New York were lukewarm to the panorama’s focus on ballooning. Eventually the paintings were washed out and the cloth sold for bandages. Later, Brooks fared better with aerial photography: Some of the first aerial photographs in Connecticut were taken by news photographers from Brooks and Moore balloons over Hartford and Windsor. About this time both brothers apparently established homes in Burlington and in October 1863 Silas Brooks married Harriet Beach, a circus equestrian from Terryville. Their only child, Henry, died of measles at age 18 months. Soon after, Harriet left Silas to rejoin a circus. He said she was fonder of horses than of him. One night in 1864, Brooks was in the Marble Pillar Restaurant on Hartford’s Central Row, telling about how animals could be lowered from balloons by parachute. A Mr. Whiting offered him $50 if he would take Whiting’s dog up and release it safely by this means. Brooks accepted, offering Whiting another $50 if the adventure failed. Silas and George worked all night rigging up a harness and parachute; the next day, at about a mile high, they released the dog and chute. The dog landed safely. Two boys raced to the dog first and found a note offering $5 for its return to Mr. Whiting. That evening the Marble Pillar was filled to capacity with a crowd celebrating the dog’s return. In the 1870s and 1880s balloon ascensions were frequently the feature attraction at fairs and holiday celebrations. Aeronauts like Brooks and Moore often earned extra cash by distributing advertising leaflets and flyers from the air. Most of the New England flights by the Brooks brothers were over short distances. The longest local flight that Silas made was from Cherry Park in Avon to Hubbardston, Massachusetts. Besides making many flights from Cherry Park, he went up from Meriden and Bushnell Park in Hartford. Local hearsay has it that Silas Brooks in later life became addicted to alcohol, resulting in his making poor decisions and losing almost all his resources, including his Burlington home through foreclosure. There is evidence that he was fond of “ardent spirits”: he always celebrated his successful flights with large quantities of alcoholic drink and even admitted being drunk on at least one ascension. This may have led to a lessening of demand for further balloon performances. Silas Brooks made his last ascension, from Hartford’s Bushnell Park, in 1894, when he was 70 years old. The Hartford Courant’s account was headlined “Gas Was Too Heavy, so the Balloon Ascension was a Ludicrous Failure.” Using municipal illuminating gas, which had variable lifting qualities, Silas barely got off the ground. Some men grabbed the basket and gave it a boost. It then bounced up into the branches of a tree on the west side of Trinity Street. After twisting and turning, it broke free, but it had been punctured, and gas was rapidly escaping. Then it hit a telephone wire and struck a home on Elm Street. People on the roof held the balloon while Silas was cut loose. Brooks was not seriously hurt, but it appears this ended his aeronautical career. Late in the 1890s Brooks was seriously injured in Collinsville when an experiment he was conducting using naphtha, a volatile solvent, blew up—perhaps more evidence of Brooks’s increasingly impaired judgment. By the end of the century he was a ward of the Town of Burlington, living in the local poorhouse. Brooks died there in 1906 at age 82. A sister in New Haven was listed in his death notice as his only living relative; George had died at age 42 of tuberculosis. The Courant obituary concludes: “The funeral Saturday was a pathetic scene—made pathetic by the thought that this man whose going out was of so little consequence except to a very few had once been really great in the eyes of many. It takes no prophet to predict that briars will soon overgrow Brooks’s grave and that even the memory of his fame will be a forgotten story of the past.” This prediction sadly proved to be true until in December 1997 the Connecticut Lighter-Than-Air Society of hot-air balloonists dedicated a plaque in the Burlington Cemetery to “Silas Brooks, Connecticut’s First Balloonist.” The Brooks balloon basket, years ago, was loaned to the Canton Historical Museum by descendents of P.F. Smith, a Collinsville hardware store proprietor who managed the Brooks balloon business in the 1880s. The owners of the basket later determined that it would receive more public exposure at the New England Air Museum and moved it there. That museum has assigned it a starring role in illustrating the history of mankind’s explorations and commercial and military exploitation of our atmosphere. The Canton Historical Museum, 11 Front Street, Collinsville. Hours vary seasonally. For more information call (860) 693-2793 or visit www.cantonmuseum.org. The New England Air Museum, 36 Perimeter Road, Bradley International Airport, Windsor Locks, is open seven days a week. For more information call (860) 623-3305 or visit www.neam.org.

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of FRESH bakers’ yeast This document provides general characteristics for fresh baker’s yeast: block or compressed yeast, granulated yeast and liquid yeast. Although – or maybe just because – fresh baker’s yeast is a very long standing natural product, no real definition of fresh baker’s yeast exists at the moment. Also in the Codex Alimentarius a description of fresh baker’s yeast lacks. The yeast mentioned in the Food Chemical Codex is inactivated yeast and the description is not relevant for fresh baker’s yeast. In order to establish a description for fresh baker’s yeast, the technical committee of COFALEC prepared this document. of DRY bakers’ yeast This document provides general characteristics for DRY baker’s yeast. It has been drafted by the technical committee of COFALEC. Translation in other The General characteristics of yeast have been approved, in English, by the General Assembly of COFALEC. In order to make them available in other languages, the National Yeast Association made a translation in their language (he official version remains the English one). Utilisation of Yeast for baking Bread came into being from observations made by the Egyptians 3,000 years ago of the transformation of the dough by beer froth which they scooped up from the surface of bowls. Since then, the history of bread, yeast and men is tightly linked. For a long time, bread was a basic food element in Europe and in the whole Mediterranean basin, with a high symbolic content. Without fermentation by yeast, a living and natural product, we could not obtain the equivalent of bread or Viennese pastry. Bread is less important nowadays as a basic food in developed countries, but it is still a healthy product, harmoniously helping to bring about a balanced diet and nutritionists recommend its consumption. In the process of fermentation, yeast produces carbon dioxide, alcohol and other compounds which enable dough to rise and modify its physical properties. When the fermentation is correctly achieved, depending on the quality of flour among other things, the baker will obtain the proper external and internal characteristics (grain and texture) suitable for a determined finished product. Together with alcohol, a small amount of other volatile compounds are released. These are involved in the original taste and flavours of baked leavened products. Most of these compounds, and all of the alcohol, evaporate when baked. There are two stages during the fermentation of a dough made from flour, water, salt and yeast, and with no extra sugar added. First of all, yeast ferments sugars naturally present in flour, which can be directly and easily assimilated. These sugars represent about 1.5% of the flour weight. At the end of this first stage, gaseous releases more or less slow down. The second stage corresponds to the fermentation of a sugar contained in flour called maltose. Maltose comes from the action of some enzymes, the amylases, on the starch granules of the flour, damaged during the milling process. Amylases which are naturally present in flour, split starch into small fractions of a much simpler sugar, the maltose. The action of amylases starts as soon as water is added to the flour and stops during baking. The action of the flour amylases is completed by that of another enzyme of yeast, the maltase which, in its turn, splits maltose to give the most simple sugar, glucose. The glucose is transformed by the yeast into carbon dioxide and alcohol. Maltose formed from starch must be present in sufficient quantity so that the production of carbon dioxide makes dough rise correctly until it is put in the oven. Since 1960, the bakery industry has benefited from better adapted yeast strains, allowing a rapid process as they ferment the maltose sugar earlier. Effectively, the maltose is fermented only when there are no or little pre-existing sugars or added simple sugars left in the dough. The yeast industry has studied to a great extent baker’s yeast strains, not only with a view to making them more rapid, but also to adapt them as much as possible to different types of baking processes. If sucrose has been incorporated into the dough, it is immediately transformed by a yeast enzyme, the invertase, into glucose and fructose (the two basic links composing sucrose are thus separated). When sucrose or glucose are added to the dough, they are directly fermented before maltose. This means that in such a dough, mainly sucrose or glucose are consumed by the yeast. These sugars do not contribute to giving the bread a sweet taste since they are partly consumed. Use of yeast The Dosage of Yeast For breadmaking, the amount of yeast used is between 2 and 5 kilos of compressed yeast for 100 kilos of flour. In practice, this proportion varies effectively according to the baking process and the temperature of the bakery. In 100 grams of flour, 1 to 10 million micro-organisms live among which only 30,000 are the so-called wild yeasts. A standard amount of 2.5 grams of baker’s yeast for 100g of flour provides 25 billion yeast cells. This is the proof that baker’s yeast is predominant in the bakery fermentation. Fermentation begins as soon as the yeast is in contact with the mixture of water and flour. During the first fermentation (bulk fermentation), the baker lets the dough rise for a first time. During that stage, the physical properties of the dough (extensibility and elasticity) are modified, thus completing the kneading action. This is an important stage on which depends the final quality of the bread: external and internal characteristics, taste and aroma. The mechanisation of the division of the dough requires some rest so that the dough pieces may relax before moulding, in order to recover some extensibility. The fermentation process goes on in the cut lumps of dough during the proofing which can be made on layers, on flexible nets or in moulds, in cupboards at ambient temperature or in proofing ovens. In order to prevent the lumps of dough drying out during this stage, they must be covered so as not to hinder the development and the appearance of the finished product. This stage can be achieved by a cold-controlled fermentation, in chambers in which temperature and degree of humidity (hygrometric degree) are determined with precision. Thus, the fermentation can be controlled and working hours organised. In the case of French bread, the baker makes small and regular blade incisions in the lumps of dough just before putting them in the oven. These incisions will give nice edges, the puckering, on the crust of the bread. It is a delicate operation requiring much experience: it is said that it is the baker’s signature because it essentially depends on his know-how. Without these blade incisions, the loaf of bread loses its shape and bursts under the violent release of the carbon dioxide and steam which appear right after being put into the oven. The blade incision is therefore not made for decorative reasons only, but it also gives the loaf a regular aspect by creating a zone where the dough will be torn in the right direction. Thus, the loaf gets a regular volume and an optimal development. Science and history Bakers know two ways of getting dough to rise: the first one, only for biscuits and cakes, is the use of a chemical powder which makes dough expand as soon as it is put into the oven; the second one, for bread and Viennese pastry, is the use of natural living yeast which requires fermentation before it is put into the oven in order for the dough to develop. The use of chemical powder may seem more simple and convenient, but its use is not appropriate for bread making. On the one hand, carbon dioxide is not produced in sufficient quantity to obtain a light and alveolated bread texture and, on the other hand, only a fermentation agent like yeast can give bread its organoleptic quality. Bread is symbolical food which, in spite of its various compositions, is appreciated worldwide thanks to a special manufacturing process: fermentation. Between 1857 and 1863 Louis Pasteur demonstrated the role of yeast as a micro-organism responsible for fermentation. COFALEC members are specific yeast dedicated to the Alcohol industry, such as beer, cider, spirits and wine. Cofalec is a consultant member of the international Association Oennoppia,which aims to promote the oenological products. Wine and yeast Without yeast there is no Chaptal and Pasteur discoveries Chaptal and Pasteur made a direct contribution to the noble qualities that are today undisputed in winemaking and oenology, by revolutionizing wine hygiene. The discovery of microorganisms and in particular the exact nature of alcoholic fermentation (a key stage in winemaking) and the role of yeast that transforms sugar into alcohol have given winemakers the means they require to put an end to incertitude, and to help overcome nature’s inadequacies. A key stage in wine making Without yeast there is no wine! They ensure grape fermentation: the fundamental stage of vinification that transforms the sugar from the grapes into alcohol. During alcoholic fermentation yeast transform the sugar from the grapes into alcohol. What is the role of yeast in wine making? The role of yeasts in alcoholic fermentation was revealed by Pasteur’s work on wines from the Jura. These microscopic fungi nturally transform sugar from the grapes into alcohol, and are naturally present on grapes. Saccharomyces cerevisae, the species of yeast used by winemakers, is present on the grape berry along with a multitude of other microorganisms. Besides its direct action on transforming the sugar present in grapes into alcohol, yaests also contribute towards revealing aromas, the precursors of which are naturally present in grapes. They cannot artificially create aromas known as «varietal», o.e. typical of a given grape variety. Oenology and yeast Once the role of yeasts was discovered, oenologists immediately began to select the most suitable yeasts for revealing the aromas present in the grapes, and to prevent the action of other yeasts that could impede vinification or have a detrimental effect on the wine. Following on from Pasteur, oenologists have developped tools that have improved knowledge concerning beneficial yeast strains present on the grape and enable them to be isolated. As for detrimental strains, such as Brettanomyces, also known as «contamination yeasts», the oenologist now has the capacity to block them. The function of revealing varietal aromas is essential in yeast. It releases enzymes into the fermenting wine that render aromatic conpounds that were blocked by the grape molecules valotile - and thus odorous. The challenge faced by oenology was to select the yeasts most able to ensure this revelation of aromas present in the grape varieties and conditionned by the terroir effect. Case study: the example of Sauvignon Sauvignon is known to be a particularly aromatic grape variety. It is present extensively in French, American, South African, Australian and New Zaeland vineyards. It encompasses a number of aromas: citrus, exotic fruit, cherry or boxwood bud aromas. It is the analysis of sauvignon must during the 1990’s and the identification of a yeast strain that has particular affinity with sauvignon that paved the way for yeast stains that reveal varietal aromas. When applied to other grape varieties, a sauvignon yeast will not reveal thair aromas, much less reveal aromas that are not found in sauvignon. In a sauvignon grape variety, the sauvignon yeast will only reveal the aromas that are there... i.e. those that the grape variety is capable of producing on a given land. Today, the majority of wines throughout the world are vinified with yeasts selected by oenologists. It should also be noted that the use of oenological products in vinification, and more particularly yeasts and bacteria, has allowed wines to maintain a certain degree of substainability in trems of taste across different Oenology taday has been able to identify a multitude of yeasts in order to respond to the diversity of local lands and to ensure better control of this tool. For that matter, it should be noted that yeast can produce so called «fermentative» aromas in variable quantities depending on the strains and particular fermentation conditions. These aromas, identified with amyl notes of certain types of wines (“fruit drop” or “banana” for example) can be sought after or on the contrary, avoided. This choice can be guided thanks to the natural diversity of yeast strains. Increasingly detailed knowledge of the role played by yeasts and bacteria in vinification constitutes a fundamental line of work as the oenologist is now in a position to use them to contribute towards wine hygiene and to reduce sulphite* addition. *Sulphites play a key role in the control of fermentation and storage of wine in limiting the development of undesirable microorganisms. Oenology, a savoir-faire dedicated to wine, powered by Oenoppia (Oenological Products and Practices International Association). Without yeast there is no Two types of brewer's yeasts There are two main types of brewer’s yeast: the bottom-fermenting yeast, Saccharomyces uvarum (lager fermentation) and the top-fermenting yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ale fermentation). Their action is identical: they absorb the sugars present in the fermentation tank (melibiose for lager fermentation, fructose for ale fermentation) to turn them into alcohol. Their first difference appears in the following step of the process. After fermentation, yeasts will either settle down to the bottom of the tank (bottom fermentation) or up to the surface (top fermentation). On the other hand, these two types of yeast are evolving in different environments: lager fermentation yeasts are active at temperatures lower than usual (7-15 ° C) while ale fermentation yeasts cannot grow at temperatures below 15-20 ° C. Their last difference remains in their gustative characteristics. Lager fermentation beers have a lower rate in alcohol but a higher one in CO2. Therefore, they develop an aroma with overtones of sulphur and they are recognizable by their more pronounced hop taste. Ale fermentation beers have a higher rate in alcohol and have more fruity, estery and malty aromas. Probiotics are live microbial feed supplements which beneficially affect the host by improving its intestinal microbial balance. Yeasts as probiotics Yeasts as probiotics are feed additives for stabilising the microbial communities of the digestive tract in monogastric animals and ruminants and regulate the ruminal pH and limit acidosis risks. The most common yeast species used in the feed industry is Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Some of these strains optimize the growth potential of monogastric animal. different presentations of baker’s yeast can be shown in their order of appearance during the manufacturing process Until 1825 when compressed yeast was introduced by Tebbenhof, yeast was sold in liquid form. The return to this form is a response to requests from industrial bakers. This is the most widely used form in industrialized countries for economic and practical reasons. It comes in compact blocks which reduce contact with oxygen in the air. Its colour and crumbliness differ from one country to the other. The packaging of "wax paper" or "sulphide paper and cellophane" reduces gas transfer and controls moisture migration, to provide extended shelf life. This comes in relatively fine and free flowing particles; it can thus be weighed or metered automatically. It is packed in multilayered paper bags which are polyethylene lined and sealed to prevent access of air. Crumbled yeast is often dispersed into water by industrial bakers, which makes automatic dosage possible. 4.Active Dry Yeast This yeast is dried in granular form or small beads. It is packed in tins, plastic bags or drums or sachets under vacuum. It is also available for domestic use in sachets of 5 to 11 g. It can be stored at ambient temperature. The product hardiness gives a good level of stability making it popular in parts of the world where climatic conditions are less than ideal (high temperature and humidity). This type of yeast has to be rehydrated in lukewarm water before use. 5.Instant Dry Yeast The fine particles of instant dry yeast are vacuum-packed in sachets. It also exists in sachets of 10 g under protective atmosphere for domestic use. This type of yeast can therefore be stored at ambient temperature. The instant dry yeast owes its name to the fact that it does not require prior rehydration before being added to flour. It may be used just as easily as compressed yeast. 6.Dry yeast with reducing power (Active form) In granular form, packed in tins, this yeast is designed for pizza makers. Its moderate, regular gassing power provides the fermentation tolerance required for this type of application. Its reducing power makes it easy to shape the pizza thus avoiding the shrinkage effect. This yeast is stripped of all its fermenting power. In the dough, the membranes (rendered completely permeable) allow the leakage of the whole cell content to pass through. One of its components, glutathione, has a reducing effect on the gluten. This is reflected in: improving the machinability of stiff doughs or those which have reached a high level of maturation; accelerating the dough development during mixing which requires a decrease in mixing time by 15 to 20%. This characteristic reduces dough oxidation during mixing, therefore preserving the ferment flavour which gives aromatic quality to the finished product.

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Some people believe that when busy parents do not have a lot of time to spend with their children, the best use of that time is to have fun playing games or sports. Others believe that it is best to use that time doing things together that are related to schoolwork. Which of the two approaches do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Nowadays, parents are busier at working and earning money to support their daily expenses. Parents have limited time to spend on their children. In this case, some people think busy parents should spend time having fun with their children, while others agree that parents should do things together which are related to schoolwork. In my opinion, I will prefer to spend time doing the things related to schoolwork. There are two reasons that I will explore in the following essay. First of all, having parents supervise and help their children with the homework, children might be more efficient. All children in the world are afraid of their parents' punishment. Under their control, children might boost their potential and be more focused on their schoolwork. My experience is the best illustration of this. When I was in elementary school, my parents only had time to spend with me on the weekend. They always watched me finishing my homework and asking me about the school performance in school. Under the supervision of my parents, I not only felt stressed and put more effort into school works but also be more efficient. If I did terrible works, my mother would punish me, so I just kept focusing on the works so much. I could finish the homework two times faster than usual. Secondly, children might be happier when they are praised by their parents. Parents could praise their children during the time they spend together on the things which are related to schoolwork. The praise might be the fuel of learning of children and having significant influences on their performance. Having these compliments, children might be more hardworking and confident on the school works, because they want to earn their parents approval. As the result, children will be more outstanding in school performance and keep reaching higher goals. It will provide more benefits than just playing games and sports during the time. In conclusion, I strongly believe that busy parents should spend their time with children doing things related to their schoolwork. Children might be more efficient and pay more attention to homework and also keep completing achievements to earn parents compliments. - A company wants to train its employees to use new techniques Which is the best way to train the workers Have all of them attend a training program together Have some of the employees attend the program and later show their coworkers what they learned 73 - Some people think that the government should use extra money to fund programs to improve the environment Others think that it is better for the government to spend money to support artistic programs Which option do you prefer Use specific reasons and exam 70 - To understand the most important characteristics of a society one must study its major cities 50 - Do you agree or disagree with the following statement All university students should be required to take history courses no matter what their field of study is Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer 60 - Large numbers of dinosaur fossils have been discovered in deposits on Alaska s North Slope a region that today experiences an extremely cold arctic climate One hundred million years ago when those dinosaurs were alive the environment of the North Slope wa 3 Transition Words or Phrases used: also, but, first, if, second, secondly, so, while, in conclusion, first of all, in my opinion Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments Performance on Part of Speech: To be verbs : 16.0 15.1003584229 106% => OK Auxiliary verbs: 16.0 9.8082437276 163% => OK Conjunction : 12.0 13.8261648746 87% => OK Relative clauses : 7.0 11.0286738351 63% => More relative clauses wanted. Pronoun: 43.0 43.0788530466 100% => OK Preposition: 46.0 52.1666666667 88% => OK Nominalization: 7.0 8.0752688172 87% => OK Performance on vocabulary words: No of characters: 1855.0 1977.66487455 94% => OK No of words: 359.0 407.700716846 88% => More content wanted. Chars per words: 5.16713091922 4.8611393121 106% => OK Fourth root words length: 4.35284910392 4.48103885553 97% => OK Word Length SD: 2.5820750418 2.67179642975 97% => OK Unique words: 171.0 212.727598566 80% => More unique words wanted. Unique words percentage: 0.476323119777 0.524837075471 91% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted. syllable_count: 522.9 618.680645161 85% => OK avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.51630824373 99% => OK A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by: Pronoun: 9.0 9.59856630824 94% => OK Article: 1.0 3.08781362007 32% => OK Subordination: 5.0 3.51792114695 142% => OK Conjunction: 0.0 1.86738351254 0% => OK Preposition: 5.0 4.94265232975 101% => OK Performance on sentences: How many sentences: 22.0 20.6003584229 107% => OK Sentence length: 16.0 20.1344086022 79% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short. Sentence length SD: 32.7374984025 48.9658058833 67% => OK Chars per sentence: 84.3181818182 100.406767564 84% => OK Words per sentence: 16.3181818182 20.6045352989 79% => OK Discourse Markers: 4.22727272727 5.45110844103 78% => OK Paragraphs: 4.0 4.53405017921 88% => OK Language errors: 0.0 5.5376344086 0% => OK Sentences with positive sentiment : 14.0 11.8709677419 118% => OK Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 3.85842293907 78% => OK Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.88709677419 102% => OK What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment? Coherence and Cohesion: Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.367704886961 0.236089414692 156% => OK Sentence topic coherence: 0.128778745454 0.076458572812 168% => OK Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.125098998519 0.0737576698707 170% => OK Paragraph topic coherence: 0.26581886165 0.150856017488 176% => OK Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0974792426245 0.0645574589148 151% => OK automated_readability_index: 11.1 11.7677419355 94% => Automated_readability_index is low. flesch_reading_ease: 63.7 58.1214874552 110% => OK smog_index: 3.1 6.10430107527 51% => Smog_index is low. flesch_kincaid_grade: 8.4 10.1575268817 83% => OK coleman_liau_index: 12.41 10.9000537634 114% => OK dale_chall_readability_score: 7.55 8.01818996416 94% => OK difficult_words: 71.0 86.8835125448 82% => More difficult words wanted. linsear_write_formula: 7.5 10.002688172 75% => OK gunning_fog: 8.4 10.0537634409 84% => OK text_standard: 8.0 10.247311828 78% => OK What are above readability scores? We are expecting: No. of Words: 350 while No. of Different Words: 200 Better to have 5 paragraphs with 3 arguments. And try always support/against one side but compare two sides, like this: para 1: introduction para 2: reason 1. address both of the views presented for reason 1 para 3: reason 2. address both of the views presented for reason 2 para 4: reason 3. address both of the views presented for reason 3 para 5: conclusion. So how to find out those reasons. There is a formula: reasons == advantages or reasons == disadvantages for example, we can always apply 'save time', 'save/make money', 'find a job', 'make friends', 'get more information' as reasons to all essay/speaking topics. or we can apply 'waste time', 'waste money', 'no job', 'make bad friends', 'get bad information' as reasons to all essay/speaking topics. Rates: 73.3333333333 out of 100 Scores by essay e-grader: 22.0 Out of 30 Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.

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Pathological Investigations Of Theileriosis (T.Annulata) In Cattle In Disteict Lahore Punjab (Record no. 3889) [ view plain ] |fixed length control field||08261nam a2200193Ia 4500| |005 - DATE AND TIME OF LATEST TRANSACTION| |008 - FIXED-LENGTH DATA ELEMENTS--GENERAL INFORMATION| |fixed length control field||150525s2014 xx 000 0 und d| |041 ## - LANGUAGE CODE| |Language code of text/sound track or separate title||eng| |082 ## - DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION NUMBER| |100 ## - MAIN ENTRY--AUTHOR NAME| |Personal name||Syed Sadeed ud din Shah| |110 ## - MAIN ENTRY--CORPORATE NAME| |Location of meeting||Dr. Muti-ur- Rehman Khan| |245 ## - TITLE STATEMENT| |Title||Pathological Investigations Of Theileriosis (T.Annulata) In Cattle In Disteict Lahore Punjab| |260 ## - PUBLICATION, DISTRIBUTION, ETC. (IMPRINT)| |Year of publication||2014.| |502 ## - DISSERTATION NOTE| |Dissertation note||Theileriosis is very important protozoal disease in crossbred cattle. According to an assessment, about 250 million cattle are endangered by this disease and millions of high milk yielding cattle are at risk of exposure to disease. It acts as a bigger restraint on livestock improvement and production in many developing countries (Nagore et al. 2004). Theileria annulata is the main specie that causes high morbidity and mortality. It causes heavy economic and production losses in cattle in tropical and sub-tropical regions. The recorded mortality rates in cattle reached to 70% (Moor house et al. 2001). Theileria species are intracellular obligate hemoprotozoan parasites. All Theileria species are dangerous and cause disease but two of them are important for livestock. Theileria parva and T. annulata produces diseases named as East Coast fever and tropical theileriosis in cattle respectively. Genus Theileria has many other species like T. buffeli, T. taurotragi, T. velifera, T. sergenti and T. mutans. These species cause infections in wild and domesticated ruminants. Theileria species present in large and small animals show signs like fever, anorexia, swelling of the superficial lymph nodes, dyspnoea, lethargy, progressive anemia, constipation, diarrhea, lacrimation and nervous symptoms (Saeed et al. 2010; Irvin and Mawmachi 1983). A pronounced rise in body temperature, reaching 40-41.5 °C is pursued by lacrimation, depression, swelling of the superficial lymph node and nasal discharge. The characteristic sign of tropical theileriosis is anemia and finally haemoglobinuria occur with heavy weight losses. The clinical course of the disease alter from per acute to acute or sub-acute to chronic (Oliveira- Sequeira et al. 2005). The disease is lymphoproliferative in its early phases resulting enlargement of lymph nodes, later on enters lymph destructive phase which is associated with a pronounced leukopenia. In the piroplasms phase in erythrocytes, the parasite becomes infective for the tick (El-Deeb and Younis 2009). Trans placental Bovine Tropical Theileriosis causing a deadly disease in a 3 day old neonate cross bred calf and cerebral form of the disease (turning sickness) in a cow were incriminated to T.annulata infection. It mainly depends upon the harmful effects of the T. annulata on lymphoid tissues and susceptibility of the host (Sudan et al. 2012). Theileriosis is prevalent in various regions of the world including Pakistan. It is transmitted by Hyalomma species ticks. These ticks spread T. annulata which causes tropical theileriosis (Durrani et al. 2009). The developmental stages of Theileria inside the Hyalomma ticks varies in different shapes and forms (Hamed et al. 2011). Therefore to increase the milk and meat production of cattle we can prevent the spread of the disease by controlling ticks (Hekmatimoghaddam et al. 2012). The sufficient amount of Hyalomma ticks are found in warm, commonly hard marshland and in central and Southern Europe, south west Asia and Southern Africa having very long dry season. A toxin is produced in the adult ticks. This toxin produce clinical signs of mucus membrane hyperemic and moist profuse eczema (Adam et al. 2000). The sporozoites of Theileria enter into cattle host during tick feeding and they immediately infect mononuclear leukocytes, these sporozoites develop into macroschizonts and induce proliferation of the host cells. Macroschizonts constantly mature into microschizonts and finally into merozoites, which are discharged from leukocytes. These merozoites attack erythrocytes and mature into piroplasms, become available to ticks. Infective sporozoites, injected during tick feeding, rapidly enter target cells, escape from the surrounding host-cell membrane and differentiate to schizonts that interact with different host-cell components (Dobbelaereand Rottenberg 2003). This interaction includes host cell signaling pathways that regulate proliferation and cell survival (Chaussepied and Langsley 2011) and thus cause blastogenesis and clonal expansion of predominantly T and B cells (Fawcett et al. 1982; Baldwin et al. 1988; Spooner et al. 1989). Merozoites released from these schizonts subsequently infect red blood cells and become trophozoites. Lymphocytic stage of Theileria (schizonts) is the cause of many of the severe disease manifestations like lymphadenopathy, pyrexia, thrombocytopenia, and panleukopenia (Homer et al. 2000). Marked anemia, anisocytosis, pikilocytosis, and leucopenia were commonly observed in bovine theileriosis (Ceci et al. 1997). Cattle may survive the disease, but recovery and convalescence may be protracted and incomplete, this leads to permanent debilitation, loss of productivity and prolonged carrier state. (Shahnawaz et al. 2011). Cattle with subclinical infection in endemic regions become carrier of piroplasms and act as a source of infection for the vectors (Brown 1997; Brown 1990; Uilenberg 1995). The diagnosis of theileriosis in acute cases is majorly done on clinical signs and Giemsa stained blood smears of cattle but the detection of agent is not reliable and is almost impossible in carrier stage. Advances in molecular biological techniques have resulted in the improved detection, identification, and genetic characterization of many hemoparasites. Species specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been developed for the detection and identification of various Theileria species and has been shown to have higher sensitivity and specificity compared with serological assays and examination of Giemsa-stained blood smears (Bhoora et al. 2009). Primers were derived from the gene encoding the 30-kDa major merozoite surface antigen for T. annulata (Aktas et al. 2006). Most of the previous studies on haematological parameters in T. annulata infection were carried out on experimentally infected cattle (Sandhu et al. 1998; Singh et al. 2001). The present investigation was conducted to study haematological parameters in cattle naturally infected with T. annulata. Hematology has been broadly used in attempts to give information about disease condition, performance problems and health in cattle (Rezaei and Naghadeh. 2006). Hematological and sero-biochemical alterations are the indicators of severity of disease and are considered to be good tools for the diagnosis, prognosis for effective therapy (Col and Uslu 2007; Nazifi et al. 2010b). Lahore is one of the larger district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Different cattle breeds are reared by the people of the area for meat and milk production. The exact current situation about the prevalence and pathogenesis of Theileriosis in the selected area is unknown. The present study was conducted to screen cattle by finding schizonts or piroplasms in Giemsa stained thin blood smears at slaughter house of district Lahore (Aktas et al. 2006) and later to confirm through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) (Chaisi et al. 2013) in order to implement efforts and regulation to eradicate the spread of disease in the selected area. Data generated from this study provided the latest status of Theileriosis, sex wise prevalence and its pathogenesis in cattle population of Lahore. The study has also provided the necessary information to formulate strategies for control of disease in the area. An investigation was also undertaken to ascertain the changes in haematology as a result of Theileria annulata infection. These studies will help better understanding of the pathogenesis and supportive therapy of this disease. |650 ## - SUBJECT ADDED ENTRY--TOPICAL TERM| |Topical Term||Department of Pathology| |700 ## - ADDED ENTRY--PERSONAL NAME| |Personal name||Dr. Raheela Akhtar| |700 ## - ADDED ENTRY--PERSONAL NAME| |Personal name||Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani| |942 ## - ADDED ENTRY ELEMENTS (KOHA)| |Koha item type||Thesis| |Damaged status||Collection code||Permanent Location||Current Location||Shelving location||Date acquired||Full call number||Accession Number||Koha item type| |Veterinary Science||UVAS Library||UVAS Library||Thesis Section||2015-05-26||2186,T||2186,T||Thesis|

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Iguanas in South Florida Iguanas have emerged as an invasive pest species in South Florida during the last decade. At first glance, iguanas seem to fit the tropical profile, palm branches swaying in the breeze with a large, colorful exotic lizard perched atop. However, the reality is much different. Iguanas cause significant damage to foliage and landscapes, leave large droppings containing Salmonella in areas they inhabit, and destroy the food sources and habitats of some endangered species. In short order, iguanas have become a nuisance pest, and Florida Fish and Wildlife Commission actively encourages homeowners and businesses to eliminate them from your property. There are three main species of iguana that inhabit South Florida: - Green Iguana - Mexican Spiny-Tailed Iguana - Black Spiny-Tailed Iguana - Argentine tegus Green iguanas are the most common iguana found in Florida. They are typically green, especially when they are juvenile, but sometimes darken to dark brown or even black. During mating season, adult males may take on an orange hue. Green iguanas have a row of spikes down the center of their body and upper portion of their tails. Mature males develop large jowls and a throat fan used to woo females, warn predators, and regulate his body temperature in the winter. Green iguanas can run quickly, climb anything they desire, and are excellent swimmers. They can survive a fall from 40 feet in the air onto solid ground. Male iguanas regularly weigh up to 17 pounds and measure over 5 feet in length; females rarely exceed 7 pounds. Green iguanas feed on young shoots of leaves, blossoms, and foliage. Iguana are primarily herbivores, but they will sometimes eat bird eggs and dead animals, and juvenile iguana will occasionally eat insects and the endangered tree snail. Iguana prefer to eat the young leaves on ornamental plants because they have higher protein concentrations and less cellulose making them easier to digest. The specific plants favored by iguana tend to be commonly used ornamentals in South Florida including: - Garden Greens such as lettuce, mustard greens, collard greens, kale, broccoli, and beets - Most fruits and flowers Iguanas are prolific breeders. In the wild, green iguanas usually live about 10 years. A female begins laying eggs around 2 years old, and she typically lays between 35 and 70 eggs at a time. Iguanas have thrived in South Florida due to the warm, tropical climate, dense, lush landscapes, lack of predators, and their rapid rate of reproduction. However, they are not cold-hardy. When a rare winter blast of cold air sweeps through South Florida, meteorologists forecast includes, “cold snap with a chance of falling iguanas.” The cold weather causes iguanas to become immobilized and fall from their perch. However, this is only a temporary paralysis, when their bodies warm up, they wake up again. Damage Caused by Iguana in South Florida Iguanas in South Florida have caused losses and expenditures in the millions of dollars. Local governments and home-owners associations must execute emergency repairs, diverting funds from other projects. The City of West Palm Beach recently spent $1.8 million dollars repairing an already aging water dam after iguanas burrowed around the structure compounding the problem. Resorts and restaurants that promise the tropical experience must protect their foliage and shrubs, and golf courses must protect their greens and fairways. To fulfil customer’s expectations, resorts and restaurants, marinas, and beaches, must deliver the lush, tropical foliage free from iguana droppings and gigantic lizards. - Damage to Landscaping and Crops – Iguanas are predominantly herbivores and will happily feast on the tender young shoots of flowering plants. Many South Florida homeowners and business have invested heavily in their landscaping and cannot allow the foliage to be systematically destroyed. Many commercial crops are also in danger of consumption by iguanas. Iguana eat mangoes, tomatoes, lychee, bananas, and berries. - Damage from Iguana Burrows – Iguanas lay their eggs in underground burrows. Sometimes these burrows are up to 80 feet long. Iguanas burrows have a characteristic D shaped entry hole with a pile of sand near the entry. These burrows are often found near seawalls. Iguana burrows compromise the integrity of seawalls, foundations of buildings, sidewalks, and the canal and dam system in South Florida. These repairs are expensive and complicated. - Iguana Droppings – In addition to residing in trees and in underground burrows, iguanas also enjoy basking in the open sunlight of a patio or deck, and docks or a moored boat. Where they sun themselves, they leave behind unsanitary and unsightly droppings. Iguanas leave fecal droppings in and around pool decks, on restaurant patios, and on the walkways of marinas. The fecal matter of iguana is known to carry Salmonella; it is a public health risk to allow these droppings to remain unfettered in such close proximity to humans. - Damage to Homes and Buildings – Iguanas are excellent climbers and enjoy sunning themselves on barrel tile roofs common in South Florida. Their sharp claws can damage the waterproof layer under the tiles causing roof leaks and interior damage. Black Spiny-Tail Iguana prefers to live in burrows. These burrows are long and complex and may compromise your foundation. Very rarely, although it has happened, iguanas may attempt to burrow through a pipe and end up in your toilet! - Disruptions to Native and Endangered Species – The ecological impacts of the recent South Florida iguana boom are not yet fully understood. The Florida Burrowing Owl is a “protected species of special concern.” Interactions between iguanas and the Florida Burrowing Owl have been observed with the concern being that the iguanas will aggressively force the Florida Burrowing Owl from its burrow for their own needs. Endangered tree snail remains have been identified from the contents of iguana’s stomachs. The endangered Miami Blue Butterfly may be at further risk, as iguanas are known to eat the nickerbean plant which is host to this rare butterfly. How to Keep Iguanas Away As a homeowner in Florida, you have a good deal of freedom and options to deal with iguanas as you see fit. Sometimes simple changes can be the highly effective. - Never feed iguanas. - Exclude iguanas by encircling valuable or vulnerable plants with a cage or screen. By placing sheet metal around the trunk of the tree, about 18 inches from the ground, iguanas cannot easily climb the tree. Sheet metal around dock pilings may also prevent them from climbing onto your dock. Wire barriers buried several inches into the ground may prevent digging or burrowing on your property. Some people even install electric fencing to prevent them from climbing walls. - Deter iguanas from becoming comfortable on your property. Florida Fish and Wildlife Commission states that you may spray them with a water hose until they leave your property, make loud noises to scare them away, or hang CDs in the tree that reflect light in unusual ways. - Habitat Modification is sometimes viewed as a more extreme method of iguana prevention, but in certain situations it may be justified. By altering your landscaping choices you can disincentivize iguanas from residing on your property. Remove thick foliage cover or rock piles where iguanas congregate, and fill vacant iguana burrows with concrete. Iguana love to eat brightly covered flowers and the tender shoots on these plants. Consider planting citrus trees or any tough, thick, waxy-leaved plant such as milkweed, pentas, or crotons. How to Get Rid of Iguana Florida Fish and Wildlife encourages homeowners and business owners to take action against iguanas. All species of iguana may be humanely killed or captured on private property without a permit. Iguanas are protected by the general animal cruelty laws; they must be dealt with humanely and respectfully. If you choose to trap iguanas, please know, it is illegal to relocate iguanas in Florida. The general guideline for a “humane” extermination is the animal must die immediately. Depending on your location and local restrictions, iguanas may be shot with a firearm or an air pellet gun. One deadly blow to the head is considered humane as well. You may not place a trap with a captured iguana in a freezer, and you may not attempt to bait iguanas with poison. Only live traps and snares are legal in the state of Florida against iguanas. Traditional live traps baited with bright flowers and fruit can be very effective. The practice of pre-baiting the trap will lead to greater success. This is simply placing food inside the trap without setting the trap. This allows the iguana to get used to entering the trap for a quick bite of mango. Florida law requires you to check the trap at least every 24 hours. Be prepared with a plan once you trap an iguana. He can not be relocated; he must be humanely euthanized. Experienced wildlife trappers can often remove iguanas efficiently and safely with a hand snare. Other times, your trapper may set a self-locking snare for the iguana. These can be placed near the burrow entry, on the seawall or walkway, or near holes under fences. These snares should only be set during the day light hours, as you are highly likely to catch a non-target animal at night. Discernment should be used when deciding where and when to set such snares. A commercial property that is open to the public should consider the safety of their customers first. Harvesting Iguanas by Hand On those few very cold South Florida when the iguanas are stunned and fall from the trees, communities have made great progress in reducing iguana populations. Ensuring there is a coordinated effort and a plan for the euthanasia of the iguanas, citizens and volunteers collect the fallen iguanas from the sidewalks and from the banks of canals and mangroves. This opportunity to impactfully reduce the iguana population only happens every few years. Controlling the iguana explosion is in every Floridian’s best interest, but sometimes it is a problem best left to professionals. Nextgen Pest Solutions has experienced wildlife trappers and general house-hold pest management professionals eager to solve your problem.

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The sectarian conflict in the Middle East can neatly be divided into two sides: Sunnis and Shiites. Or so it would seem. The reality, it turns out, is more complicated. Sunni unity is a myth – the countries that constitute the Sunni camp are divided over a variety of issues. And the Shiites, whose power has grown since the early 1990s, nonetheless suffer from the inescapable constraints of being a minority population. - That a bloc of Shiite states has coalesced in the Middle East is a significant geopolitical development; that it is led by Iran means it could be short lived. - In fact, the bloc’s formation and expansion, such as they are, were possible only through the division and weakness of Sunni Arab states. - Several factors, most notably the Syrian civil war and ethnic and religious constraints, will prevent Iran from projecting Shiite influence farther than it already has. A Demographic Challenge Indeed, the single most defining characteristic of the Shiite camp is that it comprises only a fraction of the Muslim population. More than three-fourths of all Muslims practice Sunni Islam. According to a 2011 study by the Pew Research Center, only four countries have a Shiite majority: Iran, Azerbaijan, Bahrain and Iraq. But other countries have notable Shiite minority populations as well, including Yemen, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Oman. Shiites also form the largest confessional group in Lebanon and account for as much as 20 percent of the 180 million or so Muslims in India. Like their Sunni counterparts, the Shiites are internally diverse. Twelvers constitute the largest group, but there are many others, including the Ismailis, also known as the Seveners; the Zaidis, also known as the Fivers; the Alawites; and the Druze. All of these sub-sects differ geographically, linguistically, politically and ideologically. Historically, the Shiites ruled only intermittently, with some notable exceptions. For example, the Fatimids maintained a caliphate, headquartered in Cairo and stretching from Morocco to the west coast of the Arabian Peninsula, from the early 10th century to the late 12th century. From 932-1055, the Persian Twelver Buyid Empire ruled much of what is now Iran and Iraq. Later, the Ilkhanate of the Central Asian Mongols governed over parts of Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey. More recently, the Zaidis boasted an imamate in Yemen that lasted from 897 to 1962. Several minor medieval Muslim polities were also Shiite dynasties. For the most part, however, instances of Shiite control were rare. Shiites were dominated by Sunnis until the 16th century, when the Safavid Empire designated Shiite Islam as its official religion. But by this time, much of the Middle East and South Asia had fallen under the control of either the Ottomans or the Mughals, both Sunni empires. Shiite power has since shifted to Persia. In 1979, the Iranian Revolution officially created a Shiite republic. Iran is now the largest and most militarily powerful Shiite country, and its power has enabled Tehran’s clerics to support Shiite communities, and thus enhance its influence, in the Arab world. But expanding its influence was not always easy. Iran tried to leverage its own ethnic Azeris to use the Shiite majority in Azerbaijan to its advantage. However, until 1991, Azerbaijan was part of the Soviet Union and, as such, a secular nation. Its secularism, in turn, made it resilient to Shiite overtures. Iranian influence has also been stifled in places such as South Asia. Strong states such as India and Pakistan, not to mention the war in Afghanistan, have made eastern expansion very difficult for Tehran. With its northwest and east largely closed off, the only other direction Iran could expand was west toward the Arab world. Despite the vicious fighting that occurred during the Iran-Iraq War in the early 1980s, Tehran was able to establish a foothold in Iraq made possible by the animosity between the regimes in Baghdad and Damascus. Indeed, Syria became an early Iranian ally, thanks in part to the fact that it had an Alawite regime ruling over a majority Sunni population. Syria’s rulers also helped Iran develop Hezbollah into a major political and military force. Two other events were instrumental to the expansion of Iran’s regional clout: In 1989, the Iran-Iraq War ended, and, somewhat coincidentally, the Lebanese civil war was resolved. This left Hezbollah, Iran’s proxy group, as Lebanon’s single largest political entity. A few years later, Iraq invaded Kuwait, bringing forth the first Gulf War. For Iran, the war was incredibly beneficial because it weakened the government in Baghdad, which previously had protected the Gulf Cooperation Council from Iranian encroachment. Subsequently, Iraq’s minority Kurds and Shiites, whom Tehran had supported for years, began to exploit the growing weakness of the Iraq regime. By the time the United States defeated Saddam Hussein in 2003, Iraq was ripe to fall under Iranian control. And fall it did, giving Iran an arc of influence from Tehran to the Mediterranean Sea. But Iranian expansion soon stopped, even if its aspirations for hegemony did not. Assuming its western flank was secure, Tehran saw an opportunity in the Arab Spring to expand into the Arabian Peninsula – the heartland of Iran’s regional rival, Saudi Arabia. Specifically, Tehran hoped to use the Shiite uprisings in Bahrain to its advantage. Saudi Arabia, aided by its allies in the Gulf Cooperation Council, crushed the uprising and, by extension, Iran’s hopes for gaining prominence in the island nation. Soon thereafter, Iranian ambition was dealt another blow in Syria, where Arab Spring protests eventually evolved into full-scale civil war. The Alawite government is still intact, but its dissolution would be disastrous for Iran: It would cut Tehran off from its allies in Hezbollah and leave Iraqi Shiites exposed to a Sunni regime in Syria. It is little surprise, then, that Iran has supported the regime of Syrian President Bashar al Assad so enthusiastically. Too Many Red Lines Currently, Iran and the Shiites appear to be in better shape than Saudi Arabia and the Sunnis. Hezbollah and other militias have helped al Assad remain in power. The fight against extremist groups such as Jabhat al-Nusra and the Islamic State have given Iran time to regroup, as have the nuclear negotiations with the United States. Moreover, the Saudis have been preoccupied with the Houthi rebellion in Yemen. However, the Shiites’ advantages will not last. What gains the Shiites made largely came as a result of Sunni weakness and incoherence, and some recent developments suggest the Sunnis are regaining ground, if only temporarily. Rebels have gained critical territory in Syria, particularly in Idlib province, and Saudi Arabia and Turkey entered into an alliance to oust al Assad from power. More important, there are simply more Sunnis than Shiites, and there is plenty of evidence to suggest Sunnis will not abide Shiite rule. In Lebanon, Hezbollah has been unable to dominate the government, despite the size and influence of the militant group. In Yemen, the Zaidi movement may emerge as the Yemeni version of Hezbollah, but it cannot impose its will on the country beyond the core Zaidi areas. In Iraq, the Islamic State is still a powerful Sunni group, even in areas dominated by Shiites, despite its barbarity. Jihadists do, in fact, threaten Iran and its Shiite allies, but they also represent an opportunity. Jihadism weakens Sunni states and tends to swing international opinion toward Iran. The Iranians are hoping that Saudi Arabia will buckle; from their perspective, the momentum of the Houthi movement in Yemen could help trigger a similar uprising among the Ismailis in the Saudi provinces of Jizan and Najran, both of which abut Yemen. Ideally, the Twelver community in Saudi Arabia’s Eastern Province would flourish – a development that, along with Bahrain, could create an important outpost of Iranian influence in Saudi Arabia. There are simply too many red lines for the region’s Sunnis. Even in the unlikely scenario that Saudi Arabia weakens so much that Iran assumes de facto control of the Arabian Peninsula, the Sunni populations would not allow the holy cities of Mecca and Medina to remain under Shiite control. And there are simply not enough Shiites to do anything about it since they are essentially surrounded by Sunnis. In addition to religious considerations, there are also ethnic considerations that prevent the spread of Shiite rule. Shiite leadership is now in the hands of Persians, not Arabs. And though Arab Shiites have aligned with Tehran, they have done so only out of necessity, maligned as they are in their respective countries. This limits the extent to which Iran can rely on them to serve its purposes. Though the Shiites of the Arab world have largely united, some of their differences will be very difficult to ignore. Competition still exists between the Iraqi theological centers of the Arab-dominated Najaf school and the school in Qom, and Tehran has tried hard to increase its influence over Najaf. Iranian leaders hope that the power vacuum in Iraq will enable them to spread their doctrine of Velayat-e-Faqih. But with Iran undergoing its own political transformation, tensions between liberal and conservative factions – and between democratic and theocratic factions, considering the rise of Iranian President Hassan Rouhani and the domestic rehabilitation he began – have become more acute. Those tensions could well command Iran’s attention, leaving its international aspirations by the wayside. Thus, as much as Iran would like to further exploit current Sunni weaknesses, changes underway in Tehran could thwart its leaders’ regional ambitions – as could internal differences among Shiites and the progression of the Syrian civil war. Lead Analyst: Kamran Bokhari “Why Shiite Expansion Will Be Short-Lived is republished with permission of Stratfor.”

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Support us by either buying our print and digital works (everything’s 20% off for the month of May with code RIOT) or by donating here, or both! “You, reading this essay: you are an ark.” From Asa West From a car window, California fuchsia might look like just another ornamental flower. A few bright spatters of red along the parkway, surrounded by the kinds of no-fuss shrubs installed by landlords and people who spend most of their time indoors. Compared to the exotic species like hibiscus or ficus, species that simulate lush tropical landscapes, California Fuchsia might even look rather scraggly and small. Is it the type of plant a driver will notice at all? Maybe people appreciate the showy little tube-shaped flowers, or maybe it’s not impressive enough to warrant a glance. But you don’t get California fuchsia’s whole story from the window of a car. Epilobium Canum ssp Canum, native to the California Floristic Province, is an integral member of foothill and coastal ecosystems from Oregon to Mexico. If you suspect that the size and shape of the flowers would be the perfect size for a hummingbird’s beak, then you’d be right: it’s a favored flower of several species of hummingbirds, along with the white-lined sphinx moth, the giant swallowtail butterfly, and the California dogface. What’s more, California fuschia also has a long and beneficial relationship to humans; it’s historically been used by the Chumash as a vulnerary herb, healing wounds in the same way that calendula has been used by Europeans. Speaking of vulnerary herbs, did you know that yarrow is a California native plant? The feathery plant with the corymb inflorescences, a favorite of #WitchesOfInstagram, grows around the world and may have been propagated by ancient settlers and explorers. Gardeners savvy to its healing properties will eschew the brightly colored cultivars and look for Achillea Millefolium, with its plain white flowers that work well in salves and attract butterflies and bees. But, like California fuschia, yarrow can look pretty plain compared to all the exotics. In fact, that supposed plainness is why so many native plant communities have been obliterated by developers fixated on turning California into a hybrid of England and Hawaii. You can buy a white sage smudge at Whole Foods to go with your essential oils and appropriated dream catchers, but when you pass real live white sage on the street, it looks like a vaguely pretty but rather uninteresting background shrub. The elder tree (ssp. cerulea) is summer deciduous in California and looks dead during the hottest months. The seedheads of sages and buckwheat turn brown after flowering. The authors of California Native Plants for the Garden are stark in their description of the colonization of California: “Compared to the rich greens, bright flowers, and bold textures of subtropical species,” they write, “the natives must have seemed dull and gray.” How sad, that a shallow and limited idea of beauty can lead to the deaths of entire ecosystems. Last spring, my husband and I scoured Los Angeles for a new place to live. Our options were limited, especially since we had one kid and another on the way, but I found a listing for a two bedroom condo in Koreatown from which the commute to our jobs on the west side wouldn’t be too catastrophic. (Nine miles, only an hour each way, not too shabby by L.A. standards). We went to look at the place and found it had a back door, and outside were two neglected alleyways and a cramped ficus tree. My daughter promptly tried to climb the tree while I wandered the alleys to look at the soil, which was compacted and rocky and covered in garbage. The land was hurting, its surface a raw abrasion, and I knew as I felt the quiet weight of a geis settle onto me that this was where we would live. The spirits of this place had been waiting goodness knows how long for someone, anyone, to come and stick up for them. After we moved in, I set about getting permission to clean up the alleys, install a small container garden, and plant some drought-tolerant natives. The backlash was immediate. Two neighbors dismissed new plants as against the rules and thus self-evidently bad, citing decades-old regulations in the building’s covenant. Another got upset and tried to get the building manager to shut me down, calling plants a fire hazard (although it was unclear how plants were a fire hazard when a path littered with junk apparently wasn’t). The status quo bias was formidable: anything perceived as unruly or out of the ordinary was attacked like a virus. I couldn’t make sense of it. I still can’t. Is this the same bias that makes people resist renewable energy and doggedly support capitalism, even as it sucks away their resources and erodes their lives? If only, I found myself thinking, my neighbors could have heard Lili Singer speak. My husband and I had taken one of Lili’s gardening classes at the Theodore Payne Foundation, a nonprofit in the San Gabriel Valley that propagates native plants. He and I had sat with 30 other gardeners in a little classroom with no AC, taking notes as Lili described plant communities and design principles. For the most part I happily geeked out over wildflowers and sages and coast live oaks, but at one point, the class suddenly turned profound. Gardeners and conservationists preserve these native species, Lili told us, not to keep them on life support for all of eternity, but in the hopes that someday they’ll be able to flourish on their own again. “California fauna evolved alongside these specific plants, and they need these plants to survive,” she said. “If you save the plants, you’re also saving the insects, and the birds that eat the insects, and the animals that eat the birds. You’re saving whole ecosystems. Your backyard can be an ark.” She was referring to Noah’s ark, of course, but stories of devastating floods can be found in mythologies all over the world, a specter of annihilation that haunts our collective psyche, a warning whispered by the gods. In the Epic of Gilgamesh,* a group of gods decide to destroy the world, but Ea, “the cleverest of the gods,” warns Noah’s predecessor Utnapishtim: Reed fence, reed fence, listen to my words. [Utnapishtim,] King of Shuruppak, quickly, quickly Tear down your house and build a giant ship, Leave your possessions, save your life…. Then gather and take aboard the ship Examples of every living creature. In this version, the gods are not unanimous in their decision to destroy humanity; in fact, they quickly come to regret it, “cower[ing] by the palace wall, like dogs” to escape the rising water. To me, this version feels truer to our experience of climate change than the Noah myth, in which the instigator of the flood decides which humans are virtuous enough to survive. If climate change were a punishment, then the corporations, lobbyists, and politicians responsible, rather than the most vulnerable and innocent among us, would be hit the hardest. Indeed, we can almost see the 1% in Gilgamesh’s council of gods: foolishly believing themselves to be above destruction, deciding that the world is theirs to destroy and all its lives theirs to take, only too late realizing that they, too, are vulnerable. I thought about just going ahead and planting the plants, even doing it in secret to avoid getting fined, but after I experimented with a little flower bed and someone kicked it to pieces, I realized my neighbors were not above simply tearing up anything mysterious they found. The sickness plaguing our land isn’t just physical. A dark and troubling thing happens to people’s minds when they live long enough under capitalism. They begin to hold life itself in contempt, seeing any other organisms not as partners and companions, but as competitors and threats. They view the new family down the hall with suspicion and anxiety, ready to attack if property values sag. They grow used to monocultures and conformity and balk at the sight of an unruly hedge. They forget how to be a community; one neighbor plays loud music at 3 a.m. and shrugs at the thought that it might bother people, while other neighbors call the police instead of knocking on his door. There are literal floods happening, yes–and droughts and famines and hurricanes and wildfires–but we’re drowning in something else, too. We can be arks, I found myself thinking after the class. On the first full moon after we moved in, I brought my ritual supplies to the roof of the building to perform my first esbat in our new home. Not for the first time, I found a part of myself preparing to instruct my daughters in witchcraft when they come of age (if they want it, of course). This is how you’ll explain the compass, a little voice said as I conjured the quarter spirits. This is how you’ll teach scrying, it murmured as I closed my right eye and gazed at the moon in my bowl of water. Then I thought: I am an ark. My body, my mind, my knowledge, the traditions and wisdom I’ve stored up inside me. I carry them through the years so that I can pass them on, and so that their recipients can pass them on, and so forth until the calamity has passed. You, reading this essay: you are an ark. The god Ea whispers to you through the reeds. What are you carrying that’s worth saving? What do you hold that must be protected and sheltered until conditions are right for it to fly free? Your devotions to the old gods and your knowledge of the Ways? Your friendship with the good folk? Your gateways through the hedge? The mass-produced books on Paganism, as lovely and important as some of them are, are not living knowledge. The written word kills the witchcraft. What’s alive lives in your body, and nowhere else. Happily, I eked out the majority board approval I needed to plant my natives. I bought my seedlings–some fuchsia and sagebrush and golden currant and blue-eyed grass and elder, plus some California poppy and baby blue eyes seeds, and a compact Cleveland sage that wouldn’t tolerate the clay but might do all right in a pot–and, after a good rain, put them all in. I was afraid the soil was just too bad for them to thrive, but as I dug, I noticed it was teaming with earthworms. The land was impatient to be healed. Gardening might seem to some like a paltry, even indulgent form of activism when Nazis are killing people in the streets. But the nurturing of threatened species requires radical hope–which Jonathan Lear defines as hope that “is directed toward a future goodness that transcends the current ability to understand what it is,” and which Junot Diaz says “is not so much something you have but something you practice.” There’s a chance, and not a small one, that someone will kill all my native plants after I move away; after all, people all over Southern California are still hard at work tearing up natives to replace them with sod and concrete. But the act of planting keeps despair at bay. Perhaps one of my plants will release one seed that will fly somewhere safe and carry the species forward. Besides, liberation becomes easier to imagine when you get a tiny glimpse of what lies on the other side. Your body remembers a future with gardens, and that promise propels you to action. After I put the plants in, I tamped the moist soil down and made the berms and offered each plant a little breastmilk to welcome it. I went inside and fed my children. My husband and I hope to move out of the city in a few years, to a place near a forest where I can tend a real garden instead of an alley, but my geis puts me firmly in this place until these plants are established and the birds and insects have learned of their presence. I hope that when I leave, the spirits will be able to protect these plants, or at least that status quo bias will work in their favor. I hope this patch of land will be a sturdy ark, sailing patiently towards a time when riotous, joyful life will thrive again. *Translation by Stephen Mitchell Asa West is a sliding-scale tarot reader blending traditional witchcraft with earth-based Judaism. Her writing has appeared in Witches and Pagans Magazine, Luna Luna Magazine, and other outlets, and you can find her at tarotbyasa.com and instagram.com/tarotbyasa.

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« AnteriorContinuar » Jonathan Swift was born in Hoey's court, Dublin on the 30th of Novem. ber 1667. Belonging to a Yorkshire family and directly descended from a vicar in Herefordshire, one of whose younger sons, the poet's father, married a Leicestershire lady, he was of unmixed English blood. A posthumous child, left in indigent circumstances, he was sent to school at Kilkenny, and then to Trinity College, Dublin, by the charity of his uncle Godwin, who died in 1688. Swift seems to have neglected the studies requisite to his degree, and having been plucked at his first examination only obtained, on a second trial, Feb. 1686, 'speciali gratia.' On the outbreak of the war, 1688, he fled to England, and found his way from Chester on foot to his mother's residence. She obtained for him the patronage of Sir William Temple, to whose wife she was related, and he remained at Moor Park for eleven years in the capacity of secretary to that accomplished statesman, at a salary of £20 a year. This residence, interrupted by a short absence during which he held an Irish country living in the diocese of Connor, brought him into the frequent society of Hester Johnson (Stella), an inmate of the same house, and reputed daughter of Sir William's steward. In 1692 Swift went to Oxford, and was admitted there to a Master's degree. On occasion of this visit he produced his first verses --an indifferent rendering of Horace (Odes ii. 18), followed a little later by his Pinda: ic Odes. A more substantial result of his studies in his master's library was The Battle of the Books. In 1694 he took Deacon's, and in 1695 Priest's orders. Ere his death in 1699 Sir William had from the king a promise of promotion for his client-a promise afterwards forgotten. In 1700 Swist accompanied Lord Berkeley to Ireland as chaplain, and obtained the living of Laracor in the county of Meath, at an income of £200 a year, which by the addition of the Prebend of Dun. lavin was increased to £350. Initiated into the intrigues of party, he first came before the public as a champion of the Whigs, in his pamphlet entitled A Discourse on the contests and dissensions of Athens and Rome (1701). In 1704 appeared the Tale of a Tub, perhaps the wittiest of controversial works, and in 1708 the papers ridiculing the astrologer Partridge, under the signature of Isaac Bickerstaff. In 1710, with a change of opinion, quickened by chagrin at patronage deferred, Swift passed to the side of the Tories and became their most effective literary champion. His Conduct of the Allin (1712) brought about in 1713 the Peace of Utrecht, and the gratitude of Harley and Bolinbroke procured for him the Deanery of St. Patrick's. During these years he spent a considerable portion of his time in London, exercised a commanding influence in literary and social circles, and was the leading patron of good and the scourge of bad writers. He maintained a close correspondence with Stella, and unfortunately won the assections of Miss Vanhomrigh (Vanessa), who followed him to Ireland and died there in 17o3. In 1714, on the death of the Queen, Swift's hopes of further preferment being closed, he withdrew to his deanery, settled in Dublin and .commenced Irishman for life.' In 1716 he contracted formal marriage with Miss Johnson. The Drapier's Letters were issued in 1724; they effectually stopped • Wood's pence,' and made their author for a time the most popular man in Ireland. Gulliver's Travels were published in 1727. Swift spent much of the year with Pope, but was recalled by the illness of Stella, who died in 1728. Shortly after this event he wrote to Bolinbroke, . It is time for me to have done with the world. To another friend he remarked, gazing at a blasted elm, “I shall be like that tree, and die first at the top'-a prediction realised in the gradual loss of his memory, sight, hearing, speech, and finally his reason. He died in Oct. 1745, and left his fortune, of about £10,000, to found a lunatic asylum in Dublin.] Dryden, then the veteran of our literature, sitting in the dictator's chair lest vacant by Ben Jonson and waiting for Samuel Johnson, having perused an ode on the Athenian Society dating from Moor Park, February 14, 1691, hazarded the prediction, 'Cousin Swift, you will never be a poet.' The unforgiven criticism has received from the judgment of posterity an assent qualified by respect for the strongest satirist of England and for an ability which cannot help making itself here and there manifest even in his verse. Swift's satire is of two kinds : the party polemic of his earlier years, which culminated in 1724 in the Drapier's Letters, and the expression of a misanthropy as genuine as that of Shakespeare's Timon, of a rage directed not against Dissent or Church or Whig or Tory, but mankind, finding mature vent in the most terrible libel that has ever been imagined-a libel on the whole of his racethe hideous immortal mockery of the closing voyage of Gulliver. Such a work could only have been written by one born a cynic, doubly soured by some mysterious affliction, and by having had • To fawn, to crouch, to wait, to ride, to run, To spend, to give, to want, to be undone,' till he had lost any original capacity he may have had for becoming a poet. His genius, moreover, was from the first as far removed from that peculiar to poetry as it is possible for any genius of the first rank to be. The power of Swist's prose was the terror of his own, and remains the wonder of after lines. With the exception of a few clumsy paragraphs thrown off in? haste, he says what he means in the homeliest native English that can be conceived. Disdaining even those refinements or shades of expression to which most writers touching on delicate or dangerous subjects feel compelled to resort, he owes almost nothing to foreign influence. 'I am,' he wrote, “for every man's working on his own materials, and producing only what he can sind within himself’: he consistently carved everything he had to set before his readers out of the plain facts with which he prosessed to deal. In his masterpieces there is scarce a hint from any known source, rarely a quotation : his sentences are selfsufficient, and fit the occasion as a glove the hand. In the Tale of a Tub he anticipates Teufelsdröckh in his contempt for trappings of speech as of person ; he regarded fine language as leather and prunella. Though Swift's Allegories are abundant, he disdained ordinary metaphor, in the spirit in which Bentham defined poetry as misrepresentation. But towards the close of the seventeenth and during the end of the eighteenth centuries, almost every English writer-apart from those purely scientific-had to pay toll to what he called the Muses. Bunyan seems to have written his bad lines to italicise the distinction between the most highly imaginative prose and poetry. In the next age no one who addressed the general public could escape the trial ; and Swift's verses are at least as worthy of preservation as Addison's. In following a fashion he also gratified a talent,-nor Pope nor Byron had a greater,-for random rhyme. Generally careless, often harsh, his versification is seldom laboured : his pen may run till it wearies the reader ; but we see no reason in fall of energy why Swift's Hudibrastic jingle should cease, any more than why the waves of Spenser's stanza should not roll for ever. The other merits of our author's verse are those of his prose-condensation, pith, always the effect, generally the reality, of sincere purpose, and, with few exceptions, simplicity and directness. The exceptions are in his unhappy Pindaric odes, and some of his later contributions to the pedantry of the age. The former could scarcely be worse, for they have almost the contortions of Cowley, without his occasional flow and elevation. Take the following lines from the Athenian Ode : • Just so the mighty Nile has suffered in its fame Because 'tis said (and perhaps only said) That feeds the huge, unequal stream.' • And then how much and nothing is mankind, Whose reason is weighed down by popular air, And hopes to lengthen life by a transfusion of breath, To be an art as vain as bottling up of wind.' As in Congreve's Adilress to Silence, the force of cacophony can no further go. It may be said that these lines were the products of 'green, unknowing youth, but during the same years the same writer was maturing the Tale of a Tub. Swift had no ear save for the discords of the world, and in such cases a stiff regular measure, which is a sort of rhythmic policeman, is the only safe guard. Pindaric flights, unless under the guidance of the genius that makes music as it runs, invariably result in confusion worse confounded. Not least among our debts to Dryden may be ranked his fencing the ode from his cousin Swift. Of the pseudo-classic efforts of the latter, Cadenus and Vanessa, published in 1723, probably written about ten years earlier, may be taken as a type. No selection from his verses would be esteemed satisfactory that did not exhibit a sample of this once celebrated production : but, apart from the tragic interest of the personal warning it conveys, it is, as M. Taine says, 'a threadbare allegory in which the author's prosaic freaks tear his Greek frippery.' The same critic justly remarks that Swift 'wore his mythology like a wig: That his pleading before Venus is like a legal procedure,' and that he habitually turns his classic wine to vinegar.' The other writers of the time had turned it into milk and water, but Prior and the rest had a grace to which Swift was a stranger. Their laughter is genuine though light ; his was funereal and sardonic. His pleasantry is rarely pleasant, and he is never at heart more gloomy than when he affects to be gay. Most of his occasional verses, written at intervals from 1690 till 1733, are either frigid compliments or thinly veiled invectives, many of which, like the epigrams that disfigure the otherwise exquisite pages of Herrick, have all the coarseness with only half the wit of Martial. His addresses to women are, as might be expected, singularly un. fortunate. He says truly of himself that he *could praise, esteem, approve, But understood not what it was to love.' lle can never get out of his satiric pulpit, and while salūting his !nistresses as nymphs, he lectures them as school-girls. His verses Lu Stella, whom he came as near to loving as was for him possible, and whose death certainly hastened his mental ruin, are as unim. passioned as those to Vanessa, with whose affections he merely trified. Swift's tendency to dwell on the meaner, and even the revolting facts of life, pardonable ir. his prose, is unpardonable in those tributes to Venus Cloacina, in which he intrudes on a lady's boudoir with the eye of a surgeon fresh from a dissecting-room or an hospital. His society verses are like those of a man writing with his feet, for he delights to trample on what others caress. Often he seems, among singing birds, a vulture screeching over carrion. Of Swift's graver satiric pieces, the Rhapsody on Poetry has the fatal drawback of suggesting a comparison with The Dunciad. In The Beast's Confession, vivid and trenchant though it be, the author appears occasionally to intrude on the gardens of Prior and Gay. Had he been an artist in verse, he might have written something in English more like the sixth satire of Juvenal than Churchill ever succeeded in doing. But Swift despised art : he rode rough-shod, on his ambling cynic steed, through bad double rhyme and halting rhythm, to his end. War with the cold steel of prose was his business : his poems are the mere side-lights and pastimes of a man too grim to join heartily in any game. Only here and there among them, as in the strange medley of pathos and humour on his own death, there is a flash from the eyes which Pope-good hater and good friend-said were azure as the heavens, a touch of the hand that was never weary of giving gifts to the poor and blows to the powerful, a reflection of the universal condottiere, misanthrope and sceptic, who has a claim to our forbearance in that he detested, as Johnson and as Byron detested, cowardice and cant.

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Ethiopia Basic Facts Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in Africa and the second-oldest official Christian nation in the world after Armenia. Unique among African countries, Ethiopian maintained its freedom from colonial rule with the exception of a short-lived Italian occupation from 1936-41. Ethiopia is in the northeast African region known as the Horn of Africa. It is the second-most populous nation in Africa (after Nigeria), bordered by Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Kenya to the south, and Sudan and South Sudan to the west. With a total area of 1,104,300 sq km, Ethiopia is slightly less than twice the size of Texas, USA (or as large as France and Spain combined). The country has a high central plateau, with some mountains reaching more than 4,000 meters (13,000 feet). The Great Rift Valley splits the plateau diagonally. The western highlands get summer rainfall; the lowlands and eastern highlands are hot and dry. The climate can be described as tropical monsoon but it varies greatly depending on the topography. Ethiopia'slowest point is at the Denakil Depression, -125 m (-410 feet) below sea level; the highest point is Ras Dashen standing at 4,553 meter (14,938 feet). Ethiopia's entire coastline along the Red Sea was lost with the de jure independence of Eritrea on 24 May 1993. The Blue Nile, the chief headstream of the Nile by water volume, starts at Lake Tana in northwest Ethiopia. Three major crops are believed to have originated in Ethiopia: coffee, grain sorghum, and the castor bean. Geologically active Great Rift Valley susceptible to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions; frequent droughts. Volcanic activity in the Great Rift Valley; Erta Ale (elev. 613 meter), which has caused frequent lava flows in recent years, is the country's most active volcano; Dabbahu became active in 2005, causing evacuations; other historically active volcanoes include Alayta, Dalaffilla, Dallol, Dama Ali, Fentale, Kone, Manda Hararo, and Manda-Inakir. The predominant climate type is tropical monsoon, with wide topographic-induced variation. As a highland country, Ethiopia has a climate which is generally considerably cooler than other regions at similar proximity to the Equator. Most of the country's major cities are located at elevations of around 2,000 - 2,500 metres (6,600 - 8,200 ft) above sea level, including historic capitals such as Gondar and Axum, and Addis Ababa - the highest capital city in Africa at 2,400 meters (8,000 feet). Ethiopia has three different climate zones according to elevation: - Kolla (Tropical zone) - is below 1830 meters in elevation and has an average annual temperature of about 27 degree Celsius with annual rainfall about 510 millimeters. The Danakil Depression (Danakil Desert) is about 125 meters below sea level and the hottest region in Ethiopia where the temperature climbs up to 50 degree Celsius. - Woina dega (Subtropical zone) - includes the highlands areas of 1830 - 2440 meters in elevation has an average annual temperature of about 22 degree Celsius with annual rainfall between 510 and 1530 millimeters. - Dega (Cool zone) - is above 2440 meters in elevation with an average annual temperature of about 16 degree Celsius with annual rainfall between 1270 and 1280 millimeters. The average annual temperature in Addis Ababa is 16°C (61°F), with daily maximum temperatures averaging 20 - 25°C (68 - 77°F) throughout the year, and overnight lows averaging 5 - 10°C (41 - 50°F). A light jacket is recommended for the evenings, though many Ethiopians prefer to dress conservatively and will wear a light jacket even during the day. - Kiremt or Meher (summer) - June, July and August are the summer season. Heavy rain falls in these three months. - Tseday (spring) - September, October and November are the spring season sometime known as the harvest season. - Bega (winter) - December, January and February are the dry season with frost in morning especially in January. - Belg (Autumn) - March, April and May are the autumn season with occasional showers. May is the hottest month in Ethiopia. People and Society: Population: 105,000,00 (2017 est.), the second most populous country in Africa and the 13th in the world. Religions: Orthodox 43.5%, Muslim 33.9%, Protestant 18.6%, traditional 2.6%, Catholic 0.7%, other 0.7% (2007 Census) Ethnic groups: Oromo 34.4%, Amhara (Amara) 27%, Somali (Somalie) 6.2%, Tigray (Tigrinya) 6.1%, Sidama 4%, Gurage 2.5%, Welaita 2.3%, Hadiya 1.7%, Afar (Affar) 1.7%, Gamo 1.5%, Gedeo 1.3%, Silte 1.3%, Kefficho 1.2%, other 10.5% (2007 est.) Languages: Amharic is the official language of Ethiopia, although English, Italian, French, and Arabic are widely spoken. In areas outside of the larger cities and towns, indigenous languages are likely to be spoken — of which there are eighty-three, with some 200 dialects. The most common of these are Orominya and Tigrinya. Oromigna (official regional) 33.8%, Amarigna (Amharic) (official) 29.3%, Somaligna 6.2%, Tigrigna (official regional) 5.9%, Sidamigna 4%, Wolayitigna 2.2%, Guaragigna 2%, Affarigna 1.7%, Hadiyigna 1.7%, Gamogna 1.5%, other 11.7%, English (official) (major foreign language taught in schools), Arabic (official) (1994 census). Historical and Most Visited Cities: - Addis Ababa – capital of Ethiopia and one of the biggest shopping cities in Africa. - Adama – a popular weekend destination near Addis; also known as Nazret or Nazareth. - Aksum or Axum – home of ancient tombs and stelae fields, in the far north near Eritrea. - Bahir Dar – the monasteries on the islands of Lake Tana and close to the beautiful Blue Nile Falls. - Dire Dawa – the second largest city. - Gondar - the ancient capital of Ethiopia and home to the country's emperors during the 17th and 18th centuries. - Harar – ancient walled city near Dire Dawa - Lalibela – home to 11 astonishing rock-hewn churches. - Mekele – a town in the Tigrayan Highlands in the north. Largest cities : The following are the top largest cities in the country based on the 2017 population estimate.The city, region and population number are listed. - Addis Ababa (Adis Ababa), Addis Ababa : 3,434,000 - Gondar (Gonder ), Amhara : 360,600 - Mekele, Tigray : 358,529 - Adama (Nazret), Oromia : 355,475 - Awasa (Hawassa), SNNPR : 335,508 - Bahir Dar, Amhara : 313,997 - Dire Dawa (Dire Dewa) : 293,000 - Dessie (Desie), Amhara : 209,226 - Jimma (Jima ), Oromia : 195,228 - Jijiga, Somalia : 169,390 Time and calendar: Ethiopia uses the Ethiopian calendar, which dates back to the Coptic calendar 25 BC, and never adopted the Julian or Gregorian reforms. One Ethiopian year consists of twelve months, each lasting thirty days, plus a thirteenth month of five or six days (hence the "Thirteen Months of Sunshine" tourism slogan). The Ethiopian new year begins on September 10 or 11 (in the Gregorian calendar), and has accumulated 7-8 years lag behind the Gregorian calendar: thus, for the first nine months of 2018, the year will be 2010 according to the Ethiopian calendar. On 11 September 2018, Ethiopia celebrated New Year's Day (Enkutatesh) for 2011. In Ethiopia, the 12-hour clock cycles do not begin at midnight and noon, but instead are offset six hours. Thus, Ethiopians refer to midnight (or noon) as 6 o'clock. Daylight: Being relatively close to the Equator, there is an almost constant twelve hours of daylight. In Addis Ababa, the sunrise and sunset starts at around 06:30 and 18:45 respectively - January 07 : Ethiopian Christmas (Gena) - January 19 : Timket (Epiphany) - March 01 : Victory of Adowa - April 06 : Ethiopian Good Friday - April 08 : Ethiopian Easter (Fasika) - May 01 : Labour Day - May 05 : Patriots Victory Day - May 28 : Downfall of the Dergue (Derg Downfall Day) - September 11 : Ethiopian New Year (Enkutatash) - September 27 : Finding of the True Cross (Meskel) Other public holidays include the following Muslim holidays which are timed according to local sightings of various phases of the moon and therefore the dates changes from year to year. - December 11 : Mawlid al-Nabi (Birth of the Prophet) - July 07 : Eid al-Fitr (End of Ramadan) - September 02 : Eid-al Adha (Arafat) The local currency is the Ethiopian birr, made up of 100 cents. Notes are issued in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 50, and 100 birr. There are five different coins: 1,5, 10, 25, and 50 cents. Currency regulations:There is no limit to the amount of foreign currency imported into Ethiopia, but it must be declared on arrival, using a currency declaration form. Foreign currency may be changed only at authorized banks and hotels. The currency declaration form will be required by Customs on departure. Visitors may change back any excess birr into foreign currency at the airport before departure, but you must, in addition to the currency declaration form, bring with you all receipts for exchange transactions. All visitors, except Kenya and Djibouti nationals, are required to obtain entry visas. Since 2002, tourists from 33 countries (listed below) are able to obtain entry visas upon their arrival at Bole International Airport in Addis Ababa, and at the airport in Dire Dawa. In August 2011, the fees for visa-upon-arrival was US$20 or EUR 17, regardless of whether one is applying for a Tourist, Business or Transit Visa. The procedure is relatively quick and painless; just look for a door with a sign "Visa" on the left hand before the immigration counters. Nationals of the following countries can get three months tourist visas upon their arrival at Bole Internaltional Airport: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Democratic people's Republic of Korea (northern Korea), Poland, Portugal, Republic of Korea (south Korea), the Russian Federation, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States of America. Travelers are advised to check latest travel policy and additional information from Ethiopia Embassy websites. Click here for Embassy of Ethiopia at Washington DC. Ethiopia uses 220 volts and 50 Hz. It is best to bring your own round, two-prong adapter and transformer if necessary.

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CC-MAIN-2021-43

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This exotic species is about 3 ounces. Body is 11″ long. Signs of their presence: The bird itself is the most obvious sign. It’s hunchbacked, short-tailed, and robin-sized with swift, direct flight, not rising and falling like many blackbirds. Starlings are often seen in large, noisy flocks. Sounds: Cries and songs range from a raucous to nearly-melodic chatter, made up of dozens of variable (and loud) wavy, whiney, wheezy sounds mixed with high whistles and imitations of other bird calls. Droppings: Buildup of droppings on rafters, building ledges, public areas. Nests: Coarse-looking nests of sticks and stems in any hole or cavity. They’ll nest in such places as trees, birdhouses, cracks in buildings, within eaves, on cliff faces or building ledges, on roof beams inside barns and warehouses, and on shopping center signs. Omnivore. Seeds and fruits (native and cultivated), and insects—especially grubs, which are essential during breeding season. Insects and other invertebrates make up about half of their diet. Starlings will gladly feast on every orchard and berry crop. They eat livestock rations, picking out the high-protein supplements mixed into the feed. Starlings often contaminate more than they actually eat. They’ll eat garbage, too. Typical activity patterns: Social style: Sociable outside the breeding season. Fall flocks are smaller (up to several thousand birds) and spread over a large area. In winter, starlings gather in much larger flocks (sometimes over a million birds) that are concentrated in smaller areas (few acres). They may use the same winter roost year after year. Daily activity: Diurnal. Migrates? Some do, some don’t. Yearlings are more likely to migrate. The starlings who do migrate may travel up to several hundred miles. In Louisiana starlings can be found throughout the state. Starlings can be found in cities, suburban areas, and farms. Urban, suburban, and rural areas that offer nest sites (holes in trees, buildings), and foraging areas (parks, lawns, fields, pastures, livestock facilities, dumps). Territory and home range: Starlings are territorial during the nesting season. Pair bonding style: Monogamous. Both parents build the nest, incubate the eggs, and feed the young. Breeding dates: Early to mid-spring. Clutch size: 4–7 eggs. Young hatch in 11–13 days. Females may lay a second clutch, but it’s apt to be less productive. Fledging dates: Young leave the nest after about 3 weeks. Amount of time young remain with parents beyond fledging date: They don’t. Common nuisance situations: Time of year: Any time of year. What are they doing? Nesting in attics, under the eaves, and in soffits and other openings in buildings. Where enormous flocks (up to a million starlings) gather, they can be intensely noisy. Their droppings smell bad, and are corrosive and slippery to walk on. Under certain conditions, the droppings can promote the growth of the fungus that causes histoplasmosis, an airborne disease that affects people. These “feathered bullets” can cause plane crashes. Starlings travel in large flocks that can collide with a plane, or get sucked into the engine. Eat (and contaminate) livestock feed, grains, fruits (grapes, peaches, blueberries, strawberries, figs, apples, cherries), and garbage. Take over nesting sites of native songbirds (purple martins, flickers and other woodpeckers, bluebirds) and wood ducks. If nest sites are limited, starlings may severely hurt the populations of these native birds. May transfer disease (transmissible gastroenteritis) from one livestock facility to another. Disease risks: histoplasmosis to people, transmissible gastroenteritis to livestock, especially pigs. Legal status in Louisiana: Unprotected. The European starling is an exotic species; an exemption to the Migratory Bird Treaty Act allows for its control without a federal permit. Local ordinances may prohibit certain control measures. Starlings may be killed at any time Remove artificial food and water sources (bird seed, grains, pools): If anyone’s feeding the starlings, persuade them to stop. Clean up spilled grain. Store grain and bird seed in bird-proof containers or structures. Use bird-proof livestock feeders: flip-top pig feeders (constant banging keeps starlings uneasy); lick wheels for liquid supplements; auto-release feeders for high-protein rations. Put up wide netting around the bird feeders. This allows small songbirds to still access the feeder. Clean up areas where food is processed Clean up around garbage cans Put garbage in a closed container or one that starlings cannot fly into Livestock feed that’s compressed into cubes or blocks larger than 1/2″ across are too big for starlings to swallow. Avoid 3/16″ pellets because starlings eat them six times more quickly than granular meal. And don’t feed your livestock on the ground—that’s like setting a place for the starlings. Starlings really like those high-protein supplements, so mix the supplements into the feed thoroughly to make it harder for the birds to pick it out. Delay feeding livestock until late afternoon or nighttime, if possible. Feed livestock in a covered area, such as a shed, which is less attractive to the birds. Starlings are attracted to water. You have two choices with pools, troughs, and other containers that catch water: either drain them, or keep the water level out of the starlings’ reach. Do that by keeping it low enough so they can’t dip in easily while perching on the edge, and deep enough so they can’t stand in the bottom. Scare starlings away that come into your birdfeeder Make outdoor roosts less appealing: In a dense grove, thin trees. If a tree is a preferred roost site, trim out about a third of its branches, concentrating on the inside center of the crown. This will reduce the number of available perches and increase the birds’ exposure to weather. With less, and poorer shelter, fewer starlings will congregate. A combination of frightening techniques (noises and visual deterrents) may convince the starlings to leave a roost. As always, your chance of success increases if the techniques are used together and in an unpredictable fashion. Noisemakers such as tape-recorded distress and alarm calls, shell crackers, propane cannons, shotguns, and beating on tin sheets or barrels. Eye-spot balloons, hawk kites, lights, and mylar reflectors, and dousing the birds with water from hoses or sprinklers that are mounted nearby, may also work. Starlings that are used to people and city noises may not respond. Use bird boxes with openings that are too small for starlings. Modify wood duck boxes to make them less attractive by placing them horizontally instead of vertically. Build them out of a 2 foot-long piece of stove pipe that’s 1 foot in diameter. For details, see the “European starling” chapter in Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage. See resource list. Keep them out of, and off buildings: Remove the nest by hand, if possible. Then seal the entry hole. Seal all openings that are bigger than 1″ in diameter. To seal the openings use metal, wood, glass, masonry, galvanized 1/4″ hardware cloth, and plastic or nylon netting. Cap chimneys. (A cover that slips inside the tile liner is adequate). To keep them off ledges: fasten wood, stone, sheet metal, styrofoam, or plexiglass “plates” to the ledge at a 45° angle so they can’t comfortably perch there. attach a sharply pointed steel device to the ledge. There are a few variations, including porcupine wire (prongs point out in many angles), ECOPIC™ (vertical rods), and a steel coil that looks like a slinky. Birds don’t like to land on these objects because they hurt, but some will foil these devices by layering nesting materials over them. If that happens, remove the nest. (If the prongs are too widely spaced apart, the starlings will find it easier to perch on them.) install electric shock devices on the ledge (Avi-Away™, Flyaway™, and Vertebrate Repellent System™). When the bird lands, it receives a nasty shock but is not killed. To keep them out of farm buildings and warehouses, hang 10″ wide vinyl or rubber strips over open doorways (with no more than a 2″ gap between strips). You and your equipment will pass through, but the birds won’t. To keep them from nesting and roosting in sheds, barns, garages, hangars, and warehouses, staple 1/4–1″ polypropylene netting to the underside of the roof beams. For NWCOs with a commercial pesticide applicator license: Nontoxic repellent: Certain grape-like flavorings (methyl anthranilate), when sprayed on fruit, repel starlings but don’t harm the fruit or people (Rejex-it®, BirdShield). This may be impractical because of cost. Nontoxic repellent: Polybutenes are sticky and starlings don’t like to land on ledges, signs or other surfaces that have been treated with them. Polybutenes can affect other species, and they can be messy and hard to remove (they won’t earn you a holiday card from the window washing crew). For these reasons, consider restricting your use of this tool to indoor applications. Toxic repellent: Avitrol® is registered for use against starlings in Louisiana. Here’s how it works, Starlings that eat the treated grain will behave erratically or gives warning cries, frightening the others in the flock. The birds that eat the Avitrol usually die. Like any lethal technique, this pesticide must be used carefully. Make sure there are no threatened or endangered raptors feeding in the area because if they ate a poisoned starling, they might also die. Protect valuable crops: Cover berries, cherries, and grapes with netting. Methyl anthranilate (the nontoxic repellents described above) may help protect fruit. Set up a noise repellent as flocks will fly away if they are startled Set up multiple scarecrows surrounding and within the area of the valuable crops The European starling is an exotic species, so please do not release any into the wild in large numbers (chapter two explains why). If a starling has fallen into someone’s chimney and your customer prefers nonlethal techniques, rest assured that releasing one bird is not going to make a significant difference in Louisiana’s starling population. Unfortunately, they are both abundant and well-established. Direct capture techniques and live traps: If the starlings are roosting on a low perch, you may be able to capture them at night, using spot lights and dip nets. Nest-box trap are only useful during nesting season. A bird box that’s modified to close the opening once the starling hits the trigger panel on the bottom of the box. A mouse snap-back trap can be used to create the triggering mechanism for this starling trap. Decoy trap, for use during the fall and winter when starlings are flocking. This trap may capture as many as 100 starlings a day. This trap is big: 6x8x6 feet, or even bigger. It can be mounted onto a farm wagon for easy movement to the starlings’ preferred roosts. Leave a few starlings (with lots of water and food) in the trap as decoys. The trap can be used with bait instead of decoys, but be more patient, because that method is less effective. For construction details on both traps, see the “European starling” chapter in Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage. Full citation in resource list. Lethal techniques that require a commercial pesticide applicator license: There is one pesticide used on starlings, (DRC-1339) that may only be used under the direct supervision of staff from USDA-APHIS-WS in states where it’s registered on a case-by-case basis. Avitrol®, the repellent described earlier, is usually fatal to the birds who eat it. Preferred killing methods: Shooting, using an air rifle, a .22 caliber rifle, or a shotgun with bird shot Stunning and chest compression Acceptable killing methods: Control strategies that don’t work particularly well, or aren’t legal in Louisiana: Netting over a doorway isn’t as wise a choice as plastic strips, because the netting will probably tear. Ultrasonics don’t work—the birds can’t hear them. The use of lasers to repel starlings (Avian Dissuader®) may work. This product works great with other birds, but isn’t as effective with starlings. Avitrol® has been used to repel starlings from feedlots, but the results have been mixed. However, only a small number of birds need to consume the toxin to warn the rest of the flock ReJex-It®, a grape derivative, (methyl anthranilate) can be used to deter starlings Studies show that its effect is reduced drastically after 7 days Remove the nests from areas that can be reached. Must be persistent with this tactic as starlings build their nests in 1-3 days. This also must be done for several the nests as removing one or two nests will not do much. For information on legal pesticides click the following link, http://www.ldaf.state.la.us/ldaf-programs/pesticide-environmental-programs/pesticides/ Starlings can fly up to 48 mph All starlings in North America are descendants of 100 birds set loose in New York’s Central Park

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Quiet rural town now being absorbed into the larger city of Lake Macquarie Located 116 km north of Sydney via the Newcastle Freeway, Cooranbong is situated at the base of the Watagan Mountains on the western side of Lake Macquarie. It is a rapidly growing town within the City of Lake Macquarie. 'Cooranbong' comes from the language of the area's earlier inhabitants, the Awabakal Aborigines, and is said to mean 'rocky bottom creek' or 'water over rocks' - presumably references to Dora Creek which runs eastwards from the settlement to Lake Macquarie. Lieutenant Percy Simpson was probably the first European settler in the whole Lake Macquarie area. He received a 2000-acre grant in 1826, was assigned six convicts who cleared the land, grazed cattle, and built a homestead and stockyards near a ford over Dora Creek. He left after two years but one of his convicts, Moses Carroll, stayed on as a stockman and was made constable of the area in 1834. Although settlers were thin on the ground, convict escapees, cattle thieves, timber-getters and the indigenous inhabitants caused him some difficulties. It was the Robertson Land Act of 1861 which saw the township develop as it enabled small selectors to buy up plots near the Dora Creek ford. A Catholic Church was built that same year (it also functioned as a school). A post office and Anglican church followed. Timber was the backbone of the local economy and four large steam-driven timber mills were operating in the area in the 1870s. The cedar was loaded on to ketches at the creekside and sent off to Lake Macquarie with supplies returned by the same route. The local economy expanded and the population increased. As a sign of its development a police station and courthouse were established in 1873. The first ferry service on the lake was started in 1876 and a post office opened in 1881 (the building is still standing in Martinsville Rd, now a private residence). Cooranbong also benefited from its role as a a staging post on the trek between Sydney and Newcastle. By the 1880s, when the population reached 700, there were four stores, two schools, three hotels and four wine bars. However, when Sydney and Newcastle were linked by rail in the late 1880s the line passed 5 km to the east of Cooranbong. Although the station was initially called Cooranbong the settlement around the station became known as Morisset. Consequently economic activity at Cooranbong tailed off. Commercial shipping virtually ceased and the completion of the railway line ended contracts for local timber used to create railway sleepers. Moreover a general economic depression hit in the 1890s. The population had dropped to 206 by 1891. However, the town's decline meant a fall in land prices and the town managed to struggle on when this attracted the Seventh Day Adventists who bought 1500 acres of land on the northern bank of Dora Creek and established Avondale College in 1897 and Sanitarium Health Foods in 1909. The population is now around 4500. The town's two historic buildings are both located in Martinsville Rd (signposted as Watagan Forest Rd) which runs west off Freemans Drive (the main thoroughfare). The Catholic Church of St Patrick and St Brigid, virtually on the corner, was built in 1906 to replace the original 1861 structure. The oldest headstone dates back to 1862. Just up the road, to the left, on the corner of Martinsville and Government Rds, is the old sandstone post office with its small front and rear porches and cast-iron lacework. Built in 1881 it is now a private residence though it still has 'Post Office' inscribed underneath the gable at the side of the building. The Elephant Shop A little further north along Freemans Drive is a little shopping centre to the left where you will find The Elephant Shop where there is a large selection of amethysts, agate, onyxware, crystals, rock and mineral specimens, hand-carved furniture and goods from South-East Asia. It is open from Sunday to Friday. You can check out the shop by going to http://www.elephantshop.com.au. Opposite is Central Ave, the driveway of Avondale College. There are tours of the college, opened 1897, and the Sanitarium Health Food factory they own and operate. The college is set in a 325-ha property and incorporates a fine church building as well as a number of heritage listed buildings including Bethal Hall and the College Hall. Bethel Hall was completed in 1897. The original structure was a New England building with a thatched roof (which has been replaced with a tin roof) designed to serve as Women's dormitory and assembly room. It currently houses Marketing, Public Relations and Administrative Services & Planning. College Hall was built early 1899, it is also New England in architecture, designed by one of the Kellogg brothers. Originally College Hall held classrooms, the principal's office, two primary school classrooms, library and chapel room. It currently houses Student Services and Student Government. Contact. (02) 4980 2251. Sunnyside and South Sea Islands Museum Further north along Freemans Drive, Avondale Rd runs off to the right. The museum is located at number 27. Seventh-day Adventist Ellen White, a significant figure in local church history, visited the area in 1891 and built the house in 1895. A large outbuilding now contains a large, impressive and historical collection of South Sea Island artefacts, gathered by the church during its missionary work in the South Sea Islands. Some of the material dates back to the 19th century, including an enormous war canoe and items used by cannibals during human sacrifices. It is open Saturdays to Thursdays from 2.00 p.m. - 4.00 p.m., contact (02) 4977 2501. Cooranbong is probably the best town to access the 13 forests scattered throughout the Watagan Mountains which lie to the west of Lake Macquarie and the Tuggerah Lakes. There are some outstanding camping sites, lookouts, walking trails, picnic areas and well-signposted forest drives. The Watagans have been exploited for their timber since the 1830s. The demand for railway sleepers generated by the construction of the Sydney-Newcastle railway caused a boom in the late 19th century. During World War II the forests were almost entirely stripped of their softwoods, particularly coachwood, which was used for the Diggers' .303 rifle and for the construction of the Mosquito fighter plane. Most of the houses of the Central Coast, Lake Macquarie and Hunter Valley have frames made of Watagan hardwoods. Early timbergetters spotted the enormous red cedars by climbing a tree and looking for the spray of red amongst the rainforest greenery. Head west along Martinsville Rd into the valley formerly known as The Brush. The first European settlers, the Martin family, arrived in the 1860s and worked as timbergetters. A village of farmers and sawyers developed. It was known as Deep Creek when a slab school was built in 1878. The post office which opened the following decade was called Dora Creek, causing conflict with the settlement of that name north of present-day Morisset. It was renamed The Brush and became Martinsville in 1894. Turn left up Martinsville Hill Rd. To the right is a wishing well where there was once a spring which supplied the timberworkers. The Wishing Well Picnic Area and walking trail is a few hundred metres further along to the right. At the end of this road a left turn leads to Muirs Lookout and picnic area. There are excellent views eastwards over Lake Macquarie and beyond to the ocean. Two sets of stacks are visible: those of Vales Point Power Station on the southern shore of the lake and those of Eraring on the western shore. There is a 1-5-km walking trail with interpretative signs. Return to the Martinsville Hill Rd intersection and head north-west along Watagan Forest Rd. The Pines Forest Picnic Area, one of the district's highlights, is along a short side-road to the right. Several walking trails, including a wildflower walk (1 km) and an 8-km walk to Abbotts Falls, depart from different points along this side-road. The 1-km Pines Trail takes in an old Aboriginal axe-grinding groove. A little further along Watagan Forest Rd are the Water Tower Picnic Area (named after an 18-m water tower built in 1961 for the surveillance of potential forest fires but demolished in the 1970s due to termite infestation - only the base of the poles remain) and another turnoff to the Casuarina and Turpentine Camping Areas. It is around another 14 km to the Boarding House Dam turnoff to the left, another highlight of the district. About the carpark and picnic area is a section of dense, subtropical rainforest and a small weir built to ensure a supply of water for bushfires after the ravages of a major fire in 1939-40. There is plenty of birdlife about. The dam is a good spot for a swim in summer and there is a somewhat poorly marked, circular 400-m walking track which follows the gentle murmur of Congewai Creek and its tranquil environs for a distance. Lookout and Scenic Views Return to Watagan Forest Rd and continue in a north-easterly direction as the road rises steeply to one of the highest points in the Watagans (540 m). While one road continues north-east towards Heaton Lookout, Watagan Forest Rd swerves to the left towards Cessnock. Follow the latter for about 3 km then turn right into Bakers Rd. You will immediately pass a signpost for the Great North Walk (just 195 km to Sydney Cove!), a ranger's station and a camping area to the right. 2 km from this turnoff is the Hunter Lookout, to the left, and, at the end of the road (another kilometre), Macleans Lookout. Both have picnic areas and magnificent views. The former looks westwards and north-west towards Cessnock while the latter is oriented to the north-west (Cessnock) and north-east (over Mulbring and beyond to Kurri Kurri with Maitland in the distance). The two are linked by a 600-m walking trail. From Macleans the 8-km, one-way Watagan Track, departs for the Heaton Lookout. It is considered one of the best in the forests. Return to the point where Watagan Forest Rd swerves northwards and follow the road east to Heaton Lookout. After about 2 km there is a fork in the road. Turn left along Heaton Rd and after about 1.5 km you will see the lookout on the roadside to the right. The view is quite fantastic: to the east the whole of Lake Macquarie with the stacks of its various power stations scattered about the shore; north to Newcastle and beyond to Stockton Beach stretching north-east towards Port Stephens; south over the entire Central Coast with Tuggerah Lakes in the foreground, Norah Head Lighthouse on the coast and beyond to Broken Bay and the mouth of the Hawkesbury. Aside from the aforementioned Watagan Track there are two shorter circular tracks (750 m and 2.5 km). Return to the fork and this time head south along Mt Faulk Rd, once known as the 'unemployed road' as it was built by those left without work in the general economic depression of the 1890s which hit the Cooranbong area hard due to the fact that the railway skirted the town and contracts for railway sleepers dried up. After about 2 or 3 km is a turnoff to the right to Monkey Mountain Lookout. The mountain's name derives from a bullock called Monkey after its abseiling abilities. It liked to hide, in its spare time, on a mountain shelf which was thus named Monkey Shelf. Along this road is a fork. To the right is Gap Creek Lookout which is popular with abseilers. Below is a dense canopy of subtropical rainforest about Gap Creek which flows from the base of the falls. To the right the road continues on to Monkey Mountain Lookout from where there are fine views southwards over Martinsville Valley. The homestead below belongs to the Browne family, early settlers and timbergetters who owned the aforesaid bullock named Monkey. Return to Mt Faulk Rd and continue south. Keep your eyes to the right as there is soon another turnoff along Bangalow Rd, named after the many Bangalow palms amidst the scrub. It follows Monkey Shelf through an area rich in interesting birdlife, which can be seen and heard - lyrebirds, king parrots, crimson rosellas, satin bowerbirds, green catbirds, whipbirds etc. There are two camping areas along the road and a carpark at the end from whence there is a walking trail which follows an old bullock track to the falls. A side path (now virtually overgrown) leads to The Cave, a rock overhang once frequented by students from Avondale Collge who cleared the cave and installed bunks, chairs and tables for study purposes. Some of the old stumps along the way still retain the grooves into which were inserted planks upon which woodcutters stood in order to fell the tree. The track forks. The right branch passes along the shelf through the scrub while the left descends precipitously (beware the return hike) to the base of the 40-m falls. Unless it has rained recently there may only be a trickle but the environs are exceptional anyway and well worth the effort. Return to Mt Faulk Rd which continues south to Freemans Drive. It will return you to Cooranbong. For leaflets about the walking trails, camping areas and ranger-led nature walks, contact State Forests of NSW in Dora St, Morisset on (02) 4973 3733. Great North Walk The Watagans are part of the 250-km Great North Walk from Sydney to Newcastle, a 14-day walk taking in a wide range of environments and attractions, both natural and man-made. It can be broken down into smaller subsections. For more information contact the Lake Macquarie Tourist Information Centre on (02) 4972 1172 or the Dept of Lands on (02) 9228 6111. For further tourist information contact Lake Macquarie Tourist Information, 72 Pacific Highway, Blacksmiths on (02) 4972 1172. 47 Kings Rd Martinsville Cooranbong NSW 2265 Telephone: (02) 4977 3400 Facsimile: (02) 4977 3774 Cafe Renaissance Shop 1a Avondale Village Freemans Dve Cooranbong NSW 2265 Telephone: (02) 4977 1662

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Volume 25, Number 5—May 2019 Biosafety Level 4 Laboratory User Training Program, China Experienced, qualified personnel certified to work in high-level biocontainment laboratories contribute to the safe operation of these facilities. China began a training program for laboratory users after establishing its first Biosafety Level 4 laboratory, the Wuhan National Biosafety Laboratory (Level 4) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. We provide an overview of the content of this training program, which can serve as a reference for developing national norms for high-containment laboratory training. Over the last 2 decades, numerous infectious diseases, including Ebola, Marburg hemorrhagic fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Lassa fever, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), avian influenza A(H5N1), Rift Valley fever, and Nipah and Hendra viral diseases, have emerged and re-emerged. These infectious diseases pose serious threats to public health and global economies. For example, 28,616 suspected cases and 11,310 deaths were reported during the large and complex Ebola outbreak in West Africa during 2013–2016 (1). In addition, as the threat of terrorism increases globally, the risk for bioterrorism is expected to increase as well. To prepare for biological threats, scientists must research dangerous pathogens to develop effective methods to prevent, diagnose, and treat the diseases caused by them. Laboratories are classified into biocontainment levels 1–4, depending on the pathogenicity of microbes investigated. Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4) laboratories investigate the most dangerous pathogens and have the maximum biocontainment levels. Microbes contained in BSL-4 laboratories pose a significant risk for transmission and are frequently fatal; most have no reliable cure. BSL-4 laboratories provide a safe environment in which laboratory staff can work with and study these highly pathogenic microbes. After the 2003 SARS epidemic, the government of China initiated a plan to construct a national high-level biosafety laboratory system to prepare for and respond to future infectious disease outbreaks. One of the goals was to build a BSL-4 laboratory that meets the national and international standards for diagnosing, researching, and developing antiviral drugs and vaccines while additionally preserving highly pathogenic BSL-4 agents for future scientific research. Within the framework of the Sino-French Cooperation Agreement on Emerging Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control (2) signed in October 2004, China constructed its first BSL-4 laboratory, the Wuhan National Biosafety Laboratory (Level 4) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, in 2015. During construction, prospective BSL-4 laboratory staff members visited France, the United States, or Australia for BSL-4 training and capacity building. After 2 years of testing and commissioning, Wuhan BSL-4 laboratory passed a series of assessments, and the China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment certified it as meeting the highest biosafety standard in January 2017 (3). In August 2017, the National Health Commission of China approved research activities involving Ebola, Nipah, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever viruses at the Wuhan BSL-4 laboratory (4). The safety and function of a BSL-4 laboratory rely not only on the containment facility and biosafety management systems but also on highly qualified and experienced staff. Many recorded laboratory accidents are related to personnel error. Qualified staff ensure the efficacy and safety of a high-containment laboratory. Developing an appropriate and rigorous BSL-4 laboratory user training system is an essential prerequisite for ensuring the safety of laboratory workers, operations, and the environment (5,6). We designed a training program for BSL-4 laboratory users that follows local, national, and international guidelines and regulations. Our program ensures the safety and security of staff involved in research at the Wuhan BSL-4 laboratory. We developed our BSL-4 laboratory user training program in 2017 to provide continual on-the-job training. The main goal of the program is to prepare laboratorians to work at our maximum biocontainment laboratory. Before being admitted to the training program, applicants must demonstrate proficient work experience in lower containment level laboratories, particularly BSL-3, and undergo medical examinations and security checks. We constructed a realistic training laboratory with bioseal doors, pressure sensors, a chemical shower room, air connection ports, biosafety cabinets (BSCs), an autoclave, and general laboratory equipment (Figure, panel A). In this laboratory, trainees gain experience wearing a positive-pressure suit (Figure, panel B) and become familiar with working in the BSL-4 environment without actually handling microbes. To ensure documentation of all training, we developed online training management software, which supports registration, staff pre-assessment, needs assessments, a theoretical examination, record keeping, and analysis of training efficiency. The training team is composed of existing trained staff or outsourced qualified mentors. Currently, we include 3 categories of trainees according to their duties: laboratory managers or biosafety professionals, operations or maintenance staff members, and researchers or technicians who work with infectious agents in vitro or in vivo. Our BSL-4 users training occurs in 3 phases: a pre-assessment, theoretical and practicum training, and a final assessment (Appendix). Training comprises small group lectures, hands-on practice in the training laboratory, and mentored work in the functioning BSL-4 laboratory. Depending on their role in the laboratory, trainees complete required and elective modules and a specified number of mentored hours and entries into the laboratory to receive certification. In addition, we provide supplemental training after any procedural or policy changes and annual refresher training for experienced workers. The pre-assessment helps us determine trainees’ experience and identify their training needs. During pre-assessment, trainees provide information on group 1–4 pathogens they have previously handled, their experience in biosafety settings, animal species with which they have working experience, techniques with which they have experience, whether they are taking training for the first time or as a refresher, which training level they are requesting, and agents they will handle and their responsibilities in the laboratory after training. The trainee also takes an examination targeting their user category, manger, operations and maintenance, or researcher. This examination provides guidelines for topics or content that the trainee should focus on during the theoretical training. The theoretical courses are designed to help trainees gain a comprehensive understanding of biosafety and biosecurity principles and regulations. Theoretical training provides an overview of the features of the maximum biocontainment laboratory, especially the design features, maintenance and management, the code of practice, the key facilities and equipment, and the standard operating procedures for working at our BSL-4 laboratory. The classroom-based theoretical coursework consists of 14 topics with ≈45 minutes of lectures and discussions per topic (Appendix). The trainees complete courses on different topics according to their job category. After completing all required courses in the theoretical series, trainees must pass an examination with a score >90% before proceeding to the hands-on courses in our training laboratory. Trainees who do not pass receive further instruction and review topics they did not pass before retaking the test. The hands-on practicum provides training in a laboratory setting, strengthens trainees’ knowledge and skills, and delivers a comprehensive orientation to our BSL-4 facility. During hands-on training, staff become familiar with laboratory features, such as airtight doors, dedicated airflow supply and exhaust systems, autoclave, chemical shower, negative-pressure environment, personal protective equipment, standard operating procedures, and safety procedures, including alarms and emergency operations. Hands-on training includes 6 topics (Appendix) and is conducted through demonstration and practice using non-infectious materials at our training laboratory. Trainees take topics according to their job category. During these sessions, an assigned mentor or trainer demonstrates the correct procedures before the trainee practices under observation. In this phase, all trainees learn about the positive pressure suit, including how to inspect and wear the suit and use compressed air hoses. In addition, they learn emergency plans and proper techniques for entering and exiting the BSL-4 laboratory, working in or using laboratory equipment, disinfecting surfaces, disposing of waste, cleaning spills, removing equipment or material from the laboratory, and conducting decontamination. Because laboratory accidents often involve animal bites and sharps, we require an additional module specific to these issues for staff who will work with animals; those whose work is mainly in vivo may take this course as an elective. On completion of this section, the mentor or trainer observes the trainee performing assigned procedures and evaluates whether they are performed correctly per standard operating procedures. These evaluations are recorded through our online training management software tool. Mentored On-the-Job Training Before they can be certified, trainees who will work at the BSL-4 laboratory must complete a specified number of hours and entries into the laboratory in mentored on-the-job training (Appendix). During this phase, trainees work in a functioning BSL-4 laboratory under supervision of a senior staff scientist or other experienced laboratorians. After an orientation, they perform specific tasks, such as routine inspection and BSC testing, moving equipment, setting up BSCs before conducting experiments, disinfecting surfaces and removing generated waste, centrifugation, virus propagation and storage, plaque assays, inoculation, and animal care and use. The assigned mentor evaluates the trainee’s performance, advises on safe and secure operations, and records areas in which the trainee needs further instruction or practice. The mentor then makes recommendations on whether the trainee is prepared for independent access to laboratory facilities. Final Assessment and Certification After a trainee completes hands-on skills assessments and passes the final theoretical exam, the laboratory director reviews training records, laboratory work hours and entries, and the mentors’ recommendations before authorizing a certification. Depending on the level of work experience and job categories, staff are certified at 3 grades: Grade Green personnel must be under the guidance of internal or external experts or mentors when accessing the BSL-4 facility; Grade Orange personnel have independent access to the BSL-4 facility; and Grade Red personnel have independent access directly to the BSL-4 facility and are qualified to be mentors and instructors (Appendix). According to China’s “One Belt, One Road” initiative, the chance that exotic pathogens could be brought into the country has dramatically increased (7). Our new BSL-4 facility will play an integral role in preventing and controlling highly pathogenic microbes. To safely operate this facility, we designed a training program that ensures all personnel meet the institutional, national, and international standards for working in maximum-containment laboratories. In preparation for the opening of the Wuhan BSL-4, we engaged in short- and long-term personnel exchanges focused on biosafety training through international cooperation (8). Four staff members visited the P4 Jean Mérieux-Inserm Laboratory in Lyon, France; 2 visited Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA; and 1 visited the Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia for training and certification on BSL-4 laboratory operations, maintenance, and scientific or support work. These members are now the main instructors for our BSL-4 laboratory user training program. Rather than being standardized, our training is specialized to fundamentally cover different BSL-4 users, including administrators and management, biosafety professionals, operations and maintenance staff, and researchers and technicians who currently work in the laboratory. The theoretical coursework is designed to help trainees understand the features of the BSL-4 laboratory and prepares them to enter the laboratory environment. We constructed the first BSL-4 training laboratory in China with the sole purpose of providing hands-on practicum for staff. This laboratory gives staff a safe environment in which they can learn all routine and emergency procedures of high-containment laboratories without the risk of exposure to dangerous pathogens. In addition, we developed an online training management software tool to support the training program and track participants’ progress towards certification. We plan to incorporate additional user training, such as training for temporary or visiting workers from outside the institution who currently do not have access to our laboratory. In addition, we are planning specific training designed for emergency first responders, such as security staff at the institute and the city’s police and fire departments. Because these groups are tasked with responding to incidents, such as terrorism or fires, they need to be familiar with the complex design and mechanical and engineering features of the BSL-4 facility. Our expanded training will orient them to the laboratory and its operating systems so they can respond as safely as possible to any emergency at our facility. Our rigorous training program will reduce the risk of harm or exposure to laboratory staff working with highly pathogenic agents. We encouraged all laboratory users to provide feedback and thoughts regarding how to improve and further advance our training program. China intends to build 5–7 high-containment laboratories by 2025 (9). Our BSL-4 laboratory worker training system is the starting point for developing national norms for high-containment laboratory training and preparing qualified, maximum biocontainment laboratory scientists and facility operations specialists. Dr. Han Xia is an associate professor at Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Her research interests focus on the diagnosis and evolution of arbovirus and biosafety. This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant no. 2016YFC1202203) and the Wuhan Science and Technology Project (grant no. 2018-201261638501) from Wuhan Science and Technology Bureau, China. - World Health Organization. Ebola data and statistics. 2016 May 11 [cited 2018 Feb 5]. http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.ebola-sitrep - Ministry of Foreign Affairs of People’s Republic of China. The bilateral relations between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of France [in Chinese]. 2019 Jan 1 [cited 2019 Mar 11]. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/gjhdq_676201/gj_676203/oz_678770/1206_679134/sbgx_679138 - Cyranoski D. Inside the Chinese lab poised to study world’s most dangerous pathogens. Nature. 2017;542:399–400. - National Health Commission of People’s Republic of China. China’s first bio-safety level 4 lab put into operation [in Chinese]. 2018 Jan 1 [cited 2018 Dec 5]. http://www.nhc.gov.cn/zhuz/xwfb/201801/90502af790884777b2844ad7dc8c4c2f.shtml - Le Duc JW, Anderson K, Bloom ME, Estep JE, Feldmann H, Geisbert JB, et al. Framework for leadership and training of Biosafety Level 4 laboratory workers. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:1685–8. - Nisii C, Castilletti C, Raoul H, Hewson R, Brown D, Gopal R, et al. Biosafety Level-4 laboratories in Europe: opportunities for public health, diagnostics, and research. PLoS Pathog. 2013;9:e1003105. - National Development and Reform Commission of People’s Republic of China. Vision and actions on jointly building Silk Road economic belt and 21st-Century maritime Silk Road [in Chinese]. 2015 March 30 [cited 2018 Dec 5]. http://www.ndrc.gov.cn/gzdt/201503/t20150330_669162.html - Le Duc JW, Yuan Z. Network for safe and secure labs. Science. 2018;362:267. - National Development and Reform Commission of People’s Republic of China. The planning (year 2016–2025) for the construction of high-level biosafety laboratory system [in Chinese]. 2016 Nov 30 [cited 2018 Dec 5]. http://www.ndrc.gov.cn/zcfb/zcfbtz/201612/t20161220_830455.html Suggested citation for this article: Xia H, Huang Y, Ma H, Liu B, Xie W, Song D, et al. Biosafety Level 4 laboratory user training program, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019 May [date cited]. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2505.180220 Original Publication Date: March 26, 2019

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Eastbury's history has been shaped by characters. Find out more about the fascinating lives of some of these people below. 'Wife, aunt and mother' Born into a world where women had few rights over their own property and little control over their destiny, Anne Sisley came from an affluent and educated family which flourished through the Tudor period. The wealth and status of Anne’s family is indicated by the contents of both her father’s and mother’s Wills. Her father left her a legacy of £200 (to be received on marriage or age of 24).. This was a huge sum of money when a labourer earned between £5 and £10 per annum. Whilst Anne’s brothers would have benefitted from a university education and the study of law at the City’s Inns of Court, she would have been home educated. With an increasing availability of printed books, it seems that Anne learnt to read and write. Although we don’t know the date of Anne Argall’s birth, the provision of her father’s Will suggests she was born in the mid-1540s. When she married Clement Sisley in the early 1560s, she became the wife of an older, well-established man. She soon provided Clement with a son and heir, and two more sons and a daughter followed. Eastbury Hall, as the house was then known, was completed whilst these children were quite small. Did Anne’s £200 marriage portion from her late father help to pay for the completion of the house? Clement and Anne Sisley appear to have divided their time between Eastbury Hall and a home in London. With its Great Hall, spacious rooms, large, glass-filled windows, and fireplaces with decorative stone surrounds, Eastbury was a high-status home for Clement Sisley’s young wife. It is possible that one of the first big social events that she helped organise at Eastbury was the wedding of her step-daughter Mary to Abacuck Harman of East Ham. After Clement Sisley’s death in September 1578, Anne was left a widow with four young children. Although Clement provided for his family in his Will (including naming his preferred guardian to manage Thomas’ finances until he married, or came of age) he also left Anne and Thomas sizeable debts.To resolve the situation, Anne took a new husband, Augustine Steward. Unlike Clement Sisley, Augustine Steward was Anne’s near contemporary. The marriage brought financial security and a guardian for Thomas. Augustine gained control over Clement Sisley’s property investments for the next six years, until Thomas came of age in 1586, and Anne became step-mother to Augustine’s step-children Anne experienced a fair share of sadness during her two marriages. Several of her children died young and she also witnessed her first-born son struggle to retain his inheritance after his father’s untimely death. She lived through a time of transition in Britain’s history, witnessing the end of the Tudor dynasty, living through the turbulent years of the Reformation, the threat of Spanish invasion and the Gunpowder Plot. She also lived in a time of increasing curiosity about the World, witnessing England’s developing interest in overseas settlement and trade, and living just long enough to hear of her nephew Samuel Argall’s departure to England’s new settlement in Jamestown, Virginia. What sort of man was Clement Sisley? We have no portraits of him but there is a wealth of legal documents, including his will, which give some idea of his character and status. Clement Sisley himself claimed the right to a coat of arms and traced his ancestry back to Fountains in Yorkshire. He appears to have been a wealthy man and ‘good for credit’. Contemporary documents suggest that the bulk of his money came from good marriages, land deals, rents and profits from tithe ownership. These link his name with various high-status families, and property investments in Kent, Essex, Dorset and the London area. Widowed twice, his third marriage took place not long before building began on Eastbury Hall. His new wife, Anne Argall, was the only daughter of the recently-deceased Thomas Argall, wealthy and prominent royal tax and land administrator. Clement owned and leased other property than Eastbury locally and in the City of London. It is probable that he and his family regularly travelled between the City and their new country retreat, following the fashion of other well-to-do contemporaries Various documents give glimpses of how the family lived. Servants were an important part of the household and at least eight were being employed when Clement Sisley died. The family could afford to supplement home produce from Eastbury Hall’s dovecote, orchards and gardens, with spending on beer from the brewer to supplement home-made ale. The house was built on a gravel terrace near the marshland and Clement owned cattle and horses, including a sorrel gelding and a grey curtail. Thomas Sisley was Clement Sisley’s oldest surviving son and heir, and he grew up expecting to inherit Eastbury Hall and other property belonging to his father. He was less than 14 years old when his father died. Under English Law at the time, he couldn’t legally take control of his own affairs until he married or reached the age of 21. When his mother remarried, he became the Ward of his step-father Augustine Steward the Elder. This was not the guardian chosen by his late father who had hoped that Peter Osborne, a family friend, would have legal responsibility for his son. It appears that several of Clement Sisley’s outstanding debts were still unpaid when Thomas became responsible for his estate at the age of 21. The problem was eventually resolved in 1592 when, having first argued that he couldn’t afford to do so, his step-father was persuaded by family members to take control of Eastbury in return for paying debts and substantial annuities to Thomas and his mother Anne. After this, little detail of Thomas’s life has emerged. We can find no record of a marriage or his death although we know he was alive in 1610 when his mother left him £5 in her will to buy a horse. He never inherited Eastbury as his father had planned. Did he return to Ireland? Were his records destroyed in the Great Fire of London or during the English Civil War, or are there more records somewhere, waiting to be discovered? Augustine Steward the Elder 'The second husband to Anne' The magnificent Purbeck marble tomb in Lakenheath church, Suffolk, erected in memory of Augustine Steward’s father Simeon, suggests Augustine was born into both a significant and prosperous local, land-owning family. Indeed, his family claimed they had historical connections to Scottish Kings. Augustine Steward’s education suggests he was an ambitious man. He attained a BA degree at Trinity College, Cambridge, and was then admitted to the Middle Temple, one of four closely connected London training centres for English barristers. He takes the typical route of many contemporary young men hoping to influence public life. Augustine Steward was 34 when he married for the first time to Lucy Campion in 1577. What was he doing in the intervening years? No doubt, he was honing his knowledge of the law and making useful legal and business contacts. She was not able to provide him with a son and heir. Within two years he was a widower with two young step-children and no heir of his own. Like many of his contemporaries in a similar situation, he was soon married for a second time to Anne, widow of Clement Sisley of Eastbury Hall, Barking. Anne Sisley’s new husband seems to have regarded Eastbury as an investment rather than a family home. Family life for Augustine and Anne Steward didn’t always run smoothly. Between 1586 and the 1590s Augustine was involved in several court cases. These occurred after his wife’s family accused him of treating Thomas unfairly and making it impossible for him to retain his rightful inheritance when he came of-age, including Eastbury Hall, because of debts accrued during his minority. The death of all but two of their children must have created further sadness in their lives. His death in 1597 may have been unexpected. He had hoped to be buried at St Sepulchre’s Church, near his London home, but it seems he was buried at St Mary’s Church, Braughing, in Hertfordshire. He was 55 and left behind a widow and two young children. Augustine, his namesake, son and heir, ensured that his legacy continued into the next century. Contemporary visitors to Eastbury are often surprised by the survival of its late Elizabethan wall paintings. Now badly faded, the coat of arms depicted on the south wall is that of John Moore. Although a tenant, John Moore appears to have invested in expensive decorations which reveal him as a man of wealth, fashionable taste and learning. Did he intend to make Eastbury a long-term country retreat for his wife and step-daughter? John lived in Spain long enough to meet and marry the widowed Maria Perez de Recalde (née Kirton). As staunch Catholics, the family of Maria’s late husband, Alonso, appear dismayed by her new marriage to an Englishman. On his return to London John Moore had business around the Port of London, working for several Government departments under the eye of Queen Elizabeth’s Secretary of State, William Cecil. He seems to have been a trusted government employee, a respected member of the Skinner’s Company and an influential figure in local politics Having been connected with international trade over a long period of time, John took an interest in the proposed East India Company to promote trade around the Indian Ocean and to import pepper and spices to England. Even before the Company received their Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I, on the 31 December 1600, he ventured the huge sum of £300 on a proposed voyage to the East Indies. Whilst he was involved in the early years of the East India Company, he also had a pressing family concern; the need to find a Roman Catholic husband for his pious step-daughter, Maria. An inventory made after his death in 1603 gives us valuable information about the contents and layout of his country home at Eastbury Hall. Although information on the kitchen and associated rooms is badly water damaged, we learn that there were at least six bedsteads with feather mattresses and pillows, two with yellow hangings, a pair of keyboard instruments called virginals, a looking glass in one of the upstairs closets, and other household items including six leather stools. Sadly, he didn’t live to see the safe return of the East India Company’s first expedition to Sumatra, Indonesia and Java in the East Indies. It was recently suggested that an 18th-century map showing evidence of early landscaping at Eastbury, which included a pathway between fruit trees to an island in a small lake, may reveal work done in John Moore’s time. In the decades after his death, the property seems to have suffered from neglect . How different things might have been had he lived! In January 1586, the 21-year old Thomas Sisley gained the right to control his inheritance at Eastbury after his step-father’s guardianship. Just a few months later in June, his tenant William Carewe sold brothers John and James Bartlett a license to farm Eastbury’s valuable rabbit warrens. However, life as a sub-tenant could be unpredictable. Despite their considerable investment, Carewe declared they had broken the terms of their agreement. He threw John out of his home and locked the brothers out of the property, preventing them from retrieving their equipment or household goods. Carewe’s claim that the brothers had failed to pay their rent on time seems suspicious. Was he regretting locking himself into a ten-year agreement in a period of high inflation? Did he plan to hedge against inflation by evicting the Barletts, in order to find another tenant who would pay a higher rent for a shorter period? If this was the reason, the outcome was less simple than he might have expected. The Bartletts took Carewe to court in London to argue their rights. Being separated from both home and their means of making a living must have been devastating. Sadly, we don’t know the outcome of the law case. William Carewe’s lease of the land appears to have continued unabated and the document gives an insight into how tenuous life could be, particularly for those without education or the ‘right’ social connections. At the beginning of the 17th century, the failure by Thomas Sisley’s step-brother (Augustine Steward the Younger) to regularly monitor tenants may have been the reason why claims were made that sub-letting by one tenant had resulted in the neglect of Eastbury’s warrens, orchards, gardens, outbuildings and the house. Augustine Steward the Younger 'Step-brother to Thomas' Augustine Steward was the youngest surviving child from the marriage of widow Anne Sisley to Augustine Steward the Elder. Born into a wealthy and socially well-connected family on the 13 October 1584.Augustine’s childhood seems to have been spent mainly in London. Like his step-brother, Thomas Sisley, Augustine lost his father in his early teens and expected to gain his inheritance at the age of 21 or his marriage, whichever happened first. Unlike Thomas, he didn’t inherit an impossible burden of debt. Instead, he inherited a considerable property portfolio and all the income that came from it. Augustine was 19 when he married Elizabeth Barnham in 1603. Records for Augustine’s married life are sketchy, but he appears to have lived the life of a wealthy man of property. He outlived his wife but his Will refers to three sons Martin, Edward and Francis, and a daughter, Judith. Documents do reveal that in the early years of his marriage, he had enough surplus money to invest in the newly formed Virginia Company of London.Augustine’s name appears on the third Virginia Charter of 1612, which extended territorial jurisdiction as far as Bermuda.As an investor, he wasn’t required to travel to Virginia, but when his cousin Samuel Argall became Deputy Governor of Virginia (in the absence of Governor Lord de la Warr), Augustine decided to leave his wife and young family and sail for Virginia. Was he taking advantage of his family connection to check on potential investments or was he, perhaps, planning to settle in Virginia? Augustine Steward was no doubt aware that in London arguments had been going on over the way his cousin Samuel was running the Jamestown settlement in the Colony of Virginia after the death of Lord de la Warr. Both men were back in London and attending Virginia Company meetings by the Autumn of 1619. Augustine’s priorities may have changed in 1620 when he became a widower with a young family. To repay his father’s lender and secure the Hoxton property for future heirs, his son Martin completed the sale of Eastbury. With this sale in 1628, Eastbury’s connection with the extended Sisley family was finally broken. Download our 'Gardens of Eastbury Manor House' booklet for more information

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NCERT Solutions for Class 12 English VistasShare NCERT Solutions for Class 12 English Vistas that we provide act as an important study material for students looking to score good marks in the exam. These solutions assist students to focus more on important topics in the Vistas textbook and learn them in-depth. Detailed and to the point, the English Vistas Solutions from Goprep have been prepared in accordance with the present syllabus for the CBSE class 12th. The Class 12 English Vistas Solutions comprise of answers and explanations for all the questions and topics provided in the textbook. These solutions are presented in an easy language, which makes it easier for students to understand the concepts thoroughly. Also, by relying upon these solutions for Vistas English, you can prepare the whole syllabus within the required time-frame. So, what are you waiting for? Browse the links given below to access chapter-wise solutions for Class 12 Vistas English. NCERT Solutions for Class 12 English Vistas (All Chapters) Scoring good marks in Class 12 English Boards exam is not an easy task from any stretch of the imagination. The syllabus of the subject is vast and topics within them are diverse. So, by referring to our English Vistas Solutions, you can easily tackle the course and prepare each chapter and topics within them effectively. Chapter 1: The Third Level Summary: Written by Jack Finney, “The Third Level” is a story of a 31-year-old guy named Charlie Sheen. The story is interesting and at the same time quite entertaining take on time travel. One fine evening, while travelling back home, Charlie decides to take the subway from the Grand Central Station in New York City. Grand Central Station of New York has only two levels. However, Charlie ends up finding himself on the third level of the Grand Central Station. Not only does he believe in the existence of this hypothetical third level but also claims to have been there. He realizes that he has gone back in time where he discovers brass spittoons. He also observes that people are dressed in an old-fashioned way having fancy bears and moustaches. Charlie narrates the whole incident to his psychiatrist friend Sam who dismisses Charlie’s claim by terming the whole story as a mere figment of his imagination. Author of the “The Third Level”: Jack Finney Theme: The story sheds light on the concept of time travel. Jack Finney explores the psychology of a common man and manages to present how a fear-induced mind hallucinates about something which did not exist in reality. Types of Questions: Short Questions, practice questions, long answer questions, and fill in the blanks. Chapter 2: The Tiger King Summary: The Tiger King is the story of Maharaja Sir Jilani Jung Bahadur who was also called as “Tiger King”. When he was a child, he was told by an astrologer that a tiger would be the cause of his death. Jung Bahadur was crowned the king when he turned 20 years of age. Also, during this time, the prediction of him being killed by a tiger reached his ear. Fearing his death from a tiger, Maharaja started killing all the tigers in his state one by one. However, according to the astrologer, he could kill 99 tigers, but he needed to be very careful of the hundredth tiger. At the time, when the king was fighting with the hundredth tiger, the tiger from the shock and the king mistakes him dead. Ironically, one of the slivers of wooden toy tiger pierced the right hand of the king and caused infection, which ultimately led to his death. Author of the story, “The Tiger King”: Kalki Krishnamurthy Theme: The story conveys the message that the desire for power was something that led the king to kill all the animals. The story, “The Tiger King” also highlights the fact that power for its own sake serves no purpose. Types of Questions: As per the NCERT Class 12 English syllabus, this chapter consists of short answer, long answer and multiple-choice questions. Chapter 3: Journey Towards the End of the Earth Summary: Narrated by Tishani Doshi, “Journey Towards the End of the Earth” is a travelogue describing her journey to the coldest continent in the world, Antarctica. The journey to Antarctica began at Chennai, went past many different countries along with geographical and ecological areas. On reaching the continent, the writer’s first reaction was that of relief, and she was amazed at the vastness of the continent, its geological history and seclusion. The visit to Antarctica gave the writer a profound understanding of fold mountains, knowledge of earth’s history, ecology and the environment. Author of “Journey Towards the End of the Earth”: Tishani Doshi Theme: The writer conveys that if one wants to understand about the earth, its past, present and future, then Antarctica is the place that they should go. Types of Questions: Textual questions, short answer type questions and long answer type questions. Chapter 4: The Enemy Summary: The story, “The Enemy” takes place in a coastal town of Japan in the year 1941 during the time of the second world war. A fierce war was going on between the countries of Japan and America. The Japanese army had turned hostile and was ready to kill people of American origin found on their soil. It is during this time; a Japanese doctor finds a wounded American prisoner of war at his doorstep. The doctor finds himself in a dilemma whether he should save the injured man or hand him over to the Japanese forces. Although reluctant to help the enemy, Sadao risks his career and life and provides medical aid to the wounded American soldier. Sadao saves the American, and in this way rises above the narrow preconceptions and acts in a genuinely compassionate manner. Author of “The Enemy”: Pearl Sydenstricker Buck Theme: A true human being is one who realizes the real worth of human life and rises above prejudices and man-made barriers. Types of Questions: While preparing the NCERT Vistas chapter 4, you will come across short answer type and long answer type as well as multiple-choice questions. Chapter 5: Should Wizard Hit Mommy Summary: The story “Should Wizard Hit Mommy” is about a small family of four people. In the story, Jack is the father, who has been telling her daughter bedtime stories for the last two years which she finds very interesting compared to other things. During one such story session, Jo starts asking questions whenever she feels that what is being told is not right. She wants to know the reason behind the things which Jack finds difficult to answer. Instead of answering her questions, Jack tells the daughter she should believe what is told to her by him. Author of “Should Wizard Hit Mommy”: John Updike Theme: The question that the story asks is whether parents should always decide what the children should do, or they let their children do what they want to do. Types of Questions: Textual questions, short answer type questions and multiple-choice questions. Chapter 6: On The Face Of It Summary: Written by a renowned English author Susan Hill, “On The Face Of It” is a story of two individuals named Derry and Mr Lamb. Both individuals have been subjected to unfortunate odds with Derry being a victim of an acid attack while Mr Lamb lost his limbs in a bomb blast. Derry is a 14-year-old boy with a burnt face, who appears ugly and has developed low self-esteem. Mr Lamb, on the other hand, is an older man with a tin leg who is optimistic and always looks for a company and acceptance from others. Mr Lamb motivates Derry to think positively about life. He changes his thinking about people and things. Hence, through the story, the writer highlights the contrasting attitude of both the survivors and how one can find happiness by retaining hope in times of difficulty. Author of “On The Face Of It”: Susan Hill Theme: Through the story, the writer subtly depicts the depressed world of people with a physical disability. Types of Questions: While attempting to solve questions from NCERT Vistas “On The Face Of It” story, you will find fill in the blanks, textual and short answer questions. Chapter 7: Evan Tries an O-Level Summary: Normal Colin Dexter is the writer of the story, “Evan Tries an O-Level”. The story revolves around a prisoner named James Roderick Evans who escaped the Oxford prison by misleading the jail authorities. Evans had absconded from the prison three times earlier as well before coming to the Oxford Prison. The Jail authorities and the Governor with their skilled force, try hard to track Evans down. By taking the hint from the questions paper that he had written, the Governor manages to capture Evans from the hotel where he was staying. Evans surrenders himself to the Police and is sent away to the prison van accompanied by a prison officer. But, this time again, he deceives the Governor as the prison officer was part of his plan and helped him become a free bird again. Author of “Evan Tries an O-Level”: Normal Colin Dexter Theme: Through the story, the writer suggests that crimes can be stopped, and criminals can be booked if the law enforcement agencies are vigilant and act with planning. Types of Questions: Fill in the blanks, textual questions, short answer type and long answer type questions. Chapter 8: Memories of Childhood Summary: The story “Memories of Childhood” is an actual account of two real-life stories of women named Zitkala Sa (Native American) and Bama (Tamilian Dalit). Zitkala Sa faces racial discrimination in her boarding school in America. Bama, on the other hand, is the sufferer of caste discrimination in her society. The injustice meted out to both Zitkala-Sa and Bama in mainstream culture did not escape their notice. Moreover, the bitter experiences faced by them during their childhood sowed in them the seeds of rebellion during the later stages of their life. Author of “Memories of Childhood”: Zitkala Sa and Bama Theme: The story draws special attention to the hatred, unhealthy treatment and racial discrimination towards people and women in particular. Types of Questions: After completing the NCERT Vistas chapter, “Memories of Childhood”, you can easily solve fill in the blanks, short answer questions and textual questions. Benefits of using NCERT Solutions for Class 12 English Vistas - Designed as per the latest syllabus of the Class 12 English - Solutions are given in chapter-wise and are easy to browse and can be accessed easily - Foster better learning of the important topics to help students prepare effectively - Easy to understand language is used to formulate the explanations - Solutions are formulated by expert teachers having years of experience - Help students save time by eliminating confusion over difficult topics The book of English Vistas in Class 12 comprises of short stories that are to be read thoroughly to form a proper idea and answer the questions that follow. However, majority of the students find it difficult to grasp certain elements of the story and make it difficult for them to answer the questions. It is at this time, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 English Vistas can come to your rescue. Explained beautifully, these solutions foster easy understanding and learning of the difficult explanations in the story. Once you are able to develop a deeper insight into the story, you can always frame your own answers and score good marks in the exam. Frequently Asked Questions - Which reference book is the best for preparing for the Class 12th English? There are many reference books that are available for the English subject, but NCERT reference book is undoubtedly the most reliable option. The NCERT textbook is prescribed by the CBSE and therefore the solutions made available for the same book are always considered as the best. - Can I score good marks in the 12th English board exam without reading the NCERT textbook, and by only referring to Vistas NCERT Solutions? It can pretty difficult for you to score good marks if you are just reading NCERT Solutions for English and not focussing on the English textbook by NCERT. Both the textbook and NCERT Solutions are interrelated and you should give first priority to the textbook. Only when you are not able to grasp a particular chapter or topic, then you can read the solutions to get into the detail of the topic and develop a deeper insight into it. - Where can I get Vistas Class 12 Solutions? You can refer to the NCERT Solutions made available by Goprep. The Vistas Class 12 solutions extended by us are accurate and at the same time highly effective. Also, by using these solutions, you can get to the root of every topic and develop a deeper understanding into it which will help you write correct answers in quick time during the exam.

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“Have entrepreneurs lost the will to innovate?” —Sir Richard Branson “Entrepreneur” is the austerity keyword par excellence. It combines the pixie dust of innovation, the social conscience of stakeholderism, the versatile vagueness of nimble, and, with its French derivation, a touch of the glamour that “businessman,” “capitalist,” or “manager” can never quite approach. It exemplifies the elevation of “leaders” as opposed to labor, of individualism over solidarity. It is no surprise that in an age of austerity, when most people’s sense of control over their lives is contracting—due to indebtedness, precarious employment, or lack of employment altogether—that there should emerge a hero who stands for agency, material success, and moral determination all at once. Derived from the French verb entreprendre, “to undertake,” the “entrepreneur” is the masculine noun form of the verb—literally “one who undertakes something.” It’s critical that the word is a third-person verb derivation, since an individualized action is always implied, even as “entrepreneurial activities” has come to include the workings of ever-more complex bureaucracies. This points to an important distinction in how the word has been defined since the 1930s. (Not that it has ever really been defined too clearly, which is a recurring theme in my cursory reading of management scholarship and business journalism.) The most famous theorist of “entrepreneurship” was the Austrian economist Joseph Schumpeter, who emphasized the difference between the “capitalist” and the “entrepreneur.” His definition of the latter, often quoted in management textbooks, comes from his 1934 The Theory of Economic Development: The carrying out of new combinations we call ‘enterprise’; the individuals whose function it is to carry them out we call ‘entrepreneurs.’ By “combinations,” Schumpeter means production processes. Transforming these is what he defined in the same text as “innovation,” which, in turn, he described in Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy as “the entrepreneurial function.” Entrepreneurs are thus the agents of innovation. But because entrepreneurship is a function and not a social class or a profession,Schumpeter emphasized that an “entrepreneur” is not the same as the “capitalist” or the “manager.” The journalist Walter Lippman described the entrepreneur as the “man on the make,” the aspirant capitalist. Marxists seem to have had little to say about entrepreneurs as such (although E.P. Thompson, in The Making of The English Working Class, uses the word synonymously with “middlemen”), which is unsurprising, given the virtuous patina the word gives to capitalist enterprise. The Harvard psychological theorist David McClelland celebrated entrepreneurs in his 1967 book The Achieving Society, which argued that “developed” societies are distinguished by a heightened “need for achievement,” which entrepreneurs of course have in spades. Others have defined the entrepreneur as the “risk-taker,” but this is pure mystification, and an obviously flattering one, given the romance attached to the bold, the fearless, the gambling man. Schumpeter himself opposed defining the entrepreneur this way—the ultimate risk, he wrote, obviously belongs to the owner of the means of production, who may not be an “entrepreneur” at all. So the entrepreneur, in these different accounts, expresses 1) a kind of attitude, a psychology, or a social function. There is also 2) a distinction between the energetic, hustling, creative “entrepreneur” and the passive rentier capitalist. While “entrepreneur” is often used promiscuously for anyone who owns a business, something of this functional and moral distinction between the capitalist/manager and the entrepreneur persists in the term’s popular usage. A Wall Street banker is rarely an entrepreneur; a tech mogul always is. Clearly, part of this has to do with “entrepreneur’s” association with commerce—an entrepreneur sells a product or a service. Yet one can certainly argue that bankers sell services, and one can hardly accuse Wall Street of failing to innovate sophisticated processes of doing whatever it is they do. More important than the commercial meaning of “entrepreneur” is the moral one. The entrepreneur pursues a calling, while the capitalist merely makes money. This is the difference, as well, between “entrepreneurship” and “business.” As you can see from the Google ngram figures below, “entrereneurship” has skyrocketed in the last decade but only began to appear in earnest around mid-century, making it a much newer concept than “entrepreneur.” “Entrepreneurship” is more than business— it is a way of life. In The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism Max Weber famously described the fabrication of an “ethical orientation towards profit” that gave that formerly suspect impulse the virtue of a “calling.” But has that calling ever been embodied in such a a single figure as “the entrepreneur” of today? Earlier eras lionized “self-made men” and captains of industry, but the cult of the entrepreneur seems new. Henry Ford may have been a capitalist role model, but whatever social good he was said to have done came from the particular product he built, not from his impulse to build anything. Moreover, meeting some higher social goal (eg, preserving old barns or advancing the cause of fascism) was an eccentric side project, rather than the main goal of his enterprise. Its moralism sometimes makes “entrepreneurship” sound almost monastic, as we can see in The Complete Small Business Guidebook, a how-to guide produced by the Wall Street Journal. It advises novices entering the faith that It’s unwise to start down the path of entrepreneurship unless you’ve got a zeal that will get you through rough patches and keep you interested long after the initial enthusiasm has faded. Read this story of a man who set off unprepared upon the lonely path of righteousness, who was tested, and then finally (sort of) redeemed: Working seven days a week, losing touch with friends, abandoning old hobbies and interests and not making time for loved ones can quickly lead to burnout in the midst of starting up— and ultimately to business failure. That’s what happened to James Zimbardi, an entrepreneur in Orlando, Florida, who…started his first company in 1997 and worked as hard as possible, for as long as possible, until his creativity, enthusiasm and energy were sapped. By 2002, he was a broken man— the business took a downturn, and so did his personal life. Now Zimbardi is at work on his second company, Allgen Financial Services, and sticking to better habits to maintain work/life balance, such as not working on Sundays, making time for hobbies such as sailing and salsa dancing, and building close ties with other business owners through a faith-based support network. Note, here, that even the Wall Street Journal doesn’t hold out material rewards for the new, no-longer broken James Zimbardi. He didn’t go into business for Cadillacs or a college fund. He did it for the zeal. The CBS Evening news reports that there is a man building a submarine for “Virgin Airlines entrepreneur Richard Branson.” Branson might be most accurately described as “investor,” but “entrepreneur” is more than a mere professional function—it is Branson’s personal brand. Everything he does, from direct music sales to founding an airline, is an expression of his “values” and desire to “disrupt” and “innovate,” seemingly for the inherent satisfaction these desires provide. Entrepreneurship’s moral content lends itself to “social entrepreneurship,” which the Charles Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship defines in part as the drive to “pursue poverty alleviation…with entrepreneurial zeal” (that word again). Have a look at the Schwab Foundation’s website. Note the final bullet point. Richard Branson is the British founder of Virgin, of course. Look at Virgin’s executive roster, and after a long series of middle-aged white men in open-collared shirts tucked into blue jeans—this is a super-hip company, remember—you will find the firm’s only female executive, Jean Oelwang, who runs the company’s non-profit arm, “Virgin Unite.” Virgin Unite is the company’s “entrepreneurial foundation,” entrepreneurial filling in where “charitable” might once have sufficed. It’s not entirely clear what this means. There’s talk of developing “new approaches to social and environmental issues,” approaches which include…the “Branson Centres of Entrepreneurship.” So Virgin’s entrepreneurship yields its foundation for entrepreneurship, which addresses environmental crisis, through its own brand of entrepreneurship. And thus the circle is complete. Oelwang’s bio lists among her qualifications her work as a “VISTA volunteer where she worked with—and learned from—homeless teens in Chicago.” No telling what she learned from them, but the turn to youth here signals one of the cult of entrepreneurship’s key growth areas, education. “Entrepreneurship camps” promise to teach business success to children as young as 5. While some offer practical lessons on things like writing a business plan, their real emphasis is cultivating the elusive “entrepreneurial spirit,” as this recent Wall Street Journal article put it. “Children are born imaginative, energetic, and willing to take risks,” the reporter noted, “but lose this entrepreneurial spirit.” Children’s innate imagination and creativity, as it turns out, are merely unrefined pre-professional skills. One nation-wide program, called “SuperCamp,” includes as part of its entrepreneurship curriculum special lessons on “stress management,” which should not be necessary at summer camp. These kids’ll need it, though, since the camp ends with a reality-show style competition with other campers for seed capital. The losers presumably go back to skipping rocks and using their imaginations for little to no profit. Entrepreneurship education is not just for the comfortable children of the suburban middle class. From suburban Pittsburgh to inner-city Cleveland, where the Entrepreneurship Preparatory School opened in 2006, entire charter schools are built around the concept. Forget the notion that some children might not want to grow up to run a business, that some might rather be teachers, or astronomers, or mechanics, or even nothing in particular; forget that imagination and creativity might be something other than a source of profit. The cult of entrepreneurship’s commodification of imagination, its celebration of self-sacrifice, and its bootstraps individualism makes it a perfect ethic for social disinvestment masquerading as reform and profiteering disguised as charity. Entrepreneurship means that now you’re on your own, kid.

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So many countries emerged from the ottoman empires collapse, including lebanon and iraq, that knowledge of the events is relevant to. Modern turkey formed only part of the empire, but the terms turkey and ottoman empire were often used interchangeably. A captivating guide to the conquest of constantinople by the ottoman turks that marked the end of the byzantine. In this chapterbychapter guide, professor leo damrosch of harvard university helps you navigate the decline and falls themes, structure, and lasting influence. Its available for preorder on amazon and will be released on september 19, 2017. By understanding the dramatic story of the ottoman empire from its early years as a collection of raiders and conquerors to its undeniable power in the 15th and 16th centuries to its catastrophic collapse in the wreckage of the first world war one can better grasp the current complexities of the middle east. The title of palmers book is generally familiar, and he acknowledges directly that hes writing a similar book to decline and fall of the roman empire in the introduction. While there are differences in the ten divisions, all three agree upon the peoples who are in the countries of great britain saxons and britons, spain suevians, vandals, and. The decline and fall of the ottoman empire by alan warwick palmer. The fall of the ottoman empire and the creation of the modern middle east paperback by. As applied to ottoman turkishspeakers, this term began to fall out of use at the end of. In ottoman turkish, the empire was referred to as devleti. The failed battle of vienna in 1683 is certainly an important turning point for the expanding empire. Organization of the empire economically, socially, and militarily, turkey was a medieval state. The ottoman empire was a state and caliphate that controlled much of southeast europe. Well, as a history buff, i am constantly reading about different periods in world history. The decline of the ottoman empire the idea of states having a rise and fall mo ve ment, and whether this theoretical framework could be universally applied, is a question that requires a lengthy. In 1914 the ottoman empire was depleted of men and resour. I am partial to the period of the american revolution, but the ottoman empire is absolutely fascinating. While somewhat of a blur, the book does describe many reasons for the fall of the ottoman empire, namely. The decline and fall of the ottoman empire fall river press. Oct 10, 2017 the fall of the ottoman empire was a result of a variety of factors, including foreign invasion, reform and modernization. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. Fall of the ottomans contains often dramatic stories of marches. However, this is a 90s book for a more casual audience, and so isnt anywhere near as long or as moralizing as gibbons classic. A captivating guide to the conquest of constantinople by the ottoman turks that marked the end of the byzantine empire. The empires most famous battle and victory, gallipoli, is often told from the side of the british. In his book, eugene rogan argues that now is the time to restore the ottoman front to its rightful place in the transnational history of both world war i and the development of the modern middle east. Muteferrikas press published its first book in 1729 and, by 1743, issued 17 works in 23 volumes, each having between 500 and 1,000 copies. Furthermore, the process of westernization that turkey experienced during the transition from an empire to. The reign of suleyman i the magnificent marked the peak of ottoman grandeur, but signs of weakness signaled the beginning of a slow but steady decline. Like englands charles ii, the ottoman empire took an unconscionable time dying. Buy me a book or piece of equipment on my amazon wish list. Praise for the decline and fall of the ottoman empire alan palmer writes the sort of history that dons did before accessible became an academic insult. A captivating guide to the rise and fall of the turkish empire and its control over much of southeast europe, western asia, and north africa. The decline and fall of the ottoman empire fall river. The fall of the ottoman empire casual historian youtube. The 14 best books on the ottoman empire of 2020 thoughtco. Fall of the ottomans contains often dramatic stories of marches and battles but goes well beyond military history, telling us about the countries, characters and wider issues involved, drawing on accounts by people of many nations, from generals and ambassadors to corporals and priests. The history of the turkish empires creation and its destruction over 600 years later. Asian part the straits constantinople istanbul preface the greatest historian of an empires decline and fall decided on the immense theme of his lifes work when he sat musing on the capitol, while the barefooted fryars were chanting their litanies in the temple of jupiter. Mark mazower, financial times rogan has written an impressively sound and fairminded account of the fall of the ottoman empire. The word ottoman is a historical anglicisation of the name of osman i, the founder of the empire and of the ruling house of osman also known as the ottoman dynasty. Ottoman empire the decline of the ottoman empire, 1566. Pdf the decline of the ottoman empire researchgate. A remarkably readable, judicious and wellresearched account of the ottoman war in anatolia and the arab provinces. The book is going to be titled empress of the east. A captivating guide to the rise and fall of the turkish empire and its control over much of southeast europe, western asia, and north africa the fall of constantinople. Ruling from 1299 until 1922, the ottoman empire was one of the biggest and longestlasting empires in history. The rise and fall of the ottoman empire book buy the ottoman empire. At the start of world war i, the ottoman empire was already in decline. Unlike the romanovs, habsburgs, or hohenzollerns, the house of osman, which had allied itself with the. Good book about the once mighty ottoman turkish empires last, fatal crisis. What is the best book for the ottoman empires history. However the downside of howards book is that his attempt to cover a wide variety of themes leaves his basic political and military narrative somewhat barebones. Osmans name in turn was the turkish form of the arabic name. John keegan a scholarly, readable and balanced history. Europe became dominated by nation states with the rise of nationalism in europe. At the same time, the book makes many of the arguments that qualified defenders of the ottoman record point to. The decline and fall of the ottoman empire by alan palmer, john murray pounds 25 robert carver sunday 18 october 1992 00. The ottoman empire, already in a parlous state in 1914, was torn apart by the end of the first world war, as the cataclysm. Whether youve read the book before or never knew where to start, these 24 lectures are an authoritative study of a oncemighty empireand the great book that became its classic eulogy and epitaph. An important factor in the decline was the increasing lack of ability and power of the sultans themselves. A timely history of the ottoman war that, refreshingly, places turks, arabs. In contrast to earlier similar projects in the field, historians of the ottoman empire intends to comprise all the historians who have. The decline and fall of the ottoman empire by alan warwick. The ottoman empire audiobook by captivating history. Nov 12, 2018 the fall of the ottoman empire casual historian casual historian. The decline and fall of the ottoman empire fall river press edition. The decline and fall of the ottoman empire internet archive. The decline and fall of the ottoman empire alan palmer. The fall of the ottomans, by eugene rogan the new york times. Download it once and read it on your kindle device, pc, phones or tablets. As late as 1910, the ottoman empire straddled three continents. In the fall of the ottomans, awardwinning historian eugene rogan brings the first world war and its immediate aftermath in the middle east to vivid life, uncovering the often ignored story of the regions crucial role in the conflict. If you are interested in learning about the oe, i w. The decline of the ottoman empire, 15661807 internal problems. How a european slave girl became queen of the ottoman empire. Initiated in the fall of 2003, the project historians of the ottoman empire aims at filling an extensive gap in the field of ottoman studies by offering scholars a major biobibliographical reference book on ottoman historians. In november 1914, the worlds only great muslim empire was drawn. The fall of the ottomans, by eugene rogan the new york. Jan 21, 2018 the rise and fall of the ottoman empire. When studying the fall of the ottoman empire, historians have argued over the breaking point that saw a leading global power slowly become a decadent empire. The decline and fall of the ottoman empire offers a provocative view of the empires decline, from the failure to take vienna in 1683 to the abolition of the sultanate by mustafa kemal ataturk in 1922 during a revolutionary upsurge in turkish national pride. The ottoman empire, 17001922 the ottoman empire was one of the most important nonwestern states to survive from medieval to modern times, and played a vital role in european and global history. It continues to affect the peoples of the middle east, the balkans, and central and western europe to the. Youll consider why some historians reject the term fall in favor of transformation, together with insistence by recent specialists that there truly was a fall. Apr 28, 2015 to order the fall of the ottomans for. The decline of the ottoman empire, 15661807 britannica. The forces that destroyed this old and once powerful state catapaluted the middle east, europe, and indeed the world, toward increased instability and chaos. The empire s most famous battle and victory, gallipoli, is often told from the side of the british. The narrative contains instances of violent revolt and bloody reprisals, such as. The fall of the ottoman empire casual historian casual historian. Ottoman empire ottoman empire the decline of the ottoman empire, 15661807. The ottoman empire, dating back to 1299, quickly dissolved after the end of world war i, and there have been few works about its role in the great war. Decline of the ottoman empire difficulty of administering empire led to gradual decline. The four beasts or kingdoms from the book of daniel the. John gill offers three views of how the western roman empire was divided into ten kingdoms as shown in this diagram. Taking on britain and russia led to the collapse of ottoman rule, and its consequences. Professor damrosch ends his course with a reflections on the decline and fall in the 21st century. In their new book, empires of the sand, efraim and inari karsh tell the story of turkish decline from napoleonis own eastern adventure, and the first challenges. The ottoman empire was first established in the northwestern region of presentday anatolia by osman, a tribal leader, in the late 1200s. The 19th century saw the rise of nationalism under the ottoman empire which resulted in the establishment of an independent greece in 1821, serbia in 1835, and bulgaria in 18771878. The book acts as an excellent survey of not only the collapse of the ottoman empire but how that collapse shaped the middle east as it is seen. The forces that destroyed this old and once powerful state catapaluted the middle east, europe, and indeed the. By exploring that legacy over the past three centuries, the decline and fall of the ottoman empire examines a past whose effect on the present may go a long way toward explaining the future. At the same time, the book makes many of the arguments that. Since the seventeenth century, observers had been predicting the collapse of this socalled sick man of europe, yet it survived all its rivals. A history of both constantinople now called istanbul and the ottomans ruling family, from the empires founding until the end, mansels text also contains information on the empire as a whole in a catchy, event packed, book. Although weak leadership, a failing economy, and wars with neighboring russia and other countries led to its decline, the empire left a lasting legacy for its arts, trade, government, and multiculturalism. The decline and fall of the ottoman empire alan palmer p. The last thing the people of the ottoman empire needed in autumn 1914 was. Unlike the static killing fields of the western front, the war in the middle east was fastmoving and unpredictable, with the turks inflicting decisive defeats on the entente in gallipoli, mesopotamia, and gaza before the tide of battle turned in the allies. Apr 19, 2015 the fall of the ottomans, by eugene rogan. The book starts by setting out the lead up to the war in the ottoman empire the the book starts by setting out the lead up to the war in the ottoman empire the young turk revolution and the loss of territories from war against italy in libya and the two balkan wars. The history of the decline and fall ofthe roman empire. List of books and articles about ottoman empire online. Buy the decline and fall of the ottoman empire main by palmer, alan isbn. Feb 26, 2015 good book about the once mighty ottoman turkish empires last, fatal crisis. I was surprised by how small the print and the book are but information can come. The fall of the ottoman empire and the creation of the modern middle east.253 1622 772 1108 561 450 554 1449 1482 560 423 660 1119 118 1413 1360 876 1324 753 1030 536 538 821 318 50 127 833 613 1402 834

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In the 1980s, the BBC Micro computer was introduced to a generation of future programmers, with many going on to forge successful careers in the industry. More than 30 years on, the BBC has lifted the lid on the BBC micro:bit, a new pocket-sized computer that lets anyone code, customise and use control other pieces of hardware through software. It's being supplied to around 1 million school children in a bid to address a growing skills shortage in the UK's technology sector. After that, the Micro Bit will go on sale outside of schools through a not-for-profit organisation set up by the BBC. So, why is it important and what can you actually do with it? Click on to find out 1. It's more powerful than the BBC Micro Despite being 17 times smaller and 617 times lighter than the BBC Micro (above), the computer that introduced programming to an entire generation in the 1980s, the BBC Micro Bit is 18 times faster. It has 25 red LEDs and two programmable buttons, in addition to a raft of sensors - including a built-in compass, on-board motion detector, Bluetooth Smart Technology and five Input and Output (I/O) rings. Small and light, the Micro Bit has been designed as a wearable device, although its slim nature means that it requires an add-on power pack fitted with two AA batteries to be used away from a power source. Could a future version rectify that? You wouldn't want to bet against it. 2. It's really easy to use The Micro Bit is much more advanced than its older cousin, but programming for it has been designed to be as easy as possible. It's compatible with advanced programming languages such as Python and C++, and Microsoft has provided two coding languages - Microsoft TouchDevelop (a text-based language) and Microsoft Blocks (a graphical coding language) - to make coding easy. In a demo given to TechRadar, Samsung demonstrated how a "Remote selfie app" can be created in just three lines of code, starting with a check to see if a button is pressed, followed by the Micro Bit contacting the tablet using Bluetooth LE, and then taking the photograph. Got an Android tablet running 4.4 onwards? Then you'll be able to do it too. Easy peasy. 3. It'll work on tablets and laptops Because the BBC Micro Bit has its own dedicated website hosted on Microsoft's Azure cloud service, users can access programming environments and learning materials on any internet-connected device. The Micro Bit website hosts all code editors and stores the programmes written by users, in addition to hosting resources built for the Micro Bit (all of which can be accessed via dedicated Android and iOS apps). By using Microsoft's TouchDevelop app, coding can be compiled in the cloud before sending the results back down to the Micro Bit, requiring minimal local storage - great for for owners of more affordable tablets. 4. ...and smartphones too Tablets and notebooks are great for coding on the go, but you might not always be carrying one around. There's a better chance that you'll have your smartphone on you, which Microsoft reckons is a good thing for two reasons: First, most mid-range (and above) smartphones house the same sensors as a Micro Bit, meaning that, secondly, it's possible to compile scripts and simulate programs on the go using Microsoft's TouchDeveloper app without having the Micro Bit there. Demonstrating the app to TechRadar, Microsoft Principal Research Software Development Engineer Peli De Halleux said: "Coding on the smartphone is a great experience. I'd even say it's the best way of doing it because our simulator uses the sensors in your smartphone - including its accelerometer. "You can code on the bus, in the subway or during your downtime, coming up with a crazy idea that you can then deploy on the Micro Bit. Our foundation idea for the project was building the environment to code on phones." 5. It's a bit like Lego The Micro Bit can be extended and connected to other boards through its five Input and Output (I/O) Rings, allowing cradle clips, crocodile clips and banana plugs to send commands to robots and motors. In a demo given to TechRadar, electronics supplier Kitronik showed off a Micro Bit that had been soldiered in a non-permanent fashion to a motor controller board using pins on the bottom of the device. The program that was loaded onto the Micro Bit controlled the motor using four lines of code (two output commands for each motor), which made the vehicle's wheels move forwards or backwards. By having the accelerometer send an output command to one or both of the wheels after bumping into the side of the box, the car automatically span around and moved in another direction. Top Gear, eat your heart out. 6. It's gender-neutral The BBC is hoping that the Micro Bit will inspire girls to learn programming as well as boys. At the Micro Bit's launch, BBC Controller of Digital Jessica Cecil said that she believes there's a good chance of that happening due to all 11-to-12 year olds getting one for free. The Micro Bit's flexibility could go a long way to helping the BBC achieve its mission. Kitronik also demonstrated to TechRadar how the BBC Micro Bit can be used in textiles, a course subject traditionally taken by more girls than boys. Using conductive thread that's laced with nanofibres of silver, the thread acts as wire, sending signals from the Micro Bit to connected components. And because it's soft thread, rather than rough wire, it can be used in different, comfortable designs. Pupils could code their name into lights that flash up on a jacket, for example, or lapels could be programmed to flash in time to music. On the topic of gender neutrality, Andy Griffiths, president of Samsung Electronics UK and Ireland, told TechRadar: "It's about getting everyone involved - boys and girls in equal measure - and we'll see where that leads. "The nice thing about the Micro Bit is the accessibility of it as a platform. It's not complicated, and we hope that as it takes off it'll give everybody a chance of success." 7. It'll complement the Raspberry Pi The Raspberry Pi has been the major success story when it comes to education-focused micro computers, and the Raspberry Pi 3 only landed in recent weeks. The BBC has said that the Micro Bit is designed to complement, rather than compete with it. Raspberry Pi founder Eben Upton told the BBC that he thought the Micro Bit was a "fun" device, adding: "There's something about hardware that really fires kids' enthusiasm." Upton added that the Raspberry Pi Foundation is working to provide software resources for the Micro Bit. 8. It's appealing to gamers The Micro Bit's compatibility with tablets and smartphones makes it an appealing prospect for young programmers with an interest in gaming. Even though it only has two buttons, which seems like something of a drawback at first, the Micro Bit's simplicity makes it a good fit for programming simple mobile games such as Flappy Bird, and even Endless Running Games (using the accelerometer to tilt the board from side-to-side). Demonstrating Flappy Bird in action, Nordic Semiconductor managed to program the Micro Bit to act as a controller, using either of its buttons to make the bird fly upwards. "We wanted to make a project that was easy to understand, allowing kids to expand on it," the company told TechRadar. "A lot of projects start as demos or something that's already running, allowing you to understand how it works and then add to it. "You can then add more functionality, such as displaying the score on the Micro Bit's matrix LED using the libraries that are available. You could even build a Playstation-style controller for use with the Micro Bit if you wanted to expand the idea." 9. It's not just about the small things While the majority of Micro Bit projects will start off small, there's nothing stopping pupils from controlling much larger objects such as the Samsung NX Rover - a six-wheeled robot with movable limbs. To demonstrate the flexibility of the Micro Bit, Samsung took the NX Rover to Iceland. It then sent people in London a webpage where they could log on and take it in turns to move the NX Rover's head while panning and tilting its camera and beam pictures back to the UK over the internet. Participants' commands were sent to a Micro Bit housed inside the robot that was connected to an Arduino board (also inside the robot) using Bluetooth LE. The Arduino board then communicated with different motors which controlled the robot's central spine and rotating head. According to Samsung, the Arduino was needed because Micro Bit drivers don't yet exist for the Rover's Dynamixel motors - though the company reckons it's only a matter of time before somebody writes them. 10. The BBC's partners have made it possible While the BBC has taken the lead on the Micro Bit project, it's backed by numerous industry partners - which could be key to its success. Those partners will be working closely with teachers, educators and schools to make sure that resources, information and support is available in advance of distribution this autumn in time for the Micro Bit's arrival in schools in October. The BBC's partners include: - ARM - providing mbed hardware, software development kits and compiler services - Barclays - supporting overall product delivery and outreach activities - element14 - sourcing components and managing the manufacturing - Freescale - supplying the sensors and USB controllers - Lancaster University - created and wrote the Micro Bit runtime - Microsoft - providing the TouchDevelop web-based programming tools and hosting service as well as teacher training materials - Nordic Semiconductor - supplying the main processor and enabled Bluetooth Smart - Samsung - connecting the BBC Micro Bit to phones and tablets, and developing the Android app - ScienceScope - distributing to schools and developing the iOS app - Technology Will Save Us - designed the shape, look and feel of the device - The Wellcome Trust - Providing learning opportunities for teachers and schools

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Lecture 4: History of the Church's Expansion into the World Course: Essentials of World Missions Welcome to the second part of these summary lectures which summarizes the World Missions of the Church course through biblicaltraining.org. This part of the course is an historical section of the course, which seeks to explore the history of the church’s expansion into the world. We focus primarily on the modern period and want to explore what is it that makes the modern missionary period unfold in the way that it does. Missions is associated very much with William Carey – the modern period is – and we often will hear William Carey referred to as the Father of the modern missionary movement. So the purpose of this period of the course is to explore the rise of historic missionary activity in the modern period and beginning with William Carey. The Modern Period What we actually do is divide the modern period into four eras, or periods. The first we call “Beachhead Missions,” which goes from 1792 to 1910, and we will explore in a moment what that means. The second era is called “Frontier Missions,” and this goes from 1865 to 1974. The third era of missions is called “Unreached Peoples Missions,” and goes from 1934 to (I am predicting) 2004, and then the final, fourth era of missions is called the “Indigenous-Initiated Missions” and begins in 1989 and continues on into some distant period of the future. Now, first you’ll notice a couple of things. We’re giving each of these eras a particular title – “Beachhead Missions,” “Frontier Missions,” “Unreached Peoples Missions,” “Indigenous-Initiated Missions” – each of these four designations has these titles to give you the general summary of what each of these periods means, and I will briefly exposit those in a moment. The second thing you should notice is that the time frames I gave you do not run end-to-end. For example, the first period is 1792-1910. The second period does not pick up in 1911 and go on down, but it actually begins back earlier in 1865. This is important because what we see is that the first era of missions – as with each of the succeeding eras – continues for some time even as new paradigms of missions arise. And so generally speaking, as is true today, you have new initiatives in missions that are really changing the face of how missions is done, but it’s happening alongside of the way missions has been done the last 50 or 60 years. These epochs or periods do not run in nice, neat succession, but actually run in a period where there is often great overlap between the periods. So that’s actually intentionally done to try to be accurate to the historical development of these periods. First Era of Missions: Beachhead Missions (1792–1910) The first period is called “Beachhead Missions.” Why do we call it “Beachhead missions?” It’s called “Beachhead Missions” because this is a term borrowed from the military, which describes how people took possession of a new territory, such as invading a country and so forth. They have what they call “establishing a beachhead.” And so in the early period of missions, this is how missions was done. You would try to go to a new country and establish a missionary base in that new country, much the same way as an invading force would seek to invade by putting a small group of special forces, perhaps, onto a certain location to get your foothold so that you can bring equipment and troops and the larger occupation forces. In the same vein, this has been applied to the church’s expansion in the world. The church would find a country – in the case of William Carey it was India – where there were very, very few Christians, where there was not sufficient preaching of the gospel there, so Carey goes to a part of India that has virtually no Christians. He established a small work there and it gradually expands into the larger work that he’s done. And this is repeated by many people throughout that early period, and we call this “Beachhead Missions.” The key themes of beachhead missions is that it emphasizes planting the church in a new country, so it’s much more of a country, geographic focus than a people-group focus. Very rarely do you hear them talking about people-groups, more about countries. Even to this day, when someone meets a missionary, they very rarely ask them the question, “To what people, to whom, are you ministering?” But usually, “Where are you a missionary?” That is the question that is often asked us. People say, “I am a missionary in India.” “I am a missionary in China.” “I am a missionary in Nigeria.” So this is a really a hangover from the first era of missions, where the emphasis was on bringing the gospel to a new country. This period, as with the expression “Beachhead Missions,” typically emphasized work along the coastlines. Particularly in Asia and Africa, you have a great emphasis on establishing a church on the coast, because going into interior parts of countries was extremely dangerous, primarily because of the malaria that was carried by mosquitoes. It was much safer to live on the coast and many Western colonial powers had begun to develop trade relationships, which gave them treaty ports which allowed them to dock ships in certain port cities and it gave ex-patriots the possibility of living there near those port cities. So there was some safety and logistical wisdom in living on the coast, because of the threat of malaria and other uncertainties of the early period. Thirdly, this period emphasizes long-term resident missionaries. These are missionaries who go there and never come back. William Carey went to India and he never returned, and he is buried in India. I give several examples of these pioneers of beachhead missions in the full course, and I explore in some detail the work of William Carey. We do an extended exposition of William Carey’s famous 87-page tract entitled, “An Enquiry into Obligations of Christians to use Means to Reach the Heathen.” It’s one of the most remarkable documents in the history of missionary enterprise. It’s in five sections and I explore each of those five sections and talk about the tremendous contributions that William Carey has made, and why he’s called the father of modern missions. Perhaps the most amazing thing about William Carey is that he was, despite his notable achievements, a man of great humility. I have stood at his grave, which is found just north of Calcutta in Serampore, and on his grave he does not mention that he is the father of the modern missionary movement. He doesn’t mention that he founded the first Christian college in all of Asia. He doesn’t mention the dozens and dozens of languages that he learned and put the New Testament or the entire Bible in, and on and on and on. It simply says these words, “A wretched, poor, and helpless worm am I. On Thy kind arms I fall.” Oh, the great humility of this great saint William Carey. In the extended lectures I also go into great detail to exposit the life of Adoniram Judson, one of the first American missionaries to go into a foreign field. He is often called the father of American missions and we explain why that’s true in the course. Second Era of Missions: Frontier Missions (1865–1974) The second era of missions is known as “Frontier Missions” and it begins in 1865. This is a different emphasis because here you begin to find an emphasis not just on the coastlands, but on the frontiers or on the interior parts of the country. You have a great rise of faith missions, where people raise their own support rather than relying upon supporting churches or missions agencies. You have a whole other brand of missionary that emerges in this stage, new missionaries that were not ordained in the traditional sense; they were often less educated than the previous generation of missionaries; they were often recruited directly from college campuses and were students, and were not connected with in the traditional ways. A much greater emphasis on the autonomy in the field, where you have field-based directors, and a much more serious engagement with thinking about better strategies to contextualize the gospels. All of this is expanded on and expounded upon in more detail in the full course. The best example I would like to give to illustrate the second era of missions is the life and work of Hudson Taylor. Hudson Taylor goes into the interior part of China. He’s not content to be on the outside borders, the coastlands of China. He founds a new mission organization called the China Inland Mission, which relies upon faith missions, where they raise their own support, and he begins to raise up students to join him in this effort. And I emphasize in these part of the lectures the work of Hudson Taylor. Third Era of Missions: Unreached Peoples Missions (1934–2004) The third era of missions is called “Unreached Peoples Missions.” This era actually focuses on the remaining unreached people groups that do not currently have access to the gospel. This is really illustrated by the work of William Cameron Townsend, the founder of the Wycliffe Bible Translators. He profoundly understood that missions was much more than just going to places, but actually identifying the individual peoples that needed to hear the gospel, that were behind cultural, social, and often in the case of Wycliffe, behind linguistic barriers. One of the most remarkable experiences that William Cameron Townsend had was when he had a conversation with an Indian to whom he was seeking to sell a Spanish Bible. In the midst of this conversation he asked the Indian if he wanted the Spanish Bible and the Indian asked him in broken trade Spanish if he had a Bible in his own language, which was the Cakchiquel language. Townsend said, No, he only had a Spanish Bible, to which the Indian responded, “Well, if your God is so great, why doesn’t he speak my language?” And this became the question which burned into the heart of William Cameron Townsend, and led him to found the Wycliffe Bible Translators, which has helped us to understand the true diversity – linguistically, socially, and culturally – of the world. So, this third era of missions emphasizes unreached people groups. It emphasizes that missions is about peoples, not places. And it emphasizes a much wider range of strategies and partnerships with national churches and so forth that become a critical part of missions today. Fourth Era of Missions: Indigenous-Initiated Missions (1989–Today) I believe that we are also experiencing a dramatic development of something new about missions, that deserves to be called a fourth era of missions. I actually have this missions era starting in 1989 with the Global Consultation on World Evangelization in Singapore, and also the Lausanne Conference in Manila in July of 1989. I think ’89 is a good starting point for this emphasis on indigenous-initiated missions. Both those conferences highlighted the work of the non-Western church and their role in bringing the gospel to the ends of the Earth. One of the distinctives of this era is who is bringing the gospel. In the first three eras—in the era of beachhead missions, as well as frontier missions, as well as unreached peoples missions—you still have an emphasis on Western missionaries bringing the gospel to the non-Western world. In the first era it’s Western missionaries bringing the gospel to new countries in the non-Western world. In the second era you have Western missionaries bringing the gospel to the interior parts of countries in the non-Western world. In the third era of missions you have Western peoples bringing the gospel to all the unreached people groups that are located in the non-Western world. So, there’s a huge problem there. We simply cannot ignore the fact that today we are seeing an explosion of not only the places we’re going to or the peoples we’re going to—that growth—but also, more importantly, the people themselves who are going. These are peoples who belong to the non-Western church and this deserves a special focus, and I call this the Indigenous-initiated Mission, and the reason I have 2004 as the end of Unreached Peoples Missions is because I’m looking forward to the wonderful conference in Lausanne in 2004—the third Lausanne Conference held in Thailand—which I believe will be a great emphasis on the non-Western church. So here you have in this era of missions a strong emphasis on church planting movements, this being initiated by the non-Western church. I explore in the extended lectures some of the work of Korea, working around the world there are over twelve thousand missionaries now coming from Korea. You have missionaries from Brazil who are working with Muslims from the Middle East. You have Russian Christians who are now penetrating the former Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, with the gospel. It is a tremendous global effort. Myself, I work in a ministry that trains south Indians to bring the gospel to unreached peoples in north India. There is a tremendous effort of indigenous-initiated missions, and I work with an organization that trains and equips Indians to bring the gospel cross-culturally to other people groups in India. And that becomes a tremendous blessing. And I believe this quick summary of modern missions history will help you to see the development of the modern period, some of the great emphases that have accompanied each of the periods, and how we can understand and interpret what’s happening today in missions and be a part of it through our church’s life and actions. We have to be able to appreciate the great new merging paradigms of missions which are present today. Just to briefly summarize the reason I give the dates that I give in the various eras and periods: I count the first era as starting in 1792 because that’s when William Carey published his “Enquiry,” and that lasts all the way through to 1910, which I count important because of the World Missionary conference which was held in Edinburgh. The second period starts with Hudson Taylor’s founding of the China Inland Mission in 1865 and concludes with the great question that Indian asked William Cameron Townsend in 1934. I have the other period—1974 is the Lausanne Conference—2004 is the Lausanne III conference. I mentioned 1989 refers to the ICOWE and Lausanne II which emphasized the non-Western church. So those explain some of the dates that I give in the extended lectures and why I believe those dates represent some of the turning points in missions today. But I hope that each person who hears these tapes will appreciate that we are living in the most exciting period of missions today, fulfilling one of those great hopes that was stated at Lausanne years ago, the first missionary conference that really brought together vast numbers of non-Western Christians; where they made that great declaration that the whole Christ should be brought by the whole church into the whole world. And this is what we’re seeing today in missions.

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When it comes to keeping your personal information secure, don’t take anyone at their word — use encryption. Since the first Data Privacy Day back in 2007, online privacy threats have multiplied. On top of more traditional threats like phishing — which has been around since at least the early 1990s — users today face more sophisticated risks, including those linked to the widespread adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT). However, “older” threats remain highly relevant, as evidenced by a recent wave of ransomware attacks that not only lock user data but now have evolved to also threaten to leak it online: Market share of the most common ransomware attacks as of November 2020 (Coveware) In 2020, protecting sensitive information online became an even bigger priority. With people sheltering at home to curb the spread of COVID-19, time spent online skyrocketed. The distributed nature of working remotely makes security and backups harder, increasing the likeliness of exposure to cyberattacks, and making remediation harder. In an early announcement released in March 2020, the FBI warned that increased remote work would let “[c]yber actors exploit vulnerabilities in computer systems and virtual environments to steal sensitive information, target individuals and businesses performing financial transactions, and engage in extortion.” These concerns are confirmed by a McAfee analysis of last year’s cybercrime data, which estimated cybercrime-related monetary losses at approximately US$945 billion, an 80% increase from 2018. Staying safe in the cloud era Data migration to the public cloud appears an unstoppable trend. In addition to on-demand scalability and low up-front costs, public cloud storage and applications offer users high availability, easy sharing, and guaranteed access outside their networks. Cloud services can be a smart investment for businesses experiencing swings and changes in service demand, and this is reflected in IT decision-makers’ expectations for the coming 18 months: Percentage of IT environment in the public cloud (IDG) Of course, there are known dangers to using the cloud to store your information. Most commonly known are perhaps the risks of data leaks and of cloud companies’ constantly shifting privacy policies and practices. In an experiment, a team at Comparitech observed as a database stored insecurely on the cloud was targeted by bad actors an average of 18 times per day. Over the past year, personal information stored by businesses including Pfizer, Razer, nTreatment, and Maropost was exposed as a result of cloud-related mismanagement. A challenge for the best of us Users are aware of the dangers of the cloud, but time pressure when implementing cloud solutions — a sudden need to back up data, a subscription expiring — and constant changes to already subscribed cloud products mean that managing the privacy of your data is easier said than done. It is becoming increasingly difficult to know where your data is actually located, and who and when has access to your files. Even when you’ve spent much time studying access permissions, you find yourselves insecure about who and what can read your data. Non-transparent syncing and backups lead to data being stored in several locations, making auditing even more difficult. Often, working or storing in the cloud offers an effective solution to challenges including remote accessibility, infrastructure complexity, and scalability. For those of us who rely on Software as a Service (SaaS) applications in the cloud for many tasks, it may be impossible to take data protection into our own hands. However, the same doesn’t go for cloud-hosted data storage, backup, and file transfer. At least for your own data, is there a way that you can be absolutely sure about who has access to specific files or information? A platform-independent method that ensures data are equally protected independent of the device or cloud solution they are stored to? What you can do, a.k.a. Synology’s Guide to Data Encryption You may have been told this before: Data encryption, when done well, is the closest to a guarantee that only authorized eyes can take a look at any data you wish to protect. Encrypted files are unintelligible to anyone — human or machine — as long as they do not have the encryption key that was used to encode the original data. Theoretically, encryption offers the same protection whether your data are on your PC, on your NAS, or in the cloud. But how do you make sure that the right data is encrypted, and stays so when exported, backed up, or synced? Luckily, if you have a Synology NAS, you already own a great platform to design and manage your personal (or your company’s) encryption strategy. Using DiskStation Manager (DSM) to start with encryption allows you to keep a good overview of your data encryption and exports. The large number of packages that allow you to apply and manage encryption also means it is incredibly easy to start protecting your data today! NAS as an encryption platform We’ve compiled an updated overview of the tools you can leverage to encrypt different types of data — and make sure they stay that way. Centrally store and encrypt sensitive data Encrypted shared folders are not automatically mounted on startup (unless configured) and can never be mounted without an encryption key. Encryption keys are also (and should be) separate from administrative credentials. This means they can never be read in case of digital or even physical theft, and are another layer of protection even when administrative accounts are compromised. Encryption keys can be exported, stored on external devices, or stored locally and encrypted in turn using a password or passphrase. This tutorial takes you through the steps and requirements. Keep data encrypted when syncing to another NAS Once files are safely stored in an encrypted folder on your Synology NAS, they need not be decrypted to be transferred to a local or remote secondary NAS. Just like any other shared folder, encrypted shared folders can be automatically synchronized to any other NAS using Shared Folder Sync. This process creates an identical folder in another location that can only be mounted and read with the original encryption key. Shared Folder Sync only performs one-way synchronization to your secondary device, making sure that changes or deletions on the secondary server do not affect the original data. Alternatively, you can use Snapshot Replication to periodically save copies of encrypted folders. This offers the advantage of creating multiple versions of each folder, further protecting against unauthorized changes and allowing you to investigate data incidents by studying file histories. Both transfer methods apply an additional layer of encryption during the network transfer of your files. Back up PCs and servers to encrypted storage The newest iteration of our popular PC and server backup suite Active Backup for Business, currently in Beta, allows you to back up all your Windows and Linux devices to encrypted backup folders on your Synology NAS. In combination with encryption during transfer — already standard in the current release of the software — this solution helps you make sure that the protection you set up for your computers is never compromised by your backups. Securely back up your NAS to any location … When it comes time to securely back up your Synology NAS, Hyper Backup has you covered with a range of backup destinations that includes other NAS, Linux servers, USB devices, and public cloud services including Google, Microsoft, and Backblaze. This can be done safely because anything you wish to copy, whether files or apps, can be securely encrypted before it even leaves your NAS. Encryption and versioning with Hyper Backup when storing to C2 Storage explained in our 2019 blog post on the topic (Synology) The copies Hyper Backup makes can be accessed from the Synology NAS on which they originated or from Windows, macOS, and Linux using the Hyper Backup Explorer tool. In both cases, the original encryption key or a passphrase is necessary to decrypt both files and file names. … including Synology’s public cloud … Synology C2 Storage is exclusively designed as a secure cloud location for all your data from Hyper Backup. Data transferred to C2 Storage are encrypted during transfer over the internet, and during long-term storage, when encryption-at-rest protects customer data even in the unlikely event that our data centers are compromised. While we’ve designed our service with security in mind (as detailed in this white paper), we highly recommend that you enable client-side encryption for all your backups to C2 Storage. That way, your data are unreadable and inaccessible without your private key — even in a worst-case scenario in which your login details or NAS are compromised. … and keep files encrypted when syncing to Google, Microsoft, Dropbox, or Backblaze You may wish to keep your files on public cloud services, especially as a way to synchronize files with different teams. But is there a better way to control who has access to your information? And how do you keep your protection centrally managed? Cloud Sync lets you synchronize, protect, and manage files stored on public cloud services centrally from DSM on your NAS. Cloud Sync lets you set up both one-way and two-way synchronization with solid AES-256 encryption. What makes Cloud Sync particularly versatile is the ability to configure different settings for different folders and customize your protection in detail. We described the app’s design and security features in another white paper. How about other devices and vendors? If you are considering encrypting your DSM-managed data, but have not yet set up protection for your PCs or other devices, you may also want to look into encrypting much or all of your Windows, macOS, or Linux installation. Below are links to get you started on other operating systems: Over to you Coming right at the beginning of the year, Data Privacy Day reminds us to include a more mindful approach to online privacy in our list of new year’s resolutions. Start small by carefully reading the privacy policies of cloud services you extend or sign up for this year. However, whether or not you are reassured, consider ways to make encryption part of your digital lifestyle or IT planning. Research the ways you can enable encryption and other data protection methods on your devices. If you find these hard to implement, at least make sure that everything that leaves your NAS is encrypted. Consider this: Getting this far into the blog post already got you off to a good start. You made your first investment into better data protection in 2021. But don’t lose momentum, and remember to check the status of your data regularly throughout the year. If you need help on the way, don’t forget that our Community is there for you. The solution to your problem may be just a few clicks away!

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A lot of people say they are “allergic” to gluten or have a “gluten allergy.” While the meaning of this is known, the truth is you cannot technically be “allergic” to gluten because gluten is not a known allergen, rather, it’s a protein found in wheat, barley and rye. In this article, I discuss why you can’t technically have a “gluten allergy” but why and how the term has become so widely used and understood. This post contains affiliate links. Please read my disclosures. OK, before we talk about all things gluten, it’s important to know that there is no such thing as a gluten allergy. No, my friends, you cannot be “allergic” to gluten. Gluten is a protein found in wheat, barley and rye (and derivatives of these cereal grains) and is not a recognized allergen. Wheat, however, is an allergen and considered one of the top eight allergens in the U.S. Why Do People Say they Have a “Gluten Allergy”? If a gluten allergy is not real, why do people constantly say they have a “gluten allergy,” and how did this expression become part of our everyday vernacular? I believe the reason the term “gluten allergy” has become so commonplace is that most people understand the word “allergy.” They know an allergy is a serious and life-threatening disorder. When someone says “I’m allergic to gluten,” they’re taken seriously from the start. On the other hand, if I were to say, “I have an autoimmune disease,” people would be left scratching their heads in wonder! On the other hand, when I say, “I have a gluten allergy,” when placing my order at a restaurant, the staff immediately understands what I’m trying to communicate to them. “I have a gluten allergy and need a gluten-free meal,” is very clear, right? Servers get it. Chefs get it. All the guests at your table get it. The wording makes sense to everyone and increases my chances of getting a truly gluten-free meal. If, however, I told the kid working behind the register at Chick-fil-a, “I have autoimmune condition known as celiac disease that requires me to eat a strictly gluten-free diet,” he’d look at me like I have two heads! On top of that, unfortunately, if you tell someone you have a “gluten sensitivity,” you may not be taken as seriously as you need to be, even though gluten sensitivity is a real and serious disorder – don’t let misinformed and/or ignorant people tell you otherwise. Like I said (and it’s worth repeating), you cannot have a gluten allergy. Using the term is purely out of convenience. Editor Note: OK, before you get upset with me and send me hate mail, please note that I know and understand allergies are very serious conditions. Mind you, gluten sensitivities and autoimmune diseases are also very serious conditions but less understood by the general public. What is a Wheat Allergy? While a gluten allergy is not a real condition, a wheat allergy, on the other hand, is a very real condition that affects approximately 0.1 to 0.3 percent of the U.S. population or 900,000 people according to Dr. Alessio Fasano in his book, Gluten Freedom. Wheat allergies impact far less people than celiac disease and gluten sensitivities. Celiac disease afflicts about one percent of the population and a gluten sensitivity affects about six percent of the population or 20 million Americans. Wheat, along with barley and rye, contain a protein called gluten. Someone who is allergic to wheat might still be able to eat barley, rye and other gluten-containing products. They only must avoid wheat. What Is an Allergy? An allergic reaction occurs when the body’s immune system views a substance as harmful and then it overreacts to it. If you have a true allergy to something in the environment or food supply, your immune system produces an antibody called immunoglobulin E (IgE). Some allergies cause annoying but non-life threatening reactions such as watery eyes, itching, sneezing or hives. More serious and troublesome symptoms can be swelling in the mouth, trouble breathing and a life-threatening reaction called anaphylaxis. Food allergies are very common and can trigger a harmful immune system response. In fact, more than 170 foods have been known to trigger an allergic reaction in humans, and the most common food allergens are noted as milk, egg, peanut, tree nuts, wheat, soy, fish and crustacean shellfish – these foods are responsible for most of the serious food allergy reactions in the United States. According to Food Allergy Research and Education (FARE), up to 32 million Americans have food allergies, including 5.9 million children under the age of 18. This means one in 13 children, or roughly two children in every classroom have a food allergy. About 30 percent of children with food allergies are allergic to more than one food, too. Unfortunately, food allergies are on the rise. According to the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, the prevalence of food allergies in children increased by 50 percent between 1997 and 2011, and between 1997 and 2008, the prevalence of peanut or tree nut allergy is believed to have more than tripled in U.S. children. Because wheat is one of the most common allergen foods in the U.S., it must be disclosed, as required by federal law, on packaged foods that contain wheat. Gluten, however, is not considered an “allergen” (as discussed) so it is not disclosed, by law, on packaged food labels. This means a food can be free from wheat but still contain gluten (Rice Krispies, for example, contains no wheat, yet it contains barley malt, which is gluten). What is an Autoimmune Disease [and Celiac Disease]? I have written extensively about autoimmune disease in the past (particularly in my review of The Autoimmune Fix book by Dr. Tom O’Bryan). Dr. O’Bryan says autoimmunity occurs when the body attacks itself and causes organ and tissue damage unto itself. Symptoms can begin early in life and are sometimes subtle – joint pain, weight gain, brain fog, gut imbalances, depression, mood disorders and fatigue. These are just some of the symptoms that indicate autoimmune disease is either bubbling or fully present. Autoimmune disease affects eight percent of the U.S. population or 24 million people – 78 percent of which are women. However, the number of autoimmune sufferers is likely much higher due to the difficulties in diagnosing autoimmune disease. Celiac disease is classified as an autoimmune disease. When a person with celiac disease ingests gluten (the “trigger” food), his or her body initiates an immune system attack. A person’s white blood cells produce auto-antibodies (known as tissue transglutaminase or tTg auto-antibodies) that mistakenly attack the healthy tissue lining the small intestine. This results in intestinal damage and villous atrophy in someone with celiac disease. The villi that line the small intestine serve an essential role in our digestive system as they soak up nutrients from the food we eat and then help to deliver those nutrients where they need to be to keep one healthy. The villi in someone with celiac disease are completely worn down and look more like a flat surface than a shag carpet. When the villi are destroyed, the small intestine is no longer properly absorbing nutrients and this is why most people with celiac disease suffer from some sort of nutritional deficiency or a disorder related to a nutritional deficiency. An autoimmune disease, while just as serious as an allergy in many ways, causes damage to the body over time and puts someone at risk for acquiring more serious diseases like cancer, diabetes, heart disease and Alzheimer’s. While an allergic reaction might be a more immediate life-threatening condition (and extremely concerning in cases of anaphylaxis), an autoimmune disease is a slower-to-react yet just as life-threatening condition, one that affects the quality of day-to-day life for those who bear the burden of autoimmune disease. What is a Gluten Sensitivity or Intolerance? When someone is sensitive to gluten or gluten intolerant, it means they experience some sort of inflammatory response every time they consume the gluten protein. Unlike people with celiac disease who have villous atrophy upon ingesting gluten, people with a gluten sensitivity have more normal looking and functioning microvilli, albeit their intestines are often inflamed. People with a gluten sensitivity also do not develop auto-antibodies whereas someone with celiac disease would test positive for tTg auto-antibodies via a blood test. Gluten sensitivity is a gluten disorder, but it is not considered an autoimmune disease at this time. What I have learned in my studies of gluten spectrum disorders is that unmanaged gluten sensitivity can be just as serious, and comes with a higher risk of premature death, than celiac disease. (Read my article Gluten Sensitivity vs. Celiac Disease for more information on this topic.) Anyone telling you that gluten sensitivity isn’t a serious condition is truly misinformed. The research is there and should not be ignored! A Gluten Allergy Isn’t Real, but… I hope from this article you now understand that a “gluten allergy” is not a real condition; however, the wording is used to help explain and express the seriousness of one’s gluten-free diet to a server or layman. The truth is, no one can be allergic to gluten; rather, someone can be allergic to wheat, have celiac disease (an autoimmune condition), or have gluten sensitivity or intolerance. All gluten spectrum disorders adversely impact someone’s life and strict adherence to a gluten-free diet (or wheat-free diet for someone with a wheat allergy) is required at all times. A serious allergic reaction can be immediately life-threatening to someone with a wheat allergy, while someone with an autoimmune disease or gluten sensitivity will endure long-term damage that endangers the quality and length of their life over a period of years – even decades. Despite the fact that a wheat allergy, celiac disease and gluten sensitivity are all serious disorders, each must be managed through diet. I hope I was able to shed light on this important topic so you gain greater insight into how these gluten-spectrum disorders work and affect the human body.

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Choosing the right food when you have diabetes can be tricky. Not all healthy foods are good food for diabetics. The goal is not only to find foods that are healthy but is enjoyable to your palate and makes you feel happy. Before going further, let us know a little bit more about diabetes and what are its symptoms. What is Diabetes? Diabetes is a type of disease that occurs when your blood glucose level or blood sugar is higher than the normal range. Blood glucose gives us energy and is derived from the food we eat. Insulin is a hormone that is produced by the pancreas and helps our body to use this energy. Sometimes, the insulin that is produced is not enough or is not used properly. The blood retains the blood glucose and it does not reach the cells of our body. This causes elevated blood sugar or diabetes. Uncontrolled diabetes can cause many health problems or can be fatal if not treated properly. Diabetes cannot be cured completely but can be managed with a balanced diet and proper health care. What are the symptoms of diabetes? Early signs and symptoms of diabetes are often difficult to detect and may cause serious health problems if not treated on time. The common symptoms of diabetes for both men and women include: - Frequent urination. - Increased thirst and hunger. - Unusual weight loss or gain. - Fatigue and weakness. - Slow healing of the wounds. - Blurry vision. - Acanthosis nigricans or darkening of the skin in and around the area of skin folds. - Mouth odor. - Skin infections. - A tingling sensation of the hands or feet. Men may experience some additional symptoms related to their sexual health. Diabetes symptoms in men include: - Erectile dysfunction or ED. Men with diabetes are at high risk of erectile dysfunction. - Damage of the autonomic nervous system or ANS. This may result in erectile dysfunction. - Retrograde ejaculation. In retrograde ejaculation, semen is released into the bladder. This causes less amount of semen being released during ejaculation. - Urinary tract infections or UTIs. - Overactive bladder and difficulty to control urine. - Low testosterone levels may result in male infertility. - Decreased libido or sex drive. Women may also experience some specific problems due to diabetes. Signs of diabetes in women may include: - A decrease in sex drive. - Reduced sensation in the vagina. - Vaginal dryness. - Risk of vaginal yeast infections. Yeast infections may result in painful sex, vaginal discharge, and itching. - An increased risk of urinary tract infections or UTIs. UTIs may cause painful urination, cloudy urine, and burning sensation. - Polycystic ovary syndrome or PCOS. This may result in acne, irregular periods, depression, and infertility. - Diabetes during pregnancy may cause high blood pressure or developmental delay of the fetus. Symptoms of Diabetes in Children There has been a significant rise in diabetes among the young population and even in children below 16 years. Diabetes in children known as Juvenile Diabetes occurs when the pancreas is unable to produce enough insulin. This can cause serious health damage and should be treated at an early age to combat the side effects and lead a healthy life. Signs and symptoms of juvenile diabetes include: - A sudden increase in thirst. - Frequent urination. - An urge for hunger. - Blurred vision. - Sudden weight loss or gain. - Slow healing of the wounds. - Odor in the breath. - Itching of the genitals especially due to yeast infection. Diabetes is less common in children. Parents often tend to ignore the early signs of diabetes in children and confuse them with common illnesses. Parents are advised not to ignore the early signs especially if your child is complaining of increased hunger, urination, or fatigue. Diabetes can be fatal and early detection can save severe complications in children. Now that we have learned a lot about diabetes, let us now look into some foods that are best for diabetics and how to take them. Factors Determining Good Food for Diabetics Good food for diabetics does not only mean eating healthy and following a particular diet. Some factors determine which food is good for you especially if you are diabetic such as: - Overall activity. - The severity of the disease. If you have diabetes, there will be food restrictions. This means you have to cut down the consumption of certain kinds of food. Your diabetic food chart should be well-balanced. A healthy diet will keep your energy levels up, protect your heart, and keep your weight under control. Good food for diabetics Here is a list of 11 good food for diabetics 1. Fish for Diabetics Fish, especially fatty fish is good food for diabetics. Seafood like salmon, mackerel, herring, and sardines are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, DHA, and EPA. They are good for the heart. Diabetics are at risk of heart diseases. The Omega-3 oil is good for the heart and protects it from a sudden stroke and other heart problems. Regular consumption of fatty fish can help you in controlling these symptoms. DHA and EPA reduce inflammation and helps in the proper functioning of the arteries. Research shows that daily consumption of fish at least 5 times a week can reduce triglycerides and inflammation. It is good food for older people as it increases the metabolic rate. 2. Green Vegetables Want to limit your carb intake? Include some fresh green vegetables in your daily diet. Green leafy vegetables are not only rich in vitamins and minerals but they have low calories which are extremely helpful for diabetic patients. Leafy vegetables like spinach and kale are rich in vitamin C and also is a good source for antioxidants. They are good for your heart and protect your eyes from cataracts and macular degeneration. Green vegetables also help in digestion and prevent the formation of cancerous cells. Daily consumption of at least 5 portions of green vegetables is recommended for diabetic people. Vegetables like carrots, green beans, peas, lettuce, cauliflower, broccoli, and celery are good food for diabetics. A special mention goes to broccoli. It is low in calories, reduces insulin levels and protects our body from harmful free radicals. It is easy to digest, is rich in antioxidants, and contain lutein and zeaxanthin that are good for your eyes. 3. Berries for Diabetics Berries such as strawberries, blackberries, and raspberries are rich in antioxidants and vitamin C and are good for your eye health. They have anti-inflammatory ingredients and protect your body from heart ailments and cancer. 4. Citrus Fruits Citrus fruits like oranges and grape are good food for diabetics. To get maximum results, eat the whole fruit rather than just drinking the juice. The glycemic index or GI score in whole fruits is lower than fruit juices and reduces the risk of diabetes. Grapefruits have the lowest GI score and are good for diabetes. Fruits are essential sources for fiber, helps in digestion, are rich in vitamins and minerals, and are good antioxidants. Eating seasonal fruits will boost your immunity and will protect your body from seasonal infections and allergies. 5. Flaxseeds and Chia Seeds Did you know that flaxseeds are an excellent remedy for controlling blood sugar and heart diseases? Seeds like flaxseeds and chia seeds slow down the blood sugar rate in your body. Flaxseeds contain lignans, an insoluble fiber. Regular consumption of flaxseeds can improve your blood sugar levels, reduce risks for stroke and heart problems, improves insulin functioning and is good for your gut health. Flaxseeds are difficult to consume as a whole, so you can grind them before use. Chia seeds are similar to flaxseeds. They are rich in fibers, make you feel full, reduces hunger, have anti-inflammatory components, and are good for controlling blood pressure. 6. Nuts for Diabetics Who doesn’t love nuts? They are healthy, nutritious and equally tasty. Nuts score high in magnesium, omega-3 fatty acids, and fiber. Walnuts are a good source of vitamin E, folic acid, zinc, and alpha-linolenic acid that helps to lower cholesterol. Regular consumption of 30 grams of walnuts can lower insulin levels and help in the reduction of weight. Health benefits of nuts for diabetic patients include: - Controls high blood pressure. - It lowers LDL and HbA1c levels. - Reduces inflammation. - Controls obesity especially in type 2 diabetes. - It lowers high insulin levels. High insulin levels can also increase the risk of cancer and Alzheimer’s disease. Nuts that are good for your health include almonds, cashews, hazelnuts, pistachios, walnuts, pecans, brazil nuts, etc. For best results, take nuts in limited proportions or as directed by your dietician. 7. Olive Oil Olive oil has numerous health benefits and is good for your heart and overall health. Use a reputed brand of extra-virgin olive oil for cooking instead of the regular olive oils available in the market. Regular olive oils are often adulterated with cheap oils. Olive oil is helpful in many ways. - Olive oil contains oleic acid that helps to improve the levels of triglycerides and HDL in type 2 diabetes. - Reduces heart problems. - Reduces inflammation by protecting the linings of the blood vessels. - Controls high blood pressure. - Regulates cholesterol. - Rich in antioxidants. 8. Apple-Cider Vinegar Have you ever tried apple cider vinegar for diabetes? It may sound unconventional, but is good food for diabetics. Do not get alarmed by the sugar content in apple cider vinegar. The sugar that is added in apples gets fermented into acetic acid and there is little or even less than 1 gram of carb in a spoonful of vinegar. It is very helpful for individuals suffering from type 2 diabetes. Apple cider vinegar keeps your stomach feel full for a long time and reduces weight. It improves insulin sensitivity. Take two tablespoons of apple cider vinegar each day. Remember to dilute it with a glass of water. 9. Lentils and Whole Grains Another good food for diabetics is lentils. Lentils, as we know, is an essential source for iron, vitamin B, proteins, and carbohydrates. Research shows that if you replace starchy foods like rice and potatoes with equal portions of lentils, there is approximately a 20% drop in blood glucose level. Lentils slow down the absorption of glucose and are rich in fiber that helps to reduce blood glucose levels. Whole grains have antioxidants and insoluble fiber that helps in the digestion. They lower blood cholesterol levels and have a low GI score. Whole grains like wheat bread, cereals, oats, and wheat flour are good for health and should be included in a regular diet. 10. Spices to lower Diabetes A recent study shows that adding certain spices to your food can lower risks of diabetes and manage blood sugar levels. Spice up your menu with this list of spices and herbs and most of them are readily available in the kitchen. Turmeric: Turmeric contains curcumin and is an essential ingredient that is used in everyday cooking. It has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory components that are good for our health. Turmeric is good for our kidney and brain functioning. It helps in regulating blood sugar levels. Cinnamon: Fresh and aromatic, cinnamon is loaded with antioxidants. Scientists believe that cinnamon reduces hemoglobin A1c levels which is a standard protocol for measuring blood sugar levels. The benefits of cinnamon include: - Improves insulin sensitivity. - It helps to digest food. - It lowers blood sugar. - Control lipids and fats in the blood. - It improves good cholesterol or HDL. - Lowers LDL level. Fenugreek: Fenugreek seeds are easily available and helps in digestion, improves cholesterol levels, and lowers blood glucose levels. You can use it in powdered form or soak it in warm water and then grind it into a paste. Sage and Oregano: These herbs can be used fresh or in dried form. They will add flavor to your food as well as are potent sources of antioxidants. Garlic: Garlic is an age-old therapy for diabetes. Garlic is known to: - Reduce blood cholesterol. - Regulate blood sugar levels. - Control blood pressure. - Reduce inflammation. 11. Greek Yogurt Greek yogurt is different from regular yogurt. The yogurt is strained thrice which removes all the water content, lactose, and whey. Greek yogurt is rich in proteins and contains fewer carbohydrates than regular yogurts. Unsweetened Greek yogurts are good food for diabetics and may result in weight loss if consumed daily.

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I feel ambivalent about this: Top Ten Barriers To Organic And Local Food Access For Low-Income Individuals, Organic Consumes Association (OCS), March 2008 On the one hand, it gives valid reasons why some people have difficulty eating local and organic food. On the other hand, it talks about it at all. That is, it assumes that local and organic food is preferable. How can something that is costly, in low supply, and that millions of people cannot access be preferable? I’m having a hard time reconciling that. The article is almost 10 years old and the links in it are dead. In fact, it was reposted on OCS from Sustainable Table where it no longer resides. (It looks like Sustainable Table was purchased by Grace Communications in the interim.) So I’ll post it here in case it disappears altogether: (I’ll meet you at the bottom.) 1. Financial Restrictions We believe that cost is the greatest obstacle low-income individuals face in accessing fresh, and especially organic and locally-produced, food. * The cost of vegetables and fruit rose 120% between 1985 and 2000, while the price of junk like sodas and sweets went up less than 50% on average. (source 3) * Fresh food often doesn’t provide as many calories per dollar as processed food. * Fresh food doesn’t stay fresh as long as processed food. * Fresh food requires more labor to make into appealing, satisfying meals than processed food. * Eating a variety of colorful fresh fruits and vegetables, as recommended by the USDA, is expensive. Even though some fruits and vegetables can be bought at Farmers Markets for a good price, purchasing products of different nutritional contents on a regular basis throughout the year is costly. * Eating out-of-season fresh fruits and vegetables is even more expensive. We believe that healthy food is often one of the first things cut from a family’s budget when they are experiencing financial difficulties. Faced with limited resources, * One out of six Americans turns to government food assistance programs. * People skip meals. * People substitute less expensive, less nutritious alternatives. * People go to soup kitchens or food pantries. * Parents skip meals to make sure there is enough food for their children. For parents, it is more important to ensure that their children have enough food and “are full” than it is to provide children with a healthy diet. * People cannot afford a balanced meal. * People choose to pay bills (e.g. rent, utilities, and prescription drugs) instead of buying food.(source 2) We believe that individuals depending upon supplemental food assistance from the government can be restricted in the types of food they are allowed to purchase. * The government places restrictions on where food assistance coupons can be used. For example, WIC coupons cannot be used at the New Pioneer Co-op, the natural food stores in the Iowa City/Coralville area. * Organic foods are not always eligible for purchase with WIC coupons. Individual states make the decision. (source 9) 2. Preparation and Storage of Food We believe that low-income families lack, and cannot afford, much of the equipment and companion ingredients needed to prepare fresh food into a variety of interesting, fulfilling meals throughout the year. Individuals might lack such basic ingredients as: cooking oil, garlic/onion, butter, milk, flour, spices, etc. Purchasing basic kitchen equipment can be an obstacle as well, such as blenders and adequate pots/pans for recipes that aren’t “one-pot” meals. Major appliances might be absent from their lives or might be inadequate for storage and food preparation. Lots of low-income folks live doubled up (with friends or family members) or in rooming houses where they may be lucky to have one shelf in the fridge for cold storage. Appliances can be unreliable – a cooktop with one working burner, for instance. 3. Distribution of Food We believe that individuals and families have trouble knowing where to buy fresh local food, in addition to having difficulties getting to these locations. The challenges individuals face can be specific to the area in which they live, be it an urban, suburban or rural environment. Low income individuals might live in areas with restricted access to affordable, healthy/fresh foods. o One-stop grocery shopping is easier for low-income individuals because it saves time and gas money. o Going to the farmer’s market or a grocery store featuring local foods would require making an additional trip. * Public transportation o It is not always adequate or easy to use. o Carrying groceries on a bus or subway is difficult, especially with children. o It is often inadequate in rural areas. * Big cities often have food deserts, where only convenience stores are available for food shopping in low-income areas. * Food delivery services can be expensive, if available at all. 4. Lack of Knowledge and Education - Low-Income Individuals We believe that low-income individuals might lack knowledge on how to prepare fresh food for a variety of reasons, including lack of quality education, inexperience of family members, and popular cultural influences. Individuals often lack: * An understanding of the meanings and benefits of fresh, organic, and local food. * Awareness of the health benefits of eating fresh food. * Confidence in preparing fresh food. * Skills in preparing fresh food in fast, easy ways. * Knowledge of ways to make produce attractive to children. 5. Cultural Values and Lifestyles We believe that low-income individuals might lack experience eating meals highlighting fresh food. * Eating habits developed during childhood, memories from holidays and other celebratory occasions, and positive, community-centered experiences might have centered on comforts foods made with lard, fat, sugar, as well as processed foods. * An individual’s life might be lacking in pleasurable and affirmative food-related experiences. Children attending crowded public schools, for example, are forced to eat lunch hurriedly, in shifts as short as 20 minutes, so that maximum use can be made of cafeteria space. * Individuals living in urban and suburban settings might be completely disconnected from the agricultural origins of the food they eat. Never having seen a vegetable, a grain, or a fruit growing on a plant, they might be unaware of the simple form food has in its original state, and the changes it undergoes during processing. * We believe that low-income families are accustomed to eating fast food because a great deal of fast food advertising targets low-income families and these restaurants are clustered in low-income communities. * Families seeking emergency food assistance often receive boxed, canned, and processed food, which has a longer shelf life and can be more easily transported than fresh food. Families who depend on food pantries to survive long-term financial crises can become accustomed to convenience foods. We believe that individuals with disabilities who take care of themselves, and those who depend upon others to care for them, face even more obstacles to local food access than those faced by the low-income population in general. There is a very high correlation between having a disability and have a low-income. * To remain eligible to receive services through Medicaid, individuals are forced to remain at a very low-income level, hindering their ability to purchase fresh food. (source 5) * Undiagnosed individuals with mental retardation usually don’t know how to use the store or even the oven. They often rely on microwave and take-out. * Diagnosed individuals with mental retardation might receive funding for services and have access to Support Community Living (SCL). SCL is a one-on-one service that teaches, assists and creates skills for individuals with disabilities. The goal of SCL is to work toward specific goals and increase client’s independent living skills and community development. SCL clients can have goals that help them learn about nutrition and how to cook and shop wisely. However, o SCL workers might not be educated in the areas of fresh food, nutrition and cooking. o Recipes need to be easy and only a few steps long. * Similar challenges are faced by individuals with physical and mental illness and brain injury. These individuals might be eligible for Consumer Directed Attendant Care (CDAC). CDAC workers can grocery shop and prepare meals for clients. o However, CDAC workers might not be educated in nutrition and cooking. 7. Preparation and Storage of Food Social Service Agencies We believe that the variety of social service agencies which are in a position to assist their low-income client increase their consumption of local and fresh foods often lack the time, funding, experience and education to do so. Examples of the types of agencies and organizations that we believe could help their clients learn more about local and fresh food include: food pantries, neighborhood centers, Lion’s Clubs, churches, homeless and domestic violence shelters, medical clinics, family resource centers, and environmental action groups. * Few staff members at social service agencies have the extra time to add the component of local foods to their work. * These agencies might not have adequate space, kitchen equipment and utensils with which to prepare fresh food. * These agencies might lack the major appliance for the storage, refrigeration and freezing of fresh food. * These agencies might lack the extra volunteers to process and store fresh ingredients safely. 8. Fulfillment of Government Nutrition Standards Agencies & Institutions We believe that state and federal restrictions on food purchasing can negatively affect the decision to acquire local foods by agencies and institutions that serve food to their clients, such as senior centers and school districts. If government money is used to purchase foods at an institution, it might be required to meet government nutrition standards. Reconfiguring a menu to incorporate local foods and continue to meet these standards can be a burden. 9. Lack of Education Social Service Agencies We believe that the knowledge and understanding of local and fresh foods can be limited at all levels with a social service agency’s workforce. * Workers at these agencies might lack the same knowledge of nutrition and lack fresh food preparation skills as the clients do. * Agency administration might not have considered the potential positive relationship between improving their clients’ health through their diet, and improving other aspects of their clients’ lives. In order for agency staff to integrate nutrition and food into their interactions with clients, there must be interest in and commitment from the agencies’ supervisors or board of directors. 10. Lack of Education – General Population We believe that if the general public understood the obstacles to local food that low-income families face they would support programs and organizations that increase this population’s access to good, fresh food. We believe that the general public lacks knowledge of: * The extent of poverty in Iowa. * The causes of poverty. * How poverty affects food shopping habits. 1. 2007 Hunger in Iowa Report by Susan Roberts and Erin Feld (and the 2003 report) 2. The Hartford Food System: A Guide to Developing Community Food Programs, Replication Manual put out by World Hunger Year 3. Don’t Eat This Book: Fast Food and the Supersizing of America by Morgan Spurlock 4. Iowans Fit for Life, Active and Eating Smart: Nutrition and Physical Activity by the Iowa Department of Public Health,1, Nutrition and Physical Activity. 5. Eligibility requirements for individuals with disabilities: http://www.socialsecurity.gov and http://www.cms.hhs.gov/home/medicaid.asp 6. The ARC of East Central Iowa 7. Living Well Iowa (run in this area by Keith Ruff through the Evert Conner Center) 8. Retail and Consumer Aspects of the Organic Milk Market by Carolyn Dimitri and Kathryn M. Venezia for the US Dept. of Agriculture, May 2007. 9. Frequently asked questions of the WIC program 10. Are Lower Income Households Willing and Able to Budget for Fruits and Vegetables? by Hayden Stewart and Noel Blisard for the USDA: Economic Research Service, Jan 2008 11. Dynamics of Poverty and Food Sufficiency by David Ribar and Karen Hamrick for the USDA: Economic Research Service, Sept 2003 12. Household Food Security in the United States, 2006 by Mark Nord, Margaret Andrews and Steven Carlson for the USDA: Economic Research Service, November 2007 There is also classism here, as if low-income people are somehow less-than. According to the USDA, low-income people cook more meals at home from scratch than middle- and upper-income people, so they would have more cooking knowledge, not less. Many older adults on fixed incomes have a lifetime of food and cooking knowledge. These next statements are just plain condescending: “Never having seen a vegetable, a grain, or a fruit growing on a plant, they might be unaware of the simple form food has in its original state.” “[Low income] Individuals often lack … awareness of the health benefits of eating fresh food.” Low-income individuals – some who have been cooking for their families for decades, some who are scraping to put themselves through college, some who are having difficulty finding work after their company downsized – don’t know that apples grow on trees? Or that eating an apple is healthier than eating fast food? Please … Just because you lack money doesn’t mean you lack knowledge. The article talks about barriers that exist for low-income people, but many people don’t purchase, prepare, and eat fresh, organic, local food. Why? I think there are more barriers than income. Some of them they mentioned like disabilities and cultural values. I’ll add things like: people who travel for work (truck drivers, flight attendants, journalists, anyone with a long commute), frailty, poor dentition, drug and alcohol abuse, lack of appetite from medications, inadequate daycare, lack of time. Can you think of others? This whole foodie movement that steers people towards behaviors that are unrealistic seems elitist to me. After detailing all these barriers, the Organic Consumes Association continues to tell people to eat organic. Who are they talking to? As you know, I think we should spend our efforts fixing the food everyone eats, instead of supporting an elite, parallel food system that only a privileged handful eat.

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As the data grows in relational databases (new business requirements, managing audit data etc), the cost associated with the disk systems to store that data and the resources required to manage them becomes vital. Oracle understands this requirement and it is continuously implementing and improving on the compression techniques and algorithms while simultaneously meeting the application scalability and performance requirements. In this article, I will be discussing the concept behind the Oracle Compression from database perspective and its advantages and disadvantages. The various compression features might differ with different releases but the underlying concept remains the same. I will also demonstrate the actual compression happening at the database level with suitable examples. ” (at least in 10.2.0.4). In oracle 11G, you can drop the column from the compressed table after setting it unused. Here I would like to quote a statement from TOM’s blog: Earlier Approach:Earlier RDBMS versions (6,7) were using a dictionary based approach based on static, table-wide dictionary. So, a table will have an associated look up global dictionary table which holds the lookup entries and the compressed data. The advantage of this approach was higher compression factor as compared to the latest block level compression. Also the global dictionary table will take less space as compared to the block level approach (explained next). But with the advent of new partition techniques and features, the block level approach holds greater merits. Latest Compressing Techniques (specifically in reference to Oracle 10GR2):The latest compression technique used by Oracle is a unique compression algorithm specially designed for RDMBS systems. The main features of this approach are: Block Level compression: The compression window for data compression is a database block. This means the data is compressed block wide instead of table. Every compressed block is self contained and all the information needed to uncompress the data is available within the block. Symbol table: The block contains a dictionary called as “symbol table” within each compressed block. This symbol table will have the common data and the links to associate this data with the actual rows. Multi-Column Compression: If a sequence of columns are having common data, then instead of saving each individual column as separate entry, the combination of the columns will be saved in the symbol table as a whole. This approach is particularly useful in case of materialized views using grouping sets and cubes (where the data is ordered). Cross Column Compression: As explain above, the symbol table holds the common data. This is true for the column values for different columns. So, if column values from the different columns are different, they all will share the same symbol table entry. Advantage of Block Level Compression:Disk Space saving: This is the obvious reason for implementing data compression. Although the space saving comes at a cost of decreased query performance (time required to decompress the data), when used along with other features, this can be minimized. Coexisting compressed and non-compressed data: The same table can have both compressed and non-compressed data. This is possible because the compression is at block level, one block might hold compressed data and the other block might hold normal uncompressed data. This is particularly useful with partitioning where you can compress the old partitions while keep the current partition as non-compressed. Less Buffer Size required: The data from a compressed block is read and cached in its compressed format and it is decompressed only at data access time. As the data is cached in compressed form, more data can be hold into the same amount of buffer cache. How to use compression:Compression can be used for tables, partitions and materialized view (Index compression is also possible, but that is out of scope of this article). The keyword “COMPRESS” is used with the table’s meta-data to compress the data. Please note that the compression works only in the following cases: CREATE TABLE AS SELECTFollowing example shows the compression using CTAS. Two tables are created having 10 distinct values, one is compressed and other without compression. The blocks used for non-compressed table are almost 10 times that of compressed one. Please note that this is an indicative example and actual compression ratio will depend on database settings (for ex: db block size).Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql) CREATE TABLE tbl_nocompress AS SELECT mod(rownum, 10) || 'ANY ADDITIONAL STRING TO MAKE THE COLUMN LENGTH LONGER, COMPRESSION WORKS BETTER' col1 FROM all_objects; CREATE TABLE tbl_compress COMPRESS AS SELECT mod(rownum, 10) || 'ANY ADDITIONAL STRING TO MAKE THE COLUMN LENGTH LONGER, COMPRESSION WORKS BETTER' col1 SELECT segment_name, segment_type, blocks FROM dba_segments WHERE segment_name IN ('TBL_COMPRESS', 'TBL_NOCOMPRESS'); -- SEGMENT_NAME | SEGMENT_TYPE | BLOCKS -- TBL_COMPRESS | TABLE | 148 -- TBL_NOCOMPRESS | TABLE | 1208 INSERT /*+ APPEND */Now, lets insert the same data, with and without using “APPEND” hint: Although the tbl_compress is created with “COMPRESS” parameter (check the create script), normal DMLs are done without compression. If you use insert/update/delete, the modified data is NOT COMPRESSED. If you start with a large compressed table and update each row, each row will be decompressed and stored decompressed. This verifies that same table can hold both compressed and non-compressed data. Now, recreate the table and insert the entries in append mode:Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql) INSERT INTO tbl_compress SELECT mod(rownum, 10) || 'ANY ADDITIONAL STRING TO MAKE THE COLUMN LENGTH LONGER, COMPRESSION WORKS BETTER' col1 FROM all_objects; SELECT segment_name, segment_type, blocks FROM dba_segments WHERE segment_name IN ('TBL_COMPRESS', 'TBL_NOCOMPRESS'); -- SEGMENT_NAME | SEGMENT_TYPE | BLOCKS -- TBL_COMPRESS | TABLE | 1224 -- TBL_NOCOMPRESS | TABLE | 1208 This time we inserted the data in append mode, and the new data is compressed (block size approx. doubled instead of 10 times). Please note that although we are inserting the same data as it is already existing in the tables, new blocks are getting allocated to save it. The compression would have been much higher, if the table level compression were used instead of block level compression.Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql) DROP TABLE tbl_compress PURGE; CREATE TABLE tbl_compress COMPRESS AS SELECT mod(rownum, 10) || 'ANY ADDITIONAL STRING TO MAKE THE COLUMN LENGTH LONGER, COMPRESSION WORKS BETTER' col1 FROM all_objects; INSERT /*+ APPEND*/INTO tbl_compress SELECT mod(rownum, 10) || 'ANY ADDITIONAL STRING TO MAKE THE COLUMN LENGTH LONGER, COMPRESSION WORKS BETTER' col1 FROM all_objects; -- SEGMENT_NAME | SEGMENT_TYPE | BLOCKS -- TBL_COMPRESS | TABLE | 292 -- TBL_NOCOMPRESS | TABLE | 1208 DIRECT PATH LOADS (SQLLRD)while using DIRECT=TRUE with sqlldr ALTER TABLE <TABLE_NAME> MOVENow lets try to compress the tbl_nocompress with ALTER command. This is an easy way of compressing the table in case you were doing normal DMLs on a table with “compressed” attribute set (Remember that this will make the indexes on the table invalid because of rowid changes).Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql) ALTER TABLE tbl_nocompress MOVE COMPRESS; SELECT segment_name, segment_type, blocks FROM dba_segments WHERE segment_name IN ('TBL_COMPRESS', 'TBL_NOCOMPRESS'); -- SEGMENT_NAME | SEGMENT_TYPE | BLOCKS -- TBL_COMPRESS | TABLE | 292 -- TBL_NOCOMPRESS | TABLE | 148 Achieving higher Compression Ratio:Read Only/mostly Data => Compression is generally used for “read only” or “read mostly” data like archived data or old partitioned data. The current running partition can be kept uncompressed while the old partitions can be compressed. Large DB Block Size => The larger the size of block size, the more rows it finds for compression in the same block and thus the chances of achieving higher compression are more. Ordered data => With the right sorting order, more rows can be find with common data and thus higher compression can be achieved. As mentioned before, this can be particularly useful with materialized views used for aggregating data. Long Fields with less Cardinality => Longer fields with less cardinality are ideal for compression as the space saving is larger. Adding / Removing Columns from compressed tables:Earlier it was not possible to add or remove columns from a compressed table. In Oracle 10G, you can add the column but can’t drop it (tested on 10.2.0.4). One way is to set the columns as unused: Please note that once you set the column as unused, there is no easy way to get it back. There is no command like “ALTER TABLE SET USED COLUMNCode language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql) ALTER TABLE tbl_compress ADD col2 NUMBER; ALTER TABLE tbl_compress DROP COLUMN col2; -- ORA-39726: unsupported add/drop column operation on compressed tables ALTER TABLE tbl_compress SET UNUSED COLUMN col2; “It is sort of “not necessary” of course in this case – in fact, I’d say dropping a column from a compressed table probably should be done via ‘alter table t move’ anyway (in order to, well, compress the data on the block again…)”This should have given a broad idea about the concept. In oracle 11G, oracle has added more sophisticated compression techniques like “OLTP Compression”, “RMAN Compression”, “Network Compression” but that is out of scope of this article. Also, we are not discussing the performance penalty we pay for compression and the trade-off between space/performance. There are in-depth white papers available on web for consultation.

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years Paul’s detention in prison. Of this, Paul was aware, but he offered Felix nothing. Eventually Felix was succeeded in office by Governor Festus.—Acts 24:26, 27. The organ of sight, a highly efficient, self-adjusting “camera” that transmits impulses to the brain, where the object focused on the eye’s retina is interpreted as sight. The possession of two eyes, as in the human body, provides stereoscopic vision. Sight being probably the most important channel of communication to the mind, the loss of sight is a tremendous handicap. In Israel, under the Law, the man who knocked out the eye of his slave had to let the slave go free. (Ex. 21:26) In order to humiliate and to shatter the power of their enemies, some ancient nations followed the cruel practice of blinding prominent men among the captured enemy. (Judg. 16:21; 1 Sam. 11:2; 2 Ki. 25:7) The eye is one of the most beautiful parts of the body. (Song of Sol. 1:15; 4:9; 7:4) So disfiguring and detrimental was an eye affliction that one could not serve as a priest under the Law covenant if he was blind or diseased in either eye.—Lev. 21:18, 20. The structure of the eye reveals a marvelous knowledge of optics on the part of its Maker, and the process by which the brain interprets what is transmitted through the eye is far from being understood by scientists, all pointing to its Designer’s intelligence. Jehovah God himself testifies to his creatorship of the eye, saying: “The One forming the eye, can he not look?”—Ps. 94:9; Prov. 20:12. God helps humans to understand and appreciate things about himself by likening them to things that we see and know well. Thus he speaks figuratively of his “eyes” being on his people, evidently indicating his watchfulness and loving care for them. The apostle Peter says: “The eyes of Jehovah are upon the righteous ones.” (1 Pet. 3:12) He emphasizes this care and sensitiveness for their welfare when he speaks of his servants as the “pupil” of his eye, metaphorically representing their preciousness in his sight and his quickness to act in their behalf when touched by the enemy.—Deut. 32:10; Ps. 17:8. Describing God’s observation of the actions of all men, Jeremiah wrote that his “eyes are opened upon all the ways of the sons of men, in order to give to each one according to his ways.” (Jer. 32:19) Of Jehovah’s omniscience and his purpose to exercise justice toward all, the apostle Paul writes: “There is not a creation that is not manifest to his sight, but all things are naked and openly exposed to the eyes of him with whom we have an accounting.” (Heb. 4:13; 2 Chron. 16:9; Ps. 66:7; Prov. 15:3) Of the searching quality of God’s examination of men, the psalmist says: “His own eyes behold, his own beaming eyes examine the sons of men.”—Ps. 11:4. Jehovah’s ability to know a person’s characteristics and tendencies or his genetic makeup even while he is being formed in the womb, as was the case with Jacob and Esau (Gen. 25:21-23; Rom. 9:10-13), is indicated by the psalmist David’s words: “Your eyes saw even the embryo of me, and in your book all its parts were down in writing, as regards the days when they were formed and there was not yet one among them.”—Ps. 139:15, 16. The human eye is an important channel of communication to the mind, strongly influencing the emotions and actions. Satan tempted Eve by causing her to desire something seen with her eyes. (Gen. 3:6) He attempted to induce Jesus to sin by reaching out improperly for things seen with his eyes. (Luke 4:5-7) And the apostle John tells us that “the desire of the eyes” is one of the things originating with this world, which is passing away. (1 John 2:16, 17) Many of the emotions are likewise expressed by the eyes, and so the Scriptures use the expressions “lofty [haughty] eyes” (Prov. 6:17); “lustrous eyes” (of the bad, seductive woman—Prov. 6:25); “eyes full of adultery” (2 Pet. 2:14); the “ungenerous eye” (Prov. 23:6); the “envious eye” (Prov. 28:22); the ‘eye that is wicked’ (‘evil eye,’ AV); the latter does not refer to any magical quality of the eye, but to an eye with bad intent, the opposite of being “kindly in eye.”—Matt. 20:15; Prov. 22:9. Gestures by means of the eyes are very expressive of the individual’s feelings. They may show pity or lack of it (Deut. 19:13); they may ‘wink’ or ‘blink’ in derision, or scheming insincerity. (Ps. 35:19; Prov. 6:13; 16:30) One who does not want to observe or who does not desire to carry out an act for another may be spoken of as shutting or hiding his eyes. (Matt. 13:15; Prov. 28:27) The stupid one is said to have his eyes “at the extremity of the earth,” wandering here and there without any fixed object, his thoughts being everywhere except where they ought to be. (Prov. 17:24) Even a person’s health and vigor or his state of happiness are manifested by the appearance of his eyes. (1 Sam. 14:27-29; Deut. 34:7; Job 17:7; Ps. 6:7; 88:9) King Jehoshaphat addressed Jehovah: “Our eyes are toward you.”—2 Chron. 20:12. Spirit creatures, angels, are able to behold the brilliance of Jehovah (Matt. 18:10; Luke 1:19), an experience that no human eyes could endure, for Jehovah himself told Moses: “No man may see me and yet live.” (Ex. 33:20) John said: “No man has seen God at any time.” (John 1:18) Therefore, when Jesus told his disciple Philip: “He that has seen me has seen the Father also” (John 14:9), and when the apostle John said: “He that does bad has not seen God” (3 John 11), obviously those spoken of as seeing God see him, not with their physical eyes, but with what the apostle Paul described as the ‘eyes of their heart.’ (Eph. 1:18) Those who see with the eyes of the heart are those who have really come to know God, appreciating his qualities, and that is why John could say: “He that does not love has not come to know God, because God is love.”—1 John 4:8. So, too, in view of the fact that Jesus said the ‘world would behold him no more’ (John 14:19) the statement at Revelation 1:7: “Every eye will see him [Jesus Christ],” must have reference, not to the literal eye, but, rather, to the effect upon the mind of human observers by the evidences that they can see with their literal eyes when he goes forth to destroy his enemies. The Bible plainly indicates, however, that those whom God calls to heavenly life with Christ will literally see God, which requires for them a change to divine nature, resurrection in a heavenly spiritual body.—1 Pet. 1:4; 2 Pet. 1:4; 1 Cor. 15:50-54; compare 1 Peter 3:18. The spiritual eye as well as the physical eye is a gift of God. (Prov. 20:12) He promises to heal both spiritual eyes and physical ones, and to remove all causes for tears. (Isa. 35:5; Rev. 21:4) One cannot understand God’s purposes without the gift of spiritual eyesight. On the other hand, Jehovah hides his truth from the eyes of those who are stubborn or rebellious, letting “their eyes become darkened.” (Rom. 11:8-10; Luke 19:42) “They have [literal] eyes, but they cannot see [spiritually].”—Jer. 5:21; Isa. 59:10. Jesus also pointed out that one’s spiritual vision must be kept sharp and in focus. He said: “The lamp of the body is the eye. If, then, your eye is simple [all one way; in focus; generous], your whole body will be bright; but if your eye is wicked, your whole body will be dark. If in reality the light that is in you is darkness, how great that darkness is!” (Matt. 6:22, 23) He further counsels that one should not find fault with some tiny defect in another’s personality, a mere “straw” in his eye, when he

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Many utilities around the world have been discovering abnormal or aberrant P91 base and weld metal microstructures in their plants, leading to, or with a potential to lead to, early cracking and failure in critical plant components. Although it is widely recognized that proper heat treatment is critical in achieving full-strength, high-chromium martensitic steels, it is clear that for various reasons many material suppliers, plant manufacturers, and welding companies have failed to perform this important step, resulting in serious consequences. Research Is Lacking Few studies have been carried out on aberrant P91 materials/welds, and the little information available in the public domain tends to suggest that, for certain material conditions, the creep rupture strength level could be as low as that of ASME (The American Society of Mechanical Engineers) P9 steel, or even the Type IV strength of P9 welded joints. Some users have applied the rupture strength of P22 steel for predicting the rupture strength of aberrant P91 steels. However, there is a genuine concern that life prediction based on P9 or P22 steels rupture strength may be overly conservative for many of the aberrant P91 base metal and weld variants. Although the Electric Power Research Institute is known to have carried out limited and short-term rupture strength studies on aberrant P91, the study entitled “Long Term Rupture Strength of Aberrant P91” is believed to be the first comprehensive and systematic study on more than 30 variants of aberrant P91 base and weld metals of the type frequently found in power plants. This recently started project—aimed at testing base metal and cross weld specimens to test durations of up to 30,000 hours—is currently sponsored by ETD Consulting, GDF Suez (and its subsidiaries Laborelec and Electrabel), and a group of Japanese utilities under the umbrella of the Tokyo-based Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry. Discussions to gain the involvement of plant manufacturers, such as Alstom, and some U.S. power industry companies are still in progress. A Variety of Concerns Typical examples of aberrant P91 base metal variants that plant operators have come across include the following: ■ Material over-tempered (approximately 15C above Ac1—Ac1 is the temperature at which austenite begins to form on heating). ■ Material slightly over-tempered (approximately 10C below Ac1) for longer periods of about 6 hours. Note: Over-tempering can take place at temperatures just below the Ac1 temperature. ■ Material tempered at the bottom of the new ASME allowable range (730C) or the old ASME allowable range (704C). ■ Fully ferritic P91 (too slow cooling from austenitizing). ■ Mixed 30% to 70% ferrite to 70% to 30% martensite (too slow cooling from austenitizing). ■ Lean alloy composition (some or all of the chromium [Cr], molybdenum [Mo], vanadium [V], and niobium [Nb] near lower limits). ■ Soft spots and soft bands found in some piping material. Examples of aberrant weld metal P91 variants that plant operators have come across include the following: ■ Under-tempered weld metal (<730C). ■ Over-tempered at roughly 10C below Ac1 or 15C above Ac1 (that is, close to Ac1), or slightly higher than the ASME range (775C). Similarly, various weld repairs and weld repair configurations/geometries, or repeat weld repairs, have also exhibited problems in power plants in Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and North America. Again, in the absence of rupture strength data for these types of joints, plant operators have had difficulty determining how to deal with potentially vulnerable components in their plants. Other welding problems faced in some of the plants have been low-alloy root runs, which some welding companies have carelessly introduced to avoid the purging needed with high-alloy root runs. These root runs are notoriously difficult to detect. Plant operators have also come across problems with dissimilar metal welds (both ferritic-to-ferritic and ferritic-to-austenitic). With a range of post-weld heat treatments and no long-term rupture data, little information exists to predict their long-term integrity. Another problem exists when bends are found with no, or inappropriate, post-bend heat treatment. Understanding the integrity and expected behavior of such components is difficult. An example of how the creep rupture strength of an abnormal P91 material may compare with that of ASME P9 and P91 steels at 600C is shown in Figure 1, while Figure 2 offers an example of how P91 welded component rupture strength may decrease with aberrant material or heat treatment. |1. Material comparisons. The graph shows how creep rupture strength of an aberrant P91 material compares with that of ASME P9 and P91 steels at 600C. Source: ETD Consulting| |2. Weld comparisons. The graph shows how cross-weld creep rupture strength of an aberrant P91 material compares with that of ASME P9 and P91 steels at 600C. Source: ETD Consulting| Taking “Boat Samples” Recent testing on a weld, joining a low-alloy steam valve body to a P91 reducer pipe in a new coal-fired power plant under construction in Asia, identified a problem but failed to isolate the cause. The P91 component exhibited incorrect microstructure and low-hardness level while the 1CrMoV valve body also exhibited low-hardness level adjacent to the weld. The results of the conventional examination of the P91 reducer indicated that the component may have been incorrectly heat-treated prior to arrival at the site, or it may have been over-heated during the post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) after site welding. Another possible explanation for the low hardness readings and microstructure abnormality could have been the presence of a thick decarburized layer at the surface of the P91 component. Repeat conventional examination using portable hardness testing and metallographic replication was ruled out because of uncertainties about the depth of the surface decarburized layer and due to limited reliability of measurements made using portable hardness testing equipment. Therefore, it was decided that material samples would be removed from the surfaces of the P91 component for the purpose of microstructural analysis and assessment of hardness under laboratory conditions. ETD’s electric-discharge sampling equipment (EDSE) was used for this project. The equipment has the capability to remove samples from 1 millimeter (mm) to 20 mm thick from the surface of a component, which means that it is possible to obtain samples in a nondestructive, or minimally invasive, manner (Figure 3). |3. Removing a sample. Using the electric-discharge sampling equipment (left), a 4-mm thick “boat sample” was cut out from the pipe (center), leaving a round-edge cavity at the sample location (right). Courtesy: ETD Consulting| Using EDSE, weld repair is not necessary, provided that removal of a few millimeters from the surface does not compromise the design minimum wall thickness. The design code wall thickness requirements in this case allowed the removal of 4-mm EDSE samples from the P91 component. Three samples were removed within about 75 mm of the weld/heat-affected zone. In this way, the sampled material was representative of base material that had been tempered during the at-site PWHT of the weld. Microstructural examination, hardness testing, and micro-hardness testing were carried out on these three samples. Representative photographic images of the microstructures of each EDSE sample were taken at three locations: ■ Close to the component surface (approximately 0–1 mm depth) ■ Middle of thickness of EDSE sample (approximately 1–3 mm depth) ■ Close to cut-surface of EDSE sample (approximately 3–4 mm depth) The microstructures of the three P91 samples consisted of a mixture of ferrite and martensite, with relatively coarse carbide particles in some of the ferritic areas. There was no significant change in the microstructure between the component surface and 4-mm depth. In ETD’s experience, the effect of decarburization at the surface of P91 piping components can extend to 2-mm depth in extreme cases. If the surface of the component is decarburized, then the structure at the surface would contain a high proportion of ferrite and the amount of ferrite would decrease on moving away from the surface. It was thus considered that the mixed ferrite/martensite structure would be representative of the component as a whole. Abnormally slow cooling (that is, furnace cooling rather than air cooling) from the austenitizing temperature is one possible way in which significant amounts of ferrite could be formed during manufacture. Another possibility arises during PWHT, if the weldment is unintentionally heated above the Ac1 temperature. If this situation occurs, partial re-austenitization of the structure takes place and, if followed by slow cooling to the correct PWHT temperature, then the austenite phase transforms to ferrite/carbide, resulting in a mixed ferrite/carbide and martensite structure. It thus became essential to either replace the P91 component or remove it from the installation and carry out full reheat treatment (that is, normalizing and tempering) in order to obtain the correct P91 microstructure and normal level of creep rupture strength. It may be feasible to test miniature test specimens extracted from the EDSE samples for their rupture strength. If this is done, then the data can be used to justify operation of the component for a significant period of time, depending upon the measured strength level and the operating conditions (temperature and stress). In these situations, ETD recommends that the component be monitored closely until it is eventually replaced. Although the work described above is for a power plant under construction, “boat sampling” is equally useful for assessing the integrity and safe remaining life of critical components in operating power and process plants for all types of metallic/alloy materials. Nano-Level Creep Detection ETD and one of its European industry partners developed another new tool, known as the scanning force microscope (SFM), as part of the now-completed Phase 1 of another joint industry project named “P91/P92 Inspection and Life Assessment.” This portable tool (Figure 4) was specifically developed in an attempt to detect early stage nano-level creep cavitation in P91 and P92 in-service components (Figure 5). Notoriously, damage can go undetected by traditional means (such as replication, or standard ultrasonic testing) in these components until 70% to 80% of their useful life has expired, and failure can occur by fast fracture without much warning. |4. Ready for action. This image, taken at a refinery in Rome, Italy, shows the scanning force microscope, mounted on a pipe, ready to test the low-alloy steel component. Courtesy: ETD Consulting| |5. Finding flaws. The image shown here was produced using the scanning force microscope and shows nano-level cavitation damage in a P91 pipe at a coal-fired power plant in the Philippines. Courtesy: ETD Consulting| The SFM also gives three-dimensional images (Figure 6) and can thus calculate and plot cavity volume, which is a better measure of the component damage. SFM has now been used on two sets of P91 creep-tested specimens (tested at 600C and 625C) where tests were interrupted at 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of life, and the cavity volume measured using the SFM was compared to the life fraction consumed. It has also been used successfully on steam valves at an EDF-owned power plant in France, on P91 in-service steam pipes in power plants in the Philippines and Malaysia, and on 1CrMo rotors in Poland. |6. Deep trouble. The three-dimensional image generated by the scanning force microscope shows the depth of a cavity in a P91 pipe. Courtesy: ETD Consulting| In Phase 2 of the above-mentioned industry-sponsored project, P91 and P92 welded pipes are being tested in Germany at 600C (P91) and 625C (P92) for test durations of up to 10,000 hours, both under creep and creep-fatigue conditions. These tests are being stopped at intervals of 2,000 hours, and SFM—together with other nondestructive examination inspection and monitoring tools, some equally innovative—is being used to relate the creep cavity damage observed with the remaining life of these pipes. Several problems are faced at high-temperature plants containing P91 components worldwide. Aberrant or abnormal P91 material and welds are frequently found to have been caused by improper heat treatment, which was not carried out with the critical accuracy required for this generation of martensitic steels. Although new tools can help to inspect and quality check some of the aberrant material components, some others, such as those with wrong root runs, may be difficult to identify, thus leaving the risk unknown and unmanaged. Even components that can be identified to be at risk are creating issues for plant owners and integrity assessors in view of the unknown long-term rupture strength of the aberrant steels. This emphasizes the need for the generation and interpretation of data to help evaluate the safe operating life of plant components. ■ —Dr. Ahmed Shibli (ashibli@etd -consulting.com) is managing director and is lead metallurgist for ETD Consulting.

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On September 29, 2017, a Chinese satellite known as Micius made possible an unhackable videoconference between Vienna and Beijing, two cities half a world apart. As it whisked across the night sky at 18,000 miles (29,000 kilometers) per hour, the satellite beamed down a small data packet to a ground station in Xinglong, a couple of hours’ drive to the northeast of Beijing. Less than an hour later, the satellite passed over Austria and dispatched another data packet to a station near the city of Graz. The packets were encryption keys for securing data transmissions. What made this event so special was that the keys distributed by the satellite were encoded in photons in a delicate quantum state. Any attempt to intercept them would have collapsed that state, destroying the information and signaling the presence of a hacker. This means they were far more secure than keys sent as classical bits—a stream of electrical or optical pulses representing 1s and 0s that can be read and copied. The video encryption was conventional, not quantum, but because the quantum keys were required to decrypt it, its security was guaranteed. This made it the world’s very first quantum-encrypted intercontinental video link. The man behind this achievement is Jian-Wei Pan. A professor at the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), sometimes known as “China’s Caltech”, 48-year-old Pan has produced a series of breakthroughs that have propelled him to scientific stardom in the country. His work has won plaudits from President Xi Jinping, and he’s often referred to in local media as “the father of quantum.” Quantum communications and computing are still nascent, but they are among the technological “megaprojects” on which China’s government wants breakthroughs by 2030. It sees an opportunity to lead the dawning quantum era in much the same way that the US dominated the advent of computing and the information revolution that it sparked. Pan, who in 2011 became the youngest-ever member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, is central to this effort. In an interview with MIT Technology Review, Pan talked about the importance of international collaboration, but he also made clear that China sees a unique window for it to shape the next meta-shift in the technology landscape. “We were only the follower and the learner at the birth of modern information science,” he said. “Now we have a chance … to be a leader.” Pan’s ambitions include a plan to create a globe-spanning constellation of satellites that constitute a super-secure quantum internet. Also on his checklist: helping China catch up with—and perhaps overtake—the US in building powerful quantum computers. The fundamental units of computation in these machines are qubits, which—unlike bits—can occupy a quantum state of 1 and 0 simultaneously. By linking qubits through an almost mystical phenomenon known as entanglement, quantum computers can generate exponential increases in processing power. In the future, the machines could be used to discover new materials and drugs by running simulations of chemical reactions that are too much work for classical computers. They could also turbocharge artificial intelligence. Secure networks using quantum key distribution (QKD) could transmit sensitive data for things like financial transactions and provide utmost secrecy for military operations and communications. Researchers are also working on quantum sensors that would let submarines navigate without relying on satellite signals, and quantum radar that may be able to spot “stealth” aircraft. Despite the intense US-China competition in quantum technologies, the video call made possible by the Micius satellite—named for an ancient Chinese scientist and philosopher—is very much a result of international cooperation. It came out of a collaboration between a team led by Pan and another led by Anton Zeilinger, a quantum physicist at the Austrian Academy of Sciences. Zeilinger was Pan’s doctoral supervisor in the 1990s, and he saw potential in the young Chinese student. “When he came here, he was one hundred percent focused on theoretical physics,” recalls Zeilinger. “But I realized he could do more, so I suggested he switch to experiments, and he did that very successfully.” So successfully, in fact, that Zeilinger was only too happy when his former student proposed a collaboration on intercontinental QKD in 2011. Pan’s team had already conducted experiments over a number of years to prove a space-based system could work, and it eventually got the Chinese government’s green light to build a dedicated satellite, which was launched in 2016. Making QKD work on the ground is hard enough. Doing it from a satellite meant solving a host of extra problems, from aligning the satellite’s transmissions precisely with the ground stations to minimizing the number of photons lost in the atmosphere. Observers were impressed, says Hoi-Kwong Lo, a physics professor at the University of Toronto. He adds, “There’s a huge amount of resources being devoted to quantum in China, which means they can do things other countries can’t.” China’s other achievements include building the world’s longest terrestrial QKD network. The 2,032-kilometer (1,263-mile) ground link between Beijing and Shanghai was also masterminded by Pan and sends quantum-encrypted keys between way stations, offering an ultra-secure network for transmitting financial and other sensitive data. Some Chinese cities are also building municipal networks. Gauging exactly how much China is investing in these and other quantum projects is hard because funding for government programs is opaque. But Pan says the money devoted to an upcoming national quantum plan for China will be “at least the same order of magnitude” as Europe’s recently launched Quantum Technologies Flagship project, a 10-year, €1 billion ($1.1 billion) initiative. While money matters, there’s more to China’s success than the bankrolling of satellites and other projects. The country also benefits from a decades-long strategy of sending young researchers abroad to learn from experts like Zeilinger and then enticing them home to continue their work. China is producing plenty of high-quality quantum science papers, and the number of Chinese patents being registered in areas like quantum communications and quantum cryptography has also soared, far surpassing those being registered in the US and elsewhere. To help develop future quantum researchers, the country is building a $1 billion National Laboratory for Quantum Information Sciences in Hefei that will open in 2020; it will bring together experts from a range of disciplines such as physics, electrical engineering, and materials science. Some of the money will be for a new USTC campus on the same site to train quantum researchers. “We are working hard to develop the workforce of the future in quantum technology,” says Pan. He’s already created a center for quantum information and quantum physics at USTC. In June 2018 a team at the center announced it had set a world record for entangling qubits, linking 18 together. Advances like this will bring us closer to the point at which a quantum machine will finally be able to outstrip even the most powerful conventional supercomputer for certain tasks. There are also ambitious plans to scale up efforts in space. Pan says that over the next four to five years, China will launch four more low-orbit quantum satellites, and a high-orbit geostationary one will follow shortly thereafter. The long-term vision is to create a continent-spanning, quantum-secured internet that could eclipse today’s version. Looking much further ahead, the technology could one day be used to secure everything from smartphones to laptops. Leader and laggard So is China really set to dominate the emerging quantum era? And what will it do with that dominance if so? The answer to the first of those questions is nuanced. While Micius and the ground-based QKD networks give China the edge—for now—in secure quantum communications, it still trails the US in quantum computing. However, as Pan’s team’s success with entangling qubits shows, it’s making swift progress. Big Chinese tech companies like Alibaba and Baidu are investing heavily in quantum computing, too. Alibaba has launched a cloud computing service that lets people experiment on quantum processors, mirroring similar efforts by US companies such as IBM and Rigetti. Isaac Chuang, an MIT professor and pioneer of quantum computing, notes that one of the reasons China has done so well in quantum science is the close coordination between its government research groups, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the country’s universities. Europe now has its own quantum master plan to prompt such collaborations, but the US has been slow to produce a comprehensive strategy for developing the technologies and building a future quantum workforce. Whatever happens elsewhere, China will press forward. Pan emphasizes commercial opportunities. Businesses are already using the Beijing-Shanghai network to ship information securely. And he foresees a day when data centers on different continents will be connected via the constellation of quantum satellites he’s planning. Those satellites, of course, could also be used for military purposes. Elsa Kania at the Center for a New American Security, a Washington, DC, think tank, says various parts of China’s armed forces are funding research into quantum communications, sensors, and radar. Big companies like China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation, one of the country’s largest builders of warships and submarines, are working with universities on quantum projects. If China thinks the technology could give it a military edge, it might pull back on international collaborations and keep innovations to itself. A more optimistic view sees China remaining open to the kinds of interchanges that have helped turn it into a quantum superpower, and doing its utmost to profit from a new, quantum-inspired data economy. The notion that China could seize the lead here seems to inspire its top officials: Xi Jinping has even talked publicly of quantum science opening up “a new industrial revolution.” Whichever scenario ultimately plays out, China will be counting heavily on the father of quantum to steer it to success. Correction: An earlier version of this article said that Anton Zeilinger is a quantum physicist at the University of Austria. He is in fact at the Austrian Academy of Sciences. Hackers are trying to topple Belarus’s dictator, with help from the inside Opposition from inside the regime of Alexander Lukashenko is helping hackers run what may be the most comprehensive cyberattack on a nation ever. 2021 has broken the record for zero-day hacking attacks But the reasons why are complicated—and not all bad news. This US company sold iPhone hacking tools to UAE spies An American cybersecurity company was behind a 2016 iPhone hack sold to a group of mercenaries and used by the United Arab Emirates. Reimagining our pandemic problems with the mindset of an engineer Grappling with all the uncertainty, the epidemiologist’s role during the pandemic proved confusingly complex. A more pragmatic, problem-solving mindset might help in making good decisions. Get the latest updates from MIT Technology Review Discover special offers, top stories, upcoming events, and more.

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Shoah memorial museum, Paris A major modern memorial museum and documentation centre in Paris about the Holocaust , especially in France , but also covering the topic in general, with lots of material presented (but much of it in French only). More background info: Shortly after the invasion of France by Nazi Germany in 1940 came the Holocaust too. With the help of the collaborating Vichy regime and French police forces, the Jews in the country (both of French citizenship as well as foreign Jews who had fled to France in the years before) were rounded up and deported, mainly from the transit camp in the Paris suburb of Drancy . The total number quoted at this museum is 76,000. The majority of them perished in Auschwitz, but also in a few other camps as well as en route during deportation or in the transit camps. Only a couple of thousand survived. Shoah memorial museum, or Memorial de la Shoah, in French, goes back to underground initiatives started as early as 1943 in an endeavour to document the plight of the Jews in/from France and the crimes at the hands of the Nazis and the Vichy regime. This led to the memorial site in Paris after the war. However, it was only in 2005 that the present modern memorial museum was opened. For many years, the whole topic didn't have the profile in France that it deserved – too embarrassing was France's own involvement in the Holocaust under the Vichy regime it seemed, too at odds with the notion of La Grande Nation. Only in recent years has this changed; in 1995 then president Jacques Chirac even publicly admitted to France's guilt in this dark chapter of the country's history. The original "Memorial du martyr juif inconnu" ('Memorial of the Unknown Jewish Martyr') in Paris's Le Marais quarter underwent major refurbishment, re-building and expansion between 2002 and 2005, when it was opened (with president Chirac present) on 25 January, exactly on the 60th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz For the dark tourist, it is a significant addition to the range of things to see in Paris, although the language limitation (see below) makes it somewhat less accessible to foreign visitors that its counterparts in those other places. What there is to see: Even from the outside the memorial centre makes an impression. The side facades of the main building are noteworthy, being formed from a network of hundreds of concrete Stars of David. And along the lower outer wall to the north side of the memorial connecting Rue Geoffroy-l'Asnier with Rue du Pont Louis-Philippe, a wall of names in honour of the "righteous amongst the nations (cf. Yad Vashem ) is publicly accessible at all times. To get to the memorial proper one first has to clear security, which as usual at such places, is rather tight. Once inside the main courtyard, note the central cylindrical sculpture bearing the names of some of the concentration camps , death camps and ghettos (e.g. Bergen-Belsen ). To the left of this courtyard is a set of walls of names, listing all 76,000 victims known to the institution, amongst them 11,000 children. The entrance to the indoor part of the memorial is under the main front wall, which bears a large Star of David and two inscriptions, one of them a quote by a former minister and honorary president of the memorial demanding respect for the Jewish "martyrs". The permanent exhibition of the museum is on the lowest level, two flights of stairs down. En route, on the first underground level, you pass three more significant components of the memorial. First of all, the large crypt with an eternal flame in the centre of yet another large Star of David, made of black marble, in the middle of a gloomy dark hall (somewhat reminiscent of the old main memorial at Yad Vashem ). The flame is directly underneath the cylindrical sculpture of the main courtyard above – which aims at a certain symbolism relating to the chimneys of the death camps. On the wall by the stairs facing this crypt is one of the museum's largest concrete artefacts, a wooden front of a concentration camp barrack with its door. Displayed in a side room to the left of this is the museum's collection of original file cards – an indication of the bureaucracy involved in the Holocaust . These are original index files, called "fichier juif", collected by the police under the Vichy regime. (The files, which belong to the National Archives, are behind glass and remain inaccessible – its content can only be searched on microfilm copy.) Also on this level is a room used for temporary exhibitions (at the time of my visit in March 2011 this consisted of film posters of movies about the Holocaust or related to it and Jewish life and culture). In the permanent exhibition, visitors can first get an overview of Jewish life in France/Paris, with various personal belongings and documents on display. Explanatory text panels also feature English translations, which are largely OK, despite a few translation slips. Unfortunately, however, all the audio-visual material and interactive workstations (of which there are quite a few) are monolingual in French only. How much you can get out of the exhibition on a self-guided visit thus depends to quite a degree on whether you can understand French well enough. Topically, the exhibition moves on to the days of the Nazi occupation, the Vichy regime and the discrimination, oppression, and deportation of Jews in France during that time. Again, displays are a mixture of documents, personal belongings, photos and explanatory texts and multimedia stations. Amongst the exhibits are also a few copies of Hitler 's "Mein Kampf", in the original as well as in translations (e.g. Italian) – which is something you don't get to see in German exhibitions … The most impressive feature in this part of the exhibition, in my view, is the large screen at the far end which shows a slowly moving image of the Ramp at Auschwitz-Birkenau . Creepily, the image very slowly creeps forward towards the iconic gatehouse (see also logo ), seemingly in constant motion without ever getting much closer. If you look very closely you can see it's a loop, but the return to the beginning is so subtle that you can easily miss it – hence the effect of constantly moving but never getting there. Behind the screen, the topic of the concentration camps is picked up in more detail, including a large plan of the camp of Auschwitz-Birkenau in the centre of the room. Naturally, this is the grimmest part of the museum, although it doesn't get quite as graphic and explicit as e.g. at the USHM in Washington The final section of the permanent exhibition explores the aftermath of the Holocaust, including documentation, the Nuremberg trials and also cover-ups. The largest exhibit here is a farm machine used in the camouflaging of the grounds of former death camps as farms (cf. e.g. Belzec On exiting the exhibition one passes a set of high walls of photos – those of children who perished in the Holocaust … The memorial centre also includes research stations, a multimedia collection, archives, educational services, meeting/seminar rooms (where regular events are held), and finally a comprehensive shop. In the shop, most material, again, is in French only, though there is also a small section of titles in English. Unfortunately, this does not include a catalogue of the museum exhibition. Overall: the modernized Shoah memorial museum is a significant addition to Paris 's portfolio of museums and memorials, and certainly a worthwhile place to visit for the dark tourist too. Regrettably, though, the lack of English lets foreign visitors down a bit (the same, by the way, is partly true of the centre's website, whose "English version" often has links back to the French original or outside sites, such as the USHM at 17, Rue Geoffroy-l'Asnier in Paris 's 4th arrondissement (district), just a quarter of a mile (400 m) from the Hotel de Ville. Access and costs: quite easy to get to; free. Details: to get to the Shoah memorial museum you can take the metro to either Pont St Marie (M7) or St Paul (M1) and walk the short distance. From the former just stroll up Quai de l'Hotel de Ville to the next corner and turn right into Rue Geoffroy-l'Asnier; the museum entrance is on your left at No.17. From St Paul metro station on Rue de Rivoli first walk westwards and then branch down into Rue Francois Miron. Rue Geoffroy-l'Asnier then branches off to your left and the museum will be on the right-hand side of the street. You can also walk it from Hotel de Ville down Quai de l'Hotel de Ville and turn left. Opening times: daily except Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5:30 p.m., on Thursdays to 7:30 p.m. Every second Sunday of each month, the museum offers a guided tour in English, beginning at 3 p.m., also free of charge (no reservation required). Also on Sundays the museum offers a free shuttle service to its new branch and documentation centre at Drancy . As these buses depart at 2 p.m. and don't return until 5 p.m. that would rule out the guided tour at the main museum, though. So you'll have to decide one way or the other. As usual at such Jewish institutions, there's quite tight security at the entrance. You have to pass your bags, coats, etc. through a metal detector like at an airport before being let through the double turnstile gates. Unfortunately, such security measures still seem to be necessary. What a shame. Time required: depends very much on your level of French and depth of interest in the subject. If both are profound, then a single visit may not even be enough, as there's so much material on offer, not just in the museum proper, but also in the adjoining multimedia and research centres. Without French, you'd be limited to the English translations of the text panels and labels, and your visit could be shortened to as little as an hour or so. Combinations with other dark destinations: Closely linked thematically and also nearby is the deportation monument at the southern tip of Ile de la Cite, just a few hundred yards away. Much further out, but even more authentically related to the museum's subject is the memorial at the original site of the Drancy transit camp in the north-east suburb of the same name. The trip out there has recently been made much more worthwhile, however, namely through the Shoah Museum's new branch directly adjacent to the Drancy memorial which opened in September 2012. This now features a proper documentation centre and exhibition. On Sundays the museum even offers a free shuttle bus service between the two locations (dep. 2 p.m., return from Drancy at 5 p.m.). Topically related are also parts of the WWII exhibition in the Army Museum Otherwise see under Paris Combinations with non-dark destinations: Le Marais, the quaint historic quarter of little streets and alleys in the 3rd and 4th arrondissement to the north and east of the Shoah memorial museum make for nice city strolls – and it's also an interesting quarter from a Jewish point of view: it was here that the "Pletzl" was, the Jewish centre until WWII and the Holocaust . After the war, and especially in more recent years, the area has seen a revival and is again Paris's main Jewish quarter, with a historic synagogue, Jewish bakeries and fashion shops, in particular around Rue de Rosiers. In the other direction, across the river on Ile de la Cite, one of Paris's main tourist attractions beckons: Notre Dame cathedral. And a bit further down the Seine is the Louvre. For more see under Paris - Shoah memorial 1 - main facade - Shoah memorial 2 - central memorial - Shoah memorial 3 - courtyard - Shoah memorial 4 - wall of names - Shoah memorial 5 - floor plan - Shoah memorial 6 - crypt - Shoah memorial 7 - exhibition - Shoah memorial 8 - exhibition - Shoah memorial 9 - wall of righteous - Shoah memorial museum 8a - farm machine cover-up - Shoah memorial museum 8b - wall of photos

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Since the triumph of the Cuban Revolution on January 1, 1959, this beautiful island in the Caribbean has aroused passions everywhere in the Americas. Since its inception, the revolution has had a profound impact on the popular classes throughout Latin America and haunted the political elites and wealthy classes in the United States and oligarchies elsewhere in the hemisphere. Admirers have often praised Cuba as the model for the future; its detractors have portrayed it as an oppressive regime. In reality, Cuba is neither heaven nor hell. Instead, the revolution is a bold social experiment to find a way out of the underdevelopment that centuries of colonialism and neo-colonialism have imposed on Cuba, an effort to open a path toward a more just society than was possible under its pre-revolutionary domination by the United States. It is this quest that has brought on it the untiring enmity of U.S. governments for nearly a half-century now. For forty-five years, ten U.S. administrations have sought to end the “threat” of a good example by subversion, sabotage, invasion, assassination, diplomatic isolation, economic embargo, propaganda, etc. The embargo — which Cubans call a blockade because it also seeks to prevent other countries from trading with Cuba — has cost the Cuban people well over $72 billion to date. The Bay of Pigs invasion and the numerous acts of terror, launched mostly from U.S. soil, have taken 3,478 lives, making this a kind of slow-motion 9/11 (the proportional impact of which, given Cuba’s small population, exceeds that of U.S. casualties in both the Korean and Vietnam wars). This little country has paid a heavy price for its independence. It is against this backdrop of the forty-five-year siege that we have to view the realities of Cuba — what the revolution has accomplished and what it has failed to do — today. And Cuba has accomplished a great deal. As Fidel Castro has said, “perhaps the most useful of our modest efforts in the struggle for a better world will be to demonstrate how much can be done with so little when all of society’s human and material resources are placed at the service of the people.” It is this theme — doing so much with so little — that I want to explore with specific reference to education and culture. Education in Cuba We are all familiar with the literacy program that was launched immediately after the triumph of the revolution. Young people were sent into the most remote corners of Cuba to teach basic literacy. Not only did this achieve universal literacy, it also raised the social consciousness of Cuba’s youth. They too were educated by the experience. Cuba’s alphabetizacion program is still today held up as a model by the United Nations because it required little in the way of material resources, building instead on the untapped human resources abundant in even the poorest of societies. From that beginning, Cuba has gone on to build a strong educational system. A 1998 UNESCO study of primary education throughout Latin America found that, in test scores, completion rates, and literacy levels, Cuban primary students are at or near the top of a list of peers from across Latin America. Indeed, the performance of Cuban third and fourth graders in math and language so dramatically outstripped that of other nations that the UN task force administering the test returned to Cuba and tested students again to verify the initial results: “Cuba far and away led the region in third- and fourth-grade mathematics and language achievement,” the panel said. “Even the lowest fourth of Cuban students performed above the regional average.” (Christopher Marquis, “Cuba Leads Latin America in Primary Education, Study Finds,” New York Times, 14 December 2001) Today Cuba boasts one primary school teacher per twenty students and one junior high school teacher per fifteen students, making possible a very individualized pedagogy. There are schools in even the most remote areas of the country, sometimes with a teacher serving a single student in a school powered by solar panels. The high quality of education in Cuba has been witnessed by the U.S. students I have taken there in recent years. They have been “blown away” by the university students they have met with, whom they find better informed, more articulate, and better able to reason than their U.S. counterparts. That is not exactly what they had expected to find in an “underdeveloped” society. There is free education through the university, graduate and professional levels. As a result, today Cuba has the most highly educated and technically trained population in Latin America. There are more than 700,000 professionals who have been educated by the revolution who work in Cuba today. One area in which Cuba is in fact highly developed is medicine. One telling indicator of this is the fact that last year Cuba’s infant mortality rate was only 5.8 deaths in the first year per 1,000 births — lower than in the U.S. Cuba has more doctors per capata than any other country in the world — in all, some 130,000 healthcare professionals — and has been able to send its medical personnel to assist in many of the poorest regions of the world. There were 25,845 Cuban doctors and health technicians working on humane missions of solidarity in 66 countries. There are 450 doctors in Haiti, the poorest country in the hemisphere, and a larger and growing number working in the poorest neighborhoods of Venezuela. President Castro was even able to offer to send over 1,500 doctors to the U.S. in response to the hurricane Katrina emergency — an offer spurned by the Bush administration, unwilling to recognize that Cuba is a medical superpower. And now through its Latin American School of Medicine, it gives free medical educations to hundreds of poor youth from elsewhere in Latin America, Africa and even the U.S., with the sole stipulation that graduates return to those poor areas to practice medicine for the people. Cuba’s medical education teaches not only the science and art of medicine, but also the social values of service to humanity. As Castro told the first graduating class of 1610 students this summer, “[H]uman capital is worth far more than the financial capital. Human capital involves not only knowledge, but also — and this is essential — conscience, ethics, solidarity, truly humane feelings, spirit of sacrifice, heroism, and the ability to make a little go a long way” (“At This Moment, Cuba Is Training More than 12,000 Doctors for the Third World,” Granma, 23 August 2005). By removing a major economic barrier to higher education, access has become highly meritocratic. As a result, women are now heavily represented in all the professions in Cuba. Well over half of the country’s doctors, technicians, philosophers and other professionals are women. New Social Problems However, in the decade of the 1990s, two new social problems emerged. The first of these problems concerns what social scientists call “class closure.” For the first and second generations after the revolution, there was unprecedented opportunity for upward social mobility. Sons and daughters of cane cutters, laborers, prostitutes, and others at the bottom of the old society were able to get free educations and become doctors, engineers, professors, and leaders in their communities. They occupied positions vacated by the older professionals who had fled to Miami and new positions created by the economic development opened up by the revolution. But by the 1990s, as a third generation came along, such opportunities for upward social mobility were diminishing. The children of the new professionals had a competitive advantage in gaining admission to the university, if only due to the higher cultural level of the home they had grown up in. And that meant that the children of other classes had reduced chances to move up in society themselves. The ranks of the professional class were becoming filled by the children of professionals. Despite meritocratic selection criteria, by the third generation, class closure was setting in. Added to this is a second problem: the severe economic depression Cuba suffered in the 1990s. With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the regimes of Eastern Europe with which Cuba had had 85% of its trade, Cuba’s economy shrank drastically overnight. The country suffered a decade-long economic depression at least as severe as the U.S. went through in the 1930s. Although there were great shortages of everything, income levels were maintained for much of the population by continuing to pay workers even when their factories could no longer produce due to lack of materials or spare parts with which to repair machinery. Nevertheless, there were no new jobs being created for that third generation just coming into the workforce. The economy could no longer support the large professional class that the revolution had built up. Professionals took jobs in tourism where they could have access to dollars, as the Cuban peso dropped in value. Universities cut back enrollments as their budgets shrank. And as a result, at the bottom of the workforce, a growing body of unemployed youth began to accumulate — a dangerous situation for Cuba’s future social stability. Even the children of professionals could not feel secure in maintaining the status of their parents. And many of the children of the lower classes felt they had little opportunity at all. How did Cuba’s leadership respond to this looming crisis? In the late 1990s, it went to the nation’s mass organization of youth, la Unión de Jóvenes Comunistas (UJC), asking for new ideas. What came out of problem-solving discussions were a series of new programs that some have called a second educational revolution. The UJC established schools of social work for unemployed youth, “Universidad para Todos” TV courses were initiated, universities established extension programs, computer use was expanded in schools throughout the country, and a Battle of Ideas was launched. In sum, there have been major efforts to raise further the cultural level of the Cuban people. Let me detail some of the programs a little. Social Work for the People and by the People The most striking program was the social work schools that were established throughout the country: “Hoy son más de 28 000 los egresados de las escuelas de formación de trabajadores sociales extendidas por todo el país” (“La humanidad necesita de los trabajadores sociales,” Juventud Rebelde, 10 September 2005). These took unemployed youth who had not been admitted to a university and paid them to go to school for a year where they learned to become social workers in the poor communities they had come from. Ruben Zardoya, formerly Dean of the Faculty of Philosophy and History at the University of Havana, headed up the School of Social Work for the Havana area. Upon completion of their training, not only were they employed as social workers, but they also had the opportunity to continue their education at the university. A previously idle group had been given a socially useful role in helping to deal with the problems of their communities. Fidel calls them “doctors of the soul.” As a result of these schools, the number of social workers in Cuba has gone from 795 in the year 2000, to 28,000 with the graduation of this years class. And the unemployment level has gone down to 2%. Now such programs have been extended to former sugar cane workers. As Cuba has closed half of its sugar mills because they are no longer economically viable, thousands of workers have become redundant. They too are being retrained for new employment and receive a salary for attending school. Indeed, study is becoming a form of paid employment in Cuba. Parenthetically, I should note that this has caused some resentment among regular university students who were admitted on meritocratic criteria and are not paid for their study, even though it is free. University for All In addition, university-level study has been opened up to the entire population through two new educational channels that have been established. Combined with Cubavisión and Tele Rebelde, Cuba now broadcasts 394 hours of educational programming weekly, 63% of the total hours broadcast by Cuban television. This University for All, as it is called, makes available to the general population some of the nation’s best teachers and thinkers. For example, I previewed some of the programs in a history of philosophy course prepared by Miguel Limia‘s research team at the Institute of Philosophy. Since going on the air on October 2, 2000, 43 courses have been offered, using the talents of 775 professors, making this the biggest university in the country. Beyond this there has been a metropolitanizing of the university. This is what we call extension programs that take higher education into neighborhoods in community centers and other satellite facilities. The university is no longer an ivory tower removed from society. Raising the cultural and educational level of the entire population has become a central focus of these and other programs. As philosopher Miguel Limia told us, “We’re betting on a society of knowledge.” Fidel remarked in a speech last year about this educational revolution: “what began as an unattainable dream — to see a nation become a university — is today a reality” (qtd. in José A. de la Osa, “Aggressions Have Become a Great School for Our People,” Granma, 9 February 2004). The Cuban nation has been under siege for nearly a half century now. Under such circumstances, we might ask Bob Dylan’s question: “how many years can a people exist?” It is testimony to the courage of the Cuban people that they have endured in their struggle for so long. In fact, it has made them stronger and more united. But then, they have no real alternative except to become a subsidiary of Miami, with a return to all of the inequality and injustice they once knew before the revolution. And that is unacceptable to the nation that Cuba has become, tempered by over a century of hard struggle. At a time when the social supports that enrich people’s lives are being curtailed by neo-liberal governments everywhere else, Cuba has not only held on to the achievements of the revolution, in the area of education it has extended them further to the population. We ought to be learning from this “nation that is becoming a university” rather than trying to crush it. For the past 16 years, Cliff DuRand has been organizing groups of academics for research in Cuba in conjunction with the Conference of North American and Cuban Philosophers and Social Scientists held each June at the University of Havana. He is now a Research Associate at the Center for Global Justice in San Miguel de Allende, Mexico, and Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at Morgan State University, Baltimore.

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Industry-scale dairy production riddled with hormones, antibiotics, and pasteurized milk has resulted in large swathes of lactose intolerant adults. We are, however, people who cling to the old breakfast tradition of soaking our cereals in milk. Thanks to these vegan varieties like rice, soy, and almond milk, we were allowed to stick to our dietary tradition while being able to reject dairy. Today, almond milk sales are on the rise, with numbers soaring into billions. We think it surpasses all other varieties of milk just because it’s made from almonds. After all, with all that protein, vitamins, minerals, and heart-healthy fats that make these nuts leave behind such a strong nutritional footprint, what could possibly be wrong with a bottle of store-bought almond milk? Almond Milk Vs. Cow’s Milk: A Nutritional Comparison Almond Milk Has Fewer Calories According to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 1 cup of unsweetened store-bought almond milk contains about 39 calories and about 2.8 grams of fat.1 In comparison, 1 cup of 100 percent cow’s milk contains about 149 calories and 7.9 grams of fat.2 From the above numbers, it becomes clear that almond milk is godsent for those of us who are desperately trying to lose weight. One can instantly cut out about 770 calories in a week by simply substituting whole milk with unsweetened almond milk during breakfast! Even if one opts for the sweetened variety that contains about 91 calories per cup, he can still reduce his calorie intake by approximately 400 calories.3 Almond Milk Is Rich In Calcium, Vitamin D, And Vitamin E Another plus? Almond milk, being made from almonds, is also loaded with vitamin E, a nutrient that helps prevent plaque from building up inside our arteries and helps our body manufacture healthy red blood cells. However, Almond Milk Lacks In Protein… A study found that for every cup of non-cow’s milk (soy or almond milk) that children drank per day, they were 0.4 centimeters shorter than the average height for their age. Conversely, for each cup of cow’s milk they drank every day, children were 0.2 centimeters taller than average.10 Cow’s milk contains a whopping 7.9 grams of protein per cup. In comparison, unsweetened almond milk contains only 1.5 grams per cup, while the sweetened version gives us even less (1.0 grams per cup)11 12 13 With protein being one of the important building blocks of our cells, organs, and tissues, it becomes very important for people to not just stick to their daily recommended intake, but to also make sure they’re getting their protein from healthy sources, cow’s milk being one of them. Almond Milk Doesn’t Contain As Many Almonds As It Should Given the fact that almonds rank amongst the highest-protein nuts, it’s very strange that store-bought almond milk is so low in protein. It takes a lot of almonds to produce a carton of almond milk. What you don’t know, however, is that very few almonds actually go into the making of your store-bought almond milk. A few industry insiders have recently admitted to involving less than half a handful of almonds for every half a gallon of almond milk. Of course, this may vary from one brand to another, but a recent study involving one particular brand shows that the milk contains a disappointing 2 percent almonds, which does not do justice to a product that uses the word “almond” as a selling point. Store-Bought Almond Milk Contains Some Very Scary Ingredients Typically, it takes just two ingredients to make almond milk – almonds and water. However, if you turn your carton over and take a look at the ingredients, you’re very likely to see mentions of sunflower lecithin, tricalcium phosphate, gellan gum, potassium citrate, vitamin A palmitate, cane sugar, and carrageenan. Carrageenan is a beverage stabilizer and thickener, made from red algae, which can lead to severe gastrointestinal inflammation and may even contribute to cancer. So if you find out your almond milk is messing up your digestion, you know what ingredient to blame. Vitamin A palmitate, another ingredient, is a synthetic vitamin that has been proven to accelerate cancer growth, and cause severe allergic reactions such as liver toxicity, hair loss, and eye and mouth problems. Almond Milk Also Contains Added Sugars 100% natural almond milk is completely free of sugar. Manufacturers, however, try to enhance the overall flavor of their almond milk by adding sugars just so that customers are tempted to stock up on their product. There’s no denying that this makes a difference in taste, but if you’re a sugar-junkie, chances are, you may face some very severe health problems in the long run. The American Heart Association states that the daily recommended sugar intake for men is about 37.5 grams of sugar, while that for women is 25 grams.14 Store-bought sweetened almond milk has about 15 grams of sugar for every 1 cup serving.15 Therefore, if you’re a woman, this makes up about 60 percent of your daily sugar intake. If you’re very strict about your sugar intake, this shouldn’t be too much of a problem. If, however, you have the habit of indulging in sugar throughout the day, this could eventually lead to obesity, cardiac problems, and diabetes. Lack Of Government Regulations Whether it’s almond milk, rice milk, or soy milk, it is important to know that the nutritional contents of most non-cow’s milk are not regulated. This means that the nutritional content could vary from one almond milk product to the next, particularly in the amount of protein, fats, and sugars. You’re Not Getting Your Money’s Worth Given the number of almonds in your store-bought almond milk and the poor nutritional value that comes with it, you are probably far better off eating a handful of organic almonds or even by making your own almond milk at home. This way, you not only trim some dollars and cents off your grocery bill but also don’t end up getting ripped off for something that gives you less than half of the complete nutritional benefits of real, sprouted almonds. Helpful Tips To Remember When Buying Almond Milk It’s important to accept the fact that unless your almond milk is home-made, it will never be as nutritious as compared to cow’s milk or an equal amount of almonds. If, however, you cannot do without buying almond milk from the store, your next best option is to be an informed buyer. Do your homework before you pick out your cartons and learn to read the labels with extra care, regardless of brands making grand declarations about being organic, including kosher, or being non-GMO (genetically modified). Avoid going for brands that make a mention of carrageenan, “natural flavors”, and added sugar (this also includes cane sugar). Remember that some brands may still contain cane sugar, which still qualifies as sugar, even when they label themselves as “unsweetened”. On the other hand, some brands may contain no sugar at all but may have carrageenan. Opting for almond milk that contains neither sugar nor carrageenan, but includes artificial flavors would be a healthier option. If possible, always try to go for the organic, unsweetened variety and if you’re unable to find this at your store, you can easily make it yourself at home! How To Make Your Own Almond Milk At Home - 200 grams of almonds 1. Soak your almonds in water for about 8 to 12 hours. You could also leave them to soak overnight. 2. Rinse your almonds and peel off the skins. 3. Tip these almonds into a blender and add about 4 cups of water. Now blitz for a few minutes until you get a smooth consistency. 4. Stretch a muslin cloth across a trough or a bowl and pour the freshly blended almond mixture over it. Gather the corners of your cloth to form a bunch, and squeeze the milk out. You will be left with the pulp in your cloth while your bowl will be filled with a milky white liquid – which is your 100% natural almond milk. 5. Pour out the almond milk into an airtight bottle and store in the fridge; it will last for a good 3 to 4 days. Almond milk naturally separates – and this is nothing to worry about. All you have to do is give the bottle a good shake before you start drinking, and you’re good to go! Watch Out For Too Much Omega-3! Your body needs a diet that contains a good balance of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, ideally in the ratio of 1:1. Since almond milk contains almonds that are rich in omega-6 fatty acids, your body could end up with an unhealthy dose of these fats. Omega-3 and omega-6 acids compete for the same enzymes that help break these acids down. This means that the amount of omega-6 in your diet directly affects the conversion of omega-3 fatty acids, a process whose end products protects us from diseases. Therefore, too much omega-6 can increase inflammation and bring down your immunity levels considerably. People strictly following a plant-based diet are especially susceptible to the unpleasant effects of an omega-3 overdose. Therefore, be mindful of this ratio and eat a lot of fish, flaxseeds, chia seeds, and hemp seeds to help you get your fatty acids in the right balance. The Bottom Line Almond milk is not really injurious to your health, but it’s not all that nutritious either unless you make it yourself at home. Store-bought almond milk may be lower in calories than cow’s milk, but it also contains far less protein as compared to a glass of cow’s milk along with several unwanted ingredients – both being very unfavorable to your health. If you go for the sweetened version, you could also be packing in a lot of unnecessary sugar – which kind of defeats the flab-fighting, healthy purpose of almond milk. If you really can’t do without almond milk, you can really just make it at home. Like we said earlier, all it takes is two ingredients – almonds and water! The standard ratio for most almond milk recipes available online is one cup of almonds per half a gallon. Doesn’t that sound much better than that measly 2 percent? |↑1||Basic Report: 14091, Beverages, almond milk, unsweetened, shelf stable. |↑2, ↑6, ↑7||Full Report (All Nutrients): 45192661, 100% COW’S MILK, UPC: 813868020246. United States Department of Agriculture.| |↑3, ↑5, ↑15||Basic Report: 14016, Beverages, almond milk, sweetened, vanilla flavor, ready-to-drink. United States Department of Agriculture.| |↑4, ↑8||Basic Report: 14091, Beverages, almond milk, unsweetened, shelf stable. United States Department of Agriculture.| |↑9||Basic Report: 14016, Beverages, almond milk, sweetened, vanilla flavor, ready-to-drink. |↑10||Morency, Marie-Elssa, Catherine S. Birken, Gerald Lebovic, Yang Chen, Mary L’Abbé, Grace J. Lee, Jonathon L. Maguire, and TARGet Kids! Collaboration. “Association between noncow milk beverage consumption and childhood height.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2017): ajcn156877.| |↑11||Full Report (All Nutrients): 45192661, 100% COW’S MILK, UPC: 813868020246. United States Department of Agriculture.| |↑12||Basic Report: 14091, Beverages, almond milk, unsweetened, shelf stable. United States Department of Agriculture.| |↑13||Basic Report: 14016, Beverages, almond milk, sweetened, vanilla flavor, ready-to-drink. United States Department of Agriculture.| |↑14||Sugar 101. American Heart Association.|

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The USCG's First Superstorm: The Great Galveston Hurricane In early September of 1900, a hurricane of massive force struck the Gulf Coast west of Galveston, Texas. The Great Galveston Hurricane would prove far deadlier than any man-made, environmental or weather-related disaster in U.S. history, with approximately 8,000 killed in Galveston and roughly 2,000 more lost in other parts of the Gulf Coast. This death toll is greater than the combined casualty figure for the 1941 Pearl Harbor attack, Hurricane Katrina, the 9/11 terrorist attacks as well as Hurricane Ike, which struck Galveston in 2008. In the afternoon of Saturday, September 8th, the storm closed in and floodwaters rushed into the Galveston with wind speeds reaching gale force. By 3:00 p.m., the storm surge had flooded lower portions of the city to a depth of five feet. For many in the city’s East Side there was nowhere to turn and, by 3:30 p.m., reports of death and destruction began to reach the Revenue Cutter Galveston moored in the harbor. The cutter already held 50 refugees and the captain decided to deploy a smallboat to assist the city’s storm victims. At 4:00 p.m., a volunteer rescue party led by Galveston’s Assistant Engineer Charles Root set-off dragging Galveston’s whaleboat over railroad tracks and launching it into the city’s flooded streets. The high winds rendered oars useless, so the men warped the boat through city streets using a rope system. One man swam through the streets with a line, tied it to a fixed object and the crew hauled it in. Using this arduous process, Galveston’s boat crew rescued numerous victims out of the roiling waters in the city. At nearby Bolivar Point, the storm surge flooded the low-lying peninsula and waves broke against the base of Bolivar Point Lighthouse. Approximately 125 locals sought refuge from the storm in the lighthouse tower while the water began rising around it. That afternoon, the floodwaters had halted a passenger train approaching the Bolivar Point Ferry Terminal to meet the ferry for Galveston. Of the nearly 100 riders and crew on board the train, only nine braved waist-deep water to seek the safety of Bolivar Light’s tower. Soon after, the rising water surrounded the train, trapped riders and crew in the passenger cars and drowned them all. In the evening, the storm unleashed Category Four winds on the city. At around 6:15 p.m., the Galveston Weather Bureau anemometer registered over 100 miles per hour (mph) before a wind gust tore it off the building. Bureau officials estimated that by 8:00 p.m., sustained winds blew at 120 mph. By this time, Assistant Engineer Root and his crew returned to the Galveston having filled their whaleboat with over a dozen survivors. Heavy winds were taking an awful toll on the ship, stripping off rigging and blowing away the launch, while wind-driven projectiles shattered windows and skylights. At the nearby Fort Point Lifesaving Station, Keeper Edward Haines realized his situation was dire and told his crew they should find a way to save themselves. As the floodwaters crept up the station walls, the surfmen believed they could survive in the upper floor of the building, so three of them climbed to the top and passed down ropes for the others. Up to this time, Haines and his wife had remained in the station’s lifeboat, but the waters by now were breaking over them, with the boat tossing on its beam-ends. The keeper lifted Mrs. Haines to the upper story by tying rope around her body and hoisting her to the surfmen above. A view of Fort Point Lighthouse, a screw-pile lighthouse that barely survived the Great Galveston Hurricane. (U.S. Coast Guard Photo) After hoisting his wife to safety of the station top, the gallery under Haines collapsed and he was swept into the lifeboat. The storm blew the boat into open water and Haines shouted to the surfmen to protect his wife. Shortly thereafter, he realized two of his men were clinging to the lifeboat and pulled them into the boat. That night, the storm’s wind and seas began to reach their climax. At 7:30 p.m., Weather Bureau officials recorded an instantaneous four-foot rise in water level while the wind speed reached 150 mph with gusts up to 200. The wind sent men sailing through the air and toppled horses to the ground while the flooding reached its peak at over 15 feet above sea level. The storm surge raised cutter Galveston over its dock pilings, but the piling tops failed to puncture the cutter’s hull plates. By 8:00 p.m., Assistant Engineer Root was ready to return to the dark flooded streets. He called for volunteers and the same men stepped forward that had served in the first mission. The hurricane still made use of oars impossible, so the crew waded and swam as water depth allowed, warping the boat from pillar to post. Meanwhile, buildings toppled over and the wind filled the air with shrapnel-like slate roof tiles. Root’s men managed to rescue 21 victims, housed them in a structurally sound building and found food for them in an abandoned store. The cuttermen then moored the boat in the lee of a building and sheltered from the flying debris. Bolivar Point Lighthouse tower sheltered 125 victims during the hurricane and received relatively little damage. (U.S. Coast Guard Photo) In Galveston Bay, lighthouses marked the waters for shipping. Located about seven miles north of Galveston, the Halfmoon Shoal Lighthouse sat over a shallow area in the middle of Galveston Bay. Unmoored by storm-driven ships in Galveston Harbor, the steamer Kendal Castle broke loose from its moorings and began drifting around the Bay. The ship mowed down the Halfmoon Shoal Light, obliterating the screw-pile lighthouse and Keeper Charles Bowen, whose body was never found. As one witness recounted, “we passed within a few hundred yards of where the Halfmoon Lighthouse once stood, but could see no evidence of the lighthouse, it being completely washed away.” If this were not bad enough, the hurricane wiped out three generations of Bowen’s family with his father, wife and daughter all perishing on shore. Redfish Bar Cut Lighthouse managed to survive the storm, but just barely. Newly commissioned in March, the lighthouse marked a channel through a shallow bar bisecting Galveston Bay. It must have seemed surreal to the keeper when a darkened vessel barreled down on the lighthouse, pushed by Category Four winds. Just as it seemed the ghost ship would crush the beacon, the vessel veered slightly and passed silently a few feet from the lighthouse. The Fort Point Life-Saving Station probably looked similar to this vintage photo before the storm. (U.S. Coast Guard Photo) At Fort Point Lighthouse, Keeper Charles Anderson watched the storm surge carry off equipment on the screw-pile lighthouse’s lower deck, including a lifeboat and storage tanks for fresh water and kerosene fuel. The wind grew so intense that it peeled off the lighthouse’s heavy slate roof tiles. Some of the stone tiles shattered the lantern room glass and the winds blew out the light. With Fort Point Lighthouse’s lowest level flooded, the lamplight extinguished, no means of escape, and Keeper Anderson suffering from serious facial wounds, he and his faithful wife made their way to the parlor and to meet their fate. Hurricanes had blown Galveston Lightship LV-28 off station many times before, but none compared to the 1900 Hurricane. The wooden lightship relied on sails for motive power and was at the mercy of the storm. The hurricane tore the vessel from its moorings and parted its anchor chain. The lightship’s windlass and whaleboat were ripped away and the winds collapsed one of the ship’s two masts. The storm drove the vessel several miles up Galveston Bay before the crew dropped the spare anchor, which held fast. Fortunately, no crewmembers were lost. By 11:00 p.m., the wind began to moderate allowing Root and his men to return safe, but exhausted, to Cutter Galveston by 12:30 a.m. on Sunday. At about 1:00 a.m., Fort Point Station keeper Edward Haines’s surfboat found bottom and the winds died down to only 20 miles per hour. The cloud cover cleared and the moon illuminated the surroundings for Haines and his two surfmen. They had washed ashore a mile-and-a-half beyond Galveston Bay’s normal shoreline about nine miles by water from the station. At Bolivar Light, Keeper Harry Claiborne did his best to care for his flock. The hundreds of weary men, women and children rode out the stormy night seated on the spiraling steps leading up to the lantern room. The next morning, the survivors left the safety of the tower to find a scene resembling a massacre. As the floodwater subsided, it deposited the corpses of those who tried and failed to gain the safety of the lighthouse. Meanwhile, Keeper Claiborne’s storm victims had consumed all the provisions stockpiled in the tower and, when he returned to the keeper’s quarters, he found the storm surge had wiped out his worldly possessions. At Fort Point Light, Keeper Anderson and his wife survived what seemed certain death to see another day. At daybreak, they climbed the stairs to the lighthouse gallery and emerged arm-in-arm to witness the carnage left in the wake of the storm. The receding floodwaters carried away dozens of human and animal carcasses in a silently watery funeral procession from Galveston Bay to the Gulf of Mexico. Meanwhile, Life-Saving Service Keeper Haines and his two surfmen began searching the beach for survivors and found three more of his surfmen who were blown across Galveston Bay on flotsam. The three men recounted how the lifesaving station collapsed just after Haines’ lifeboat was swept away, throwing the surfmen and Haines’s wife into the roiling seas. Later, Haines located temporary graves containing Mrs. Haines and the missing surfman. Haines and the crew rowed out to the graves with a casket and retrieved her body for re-burial. It is not known whether the surfman’s remains were ever exhumed. For the next two weeks, Keeper Haines and his crew worked for the Galveston Relief Committee locating hundreds of corpses. In the rush to clear away the dead, most of the bodies were never identified and either buried at sea, buried in hastily-dug graves, or just burned where they lay. Meanwhile, Cutter Galveston’s crew towed countless human and animal remains out to open water. The tide returned many of them to the harbor, so the crew had to tow them to the nearby mud flats and burn them. Galveston’s burial detail burned so many corpses that it finally ran out of fuel oil to set the bodies on fire. In the Great Galveston Hurricane of 1900, members of the Coast Guard’s predecessor services performed heroically. Keeper Edward Haines and the Galveston Life-Saving Station crew struggled mightily against the forces of nature at Fort Point. The men of the Lighthouse Service and Revenue Cutter Service demonstrated the same devotion to duty by manning the lights and saving hundreds of lives. The Great Galveston Hurricane would be the first of countless hurricane response efforts performed by the Coast Guard and its ancestor agencies. William Thiesen is the Coast Guard Atlantic Area historian. This article appears courtesy of Coast Guard Compass and may be found in its original form here. The opinions expressed herein are the author's and not necessarily those of The Maritime Executive.

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Article: History of the Escanaba & Lake Superior Railroad By William Duchaine, from the Escanaba Daily Press, December 27, 1950 Photo info/credit: An E&LS passenger train. [E&LS collection] The Escanaba & Lake Superior Railroad was closely linked with the lumbering and iron ore shipping of the region for many years, and now is playing an important role in the industrial activity of Escanaba and vicinity. The E&LS is a busy industrial “belt line.” Its tracks serve more than thirty of the leading industries and wholesale distribution concerns in the area. There were some who thought the Escanaba & Lake Superior would have to fold up when lumbering dwindled to almost nothing in the territory and the railroad lost its iron ore hauling business, but the E&LS management saw the situation in a more favorable light. It decided to convert from coal burning engines to the more economical diesels. The two Baldwin Diesels – the 1,000 HP No. 100 and the 660 HP Switcher No. 101 – now do virtually all the pushing and pulling of cars in the local yards and on the road to Channing. Two steam locomotives are still held in reserve, however, for relief and special duty. These are No. 14, a Baldwin 4-6-0, purchased new in 1917, and No. 18, built by American Locomotive for the Green Bay & Western Railway in 1913, and purchased and rebuilt by the E&LS in its Wells shops in 1935. The Escanaba & Lake Superior Railroad now owns as rolling stock: 60 boxcars, 20 gondolas, 25 hoppers 10 ore cars, 25 flatcars, two cabooses, one coach and a Russell snowplow recently acquired from the Ford Motor Company’s abandoned logging railroad at L’anse, MI. The coach is of ancient vintage – about fifty years old – lighted with Aladdin lamps and heated with a coal-stove. It was purchased from the Copper Range Railway, subsidiary of the Copper Range Mining Company of Painesdale. Emil Christensen, who was appointed General Manager of the E&LS after the death of George W. Brow, rides a yellow painted Ford Car, with flanged rubber tires, when he goes on an inspection trip up the main line to Channing and intermediate points. A hydraulic jack device is used to make a turn around with the inspection car. Getting down to the small-fry rolling stock the E&LS has seven motorized “handcars”, one for each of six sections and an extra track car for special duty. At one time when lumbering operations of the I. Stephenson Company were at their height on the mainline and branches, the E&LS had two fire cars to protect millions of feet of logs piled on landings alongside its tracks. The tank cars are now used for diesel oil storage. The two fire cars each had 8,000-gallon capacity tanks, equipped with powerful steam pumpers that would throw a stream of water the distance of a city block. During the big Mashek fire of 1926, the equipment saved 2,000,000 feet of logs at the landings. When the two C&NW Ore Docks burned down in 1924, the E&LS fire cars pumped water from Little Bay De Noc and kept the C. Reiss Coal Docks from catching fire. Isaac Stephenson, the Marinette lumber baron who made millions cutting the white pine of Wisconsin and Upper Michigan and represented Wisconsin in the US Senate, was the guiding hand in the founding of the E&LS. The big timber along the Escanaba River attracted the enterprising Maine woodsman, Jefferson Sinclair and Daniel Wells Jr., in the middle of the last century. They built a water mill at the site of the present No. 1 dam. Some members of the sawmill workers’ families of that pioneer Flat Rock mill community were buried in a cemetery in Pioneer Trail Park. Vandals defaced and broke the headstones, and only a few fragments can be found in a small fenced in plot. Later, Harrison and Nelson Ludington, for whom Escanaba’s main business street was named, joined Sinclair and Wells in the lumbering enterprise. The firm name became the N. Ludington Company. Isaac Stephenson, a native of New Brunswick, entered the company in 1850. He increased his holdings steadily until 1888 when the name was changed to the I. Stephenson Company. For several decades, logs were floating down the Escanaba River on the spring drives to the sawmills at Flat Rock and Wells. In 1897, the Escanaba River company, a subsidiary of the I. Stephenson Company, built a seven-mile railroad from Wells to tap a large hardwood timber stand at LaFave’s hill. In 1898, the name was changed to the Escanaba & Lake Superior Railway and the tracks were extended to Watson. Pine log drives continued for about fifteen years after the line was built to Watson, as jobbers continued to cut timber within an economical sleigh haul from the Escanaba River and its tributaries. Branch lines were built by the E&LS, to get out the remote timber stands, the Ralph, Turner, Mashek, Northland, Ford River and Hendricks branches, with total trackage of more than 100 miles. During the boom years, about 100 million feet of logs came by river and train to the two large sawmills at Wells. One mill was a four-band, with two re-saws, which operated a day shift on pine, spruce and other softwoods. It ran until 1921. The other was a two-ban mill with gang re-saws, which cut hardwood day and night until the I. Stephenson Company suspended operations in 1943. The biggest cut was 116 million feet of logs in 1912. The Escanaba & Lake Superior Railway was chartered on November 17, 1898. Its officers were: |John A. Van Cleve||Marinette||Vice President| |H. A .J. Upham||Milwaukee||Secretary-Treasurer| |John W. Wells||Menominee||General Manager| |George P. Eisman||Menominee||Director| |W. E. Wells||Wells||General Superintendent| The company was reorganized on February 12, 1900 as the Escanaba & Lake Superior Railroad. H.J. Brown of Marinette succeeded Van Cleve as First Vice President. C.W. Kates became the Auditor in 1901, and later rose to General Manager. General Managers were: George N. Harder George W. Brown Present officers are (1950): |J.W.R. Van Houten||Milwaukee||Assistant Secretary and Assistant Treasurer| |Mr. Christensen||General Manager| |O.J. Thorsen||Master Mechanic| |A.M. Pearson||Can Accountant| |Guy W. Knutson||General Freight Agent| The E&LS now has about 75 employees. Among the oldest from point of years of service are: - Fred Winchester, Engineer on mixed trains No. 1 and No. 2 who started firing in 1905 - Art Nelson, Agent of the Escanaba Station on Stephenson Avenue, 1907 - Emil Christensen, General Manager, 1909 - O.J. Thorsen, Master Mechanic, 1909 - Art Moberg, Auditor, 1912 - William Rusha - Joseph Browne, 1910 - Section Foreman at Cornell - Fred Kickbusch, 1906 In 1900, the E&LS entered into an agreement with the Milwaukee Road to extend its tracks from Watson to Channing for the hauling of iron ore to the Milwaukee Road docks at Escanaba. This arrangement was terminated in 1936 when the Milwaukee Road decided to enter a pooling arrangement with the C&NW Railway instead of undergoing the heavy expense of major improvements to its Escanaba Docks. For years, the E&LS was operating four ore trains and two log trains daily, with one or two extra log trains a day in the winter. Telegraph operators were employed at depots at Turner, Ralph, Northland, Watson, Hendricks, Woodlawn and Salva, a station near Cornell. These telegraph stations were discontinued with the passing of heavy traffic on the main line. Now days the mixed trains No’s 1 & 2 operate daily except Monday and Saturday, pulling an average of 10 cars on each trip. Distance from Wells to Channing is 63 miles. The E&LS applied this year to the Michigan Public Service Commission for permission to operate without schedule on this mixed train run, but the application was denied. The train carries an old combination passenger-baggage coach, but the passenger business is virtually nil. During 1949, the total passenger revenue was only $80, as compared to more that $200 daily in the early 20’s and two coaches were used to carry lumberjacks, drummers and schoolteachers up the main line and its branches. In September of this year, only one passenger made the trip from Wells to Channing. Business “picked up” in October when five fares were collected. With the loss of iron ore traffic and the drastic decline of forest product movement, the outlook appeared gloomy for the E&LS railroad. It had been in some respects streamlined to the status of a terminal railroad because its main line business is not what it used to be. The five-day a week run on the main line is made to deliver to and receive freight from the Milwaukee Road at Channing. There were some who thought the E&LS would have to liquidate, but George W. Brown, who had many years of railroading experience with the Milwaukee Road, Soo Line and the E&LS, took an optimistic view of the situation. Brown advised the switch from steam to diesel motive power to achieve operating economies. The 1000 HP Baldwin Diesel No. 100 was acquired in June 1946, and the 660 HP Baldwin Switcher No. 101 in December 1947. Savings in fuel costs were quickly apparent, and much less shop work is needed to keep the diesels running. “Gosh, they can run those diesels for less money than I can run my car,” said Machinist Frank Winchester, in a half-serious vein. Frank, the son of the late Conductor, Charles Winchester, who helped to lay the right of way to Watson, is now all alone in the E&LS machine shop that once employed more than a dozed men. The E&LS, as the originating line, receives a sizable share of the freight bill on carloads it receives from local industries and turns over to the C&NW at Wells and the Soo Line at North Escanaba. Holding six memberships in the Escanaba Chamber of Commerce, the E&LS in participating actively in efforts to attract new industries to this community. Fortunately, the railroad has several industrial sites along its tracks. With its main offices in Wells, the E&LS does not take long to give its decision to industrial prospects. The Harnischfeger expansion program was a case in point. “How long will it take you to lay a track to our new plant?” asked Herman Mench, vice President and Works Manager of the Harnischfeger Corporation, on the day he made the surprise announcement that Harnischfeger Corporation would erect its truck crane plant in Escanaba. “We’ll start tomorrow morning,” quickly replied the late General Manager George W. Brown. A track laying crew was out the next day as promised, and the E&LS had completed its end of the bargain before Harnischfeger got the foundation laid. All the leading industries in the Escanaba area are served by the E&LS railroad. Besides Harnischfeger, it has on its tracks: - Birds Eye Veneer Company - Anthony & Company - Escanaba Paper Company - Bichler Gravel Company - Escanaba Concrete Company - Escanaba coal and dock Company - Shepeck Lumber & Dimension Company - Chatfield foundry - Sawyer-Stoll Company yards - Wells Crate & Lumber Company - Fence company of America - Stephenson Lumber Company - Northern Flour & Grain Company - Hewitt Grocery - Peavey Feed Stores - Central Co-Operative Wholesale - Farmers Supply Company - Stegath Lumber Company - Phoenix Lumber & Supply companyShell Oil Company - Standard Oil - Gulf Refining - Sinclair’s and Phillips Oil Company - Hansen & Jensen - Sealander Coal Company - DeCock Gas Company - Delta County Road Commission - Michigan Potato Growers Exchange’s new potato processing plant. Most of these industries and distributing Company warehouses are located on the Escanaba branch of the E&LS – an oval-shaped belt line consisting of four and a half miles of track. All together the E&LS has 95 miles of track, including 63 ½ miles on the main line. The E&LS has a well equipped machine and car shop which played an important role in World War II when about forty machinist, boilermakers, carpenters, welders and other mechanics were employed. In the indoor car shop, 75 to 150 feet, built of reinforced concrete in 1921, there is trackage for repairing and rebuilding five cars at one time. The E&LS shops got a real shot in the arm when the Escanaba Ore Dock project was launched to build facilities here for the diversion of iron ore from the Minnesota ranges in the event of the bombing of the Sault Ste. Marie Locks. “The dock project started on October 6, 1942, and we were going here to beat the band on October 10." Ole Thorsen, Master Mechanic, recalls. The E&LS shops went to work rebuilding and re-tubing small steam boilers and pumps for pumping water, giving fire protection and operating pile drivers on the dock project. The contractors, Merritt Chapman & Scott, picked up old equipment all over the country and sent them to Wells for overhauling. Another wartime activity was the overhauling of old locomotives purchased by Harry P. Bourke from lumbering and mining companies, and later sold to the government for use at army cantonments, munitions plants and air bases. Thirteen engines in all went through the Wells shops, including four heavy Saddle-Tank locomotives, shipped dismantled of flat cars from Old Mexico to Wells. In addition, seven locomotive cranes were rebuilt before the program ended in 1944. In addition, the E&LS Machine Shop also worked on sub-contractors for the Lake Shore Engineering Works of Marquette; machining parts for war equipment made by the Packard Motor Company plants in Detroit. As America is moving into another heavy rearmament program, the E&LS shops stand ready, with their machines and tools all kept in a spick and span condition. With the diesels now performing virtually all the motive power duty, the E&LS Shops will be able to do more contract work than ever. Other Historical facts: - 1898 Line to Watson and Woodlawn Branch to Golden - 1901 Channing Iron Ore - 1902 Escanaba Branch and Northland to Gleason - 1903 Gleason to Austin & Kates - 1909 Woodlawn Branch extended, Ralph Branch - 1911-12 Turner Branch added – 2 Camps - 1915 Hendricks Line - 1918 Mashek Branch added for hardwood - 1920 Hendricks extended to Boney Falls Dam - 1921 Kates & Austin out to New Kates - 1922 Turner Branch out. - 1928 Ralph Branch out. - 1935 Mashek Branch out as far as the Escanaba River - 1937 Ore out & took up balance of Mashek Branch - 1939 Northland Branch out. - 1943 I. Stephenson Mill in Wells closed, ending the logging era on the E&LS. Facts since 1950 (added by railroad): - 1961 Escanaba agents office closed - 1980 Acquired Milw Road line from Ontonagon to Green Bay, WI, total miles = 278 - 1981 Purchased the Republic line, total miles = 302

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How did we get the bible we have today? Bible Study - Bible Charts and a collection of In the beginning: People did not have personal copies of the Bible until the nineteenth century. Before the invention of printing, books were copied by hand and were extremely expensive. Printed books did not become inexpensive until quite recently. The public reading of the scriptures is a feature of both the synagogue and the church (1 Timothy 4:13); therefore, early Christians heard the Bible read out loud to them during the service. Bible study was mostly conducted in groups, though it was possible for individuals to go to a nearby church or synagogue and consult the scriptures themselves. In the first century, the apostolic writings that the Church later adopted as the New Testament were considered secondary to the oral teachings of the apostles and their accredited representatives. The Apocrypha consists of the material in the Septuagint that does not appear in the Hebrew Bible. Anglicans, Methodists, Lutherans, and others use the Apocrypha as a worship resource and as instruction in faith and morals, but do not use it to formulate doctrine. The Roman Catholic Church and the eastern churches use it as part of the Old Testament. The Apocrypha contains the history of the Maccabean revolt, which is vital to understanding the political backdrop of the New Testament and the origin of the Jewish holiday of Hanukah. more details, see The Apocrypha and the Old Testament. The word canon comes from the name of a reed that grows straight enough that it can be used as a measuring stick. Therefore, a canon is a standard or norm. (The word ‘canon’ can also refer to a person.) The by-laws of the ancient Church were called canons. (Many modern churches still call their by-laws canons.) When we speak of the canon of scripture, we mean the standard list of books that are recognized by the Church as Holy Scripture—or more specifically, the church by-law that affirms that list. Some people think that officials in the ancient Church sat down and went through a stack of writings, accepting some as part of the New Testament and rejecting, banning, and suppressing others. That was not the case. It was actually a process in which the Church defended writings that were already in use as Scripture as they came under attack. For example, when Marcion began a campaign to exclude the gospels of Matthew, Mark, and John, they were in already in use as Scripture. It wasn’t until then that the Church needed to issue a formal statement that they are indeed Scripture. Eventually it became necessary to issue a list of canonical books, not to exclude the ones that weren’t on the list, but to defend the ones that were. The history of the canon does not tell you when a given book of the New Testament first became Scripture. It tells you when it first became necessary for the Church to defend it as Scripture. The history of the canon is the history of the defense, not the acceptance, of New Testament books. The ancient Christian writings that are not part of the canon today were never actually rejected; they were just never accepted. The ancient Church was a persecuted minority that was unable to ban or suppress books, but it did neglect the books in which it had little interest. Some writings were never widely accepted, because the ancient Church felt they were heretical. For instance, the ancient Church never had much interest in the Gospel of Thomas. Other ancient Christian writings that never found their way into the New Testament were still recognized as orthodox and were still used authoritatively as we would use church by-laws or devotional writings, but not as scripture. For example, the Didache, the Apostolic Constitutions, the epistles of Clement and Ignatius, various ancient liturgies, and the Nicene Creed were all influential in ancient times and still play a role in modern ecumenism. The Nicene Creed, though not scripture, is canonical, because it appears in the canons of the first three ecumenical councils. It was formulated at the first ecumenical council of Nicea in 325, it was expanded at the second ecumenical council at Constantinople in 381 to defend the deity of the Holy Spirit, and it was made inalterable by local councils at the third ecumenical council at Ephesus in 431. ecumenical councils never dealt with the New Testament canon, because there was no need. Local or regional councils were able to resolve any disputes about it. The documentary hypothesis was first advocated by Wellhausen in the nineteenth century. It theorizes that the Pentateuch (the first five books of the Bible) are composite documents. The constituent documents are detected through literary analysis. The theoretical component documents of the Pentateuch are called J, E, D, and P. J is characterized by the use of Yahweh as God’s name; E is characterized by the use of Elohim to refer to God, D is essentially Deuteronomy, and P is characterized by sacerdotal regulations, such as are found in Leviticus. There is no physical evidence to back up the documentary hypothesis; it is based solely on literary analysis. The recent Book of J, which purports to be the J document of the documentary hypothesis, is a literary reconstruction. You can get more information about the Documentary Hypothesis. A common term for the imputation of a preconceived idea into scripture; the opposite of exegesis. It is an invalid method. The difference is whether you are going to the Bible to back up what you have already decided to believe (eisegesis), or if you are going to the Bible for guidance in deciding what you should believe (exegesis). Epistle comes from the Latin word epistola, which simply means a letter (as in written correspondence). The epistles of the New Testament follow the form for letters in the first century. Letters in those days did not come in envelopes, so they began with the name of the sender, followed by the name of the recipient, and then a greeting. (The Epistle to the Hebrews lacks these features.) After the body, the letter contained detailed greetings to the recipients. Paul subtly reworded the usual greeting, “greetings to you,” so that it read “grace to you.” The analysis of scripture to discern its meaning. It is a form of higher criticism. Historically, there are three major exegetical methods, each of which dates from the earliest times and each of which has its uses Symbolic or Allegorical This form of Biblical interpretation is often used by the New Testament to interpret the Old Testament: for example, Galatians 4:21-31, and most of Hebrews. In this category fall the use of types and antitypes, or any method that finds a consistent symbolism throughout scripture. This form of Biblical interpretation attempts to discern the meaning of the text by examining the cultural, historical, sociological, and linguistic context of the scripture. method of Biblical interpretation deduces meaning from assertions in different parts of the Bible. exegetes characterize their exegetical method as literal, which is actually a misnomer. Literalists commonly use deductive reasoning, grammatical-historical data, and symbolism in their interpretations. A more accurate term for literal interpretation would be face-value interpretation. Exegetical methods that have originated in modern times include form criticism and redaction criticism. Form criticism is a technique of higher criticism that seeks the message of the New Testament by analyzing the literary forms in which the message is given. Within form criticism, the terms legend and myth have specialized meanings: a legend is a historical account used for didactic purposes; a myth is any pictorial representation of an abstract truth. English word gospel is the modern form of godspell, which means good news. We use it to translate the Greek word euangelion, which also literally means good news. In New Testament times, an euangelion was a public proclamation that a new king had conquered his enemies and had ascended to the throne. The first four books of the New Testament are gospels, because their primary purpose is to announce that Jesus is Lord, to tell us how He ascended to His throne, and to convince us to submit to His Lordship. The gospels, though they contain historical facts, are not primarily biographies, they are essentially press releases. In fact, in John 21:25, John states outright that his book does not contain complete information about Jesus’ life and deeds. The term gospel therefore refers to any of the following: Any written or oral proclamation that Jesus is the King of the universe, including details about His triumphant ascension to His throne. One of the first four books of the New Testament—Matthew, Mark, Luke, or John. selection from one of the first four books of the New Testament, read aloud in church as part of the synaxis, also called the Service of the Word. branch of theology that devises, evaluates, compares and applies methods of interpreting the Bible. It also devises criteria for determining which methods are appropriate in a given circumstance or for a given passage. You can “do hermeneutics” without actually interpreting a Bible passage, because hermeneutics is the study of interpretation methods, not the application of them. Biblical scholarship can be divided into higher and lower criticism. Higher criticism is the analysis and study of scripture to determine its authorship, date of composition, literary structure, or meaning. Most Bible study falls into the category of higher criticism; anyone who has an opinion on what the Bible means is technically a higher critic. A lectionary is a schedule of Bible readings that are used in worship throughout the year. The intent is that the passages appointed for the day are to be read to the congregation and that the sermon is to be based upon them. The purpose of a lectionary is to assure that all parts of the Bible are used in proportion to their relative importance, and at the right time of year (that is, resurrection stories at Easter, nativity stories at Christmas, and so forth). Modern lectionaries contain only the scripture citations, but ancient lectionaries contained the complete text of the readings. Ancient lectionaries are a major source of information for the scholars who reconstruct the original text of the New Testament. Today, most denominations that use a lectionary have agreed upon the Common Lectionary, which is divided into two parts: the Sunday Lectionary, which goes through the entire Bible in three years, and the Daily Lectionary, which goes through the entire Bible in two years. The concept of the lectionary was inherited by Christianity from Judaism. You can get more information about the lectionary. All Biblical scholarship can be divided into higher and lower criticism. Lower criticism is the study and analysis of manuscript evidence to determine the original wording of the original text of the scriptures. Lower criticism produces the text that is used by translators. New Testament is the term for the Christian scriptures. Testament is the Latin word for will, as in last will and testament; it translates the Greek word diatheke, which means covenant. We use the word testament because God’s covenant, like a will, is unilateral. The term comes from 1 Corinthians 11:25, where Paul quotes Jesus as proclaiming a new covenant from God. There are no variations in the canon of the New Testament in Christendom. The earliest extant list of New Testament books is contained in Bishop St. Athanasius’ Easter Letter, which was issued in AD Old Testament is the Christian term for the Jewish scriptures. Testament is the Latin word for will, as in last will and testament; it translates the Greek word diatheke, which means covenant. We use the word testament because God’s covenant, like a will, is unilateral. The term comes from 2 Corinthians 3:14, where Paul refers to the Hebrew scriptures as the old covenant. In the first century—and in the preceding centuries—there were two canons of scripture among the Jews. The Palestinian canon is in Hebrew and Aramaic, was used by Jews in Palestine. Modern Jews and most Protestants accept only the Palestinian canon. The Alexandrian canon appears in the Septuagint, contains everything in the Palestinian canon, plus a few additional books. We call the additional books the apocrypha. The Septuagint was used by the very large Greek-speaking Jewish community in Alexandria, Egypt, and by Jews scattered throughout the Roman Empire, who spoke Greek, and who held their synagogue services in Greek. The early Church inherited the Septuagint from the synagogue, and used it so effectively in evangelism that the Jews eventually disowned it. In the fourth century, St. Jerome, a biblical scholar whom the bishop of Rome had commissioned to produce a new Latin translation of the Bible, wanted to remove the apocrypha from the Old Testament, thus abandoning the Alexandrian canon for the Palestinian canon, but the Church did not heed his advice. During the Reformation, Martin Luther took up Jerome’s position. Today, the eastern Churches and the Roman Catholic Church still recognize the apocrypha as Scripture. Lutherans, Episcopalians, and Methodists accept the apocrypha as a worship resource and for instruction in faith and morals, but do not base any doctrine upon it. All Christian Bibles list the books of the Old Testament in the order that they appear in the Q is a hypothetical document which is supposed to be the literary source for the three synoptic gospels. (Q stands for Quelle, which means source in German.) There is no physical evidence that Q ever existed; the evidence is found solely in literary analysis. Redaction criticism is a technique of higher criticism that analyzes the New Testament (particularly the gospels) to deduce the author’s intent or viewpoint. Some redaction critics go so far as to deny any historicity at all in the gospels. Centuries before Christianity, there was a large Jewish community in the Greek colony of Alexandria, Egypt. With the permission and cooperation of the Temple in Jerusalem, they translated the Jewish scriptures (our Old Testament) into Greek for their own use. The translation is known as the Septuagint, meaning seventy, because about 70 scholars worked on it. The Septuagint became the Bible for Greek-speaking synagogues all over the Roman Empire and became the Bible of the early Christian Church, which also spoke Greek. When the New Testament quotes the Old Testament, it quotes the Septuagint, not the Hebrew. The Septuagint is more messianic than the Hebrew, and it backs up Christian claims about Jesus very well. The Jews eventually disowned the Septuagint. contains additional material over and above the Hebrew Bible. This additional material is called the Apocrypha. In Christian Bibles, the Old Testament books appear in Septuagint order—Law, History, Writings, and Prophecy. The New Testament books are arranged in the same way—Gospels, Acts, Letters, and Revelation. The synoptic gospels are Matthew, Mark, and Luke. Synoptic means with one eye, signifying that the synoptic gospels, as opposed to the gospel according to John, tend to have the same perspective on Jesus’ ministry. Starting Page > Explanations > Top of this Page by the Rev. Kenneth W. Collins and his licensors. All rights Know Your Bible | Videos | Humor | Prayer Request | Bible Help Verses | Scriptures By Subjects | James Online Bible |USA Read The Bible in One Year | Quotes That Inspire |

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Never Again! 10 Future Inventions designed to identify, manage, and crush future pandemics. For example, the number one advance in all history has been the filtering of water supplies. Water tech is a complicated topic because only 2% of the planet’s water is drinkable “fresh” water. And since only about 25% of that is actually accessible, the entire human race has survived on 0.05% of all of the world’s water. Even today, the filtering of water continues to be an ongoing challenge. Other non-medical advances to health include the invention of toilets, pasteurization, auto safety improvements, anti-smoking campaigns, desalinization, precision agriculture, air conditioning, 3D printing, and data analytics. Those innovations all took place in parallel with well-know medical advances like anesthesia, blood transfusions, insulin, CPR, organ transplants, pacemakers, bypass surgery, radiology, and vaccines. It’s because of our distorted view of the medical industry’s role in these advances that we naturally turn to doctors and scientists to find answers for a pandemic like COVID-19. However, finding a vaccine is only one of dozens of possible solutions, most of which will stem from radical different approaches. Here are ten alternative tech strategies that could be equally or more effective than a vaccine. 1. Digital Tattoo for Monitoring Blood A graphene health sensor applied to the skin, like a digital tattoo, could be used to take real-time measurements and do analytical assessments of a person’s blood. A couple years ago at the International Electron Devices Meeting in San Francisco a graphene tattoo, similar to this, was demonstrated. It was being billed as the thinnest epidermal electronics ever made, and was used to measure electrical signals from the heart, muscles, and brain, as well as skin temperature and hydration. Graphene electrodes are ideal because they can pick up changes in resistance caused by a person’s own micro-electrical activity under their skin. Since the healthcare industry is heavily invested in selling tests, a graphene tattoo that can track and analyze a person’s blood, spewing hyper-individualized analytics 24-7, will be a huge game changer both for the healthcare industry and in the war against future pandemics. 2. Odorometer for Monitoring Smells In 2004, two Americans, Dr. Richard Axel and Linda B. Buck, were awarded the Nobel Prize in medicine for discovering how people can recognize and remember an estimated 10,000 different smells, ranging from smelly garbage to expensive perfume. Their breakthrough stemmed from a 1991 discovery of a family of genes devoted to producing different odor-sensing proteins, called receptors, in the nose. Since then science has progressed, and our ability to develop super-sensitive sensors that can “smell” a disease is now within grasp! Still, receptor patterning has a ways to go before we’re ready to develop a definitive periodic table of elements for the nose. 3. Skin Coatings Early on in the filming of Star Trek Next Generation, Brent Spiner, the actor who played the sentient android Lieutenant Commander Data was growing tired of applying his makeup every day. So he asked Gene Roddenberry, “Don’t you think that by this time in history, they would’ve figured out how to make skin look like skin?” Roddenberry replied, “What makes you think that what you have isn’t better than skin?” Underlying Spiner’s question was the assumption that humans have already achieved the ultimate form, but have we? Isn’t it reasonable to think about reengineering human skin, by creating a coating or new levels of resilience that will make us virus-proof? Are we only a layer of skin away from solving this problem? 4. UV Light Disinfectant UV light is nature’s disinfectant, but can it kill coronavirus? If we look at previous viruses, such as SARS and MERS, studies show that UV light effectively inactivated the viruses. So it’s not unreasonable to think that it would have a similar effect on COVID-19. But on the down side, ultraviolet radiation can also damage human DNA, causing health problems such as skin cancer or cataracts in the eyes. For this reason, it could be used to disinfect an empty restaurant, hotel room, or airplane, but much more work is needed when it comes to disinfecting people. 5. Super High Resolution Infrared Scanners Many years ago I spent time working with infrared sensors, and since then I’ve often wondered if it would be possible to monitor people from a distance by tracking their personal heat signatures. As this technology moves up the exponential growth curve of precision and data specificity, what inevitably becomes possible is our ability to monitor a person’s health from a distance. Having a device that could scan the temperature of the entire human body in real-time, both internally and externally, at 1 millimeter resolution would give us enormous amounts of data for spotting virtually any kind of underlying health issues, including viruses. 6. Super High Speed Wifi to Every Square Inch of the Planet For those wanting to leverage the power of data to solve the coronavirus, our sixth generation of Wi-Fi – Wi-Fi 6 – provides more speed, lower latency, and increased device density. The fifth generation of wireless, or 5G, is the latest cellular technology, engineered to increase the speed and capacity of wireless networks. Both 5G and Wi-Fi 6 bring the promise of dramatically better tools for managing a contagious disease. For those working from home, they provide higher data rates to support new applications and increases in network capacity with the ability to connect more devices. All this means more data, more places, simultaneously. And for researchers hoping to crack the covid-code through pattern recognition, AI analytics engines today are able to accomplish a thousand times the output of those working 30 years ago. 7. Self-Disinfecting House The self-cleaning house has been the dream of housewives and househusbands since the dawn of time. It is finally within reach as smart home technology, combined with the Internet of Things, begins to invade our lives. Applying this in a far more specific way, it’s easy to imagine a house that can scan itself both internally and externally, monitoring for any potential virus infestations, and deploying robots to disinfect the hotspots seems entirely doable. We may even start adding disinfection stations at the entrances to buildings, stadiums, and concert venues. 8. Search Engines for the Physical World Online search technology has framed much of our thinking around our ability to find things. In general, if it’s not digital and online, it’s not findable. In the future, drones and sensors will replace much of the work of today’s web crawlers when it comes to defining our searchable universe. Search technology will soon become far more sophisticated as we will be able to search for attributes like smells, tastes, harmonic vibration, textures, specific gravity, levels of reflectivity, and barometric pressures. More specifically, they’ll be able to search for attributes specifically associated with a particular virus or disease. The goal of neurohackers is to solve biological problems by “hacking the brain.” In the past they’ve attempted to help people improve reflexes, learn faster, or treat psychological disorders. While past efforts have focused on the use of chemical supplements to increase brain function, a new generation of neurohackers have started experimenting with complex medical devices that can be implanted and used to treat illnesses. Some of the primary objectives are to coax the body into healing itself by amping up secretion from targeted glands, revitalizing the immune system, and building resistance to disease by augmenting the body’s own defense mechanisms. Neurohacking has particularly strong potential for solving the self-awareness equation inside a pandemic. 10. Digital Twin Technology A digital twin is a virtual representation of a real-life physical product, building, or person. It can take the form of a chair, desk, lamp, house, or even your next-door neighbor. Any item that exists in the physical world can be replicated as a digital twin. For anyone managing a business, digital twins offer unique insights into how products or processes are operating in real time, even from a remote location. Yes, the concept of digital twins has been around for a while, with consulting groups like Gartner hailing it as a game-changing technology, but businesses have been slow to embrace it because it’s still rather complicated to implement. To scan and monitor the health of an individual will require next generation levels of intricacy. As we step from detail and accuracy to micro-detail and micro-accuracy, these super elaborate 3D models will enable us to visualize how our physical bodies are performing and changing every nanosecond. If our metabolism changes, we can instantly tell what went wrong. More important, we can begin to anticipate problems and devise preemptive strategies to circumvent diseases before they occur. Anti-pandemic tech will be springing to life in far more interesting ways than the few possibilities I’ve mentioned here. Instead of using mapping apps to tell you about traffic jams and how to get to a favorite restaurant or retail business, we will shift towards using big data, machine learning, and crowdsourcing to facilitate social distancing and crowd-manage large gatherings. The goal will be to minimize crowds, using real-time data from smartphones, wearable devices, and vehicles. With huge numbers of people working from home, our typical 9-5 workdays are likely to shift toward more flexible work schedules, with a significant portion of the workforce expected to become “night people” for those who prefer to rest during the daytime while others are working. For most businesses, we will move away from having standard business hours. Most will switch to 24/7 business operations. This will include companies that traditionally did not operate this way, such as for supermarkets, takeout food businesses, centralized food distribution, and preparation centers. All of these will require enabling technologies for supply chain and logistics management to serve a population that will always be awake and in need of goods and services any time of the day. Keep in mind, low-traffic night-deliveries can be far more efficient than fighting daytime traffic. Your future is all about you, and how you’ll fit into this continually evolving idea-scape. I’m sure I’ve missed many of the technologies you may be interested in, but the discussion is only getting started. If you have additional thoughts, ideas, or comments, please feel free to add to the conversation as every new pixel on the masterpiece of life will help us build a better future.

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When it comes to an Aluminum plant (Pilea cadierei), it is all about the beautiful silvery sheen of the foliage. When provided good growing conditions, it’s an easy to grow houseplant and the colorful foliage will certainly dress up indoor areas. Let’s start with a quick summary of their care. How to care for an Aluminum Plant (Pilea cadierei): To keep your Aluminum plant thriving and healthy, grow in well-drained soil and water when the top 1/2 inch to inch becomes dry. Maintain indoor temperatures between 60°F to 75°F, create a humid environment, fertilize every two to four weeks, and situate in bright, indirect light. Continue reading for all the basics of good care and helpful tips to keep your Aluminum plant thriving for years to come. Aluminum Plant Care (Pilea cadierei) Native to the warm and humid, frost-free regions of Vietnam and China, Aluminum plants are members of the nettle family Urticaceae. Considered a tender, herbaceous, evergreen perennial, only those who live in the warmest regions can grow it as an outdoor plant. However, those living in cooler temperate regions can grow Aluminum plant as a houseplant or potted outdoor plant and bring indoors to a protected location during winter. Outdoors it is only hardy to 59°F. It gained the Award of Garden Merit from the Royal Horticultural Society. Aluminum plant gets its common name from the silvery splashes on its green and oval toothed foliage. Each leaf has four raised silvery streaks across the top. The coloration of the leaves also gives the plant another common name, Watermelon Pilea. Each leaf is around 2- to 4-inches long. Although Aluminum plants do produce flowers, they are small and barely noticeable against the elaborately colored leaves. During summertime, small greenish-white flowers form at the tips of each stem. However, blooms are less common when plants are grown indoors year-round. In addition, plants have a moderate rate of growth with a spreading habit, growing around .50 to 1 foot tall and .50 to .75 inches wide. A dwarf variety, ‘Minimia’ tops out around 6 inches tall with half-sized leaves. Provided an Aluminum plant receives proper light, humidity and water, it is the perfect houseplant for the novice, as its maintenance requirements are relatively low. The best soil for growing an Aluminum plant is one that drains well and has a peaty base. It performs well in a rich soil medium provided it drains and does not remain soggy. Many commercial potting mixes work well and some even have the addition of a slow-release fertilizer, cutting down on the need for frequent feedings. Many times, straight potting soils are too heavy and do not adequately drain, but they are OK to use if your cut the mixture with something like peat, coarse sand or a lightweight potting mix. Just use equal portions of each in your mixture to add proper drainage. If the soil remains too wet for too long, root rot can develop which will kill your Aluminum plant. Aluminum Plant Light Conditions When situated outdoors, Aluminum plant grows best in a location that receives partial shade, as it will not tolerate being in full sun and the leaves can scorch. Indoor grown plants prefer a location that receives bright, indirect light for at least four hours each day. Even indoors, don’t allow it to sit in a location receiving direct sunlight or the foliage turns brown due to burning. On the other hand, don’t place it in an indoor location that is relatively dark and does not receive enough light or the stems become gangly and the plant will not perform well. In its native habitat, Aluminum plants thrive in the consistently warm and humid conditions. When grown indoors, Aluminum Plants prefer temperatures that range between 60°F and 75°F. If it is comfortable for you indoors, it is more than likely comfortable for the Aluminum plant. In addition, it will also tolerate short bursts of temperatures that are a bit lower and higher. If for some reason you gave your plant a break from indoor growth and set it outdoors, just remember to bring it back indoors before the cold temperatures of winter come knocking on the door. How To Water An Aluminum Plant Although Aluminum plants prefer the soil to be slightly moist, this does not mean sopping wet or the plant will develop rot and die. During the growing season of spring throughout summer, stick your finger into the soil and if the top 1/2 inch to inch feels dry to the touch, apply water until it runs from the bottom drain holes. During fall and winter when the Aluminum plant goes through a dormant period and growth slows, water when the top couple of inches of soil feel dry to the touch. The plant’s water requirements are lower while it goes through dormancy. When it comes to the best type of water to use: - Allow faucet water to sit out overnight before using. - Water using collected rainwater. - Use room temperature water and not cold. Do not allow the plant to sit in water after it drains from the pot’s bottom drain holes. After watering, allow the soil to drain completely for around five minutes and then empty the bottom tray. If the container is allowed to sit in water, it opens the Aluminum plant up to developing problems with rot. Within its native range, Aluminum plants receive a constant supply of humidity, which needs to be replicated inside the home. If the plants do not receive the proper levels of humidity, leaf tips can turn brown. However, giving the plant adequate amounts of humidity while it resides indoors is basic: - Set the container on a tray of pebbles and as the container drains into the pebbles and the water evaporates it creates a humid environment around the Aluminum plant. - Using room temperature rainwater or faucet water allowed to sit out overnight, mist the Aluminum plant’s foliage several time weekly. As an extra bonus, this also helps wash off any dust as it begins accumulating on the leaves. - If conditions are bright enough, situate the Aluminum plant in a bathroom where the constant use of water creates humidity. Don’t plant the Aluminum plant in an indoor location that is drying like near a heating or air conditioning vent. I’ve got a few tips and tricks for improving humidity for indoor plants that can help you get the perfect conditions for your Aluminum Plant. How To Fertilize An Aluminum Plant To promote dense growth, fertilize Aluminum plants every two to four weeks during the growing season of spring throughout summer. During fall and winter while the plant is no longer actively growing and dormant, cease all feedings until spring returns. If your potting mix contained a slow-release fertilizer, then you probably will not have to feed again for around three months. Most slow-release blends continue feeding the plant for around 12 weeks. Otherwise, use a water-soluble houseplant fertilizer applied at 1/2 strength. You can apply the fertilizer when you typically water, allowing it to run through the soil and out the bottom drain holes. If you use too strong of a fertilizer blend you can end up burning the Aluminum plant’s foliage. To flush any buildup of fertilizer salts from the soil, flush it out with water around every three to four months. This is as easy as taking the pot to the sink and allowing water to slowing run through the soil. To keep your Aluminum plant looking its best and to continue promoting dense growth, in springtime trim the plant back by half. You can keep any healthy cuttings to propagate new plants. This is a good way to get several years of good growth from the plant. In addition, trim off any dead or damaged foliage or stems throughout the year. Always use sterilized pruning tools to prune your Aluminum plant so you do not transfer any diseases or pests to the plant. Just wipe the blades off with rubbing alcohol and you are ready to start making your cuts. Depending on the size of your Aluminum plant, it will grow well for quite some time in a 6-inch to 8-inch pot, provided it has bottom drainage. Many times, and after several years of growth, the plant loses its luster and is discarded or new plants are propagated through cuttings. However, with a spring pruning you should be able to get several years of healthy and productive growth out of the plant. If the root system is filling out the present container, it is time to move the entire plant up to one that is one size larger. Potting an Aluminum plant is very simple: - Fill an appropriate sized container with bottom drainage about 1/4 full of a fertile, well-drained potting mix. Water to settle the soil. - Place the Aluminum plant in the center of the container, handling the succulent-like leaves carefully, and backfill with soil. Do not plant the Aluminum plant any deeper than it was originally growing. - Firm the soil up around the base of the Aluminum plant and water again and until it runs from the bottom drain holes. Propagating Aluminum Plants Aluminum plant’s succulent-like leaves and stems make it easy to propagate through cuttings. Using sanitized pruning tools, snip off a stem that is 4- to 6-inches long. Pinch off the bottom leaves and place the cutting in a small glass of water or moist potting mix. Do not allow the foliage to be submerged in the water and change the water when it starts looking cloudy. You should start seeing roots develop in around two weeks. For cuttings started in soil, keep the soil moist but not soggy or rot can develop. The Aluminum plant cuttings should start developing roots in around two weeks and have an established root system in around six to eight weeks. Just be sure the pot has bottom drain holes and you use a well-drained potting mix. Overwatering or growing the Aluminum plant in soil that does not drain well and retains too much water causes the biggest disease problems in the plant. When conditions are too wet, problems such as blight and rot take hold and can quickly kill the plant. They show up as brown or black, rotted looking sections on the leaves and stems. If caught quickly enough you can prune off the infected sections and allow the soil to dry. If your soil is naturally too wet, repot the Aluminum plant into another soil mixture that drains well. Just make sure the container drains properly. Prevent the problem from occurring by only watering when the top 1/2 inch to inch of soil becomes dry during the growing season and cut back watering in winter to when the top several inches of soil becomes dry. Use a potting mixture that drains well and make sure the pot has bottom drain holes. The two pests you might encounter with an indoor grown Aluminum plant are mealybugs and spider mites. Both types of pests are sap-suckers, meaning they pierce the plant’s stems and leaves with their mouths and suck out its juices. If left untreated, both of these pests can severely damage or kill your Aluminum plant and in the worst case, travel to your other indoor plants creating even bigger problems. Identifying both these bothersome pests is easy: - Spider mites spin a fine webbing over the plant and the tiny white mites can quickly cause damage if left unchecked. - Mealybugs resemble thick, white cottony masses that develop along the branches and leaves. You have several methods of controlling an outbreak: - If you catch a mealybug infestation at its start, you can wipe the pests from the plant using a damp cloth. - However, for spider mites and larger mealybug outbreaks, use an insecticidal soap or Neem and spray the tops and undersides of foliage, as well as the stems. Mix and repeat the treatment according to package directions. Why Are Parts Of My Aluminum Plant Turning Black And Rotting? The main cause on why leaves and stems of an Aluminum plant begin turning brown to black and begin rotting are too wet conditions. This can be caused by soil that is too heavy, containers without bottom drainage or watering too much. Prevent this problem by planting in pots with bottom drain holes, using a well-drained soil mixture and watering during the growing season when the top 1/2 inch to inch of soil becomes dry. In winter, only water when the top several inches become dry. Why Are My Aluminum Plant’s Leaves Losing Their Color With Browning Tips? If your Aluminum plant’s leaves start losing their luxurious color and the tips start browning, two things can cause it. The plant might be getting too much direct sunlight, which washes out the coloration on the leaves and the tips brown due to burning. It can also be caused by indoor conditions that are too cold or there’s a sudden drop in the temperature. Prevent the problem by moving the plant to a location receiving bright, indirect light and maintaining indoor temperatures between 60°F and 75°F. Can I Grow Aluminum Plant In An Aquarium? Although sometimes found being sold in a pet store as an aquarium plant, Aluminum plants are not aquatic and will not survive for long submerged underwater. However, if used as an aquarium plant it will live for only two to three months before dying. Why Are My Aluminum Plant’s Leaves Yellowing And Changing To Brown? If you notice your Aluminum plant’s foliage starting to yellow and then changing to a crispy brown, the plant is receiving too much direct sunlight. The best course of action is to move the plant to a location that receives bright but indirect light during the day. Are Aluminum Plants Toxic To Pets? Some reputable sources say it is and some say it is not, but err on the side of caution and do not allow your pets or children within easy access to the plant. The Lifespan Of An Indoor Aluminum Plant When pruned back in springtime, an indoor Aluminum plant typically remains attractive for one to two years, although many people start with a fresh plant each year or root cuttings from the mother plant to create a new plant. Does An Aluminum Plant Flower? Indoor grown Aluminum plants rarely flower but if they do, the tiny greenish-white flowers are insignificant, as it is all about the colorful foliage. How Fast Do Aluminum Plants Grow? Even when grown indoors, Aluminum plants are considered to grow at a fast rate of speed. I hope you’ve enjoyed learning how to care for an Aluminum Plant. If you want to learn more about caring for your indoor plants, stick around and check out some of my other articles. This site is full of useful information to help you grow amazing houseplants that will brighten up your home. See my houseplants section for more.

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Section 14 - Common Good Lands 1 A special type of property owned by local authorities in Scotland, which is legally distinct from all the other property which they own, is Common Good Funds. These Funds are of ancient origin and consist of property that previously belonged to one of Scotland's burghs. They include both moveable property (for example, cash, securities, civic regalia) and heritable property (land and buildings). By far the largest component of Common Good Funds is heritable property and while this mainly consists of public buildings and public spaces, such as parks, it also includes in some cases farm land and other heritable property, such as salmon fishings. 2 The ownership of these Common Good Funds has undergone a series of changes as a result of local government reforms in Scotland since the Second World War. Common Good Funds were owned by 196 burghs at the time of the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1947, when the burghs became managed by Town Councils. Subsequently, when the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 abolished Scotland's Town Councils, legal title to Common Good Funds was transferred to the new District Councils and then, in 1996, to Scotland's current local authorities under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1993. As shown in Fig.13, the combined value of the Common Good Funds was considered to be over £300 million in 2012. 3 This combined value is less than 1% of the value of the property assets owned by Scotland's Councils, which was reported to be £35 billion in 2011. However, the long history of Common Good lands, the locations and character of the properties and their local importance make them, as the Scottish Government has commented, " an important part of the community landscape in many places". However, as is also very clear, the legal framework governing Common Good Funds as a very distinctive component of Scotland's system of land ownership, is archaic and not fit for purpose. 4 The origins of these Common Good Funds go back to the establishment of Scotland's Royal Burghs in the 11th century. Royal charters by the Crown granted these burghs special rights and privileges, as well as tracts of land which typically extended for some distance around the medieval town. Then, in the 15th century in response to maladministration, the Scottish Parliament passed the Common Good Act 1491. This Act which remains in force today, stipulated that the common good of the Royal Burghs "be observed and kept for the common good of the town". 5 Despite that legislation, much Common Good land was lost by Scotland's burghs between then and the 1830s. Reforms at that time meant the burghs began to expand and some of the land owners who sold land to the growing towns, gifted land to the Common Good for parks and other public purposes. While there has been little research on the fate of Common Good lands between then and local government reform in the 1970s, " what is clear from even a cursory examination of the evidence is that the depredations did continue". The major re-structuring of local government in 1975, poor record keeping and the further re-organisation in 1996, have all added to the uncertainty over the full extent of the properties that are part of the Common Good, and the loss of some because they were not recognised as such. 6 In recent years, a number of factors have focused more attention on the need to improve the position over Common Good Funds, including a report on "The Common Good Lands of Scotland" in 2005 and a book on Common Good Law in 2006. However, while there has been some improvement in the administration of these, " many Councils are still to complete audits of assets". The increase in value of Common Good Funds between 2005 and 2012 shown in Fig.13 is considered to be " due principally to better and more comprehensive asset registers. However, out of the 197 Town Councils wound up in 1975, there are still 54 burghs for which no assets are reported". Common Good Registers and Accounts 7 The need to improve the records of Common Good Fund property held by local authorities is reflected in proposals in the current Community Empowerment Bill to improve transparency over Common Good Funds by placing two statutory duties on local authorities. The first would require them to establish and maintain Common Good property registers, and the second would require them to consult Community Councils and others over any planned disposals. 8 The Review Group considers that creating a duty to have a Common Good Fund Register would be a positive development. However, this does not lessen the challenges that can be involved in identifying properties that should be on the registers. The conventional legal description of these properties is that " all property of a royal burgh or a burgh barony not acquired under statutory powers or held under special trusts forms part of the common good". However, this does not directly help determine the properties involved when there are inadequate records. The identification of these properties can only be done definitively with reference to case law by a court, except where land has clearly been acquired with money from the Common Good Fund. 9 There is no statutory definition of Common Good property and the Scottish Government considers that it may be unhelpful to try to create one at this stage. The risk is that such a definition could inadvertently result in the loss of some Common Good lands. However, there could also be merit in basing a definition on the extensive existing case law as part of clarifying the position. The Group envisages that, in time, the definition of Common Good property will become those properties on the proposed Common Good registers. The Group considers that these registers should be kept open once they are established, until it can be safely judged at some future stage that no further Common Good properties are likely to be identified through due process. The process of establishing these registers should not become the latest episode in the loss of Common Good property, by setting a pre-mature cut off for recording historic Common Good property. The contents of the Registers will, in any event, evolve with any disposals and acquisitions, and 'recovered' properties should be part of that. 10 While the Community Empowerment Bill proposals give little detail about the registers, the Review Group would expect each local authority's register to be structured to list the properties under the burghs from which they derived, while also recording any properties that may have come from other sources. The Group also considers that the establishment of the registers should be linked to a programme requiring the progressive recording of Common Good properties in the Land Register. This could be rolled out through a schedule that started with the local authorities with least Common Good property, to allow most time for the local authorities with most to carry out the necessary work to enable registration. 11 The Review Group also considers that, in addition to registers, some further attention should be given to local authority accounts for their Common Good Funds. It has been accepted since local government re-organisation in 1975 that financial accounting for Common Good Funds should be carried out separately from the Councils' main accounts. Improvements have also followed the guidance issued in 2007 by the Local Authority Scotland Accounts Advisory Committee. However, the Group considers that, while some Councils still account for all the Common Good Funds in their area under one accounting head, each of their Common Good Funds should be recorded separately. The Group understands that there are also variations in the accounting conventions applied by the Councils to Common Good Funds, that make comparisons difficult. The Group also notes that two Councils have also registered the Funds under their control as a charity with the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator. The Group questions whether this is an appropriate approach. Disposals and Appropriation 12 Measures to establish the identity of Common Good property more clearly are only part of the reforms required, as the legal framework governing the management of Common Good property is complex and unclear. This is particularly the case with the rules governing the terms under which Councils are allowed to sell, lease or change the use of Common Good land. Disputes about these are the most common source of litigation involving Common Good Funds, as illustrated by the current issues over the future use of Portobello Park in Edinburgh. 13 Common Good property, which is recognised as being held inalienably, is described as deriving from three sources. These are the original grant, a decision of the Town Council itself or that the land had been used and enjoyed by the public since time immemorial. The ability of a local authority to dispose of any Common Good properties in whole or part is unclear, though the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 enables this to be done for certain types of common good in certain circumstances by reference to the courts. However, that Act is silent on whether or how a Council could change or 'appropriate' the use of Common Good land to serve a different public purpose. As the Law Society of Scotland observed in relation to the Portobello case, " the determination that there is currently no mechanism whatsoever for the appropriation by an authority of inalienable property for a necessary public purpose, is one which should certainly benefit from national debate". As a result of the difficulties, Edinburgh City Council has introduced a Private Bill into the Scottish Parliament seeking to be allowed to change the use of Portobello Park as Common Good land from a park to the site of a new school. This is not the first Private Bill involving Common Good land that the Parliament has had to consider since 1999. 14 While the restrictive conditions on the disposal or change of use of Common Good Fund property were intended to protect them for corrupt management in previous centuries, they are now considered no longer fit for purpose. Even in situations where everyone is agreed, the law or lack of it can still place obstacles in the way of making progress. Most respondents to the Scottish Government consultation on proposals for its Community Empowerment and Renewal Bill agreed that the current rules act as a barrier to the effective use of Common Good assets by both local authorities and communities. Despite this, the Scottish Government has not brought forward measures to address this in the current draft Bill. 15 The Review Group considers that the Scottish Government's proposed Common Good Fund registers should be only one of a series of measures to bring about more major reforms as part of improving Scotland's system of Common Good Funds. The Group consider that a new statutory framework should be developed to modernise Common Good law, which currently relies on the interpretation of a long history of case law. The Group considers that a modernised statutory framework could be enacted through a new Common Good Act to replace the current Act from 1419. 16 Central to the modernisation of Common Good Funds is re-establishing a more direct link between Common Good land and the local communities where that land occurs. 17 Common Good case law makes reference to the fact that local government Councillors have a fiduciary duty to burgh inhabitants and that in holding title to Common Good land as part of that, they have similar responsibilities to that of Trustees. As Lord Drummond Young observed in a Court of Session appeal case in 2003, " It (common good property) was thus the ordinary property of a burgh, held for the general purposes of the community. It is owned by the community, and the town council or other local authority is regarded in law as simply the manager of the property, as representing the community". However, under the current legislation, local authorities only have a legal duty to " have regard to the interests of the inhabitants to which the common good related" prior to the 1975 local government re-organisation. 18 This duty does require Councils to consider the interests of the inhabitants in each area from which the Common Good property they manage originated. However, the duty gives Councils considerable discretion as to how they fulfil this duty and the standards of direct engagement with the local communities involved is typically very limited. The proposals in the current Community Empowerment Bill would require Councils " to have regard to guidance issued by Scottish Ministers in relation to the management and use of property that forms part of the common good". This provision, if enacted, could be used to help improve the standard and consistency of engagement with the local communities within the existing legal framework. This could include such matters as the provision of adequate accounts, involvement in management decisions and direct benefit from any net income generated by the Common Good land in their area. 19 The Review Group considers that such measures should be the first steps in re-establishing the direct link between the Common Good lands and these local communities. There is scope for legislation to be developed that could give these communities rights to take over the management of the Common Good land in their area and indeed, to re-gain local ownership of it. However, an early requirement in improving the position over Common Good land is to identify who those 'local communities' are. This may not be straightforward in many situations. It might be noted that, while the administrative functions of the Town Councils responsible for the burghs were abolished in 1975, Scotland's Royal Burghs still exist as legal entities and the boundaries of all burghs can be clearly mapped. However, in many situations, the 'inhabitants' living within those boundaries might no longer be considered to be the community due to the urban renewal and expansion since the boundaries were last defined historically. 20 The Review Group considers that Common Good land should be recognised more clearly as one of Scotland's oldest and most enduring forms of community land ownership, and something which plays an important part in the historic, cultural and economic heritage of Scotland's towns and cities. A reformed system of Common Good Funds would safeguard that heritage, while enabling Common Good lands to play a more progressive role in the public interest in urban areas and as part of that, become a valuable part of revitalising community land ownership in urban Scotland. A modern statutory framework would clarify the status of Common Good land as a distinct form of land tenure. This could open up the scope for it to become used by local communities outwith the 197 former burghs, where communities hold particular types of property as Common Good lands to protect them from disposal. 21 The Review Group considers that the position over Common Good lands should be improved to ensure they are adequately safeguarded and appropriately managed. The Group recommends that a new statutory framework should be developed to modernise the arrangements governing Common Good property.

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As people continue to lead every-busier lives with schedules that are stuffed full from dawn til dusk, it seems they have less exposure to nature with each passing day. Being pent up in an office building in the city day in and day out can have disastrous effects on your physical and mental well being. Luckily, just a short amount of time spent in nature is enough to help reverse these effects, and it even has a beneficial positive outcome. Below, let’s take a look at the health benefits associated with being in the great outdoors, as well as examine some quick and easy ways you can introduce more Mother Nature into your weekly routine. What We'll Cover - Going Outdoors in Nature vs. An Urban Environment - Health Benefits of Going Outside - Increased Happiness - Improved Memory - Stress Relief - Reduced Inflammation - Energy Boost - Better Brain Function - Improved Mental Health - Improved Focus - Vitamin D Boost - Stronger Immune System - Tips for Getting Outside More - Set Up a WFH Outdoor Workspace - Read On Your Porch or Deck - Do Daily Activities Outside - Start a Garden in Your Yard - Go for a Daily Morning Walk - Eat Dinner Outside - Pick Up an Outdoor Hobby - Become a Dog Walker - Take Lunch Breaks Outdoors - Plan an Outdoor Activity on Weekends - Plan a Camping Trip - What is the Optimal Amount of Time to Spend Outdoors? Going Outdoors in Nature vs. An Urban Environment It turns out that there is scientific proof that going outside into nature is actually better for the mind and body. Scientists have long studied the benefits of removing oneself from constant exposure in urban environments and instead immersing oneself into nature periodically. While it is not necessary to live remotely, surrounded by nature every moment of the day, science has proven that limited outdoor exposure is enough to allow the mind to reset and restore the body. Being outdoors can reduce stress, which in turn can reduce the indicators that cause anxiety and depression. This is because being outdoors creates what is described as soft fascination. This occurs when the environment that surrounds a person constantly captures a person’s attention, while still being able to create pleasure, excitement and interest in a person. The attention pulled from the individual is directed into a positive and beneficial pathway. Compare these effects of going outdoors in nature to what happens when a person is constantly exposed to an urban environment. An urban environment is still able to constantly capture a person’s attention, but the effects are quite overwhelmingly negative. Urban environments alternatively create hard fascination. This occurs when a person is overwhelmed by stimulation creating cognitive fatigue. Over time, urban environments can further a person’s stress, leading to ongoing anxiety and depression. In this case, the constant attention pulled away from the individual is negative and leads to a deterioration of overall physical and mental health. Health Benefits of Going Outside The constant buzz of urban environments can create stress and anxiety in a person, ultimately leading to mental fatigue. Luckily, these effects can be reversed simply by spending some time outdoors. There are several health benefits that are associated with spending even a limited amount of time outdoors. Several of these health benefits can impact our bodies both physically and mentally. Most of the time interacting with nature involves some sort of physical activity. When you are biking, hiking, walking, or kayaking, the body releases different chemicals, like endorphins, to the brain that can promote happiness and joy. Psychological testing and studies have shown that spending just one hour outside in nature improves a person’s memory by 20%. Interestingly, spending an hour walking down a busy city street had no effect on a person’s ability to increase memory. Being outdoors can help reduce the amount of stress a person feels. This positive side effect occurs for several reasons, but some of the highlights are because it is able to limit stressful routines, allows you to see the bigger picture in life. In addition, the increased blood circulation hiking or biking can creates can release different chemicals in the brain allowing you to feel happy. Vitamin D can help reduce inflammation in the body, helping to soothe aching bones and joints. Simply taking a walk outdoors in nature will expose a person to up to 90% of the Vitamin D their body needs. If you find yourself regularly reaching for your morning coffee or tea for a caffeine boost, it might be beneficial to simply take a walk outside. Research has proven that a 20 minute outdoor walk has the same effect on your body as one cup of coffee. Better Brain Function The combination of higher endorphins and an improved focus can lead people to better brain functionality. Everything from improved memory to concentration can help the brain work faster and more clearly. Plus, with a positive attitude, a person’s mind isn’t clouded with undue anxiety and stress. Improved Mental Health With the several positive impacts of being outdoors, Mother Nature has the power to improve a person’s mental health. Between stress reduction, increased happiness, and an understanding of the bigger picture the outdoors have a way of allowing the mind to recenter and recharge. Plus, outdoor activities can help release endorphins, which can only help to boost a person’s overall happiness. Just as walking outside can help improve memory, it can help boost a person’s ability to focus too. In fact, some scientists are considering quick, 20-minute trips outdoors as a natural way to help children with ADHD focus on the task at hand. Vitamin D Boost Vitamin D is responsible for allowing our bodies to absorb more calcium, necessary to help prevent osteoporosis and reduce inflammation throughout the body. While we can certainly find minimal amounts of Vitamin D in fortified milk and salmon, a person receives up to 90% of their Vitamin D intake from simply taking a casual walk outside. Stronger Immune System Plants are able to create and release tiny air born particles called phytoncides. Normally, you wouldn’t have to know about these particles, but scientists believe that when a person breathes in phytoncides, it triggers the body to create more white blood cells. Having more white blood cells in the body can help build up a stronger immune system. With all these different health benefits, you might be raring to get out and go on a nice long hike through a national park or on a great local hiking trail. Use that determination, and get out there! Tips for Getting Outside More So now that we understand exactly what the health benefits associated with being outside are, let’s explore the simple ways we can introduce more outdoor time into our day to day lives. Set Up a WFH Outdoor Workspace Some of us are able to work from home, but this usually takes the form of sitting in a closed office space while indoors. Why not set up a work from home space in your yard? All you really need is a spot to place a laptop computer and maybe a notebook. Even just doing a simple task for work outside, like taking a conference call or a webinar, will expose you to your minimal amount of outdoor time for the day. Plus, taking your work outside might help to relieve some stress and tension that has built throughout a busy workday. Read On Your Porch or Deck Instead of curling up in bed or on your couch to read a book, take your reading outside. You’ll be amazed at how wonderful it feels to be immersed in nature while catching up with your favorite characters. Smell the clean air, listen to the birds, and get lost in your book. Plus, if you have a covered porch or deck, this activity can still take place rain or shine. Do Daily Activities Outside If you have a normal routine that you usually do inside, why not take the routine outdoors? Your daily activities can easily move to an outdoor space where you can still take advantage of some sunlight. Whether it is a hobby, some stretching, or taking care of your garden some fresh, clean air outside will do your mind and your body good. Start a Garden in Your Yard Gardening is an excellent stress reliever for many reasons. First, you have the opportunity to be outside which comes with its own wealth of benefits. Secondly though, you get the sense of accomplishment knowing you have nourished and grown your own living things. Get an added benefit from gardening in your yard by planting a vegetable garden. Not only will you get some great nourishment, but you’ll have the satisfaction of knowing you were able to grow your own food. Go for a Daily Morning Walk Start your morning out right with a peaceful morning walk. It doesn’t have to be a long walk, only 20 minutes will be enough, but the morning walk is a great way to ease your mind. Put yourself in the right frame of mind with a walk first thing in the morning to allow your body to relax. Plus, walking first thing in the morning will give your brain and body the energy boost it needs to be able to start the day off right. Starting to walk daily can even help prepare you to begin hiking, if that’s something that interests you. Eat Dinner Outside What a simple way to spend some quality time with your family and have the added benefits of being outdoors. Simply moving your dinner outside will give you about an hour of additional outdoor time. Set up a table and chairs on a porch or patio to enjoy some quality time sitting and relaxing in nature. Pick Up an Outdoor Hobby There are plenty of hobbies that take place outdoors. Join a gardening club, a yoga group that practices in the park, or a hiking and adventuring club. Take up golfing, tennis, or other outdoor sport. Not only will you have the health benefits that come from being outdoors, but you will get to enjoy a hobby that you love doing. Become a Dog Walker This is a great way to not only be outdoors and get some exercise, but you can also make a little money on the side. Being a dog walker is a great way to spend time outside while also getting the opportunity to interact with puppies and dogs. You never know, the extra cash you earn walking dogs could go toward something you’ve been saving for. Take Lunch Breaks Outdoors It can be frustrating being pent up inside in an office building for 8 to 9 hours a day. When you have the chance for your lunch break, take the opportunity to move your lunch break outside. Not only will this help break up the monotony of the day, but it will give you 20 or 30 minutes of outdoor exposure to help your mind recharge and reset for the second half of the work day. Plan an Outdoor Activity on Weekends Weekends are the perfect time to relax with friends and family and unwind from the tough work week. Take at least one day over the weekend and plan an outdoor activity. You can choose how immersed in nature you become. Whether you want to play croquet with some friends or spend a few hours learning how to fish at a local river or lake, any time spent outside is time well spent. If you try a variety of activities, you may even find a new favorite hobby. Whichever you choose, you will ultimately still end up outdoors enjoying the benefits of Mother Nature. Plan a Camping Trip Planning a camping trip is an excellent way to reconnect with nature and recharge your batteries. Contrary to popular belief, you don’t even have to wait until summer to camp: you can go camping in any season. Camping offers a wide variety of different activities to participate in, and camping is especially fun for kids. Taking a weekend to hang out at a campsite or hike through the woods can be an excellent way to get in touch with nature and the great outdoors. What is the Optimal Amount of Time to Spend Outdoors? The science is overwhelmingly in support of more time spent outdoors, with a wealth of health benefits associated with simply being outside. As much as we would all want to simply live outside, we know that in our busy lives this isn’t a realistic possibility. So what is the magic number of minutes needed outside to start to see these benefits? Researchers have determined that people begin to see the benefits of spending time outdoors after just 120 minutes per week. Broken down, this is less than 30 minutes a day. Looking at any one of the listed tips for going outside, it is quite simple to eat lunch outdoors 4 times a week, or take an hour long walk twice per week. Get creative, there are plenty of activities you can move to the outdoors to be able to relax and recharge in Mother Nature. As our lives continue to become busier, it seems that the opportunities to spend time outdoors diminishes by the second. Between hectic work schedules and after work activities, it seems that our lives have become relegated to the four walls around us. However, being outdoors has a slew of health benefits including stress and anxiety relief, boosted energy, an increased immune system, and a more focused mindset. There are plenty of opportunities to get outdoors, if you just know where to look. Planning an outdoor activity, starting a new hobby, or even taking your lunch outside to eat are some great ideas to get you immersed in the great outdoors.

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Djibouti is a republic ruled by a powerful president, Ismail Omar Guelleh, who has been in office since 1999 and is not subject to term limits. While Djibouti technically has a multiparty political system, the ruling Union for a Presidential Majority (UMP) uses authoritarian means to maintain its dominant position. The opposition’s ability to operate is severely constrained, and journalists and activists who air criticism of Guelleh or the UMP are regularly harassed or arrested. - Djibouti’s government ignored an April international court ruling that ordered it to pay compensation to a Dubai-based company for the termination of the firm’s partial ownership of a container port and the seizure of its assets. It was reported in July that the government would ask Djibouti’s high court to nullify the ruling. - Six teachers—four of them union activists—were arrested and held without trial on suspicion of leaking the contents of an exam. Reports of the detentions that emerged in June prompted condemnation from international human rights and labor organizations. |Was the current head of government or other chief national authority elected through free and fair elections?||0.000 4.004| The president, who holds most executive power in Djibouti, serves five-year terms under current rules. President Guelleh was elected to a fourth term in 2016, having been credited with 87 percent of the vote. The opposition fractured, with some groups boycotting the poll and others participating. The lead-up to the election featured restrictions on the media and the harassment or detention of opposition figures. On election day, opposition parties complained that their monitors were turned away from polling sites. |Were the current national legislative representatives elected through free and fair elections?||1.001 4.004| The 65 members of the unicameral legislature, the National Assembly, are directly elected for five-year terms. Constitutional changes in 2010 called for the creation of an upper house, but the new Senate had yet to be established as of 2019. Most of the opposition boycotted legislative elections held in 2018, citing the government’s failure to honor a 2014 political agreement by implementing electoral reforms. The polls were marked by irregularities, and the ruling UMP increased its majority to 57 of 65 seats. The opposition Union for Democracy and Justice–Djiboutian Democratic Party (UDJ-PDD) won seven seats, and the Center of Unified Democrats (CDU) took one. |Are the electoral laws and framework fair, and are they implemented impartially by the relevant election management bodies?||1.001 4.004| A core element of the 2014 political agreement—meant to end the opposition’s boycott of the legislature following deeply flawed elections in 2013—was a pledge to reform the Independent National Electoral Commission (CENI), which the opposition has accused of bias. These reforms had not been carried out as of 2019. Other electoral provisions favor the dominant party, for example by awarding at least 80 percent of the seats in each multimember parliamentary district to the party that wins a majority in that district. |Do the people have the right to organize in different political parties or other competitive political groupings of their choice, and is the system free of undue obstacles to the rise and fall of these competing parties or groupings?||1.001 4.004| While Djibouti technically has a multiparty political system, parties must register with the government to operate legally. The authorities have denied recognition to opposition parties including the Movement for Democratic Renewal and Development (MRD), the Rally for Democratic Action and Ecological Development (RADDE), and the Movement for Development and Liberty (MoDEL), whose members have been periodically harassed, arrested, and prosecuted. The law requires the leaders of political parties to have clean criminal records, and the government has pursued spurious charges against opposition figures to disqualify them or their parties. In 2018, police raided the RADDE headquarters, confiscated equipment, and arrested one person as the party was preparing demonstrations. Also that year, five members of MoDEL were reportedly detained for opening a training school for party activists, and the Republican Alliance for Development (ARD) lost its recognition after an internal leadership dispute caused a temporary split in the party. |Is there a realistic opportunity for the opposition to increase its support or gain power through elections?||0.000 4.004| President Guelleh has been in power since 1999, when he succeeded his uncle, the only other president since independence in 1977. The 2013 elections marked the first time that the opposition had won any seats in the National Assembly. Opposition parties have traditionally been disadvantaged by Djibouti’s electoral system, media controls, abuse of state resources to favor incumbents, and arrests and harassment of opposition leaders and supporters. |Are the people’s political choices free from domination by forces that are external to the political sphere, or by political forces that employ extrapolitical means?||1.001 4.004| The ruling party dominates the state apparatus and uses security forces and other administrative resources to marginalize, disrupt, and suppress independent political activity. |Do various segments of the population (including ethnic, religious, gender, LGBT, and other relevant groups) have full political rights and electoral opportunities?||1.001 4.004| The constitution prohibits political parties based on gender or on ethnic, religious, or regional identity. Minority groups, including the Afar, Yemeni Arabs, and non-Issa Somalis, are represented at all levels of the government, but the president’s majority Issa group holds paramount positions in the ruling party, the civil service, and the security forces. Women are underrepresented in leadership positions, partly due to societal discrimination. A legal quota ensures that women hold at least 25 percent of the seats in the National Assembly; there are currently 17 women in the legislature. The president’s cabinet includes three women. In practice, the authoritarian political system restricts the ability of women and ethnic and religious minorities to organize independently and advance their respective interests. |Do the freely elected head of government and national legislative representatives determine the policies of the government?||0.000 4.004| The president, who is not freely elected, effectively controls policymaking and governance, and the UMP-dominated parliament does not serve as a meaningful check on executive power. |Are safeguards against official corruption strong and effective?||0.000 4.004| Corruption is a serious problem that is enabled and sustained by the dominant position of President Guelleh and his ruling party in every aspect of public administration. All significant business deals reportedly go through the president himself. State bodies tasked with combating corruption lack the resources and independence to function effectively. Prosecutions of senior officials are rare. Score Change: The score declined from 1 to 0 because there have been no meaningful attempts to address corruption in recent years despite growing indications of its prevalence. |Does the government operate with openness and transparency?||0.000 4.004| The government operates in an opaque manner and resists attempts to shed light on its policymaking, budgetary, and contracting decisions. There is no law establishing the right to access public information. The government has made no effort to explain to citizens how it spends the tens of millions of dollars in revenues it collects from foreign powers that lease land for military bases in Djibouti, including the United States, China, and France. There is also little transparency on Guelleh’s investment deals with countries like China, which has provided Djibouti with loans, built critical infrastructure, and operates special economic zones. The agreements have resulted in a massive amount of public debt—China alone is owed the equivalent of more than 70 percent of Djibouti’s gross domestic product—and spread discontent among local communities that were not consulted on the location or terms of foreign development projects. Score Change: The score declined from 1 to 0 due to the government’s failure to release relevant information about a series of investment and development deals with China and other foreign partners over the past several years. |Are there free and independent media?||0.000 4.004| Despite constitutional protections, freedom of expression is not upheld in practice, and journalists engage in self-censorship. Under the 1992 communications law, defamation and distribution of false information are criminal offenses. The National Communication Commission, authorized by the Ministry of Communication, distributes licenses to media outlets; the National Security Service reportedly has a role in approving such licenses. The government owns the dominant newspaper, television station, and radio broadcaster, as well as printing presses. According to Reporters Without Borders, domestic media content generally reflects government views. Journalists affiliated with outlets based abroad or small opposition publications are subject to harassment and arbitrary arrest. The government typically places few restrictions on the internet, but the websites of the overseas opposition radio station La Voix de Djibouti, run by exiles in Europe, and the Association for Respect for Human Rights in Djibouti (ARDHD) are sometimes blocked by the state-owned internet service provider. Score Change: The score declined from 1 to 0 because the government has enforced a virtual monopoly in the domestic media sector in recent years and punished journalists and others who attempt to share independent news and commentary. |Are individuals free to practice and express their religious faith or nonbelief in public and private?||2.002 4.004| Islam is the state religion, and 94 percent of the population is Sunni Muslim. The Ministry of Islamic Affairs oversees religious matters; a 2013 law and 2014 implementing decree gave it direct authority over mosques and imams, who became civil service employees. The ministry vets the Friday sermons of imams and has previously used this power to curb dissent. However, there were no reports of disciplinary action against preachers in 2018 or 2019 beyond warnings for polarizing speech. Registered non-Muslim religious groups operate freely, and unregistered groups are able to worship in private, though public proselytizing is illegal. Score Change: The score improved from 1 to 2 because while religious congregations are closely monitored, there have been few reports of harassment in recent years, and members of minority faiths are generally allowed to practice freely. |Is there academic freedom, and is the educational system free from extensive political indoctrination?||2.002 4.004| Academic freedom is not always respected. Teachers have at times been detained for alleged affiliation with opposition groups. The state oversees the curriculums of the secular public school system and private Islamic schools. In June 2019, Education International and the Francophone Trade Union Committee for Education and Training called for the release of six teachers—four of them union activists—who had been arrested and were being held without trial for allegedly leaking contents of the baccalaureate exam online. The six apparently remained in custody at year’s end. A seventh teacher, who had also been arrested and was pregnant, received a suspended sentence for defamation. |Are individuals free to express their personal views on political or other sensitive topics without fear of surveillance or retribution?||2.002 4.004| Open discussion of sensitive political issues is impeded by restrictive laws on defamation and other such offenses. The government reportedly monitors social media and conducts surveillance on perceived opponents. Individuals are subject to arrest for posting critical content about the government online. |Is there freedom of assembly?||0.000 4.004| Freedom of assembly is protected under the constitution but not respected in practice. Permits are required for public gatherings. Police regularly use violence to disperse unauthorized protests and arrest participants. In late October and early November 2019, police allegedly employed live ammunition and tear gas to break up opposition protests prompted by the arrest of an ARD member. Up to 50 people were reported injured. |Is there freedom for nongovernmental organizations, particularly those that are engaged in human rights– and governance-related work?||1.001 4.004| Local human rights groups that work on politically sensitive matters cannot operate freely, face difficulties in registering with the authorities, and are subject to government harassment. Organizations that focus on social and economic development, including women’s rights groups, are generally tolerated by the government. Individual activists are regularly arrested for their work. Anticorruption activist Degmo Ali Abdi was arrested in July 2019 after making a speech that implicated senior government officials. |Is there freedom for trade unions and similar professional or labor organizations?||2.002 4.004| Though workers may legally join unions and strike, the government has been known to intimidate labor leaders and obstruct union activities. The Labor Ministry is responsible for union registration; it has used its authority to support progovernment unions and deny recognition to independent labor groups. Teachers’ union activists have reported being dismissed, transferred, demoted, or denied access to wages. |Is there an independent judiciary?||0.000 4.004| The courts are not independent of the government and suffer from corruption. Supreme Court judges are appointed by the president, with the advice of a judicial council dominated by presidential and UMP nominees. The president and parliamentary majority also control appointments to the Constitutional Council. In July 2019, it was reported that the government would ask Djibouti’s high court to nullify a judgment of the London Court of International Arbitration, which had ruled in April that the government should pay more than $500 million in compensation to DP World, the Dubai-based port operator. The dispute dated to 2012, when Djibouti sold part of its concession in the Doraleh Container Terminal to a Chinese state-owned competitor of DP World, the original concession partner. In 2018, Djibouti canceled its contract with DP World and nationalized the company’s assets at the port. The government had similarly rejected previous unfavorable international rulings in the case. |Does due process prevail in civil and criminal matters?||2.002 4.004| Security forces frequently make arrests without the required court approval, and lengthy pretrial detention is a problem, with detainees often waiting years to go to trial. Allegations of politically motivated prosecutions are common, and opposition groups consistently accuse the government of sanctioning arbitrary arrests and detentions. The government has used counterterrorism laws to target political opponents. |Is there protection from the illegitimate use of physical force and freedom from war and insurgencies?||1.001 4.004| Security forces regularly engage in physical abuse and torture during arrest and detention. Prison conditions are reportedly poor, with pretrial and convicted prisoners often held together due to overcrowding. |Do laws, policies, and practices guarantee equal treatment of various segments of the population?||1.001 4.004| Though the law provides for equal treatment of all Djiboutian citizens, minority ethnic groups and clans suffer from discrimination that contributes to their social and economic marginalization. Women have fewer employment opportunities and are paid less than men for the same work. While the law requires at least 20 percent of upper-level public service positions to be held by women, this rule has not been enforced. Same-sex sexual activity is not specifically banned, but such conduct has been penalized under broader morality laws, and there are no laws in place to prevent discrimination against LGBT+ people. Matters of sexual orientation and gender identity are generally not discussed publicly. According to the World Food Programme, Djibouti hosted nearly 30,500 refugees as of late 2019, mostly from Somalia, Ethiopia, and Yemen. However, slow processing of asylum claims leaves many asylum seekers at risk of deportation. A 2017 law allows registered refugees to work without a permit and provides access to health care and education. In September 2019, it was reported that Djibouti had released 19 Eritrean prisoners of war captured during a 2008 border conflict. The government coordinated with the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), which resettled the Eritreans in Canada; the Eritrean government had refused to acknowledge them, and they were ultimately designated as stateless refugees. |Do individuals enjoy freedom of movement, including the ability to change their place of residence, employment, or education?||2.002 4.004| The government has been accused of suspending the travel privileges of political opponents. In March 2019, Abdourahman Mohamed Guelleh, leader of the RADDE, had his passport returned after it was held by the authorities for three years. Civilian movement is restricted in militarized border areas due to past activity by the Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD-Armé), a rebel group, and tensions with Eritrea. |Are individuals able to exercise the right to own property and establish private businesses without undue interference from state or nonstate actors?||2.002 4.004| Private property protections are weak, according to the Heritage Foundation’s Index of Economic Freedom, and court proceedings on business and property matters “suffer from corruption and executive interference.” Customary practices and personal status rules based on Sharia (Islamic law) place women at a disadvantage regarding inheritance and property ownership. |Do individuals enjoy personal social freedoms, including choice of marriage partner and size of family, protection from domestic violence, and control over appearance?||1.001 4.004| Female genital mutilation is illegal, but most women and girls have undergone the procedure. Domestic violence is rarely reported and prosecuted, and spousal rape is not specifically criminalized. The Sharia-based family code requires women to obtain a guardian’s consent to marry, among other discriminatory provisions surrounding marriage and divorce. |Do individuals enjoy equality of opportunity and freedom from economic exploitation?||1.001 4.004| Many residents have difficulty finding employment in the formal sector, as the president and his allies tightly control all large-scale economic activity, especially around the military bases leased by foreign powers. Legal safeguards against exploitative working conditions are poorly enforced; migrant workers and refugees are especially vulnerable to abuse. A 2016 law on human trafficking includes strong penalties for perpetrators, but authorities have struggled to secure convictions and to effectively identify and assist victims. See all data, scores & information on this country or territory.See More Global Freedom Score24 100 not free

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My alternative working title might have been along the lines of how to grow this beautiful plant much loved by bees. Perhaps the two common names ‘Policeman’s Helmet’ and ‘Bee Bum Plant’ say it all. Undoubtably in places this plant is a nuisance and a real menace. The bobby encapsulates the stupidity of legislation against it. The bum bit being the beauty of bumble bees bumbling at the base of balsam flowers gathering nectar. How on earth did such a beautiful plant get such a bad name? It is a weed of disturbed land. Not cultivated farm fields. Farm field receive too much attention.Not established meadow land. The grass is too well established and is usually regularly grazed. Not established dry forest the canopy is too strong. Not neglected sites themselves overgrown with brambles and ground elder - they grow too well. It is true that it is so strong growing that in certain circumstances weeds such as nettles are outgrown - not a bad thing? It is also true that where balsam is eliminated in wild situations coarser weeds tend to replace them. |Balsam and coarse vegetation are in competition| Its natural habitat is described as ‘riparian’ and is the moist land alongside rivers and streams and near boggy places. Balsam is not aquatic and does not grow in the water. Balsam is a weed of neglect. It is weed of stretched budgets where semi-amenity areas, country walks, and set-a-side sites receive inadequate and unskilled maintenance. It grows where stewards of the landscape have long been paid off by years of cost cutting. In particular it is a weed of disturbed loose soil. This annual plant must have late Winter vacant ground to newly germinate and start afresh each year. It is NOT a perennial like most noxious weeds. It does not even germinate all the year round like many other weeds; only late Winter and Spring. |First frost and it is completely killed| |Next Spring you have a clean start to get rid. This is the time to take charge| Where balsam is a real problem |It likes plenty of moisture| It is usually a problem on wet sites. It is frequently found alongside rivers and streams. The main reason for this is that river embankments are frequently eroded and open soil is vacant for balsam seed to establish. It is to a degree a vicious circle when strong growing impatiens suppresses weaker growing plants and is alleged to outgrow desirable’ wild flowers. Each Spring strong growing impatiens seedlings have a field day! There is vacant soil and little competition. Impatiens’ secret weapon is copious quantities of strong seedlings germinating all at the same time. Is it fair to blame impatiens for river embankment erosion? It dies down in Autumn to leave erodible patches. It’s quite a chicken and egg situation. What comes first, the erosion or the weed? It’s spread is not as efficient as suggested |It produces copious seed which when ripe is thrown all around| |Note the grass suppresses the balsam seedlings. If mown, strimmed or grazed the balsam will die. If nothing is done over a season or two the balsam will take over| You will read that balsam seed is dispersed by floating down the river. My friend Peter Williams did a test with his students and found that if you put the seeds in a bucket of water they sink like a stone! This does not mean that any plant seed might not be carried by water. Raging rivers will carry almost anything! Impatiens does spread alongside river banks but not as quickly as claimed - but even so, with several years of no action look what you get! In summary Himalayan balsam spreads if nothing is done and when landowners and managers just ring their hands and do nothing it will spread all the way down the river. The spread is only remorseful if no preventative action is taken. Himalayan balsam is very easy to control in the garden No competent gardener should have this weed - if he does not want it. It is a weed of large public areas where its control is restricted by rules, regulations, ignorance and bureaucracy. It is easy to control and has many vulnerabilities. Almost any common method of garden weed control works! The plant’s main weakness is its annual nature and with the very first frost it dies. Its seed germinates in Spring almost all at the same time. The seed germination is prolific but only in this very first season. Little seed survives to the following year and I have read no reliable reports of seed surviving longer. The key is to prevent this weed ever seeding! From germination you have three months to get rid of it before it starts to prolifically seed. You need to be vigilant, one large missed weed can next year produce 800 strong vigorous seedlings. If you have even one such large plant you are not really trying or you are a good gardener who actually wants to grow a small clump and is confident you can constrain it. Here is a list of suitable ways to eliminate Himalayan balsam. None of them work if you practice them on a single occasion - you are bound to miss some. You need to be alert to their appearance throughout the first (and second) year. - Hand pulling. This is very effective but inefficient on large areas. It’s easy to pull out but you will soon tire. In very wet weather if left on the ground the roots will re-establish. It is suitable on public areas for large teams of unskilled ‘volunteers’. If it is wet weather you need to remove and compost the weed. Whatever your overall weed control strategy be prepared to pull out the odd overlooked balsam or any growing through delicate plant treasures. - Hoeing. This is ideal if it is dry weather and balsam is not long germinated. Let the hoed seedlings desiccate and die. Go over again a few days later to find any you have missed. A few weeks later hoe any late germinators. Hoeing larger balsams is fine but starts to become hard work. Don’t hoe too deeply, instead sever them at ground level. There is no need to remove them. - Sickle them down. OK you don’t own a sickle but it is one of the very best methods. Bend your back and slice the weed very close to the ground. If you cut near enough the weed won’t regrow and it won’t re-root either. It is extremely satisfying and speedy. If you do not cut close enough to the ground or the plants are nearing maturity there is a small chance of some regeneration. - Strim them! Adverse as I am to machinery it works extremely well on open spaces or amongst woody plants. - Mow them. Where there is easy access, impatiens does not stand a chance. On a large scale farmer’s mowers cover very large areas in no time at all. - Spraying. Coming from me you might expect me to claim it is the very best method. Not always so. Undoubtedly glyphosate kills them but it is very easy to miss seedlings and when bigger it is difficult to safely reach them amongst delicate plants. Don’t let anyone tell you that this weed needs to grow large to take up an effective dose! Seedlings are just as susceptible as larger plants. Like many other weeds if they are flowering when sprayed they will still have time to produce viable seed. It’s good for the bees Beekeepers are good citizens and are made to feel guilty by impatiens propaganda. Say it for the bees! Bees love impatiens! It makes excellent honey from copious nectar, A single balsam flower produces more nectar than any other wild-flower flower. Honey bees and bumblebees distribute masses of pollen. September and October balsam flowers provide nectar at a very difficult time. With this late generous food source hives remain strong It is levelled against impatiens that it diverts the bees attention from more desirable wild flowers. This is strongly disputed and is not very fair. When did you last see complaints about heather, clover and apples? Surely the fact that bee colonies remain strong is in the round far better for nature. It is a gross slander on bees that they pollinate and therefore help spread impatiens and neglect the wild flowers. A bee keeper, tongue in cheek, observed that government legislation that prohibits aiding and abetting the spread of this weed makes him a criminal when his bees carry out pollination! This legislation is ill advised, ineffective, badly framed and fortunately toothless. Penalising gardeners (or bee keepers) makes no sense at all. Why I disagree with legislating against this weed - It is a sledgehammer to crack a nut - It would be better to spend resources controlling the weed rather than lining lawyers’ pockets - It does not work. - Most likely culprits don’t even recognise the weed nor know how to contain it - It is difficult to define what constitutes a criminal offence and very few - or any - prosecutions will ever be made - The horse has bolted. Almost all gardens harbouring this plant received it by natural dispersal and did not plant it. It has been out there since the Victorians introduced it nearly 200 years ago. - Why pick out this weed for such measures when very much worse weeds such as nettles and brambles are accepted - even encouraged! - It creates a cash cow for cowboys Far better to provide educational information and encourage gardeners to be responsible. Five case studies Case study 1 - Bolton Percy cemetery The ditch alongside the graveyard rarely runs, dries out in Summer and does not go very far. As long as I can remember it has hosted a few balsams. For years they had not encroached into the cemetery as my routine weed control is glyphosate spraying. In recent years I have ‘allowed’ a few plants to grow as I rather like them. Only in rough areas such as ivy covered spaces. Three years ago I was complacent and allowed too many to seed. The following year the lower part of the cemetery was over-run by impatiens seedlings. |There will be more room for sitting| I knew I could handle them and took along my sickle. In an hour I eliminated about half of them. I expended more energy than I do in the same time at Pilates! It was half the time I had available to spray the whole cemetery and was not ideal exercise for an old man like me. Worse I lost my sickle. It was presented to me two months later having been found parked on a gravestone. It was exactly at that time that my helpers - the newly formed team of enthusiastic cemetery volunteers - came to my rescue. As pillars of the church and law abiding citizens they were horrified that their cemetery harboured this weed. With no word from me they banned it. Every plant was removed and certainly none flowered. If any balsam appeared this Spring I never saw it. I don’t expect I shall ever see it in the cemetery ever again. Case study 2 - Seaton Ross Village Plot |Accompanied by another seed borne alien invader- buddleia| A ditch exists alongside the plot. It does not run - it has nowhere to go and is blocked at both ends! it meanders a few hundred metres but as a functioning ditch has been ruined by builders and householders. Perhaps it is they that should be prosecuted! Its like a long thin lake that only rises in very wet periods. Sure enough balsam invaded the newly vacant plot alongside the ditch bank. Balsam now looks very pretty in a corner of the plot bounded by the road and confined ten metres away from any water by my own routine spraying. It is mixed in with other wild flowers and garden plants and looks very pretty. It is a haven for bumble bees. Perhaps when they read this villagers will have it confirmed I am a criminal. I will commune with the bees. Last Winter was exceptionally wet and the ditch flooded again. It brought in plenty of featherlight seed of epilobium. (willowherb). The balsam remains snug in its corner and there is no evidence of balsam washed in. Case study 3 Askham bog Administered by Yorkshire Wildlife Trust it is the only alkaline fen in this part of the country. Peter’s friend Alistair, an international famed ecologist and plant science expert provides help and voluntary advice on its management. I understand that Himalayan balsam is now a problem. Peter offered to ask Alistair about it. Here is Alistair’s reply. Yes, I think HB is one of the few invasive species that can be a real problem, especially in places such as Askham. It can form monodominant stands and even out competes nettles, while the standard fen flora of things like water forget-me-not and skullcap are completely suppressed. Of course it is only competitive where the early spring ground is more or less bare, so it tends to be mainly in woods and on riverbanks. I increasingly see it well away from rivers where it is now probably the commonest riverside plant. It is easily controlled of course, if you have the manpower, but the problem is that if you are on a watercourse it just reinvades from waterborne seed, as at the bottom of my garden. There are a few upsides - it's a good nectar source late in the season and is pretty - but on the whole I'd rather see the back of it. That's wishful thinking of course as it's here to stay. I had a PhD student years ago looking at the root causes of invasiveness, using balsams as a test group. It's odd that the native spp should be so rare while several introduced spp are doing so well but invasiveness is very hard to predict. It is illuminating to read Alistair’s concerned yet relaxed approach. Case Study 4 Pocklington Canal I have chosen this example because it is not Invaded and I don’t know why! The canal runs from Pocklington down to the river Derwent nine miles away. We have walked it all but not on the same occasion! The canal water levels are maintained using parallel balancing streams. Not all the canal is navigable and it is maintained by enthusiastic volunteers financed by public donation. You can come to Melbourne and get a free ride on Sundays. The river Derwent itself does support extensive balsam. Considering balsam has been in the country longer than the canal has existed its absence alongside the canal is surprising. Perhaps the reasons for its complete absence are - the well established existing vegetation such as reeds - in parts mown grass banks - zero tolerance by volunteers - that canal water levels do not change and their is no erosion to create eroded enbankments Case Study 5 My own garden |This dwarf Himalayan balsam loves the margin of my pond| Needless to say it comes back from seed every year and is now quite prolific - in a completely glyphosate controlled way. I ‘allow’ it as ground cover in a heavily shaded wet place in my garden where few other plants will grow. It is much admired by visitors. I recently gave a lady some seed for her garden. I await an early morning knock on the door. Link to Askham bog web site

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August Wilson’s play Seven Guitars depicts the tragic death of a black blues musician unable to take advantage of his stardom because he can’t get his guitar out of the pawnshop so that he might return to Chicago and record another hit single on a better contract. The play is set in 1948, a year after real-life inspiration Blind Willie Johnson, the gravely voiced musician eulogized in the new tribute album God Don’t Never Change: The Songs of Blind Willie Johnson, succumbed to pneumonia while living in the ashes of a house that had burned down a week earlier. Despite having recorded thirty songs, Johnson died broke, famously using wet newspaper as blankets during his final days. There are a million ways to evaluate God Don’t Never Change; most of them, I think, will settle on the fact that it will likely go down as one of the best American roots albums of 2016. I think so too. However, the lengthy discussion that follows will not just be about the incredible music of Blind Willie Johnson or even the deserving covers featured on this album. In what is perhaps a risky move in the world of music criticism, I want to frame my discussion of this album around issues of race and culture because we are a site dedicated to covers: the origins of the blues raise questions germane to any discussion of what it means to cover songs belonging to a genre that originally existed to give voice to the experiences and suffering of a specific group of people. In thinking about these issues and the cultural importance of the blues, it is useful to return to the works of August Wilson. The previously mentioned tragedy Seven Guitars is one of ten plays collectively referred to as the Century Cycle, Wilson’s decade-by-decade attempt to chronicle the black experience of the American twentieth century. These plays all take place in the Hill District of Pittsburgh, with the single exception of Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom, which is set in a Chicago recording studio. In all ten plays, Wilson’s characters are never fully at home in their northern cities, hounded by legacies of slavery and the shadow of Jim Crow: unfair labor practices, housing discrimination, indentured servitude, police brutality, false imprisonment, and the constant threat of lynching and other forms of racial violence. In addition to these more obvious symptoms of racism, Wilson’s characters have been forcibly and systematically prevented from knowing their own history, both at the individual and collective level; they directly experience and continue to be hurt by legacies of Middle Passage, slavery, and the African diaspora without being allowed to fully access or understand these experiences in ways that we in the twenty-first century might call processing: without being able to articulate their collective trauma to themselves or each other – let alone to their white neighbors, bosses, and landlords – they are for the most part unable to recover what has been taken from them and begin to heal. However, the plays set before World War II do describe one medicine for all of this loss: the interrelated traditions of black music that at the turn of the twentieth century had just started to be known collectively as the blues. In Gem of the Ocean, Citizen Barlow gets his “soul washed” by a ritual that features a distinctly African call and response. In Joe Turner’s Come and Gone, Harold Lumis comes to terms with being re-enslaved in the 1900s via a gospel-tinged invocation of the Holy Spirit. The titular and historical musician Ma Rainey leverages the support of the African-American community that buys her records and goes to her concerts into a begrudging respect from the white producers of her records. The Piano Lesson culminates in a song that serves as an exorcism of a slave owner. As I suggested at the top of this, the songs on God Don’t Never Change manage to succeed brilliantly as songs. When it comes to preserving the depth and breadth of the contexts and traditions of American music that informed Blind Willie Johnson’s ecclesiastic but world-weary growl, it helps that the nine artists here – Lucinda Williams, Cowboy Junkies, Sinead O’Connor, and Tom Waits among them – are able to handle the spiritual aspects of Johnson’s work. Even when he was singing about the death of mothers or the influenza pandemic of 1918 – and we get his voice doing exactly that on the Cowboy Junkies track, a trick that works better than it should – Blind Willie Johnson sung praise music; the assembled talent is up to the challenge of performing the songs not just for us, but for God. For example, Lucinda Williams flat kills “It’s Nobody’s Fault But Mine,” delivering the evidence of her own potential damnation with neither a smile nor a smirk; she’s even better on the title track where – as bleak as the truth of human insignificance gets in the song – she came to testify. Likewise, in the simple-pleasures gospel of “Keep Your Lamp Trimmed and Burning,” Derek Trucks and Susan Tedeschi pack in tidy solos very much in the spirit of a musician whose voice frequently made it hard to pay attention to just how good he was with the guitar. Sinead O’Connor, Maria McKee, and Luther Dickinson are just as good. Perhaps least surprisingly, Tom Waits delivers “The Soul of a Man” and “John the Revelator” as if he’s been waiting forty years to pay Blind Willie back for demonstrating that music doesn’t need to be pretty to be holy, which of course is mostly true: for the last twenty years, ironically since getting sober, Waits has delivered most of his songs as prayers forgotten in a indigent preacher’s coat pocket, suddenly remembered, and presented imperfectly, coated with inexplicable crumbs and hair. Ultimately, each of these versions – with the possible exception of “Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground,” a song that might damned well be un-coverable – is gutty enough to get to the heavens and complex enough to listen to again and again. We are left with a portrait of Johnson that works against the deadly blues stereotype of the magical primitive, singing by instinct and feel; hearing these songs performed with reverence but not delicacy showcases Johnson’s judicious application of a well-honed craft and fierce artistic intellect. However, even as these versions are fraught with the right kind of interesting trouble, the racial composition of this all-star roster makes it difficult to do as well with the distinctly African-American context described so fully by Wilson’s plays, a context that informs not only how Blind Willie was writing these songs but why. With a single exception – a terrific effort from The Blind Boys of Alabama – these artists are all white. I should be clear: I’m not arguing that the album would be better if it hit a “quota,” and I’m not suggesting that these songs are “off-limits” to white musicians, and I’m not saying that black blues covers are inherently “better.” It just seems a shame to me that an album working as hard to get these songs right as this one does didn’t work just as hard to catalogue the myriad ways in which the blues continues to inform the music of black musicians. Again, I am not suggesting ill will on the part of anyone involved with creation of God Don’t Never Change, only suggesting that the relative lack of black artists here communicates that representation was not a priority. This maybe wouldn’t be a problem except that the album is good enough to end up winning a bunch of awards and potentially sell more copies than the entirety of Blind Willie Johnson’s albums combined; as such, the album risks implying that these songs are primarily of value because white roots musicians have found them and recognized their value. The image of the nerdy, dutiful white aficionados combing through an estate sale to find blues 78s recorded by black musicians is certainly one alive in fiction and non-fiction, to say nothing of the fact that Jack White is largely credited with the efforts responsible for assembling the intimidatingly impressive two-box Rise and Fall of Paramount Records. However, as I teased at the beginning of this, the complications regarding blues covers go well beyond representation. In Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom, Wilson’s Ma Rainey – the historical “Mother of the Blues” – says that “[w]hite folks don’t understand about the blues. They hear it come out, but they don’t know how it got there. They don’t understand that’s life’s way of talking.” While I would argue that the white artists on this album certainly find a way to sing music that is built of life’s way of talking, the stories code differently in the hands of white musicians. For listeners who know Waits and Williams, the religious fervor here will likely read as the white, Dust Bowl desperation captured by Dorthea Lange or the New Weird America sent up in O Brother, Where Art Thou?. For listeners who remember Sinead O’Connor’s most controversial moment, it is hard not to read the faith sustaining her brilliant version of “Trouble Will Soon be Over” as a complicated Irish Catholicism. In each of these cases, while the songs remain gilded by loss and pain, the specifics of that loss and pain are altered. Of course, most cover aficionados believe that this sort of alteration is what makes a good cover; we love it when artists are able to make an existing song new by making it theirs. Along these lines, it should be pointed out that the lone cover from a black artist on this album does this very thing. Johnson’s original version of “Mother’s Children Have a Hard Time” reads just this side of snarling; it is as much about slavery’s destruction of the black family as it is about the importance of mothers. However, the loving version recorded by the Blind Boys of Alabama reads as a tribute to post-Reagan portraits of black motherhood. As such, it is not the fact that these white musicians re-purpose Johnson’s songs that causes trouble: that’s what covers do. However, the Blind Boys of Alabama (and Sinead O’Connor for that matter) demonstrate exactly how much could have been gained by turning the songs over to broader coalition of musicians reaching beyond American roots royalty. Without making representation a priority, one risks a pattern of covers that, simply by doing what good covers do, cross the line into cultural appropriation. This is of particular importance when talking about a genre forged by the kiln of racial injustice given our tendencies towards being on fleek when it comes to racial appropriation. None of this prevents the album from greatness, exactly. It just matters to me that the album is only thirty minutes long, with plenty of room for additional covers of any of the nineteen Johnson sides that didn’t get included. Ultimately, my feelings about this album are similar to my feelings about this scene from The West Wing, in which Aaron Sorkin uses his Josh Lyman proxy to culturesplain Blind Willie Johnson. In the clip, Lyman recounts what is perhaps the most surprising and notable fact about Johnson: his recording of “Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground” is one of the songs included on the Voyager spacecraft’s “Golden Record” intended to be an introduction to humanity. This album and that scene both make me feel deep, abiding, real things about being human, while also making me aware that there are other things I should probably be thinking about, too. Yes, it matters that the music of a man who died the way that Blind Willie Johnson did managed to leave the solar system; but the original recording made by a black man during Jim Crow – the beautiful slide work and the almost-words that live between prayers and moans – matters as well. One can only hope that things like The West Wing and God Don’t Never Change make it more likely that Johnson’s songs, understood in as many of their original contexts as possible, get heard by beings living in a galaxy still very much dealing with the legacies of American slavery.

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Dry Flaky Skin in Bulldogs and French Bulldogs Dry Flaky Skin in Bulldogs and French Bulldogs Dry Flaky Skin in Bulldogs and French Bulldogs Many bulldogs suffer from dry, flaky, scaly skin, though some might suffer from greasy, oily, flaky skin, the medical term for both conditions is “Bulldog Seborrhea”. There are two types of bulldog dry, flaky seborrhea, the uncommon to bulldogs PRIMARY type, and the more common SECONDARY type. Bulldog secondary seborrhea can be divided into a NON-ITCHY type and a more common ITCHY type. Dry Flaky Skin in Bulldogs and French Bulldogs SEBORRHEA: Oils or sebum are produced in the sebaceous glands. - Bulldog seborrhea secca (or Bulldog Seborrhea Sicca) means Bulldog Dry Skin. “Sicca” stands for “Dry”, same as “Bulldog Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS) which stands for “Bulldog Dry Eye”. - Bulldog seborrhea oleosa: which means Bulldog Oily Greasy Skin. “Oleosa” stands for oily. Dr. Kraemer’s V4B Dry Flaky Skin in Bulldogs and French Bulldogs RULE OF THUMB: Most Dry Flaky Skin in Bulldogs and French Bulldogs is secondary to other bulldog skin diseases, thus for the best therapeutic outcome, the underlying cause should be identified. Dry Flaky Skin in Bulldogs and French Bulldogs PRIMARY DISEASE: Primary seborrhea is much LESS common in bulldogs and is usually due to a keratinization defect or abnormal cell turnover. The distribution is usually wide and often includes the ears and ear flaps. A primary seborrhea is typically a genetic, hereditary condition, thus it is likely to manifest early in life. Primary Dry Coat Flaky Skin in Bulldogs and French Bulldogs DISEASE TYPES: - Bulldog Idiopathic Dry Flaky Skin (unknown reason) - Bulldog Vitamin A Responsive Dry Flaky Skin - Bulldog Sebaceous Adenitis (inflammation of the sebaceous glands) - Bulldog Ear Margin Dermatosis - Bulldog Acne - Bulldog Naso-Digital Hyperkeratosis Dry Flaky Skin in Bulldogs and French Bulldogs SECONDARY DISEASE: Secondary bulldog seborrhea sicca is the most common. Your bulldog will often present with an itch in addition to the dry, flaky, scaly coat. Itch is common with secondary bulldog seborrhea, but there are a few underlying conditions in this category that are itch-free. Dry Flaky Skin in Bulldogs and French Bulldogs ITCHING TYPE: are secondary to common bulldog and French bulldog skin conditions such as: - Bulldog Atopic Itch Allergic Dermatitis - Bulldog Food Allergy Dermatitis - Bulldog Yeast Dermatitis - Bulldog Pyoderma - Bulldog Scabies - Skin Disease Due To Gut Dysbiosis and Leaky Bowel Syndrome Dry Flaky Skin in Bulldogs and French Bulldogs NON-ITCHING: - Bulldog Demodex Red Mite - Bulldog Endocrine Disease like Bulldog Hypothyroid, and Bulldog Cushing Syndrome - Bulldog Pemphigus (sometimes) - Bulldogs living in a dry, low humidity geographic location Dry Flaky Skin in Bulldogs and French Bulldogs DIAGNOSIS: - Age, History, Distribution are all vital for diagnosis - Skin Scraping: to r/o Demodex and Sarcoptic Mange - Skin Cytology: to r/o bacteria, yeast, and abnormal cells - Skin Biopsy: for histopathology - Allergy Blood Testing (VARL): for Atopic Dermatitis - Food Trial (RX elimination diets): for food allergies Dry Flaky Skin in Bulldogs and French Bulldogs TREATMENT: Topical therapy and Supplements are essential for all Bulldog Dry and Flaky Skin Disease, as well as Bulldog Oily Greasy Flaky Skin FREQUENCY: 1-2/weeks in the beginning, then as needed for maintenance. CONTACT TIME: shampoos & conditioners contact time 10-15 min before rinsing. HYDRATION: Humectants & Emollients 10-15 min minimum contact time to allow proper hydration of the skin. They are often applied as an after-shampoo conditioner or are mixed in it. KERATOLYTIC & KERATOPLASTIC: to help remove scales and flakes. ANTI-PRURITIC: to help reduce the itch. ANTISEPTIC: to help manage secondary bacterial infection. ANTI-YEAST: to help manage secondary yeast infection. DEGREASERS: For bulldog Oily Flaky Greasy Skin (Bulldog Oily Seborrhea) to help flush the hair follicle and remove excess oils. BATHING: once or twice a week with medicated shampoo. MOUSSING & GELLING: on non-bath days. - MEDICATED SHAMPOOS: Provided here are various medicated shampoos you should implement depending on the skin state, itchiness, and presence of infection: - Oily Greasy Bulldog: V4B Oily Bully Medicated Shampoo - Dry Flaky Bulldog: V4B Bully Hypoallergenic and V4B Bully Aloe Oatmeal Medicated Shampoos - Itch Bulldog: V4B Itchy Bully Medicated Shampoo - Infected Bulldog: V4B Bully Antiseptic Extra Strength and V4B Antiseptic Yeasty Bully medicated shampoos - Yeasty Bulldog: V4B Antiseptic Yeasty Bully Medicated Shampoo 2. NO RINSE LOTION & GELS: should be used in between baths. They are extremely easy to use, and no rinsing is needed. - ITCHY BULLDOG: V4B Itchy Bully Gel w/PS - INFECTED BULLDOG: V4B Yeasty Bully Gel - SKINFOLD DERMATITIS BULLDOG: V4B Bully Skin Fold Lotion w/PS 3. AFTER-SHAMPOO CONDITIONER: V4B Bully Hypoallergenic Conditioner. 4. SPRAY & WIPES: Antiseptic, Anti-Yeast Bundle - SPRAY: V4B Bully Skinfold Antiseptic Spray - WIPES: V4B Bully Skinfold Antiseptic Extra Large Wipes and Small Wipes - Anti-Inflammatory & Skin Barrier Repair: V4B Bully Fish Oil EFA chews and Fish Oil EFA softgels - Others: V4B Bully Multivitamins Formula, V4B Bully Pre & Probiotics, V4B Bully Immune Support. - Vit A, Retinoids 5. RX ITCH CONTROL: Often itch control RX is needed at the early intense, acute phase. 6. RX ANTISEPTIC: Often Antibacterial & Antifungal systemic RX are needed during the acute phase to help eliminate the secondary infection. Dr. Kraemer’s V4B Dry Flaky Skin in Bulldogs and French Bulldogs TIPS & WARNINGS: Dry Flaky Skin in Bulldogs and French Bulldogs Tip #1 TOPICALS & SUPPLEMENTS: Topical therapy that includes medicated shampoos, after-shampoo conditioners, No-Rinse mousses, and gels, as well as complementary supplements are critical for the short and long term. - SAFE: They Are Safe, thus can be used long term. - $: They Are Inexpensive. - EASY: They are easy to implement. - CONVENIENT: They are done at home. - TREATS: Supplements are available in chews and given as treats. Dry Flaky Skin in Bulldogs and French Bulldogs Tip #2 SHAMPOOS & CONDITIONERS: Medicated shampoos and conditioners should be used: - FREQUENCY: Bi-weekly during the acute phase, and less frequently thereafter. - CONTACT: Contact before rinsing should be 10-15min. - WATER TEMP: If there is inflammation (redness) you should not bathe with hot/warm water. - IDEAL COMBO: Most times a combination of multiple medicated shampoos, wipes, gels, and sprays is needed. Dry Flaky Skin in Bulldogs and French Bulldogs Tip #3 PRIMARY SEBORRHEA SICCA: - Less common than secondary seborrhea sicca - Genetic/Inherent, thus often shows up at a young age - Same treatment, some might need Vit A, Zinc, Retinoid Dry Flaky Skin in Bulldogs and French Bulldogs Tip #4 SECONDARY ITCHY: common pruritic types are: - Bulldog itch atopic allergic dermatitis - Bulldog food allergy allergic dermatitis - Bulldog flea allergy Dry Flaky Skin in Bulldogs and French Bulldogs Tip #5 SECONDARY NON- ITCHY: common nonpruritic types are: - Bulldog demodex - Bulldog hypothyroid - Bulldog Cushing syndrome - Bulldog dry, non-humid geographic location Dry Flaky Skin in Bulldogs and French Bulldogs Tip #5 TREATMENT DURATION: Treating the acute phase is usually 2-3months in duration pending improvements. Dry Flaky Skin in Bulldogs and French Bulldogs Warning #1 RX ITCH CONTROL: Itch control is critical due to self-trauma and injury to your bulldog’s skin barrier. In severe, acute cases, drugs might be needed to control the itch. Warning, often cortisone/steroids/prednisone are given which are usully effective, nevertheless, over time, they can lead to serious adverse effects. Dry Flaky Skin in Bulldogs and French Bulldogs Warning #2 RX ANTISEPTIC: secondary bacteria (Staphylococcus ) and yeast (Malassezia) infection are common and often require systemic medication. Dry Flaky Skin in Bulldogs and French Bulldogs Warning #3 RX HARMFUL SIDE EFFECTS: Many of the medications (RX) used can lead to side effects over time: - STEROIDS: Steroids can lead to iatrogenic Cushing syndrome and a long list of serious medical problems. - ANTIBIOTICS: Antibiotics can lead to the superbug, multidrug resistant bacteria, MRSP. - ATOPICA: Atopica often causes nausea and diarrhea. - APOQUEL: Apoquel is a possible immune suppressant when given twice a day. All RX can negatively impact your bulldog’s GI microbiome (“good “ gut microflora), which can lead to dysbiosis and leaky gut syndrome. Dry Flaky Skin in Bulldogs and French Bulldogs SUMMARY MUST DO: - TOPICAL & SUPPLEMENTS (NON-PRESCRIPTION): Always implement topical therapy and supplements. - DIAGNOSIS BASED: Systemic RX should be given based on diagnostic testing findings. - PRESCRIPTION RX: RX should be prescribed for maximum impact, at the minimal dosage, and for the shortest optimal duration. In contrast to prescription drugs, topicals such as medicated shampoos and rinses, medicated gels, sprays, wipes, and supplements are all: - SAFE: for long term use - $: inexpensive, affordable - EFFECTIVE: very effective when used correctly - EASY & CONVINENT: used at home and easy to do “An ounce of PREVENTION is worth a pound of CURE”

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7 March, 2019 | Written by: Mark Wakefield Share this post: P-TECH Combines classroom and career training to address tech skills shortage Today, the UK takes an important step in advancing digital skills in education and workforce development, as IBM announced the launch of Pathways in Technology programme, or P-TECH, initially at two schools and one college. P-TECH is a new, non-selective, approach to secondary school education. Established by IBM and local educators in Brooklyn, New York in 2011, the P-TECH model provides students — largely in disadvantaged communities — with a viable career path in today’s increasingly digitised economy. The model combines traditional secondary school approaches with tertiary education, structured work experiences, and paid internship opportunities provided by employer partners. Students will aspire to graduate from the P-TECH programme with a Level 4 qualification, such as BTEC or HNC, that enables them to immediately enter a competitive entry-level job or further pursue higher education. Commenting on the announcement, Margot James MP, Minister for Digital and Creative Industries, Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport, said Margot James, “Developing the next generation of tech talent is vital if we are to maintain our position as a world-leading digital economy. Through IBM’s initiative and our Digital Strategy, we will continue working with industry to inspire the talent of tomorrow and give some of the country’s brightest young minds the chance to learn digital skills and thrive in the future economy.” Scheduled to open its doors this September in the city of Leeds, this is the first P-TECH programme in the UK, and only the second in Europe, following the announcement in Ireland at the end of 2018 that P-TECH would officially launch in 2019. P-TECH is coming to the UK at a pivotal time in education. The European Commission estimates that by 2020 the gap between the demand and supply of ICT specialists in the EU will be around 500,000. Meanwhile, because UK school systems are primarily designed to enable progression to university, many young people can find themselves excluded from professional “new collar jobs” due to a lack of qualifications and employability skills. Speaking about the initiative, Carolyn Fairbairn, Director-General of the CBI, said, “Time and time again, CBI members tell us that one of the biggest challenges they face is access to the right skills as new technologies and demands transform the UK economy. Initiatives like the P-TECH model show businesses are stepping up, equipping young people with the necessary skills to prepare them for the modern world.” Many of these entry-level careers, such as those in areas like cloud computing, cybersecurity and digital design, do not necessarily require a full degree. Apprenticeships and innovative school models like P-TECH, that combine second and tertiary education with applied workplace skills, are proving to be an alternative progression route either into such careers or into university. These routes are often more inclusive, expanding both education and economic opportunity. The P-TECH programme very deliberately seeks to promote social inclusion by focusing on students from underserved backgrounds. Since P-TECH was specifically designed to address the dual challenge of skills shortages and educational disadvantage, it has huge potential to support the UK’s broader skills agenda. For example, a key objective of the UK Government’s Digital Skills Strategy is training 1.2 million people in technical and digital skills by 2022. P-TECH can enable this kind of fast turnaround, as graduates from P-TECH can earn a tertiary qualification and develop the skills required to give them the opportunity to enter the workforce, go on to university or embark on an apprenticeship. The open enrolment concept, with no exam, entrance requirements, or feeds, provide opportunity regardless of the students’ background. Ultimately, by enabling students to earn an advanced qualification, along with the academic, technical and professional skills required for 21st century success, P-TECH puts students in the driver’s seat, empowering them to make the best choices for themselves and their families. Speaking about P-TECH, Julian David, CEO of techUK said, “techUK is delighted to see IBM launch their P-TECH education model here in the UK. The world of work is changing fast and it is heartening to see industry giants like IBM helping the UK prepare for that change by offering new, innovative pathways for students into tech roles. “Today’s digital skills gap is estimated to cost the UK £63bn in lost GDP every year, so with around 7 million AI jobs forecast to be created in the UK alone by 2037, this will require efforts being made now to ensure the UK can meet that need. It is vital that as we close that gap we ensure we do it in a way that increases the diversity of the workforce. IBM’s P-TECH does just this by targeting disadvantaged students who might otherwise never find their way to a career in tech.” By the end of 2019, there will be at least 200 P-TECH schools across 13 countries. Thus far, only a handful of schools have completed the full six years of the model. To date, 185 students have graduated from the most mature schools, and early results show an on-time graduation rate five times the average for low-income students. P-TECH has a set of design principles that are key to successful student outcomes and has been proven in markets as diverse as Australia, Morocco and Taiwan. However, it’s important to recognise that P-TECH does not have a one-size-fits-all approach. While adhering to key tenets, IBM has spent considerable time and effort working with relevant authorities to ensure P-TECH is both compatible with existing education systems and generate results that deliver according to local market needs. Launching the P-TECH model in the UK will be no different, where there will be a strong working relationship with Leeds City Council. Cllr. Judith Blake, Leader of Leeds City Council said on being the 1st UK city to be involved in P-TECH, “We want Leeds to be the best city for children and young people to grow up in, and are very proud to be the first city in the UK to be involved in P-TECH, which we believe has the potential to offer better futures for young people. This innovative and exciting initiative brings together schools, further and higher education establishments and employers to address the skills gap by building a workforce with the technical and professional skills required by businesses in the city. This is vitally important for the future competitiveness and sustainability of Leeds and helps to address the issue of social mobility.” The two schools and one college participating in the UK launch are Cockburn School, Cockburn John Charles Academy and Leeds City College, with strong support from Leeds City Council, the education faculty of Leeds Beckett University (who are evaluating the programme), and critically, the full involvement of employers, including IBM. David Gurney – Executive Headteacher, Cockburn Multi-academy Trust talked about the academy’s pride in being a partner, “I am extremely proud to be a partner in this programme – ‘Working in the spirit of partnership’ is key to the success of the Cockburn Multi-academy Trust. We seek to widen our students’ aspirations, so they can reach destinations that are attainable and fulfilling. P-TECH fits perfectly with our vision of ‘Transformation to Excellence’ that focuses on a relentless drive to continue to improve and excel in all areas.” Rob Dixon – Head of School, Cockburn School was equally confident about P-TECH “Our students have high aspirations and this programme will help to propel them into an industry that is set to shape everyone’s future. I am confident that our work with such excellent education and business partners will lead to success for the children in our Cockburn community and lead them to become successful citizens in the modern world we live in.” Siobhan Roberts – Head of School, Cockburn John Charles Academy said of the initiative, “It is our goal to send every student out into the world ready to play their part and be successful on an increasingly competitive and challenging global stage. The P-Tech programme will place our students at the heart of education and industry and give them a world class educational experience.” Employers are a core element of the P-TECH model. Collectively they will provide students with access to one-to-one mentoring, worksite visits, project days, and paid internships. Further, by employing a P-TECH Fellow, a position that serves as the school-business liaison officer, they will work closely with participating schools to map the skills needed for success in high demand occupations within their sector and adapt the curriculum content accordingly. Ultimately, when students graduate from P-TECH, they will stand “first in line” for jobs with their industry partner – a guarantee of a coveted interview for appropriate opportunities that lead up a career ladder. The success of any P-TECH project depends on this kind of close public-private collaboration, with a shift in mindset and full buy-in from every stakeholder. By securing the commitment of employers, schools and most importantly, the students, P-TECH continues to strengthen ties between education and the economy. Leeds City College CEO and principal of Luminate Education Group, Colin Booth said about P-TECH: “P-TECH is an innovative programme which will establish long-term partnerships between industry, schools, colleges and higher education, giving businesses a chance to play an active role in the learning and career development of their future workforce. Supporting students at school and college to prepare for careers in the tech industry is a regional and national priority. At Leeds City College, we are committed to helping students connect and build relationships with industry partners, where they can engage in hands-on, project-based activities in the classroom and workplace, challenge them to meet their academic potential, and make informed decisions about their future career pathways.” ‘Combining the expertise of excellent local school and college teachers, bespoke digital industrial knowledge from major organisations such as IBM, and the aspirational staff at Leeds Beckett University will lead to a sensational experience for these students. The collaboration between the #PTECHLEEDSUK partners has been an absolute pleasure to be involved with, and will ultimately contribute positively to the educational attainment, employability and future aspiration of youngsters in the Leeds area.’ Dr Steve Burton, Director of Teaching Innovation, Carnegie School of Education, Leeds Beckett University said: “We believe the UK pilot has potential to deliver similar results, and we’re excited to get to work with our P-TECH partners to help the UK’s educationally disadvantaged students and tackle the growing digital skills gap. It is hoped the P-Tech initiative will make a strong contribution to social mobility, as it creates the pathways for progression whilst students are still in school.” ‘This is an exciting project for the Leeds region. The prospect of developing a curriculum which fuses everything that is excellent about education, with bespoke digital and industrial input from organisations such as IBM for local youngsters has enormous potential to improve the life chances of young people in our area.’ Reiterated Professor Damien Page, Dean of Carnegie School of Education, Leeds Beckett University

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Nonverbal Empathic Strategy It was stated that the iatrosedative interview technique is composed of 2 strategies: - a verbal fact-finding interpretive strategy - a nonverbal empathic strategy It was further stated that these were separated for the purpose of discussion but the separation is artificial, since verbal and nonverbal communications are in reality inseparable. The crucial function of nonverbal communication is the transmission of feelings. The major feelings to be communicated to the fearful patient by the doctor are: - attentiveness and concern - acceptance of the patient and his problem - involvement with the intent to help These feelings and nonverbal statements are created through the process of listening, “hearing” what you are listening to, then responding empathetically. Listening is the act of turning your attention to another person and permitting him to speak. “Hearing” is understanding what he is saying. Although these are nonverbal behaviors, they were discussed as part of the verbal factfinding strategy because the “hearing” is a prerequisite for responding by facilitating the telling of the story, offering support and commitment. Reflecting and reacting to the patient’s feelings and story by face, voice and body is responding nonverbally to what one “hears.” The principal factor in listening is being attentive. This requires concentration, discipline and the intentional use of your behavior. Attentiveness is communicated in 2 ways: - Through your physical presence (physical demeanor and posture) - Through your psychological presence (“hearing” the total communication of the patient, both verbal and nonverbal.) Physical Attending Skills The skilled use of one’s face, voice, and body will result in a posture of involvement. This is the medium that will communicate whether you really are or are not involved with your patient. The nonverbal signals you send out will either verify your words of concern and support or belie them. Man’s richest sign system is his head and face. The voice and body have almost as much value as the face in the wordless communication that plays such a powerful role in the creation of an empathic climate in which the doctor and patient will interact. There are many components of nonverbal communication. Some of the significant ones considered here are: - Eye contact - Facial expression - Vocal characteristics - Body orientation - Trunk lean - Proximity (distance) Haase and Teffer carried out research on the nonverbal components of empathic communication. The intent of the study was to explore the relative contribution of verbal and nonverbal behaviors to the communication of empathy. Their findings were: - A verbal message of medium empathic value can be altered favorably by maintaining good eye contact, forward trunk lean, good body orientation, and good distance. - Conversely, high levels of verbal empathy can be reduced to unempathic messages when the communicator utters the message without eye contact, in a backward trunk lean, rotated away from the addressee, and from a far distance. These findings add to the existing knowledge of the power of nonverbal communication, colloquially alluded to as “body language.” Eye contact is a crucial key in the communication system. It is virtually impossible to create a sense of attentiveness and interest in a person if you are not looking at him. “Looking at him” means making eye contact! This mutual looking tends to increase when the participants like each other and when they are involved in their interaction. It lessens when touchy subjects come up or unpleasantness develops between the interactants. A “noncollision course” is taken, a lowering of the eyes, a “dimming of the lights.” Good eye contact does not mean staring or constant eye contact. This is very disconcerting. It should be varied. You should permit your eyes to drift to an object not too far away and then return to the patient. As in all nonverbal behaviors, this should be done naturally, in a relaxed, comfortable manner. The eyes contribute to the facial expression in many ways. For example, in smiling, they can either lend warmth or put a chill on the smile. If when the mouth expresses a smile and there is no expression around the eyes, the smile tends to be “icy”. The face can be the best expression of emotions but it can also be a superb mask. However, it is the most difficult of our nonverbal behaviors to monitor. We are aware of what our eyes are doing, how our voice sounds, what movements we make, but the face is the one expressor from which we get no feedback. Hence, it is the most vulnerable area of our behavior. Many doctors avoid facial risks by wearing a noncommittal mask, a sort of professional “poker face.” Generally, unless one has learned to pay attention to his nonverbal communications, he is almost totally ignorant of his facial behavior. Consequently he may be sending signals facially that he doesn’t intend to, or may be inadequately expressing what he would prefer to say. Facial expressiveness in skilled attending is used in 2 basic ways: (1) to send messages and (2) to respond appropriately to messages being received. When the doctor turns his attention to his patient at their first meeting, the facial signals most people would like to see are warmth, interest and alert intention of being involved. Facial responsiveness should mirror the feelings of the patient to varying degrees; that is, concern should be reflected by concern and not by apathy, a faint smile or exaggerated interest. The face is an instrument of wide range from broad to very subtle communication, some almost imperceptible. It is wise to remember the admonition, “Be careful what you say with your face when talking with your mouth!” The voice can be used like a musical instrument. It alters the meaning of words, either giving the lie to them or making them ring true. In our culture, we ascribe certain characteristics to voice sounds. The voice of authority generally is characterized as being low in pitch, resonant and used with measured tempo. A fast, high-pitched, squeaky voice is often associated with immaturity. In attending, it is desirable to speak at an even tempo with moderate volume, at as low a pitch and with as much resonance as is consistent with your voice. There should be variations of these qualities to reflect and support the meaning of the words. Above all, one must be on guard to avoid mixed messages wherein the voice and the face are saying something different than the words. One of the most common examples of a mixed message is that conveyed by the doctor who, hoping to assure the patient, says with disinterest in his voice and looking away, “Don’t worry, everything will be all right!” One of the more penetrating studies performed to determine which message is dominant when 2 incongruent ones are sent was done by Mehrabian. He set up situations in which the facial and vocal expressions were in conflict with the verbal messages. His conclusions indicate that in the communication of feelings, the words were responsible for only 7 % of the impact, the vocal expressions produced 38% of the effect, and the facial expressions 55%. Hence, if your face and voice do not match your words, you would best say nothing! On the other hand, the verbal promises of help and protection assume greater significance if supported by empathic nonverbal communication. In short, it is how something is said, not what is said that builds or destroys relationships. Facing patients squarely tells them that you intend to pay attention. If you sit with your body rotated away from the patient, you are “turning away”, thus creating an atmosphere of inattentiveness. This inattentive orientation is intensified if your position is at a 90 degree angle or less. In addition, such a position makes good eye contact difficult and strained. If the interview is taking place in the dental treatment room you should be in a position between 7 and 8 o’clock. Should you use your consultation room it would be preferable not to sit behind a desk. Two armchairs can be used in approximately the same position as above. In my opinion the interviews would take place in the treatment room. If the patient is fearful, the operatory may stimulate the expression of anxiety in which case the issue is confronted. Sitting comfortably in a consultation room, which tends to be a more relaxed and social environment, provides little provocation to discuss one’s fears. Body Distance or Proximity How close one sits in a situation such as we are discussing influences the communication. The degree of proximity engenders different feelings in different cultures. Hall reports that most Americans tend to deal with space in the following way: - Intimate zone: ranging from contact to 18 inches. This is the zone for handling secrets and whispered conferences. - Casual-Personal zone: ranging from 1+1/2 to 4 feet. This is the region for normal personal interaction. - Social-Consultative zone: ranging from 4-12 feet. This is the area for handling impersonal business. - Public zone: ranging from 12 feet to the limits of hearing. This is the region of the public speaker addressing an audience. A distance between 3-and-a-half to 6 feet is appropriate when conducting the interview in the dental operatory. The distance will vary depending on your comfort with the patient with whom you are interacting. The more your interest rises, the closer you will tend to be. As with eye contact, facial expression and body orientation, there is the matter of a dynamic process; that is, you should not be fixed and rigid about any of these physical attendance components but maintain a moderate degree of fluidity. A forward lean is a powerful message of interest. Somehow it is difficult to be indifferent while leaning forward and listening to another person. The forward lean of the body is an eloquent statement of attentiveness. The reverse of this, leaning backwards and folding one’s arms, is a statement of casual interest at best and inattentiveness at worst. The trunk lean is an effective facilitator. If a patient is speaking and pauses, merely leaning forward slightly will act as a request to “tell me more.” Not only does it act as the body language of “tell me more”, it also indicates interest and empathy. Another of the many components of “body language” is tactile communication. During an interview, support, concern, and empathy can be conveyed by touching the forearm of the patient. This is the most acceptable and least intimate area of the body for tactile communication. Needless to say, in the clinical encounter tactile communication is constant. The delicacy or roughness of one’s “touch” conveys a great deal of information to the patient about the doctor’s presence and, more significantly, the doctor’s awareness of the patient’s presence.

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The Mystery of Rabbit Poop by Dana Krempels, Ph.D. See original post here: www.bio.miami.edu/hare/poop.html If you have an infant or juvenile rabbit suffering from runny stool, you should consider it a life-threatening emergency requiring immediate veterinary care. CLICK HERE FOR EMERGENCY INFORMATION Unlike most other mammals, lagomorphs (including domestic rabbits) produce two types of droppings, fecal pellets (the round, dry ones you usually see in the litterbox) and cecotropes. The latter are produced in a region of the rabbit's digestive tract called the cecum, a blind-end pouch located at the junction of the small and large intestines. The cecum contains a natural community of bacteria and fungi that provide essential nutrients and may even protect the rabbit from potentially harmful pathogens. How does the rabbit get those essential nutrients? She eats the cecotropes as they exit the anus. The rabbits blissful expression when she's engaging in cecotrophy (the ingestion of cecotropes) will tell you that she finds this anything but disgusting. In fact, rabbits deprived of their cecotropes will eventually succumb to malnutrition. Cecotropes are not feces. They are nutrient-packed dietary items essential to your companion rabbit's good health. A rabbit may produce cecotropes at various times during the day, and this periodicity may vary from rabbit to rabbit. Some produce cecotropes in the late morning, some in the late afternoon, and some at night. In any case, they usually do this when you're not watching (quite polite of them). This might be why some people refer to cecotropes as "night droppings," though cecotropes are not always produced at night. A human face is apparently an excellent and refreshing palate-cleanser, as a favorite activity immediately post-cecotrophy often seems to be "kiss the caregiver." Mmmmmm. Normal Intestinal Products Anyone who lives with a bunny has seen a fecal pellet. These are the small, brown "cocoa puffs" that (we hope) end up in the litterbox. They should be relatively spherical, somewhat dry and friable, and composed mostly of undigested fiber. Rabbits do not ordinarily re-ingest fecal pellets, though a few bunnies seem to enjoy an occasional fecal pellet hors d'ouevre with no harm. A normal cecotrope resembles a dark brown mulberry, or tightly bunched grapes. It is composed of small, soft, shiny pellets, each coated with a layer of rubbery mucus, and pressed into an elongate mass. The cecotrope has a rather pungent odor, as it contains a large mass of beneficial cecal bacteria. When the bunny ingests the cecotrope, the mucus coat helps protect the bacteria as they pass through the stomach, then re-establish in the cecum. Runny Stool: When Things Go Wrong True diarrhea (unformed, watery feces) is relatively rare in adult rabbits. It can be caused by intestinal parasites, such as coccidia (Eimeria spp.), roundworms, tapeworms, or anything that inflames the intestinal lining. Your rabbit-experienced veterinarian will be able to examine a fecal sample (you should probably provide the vet with a fresh sample both fecal and cecal pellets, if possible) to examine them for signs of parasitic infection. More often, true diarrhea is seen in infant and juvenile rabbits. Diarrhea in Baby Rabbits: A Life-Threatening Emergency One of the most common signs associated with sudden death in baby rabbits is diarrhea, which can appear very quickly and kill in a matter of hours. Thus, it is of vital importance that any baby rabbit showing signs of lethargy, inappetence (not wanting to eat), or runny stool be taken immediately to an experienced rabbit veterinarian for emergency, life-saving treatment. Delaying even for an hour or two can mean the difference between life and death. If you cannot find a rabbit-experienced veterinarian, but have an emergency clinic that is willing to accept help from unknown persons on the internet (that would be me), then please print this Emergency Treatment Protocol for Diarrhea in Infant Rabbits. This is a protocol I developed while trying to save wild baby cottontails and hares, and it is the only thing I have found that does save them. I hope no one reading this ever needs it...but it is here, just in case. True diarrhea is more prevalent in baby rabbits than in adults, especially if the babies have been taken from their mother before they are ready for weaning. Sadly, many baby rabbits are weaned too young to be away from their mothers. Instead of being allowed to nurse for a full, normal eight weeks, they are taken away while they are still "cute" and marketable--often as young as four weeks. This can spell death for many of them. Without mother's antibodies, complex organic compounds and proper pH environment her milk provides to help protect the baby's intestines, these babies are highly susceptible to over-proliferation of foreign bacteria. One of the most common culprits of runny stool in baby rabbits is accidental infection by the common human intestinal bacterium, Escherichia coli. This is transmitted from humans to baby rabbits during handling, since these bacteria are all over us, not just in our intestines. Handling an unweaned infant rabbit without properly washing and disinfecting one's hands is a good way to transmit these opportunistic pathogens. Even a loving kiss on a too-young baby rabbit's lips can kill. Until a young rabbit is at least eight weeks old, she should not be taken from her mother, as mama's milk affords protection against E. coli and other bacteria until the baby's own immune system can handle them. Another pathogen that can cause diarrhea in baby rabbits is Eimeria spp., the causative agent of coccidiosis. The reproductive sporocysts of these protist parasites can usually be seen in the feces of the host, so your vet may wish to examine the fecal sample of the affected rabbit for signs of coccidial sporocysts. Unformed Cecotropes: Mushy or Runny Stool Perhaps the most common complaint regarding rabbit health is the problem of mushy or runny stool sticking to the bunny's anal area and creating a nasty, stinky mess. In most cases (in adult rabbits, at least), this mass is made of poorly formed cecotropes that have the consistency of toothpaste, rather than the normal form of bunched, squishy pellets. The cecum is a delicately balanced ecosystem. If the intestine is moving too slowly, or if the rabbit is getting a diet too rich in digestible carbohydrates and too low in crude fiber, the complex population of bacteria in the cecum can become "unbalanced." This condition is known as cecal dysbiosis. Cecal dysbiosis means that the beneficial bacteria (e.g., Bacteroides spp. and a variety of others, including archaeans) are outcompeted and outnumbered by less desirable inhabitants such as yeast (a fungus, usually Saccharomycopsis sp.) or even very harmful bacteria such as Clostridium spp., related to the ones that cause tetanus and botulism. A rabbit suffering from cecal dysbiosis will produce cecotropes that are mushy, pasty or even liquid. They are usually quite foul-smelling, and often stick to the bunny's back end in great, nasty clumps. These unformed cecotropes are not a primary disease, however. They are a symptom of a disorder somewhere in the bunny's system. In order to solve the runny stool problem, the underlying cause must be addressed. Common Causes of Runny Stool in Infant and Juvenile Rabbits Weaning Too Young If the bunny suffering from runny stool is a baby, how old is he? If younger than eight weeks, and no longer with his mother, his runny stool problem may be due to his being weaned too young. Many pet stores will (illegally) sell rabbits younger than eight weeks of age (some as young as four weeks), because that is when they are still "cute" and more apt to be purchased on a whim. Sadly, many of these babies are doomed to succumb to intestinal disorders. Unlike most mammals, baby rabbits have a sterile lower intestine until they begin to eat solid food at the age of 3-4 weeks. It is during this time that their intestines are at their most vulnerable: the babies need their mother's milk, which changes pH and provides vital antibodies that help the baby gradually adjust to his changing intestinal environment, to protect them against newly introduced microorganisms. Without mother's milk, a baby starting to eat solid food is highly susceptible to bacterial enteritis (inflammation of the intestinal lining), which can cause fatal diarrhea. Runny stool in a baby rabbit should be considered a life-threatening emergency, and anyone seeing this should contact a rabbit-savvy veterinarian immediately, and consult the Emergency Treatment Protocol for Diarrhea in Infant and Juvenile Rabbits to be well-informed about questions to ask the vet. As mentioned before, coccidial infection is common in some areas, and some vets will simply treat a baby rabbit's diarrhea as coccidia, even without a fecal test. Common antibiotics used to treat coccidia include Albon (sulfadimethoxine) and the potentiated sulfas, such as Trimethoprim Sulfa (TMZ) or Bactrim. However, we have found a more recently developed drug, ponazuril to be far superior to the aforementioned sulfa antibiotics. It eliminates the parasites in a matter of days, rather than weeks. Common Causes of Runny Stool in Adult Rabbits An overweight rabbit may produce normally formed cecotropes, but because she cannot properly reach down to grab them as they emerge from the chute, these soft pellets can become squashed under the bunny as she flexes and bends around to get them. Weight reduction is the answer here, and this is as difficult for rabbits as it is for humans. Eliminating commercial pellets, or at least switching to a high-fiber, low-calorie timothy-based pellet can make a great difference. Replace any starchy treats with fresh herb treats. And, painful as it may be, exercise is one of the best ways to burn more calories than bunny takes in. As we all should know, that's the bottom line when it comes to slimming down. Arthritis or other Skeletal Disorders Similarly, a rabbit who is suffering from degenerative joint problems in the spine, hips, or other areas, may not be able to reach cecotropes easily. He ends up sitting on some of them, and squashing them into his fur. Arthritis can be treated by your veterinarian. Common remedies include various NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs), and glucosamine supplements such as Cetyl-M or myristol. Rabbits, like horses and cattle, are strict herbivores. The rabbit intestine--and its normal bacterial flora--has evolved to feed almost exclusively on grass and herbs. >br> Does your rabbit get starchy treats such as oatmeal, crackers, bread or sweets? Some rabbits with very sensitive intestines can suffer from runny cecotropes even from commercial pellets. Fruit, as healthy as it is for humans, can be too much of a good thing for rabbits. The high level of sugar and starch in table fruit makes them too rich for a bunny except as a very small, occasional treat. A diet too rich in digestible starch is one of the most common causes of runny cecotropes in companion rabbits. Insufficient Indigestible Fiber A rabbit should be fed unlimited grass hay, such as timothy, brome, wheat or oat. Alfalfa hay is too rich in calories and protein for daily feeding. A rabbit who cannot nibble constantly on high-fiber grass or hay may suffer from a lack of tonus in the gut muscles. Normal peristalsis (muscular movements that push food through the gut) may become sluggish. This causes the passage of food through the cecum to slow down, and the normal rate of bacterial "flushing" from the cecum is disrupted, promoting cecal dysbiosis. The high fiber content of grass hay also helps to "dilute" the starch of other dietary items, and helps to provide a healthy intestinal environment. A complete and healthy diet is truly key to preventing intestinal problems such as cecal dysbiosis (and its associated mushy stool). Hidden Health Problems When a rabbit is ill, in pain, or is suffering from emotional stress, a typical physiological response is slowing of the normal peristaltic movements of the intestine. This results in cecal dysbiosis, with all the accompanying problems of runny stool, and possible inflammation of the intestinal lining (enteritis). Some of the most common causes of intestinal slowdown (and hence, cecal dysbiosis) in rabbits include pain/stress due to: Any of these conditions must be diagnosed and treated by a rabbit-savvy veterinarian familiar with such problems and their appropriate treatment. Until a cryptic health disorder is diagnosed and treated, chronic runny stool will likely persist. Therefore, it's wise to have your messy-bottomed bunny undergo a thorough wellness check, especially if his diet and weight are normal and healthy. Once an underlying source of pain/stress is treated, the runny stool often resolves on its own. But if the condition is not treated, it can progress and eventually result in a potentially life-threatening condition, ileus, or GI stasis, in which peristalsis stops completely. Keeping Bunny Comfortable in the Meantime While you and your veterinarian are treating the problems that caused the runny stool, it's still important to keep the bunny clean and comfortable. Dried cecotropes stuck to the rear end are not only smelly and uncomfortable, they also attract flies, and can result in life-threatening fly strike. To prevent this, be sure to learn how to give your bunny a butt bath--SAFELY. Resolving runny stool in a rabbit is not always a simple matter. It may require dietary changes, good husbandry, and sometimes extensive diagnostic work and treatment by your veterinarian. But it will all be worth it for a long life filled with happy, nose-wiggling love and a nice, clean bum. Return to Rabbit Poop and Digestion

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Phobia and Fear Treatment Cardiff Definition of phobia and fear Phobia and fear treatment Cardiff: Fear is a natural emotion that helps protect you from imminent or real danger. A phobia is an anxiety disorder that causes you to feel intense fear of an object, situation, place, or living organism. In contrast to the level of danger commonly felt with a fear, the reaction with a phobia is more severe, usually triggering a panic attack. With a fear you may cautiously interact with the object or situation but with a phobia, the intensity of your anxiety influences the way that you lead your life. When you have a phobia, you mould your lifestyle to avoid the object or situation, even though the imagined danger is usually far greater than it actually is in reality. How common are phobias? Some phobias that develop during childhood can be short term and can disappear within a few months. However, 80% of phobias that progress into adulthood can become chronic and need to be treated. Approximately 10 million people in the UK have a phobia, and the sufferers can be of any age, sex, and social background. You may feel embarrassed about having a phobia, but you are certainly not alone however remote your phobia might be. Phobia and fear treatment Cardiff: Types of phobias Phobias can be divided into 2 main types: - Specific or simple phobias - Complex phobias Specific or Simple Phobias Specific or simple phobias are an irrational fear caused by the thought or presence of a single specific object or situation. The phobia usually develops at a young age, and as you grow into adulthood, its intensity may become less severe. As an adult with a phobia, you can appreciate that your panic reaction is usually disproportionate to the actual danger you are in, but you are still unable to prevent your reaction from overwhelming you. Specific or simple divided into the following types: - Animal phobias: these are the most common, and can include being afraid of anything living such as a fear of spiders (arachnophobia), fear of dogs (cynophobia), fear of snakes (ophidiophobia) or a fear of insects (entomophobia). - Situational phobias: these can occur in response to a specific situation such as a fear of flying (aerophobia), fear of visiting the dentist (dentophobia), or fear of being in enclosed spaces (claustrophobia). - Natural environment phobias: these can include examples such as a fear of water (hydrophobia), fear of heights (acrophobia), fear of storms (astraphobia), or a fear of contamination or germs (mysophobia). - Blood-injection-injury phobias: this category can include a fear of blood (haemophobia), a fear of needles or invasive medical procedures (trypnophobia) and fear of injury (traumatophobia). These are specific fears that evoke the emotion of disgust and anxiety. They can also cause a further fear of fainting. - Other phobias: these can include various fears such as a fear of falling (basophobia) or fear of costumed characters such as clowns (coulrophobia). These phobias have an overwhelming effect on an individual’s life and mostly develop during teenagehood and adulthood, although the roots of the phobia can be caused in childhood. These are commonly divided into 2 types: Social phobia: This is also known as Social Anxiety Disorder, and is affiliated with feeling extremely shy or anxious in social situations. With a social phobia, your “danger” is focused on another person’s negative reaction. Thus, you fear embarrassment, humiliation, attention, judgement and intimidation from other people. In its generalised form, all aspects of social interaction are affected by anxiety and can also be combined with introversion where you feel even more anxious in the presence of larger groups. In its specific form, social phobia can affect individual situations such as meeting new people or eating in public. It can also be characterised by performance anxiety situations e.g. when public speaking (or performing in front of an audience), during exams, interviews, in sports performance and in sexual performance situations. When you have an individual phobia and a social phobia to cope with, the social phobia adds another layer of “embarrassment” anxiety. You fear drawing negative attention to yourself with a public display of your panic attack. With an individual phobia and social phobia, great effort is also placed on hiding your anxiety symptoms, since you don’t know who to trust with this information or whether you will be taunted or bullied by your peers. Agoraphobia: Agoraphobia is commonly associated with the fear of open spaces but can include numerous fears which ultimately leave the sufferer housebound. Before a complex agoraphobia develops, individual phobias and/or a social phobia may combine to gradually affect the sufferer. Other fears that can activate the agoraphobia include a fear of loneliness (monophobia), a fear of confined spaces (claustrophobia) which conditions a hurried exit from the situation to a safe place (usually your home), and health anxiety (hyperchondriasis) – the fear of that your anxiety symptom is a more harmful condition. As these fears and avoidance strategies progress, panic disorder can surface where the panic attacks can seem random and unexpected. Your home becomes the “safe place”, but journeys from home can vary from individual to individual depending on the method of travel, distance from home, the activity upon arrival, the situation, time of day, whether you can trust your company during the journey and/or upon arrival. When agoraphobia is untreated, the anticipation of leaving the house can trigger the panic attacks meaning that your home is no longer your safe place. Phobia and fear treatment Cardiff: What causes a phobia? There are numerous causes of a phobia ranging from direct trauma, parental influences and genetics. Follow this link more information on the causes of a phobia. Diagnosis and prognosis of a phobia Most specific or individual phobias are not formally diagnosed by a doctor. As the condition develops in childhood, you are often told by parents or other authority figures that you have a phobia. As a young child, you live “within” the condition, guided by your parents’ reactions and management of your phobia. Their diagnosis or lack of diagnosis could be influenced by the existence of their own phobias which biases their reaction to you e.g. if they have a social phobia they are more likely to protect you from embarrassment, advising you to avoid a social situations where you could be exposed to “embarrassment” harm. Following their informal diagnosis and you grow older as a child, you will then research your own condition for confirmation of your behaviour, symptoms and potential coping strategies. Avoidance is the common short-term coping strategy but each retreat only serves to reinforce the power of the phobia over you. Shock is a common reaction to the diagnosis of a condition as you begin to come to terms with the full meaning of a phobia. As a growing child, avoidance may continue to dominate your behaviour even with your progressive understanding of the phobia. Assessing possible solutions to your phobia can be met with indecision because the commitment necessary to confront it can build anticipatory anxiety when the situation beckons. The accumulation of anticipatory anxiety itself can “flood” your response to the phobic situation, overwhelm you and create yet another traumatic setback in your self help phobia treatment plan; your anticipatory anxiety feelings justify your avoidance instincts. Fear of embarrassment may play a central role in the prognosis of a simple phobia through teenagehood as your value system shifts towards the approval of your peers. Again with a social phobia you can rationally understand how it is affecting you, yet still feel helpless to deal with the negative attention that it can generate. Between teenagehood and adulthood, some phobia sufferers can react with denial or shame until you are able to fully accept how the condition is affecting you. To admit that you have anxiety might be considered a weakness by your peers and be a target for bullying. This adds more anxiety in those situations where your panic reaction could be visible to your peers e.g. when speaking in public. A fear of public speaking (glossophobia) is a demanding situation for many people. When you add social anxiety, it can expose the common social phobia symptoms like blushing and shaking to your peer audience. It can also affect the control of your speech with tension felt in the diaphragm and vocal chords, leaving you breathless when you are desperately trying to sound confident. The effort to suppress these symptoms becomes a distraction to the skills needed to speak in public, but are considered the priority for the social phobia sufferer. A fear of public speaking is a phobic situation that can span school, undergraduate study and your adult career. Public speaking traumas from school can leave avoidance footprints throughout this period, influencing you to avoid undergraduate presentation tasks, or job applications (or promotions) that specify public speaking in the new role. Where there is the opportunity to delegate, you will justify it as being good development for the subordinate staff. If the growing need to confront your phobia hasn’t sabotaged your career opportunities, the damage that it can do to your relationships may serve as a “wake up call” to treat certain phobias. In a new relation, the early motivation of the “honeymoon period” can easily mask a deeper social phobia, with shyness appearing as an endearing quality. During this stage of relationship bliss, the anxiety is temporarily “transferred” to your partner as you both push emotional boundaries and are being supported by the other partner to be your “best” person. As the honeymoon period fades, the social anxiety “returns” to its original owner with the declining desire to socialise if the social phobia has not been overcome. The social phobic partner hopes that their gregarious partner is accepting of these changing relationship dynamics or the relationship can be strained with a diminishing desire to socialise together. Even a flying phobia can impact on a couple’s holiday arrangements and be a source of relationship break down for intolerant partners. Indeed, there are solutions to enjoy holidays together without the need for flying, but the pressure to overcome a phobia is again brought into the limelight with a new family. Parents are aware of how young children can easily learn and imitate phobic behaviour. In an attempt to avoid guilt and shame, this can be a time to motivate the phobic parent to confront the phobia. A phobia held for many years is still treatable, but the treatment now has a long history of conditioned avoidance to work through. The treatment also has to take into consideration the time pressures of working and a family lifestyle that limit the time necessary for graduated exposure to the phobia and its benefits to alleviate it. During adulthood, the consolidation of personality traits and other mental health conditions can reinforce the affects of a phobia e.g. anger may be communicated as a defence strategy to mask the embarrassment of the phobia or some OCD issues can attach themselves to the phobia forming deeper ritualised patterns of avoidance. But despite the potential restrictions that a phobia can cause you, your family and your lifestyle, the growing awareness and tolerance of a phobia as a mental health issue can mean that your phobia can still be supported. As you learn to live with your phobia and justify your avoidance, those people close to you can, where possible, change their lives so that you are protected from the distress of your panic attack. What are the major common symptoms of a phobia? A panic attack is the acute anxiety condition common with all phobias. You can feel specific symptoms whenever you encounter the object or situation of your phobia. In some cases, you can also experience milder symptoms just by thinking about that object or situation. The severity of your individual anxiety symptoms can vary from person to person. Psychological anxiety symptoms can include: - Extreme feelings of fear: these will be intensified as you get closer to your specific phobia object or situation. - Irrational thoughts: you can appreciate that what you fear does not affect other people in the same way; and that the likelihood that the feared experience is going to actually happen is very remote; and that your fearful reaction is usually disproportionate to the degree of actual harm that you are in, yet this still does not alleviate the severity of your response. - Hopelessness, frustration and confusion: the conflict of these emotions tearing away at your mind can leave you feeling helpless, anxious and embarrassed. Physical anxiety symptoms can include: - Dizziness, light headedness, and nausea when facing your phobia. - Excessive sweating and an increase in heart rate/palpitations. - Shortness of breath and shaking. - An upset stomach (nervous diarrhoea) or IBS is also a common. Phobia and fear treatment Cardiff: Common Phobia Treatments For many people the common self help phobia treatment is avoidance. If the phobic object or situation rarely affects your life then avoiding it (in the short term) will give you a feeling of control. Connected to avoidance is delegation with certain specific phobias. Getting someone else to remove a spider with a spider phobia (in the short term) is an effective way of minimising anxiety. Changing your lifestyle to minimise exposure can seem drastic to non-phobia sufferers but would only be done out of necessity to reduce long term suffering. After avoidance, delegation and lifestyle changes to minimise exposure, the next level of treatment approach can include a combination of attending self-help groups and self-initiated exposure therapy. With simple phobias, creating a hierarchy of graduated exposure situations can take time to work through but with the effective use of relaxed breathing techniques or mindfulness, it can prevent the “flooding” of intense anxiety. Flooding (when the participant is not prepared) can cause traumatising setbacks in the alleviation of a phobia. Complex phobias and agoraphobia are usually more difficult for the sufferer to objectively confront and work through by yourself, unless you understand your belief system and can stage graduated exposure situations that don’t generate internal conflicts. This is where certain talking therapies like counselling or CBT can be helpful, creating an understanding of your beliefs and conflicts so that you can then progressively confront your phobia. Medication such as tranquilisers is not usually helpful for phobias but they can reduce the short term effect of a recent traumatic exposure of anxiety. Beta-blockers can reduce the effect of panic when you know that you are about to confront a phobic situation e.g. when public speaking. Antidepressants are more beneficial with certain long terms situations found with complex phobias and agoraphobia. The use of any medication should be done in consultation with your GP. Phobia and fear treatment Cardiff: Treating phobias using Hypnotherapy You may tell yourself that the source of your phobia does not pose an actual threat, however, your mind and body will still react with fear because your phobic reaction exists at the subconscious level. Hypnotherapy is a technique that allows you to understand and disconnect the cause of your phobia. It can help you communicate with your subconscious mind to change how you feel towards the phobia. Under hypnosis, you will feel extremely relaxed while still being in control allowing you to confront your fears without actual exposure trauma. Follow this link for more information on how you can treat your phobia and fear with hypnotherapy. Phobia and fear treatment Cardiff: for more information contact Richard J D’Souza Hypnotherapy Cardiff

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One autumn afternoon, the kids who normally rush inside to participate in math circle activities with Maria Droujkova lingered outdoors instead. She discovered them sitting in a large pile of leaves under an oak tree. There the 5- to 7-year-olds were speculating how many leaves were on the ground. Counting them one by one proved futile. So Maria helped the children pile leaves into groups of ten, then measure out 100 piles of 10, fitting them into a small box. Filling that box ten times and then emptying the leaves in a pot gave them approximately 10,000. Ten of those pots filled with leaves fit into a recycling container, for an approximate count of 100,000 leaves. After the kids filled the recycling container 10 times (handily emptying it into a compost pile) they could reasonably estimate that about a million oak leaves had been on the ground. Maria says the kids were expansive throughout, full of questions and theories, and “kept that first charge of joy from the sun and the leaves for the whole hour.” They never did get back indoors to take part in the activity she’d planned. Maria is an innovative math educator. She is an expert in building natural mathematical understanding from the earliest years on up through hands-on, open-ended activities. The collaborative site she founded, Natural Math, is dedicated to sharing play-based, deep-inquiry math endeavors through all sorts of resources that empower parents, teachers, and kids to make their own mathematics. Foremost is a series of project-based books for families and math circles. The first title is Moebius Noodles: Adventurous Math for the Playground Crowd, aimed at children from toddlerhood to five years old. The book’s delights include robot commands and mirror books. Now with eight titles published and more in progress, the newest book offered is Funville Adventures by A.O Fradkin and A.B. Bishop. Funville Adventures takes readers along with nine-year-old Emmy and her five-year-old brother Leo to a magical place where beings have the power to transform objects. One never knows when something will be shrunk, copied, erased, even turned into an elephant. The sibling have fun creatively solving problems and learning a thing or two about themselves in the process. The book seems like a fairy tale, yet the powers of the Funvillians are a vehicle for introducing children to the concept of functions. Each power corresponds to a transformation such as doubling in size, rotating, copying, or changing color. The authors bring their own math “powers” to the story. Here’s a little about the co-authors. Dr. Sasha Fradkin has loved math from an early age, and seeks to share that love of math with others. After receiving her PhD in mathematics from Princeton University, she worked for several years as a professional mathematician and taught enrichment math at the Golden Key Russian School to children ages 4-10. Last year, Sasha became the Head of Math at the Main Line Classical Academy, an elementary school in Bryn Mawr, PA. She develops their math curriculum and teaches children in grades K-5. She writes a blog about her teaching as well as various math adventures with her two daughters, and enjoys pondering about exciting and engaging ways to present the beauty of mathematics to young children. Dr. Allison Bishop grew up with a passion for writing, and initially disliked math because it was presented as formulaic. She belatedly discovered the creative side of mathematics and science, and now sees it as a vital component of the curiosity that drives her life. She is currently a professor of computer science at Columbia University as well as a quantitative researcher at the Investors Exchange. She remains an avid fiction enthusiast and writer, and is always seeking new ways to expose young minds to creative mathematical thinking and fuel their scientific curiosity. The paradigm in math education is shifting. Let’s find out more in an interview with Sasha, Allison, and Maria. Laura: Can you tell us a bit of your own story and what led you to this work? Maria: My story keeps changing. Growth requires better stories, right? It used to be about me, a little girl from a little Ukrainian town who wanted to be a scientist like the cool sci-fi characters, when she grows up. Now I am also a parent, a teacher, and a community organizer, and my story is about many people. It is a story about people’s access to real math and science. I work on helping my young friends and their adults be mathematicians – not when they grow up, but here, now, in their own ways. Let’s say we make functions and functionals into fantastic creatures that five-year-olds find friendly enough. That’s what Funville Adventures is all about. What other groups of people now gain access to this abstract algebra? Maybe math-phobic adults, or those working in their second language, or people with learning disabilities? Maybe tired people who work long hours and only have a bit of time late at night? That dream of radical access to math is what’s guiding my projects. Sasha: Growing up, I loved the math puzzles that my dad shared with me but found most of my math classes in school dry and repetitive. I was determined to share the exciting and creative side of math with my children and their friends from an early age. My older daughter, who loves turning everything into a story, inspired me to think about presenting math through storytelling and that is how the idea for Funville Adventures was born. Allison: As a young student, I loved creative writing and hated math because it seemed too formulaic. I want to help kids discover the creative side of mathematics and science at an earlier age than I did. Laura: Let’s start with Moebius Noodles. In the introduction, math is described as an exciting and enticingly exotic adventure that’s too often simplified into rote busy work. “It is as tragic as if parents were to read nothing but the alphabet to children, until they are ‘ready’ for something more complex. Or if kids had to learn ‘The Itsy-Bitsy Spider’ by heart before being allowed to listen to any more involved music.” Tell us more about natural math. Maria: Natural Math is about people making mathematics their own, by posing their own problems, pursuing their own projects, and remixing other people’s activities in personally meaningful ways. We believe that “learning math” means two things—developing mathematical state of mind and acquiring mathematical skills. The question of how to mix skills and concepts in learning programs is very complex, and the debates are hot among researchers, parents, and curriculum developers. The Natural Math path integrates the two in the following ways. Within each context of mathematics, we start with open free play, with inspiring prompts and ideas that gently help children make patterns and rules. This is the stage where concepts are born, grounded in embodied experiences. When kids doodle fractal hands or stick their noses inside mirror books to peek into kaleidoscope wonderlands, they are playing freely at first. Then children begin to notice, tweak, remix mathematical patterns, and we help them formulate and name their math. Fractals have levels, and the number of objects at the third level is traditionally called “the third power”—but kids often name these tiny objects “grandchildren” of the first-level object. At this stage of “patterning” children hone their skills, because they need more precision and structure to carry on the patterns. You could ask a kid at this stage to show you 3 x 4 with the mirror book (possibly using kid’s own terms), and you’ll see mirrors at the 90-degree angle with 3 action figures inside. The infinite road to mathematical mastery is in comparing, contrasting, and organizing these mathematical patterns, and building structures out of patterns. For example, could you connect fractal with mirror book patterns? You can, if you used two mirror books in front of one another to introduce scale into reflections. Laura: Maria, you were featured in a popular article in The Atlantic titled “5-Year-Olds Can learn Calculus.” In it you explain that math instruction traditionally follows a hierarchical progression that, as you say, “Has nothing to do with how people think, how children grow and learn, or how mathematics is built.” You point out that the standard curriculum starts out with arithmetic which is actually more difficult for children than play-based activities based on more advanced fields of mathematics. You’re quoted as saying, “Calculations kids are forced to do are often so developmentally inappropriate, the experience amounts to torture.” How do books like Funville Adventures approach math differently? Maria: Stories, pretend-play, and imagination! These are keys to growth. Let’s hear more from Funville authors. Sasha and Allison: In Funville, kids will encounter math under the surface of an engaging story, which will naturally appeal to some kids who might not connect with the more traditional way that mathematics is often taught. Readers will see examples of problem-solving throughout the narrative, and will have plenty of material as a jumping off point to invent their own characters and stories. Since many kids love coming up with stories already, linking mathematical functions to “powers” that characters can have presents them with a new opportunity to interact with math through storytelling. Laura: Bringing autonomy and fun to math is revolutionary in an era when parents feel pressured to push math on even the smallest kids via apps, educational toys, and academic preschools. Your books and Pinterest page offer wonderful ideas. Please give us a few examples of advanced yet playful math for kids of different ages. Maria: Most parents we talk to, including the ones who work in STEM fields, tell us that their math education wasn’t satisfying. They want their kids to have something better: to see mathematics as beautiful, meaningful, and useful, and not to suffer from math anxiety and defeat. The two major ways the markets respond to these worries and dreams are via edutainment toys and games, and private early teaching in academic settings. We suggest a different approach, centered on families and communities. We introduce advanced math through free play. Formal academic environments or skill-training software can’t support free play, but friends and family can. Mathematics is about noticing patterns and making rules that describe and predict these patterns. Observe children playing in a sandbox. At first it doesn’t look meaningful. But in a little while kids make up elaborate stories, develop a set of rules, and plan for what’s going to happen next. In a sense, what we do with math is setting up sandboxes where particular types of mathematical play can grow and emerge. Sasha and Allison: The concept of functions is very fundamental and can be studies/played with on many different levels, starting at a very young age. After reading Funville Adventures, children can play games such as “Guess My Power” where one person comes up with a power and others try to guess it by asking for outputs for given inputs and/or by asking questions about the characteristics of the underlying function such as: Is it invertible? What is the domain? Is it periodic? Here are more examples: - Logic puzzles: Both of us really enjoyed engaging with problem-solving through logic puzzles when we were in elementary and middle school. - Sports math: A kid who likes to watch or play a particular sport might be encouraged to discover patterns in the many numbers and statistics surrounding it. Certain point totals in football are much more common than others – why? How many ways can one reach a score like 21? If two baseball teams are evenly matched and play n games, how close to n/2 do you expect the win totals to be and why? - Patterns in music and art: Older kids who like music can learn about the basic patterns of chords underlying popular songs. Children can learn the mathematics of juggling patterns, or how to make art based on fractals or tiling. - Estimation: Kids of many ages can learn through experiments how to estimate quantities like Pi, or how to guess how many M&Ms are in a jar. They can then learn how to extrapolate estimations to quantities they can’t test experimentally, like how many cars are in a city, or how many workers it should take to do a census, etc. Laura: On NaturalMath.com, you write about a community of people sharing naturally math-rich and meaningful activities for children from babyhood on. We’d love to hear about math circles and what you mean by math communities. Maria: It takes friendly local people to support mathematical free play: to provide inspiring prompts, to get the action going, and to know when to stand aside and let kids explore on their own. Making, collecting, and remixing patterns depends on other pattern-drafters even more. Parents and teachers need to meet like-minded people to share ideas and encouragement. That brings us to math playdates and math circles. There are quite a few math circles for middle and high school students, for example, in the National Association of Math Circles. It’s harder to find math circles for younger kids, or toddler and parent playgroups. Each circle develops its own flavor, and its own lore—the little patterns of play, sayings, and favorite activities. Some of these treasures have to stay local and intimate, but we believe the ideas, experiences, questions and answers could be shared more broadly. NAMC math circle conferences, Julia Robinson festivals, or the Natural Math network called 1001 Math Circles help local leaders grow together. Laura: Tell us about the Creative Commons nature of Natural Math books. Maria: We need this openness, because families, math circles, and other groups in our community are very diverse. Some use the activities as is, but the point is to change, remix, translate, and modify everything to better fit each unique situation. Storytelling and pretend-play are modifications almost everyone uses. We believe in compelling reasons behind each math activity, but what story is compelling depends on the child. Parents and caregivers change settings and characters: a function machine can be used to magically grow and shrink heroes in a fairy tale, or it can provide enough feed for animals of different sizes at a zoo, or it can fuel starships in a sci-fi setting. Another modification is about tools and media. Our original activity might call for painting, but kids who don’t like to paint can use clay, or building blocks, or flower arrangements. We try to give specific hints for different media, for example that a symmetry activity requires a lot of folds, so you are better off with thin paper. But we want everyone to experiment on their own, like in this large crowd-sourced collection of multiplication towers. After Funville Adventures came out, readers started to create fan stories and art about their own Funvillians. For example, Dylan has a tall hairdo and too-long shirt because his power is dilation. You can see some of fan works in the book’s web tour. Laura: All sorts of projects are in the works through the community incubator, where teams of authors develop books with crowd-sourced input. Tell us more about this approach and other Natural Math books we can read, use, and share. Maria: We developed a community support mechanism for producing Moebius Noodles. It boosted the book’s quality, and was a source of morale to us, so we kept it going to help other authors with their projects. The idea is to grow books in the nurturing ecosystem of people who care. Two to three coauthors, or else an author with a developmental editor, make the first draft. That stage is intense and private: brainstorming, building, bouncing ideas. Then a few more like-minded colleagues, who work on similar ideas themselves, join as advisors and reviewers. With their feedback, the draft is ready for “beta reader circle”—a more open field test of activities from the book by parents and teachers, sometimes combined with crowd-funding. More revisions, more discussions with other Natural Math writers and readers—and the book is ready to go out to everyone. We see publishing as a gradual, participatory, ongoing process where ideas grow more and more accessible to wider and wider public. Our newest book created with this model is Math Renaissance: Growing Math Circles, Changing Classrooms, and Creating Sustainable Math Education by Rodi and Rachel Steinig. It is for teachers and parents of children ages six and up. The authors share their insights on how math experience might be improved at home, school, and math circle. Check out other Natural Math books at the web site. Funville Adventures by A.O Fradkin and A.B. Bishop Avoid Hard Work! … And Other Encouraging Problem-Solving Tips for the Young, the Very Young, and the Young at Heart by Maria Droujkova, James Tanton, and Yelena McManaman Socks Are Like Pants, Cats Are Like Dogs: Games, Puzzles, and Activities for Choosing, Identifying, and Sorting Math by Malke Rosenfeld and Gordon Hamilton. Playing with Math: Stories from Math Circles, Homeschoolers, and Passionate Teachers edited by Sue VanHattum Bright, Brave, Open Minds: Engaging Young Children in Math Inquiry by Julia Brodsky Camp Logic: A Week of Logic Games and Activities for Young People by Mark Saul and Sian Zelbo Moebius Noodles: Adventurous Math for the Playground Crowd by Yelena McManaman and Maria Droujkova Here’s to more math adventures!

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Anglo-Saxon, Asparagus, brunch, Butter, Eggs, foraging, history, Hollandaise Sauce, Kent, local history, madame de pompadour, Poached eggs, Ramsgate, Roman, Rose Farm Shop, Seasonal vegetables, Sevenscore Asparagus Farm, Spring Vegetables, Thanet, Wild Fennel Asparagus is a tasty and versatile spring vegetable that can be prepared and served in a number of ways. Although it is now possible to source the vegetable in the supermarkets throughout the year, traditionally the asparagus season is a short one and in the United Kingdom is at its best during the month of May. Asparagus is an herbaceous, perennial plant growing to a height of 100-150cm (39”-59”) with thick stems and multi-branched, feathery foliage. The asparagus plants native to Western Europe – from northern Spain to northwest Germany, Northern Ireland and Great Britain, are labelled Asparagus officinalis subspecies prostratus dumort and distinguished by their low-growing, often horizontal stems which grow to only 30-70 cm (12 -28”) tall. Sometimes it is treated as a distinct species, Asparagus prostratus Dumort. Asparagus has a distinct flavour and a long history. It has been used for centuries both as a vegetable and in medicine due to its diuretic properties and reputation as an aphrodisiac. It is depicted as an offering on an Ancient Egyptian frieze dating to 3000BC and was also well-known in Syria and in Spain. The Ancient Greeks and Romans ate it fresh when in season and would also dry it for culinary use in winter. High up in the Alps Roman Epicureans froze asparagus spears for the Feast of Epicurus while the Emperor Augustus created an “Asparagus Fleet” for carrying the vegetable and introduced the term “faster than cooking asparagus” for quick action. One of the oldest-surviving recipes for asparagus dates back to the third century BC in ancient Rome. In the second century BC, the highly-respected Greek physician Galen noted asparagus as a beneficial herb but its popularity waned with the demise of the Roman Empire until the 15th century when the Arabic author Muhammed Al-Nafzawi wrote about it in his erotic literature “The Perfumed Garden”, discussing the aphrodisiacal power of asparagus; meanwhile, the Indian sex-handbook “Ananga Ranga” mentions the “special phosphorous elements” of asparagus that help to overcome fatigue. In Medieval times, French monasteries started cultivating asparagus by 1469, though the vegetable was overlooked in England until 1538 and in Germany until 1532. The asparagus tips, or points d’amour, were served as a delicacy to Madame de Pompadour, otherwise known as Jeanne Antionette Poisson or the Marquise de Pompadour. This lady of renowned beauty and influential patron of the arts was the official mistress and confidante of King Louis XV of France and led a colourful life during her 41 years, eventually consumed by tuberculosis. The European settlers brought asparagus to the shores of North America circa 1655 when Adriaen van der Donck, a Dutchman who immigrated to New Netherland, mentions the vegetable in his account of Dutch farming practices in the New World. British immigrants also cultivated asparagus and in 1685 in Pennsylvania, William Penn advertised asparagus in a long list of crops that flourished in the North American climate. I currently live in East Kent in the south-east of England and Kent itself is known as “the garden county of England” due to its abundance of fruit- and vegetable-growing, hop-gardens and vineyards and rich agricultural pasture that flourish in the temperate climate. Some 28% of the county forms two Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, being the North Downs and the High Weald, whilst reaching out as far as the coast. Our local asparagus farm is Sevenscore, near Ramsgate on the Isle of Thanet. Thanet is an island at the most easterly point of Kent approximately 30 miles from France, and was once separated from the English mainland by the 600m-wide Wantsum Channel which over the centuries gradually became silted up. Archeological evidence reveals that Thanet was inhabited by ancient peoples, including Bronze and Iron Age, who spoke a Celtic language. One original meaning of Tanet, as it was once known, is said to be Fire or Bright Island (tân meaning fire in Modern Welsh and tan in Breton), which suggests that an ancient beacon or lighthouse may once have stood. Another theory explains Tanet as a common European construct of Celtic origin, based on the Celtic word tanno meaning “holm oak” (perhaps an amalgamation of the Breton word tan meaning “sort of oak” and the Cornish glastannen meaning “holm oak”) with the Celtic suffix etu, meaning a “collection of trees”. Thanet would thus mean “place of the holm oaks”, for example the Northern French Thenney, Italian Tenado, and so forth. The common names tan, tanner and tannery, would also have the same Celtic root tanno in their origins. In the 9th century AD, the Historia Brittonum written in Wales states that Tanet was the name given to the island by the legendary Anglo-Saxon brothers, Hengist and Horsa, who were said to have led the Angles, Saxons and Jutes in their invasion of Britain in the 5th century AD, and Hengist became the first Jutish King of Kent. These two brothers arrived in Ebbsfleet on the Isle of Thanet. To begin with, they served as mercinaries to King Vortigern of the Britons but they later turned against him in “the Treachery of the Long Knives”. Horsa was killed in combat with the Britons but Hengist succeeded in conquering Kent and became the forefather of its kings. Sevenscore Asparagus Farm are vegetable producers in the hamlet of Sevenscore, near Ramsgate, on the B2048 secondary road about one mile east of Minster-in-Kent. The seasonal farm shop is open each year from the end of March to the middle of June, selling their home grown asparagus, Kentish cauliflowers and purple sprouting broccoli. The family-run farm was established in 2005 but the farmhouse and outbuildings are at least 17th century or older. Each day the asparagus is cut by hand to ensure freshness and quality before being quickly brought to the cutting room and shop where it is carefully washed, graded and prepared for sale. The farm also supplies many of the best hotels and restaurants in the area as well as a number of top London restaurants and the main markets in New Covent Garden. My husband Dan and I visited the Asparagus Farm one Saturday in April during Lockdown and there was a wide range of asparagus from the Kitchen Asparagus suitable for general purpose, to Salad Asparagus in 6mm spears; from Select Asparagus with 10-16mm spears to Jumbo Asparagus with spears of at least 20mm in diameter. Prices are based on per kilo and width of spear, and 5 kg boxes of asparagus are also available. The asparagus is sold loose in the Farm Shop, allowing customers to select as much or as little as they like, although banded bundles may be ordered in advance for a 50 pence surcharge. We bought a little over 500g of loose Kitchen Asparagus at £5.80 per kilo for just £2.72. When preparing asparagus, wash carefully and chop off the tough, fibrous woody end of each spear and reserve for stock. For my recipe, use fresh free-range eggs, local if possible. I used local free-range eggs with a deep yellow yolk from Rose’s Farm Shop, Ramsgate, and local fennel tops we foraged from Pegwell Bay. If you store your eggs in the refrigerator, remove them about 30 minutes before you plan to use them to achieve best results. It is also important not to season the eggs until the very end of the cooking process, otherwise they will turn grey and watery and unappetising. My recipe is a healthier one, stirring a knob of good unsalted butter through the asparagus rather than serving the dish with hollandaise sauce, although for an indulgent brunch or light lunch or supper you can serve it with hollandaise or as well butter if you prefer. INGREDIENTS (Serves two) 2 Local Free-Range Eggs White wine vinegar or apple cider vinegar Set a lidded skillet half fill with water and a dash of white wine or apple cider vinegar on the stove on a medium heat and bring to a steady simmer. Meanwhile, carefully wash and prepare asparagus spears, cutting off the woody part of the stems. Set the spears aside, then wrap the stems in clean newspaper and reserve for the stockpot in a cool, dry place. Put a medium saucepan on a good heat and, at the same time, boil a kettle of fresh water, pour in a teacupful of boiling water and a good pinch of sea salt and put the lid on the pan. Just before the skillet of water comes to the boil, remove the lid and carefully crack in the eggs without breaking the yolks, turn down the heat to a gentle simmer and replace the lid. After 30 seconds turn off the heat and allow the eggs to poach in the residual heat of the poaching water. They should be ready within 5 minutes, depending on how soft or hard you like your eggs. While the eggs are poaching, place the prepared asparagus spears in the saucepan, return the lid and steam the asparagus for about 2 minutes. This method will ensure you retain more of the nutrients. Remove the saucepan from the heat, drain the remaining cooking water into a teacup to reserve for stock, soups or stews, return the asparagus to the heat and add a good knob of unsalted butter, a squeeze of lemon juice if liked, and a pinch of salt and freshly ground black pepper, stirring through quickly to combine. Remove the asparagus from the saucepan and divide between two warmed plates. Carefully remove the poached eggs from the skillet and place one on each plate, season with a pinch of sea salt and freshly ground pepper and dress with sprigs of foraged fennel tops. Serve with a slice of fresh artisan sourdough bread and butter. For an indulgent brunch or light lunch or supper dish, serve with a good shop-bought or homemade hollandaise. To make hollandaise, melt 125g unsalted butter and skim off any white solids from the surface. Keep butter warm. Place 2 egg yolks, ½ tsp white wine vinegar, a pinch of salt and a drizzle of ice-cold water in a metal or heat-proof glass bowl and whisk for a few minutes before placing the bowl over a small pan of just-simmering water and continue whisking for another few minutes until pale and thick. Remove from heat and gradually whisk in the melted butter until it is all incorporated and has a smooth, creamy texture. If it is too thick add a dash of cold water. Season with a squeeze of lemon and a pinch of paprika or cayenne pepper. Spoon warm over eggs. For a more substantial meal, allow two eggs each, place each egg on half a toasted English muffin or crumpet and garnish with fresh watercress.

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Building the World is proud to present as guest scholar, Dr. Darwin Stapleton. Dr. Stapleton is currently a member of the History Department faculty at University of Massachusetts Boston, where he directs the M.A. Archives Track, and Executive Director Emeritus, Rockefeller Archive Center. His many publications include 13 books authored, co-authored, edited, or co-edited, including The Engineering Drawings of Benjamin Henry Latrobe (editor) and The Papers of Benjamin Henry Latrobe, 3 vols (associate editor). When appointed “Surveyor of Public Buildings” by President Thomas Jefferson, Latrobe immediately re-designed the Capitol building, and went on to give Washington, D.C. a House of Representatives, Senate chambers, and the Supreme Court. WHY THE UNITED STATES? The United States has been the source of many innovations including the formation of a capital in a specially-designed location – one of the most notable creative ideas coming from a nation known for innovation. DID A DINNER PARTY CHANGE HISTORY? A dinner party hosted by Thomas Jefferson was the setting for a decision that formed the nation and its capital. There had been intense competition over the capital’s location: Virginia wanted the honor; Pennsylvania lobbied intensely; New York sought the prize, Baltimore proposed its own site, and George Washington, the father of the country and its first president, favored land around the Potomac. Although we don’t have the Jefferson’s menu, we know the meat of the feast. It was decided that Congress would award Philadelphia the capital for ten years, after which the seat of government would be moved to a site on the Potomac to be selected by President George Washington. The dinner took place on June 20, and Congress enacted separate Assumption and Residence Acts in July. During Congress’s six-week recess, the president moved to a two-story mansion in Philadelphia, former home of William Penn. Interestingly, George Washington himself declined to be present at the dinner party. He knew in advance what the conclusion would be, so he elected to stay in the Potomac area to prevent local landowners from getting a whiff of the plan to site the new capital in their neighborhood. Preventing land speculation would require presidential attention, and besides, George Washington owned land there too. FRENCH STYLE – AMERICAN IDEA Locating the new capital on a waterway was high priority. Both Thomas Jefferson and George Washington agreed on that essential requirement. Jefferson had been to France and seen the Canal of Languedoc, the most important part of the Canal des Deux Mers. When Jefferson and soon-to-be-president George Washington were, with others, in discussion about locating a capital for the new country, canals figured heavily in the considerations. Another influence was also French. George Washington hired architect and engineer Pierre Charles L’Enfant in March 1791 to map out the new city. The choice may have been influenced by military service. Although born in France, L’Enfant was so inspired by the cause of America’s Revolutionary War that at the age of 22, the young engineer volunteered to serve with the Corps of Engineers of the Continental Army. It was there that George Washington met him. L’Enfant was excited about the idea of a capital separate from the individual states. His plan for a tract encompassing 9.5 square miles rejected Jefferson’s preference for a small village that would gradually expand in favor of a massive area that would gradually fill up. But if the initial vision came quickly, construction proceeded slowly as the contentious L’Enfant became entangled in disputes. When Washington fired him in 1792, L’Enfant stormed out, taking the plans with him. While there is no doubt L’Enfant designed the capital, it could never have been built without an Benjamin Banneker, whose brilliant mind saved Washington, D.C. When the President fired the architect and the plans left town tucked under his arm, L’Enfant left something behind, not on paper but in the mind of a certain surveyor. Benjamin Banneker and Major Andrew Ellicott must both be credited with saving the capital. Banneker, an African-American mathematician and astronomer, had been engaged by Ellicott to help survey the federal territory during the time Ellicott was working closely with L’Enfant. Banneker was able to reproduce the complete layout – streets, parks, major buildings. But others say the story about reconstructing from memory may not be entirely Banneker’s achievement, citing Andrew and Benjamin Ellicott who told Secretary of State Jefferson and President Washington they could reproduce the plan in enough detail to make something suitable for engraving. Whichever side of the controversy you’re on, there is much to be said for sharing designs with a core team. “The L’Enfant & McMillan Plans,” National Park Service In 1803, another Benjamin was hired as surveyor by the President of the United States. It was Benjamin Henry Latrobe, born near Leeds, England in 1764. Latrobe was educated in England and Germany, and then well-trained on-the-job in both architecture and engineering. He emigrated to the United States in 1796. He had just completed his first major project, the Philadelphia Waterworks, when President Thomas Jefferson appointed him “Surveyor of the Public Buildings” in 1803. Latrobe immediately began re-designing the Capitol building at Washington, which was plagued with problems after the initial work by self-taught architect William Thornton. Latrobe also helped to shape the city of Washington by serving as the first engineer of the Washington Canal, as the engineer of the Washington Navy Yard, by contributing to the design and furnishing of the White House, and by surveying the first turnpikes to connect Washington to Maryland and Virginia. When Latrobe completed his work on the Capitol in 1817 it included the House of Representatives (now Statuary Hall), and chambers for the Senate, and the Supreme Court. He gave each an exquisite neo-classical form that is admired by visitors today. Latrobe spent the last three years of his life completing a water system for the rapidly-growing city of New Orleans, where he died of yellow fever in September 1820. “Benjamin Henry Latrobe: Architect of the Capitol,” PURPOSE OF A CAPITAL Many countries start from a core that includes the most populous city, such as London in England or Rome in Italy. But the United States proposed a revolutionary idea. As L’Enfant wrote to Washington, the new capital would be a “plan wholly new. No nation perhaps had ever before the opportunity offered them of deliberately deciding on the spot where their capital city should be fixed.” Since September 11, 1789 when L’Enfant wrote these words, other nations have followed the idea of selecting a new capital. If there might come a time in a country’s development when a decision is made to form a permanent capital at a new site entirely dedicated to government, the new city can generate renewed patriotism and national unity expressed through symbolic architecture. Such capitals are, in a sense, public art. Brasilia is an example. When the former capital, Rio de Janeiro, had become too populous and also perhaps vulnerable being on the coast. Brasilia, located on a high plane in the middle of the country, has the distinction of being the first city designed to be view from the air. The capital is built the shape of an airplane. Since precedent exists for locating a capital in a location chosen for its special purpose of governing a nation, should this idea help nations whose capitals are threatened by dangers of destruction? When many of the world’s large cities were built, it was not known their urban centers were developing over tectonic faults. Recently, Japan has been troubled by earthquakes that may eventually threaten its capital, Tokyo. The same is true for Mexico City, capital and Federal District of Mexico. Among the world’s top three most populous cities, Mexico City is also on the list of the world’s cities most vulnerable to earthquakes. Mexico already has taken the step of establishing a Distrito Federal (DF). Therefore, it would be possible to move the governmental functions to a safer location? What about Haiti? Many believe the collapse of the government buildings in the recent earthquake slowed down disaster response. What can we learn from the new capital of Kazakhstan, another place where earthquake vulnerability came together with a change in dynasty when the country was “born” during the breakup of the Soviet Union. Architect Norman Foster worked on the new capital, Astana, inspiring citizens from many different religions to be portrayed together in the Pyramid of Peace. Washington, D.C. remains a model for a center of government that functions independently. Through the work of leaders like George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, L’Enfant, Banneker, Latrobe, the District of Columbia continues to inspire. Will the new National Mall extend the tradition? Document of Authorization The Residence Act of 1790 An Act for establishing the temporary and permanent seat of the Government of the United States Be it enacted by the Senate and the House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, that a district of territory, not exceeding ten miles square, to be located as hereafter directed on the river Potomac, at some place between the mouths of the Eastern Branch and Connogocheque; be, and the same is hereby accepted for the permanent seat of the government of the United States. Provided nevertheless, that the operation of the laws of the state within such district shall not be affected by this acceptance until the time fixed for the removal of the government thereto, and until Congress shall otherwise by law provided…And be it further enacted, that on the first Monday of December next, all offices attached to the seat of the government of the United States, shall be removed to…the city of Philadelphia…and be it further enacted that on the first Monday in December, in the year one thousand eight hundred, the seat of government…shall be transferred to the district and place aforesaid. Approved July 16, 1790. – From “An Act for establishing a temporary and permanent seat of the Government of the United States,” First Cong. Sess. II, Congressional Record, Ch. 28, page 130, 1790. VOICES OF THE FUTURE: Discussion and Implications Capitals as Public Art: One of the purposes of a capital is the representation in art, architecture and landscape design, of the virtues and values of the nation. Monuments inspire. Open spaces allow for gatherings whether in support or protest. In 1900, a joint committee of Congress, chaired by Senator James McMillan of Michigan, the idea of a great mall was conceived. The American Institute of Architects was inspired by the potential and adopted the McMillan plan. Daniel Burnham, whose success in the Chicago Exposition brought in a new era of architecture and public-space planning, joined the team. The United States is presently seeking proposals for a redesign of the National Mall. The results of the design competition will be announced in November of 2012. What should the new mall look like and why? Capitals in times of Disaster: Haiti had a difficult recovery from the recent earthquake due to the collapse of the government’s capital that crumbled during the disaster. Should capital cities located on tectonic fault lines (for example, Mexico City or Tokyo) be re-thought? In the agreement regarding the establishment of the capital of the United States, there was great flexibility on location. The government first set up office in Philadelphia and later moved to Washington, DC. Should capital cities in danger relocate their offices of government? To read the complete chapter, members of the University of Massachusetts Boston may access the e-book through Healey Library Catalog and ABC-CLIO here. Alternatively the volumes can be accessed at WorldCat, or at Amazon for purchase. Further resources are available onsite at the University of Massachusetts Boston, Healey Library, including some of following: (* indicates printed in Notebook series) “The Residence Act – 1790,” from William A. Davis, ed., The Acts of Congress in Relation to the District of Columbia from July 16th, 1790, to March 4, 1831, Washington, D.C., 1831, p. 62. “Amendment of the Residence Act — 1791.” See above, p. 63. Additional copies of the Acts, M. Paul Caemmener, USGPO, 1939 (F194.C182), “A Manual on the Origin and Development of Washington.” More copies of the Acts from Congressional Record, First Congress Session III, Ch 16, 17, 1791, p. 214-215. “Washington’s First Charter – 1802,” District of Columbia Code, 1967 edition, vol. I, Washington, D.C., 1967. “Benjamin Banneker: Mathematician, Astronomer. http://www.princeton-edu/~mcbrown/display/banneker.html. Accessed January 15, 2005. Includes extensive bibliography. “Benjamin Banneker 1731-1806, created and maintained by Dr. Scott W. Williams, Professor of Mathematics, Mathematics Department of the State University of New York at Buffalo @bonvibre&daughters 2005. Http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/special/banneker-benjamin.html. Accessed February 4, 2006. “Letter to Arthur Young, Philadelphia, December 5, 1791,” regarding agriculture of wheat with advantages of Potomac region as well other considerations. Pp. 558-561 of Washington the President (no further bibliographical data but printed in folder). Ferling, John. A Leap in the Dark: the Struggle to Create the American Republic. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. Excerpt describing the dinner party held by Jefferson at which it was decided that Congress would award Philadelphia the capital for ten years, after which the seat of government would be moved to a site on the Potomac. Allen, W.B. editor and compiler. “George Washington: A Collection.” Indianapolis: Liberty Classics 1988. ISBN: 0-86597-059 hard and 0-86597-060-2 soft. Excerpt, Presidential Addresses, 1789-1796. “Original Plan of Washington, D.C.” with text of letter written by Pierre-Charles L’Enfant on September 11, 1789, “to solicit the favor of being Employed in the Business” of designing the new city. Brief summary of L’Enfant’s plan as well as discussion of Richard M. Stephenson, who coordinated the restoration and photography of the plan. Information on how to obtain “A Plan Wholly New”: Pierre Charles L’Enfant’s Plan of the City of Washington, from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, title and stock #: 030-000-00247-4. “Washington’s Letter to and about L’Enfant: March and April 1791.” http://www.geocities.com/bobarnebeck/post90letters.html. “The L’Enfant & McMillan Plans,” National Park Service, For design competition for the National Mall: For Benjamin Banneker: For the Lemelson-MIT Prize Program regarding Benjamin Banneker: For a discussion of Benjamin Banneker’s contributions: Levine, Michael. http://dcpages.com/History/Planning_DC.html. “Washington” The Encyclopaedia Brittanica, Volume XXVIII: Vetch to Zymotic Diseases. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, New York: 1911. “Washington Monument, Washington, DC “To Thomas Jefferson from Mount Vernon, August 31, 1788.” Correspondence regarding the Canal of Languedoc. From Allen, W.B., p 418-419. For Benjamin Latrobe: Darwin Stapleton (editor). The Engineering Drawings of Benjamin Henry Latrobe. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980. Benjamin Henry Latrobe: America’s First Architect “Benjamin Henry Latrobe: America’s First Architect.” With host Paul Goldberger, Kunhardt McGee Productions and WETA, Washington, D.C. 2009. DVD available. Aired on January 18, 2010 Public Broadcasting System: Building the World Blog by Kathleen Lusk Brooke and Zoe G Quinn is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.

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2018 ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct: Draft 2 Draft 2 was developed by The Code 2018 Task Force. (It is based on the 2018 ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct: Draft 1) The ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct (“the Code”) identifies key elements of ethical conduct in computing. The Code is designed to support all computing professionals, which is taken to mean current or aspiring computing practitioners as well as those who influence their professional development, and those who use technology in an impactful way. The Code includes principles formulated as statements of responsibility, based on the understanding that the public good is always a primary consideration. Section 1 outlines fundamental ethical considerations. Section 2 addresses additional, more specific considerations of professional responsibility. Section 3 pertains more specifically to individuals who have a leadership role, whether in the workplace or in a volunteer professional capacity. Commitment to ethical conduct is required of every ACM member and principles involving compliance with the Code are given in Section 4. The Code as a whole is concerned with how fundamental ethical principles apply to one’s conduct as a computing professional. Each principle is supplemented by guidelines, which provide explanations to assist members in understanding and applying it. These extraordinary ethical responsibilities of computing professionals are derived from broadly accepted ethical principles. The Code is not an algorithm for solving ethical problems, rather it is intended to serve as a basis for ethical decision making in the conduct of professional work. Words and phrases in a code of ethics are subject to varying interpretations, and a particular principle may seem to conflict with other principles in specific situations. Questions related to these kinds of conflicts can best be answered by thoughtful consideration of the fundamental ethical principles, understanding the public good is the paramount consideration. The entire profession benefits when the ethical decision making process is transparent to all stakeholders. In addition, it may serve as a basis for judging the merit of a formal complaint pertaining to a violation of professional ethical standards. 1. GENERAL MORAL PRINCIPLES A computing professional should… 1.1 Contribute to society and to human well-being, acknowledging that all people are stakeholders in computing. This principle concerning the quality of life of all people affirms an obligation to protect fundamental human rights and to respect diversity. An essential aim of computing professionals is to minimize negative consequences of computing, including threats to health, safety, personal security, and privacy. Computing professionals should give consideration to whether the products of their efforts will be used in socially responsible ways, will meet social needs, and will be broadly accessible. They are encouraged to actively contribute to society by engaging in pro bono or volunteer work. When the interests of multiple groups conflict the needs of the least advantaged should be given increased attention and priority. In addition to a safe social environment, human well-being requires a safe natural environment. Therefore, computing professionals should be alert to, and make others aware of, any potential harm to the local or global environment. 1.2 Avoid harm. In this document, “harm” means negative consequences to any stakeholder, especially when those consequences are significant and unjust. Examples of harm include unjustified death, unjustified loss of information, and unjustified damage to property, reputation, or the environment. This list is not exhaustive. Well-intended actions, including those that accomplish assigned duties, may unexpectedly lead to harm. In such an event, those responsible are obligated to undo or mitigate the harm as much as possible. Avoiding unintentional harm begins with careful consideration of potential impacts on all those affected by decisions. To minimize the possibility of indirectly harming others, computing professionals should follow generally accepted best practices for system design, development, and testing. Additionally, the consequences of emergent systems and data aggregation should be carefully analyzed. Those involved with pervasive or infrastructure systems should also consider Principle 3.7. At work, a computing professional has an additional obligation to report any signs of system risks that might result in serious personal or social harm. If one’s superiors do not act to curtail or mitigate such risks, it may be necessary to “blow the whistle” to reduce potential harm. However, capricious or misguided reporting of risks can itself be harmful. Before reporting risks, the computing professional should thoroughly assess all relevant aspects of the incident as outlined in Principle 2.5. 1.3 Be honest and trustworthy. Honesty is an essential component of trust. A computing professional should be fair and not make deliberately false or misleading claims and should provide full disclosure of all pertinent system limitations and potential problems. Fabrication of data, falsification of data, and scientific misconduct are similarly violations of the Code. One who is professionally dishonest is accountable for any resulting harm. A computing professional should be honest about his or her own qualifications, and about any limitations in competence to complete a task. Computing professionals should be forthright about any circumstances that might lead to conflicts of interest or otherwise tend to undermine the independence of their judgment. Membership in volunteer organizations such as ACM may at times place individuals in situations where their statements or actions could be interpreted as carrying the “weight” of a larger group of professionals. An ACM member should exercise care not to misrepresent ACM, or positions and policies of ACM or any ACM units. 1.4 Be fair and take action not to discriminate. The values of equality, tolerance, respect for others, and equal justice govern this principle. Prejudicial discrimination on the basis of age, color, disability, ethnicity, family status, gender identity, military status, national origin, race, religion or belief, sex, sexual orientation, or any other inappropriate factor is an explicit violation of ACM policy. Sexual harassment is a form of discrimination that limits fair access to the spaces where the harassment takes place. Inequities between different groups of people may result from the use or misuse of information and technology. Technologies should be as inclusive and accessible as possible. Failure to design for inclusiveness and accessibility may constitute unfair discrimination. 1.5 Respect the work required to produce new ideas, inventions, and other creative and computing artifacts. The development of new ideas, inventions, and other creative and computing artifacts creates value for society, and those who expend the effort needed for this should expect to gain value from their work. Computing professionals should therefore provide appropriate credit to the creators of ideas or work. This may be in the form of respecting authorship, copyrights, patents, trade secrets, non-disclosure agreements, license agreements, or other methods of attributing credit where it is due. Both custom and the law recognize that some exceptions to a creator’s control of a work are necessary to facilitate the public good. Computing professionals should not unduly oppose reasonable uses of their intellectual works. Efforts to help others by contributing time and energy to projects that help society illustrate a positive aspect of this principle. Such efforts include free and open source software and other work put into the public domain. Computing professionals should avoid misappropriation of a commons. 1.6 Respect privacy. “Privacy” is a multi-faceted concept and a computing professional should become conversant in its various definitions and forms. Technology enables the collection, monitoring, and exchange of personal information quickly, inexpensively, and often without the knowledge of the people affected. Computing professionals should use personal data only for legitimate ends and without violating the rights of individuals and groups. This requires taking precautions to ensure the accuracy of data, as well as protecting it from unauthorized access or accidental disclosure to inappropriate individuals or groups. Computing professionals should establish procedures that allow individuals to review their personal data, correct inaccuracies, and opt out of automatic data collection. Only the minimum amount of personal information necessary should be collected in a system. The retention and disposal periods for that information should be clearly defined and enforced, and personal information gathered for a specific purpose should not be used for other purposes without consent of the individual(s). When data collections are merged, computing professionals should take special care for privacy. Individuals may be readily identifiable when several data collections are merged, even though those individuals are not identifiable in any one of those collections in isolation. 1.7 Honor confidentiality. Computing professionals should protect confidentiality unless required to do otherwise by a bona fide requirement of law or by another principle of the Code. User data observed during the normal duties of system operation and maintenance should be treated with strict confidentiality, except in cases where it is evidence for the violation of law, of organizational regulations, or of the Code. In these cases, the nature or contents of that information should not be disclosed except to appropriate authorities, and the computing professional should consider thoughtfully whether such disclosures are consistent with the Code. 2. PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES A practicing computing professional should… 2.1 Strive to achieve the highest quality in both the process and products of professional work. Computing professionals should insist on high quality work from themselves and from colleagues. This includes respecting the dignity of employers, colleagues, clients, users, and anyone affected either directly or indirectly by the work. High quality process includes an obligation to keep the client or employer properly informed about progress toward completing that project. Professionals should be cognizant of the serious negative consequences that may result from poor quality and should resist any inducements to neglect this responsibility. 2.2 Maintain high standards of professional competence, conduct, and ethical practice. High quality computing depends on individuals and teams who take personal and organizational responsibility for acquiring and maintaining professional competence. Professional competence starts with technical knowledge and awareness of the social context in which the work may be deployed. Professional competence also requires skill in reflective analysis for recognizing and navigating ethical challenges. Upgrading necessary skills should be ongoing and should include independent study, conferences, seminars, and other informal or formal education. Professional organizations, including ACM, are committed to encouraging and facilitating those activities. 2.3 Know, respect, and apply existing laws pertaining to professional work. ACM members must obey existing regional, national, and international laws unless there is a compelling ethical justification not to do so. Policies and procedures of the organizations in which one participates must also be obeyed, but compliance must be balanced with the recognition that sometimes existing laws and rules are immoral or inappropriate and, therefore, must be challenged. Violation of a law or regulation may be ethical when that law or rule has inadequate moral basis or when it conflicts with another law judged to be more important. If one decides to violate a law or rule because it is unethical, or for any other reason, one must fully accept responsibility for one’s actions and for the consequences. 2.4 Accept and provide appropriate professional review. Quality professional work in computing depends on professional reviewing and critiquing. Whenever appropriate, computing professionals should seek and utilize peer and stakeholder review. Computing professionals should also provide constructive, critical review of the work of others. 2.5 Give comprehensive and thorough evaluations of computer systems and their impacts, including analysis of possible risks. Computing professionals should strive to be perceptive, thorough, and objective when evaluating, recommending, and presenting system descriptions and alternatives. Computing professionals are in a position of special trust, and therefore have a special responsibility to provide objective, credible evaluations to employers, clients, users, and the public. Extraordinary care should be taken to identify and mitigate potential risks in self-changing systems. Systems whose future risks are unpredictable require frequent reassessment of risk as the system develops or should not be deployed. When providing evaluations the professional must also identify any relevant conflicts of interest, as stated in Principle 1.3. As noted in the guidance for Principle 1.2 on avoiding harm, any signs of danger from systems should be reported to those who have opportunity and/or responsibility to resolve them. See the guidelines for Principle 1.2 for more details concerning harm, including the reporting of professional violations. 2.6 Accept only those responsibilities for which you have or can obtain the necessary expertise, and honor those commitments. A computing professional has a responsibility to evaluate every potential work assignment. If the professional’s evaluation reveals that the project is infeasible, or should not be attempted for other reasons, then the professional should disclose this to the employer or client, and decline to attempt the assignment in its current form. Once it is decided that a project is feasible and advisable, the professional should make a judgment about whether the project is appropriate to the professional’s expertise. If the professional does not currently have the expertise necessary to complete the project the professional should disclose this shortcoming to the employer or client. The client or employer may decide to pursue the project with the professional after time for additional training, to pursue the project with someone else who has the required expertise, or to forego the project. The major underlying principle here is the obligation to accept personal accountability for professional work. The computing professional’s ethical judgment should be the final guide in deciding whether to proceed. 2.7 Improve public understanding of computing, related technologies, and their consequences. Computing professionals have a responsibility to share technical knowledge with the public by creating awareness and encouraging understanding of computing, including the impacts of computer systems, their limitations, their vulnerabilities, and opportunities that they present. This imperative implies an obligation to counter any false views related to computing. 2.8 Access computing and communication resources only when authorized to do so. This principle derives from Principle 1.2 – “Avoid harm to others.” No one should access or use another’s computer system, software, or data without permission. One should have appropriate approval before using system resources, unless there is an overriding concern for the public good. To support this clause, a computing professional should take appropriate action to secure resources against unauthorized use. Individuals and organizations have the right to restrict access to their systems and data so long as the restrictions are consistent with other principles in the Code (such as Principle 1.4). 3. PROFESSIONAL LEADERSHIP PRINCIPLES In this section, “leader” means any member of an organization or group who has influence, educational responsibilities, or managerial responsibilities. These principles generally apply to organizations and groups, as well as their leaders. A computing professional acting as a leader should… 3.1 Ensure that the public good is a central concern during all professional computing work. The needs of people—including users, other people affected directly and indirectly, customers, and colleagues—should always be a central concern in professional computing. Tasks associated with requirements, design, development, testing, validation, deployment, maintenance, end-of-life processes, and disposal should have the public good as an explicit criterion for quality. Computing professionals should keep this focus no matter which methodologies or techniques they use in their practice. 3.2 Articulate, encourage acceptance of, and evaluate fulfillment of the social responsibilities of members of an organization or group. Technical organizations and groups affect the public at large, and their leaders should accept responsibilities to society. Organizational procedures and attitudes oriented toward quality, transparency, and the welfare of society will reduce harm to members of the public and raise awareness of the influence of technology in our lives. Therefore, leaders should encourage full participation in meeting social responsibilities and discourage tendencies to do otherwise. 3.3 Manage personnel and resources to design and build systems that enhance the quality of working life. Leaders are responsible for ensuring that systems enhance, not degrade, the quality of working life. When implementing a system, leaders should consider the personal and professional development, accessibility, physical safety, psychological well-being, and human dignity of all workers. Appropriate human-computer ergonomic standards should be considered in system design and in the workplace. 3.4 Establish appropriate rules for authorized uses of an organization’s computing and communication resources and of the information they contain. Leaders should clearly define appropriate and inappropriate uses of organizational computing resources. These rules should be clearly and effectively communicated to those using their computing resources. In addition, leaders should enforce those rules, and take appropriate action when they are violated. 3.5 Articulate, apply, and support policies that protect the dignity of users and others affected by computing systems and related technologies. Dignity is the principle that all humans are due respect. This includes the general public’s right to autonomy in day-to-day decisions. Designing or implementing systems that deliberately or inadvertently violate, or tend to enable the violation of, the dignity or autonomy of individuals or groups is ethically unacceptable. Leaders should verify that systems are designed and implemented to protect dignity. 3.6 Create opportunities for members of the organization and group to learn, respect, and be accountable for the principles, limitations, and impacts of systems. This principle complements Principle 2.7 on public understanding. Educational opportunities are essential to facilitate optimal participation of all organization or group members. Leaders should ensure that opportunities are available to computing professionals to help them improve their knowledge and skills in professionalism, in the practice of ethics, and in their technical specialties, including experiences that familiarize them with the consequences and limitations of particular types of systems. Professionals should know the dangers of oversimplified models, the improbability of anticipating every possible operating condition, the inevitability of software errors, the interactions of systems and the contexts in which they are deployed, and other issues related to the complexity of their profession. 3.7 Recognize when computer systems are becoming integrated into the infrastructure of society, and adopt an appropriate standard of care for those systems and their users. Organizations and groups occasionally develop systems that become an important part of the infrastructure of society. Their leaders have a responsibility to be good stewards of that commons. Part of that stewardship requires that computing professionals monitor the level of integration of their systems into the infrastructure of society. As the level of adoption changes, there are likely to be changes in the ethical responsibilities of the organization. Leaders of important infrastructure services should provide due process with regard to access to these services. Continual monitoring of how society is using a product will allow the organization to remain consistent with their ethical obligations outlined in the principles of the code. Where such standards of care do not exist, there may be a duty to develop them. 4. COMPLIANCE WITH THE CODE A computing professional should… 4.1 Uphold, promote, and respect the principles of the Code. The future of computing depends on both technical and ethical excellence. Computing professionals should adhere to the principles expressed in the Code. Each ACM member should encourage and support adherence by all computing professionals. Computing professionals who recognize breaches of the Code should take whatever actions are within their power to resolve the ethical issues they recognize. 4.2 Treat violations of the Code as inconsistent with membership in ACM. If an ACM member does not follow the Code, membership in ACM may be terminated.

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This passage is taken from the printed version of a sermon given by Hugh Latimer (c. 1485 – university divine and bishop under Henry VIII, court preacher under Edward VI, executed as a heretic under Mary I – in 1549. This autobiographical anecdote, dating from just a few years before the period the ‘Middling Cultures’ project investigates, highlights many of the themes and concepts that will be central in our research. It emphasises the role of identity and self-perception even as it also shows the ways in which these interacted with and were shaped by external and variable economic and social forces. It reminds us that middling status could be precarious and fleeting as individuals, across just one or two generations or even across a lifetime, might rise and fall beyond it. Latimer’s invocation of contemporary anger at a divide between rich and the ordinary – and the exploitation of the latter by the former – provides an important and central context for the lives of those trying to carve out a space in the middle of a hierarchy that to some felt increasingly hostile. It also resonates with many modern concerns about a world with a rising super-rich and a middle who wonder if they will ever have the economic security that an older generation enjoyed. As Latimer delineates his father’s status, the intermingling of social, economic, political, moral and cultural capital is clear. His father’s position, in Latimer’s retelling, rested not just on his modest wealth, but on his charity and hospitality, his ability to serve the king (including at Blackheath: here Latimer is describing his father fighting for the king against a Cornish rebellion in 1497), and his ability to raise his children ‘in godliness’. He also provided Latimer with the means of social advancement: he was able to ‘put him to school’, the first step on a dizzying rise that saw him preach before the king. His trajectory may have been extraordinary, but many of Latimer’s contemporaries also used education to rise beyond middling origins. The contemporary social commentator Sir Thomas Smith wrote in 1583 that the universities were one of the ways that gentlemen ‘be made good cheape’ in Tudor England. But while his father’s comfortable, though not extravagant, life had given Latimer the opportunity for a life among the elite, his self-conscious, deliberate and very public evocation of it shows that his middling origins remained both important and useful to Latimer. Used here as a rhetorical tool to help spur the king to action, invoking and appropriating an ‘ordinary’ identity allowed him both to speak on behalf of the people, and to align himself with a group that he presents as the moral and social core of their communities, and the nation. Latimer is describing, and bemoaning, a world in flux. His father’s way of living has already gone and his (perhaps hypothetical) successor at the farm lived a much more marginal and straitened life: he had slipped beyond the relative comfort and safety of the middling. The decades that followed Latimer’s sermon would see the pace of this change not slow, as he had hoped, but accelerate. It was in this crucible of economic and social change that the cultural identities of the middling were forged, contested and asserted. The Cultural Lives of the Middling Sort is a project in search of the experiences of a crucial early modern demographic. The late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries saw the significant growth of a group of individuals—men, women, families, and households—who were not landed gentry or nobility, but neither were they peasants or wage-labourers. They worked for their living, but they had some control over their labour (and sometimes that of others); they were not necessarily rich, but they had some ability to spend and borrow. The “middling,” as this group is now often termed, encompassed a wide range of backgrounds, experiences, and occupations, trades, crafts, or professions. Perhaps because of this diversity, historians in search of concrete class identities have sometimes characterised this group as variously elusive, tricky to define, incoherent. It’s not until the late eighteenth century that historians can detect a set more easily aligned with conventional ideas of the “middle class.” Yet the “middling” were at the centre of a crucial shift in Elizabethan, Stuart and Interregnum England centring on social mobility: one that begins to see new forms of social, economic, and cultural capital coalesce around a group of working people who had the ability both to consume and produce a variety of cultural artefacts, from literary works to medicines to furniture. This project seeks to think holistically about the lived experiences of this umbrella group of people. It will broaden studies that have hitherto focused on the social relations and economic positions of middling people, and it also turns to an earlier period than that discussed by most historians of the middling sort. We will combine quantitative approaches with qualitative studies of language, networks, and visual and material culture, while unpicking topics ranging from religious practice to gender. As such, we’re interested in cultural production (what did people write, make, fashion, and sell?) and cultural consumption (what and how did people read, what did they buy and how did they use purchases; what was it like to display and use particular objects?). Our research looks around the country at different communities, as we consider the relationship between local and national experiences and identities. As such, our project is attuned to complications in social experience that are equally prevalent today. The remainder of this post explores the nature of both the modern and early modern “middle” and introduces the eclectic methodologies of the project via several short case study examples (in separate pages, linked here and below; click image to visit): Micro Case Studies: In 2007, the geographer Danny Dorling noted that recent sociological research into identity in modern Britain showed that “Most people think they are average when asked.” He glossed this trend in self-identification by adding, “in most things, most are not.” Just under ten years later, the researchers behind the Great British Class Survey explored the question of the average and “middle” of society further; they, too, found that people from across the economic spectrum saw themselves as of “middling” wealth. The researchers identify a renewed “obsession” with class in contemporary Britain, but suggest that the typical vocabulary used to describe class structures is no longer adequate. Their study, Social Class in the 21st Century, reflected on responses to their own survey as well as on other demographic data. From this, they revised the standard division of British society into “lower,” “middle,” and “upper” classes, positing instead seven different categories. The three to four groups that lie in between the “extremes” of this new class system might be considered the “middle.” The authors of Social Class in the 21st Century had many causes to reconsider what is meant by the “middle.” They observed numerous social, economic, and cultural developments that have changed the texture of the British class system. Their nuanced approach was not limited to economic assessment: rather, they explored material wealth but also considered social capital (one’s networks, friends, colleagues, and social circles) and cultural capital (one’s familiarity with and uses of tastes, interests, and activities). These are, they argue, all part of the complex modern class system. While the increasing detachment of the super-rich makes them ever more distinctive a group, a model that posits a singular, catch-all “middle” class would misleadingly smooth out their essential diversity: “…we have a picture of growing cohesion at the top and bottom, but within the middle ranks—which are the majority of the population—a much more complicated picture.” The early modern middle A number of the social developments raised by the authors of Social Class bear uncanny resemblance to developments in early modern England, too, and their characterisation of the twenty-first century “middling” provides a useful introduction to our own concerns. In early modern England, numerous complex factors—including a growing population, changing financial systems and cultures and the challenges of harvest failure and dearth, transformations in the objects and buildings of the physical lived environment, the religious changes and disjunctures of England’s Reformations, educational expansion and the interlinked rises of print and the vernacular—saw the formation of a distinct but variable “middling” demographic. This group had to work for a living, unlike the landed gentry, but they often ran households, had control of some production means, and possessed social and cultural capital that distinguished them from many workpeople, wage labourers, smallholders, and tenant farmers (with farming being by far the most common profession across sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England). For instance, the rise in schooling saw a spike in what we now call first-generation university students, who left versed in both traditional scholastic as well as contemporary humanistic education; they brushed shoulders with the sons of aristocrats and mastered classical literature. A number of these graduates went on to reshape literary and commercial forms within the emerging print market; they include writers such as Christopher Marlowe, Robert Greene, and Thomas Nashe. Who cares about the middling sort? Research into this middle group of society has been a subject for social historians since the late 1970s. Keith Wrightson’s language of “sorts” provided a new vocabulary, one drawn from commentary of the period, that helped historians reconceive the structure of society in a period before the Marxist language of “class” can be usefully applied (that is, contentiously, before the Industrial Revolution). Numerous studies have subsequently explored the significance of the “middling sort” for understanding major developments in early modern England: for Wrightson and Levine, they represent the gradual firming up of a tripartite class system, with the ascendant middle leaving below them a proletariat underclass and in turn ushering in the systemic exploitation and class conflict characteristic of the late eighteenth century and beyond. For others, the group are at the centre of shifts in consumption culture: changes in household production among the middling sort, combined with increased spending power, have been linked to a rising commodification of goods, particularly household items. Others have seen the middling sort as responsible for an increased emphasis on domesticity that helped to bring in a new concern for “gentility”—a set of manners, behaviours, and material expression that distinguished an increasingly middle-class or bourgeois existence from living standards below (and arguably also above). Beyond these approaches, one might think more broadly about the burgeoning businesses and trades across England driven by this broad group of people, men and women alike—apothecaries, scriveners, playhouse managers, printing press owners, skilled artisans, preachers—and of their increasing participation in public administration—as aldermen, vestrymen, justices of the peace, school and hospital founders and administrators, contributors to civic entertainments and events. On and in their own terms Many previous studies have concentrated largely on economic and social factors: they have used, often in ingenious ways, probate inventories (the list of possessions recorded at a person’s death), parish records, apprenticeship records, and patterns of trade. Barring several important exceptions, they have often focused on a later seventeenth-century window, often with the consequence that the “middling sort” can appear to be a transitional group, an industrial-class-in-waiting, with much discussion resting on post-Restoration evidence. In part, this might be connected to historians’ identification of the “middling” as an indistinct, incoherent grouping. In John Smail’s words, for instance, “practice [was] particularly important as a vehicle for class identity in the early phases of the formation of a class culture because a coherent conceptualisation of class identity was still being constructed” (230). Smail’s investment in “practice,” and by extension lived experience, recognises the problems with prioritising “class consciousness” (recognising one is within a particular class) as the essential endpoint in a history of class or of social formation. Other studies of the middling sort have also expressed frustration, or at least resignation, about the fact that distinct expressions of self-identity are few and far between. Henry French (author of the only book-length study of the middling sort in our period) sees middling identity as something that works within a parish—in relation to others in one’s immediate community: “This does not mean that the ‘middling’ lacked other possible forms of extra-parochial identity or identification. It merely suggests that they generally did not express these through the idiom of the ‘middle sort of people” (20). Self-identity in the twenty-first century seems to be equally difficult to pin down, as the opening remarks of this post suggest. While it may not be helpful to look for a narrowly self-defined group of middling people in our period, we are interested in the range of imbricated and understood identities within the umbrella grouping of the “middling sort”—much as the authors of Social Class in the 21st Century suggest for us today. As such, our project is going to bring together these issues through a wide-ranging focus that takes into account all aspects of individuals’ cultural experiences. We will do this by looking at the formative period of middling identities, in the century following 1560. It is from this date that many of the social changes described above occur or intensify. By applying such an interdisciplinary lens—one centred on lived experience in all its cultural manifestations—we hope to add nuance and texture to the broad grouping of the “middling sort” in this formative period. We will explore the things, practices, and ideas produced and consumed in the household, the guildhall, and the church, such as: musical instruments, pictures, account books, books and printed materials, letters, administrative and legal records, architecture, and household and divine objects. The following case examples show brief and speculative samples of the different methodologies, items, and approaches that bring a wider cultural consideration to our understanding of a group of people who fundamentally changed the social, cultural, and economic landscape of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Opening Micro Case Studies: Callan, Catherine, Ceri, Graeme, and Tara. June 2019.

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2021-2022 Pioneer Technology Center COVID-19 Monitoring and Prevention Plan Overview and Purpose - In response to the current situation in our state related to COVID-19, PTC has developed this guide to help students and parents understand the school’s approach to providing a safe learning environment for the 2021-2022 School Year. - The purpose of this guide is to provide answers and expectations if alternate schedules or distance learning are warranted due to the local spread of COVID-19. - Our continued goal this school year is to limit exposure to COVID-19 while providing quality educational opportunities and maintaining our high standard of academic rigor. Vaccination is the leading prevention strategy to protect individuals from COVID-19 disease and end the COVID-19 pandemic. Current COVID-19 vaccines authorized for use in the United States are safe, proven effective, and widely accessible in the U.S. at no cost. A person is considered fully vaccinated two weeks after their second dose of Pfizer and Moderna or a single dose of Johnson and Johnson. People who are fully vaccinated are at low risk of symptomatic or severe infection, and a growing body of evidence suggests that people who are fully vaccinated are less likely to have an asymptomatic infection or transmit the virus that causes COVID-19 to others. Therefore, a fully vaccinated, person with no COVID-like symptoms is not expected to quarantine if exposed to a positive case. PTC encourages individuals who are not fully vaccinated to wear face coverings to protect others as well as themselves. Consistent and correct face coverings used by people who are not fully vaccinated is especially important indoors and in crowded settings, when physical distancing cannot be maintained. Although fully vaccinated persons do not generally need to wear face coverings, CDC recommends continued masking and physical distancing for people with weakened immune systems. Recent legislation, Senate Bill 658 prohibits PTC from mandating face coverings, however, face coverings are recommended. Senate Bill 658 States: (With the exception of a State of Emergency and communication with the Local Health Department) A. A board of education of a public school district or a technology school district, the board of regents of an institution within The Oklahoma State System of Higher Education, the governing board of a private postsecondary educational institution, the Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education, the State Board of Education or the State Board of Career and Technology Education shall not: - Require a vaccination against Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a condition of admittance to or attendance of the school or institution; - Require a vaccine passport as a condition of admittance to or attendance of the school or institution; or - Implement a mask mandate for students who have not been vaccinated against COVID-19. Oklahoma State Department of Health State Law empowers the State Health Department with the exclusive authority to issue an isolation or quarantine order. (State Health Officials have not issued explicit rules or guidelines for schools on quarantines and are not expected to routinely issue quarantine orders that will affect school operations) - Without a health department order, the district can encourage but not require students identified as close contacts to self-quarantine. - Schools can recommend/encourage quarantine based on close contact within the facility. (Outside the facility, the Health Department will recommend the quarantine) - A school, superintendent, teacher, or other official in charge can exclude a student from school and school activities who shows COVID-19 symptoms even if they haven’t tested positive or been identified as a close contact through the state’s administrative rules, which allow the school to exclude any student suffering from or exhibiting the following symptoms: - fever alone, 100 degrees Fahrenheit; - sore throat or tonsillitis; - any eruption of the skin, or rash; - any nasal discharge accompanied by fever; - a severe cough, producing phlegm; or - any inflammation of the eyes or lids. Disruption of Instruction In the event of a school disruption to instruction, PTC may adopt an adjusted schedule and/or calendar according to Oklahoma State Department of Education and/or the Oklahoma State Department of Career and Technology Education guidelines in an effort to adhere to public health guidance. Students will be accountable to meet online/remote curriculum, attendance, participation, and academic requirements for their program. (See the quick reference chart at the end of this page) A/B Schedule, Blended, and Distance Schedule Pioneer Technology Center will begin the school year with traditional, in-person classes starting August 13th. PTC may implement an alternate A/B schedule (blended learning) or distance learning schedule depending upon a resurgence of COVID-19 or any other unforeseen emergency. During more severe disruption of instruction, Pioneer Technology Center may elect to incorporate additional learning strategies which deviate from the traditional CareerTech delivery model. - A/B Schedule – Half of the student population reports to school each day, while the remaining half participates in distance learning at home. In this approach, the student population alternates days of in-person attendance. With blended learning, students must attend during their in-person instruction days and will participate in online/remote learning on the remaining days. In-Person days will be dedicated to skills focus. Online/Remote learning activities will focus primarily on knowledge of the industry and theory associated with the skills being taught. - An alternate schedule may be implemented on a program-by-program basis. - Distance Learning (done remotely but as a continuation of learning that normally would take place on-site) This delivery method plan may be deployed in an emergency, such as a resurgence of COVID-19 or another circumstance in which students cannot attend in person. With distance learning, students may schedule access to campus for lab/skill development on a rotational basis. - Distance learning may be implemented on a program-by-program basis. - Virtual instruction is limited to students who are under an order of quarantine or isolation. - Traditional instruction will focus on the knowledge, skills and abilities associated with trade/instructional areas. - Teachers will be responsible for the education of all students regardless of instructional delivery method. - In an alternate schedule instructional (A/B Schedule) environment, teachers will continue with a normal routine while recording important concepts during the day to upload to the Learning Management System (LMS). Skills attainment is the focus during on-campus instructional time. - In a distance learning environment, teachers will provide instruction through online curriculum and resources. Students will have the opportunity to schedule access to campus for skill development on a rotational basis. - Teachers will post at least one assignment/activity to their LMS daily regardless of instructional delivery method. - Seating charts will be utilized for students during on campus classroom activities. - Social distancing will be observed where applicable and protective equipment encouraged when in proximity to others. - Students must maintain attendance and meet all regulations of Pioneer Technology Center. - During an A/B schedule, students must attend in-person on scheduled days, and complete assignments on virtual/remote days of instruction. (See student handbook for the attendance policy.) - Students will be required to complete all assignments provided in their learning platform(s). - Students are expected to log into the appropriate learning platform(s), check for assigned coursework, and complete assignments daily. - Virtual assignments should be submitted digitally by the due dates indicated by the program instructor. - Students should communicate with their instructor as the primary point of contact. Grades for Student Work - Expectations for academic integrity and integrity remain the same. Student work will be graded during any disruption to instruction, alternate schedule, or distance learning that occurs during the 2021-2022 school year. Health Screening COVID-19 - Parents, please assist in ensuring your child does not attend PTC if they have been exposed to COVID-19, exhibit a fever, or are experiencing symptoms consistent with COVID-19. - Students, guests, and clients who are exhibiting symptoms of COVID-19 should not enter the facility (See Assessing Symptomatic Persons for COVID-19 below). - Assurance Statement: By accessing a PTC facility, you assure that you are symptom-free Assessing Symptomatic Persons for COVID-19: People with COVID-19 have a wide range of symptoms reported – ranging from mild symptoms to severe illness. Symptoms may appear 2-14 days after exposure to the virus. People with these symptoms may have COVID-19: Class A - (Person has one or more symptom, recommended testing and possible recommendation for exclusion from school) *Fever greater than 100.4 F *Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing *New loss of taste or smell *Diarrhea or vomiting Class B - (Person has three or more symptoms, recommended testing and possible recommendation for exclusion from school) *Stuffy OR runny nose *Loss of Appetite *Elevated temperature (Less than 100.4F) *New onset of severe headache Students/Clients/Staff are encouraged to take temperatures and evaluate their health every day prior to attending programs at PTC. Students/Clients/Staff may be asked to stay at home and not enter the buildings if they have any symptom defined in Class A or three or more symptoms of Class B. - Face coverings are recommended and available for the bus driver and anyone riding the bus. - Students will observe social distancing requirements while on the bus, if possible. - Family members will be encouraged to sit together to maximize space for other students. - Windows open, weather permitting. - After each bus route is complete, the bus will be sanitized. - Hand sanitizer is available for students touching common surfaces. - Face coverings are recommended and available where social distancing can not be maintained. - If a student has a temperature of 100.4 degrees or greater, PTC will notify the high school, parents/guardians, and send the student home. - All workstations and high-touch areas will be disinfected after each class. - Seating charts will be utilized for students during on-campus classroom activities. - In the event of a disruption of instruction, Pioneer Technology Center may utilize additional learning strategies which deviate from the traditional CareerTech delivery model. - Program-specific protocols will be addressed by the classroom instructor. - Additional protocols may be added as necessary. - Assurance Statement: By accessing a PTC classroom, you assure that you are symptom-free and do not have a temperature of 100.4 degrees or greater. - If a staff member or student begins exhibiting symptoms of COVID-19 during the school day, they will be isolated, sent home immediately, and encouraged to be tested. - Students displaying symptoms of illness will be isolated until arrangements for pick-up can be made. - Quarantine is recommended for students who have had close contact exposure to COVID-19. - If a student or employee has a temperature of 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit or higher, the student or employee should remain at home until the individual has been free of fever for twenty-four (24) hours without fever-reducing medication. Close Contact Tracing/Quarantine/Isolation Quarantine Guidelines (Contacts to a positive COVID case) PTC recommends any student/staff to quarantine if identified as a close contact with someone who has COVID-19, unless fully vaccinated. People who are fully vaccinated do NOT need to quarantine after contact with someone who had COVID-19 unless they have symptoms. - Who Needs to Quarantine? - PTC recommends quarantine for any unvaccinated individual who has been in close contact with someone who has COVID-19. - Individuals who have recovered and are within three months of a positive test for COVID-19 may not need to quarantine. - Fully vaccinated individuals (14 days after completing a COVID-19 vaccine series) do not need to quarantine. - What counts as close contact? - Within 6 feet of someone who has COVID-19 for at least 15 minutes cumulatively. - Provided care at home to someone who is sick with COVID-19. - Had direct physical contact with the person (touched, hugged, or kissed them.) - Shared eating or drinking utensils. - Exposure to respiratory droplets from sneezing or coughing. - Student Exposure - Unvaccinated students who have been in close contact with any individual who tested positive for COVID-19 are recommended to quarantine. - Students are expected to notify PTC if they have been exposed to COVID-19. The student is discouraged from attending class at PTC until the following conditions have been met: - Quarantine for 10 days from the date of last exposure and no symptoms present, Or - Quarantine for 7 days from the date of last exposure, if no symptoms were present during daily monitoring, and receive a negative COVID-19 test (test must be conducted on day 7 or after). - Students choosing quarantine: - Will be placed on distance learning for the duration of their quarantine. - Should not attend work or school. - Should avoid public places. - Should monitor health for fever, cough, and shortness of breath. - Should seek COVID-19 testing if experiencing symptoms. - Should communicate immediately with PTC after testing positive for COVID-19 during quarantine. - Student Isolation (Positive for COVID-19) - Students diagnosed with COVID-19 may not visit a school facility until the following criteria are met: - At least 3 days (72 hours) have passed since recovery (resolution of fever without the use of fever- reducing medications); and - The individual has improvement in respiratory symptoms (e.g., cough, shortness of breath); and - At least 10 days have passed since symptoms first appeared; or - If 10 days have passed since the first positive test and no symptoms have developed, the student can discontinue isolation and return to school; or - Students displaying symptoms may return to school after two negative test results, at least 24 hours apart. - Should an individual test positive for COVID-19 and believe the test to be inaccurate, according to the Kay County Health Department, two negative COVID-19 tests administered at least 24 hours apart must be received before the individual will be released from isolation. - Students will be placed on distance learning for the duration of their quarantine/isolation. - Documentation must be provided for absences due to isolation. The documentation will be evaluated by an Instructional Director concerning PTC’s attendance policy. - All online instructional requirements must still be completed during any quarantine/isolation. - Official communication that a positive COVID-19 case has been identified on campus will be sent to impacted individuals. - Contact tracing procedures developed by the Oklahoma State Department of Health will be utilized. - Students diagnosed with COVID-19 may not visit a school facility until the following criteria are met: Existing law provides that anyone with a communicable disease is prohibited from attending a private or public school, and Oklahoma State Department of Health rules acknowledge that an important part of a school health program is the prevention and control of communicable diseases. It is the duty of the parent or guardian, and the school, to exclude such person until the period of isolation or quarantine ordered for the case expires, or until permission has been given by local health officers. See 63 O.S. § 1-507. Culture of Safety and Hygiene - School officials may require face coverings in an effort to provide a safe learning environment in accordance with any applicable state law and/or local regulation. - PTC promotes a culture of good hygiene practices. Students will be reminded of coughing/sneezing etiquette, keeping hands away from the face, and effectively washing their hands. - Signage is placed around the campus to promote proper hygiene and highlight strategies to reduce exposure to COVID-19. School Cleaning Practices - The PTC faculty, staff, and administration ensure high-touch surfaces are disinfected as often to control the spread of viruses. - Student computers and workstations will be disinfected after each class session. - Hand sanitizer will be available to all students. How to Communicate with Teachers - Teachers will be available from 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. M - F to assist students with issues or concerns. - PTC staff contact information can be found on the PTC website pioneertech.edu/our-team. - Work-based learning and clinical rotations are available to students with the appropriate protective equipment as required at the assigned work site. - Due to the nature of some programs and clinical/work-based learning, appropriate vaccination/health assessment may be required by the assigned worksite in order for students to participate. - During a disruption to instruction, if a computer is needed to complete PTC coursework, please communicate with the instructor of the program enrolled. PTC is working to make computer technology available for students needing a device. - Guidance and Counseling requests can be made through PTC Counselor, Lori Evans, [email protected], 580-718-4313 - Students with special needs can request accommodations or modifications to the curriculum by contacting Carol Lynes, [email protected] or 580-718-4298 If you have any questions or concerns please contact the PTC Full-Time Programs Administrative Team. - Kahle Goff – Executive Director, Full Time Programs [email protected] or 580-718-4297 - Kendra Keelin – Instructional Director [email protected] or 580-718-4359 - Dr. Ryan Burkett – Instructional Director [email protected] or 580-718-4227 These guidelines are subject to change as new information is available. Pioneer Technology Center offers career and technical education training opportunities without regard to race, color, national origin, sex/gender, age, religion, disability or veteran status. Training is available in the areas of Architecture & Construction; Business, Management & Administration; Health Science; Hospitality & Tourism; Human Services; Information Technology; Manufacturing; Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics; and Transportation, Distribution & Logistics. All individuals wishing to enroll in a full-time training program must provide evidence satisfying the program minimum academic requirements or undergo a free assessment to evaluate his/her skill level in the areas of reading, mathematics, and writing. The assessment process also includes an interest inventory. Inquiries concerning the application of this policy should be made to Karl Lynes or Pam Dickerson, Co – Compliance Officers/Title IX Coordinators at (866) 612-4782 or at 2101 N. Ash, Ponca City, Oklahoma.

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On motion of Representative John S. Chipman of Michigan, the Committee of Commerce was instructed on January 13, 1846 to look into the expediency of erecting lighthouses at Whitefish Point and two other locations on Lake Superior. Congress provided $5,000 for Whitefish Point Lighthouse on March 3, 1847, and the following month 115.5 acres at the point were reserved for that purpose. The lighthouse ended up costing much more than $5,000, and in early 1849, Ebenezer Warner petitioned Congress for additional remuneration, which resulted in his being awarded $3,298 on March 3rd of that year. Isolated Whitefish Point Lighthouse had a hard time retaining keepers. The first eight keepers all resigned, and only one of them served more than four years at the station. In 1850, District Superintendent Henry B. Miller recommended that a fence be constructed around the lighthouse property “to keep the cattle of the Indians away from the buildings.” A fourth-order Fresnel lens was installed in the lantern room in 1857, but just two years later, the Lighthouse Board requested funds for a new lighthouse. A contract for an iron-pile lighthouse for Whitefish Point was entered into in 1860, and this tower was finished in the spring of 1861, along with similar ones built at Manitou Island on Lake Superior and Detour Point on Lake Huron. The new lighthouse stands seventy-eight feet tall and consists of four levels of bracing around a central, cylindrical shaft that runs from the top of the first level to the watchroom, situated just below the lantern room. The braces of the first level are vertical and placed at the corners of a twenty-six-foot square, while the upper three levels slope inward. The second floor of the keepers’ dwelling attaches to the tower via a covered passage. A spiral staircase inside the central shaft provides access to the decagonal watchroom and lantern room, each of which are encircled by a gallery. A fog signal for Whitefish Point was requested as early as 1863, but it was in 1870 that its need was first clearly explained in the Lighthouse Board’s annual report: This is one of the most important lights on the lakes, owing to the point upon which it is placed being projected well into the lake, with deep water close to it. Vessels bound either up or down the lake run for this light, and in foggy weather without an efficient fog signal both delay and risk are encountered. A ten-inch steam whistle was established roughly 900 feet northeast of the lighthouse in 1872, and a duplicate fog whistle was added in 1876. The whistle originally had a characteristic of an eight-second blast, ten seconds silence, two-second blast, and forty-seconds of silence in each minute, but on June 1, 1887, it was changed to a five-second blast, thirteen seconds silence, two-second blast, and forty-seconds of silence. The characteristic of the light at Whitefish Point was changed on June 15, 1893 from fixed white to fixed white varied every twenty seconds by a red flash, through the installation of flash panels that revolved around the lens. A circular iron oil house was added to the station in 1893, and the color of the tower was changed from brown to white in 1895 in order to serve as a more prominent daymark. Starting in 1894, a second assistant keeper was added to the station to help with the extra workload introduced by a flashing light and steam fog signal. The original stone keeper’s dwelling had been retained, but in 1895 the dwelling attached to the tower was expanded into a duplex with six rooms for the head keeper and first assistant. A two-story, sixteen by twenty-four foot, three-room dwelling was also built just east of the duplex for the second assistant keeper. At the opening of navigation in 1896, the characteristic of the light was changed to a white flash every five seconds. On October 12, 1900, the light’s characteristic was changed to a white flash every ten seconds and then to a white light that was alternately on one second and off one second on April 22, 1918. The intensity of the light was increased on September 5, 1913 by changing the illuminant from oil to incandescent oil vapor. A new larger frame fog signal building, measuring twenty-two by forty feet, was erected in 1896, and the two old fog signal houses were converted into a shop and storehouse. A three-foot-square, brick chimney replaced the iron smokestacks atop the fog signal building in 1905. The important role Whitefish Point played for mariners navigating Lake Superior was made even more apparent when on August 15, 1912 a submarine fog signal was established 2,187 yards north of the point in 180 feet of water. To keep ships from fouling the cable that actuated the bell, a sparbuoy was positioned to mark the bell. On June 6, 1925, the bell was replaced by a submarine oscillator, which was more distinctive and had a greater range. The station’s fog signal was changed to an air diaphone on August 15, 1925, and on October 13, 1925 a radiobeacon commenced operation on the point. It is likely that no other station had as many aids to navigation as Whitefish Point did during 1926, but some of this redundancy was eliminated on July 15, 1927, when the submarine oscillator was discontinued. The only equipment in addition to his present radio compass which the vessel master needs to take advantage of this new information is a watch to be used in noting the period in seconds which elapses from the time of hearing a distinctive radio signal until the sound fog signal, which was sent from the station at the same time, is heard. The radio signal is received instantly for all practical purposes and the speed of the sound signal is roughly 1 mile in five seconds. This elapsed time in seconds divided by five will give, therefore, the approximate distance of the ship away from the station in miles.One mariner approaching Whitefish Point was able to track his distance from the station up to a distance of twelve miles, with no error exceeding a quarter-mile. In 1936, the current brick building was built just north of the lighthouse for the fog signal and radiobeacon equipment, as the shore had encroached on the previous fog signal building. In fact, a contract was awarded in 1936 for the construction of five wooden-pile groins to protect the station from further erosion. The Coast Guard established a Lifeboat Rescue Station at Whitefish Point in 1923, but before this time, and even after, the lighthouse keepers were involved in rescues. On September 13, 1914, the fishing tug Ora Endress capsized off Whitefish Point. Despite large waves, Keeper Robert Carlson, assisted by two fishermen, rowed out and rescued the eleven men aboard and then provided food and clothing for them at the lighthouse. One of the rescued men later wrote the following regarding Keeper Carlson, “There is not one man in a thousand who would have attempted to launch a small boat in such a sea, and few men who could handle a boat at all in such a wind with the seas running high.” Around 3 p.m. on April 10, 1933, two fishermen were carried out into Whitefish Bay, when a piece of ice broke loose from the mainland. Coastguardsmen from Whitefish Point searched for the men in their power surfboat from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. the following day, but, being hampered by ice fields, were unable to find them. After the crew returned to their station, an airplane reported the men were just southeast of Isle Parisienne in Whitefish Bay, and shortly after 5 p.m. the surfboat was launched again, with a small rowboat in tow. Darkness fell before the Whitefish crew could reach the fishermen, and during the night, their surfboat was crushed between two ice fields and quickly filled with water. Distress signals alerted the keepers and remaining coastguardsmen on Whitefish Point that their help was needed, and Keeper Harry F. House decided to take a few coastguardsmen out in his personal motorboat at daylight. Before they set off, three of the crew from the surfboat reached the station by rowboat, leaving four men stranded on the ice. With the assistance of the surrounding population and four of the Vermillion Coast Guard crew, my motor boat was dragged over the crushed ice on shore to the open water about one fourth of a mile away. Two members of this crew came with me, taking supplies, etc., also the skiff in tow. We left at 8 a.m., April 12, in an easterly direction. We ran exactly 1 hour, which covered 8 miles distance, when we came to the loose ice field, leaving the motor boat and one of the crew there to watch the boat. We could see the 4 men about 1 mile east of us, and they could not venture toward us, so 1 of the men and myself started into the slush ice with the rowboat. In 1 hour’s time we had gained about one fourth of a mile, then we came to heavier pieces of ice, which we could get out on and pull the boat over, then cross short spaces of open water. In 2 hours’ time we arrived at the place of ice the four men were on and the sunken motor boat tied up alongside. We had also taken dry wood in the rowboat so as to make a fire and get warm, and we knew they would be wet, cold and hungry. The Coast Guard keeper said that there was no possible way of saving the boat and equipment, so considered it all a total loss. Before leaving for my motorboat the wind had shifted to the SE with snow squalls, opening up the ice; by making two trips finally all got in the motorboat and headed for Whitefish Point. The two fishermen that triggered the rescue attempt were picked up by a Coast Guard crew from Sault Ste. Marie around dusk on the 11th. The Lighthouse Service was absorbed into the Coast Guard in 1939. The Coast Guard closed its lifeboat station at Whitefish Point in 1951 and removed the remainder of its personnel from the site in 1970, following the automation of the lighthouse. In 1983, the Great Lakes Shipwreck Historical Society (GLSHS) leased the station from the Coast Guard. The first exhibits at the site were established in 1985, and the present Shipwreck Museum Building opened in 1987. The society, which was awarded ownership of the site in 1996, has painstakingly restored the keeper’s quarters, lighthouse, fog signal building, and oil houses associated with the Lighthouse Service and the crews quarters, surfboat house, and lookout tower associated with the Coast Guard Lifeboat Station. Visitors wanting to take in all that Whitefish Point has to offer might want to consider staying overnight in the crews quarters. Today, Whitefish Point may best be known as the closest point in the United States to the wreck site of the Edmund Fitzgerald, a Great Lakes freighter lost on November 10, 1975. GLSHS recovered the ship’s bell on July 4, 1995, and it can know be seen at the society’s museum on the point.

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John Adams was a leader of the American Revolution, who became the second President of the United States of America. Historian C. James Taylor said, “Adams’s legacy is one of reason, moral leadership, the rule of law, compassion, and a cautious, but active foreign policy that aimed both at securing the national interest and achieving an honorable peace.” Let us dive into the timelines and events to know more of John Adams facts. John Adams Facts: Quick Bio | 1 – 5 001. John Adams, nicknamed ‘Father of American Independence’ was born on October 30, 1735, in Braintree, Massachusetts. 002. He graduated from Harvard College in 1755, started his career as a teacher, switched to legal profession followed by politics. 003. Adams got married to Abigail Smith Adams in 1764 (d.1818). Adams was the only president from Federalist party (1789 and 1824). 004. His children were Abigail Amelia Adams Smith (1765-1813), John Quincy Adams (1767-1848), Susanna Adams (1768-1770), Charles Adams (1770-1800) and Thomas Boylston Adams (1772-1832). 005. John Adams saw his son John Quincy Adams becoming the president in 1824. He died on July 4, 1826, in Quincy, Massachusetts. John Adams Facts: Legal Career | 6 – 10 006. John Adams studied law with an attorney in Worcester, Massachusetts. In 1758, he was admitted to the Massachusetts Bar. 007. In 1770, Adams defended the British captain and soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre, leading to their acquittal. 008. In the same year, he also founded the Suffolk County Bar Association and became its First Secretary. 009. Between 1775-78, he was appointed the Chief Justice of the Superior Court of Judicature. 010. Since Adams began to give undivided attention to politics during the same period, he never presided over the court. John Adams Facts: Political Career | 11 – 15 011. Being patriotic, his career shifted into politics as early as 1770 when he was elected to the Massachusetts Assembly. 012. Between 1774-76, he was selected as a delegate to the First and Second Continental Congress. 013. In 1776, he became a member of the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence and signed it the same year. 014. Between 1777-79, he was delegated Commissioner to France. 015. In 1779, he was delegated to Massachusetts Constitutional Convention and drafted the Massachusetts Constitution. John Adams Facts: Political Career | 16 – 20 016. In 1780, he was delegated to Britain as Minister Plenipotentiary to negotiate peace and commerce as well. 017. Between 1781-84, he was appointed Diplomat to Netherlands and France, and thereafter another three years as Ambassador to Britain until 1788. 018. Between 1789-97, he served as the first Vice-President of the United States. 019. At age 61, Adams was inaugurated President on March 4, 1797. He served as the second President of the US between 1797-1801. 020. After his defeat in the 1800 presidential elections, he retired from active politics. John Adams Facts: Rule of Law | 21 – 25 021. When Attorney James Otis argued the Writs of Assistance case, it influenced Adams when drafting the Massachusetts Constitution to prohibit unreasonable searches and seizures. 022. Adams was greatly impressed by his powerful arguments, which he believed as the first action of opposition and birth of child Independence. 023. Joining the Sons of Liberty, he was against the British Government for unfair taxation. 024. But when he believed that the British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre fired in self-defense, he had them acquitted. 025. The commitments to rule of law and fair proceedings enabled John Adams to envision a philosophy of government based on laws. John Adams Facts: Thoughts on Government | 26 – 30 026. The North Carolina Provincial Congress requested Adams’ views on new government formation and drafting of constitution. 027. In 1776, Adams released ‘Thoughts on Government, Applicable to the Present State of the American Colonies’ in response to the request. 028. It served as a guide to draft new state constitutions and suggested the kind of representative assembly apt for good governance. 029. John Adams evolved a political theory based on his vast knowledge of ancient and modern theories and histories. 030. Additionally, he believed that the age he lived gave the chance to form free and independent states with their own governments. John Adams Facts: Massachusetts Constitution | 31 – 35 031. John Adams drafted the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 1780, the still functioning oldest of the kind. 032. The structure of this constitution with its itemized individual liberties became the prototype for the United States Constitution, effective from 1791. 034. In 1779, John Adams returned from Paris to Braintree in August and was selected to draft the constitution in September. 035. He completed the draft by October and returned to Europe by November 1779, an absolute breeze for his brilliance. John Adams Facts: Kingmaker | 36 – 40 036. John Adams completely shifted his concentration into politics when the independence movement in America gained momentum. 037. Joining Continental Congress quite early to resist the British, he quickly gained attention and was nicknamed ‘Atlas of Independence.’ 038. To ensure Virginian support, he proposed George Washington to command the Continental Army in 1775. 039. For the same cause, Adams also nominated Thomas Jefferson to draft the Declaration of Independence. 040. He supported Jefferson’s draft, seconded the motion for independence and eventually signed the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. John Adams Facts: Declaration of Independence | 41 – 45 041. In 1776, Continental Congress appointed John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Robert Livingston and Roger Sherman to draft the Declaration of Independence. 042. Both Adams and Jefferson wanted the other to author the document. Eventually, Adams succeeded in persuading Jefferson to write it. 043. John Adams and the others reviewed the Declaration of Independence document written by Thomas Jefferson. 044. John Adams was one among the fifty-six signatories of the Declaration of Independence that annulled the British supremacy over America. 045. Out of the signatories, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson were to become the future presidents. John Adams Facts: The Treaty of Paris | 46 – 50 046. The Treaty of Paris was signed on September 3, 1783 as the official peace treaty between the US and Britain. 047. It would symbolize the end of the American Revolutionary War; since it was agreed in Paris, it was called the Treaty of Paris. 048. John Adams, Benjamin Franklin and John Jay represented the US while David Hartley represented the British, King George III. 049. According to the treaty, Britain gave up claim over its thirteen colonies and also authorized the US expand westward. 050. It had articles like fishing rights, property restoration, war prisoners etc., but the only one that declares the US as a free, sovereign and independent states exists now. John Adams Facts : Reign of Peace | 51 – 55 051. John Adams was keen on maintaining peace during this presidentship as war clouds gathered over France and Britain. 052. So, he did not take sides either with France or Britain, though both of them expected US to help during the crisis. 053. Although there was a mixed opinion among the public, John Adams supported neither, and thus, kept the US out of war. 054. He won the respect of his adversaries with his argument that war was the last resort to diplomacy. 055. John Adams gave his final official dinner to a delegate of native Americans on February 16, 1801. John Adams Facts : Law & Response | 56 – 60 056. The notorious Alien and Sedition Act of 1798 signed by John Adams consisted of four laws amidst war clouds from France. 057. It stipulated a minimum fourteen years residency, as against the previous five years, for American citizenship. 058. It authorized the President to imprison or deport miscreants, in order to safeguard the peace of the country. 059. It limited freedom of speech against the Government, to curb the activities of the Democratic-Republican Party. 060. Ironically, John Adams never imposed it on anyone; still it played a significant part in his defeat in the 1800 elections. John Adams Facts: Thomas Jefferson | 61 – 65 061. When John Adams became the second President of the US, Thomas Jefferson, his fellow freedom fighter, served as the Vice-President. 062. Policy differences between the two aggravated to personal attacks during the 1800 presidential campaign, making it the worst in American history. 063. Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams to become the president; and John Adams did not attend Jefferson’s presidential inauguration. 064. Their friendship restored later and both died exactly on the fiftieth anniversary of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1826. 065. Both had been sick, Jefferson even longer; so unaware of Jefferson’s death, John Adams’ last words were, “Thomas Jefferson survives.” John Adams Facts: The Love Story | 66 – 70 066. Torn apart for days together, John Adams and his wife Abigail Adams were often separate due to political and household duties respectively. 067. Though patriotism and career kept them away, their 1,100 written messages express their ardent love for each other. 068. In between the lines, Abigail Adams encouraged him to fight for freedom even at the cost of his life. 069. She asked to remember the ladies favorably while coding the new laws and advocated for an African-American child’s admission in school. 070. Abigail Adams was a friend, philosopher and guide throughout their fifty-four years of marriage in the family and political sphere. John Adams Facts: John Quincy Adams | 71 – 75 071. A year before John Adams died, his son John Quincy Adams became the sixth President of the US in 1825. 072. Adam’s birthplace Braintree, Massachusetts was renamed after his son’s name as Quincy. 073. There had been just one other father-son pair of Presidents in US history, which was George H.W. Bush and George W. Bush. 074. John Adams and John Quincy Adams practiced strict moral values but were rejected after a single term in office. 075. Since news reached late and refrigeration not available in those days, John Adams was buried before his son reached from Washington. John Adams Facts: Characteristics and Values | 76 – 80 076. John Adams was a descendant of Puritans, who migrated to Massachusetts; but he was always proud to be an American. 077. When his political critic Andrew Brown’s house and shop were on fire, John Adams, then Vice-President, helped to douse it. 078. Adams described his Vice-Presidency role as, “the most insignificant office that ever the invention of man contrived or his imagination conceived.” 079. The bribery scandal called XYZ affairs popularized John Adams, when he refused to pay bribe demanded by French foreign minister in 1797. 080. John Adams considered the founding of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences as one of his proudest achievements. John Adams Facts: Pioneer | 81 – 85 081. Among the first five American presidents, John Adams was the only non-slaveholder, and yet he did not support abolition movements either. 082. While the first five American presidents were from Virginia, John Adams was the only New Englander. 083. The United States Military Academy, the brainchild of John Adams was proposed as early as 1776, though established much later. 084. The United States Marine Band was formed under John Adams’ direction in 1798 that still thrives as the country’s musical organization. 085. In 1800, John Adams was the first President to move into the White House. He was also the first lawyer-president. John Adams Facts: Trivia | 86 – 90 086. The biography of John Adams, written by David McCullough won the Pulitzer Prize. 087. Had Americans not won the Revolutionary War, John Adams might have been hung, being not listed under pardonable Americans. 088. Until his presidentship, John Adams sincerely observed the Sabbath Day. But couldn’t continue during his stays at Paris. 089. John Adams was a fine pen pal, kept in touch with family and friends, evident from the scores of correspondences archived. 090. John Adams pioneered the American Revolution through anonymous newspaper articles and propaganda pamphlets during the Stamp Act era since 1765. John Adams Facts: Fun Facts | 91 – 95 091. Though John Adams was statesmanly, he was also characterized as a gadfly by historians. His presidency inauguration was lonely without family members. 082. For two years since 1798, John Adams proclaimed a national day of fasting, which he believed was misunderstood, causing his defeat. 093. As Adams suggested that President George Washington be addressed as ‘His Majesty’ or ‘His Highness,’ he was ridiculed as ‘His Rotundity.’ 094. Adams wrote to wife that “The Second Day of July 1776, will be the most memorable Epocha, in the History of America.” 095. By the time, the draft Declaration of Independence was debated, reworded and approved, it was the fourth day of July, 1776. John Adams Facts: Quotable Quotes | 95 – 100 096. “There are two types of education… One should teach us how to make a living, and the other how to live.”. 097. “I must study Politics and War that my sons may have liberty to study Mathematics and Philosophy.” 098. “You will ever remember that all the end of study is to make you a good man and a useful citizen.” 099. “Democracy never lasts long. It soon wastes, exhausts and murders itself. There was never a democracy that did not commit suicide.” 100. “Always stand on principle….even if you stand alone.”

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Identification and Evaluation of Sources My IA will be an attempt to answer the question: To what extent was Bella Abzug successful in exposing the southern rape law “as a tool, for those in positions of power, to control African Americans and to deprive white women of their agency”? The evaluated primary sources will clarify how Bella Abzug was able to successfully expose the southern rape law for what it truly was. The Little Book of Feminist Saints This book was written by Julia Pierpont. This book was written to bring awareness to woman, such as Bella Abzug, who have made a great impact on others. This book mainly focuses on July 24, Feast Day. This book considered the role of Bella Abzug during the Mississippi rape case. Willie McGee was wrongfully accused of rape, and Bella Abzug was the lead counsel for him between the years of 1948-1951. During this time Bella Abzug left a mark on the south. She wrote her first supreme court petition and she received her first death threat. This source is valuable because it gives insight on how intolerant she was in terms of prejudice. It also states how, even though some of her strategies failed, she was able to expose the rape law for what it truly was. Bella Abzug, Champion of Women, The Washington Post This source is valuable because it allows readers to gain insight on Abzug’s life. It explains how, just a few years after graduating from Columbia Law, she was working as a specialist in labor law, and Abzug perfected her legal skills by taking on the Willie McGee case. It also states how she was a participant in Left civil rights campaigns in the late-1940s and early-1950s. During this time she witnessed the obstacles that the Left faced in achieving their goals as anti-communist. Her trips to the South during 1948-1951 were challenges of endurance. Bella Abzug was a lifelong activist for human rights and women’s rights. Bella was often ahead of her time, and often lost her battles, but she continued to fight. Bella was a leading activist for a series of political and social movements. She participated in the civil rights movement, the movement against nuclear weapons and the war in Vietnam, and the fight for women’s rights. If you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help!Essay Writing Service Bella was a feminist, and she believed that women needed to be empowered socially and economically, and to achieve this women needed to become as politically active as men. She said “You can’t continue to have a world without equal participation of men and women. That’s my central thesis. It’s not that I think women are superior to men, it’s just that we’ve had so little opportunity to be corrupted by power. And I jokingly add that we want that opportunity. But seriously, I believe that women can change the nature of power.” Bella Swas born in Bronx County, New York on July 24, 1920. She was the daughter of Russian immigrants, and decided at a very young age that she wanted to be a lawyer. She studied at Hunter College, where she was the president of the student council. After she finished school at Hunter College she went on to pursue her dream of becoming a lawyer. She graduated from Columbia University in 1947, where she earned her law degree. Abzug had applied to Harvard Law School, but she was rejected because she was a female. After graduating from Columbia, she worked as a lawyer for many years. She first started out in labor law. While doing this she fought and defended the rights of employees in the workplace. She later moved on to civil rights cases, and worked for the American Civil Liberties Union. Her most controversial case was that of Willie McGee. On November 3, 1945 a young man named Willie McGee was falsely accused and arrested for the rape of a white married woman in Laurel, Mississippi. In 1946, several lawyers later, Abzug defended Willie McGee in court. She urgently took the the case to the Supreme Court. During this time she accomplished two stays of execution, which is a delay in a court order. In order to achieve this she contended that “negroes were excluded from the jury”. According to the Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution “criminal defendants are guaranteed the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury consisting of jurors from the state and district in which the crime was alleged to have been committed. Under the impartial jury requirement, jurors must be unbiased, and the jury must consist of a representative cross-section of the community.” On her trip to Jackson for the special hearing board scheduled by the governor of Mississippi, Abzug never considered her personal safety, even though she was pregnant during this time. The night that Abzug first arrived in Jackson she was denied the hotel room that she had previously booked, and no other rooms were available. That night she went back to Jackson’s bus station and stayed overnight. The next morning at court, she fought vigorously for racial justice for six hours. Unfortunately she did not achieve change, and after the third trial and conviction, all appeals were denied. During the late-1940’s and early-1950’s she was a participant in Left civil rights campaigns, and she witnessed the obstacles that the Left faced while trying to achieve their goals as anti-communist. Her trips to the South during 1948-1951 were enduring. She suffered strong opposition from Mississippi officials, attorneys, and journalists. Nevertheless, Abzug persevered through the tough times that the Southern political and legal system inflicted upon her. She continued to push for civil rights, not only in the courtroom, but also to the public. Her public defense of Willie McGee highly contributed to the left’s national push for civil rights court reforms. Abzug was able to form a new conception of civil rights at the height of the Cold War. Through both civil rights and civil liberty cases, she was able to join other progressive attorneys and activists who used the law to battle prejudice and anti-communism. The main reason she chose to represent McGee was because she believed that the Jim Crow Laws were an example of political and social suppression in the cruelest form possible. By challenging the Southern rape law so strongly, she was able to enlighten the public and other lawyers about the discriminative Southern justice system. She was soon an advocate for social change. At age 50, Bella decided to run for political office, and gained a seat in the House of Representative. She gained attention with her slogan, “This woman’s place is in the House—the House of Representatives.” Bella also focused on veterans issues and gay rights. Bella also coauthored and helped pass the Freedom of Information Act and the Right to Privacy Act. Bella constantly fought for more female representation and participation in politics. As the cofounder and first cochair of the National Women’s Political Caucus, she called for an equal number of women and men in elective offices. She was a member of the Democratic National Committee, and also fought for equal representation of women at Democratic Party conventions. Bella was urged to run for the Senate in 1976, but unfortunately, she lost, and this was the end of Bella’s career as an elected official. However, Bella still remained politically active. During this time in her career, she became concerned more with women’s issues and the environment. In 1985, she organized a panel titled, “What If Women Ruled the World?”, for the U.N. Women’s Conference in Kenya, and it was attended by thousands of women. After this Abzug founded the Women’s Environment and Development Organization (WEDO) in 1990. Following through on her belief that women’s participation was necessary for social change, Bella developed the Women’s Caucus. Bella and WEDO went on to play a leading role at the U.N., and worked through the Women’s Caucus to highlight the issues of underrepresentation of women in politics. According to a Gallup Poll, Bella was one of the 20 most influential women in the world. Bella gave her last speech at the U.N. a going into the hospital for open-heart surgery. She died a month later. A year before her death Bella said, “Women will run the 21st century. The new millennium has to have significant change. We can’t continue the errors of the past, which have been created largely by one part of the population. This is going to be the women’s century, and young people are going to be its leaders.” Bella leaves a powerful legacy for the future in the many activists she trained and organizations she founded. This investigation has allowed me to gain insight into the methods used by historians. It is also allowed me to gain insight into the challenges that historians often face. I believe this has allowed me to develop a skill that is necessary while conducting investigations like this. I believe I can accurately analyze sources on the same subject, but present a different view on the topic. While researching, I read books written by historians based on my subject, analyzed evidence, and read government documents related to my topic, all of which are methods used by historians. Our academic experts are ready and waiting to assist with any writing project you may have. From simple essay plans, through to full dissertations, you can guarantee we have a service perfectly matched to your needs.View our services While analyzing evidence I became more aware of the challenges historians face. As I began reading about this subject, I was initially surprised that the main focus of the sources that I was using were significantly different from each other. For example, Julia Pierpont, in her book, The Little Book of Feminist Saints, argued that she was a “saint”, and that if were not for her intelligence and skill then the rape law would have never been changed, Others sources, for example In the Eyes of Willie McGee written by Alex Heard, discusses how Abzug may have made things worse for him. It discusses the possibility of whether he would have had an easier trial if she were not his lawyer. Many people despised the fact that she was a woman, so they were harsher towards her, thus affecting McGee. They also despised the fact that she was white, also leading to harsher treatment. Although I initially found it difficult to decide which historian was accurate, as I continued to research I began to better understand the work of the historian. In history, there is no “absolute truth”. It is the historian’s job to locate the most acceptable version. This requires assessing the values and limitations of the sources, in order to find a version that is the closest to the truth. I personally found this to be a very large setback during my investigation. However, by considering the limitations of the sources I was able to reach a conclusion. For example, In Julia Pierpont’s book because the book focused mainly on Bella Abzug, while Alex Heard’s book was mainly opinion based I decided to focus more on Pierpont’s. I believe her view is more accurate and well-researched This investigation has provided me with a valuable insight into the values and limitations historians face. It has also allowed me to understand the importance of understanding and analyzing the reliability of sources when forming a conclusion. - “ABZUG, Bella Savitzky.” US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives, history.house.gov/People/Detail/8276?ret=True. - LII Staff. “Sixth Amendment.” Legal Information Institute, Legal Information Institute, 10 Oct. 2017, www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/sixth_amendment. - “Bella Abzug.” Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 10 Apr. 2019, www.biography.com/people/bella-abzug-9174815. Cite This Work To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: Related ServicesView all DMCA / Removal Request If you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have your work published on UKEssays.com then please:

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Anyone new to chicken keeping has a lot of enthusiasm for the eggs and their hens laying potential. Besides, it can be a primary reason for keeping them all together. But what is actually possible here? Is a chicken capable of laying more than one egg in a day? I spent some time researching to find out! So, can chickens lay 2 eggs per day? While it is possible and been known to happen, it is extremely rare for chickens to lay 2 eggs in a day. Instead, it takes roughly 26 hours for a hen to produce and lay one egg. Thus, keepers can typically expect one egg per chicken per day. While a healthy and good laying hen may be able to lay up to seven eggs per week, not all chickens will. There are just so many factors that influence production. The time of year (and exposure to light), the breed of the hen, the age of the hen, the diet of the hen and how they are generally cared for. Let us now take a closer look at the egg-laying potential of your average hen, what breeds are known to lay the most, and how to promote healthy and more regular egg laying in your flock. Can A Chicken Lay More Than One Egg A Day? Chickens can lay more than one egg per day, but it is very unlikely and not regularly seen from keepers. In the rare instances where it may have occurred, it is probable that the second egg will not have formed as well, lacking in sufficient shell and therefore strength. This is due to the reproductive cycle of chickens, and their natural ability to only produce enough shell to coat and cover one egg, per day. The truth is, it takes time for a hen to prepare to lay an egg. The egg starts in the ovary and must go through the reproductive organs to be formed. First in the oviduct (for the yolk) and the magnum (for the albumen/ egg white), before moving onto the uterus to be wrapped in the colored shell. Then it needs to be laid. The egg production process takes anywhere between 24-26 hours. And then there is something else to consider too. A hen will not always start a new cycle immediately once an egg has been laid. It is for this reason that in your average breed of chicken, they will lay between 180-320 eggs per year in the first year of laying. From the second year and beyond, this production actually comes down. Eggs may only even be produced during certain seasons (spring and the summer) depending on access to light. Consider here that hens need at least 14 hours of light to to lay eggs consistently. Unless artificial lighting is provided in the winter, in some locations egg laying will therefore naturally cease. So, one egg per hen per day, is actually considered to be very good production. If a hen is suspected of laying more, consider it could be down to these two things: - It could be that hens are hiding the eggs so that when it comes to the collection, there is more than you are expecting. - Some birds lay very early, and then lay much later the next day, so it can appear that two eggs have been laid in a 24 hour period, but much more time has passed. And, there is also one other possibility to consider here. Chickens can sometimes release two yolks at the same time. It’s most common with young hens who are still maturing, or in older birds that are being overfed. What Breed Of Chicken Lays The Most Eggs? White leghorns are considered to be the chicken breed that lays the most eggs, with a production of up to 300 eggs, per year. This equates to just under an egg per day. From there, the other breeds known for laying include Australorps, Buff Orpingtons, Easter Eggers, Rhode Island Reds, and Plymouth Rocks. These breeds of chicken have been known to average between 200-250 eggs per year. At the other end of the extreme, Silkies are not known for laying many eggs, only producing around 100 eggs per year on average. Hybrid hens are also not particularly good layers, especially after the first year. In reality, if you have a breed of hen not known for laying, they will not produce many eggs. Even despite a keeper’s best efforts to increase production. How To Get Your Chickens To Lay More Eggs Getting chickens to lay more eggs is all about creating an environment conducive to egg-laying. They will need their basic needs met at an absolute minimum. But they also need an optimized environment too. We’ve already touched on the importance of the breed; some will just naturally produce more than others and there is little a keeper can do to increase production in those less efficient. The second factor that is somewhat out of your control, unless you are purchasing birds for the first time is their age. Hens that are either too young (under 6 months) or too old (around 6 or 7 years of age, on average) will not lay. But assuming you have a good laying breed, and they are of sufficient age, what can you do to promote egg production? The following recommendations are a good place to start: Hens need between 14-16 hours of light to lay regularly. In the summer months, this should be achieved naturally – especially if you are letting them out to roam during the day. Come the winter, or the darker months however, getting sufficient light can become a problem. Some keepers let their chickens rest during this time, although others provide artificial light to keep up production. It does not have to be too complicated either. A halogen or regular incandescent bulb is all that is required for your average coop. It simply needs to be plugged into a timer and scheduled to come on in the morning. This will give your birds up to 15 hours of daylight and improve egg production in the shorter and darker days of winter. Keep Stress Down Chickens will stop producing eggs if they are overly stressed. The main two causes of stress are pests and predators. These will be hard to completely prevent altogether, but there are certainly things you can do to keep them at bay. For one, its important that you have a secure coop without any weak or entry points. Better yet would be installing some form of fencing around your property to prevent predators from getting anywhere near the coop. Remember it needs to be at least 6 foot + and dug into the ground too. For pests, it’s generally about using the right bedding materials and cleaning the coop sufficiently and regularly. Diet and nutrition is paramount to healthy egg production. In fact, this is precisley why you purchase ‘layers feed’. It’s important that you do not rely on insufficient feed for your birds. Or, feed them inappropriate foods altogether. Certain and safe treats should be fed in moderation. Consider that your hens will need 20 grams of protein per day at the very least, anything under this will result in fewer eggs. Layers pellets are designed to provide all the nutrition your chickens need for healthy egg production. This includes protein along with vitamins and minerals. Chickens need around 500ml of fresh, clean drinking water per day. And it needs to be accessible at all times. Dehydration can prevent laying, so it is important that you provide enough waterers for all of your birds to access. A good idea is to put one waterer inside the coop, another in the run or outside. Certain supplements, such as Oyster Shell, should definitely be considered for all egg-laying hens. But especially in those that are struggling to form strong and healthy shells. Oyster shell provides access to a clean and digestible source of calcium, which is the primary material used for the formation of the shells. This is the best selling brand on Amazon to consider. Coop Design and Layout A big component in keeping a flock happy and healthy is providing sufficient space. You should allow 2-3 square feet per laying hen. So, it may be that you either need to increase the size of your coop or extend it out (if possible) to meet this target. Otherwise you will need to consider how many birds you keep, or risk a lower egg supply and other issues that can result from overcrowding (such as repository diseases). From there, each hen requires at least 8 inches of roosting space to acquire the sleep that they need. So, you may need to consider adding another roosting bar if you cannot provide this space per hen. Nest boxes should also be provided if not already; as these offer a comfortable and safe area for your birds to lay their eggs. 1 box for every 3 hens is advised, and they should be raised off the floor by a couple of inches. Regularly changing the bedding and ensuring they are of sufficient size will help to ensure your birds use them. Its important that your birds spend some time outside and are given the ability to roam. Getting this light exercise can help to prevent weight gain, which in excess, can impact the production of eggs. Equally, it helps with your birds physiological and mental health – keeping them happy and reducing anxiety and stress. Letting your birds free-range and forage for food also helps them to acquire more nutrition, with bugs, grubs, and insects being high in protein and other essential vitamins. Chickens can lay 2 eggs per day, but do not expect it. Its increasingly unlikely. In reality, a chicken that lays one egg per day is a good and efficient layer! It’s also important to consider that there are multiple factors that influence egg production. Several are completely outside of the keeper’s control. The breed of the hen and the age are the two to be most aware of. In fact, in certain breeds, there is little you can do to increase egg production, despite your best efforts. That being said, in healthy laying breeds, there are some steps you may be able to take to increase or at least promote healthy egg production. Food, water, space and the reduction of any sources of stress are the main ones to look at. Lighting is another option, especially in the winter, although this is a topic of much debate. You can certainly try to keep your hens laying throughout the darker months, but do consider that this is a time that chickens naturally rest and recuperate. Hens that are forced into maximum egg production through artificial lighting will burn out at a younger age than those who take this yearly break. And all is not lost. Chickens will still produce eggs in the winter without said lighting, just at a lower rate. I am a practiced pet owner with decades of experience owning a number of different pets. I am also the main writer and chief editor here at Pet Educate; a site I created to share everything I’ve learned about pet ownership over the years and my extensive research along the way.

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National Curriculum of England for Key Stage 3 and 4 The curriculum for 12-16 year old is based on learning objectives of the secondary National curriculum in England for key stages 3 and 4. The secondary curriculum includes English, Science, History, Geography, Art and Design, Languages, Computing, Design and Technology, Music, Physical Education and Citizenship. Our school offers the International GCSE by Cambridge Assessment International Education. The certificate is part of the University of Cambridge, with a 150-year history of providing international examinations. Offering an international GSCE to our students allows us to continue with the Montessori School of Mallorca’s open and strongly international approach. It fits well with our flagship programme throughout Primary and Secondary education, the Montessori Model United Nations. ESO and GCSE At the age of 16, our students pass both the Spanish ESO certification ( Educación Secundaria Obligatoria) and the British International GCSEs (General Certificate of Secondary Education). This is complemented through a highly international perspective based on the Montessori Model United Nations Leadership Programme, Montessori elements in the classroom and a paced introduction of tests and formal assessments. Purpose of study Mathematics is a creative and highly inter-connected discipline that has been developed over centuries, providing the solution to some of history’s most intriguing problems. It is essential to everyday life, critical to science, technology and engineering, and necessary for financial literacy and most forms of employment. A high-quality mathematics education therefore provides a foundation for understanding the world, the ability to reason mathematically, an appreciation of the beauty and power of mathematics, and a sense of enjoyment and curiosity about the subject. The national curriculum for mathematics aims to ensure that all pupils: - become fluent in the fundamentals of mathematics, including through varied and frequent practice with increasingly complex problems over time, so that pupils develop conceptual understanding and the ability to recall and apply knowledge rapidly and accurately. - reason mathematically by following a line of enquiry, conjecturing relationships and generalisations, and developing an argument, justification or proof using mathematical language - can solve problems by applying their mathematics to a variety of routine and non- routine problems with increasing sophistication, including breaking down problems into a series of simpler steps and persevering in seeking solutions. Purpose of study English has a pre-eminent place in education and in society. A high-quality education in English will teach pupils to speak and write fluently so that they can communicate their ideas and emotions to others and through their reading and listening, others can communicate with them. Through reading in particular, pupils have a chance to develop culturally, emotionally, intellectually, socially and spiritually. Literature, especially, plays a key role in such development. Reading also enables pupils both to acquire knowledge and to build on what they already know. All the skills of language are essential to participating fully as a member of society; pupils, therefore, who do not learn to speak, read and write fluently and confidently are effectively disenfranchised. The overarching aim for English in the national curriculum is to promote high standards of language and literacy by equipping pupils with a strong command of the spoken and written word, and to develop their love of literature through widespread reading for enjoyment. The national curriculum for English aims to ensure that all pupils: - read easily, fluently and with good understanding - develop the habit of reading widely and often, for both pleasure and information - acquire a wide vocabulary, an understanding of grammar and knowledge of linguistic conventions for reading, writing and spoken language - appreciate our rich and varied literary heritage - write clearly, accurately and coherently, adapting their language and style in and fora range of contexts, purposes and audiences - use discussion in order to learn; they should be able to elaborate and explain clearly their understanding and ideas - are competent in the arts of speaking and listening, making formal presentations, demonstrating to others and participating in debate. Purpose of study A high-quality science education provides the foundations for understanding the world through the specific disciplines of biology, chemistry and physics. Science has changed our lives and is vital to the world’s future prosperity, and all pupils should be taught essential aspects of the knowledge, methods, processes and uses of science. Through building up a body of key foundational knowledge and concepts, pupils should be encouraged to recognise the power of rational explanation and develop a sense of excitement and curiosity about natural phenomena. They should be encouraged to understand how science can be used to explain what is occurring, predict how things will behave, and analyse causes. The national curriculum for science aims to ensure that all pupils: - develop scientific knowledge and conceptual understanding through the specific disciplines of biology, chemistry and physics - develop understanding of the nature, processes and methods of science through different types of science enquiries that help them to answer scientific questions about the world around them - are equipped with the scientific knowledge required to understand the uses and implications of science, today and for the future. Purpose of study A high-quality history education will help pupils gain a coherent knowledge and understanding of Britain’s past and that of the wider world. It should inspire pupils’ curiosity to know more about the past. Teaching should equip pupils to ask perceptive questions, think critically, weigh evidence, sift arguments, and develop perspective and judgement. History helps pupils to understand the complexity of people’s lives, the process of change, the diversity of societies and relationships between different groups, as well as their own identity and the challenges of their time. The national curriculum for history aims to ensure that all pupils: - know and understand the history of these islands as a coherent, chronological narrative, from the earliest times to the present day: how people’s lives have shaped this nation and how Britain has influenced and been influenced by the wider world - know and understand significant aspects of the history of the wider world: the nature of ancient civilisations; the expansion and dissolution of empires; characteristic features of past non-European societies; achievements and follies of mankind - gain and deploy a historically grounded understanding of abstract terms such as ‘empire’, ‘civilisation’, ‘parliament’ and ‘peasantry’ - understand historical concepts such as continuity and change, cause and consequence, similarity, difference and significance, and use them to make connections, draw contrasts, analyse trends, frame historically valid questions and create their own structured accounts, including written narratives and analyses - understand the methods of historical enquiry, including how evidence is used rigorously to make historical claims, and discern how and why contrasting arguments and interpretations of the past have been constructed - gain historical perspective by placing their growing knowledge into different contexts, understanding the connections between local, regional, national and international history; between cultural, economic, military, political, religious and social history; and between short- and long-term timescales. Purpose of study A high-quality geography education should inspire in pupils a curiosity and fascination about the world and its people that will remain with them for the rest of their lives. Teaching should equip pupils with knowledge about diverse places, people, resources and natural and human environments, together with a deep understanding of the Earth’s key physical and human processes. As pupils progress, their growing knowledge about the world should help them to deepen their understanding of the interaction between physical and human processes, and of the formation and use of landscapes and environments. Geographical knowledge, understanding and skills provide the frameworks and approaches that explain how the Earth’s features at different scales are shaped, interconnected and change over time. The national curriculum for geography aims to ensure that all pupils: - develop contextual knowledge of the location of globally significant places – both terrestrial and marine – including their defining physical and human characteristics and how these provide a geographical context for understanding the actions of processes - understand the processes that give rise to key physical and human geographical features of the world, how these are interdependent and how they bring about spatial variation and change over time - are competent in the geographical skills needed to: - collect, analyse and communicate with a range of data gathered through experiences of fieldwork that deepen their understanding of geographical processes - interpret a range of sources of geographical information, including maps, diagrams, globes, aerial photographs and Geographical Information Systems(GIS) - communicate geographical information in a variety of ways, including through maps, numerical and quantitative skills and writing at length. Art and design Purpose of study Art, craft and design embody some of the highest forms of human creativity. A high-quality art and design education should engage, inspire and challenge pupils, equipping them with the knowledge and skills to experiment, invent and create their own works of art, craft and design. As pupils progress, they should be able to think critically and develop a more rigorous understanding of art and design. They should also know how art and design both reflect and shape our history, and contribute to the culture, creativity and wealth of our nation. The national curriculum for art and design aims to ensure that all pupils: - produce creative work, exploring their ideas and recording their experiences - become proficient in drawing, painting, sculpture and other art, craft and design techniques - evaluate and analyse creative works using the language of art, craft and design - know about great artists, craft makers and designers, and understand the historical and cultural development of their art forms. Purpose of study Learning a foreign language is a liberation from insularity and provides an opening to other cultures. A high-quality languages education should foster pupils’ curiosity and deepen their understanding of the world. The teaching should enable pupils to express their ideas and thoughts in another language and to understand and respond to its speakers, both in speech and in writing. It should also provide opportunities for them to communicate for practical purposes, learn new ways of thinking and read great literature in the original language. Language teaching should provide the foundation for learning further languages, equipping pupils to study and work in other countries. The national curriculum for languages aims to ensure that all pupils: - understand and respond to spoken and written language from a variety of authentic sources - speak with increasing confidence, fluency and spontaneity, finding ways of communicating what they want to say, including through discussion and asking questions, and continually improving the accuracy of their pronunciation and intonation - can write at varying length, for different purposes and audiences, using the variety of grammatical structures that they have learnt - discover and develop an appreciation of a range of writing in the language studied. Purpose of study A high-quality computing education equips pupils to use computational thinking and creativity to understand and change the world. Computing has deep links with mathematics, science, and design and technology, and provides insights into both natural and artificial systems. The core of computing is computer science, in which pupils are taught the principles of information and computation, how digital systems work, and how to put this knowledge to use through programming. Building on this knowledge and understanding, pupils are equipped to use information technology to create programs, systems and a range of content. Computing also ensures that pupils become digitally literate – able to use, and express themselves and develop their ideas through, information and communication technology – at a level suitable for the future workplace and as active participants in a digital world. The national curriculum for computing aims to ensure that all pupils: - can understand and apply the fundamental principles and concepts of computer science, including abstraction, logic, algorithms and data representation - can analyse problems in computational terms, and have repeated practical experience of writing computer programs in order to solve such problems - can evaluate and apply information technology, including new or unfamiliar technologies, analytically to solve problems - are responsible, competent, confident and creative users of information and communication technology. Design and technology Purpose of study Design and technology is an inspiring, rigorous and practical subject. Using creativity and imagination, pupils design and make products that solve real and relevant problems within a variety of contexts, considering their own and others’ needs, wants and values. They acquire a broad range of subject knowledge and draw on disciplines such as mathematics, science, engineering, computing and art. Pupils learn how to take risks, becoming resourceful, innovative, enterprising and capable citizens. Through the evaluation of past and present design and technology, they develop a critical understanding of its impact on daily life and the wider world. High-quality design and technology education makes an essential contribution to the creativity, culture, wealth and well-being of the nation. The national curriculum for design and technology aims to ensure that all pupils: - develop the creative, technical and practical expertise needed to perform everyday tasks confidently and to participate successfully in an increasingly technological world - build and apply a repertoire of knowledge, understanding and skills in order to design and make high-quality prototypes and products for a wide range of users - critique, evaluate and test their ideas and products and the work of others - understand and apply the principles of nutrition and learn how to cook. Purpose of study Music is a universal language that embodies one of the highest forms of creativity. A high- quality music education should engage and inspire pupils to develop a love of music and their talent as musicians, and so increase their self-confidence, creativity and sense of achievement. As pupils progress, they should develop a critical engagement with music, allowing them to compose, and to listen with discrimination to the best in the musical canon. The national curriculum for music aims to ensure that all pupils: - perform, listen to, review and evaluate music across a range of historical periods, genres, styles and traditions, including the works of the great composers and musicians - learn to sing and to use their voices, to create and compose music on their own and with others, have the opportunity to learn a musical instrument, use technology appropriately and have the opportunity to progress to the next level of musical excellence - understand and explore how music is created, produced and communicated, including through the inter-related dimensions: pitch, duration, dynamics, tempo, timbre, texture, structure and appropriate musical notations. Purpose of study A high-quality physical education curriculum inspires all pupils to succeed and excel in competitive sport and other physically-demanding activities. It should provide opportunities for pupils to become physically confident in a way which supports their health and fitness. Opportunities to compete in sport and other activities build character and help to embed values such as fairness and respect. The national curriculum for physical education aims to ensure that all pupils: - develop competence to excel in a broad range of physical activities - are physically active for sustained periods of time - engage in competitive sports and activities - lead healthy, active lives. Purpose of study A high-quality citizenship education helps to provide pupils with knowledge, skills and understanding to prepare them to play a full and active part in society. In particular, citizenship education should foster pupils’ keen awareness and understanding of democracy, government and how laws are made and upheld. Teaching should equip pupils with the skills and knowledge to explore political and social issues critically, to weigh evidence, debate and make reasoned arguments. It should also prepare pupils to take their place in society as responsible citizens, manage their money well and make sound financial decisions. The national curriculum for citizenship aims to ensure that all pupils: - acquire a sound knowledge and understanding of how the United Kingdom is governed, its political system and how citizens participate actively in its democratic systems of government - develop a sound knowledge and understanding of the role of law and the justice system in our society and how laws are shaped and enforced - develop an interest in, and commitment to, participation in volunteering as well as other forms of responsible activity, that they will take with them into adulthood - are equipped with the skills to think critically and debate political questions, to enable them to manage their money on a day-to-day basis, and plan for future financial needs.

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When commandeering a vessel of massive proportions, it is important that information is correctly passed between the various systems of the ship. For instance, left and right is ambiguous directions that depend on the location of the observer and the way they are facing. Passing directions in such a manner is a recipe for disaster, as the captain’s left may differ from that of the person operating the steering gear. This ambiguity persisted for a considerable period until it was regularized around the 16th century AD. The ship was demarcated into two zones, that defined the right and left halves irrespective of where the observer was. These zones are the port and starboard directions that are in use in modern-day maritime terms. In this article, we will cover the concept of port and starboard and the various uses of these terms throughout maritime history. Origin of the Terms – Port And Starboard Port and starboard are non-interchangeable terms referring to the two halves of the vessel. When looking from the bow to the stern, the port lies on the right side while the starboard side lies on the left side. In nautical terms, the bow or fore lies at the forward of the ship, while the stern or aft is the rear portion. This definition of port and starboard ensures that these directions are unique irrespective of the position of the concerned party. The origin of these terms come from the old English usage for their respective purposes. In the times of early boats that were steered with the aid of a steering oar at the stern, the majority of sailors were right-handed. These steering oars functioned as the rudders of the craft and had to be expertly manoeuvred. Hence, it was easier to have the steering oar on the right-hand side so that the sailor was facing forward comfortably. This led to the right half that he sat on being called the steerboard which was later corrupted into starboard. For smaller crafts and sailboats, this led to some difficulty in loading goods from this side of the vessel. So, boats would dock with their left-hand side against the port wharves. This led to the left side being called the larboard, based on the corruption of the old English term for loading. However, it was common to confuse the terms larboard and starboard while sailing, as they sounded similar. Thus, larboard was later replaced by the term port. This also aided in other terminology, as it was the left-hand side that was moored to the port. The usage of these terms became common as English trading ships sailed to several countries during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries AD. During the colonization era, these terms were broadly accepted by sailors in countries spanning from India to the United States. Eventually, with the formation of regulatory bodies to develop a uniform code for maritime terminology, the terms port and starboard were accepted due to their widespread usage. Enforcement and Maritime Regulations Port and starboard are the official directions for left and right on all vessels, and this convention was laid down in the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea. This navigational treaty ensured that stringent rules were followed during any manoeuvres to prevent collisions and untoward incidents. Also, considering that poor visibility could lead to difficulty in identifying the port and starboard sides of vessels, colour codes were assigned based on accepted convention. These are discussed in greater detail in the next section. Often, marine officers are trained extensively in becoming comfortable with using the terms port and starboard. The reason for this is because difficult manoeuvres may require them to react spontaneously and issue directions. During such high-stressed environments, it is important that they continue to use conventional terms of navigation. In addition, in the unfortunate event of an accident, and during subsequent court proceedings, if the captain or concerned officers are found guilty of using terms such as left or right to refer to their vessel or other vessels, and if found that this error led to the accident, they are then eligible to be held guilty for having caused sinking or damage to the vessel. Thus, it is essential and important that the right technical terms are used to describe the two halves of the vessel. These terms also become useful while passing messages between ships. For instance, instead of mentioning that a vessel would be passing to the right or left of a ship, the terms starboard and port can be used. As right and left are ambiguous due to the lateral inversion of perspective, there is a higher risk of a collision without the use of proper terms. Directions in Navigation and Steering Along with the port and starboard nautical terms, colours are also used to aid in navigation especially during night manoeuvres. Red is the international convention for the port side, while green is the colour for the starboard side. This is common on aircraft and helicopter vessels. This is because aircraft need to be able to judge the two halves of the ship during night flights, and the main deck lights are often turned off for military reasons, especially during times of war. Thus, only small red and green stripes are present for the pilot to judge the location of the vessel and the area that they need to land on. Also, this colour code systems aids in preventing collisions when there is a lack of light. Without clear visibility, it can be difficult to judge whether a vessel is approaching or heading away from your ship. However, by considering the order of the lights on the vessel, a conclusion can be drawn as to the position of the craft by following a simple convention to decide its direction of movement. When facing the other vessel, if the red light is on the right and the green is on the left, the indication is that the vessel is approaching your position. On the other hand, should the colours be interchanged, that indicates that the vessel is moving further away from your ship. Thus, by following this convention of right or left, it is possible to accurately determine the direction of motion of the other vessel. Certain conventions are to be followed when passing directions to the officers at the helm. In general, a fixed officer of the watch is responsible for manning the observation deck of the bridge and for calling out directional changes to the helmsman. These directions must be passed as X degrees to the Port or Starboard. Here, X can take values ranging from 0⁰ to 180⁰ and indicates how much the ship should turn in the relevant direction. In general, 0⁰ to either side does not result in any change in direction. For instance, 90⁰ to starboard indicates that the vessel must now proceed in a direction perpendicular to the initial direction, and on the starboard side. An important point to keep in mind is that ships do not take drastic changes in direction. Considering the enormous size of these vessels, it may take an average of a few kilometres for the ship to execute a direction change of a few degrees. Thus, commercial cargo and passenger carrying vessels generally limit direction changes to within 45⁰ on the port and starboard sides. On the other hand, warships and high-speed attack crafts are often required to make tight manoeuvres that require sudden and large changes in direction. Thus, warships can turn up to 150 ⁰ on either side under extreme conditions. In modern ships with navigational technology, corrections can be made by the computing software itself, instead of having to call values out to an individual at the helm. To do so, information can be fed into the system in the form of two parameters- the angle of change, and whether the change is in the port or starboard side. Such an automated system reduces the chances of error and allows the officers to attend to more immediate duties. An interesting point to note is that although 180⁰ to either the port or starboard should indicate the same direction, they actually indicate the direction in which the vessel must turn. For instance, if an about-turn is required and the area to the port side of a vessel is inaccessible due to rocks or mines, the instruction passed to the steering system is 180⁰ to the starboard. Incorrectly passing information has led to major mishaps in the past. So, although both the instruction put the vessel in almost the same position, care must be taken when using them. In addition to manoeuvring, the terms port and starboard are also used to spot and convey the location of an object, mainly on warships. To do so, the officer on the deck or the observation officer must accurately determine the position of the object that they intend to report. A phrase similar to that used in navigation is then used- X degrees to the port or starboard. This information is conveyed either to the captain or to an officer manning weapon system. Once this is done, heading and other related information are fed into the system before appropriate action is taken. This system of reporting by using both an angle and a side is useful when it comes to calculating the speed of an object. For example, take an object initially at a certain angle on the port. If it is able to cover a fixed angle in a set amount of time, the distance covered and the speed of the object can be calculated through basic trigonometry. Thus, the port and starboard terms have a profound usage in the field of navigation and manoeuvring. Structure and Construction of Port And Starboard Now, we will discuss how the port and starboard sides of the ship are designed and constructed. Ships are usually built-in blocks that run along the entire beam of the vessel. Thus, the port and starboard halves are usually assembled together in a block, before being welded to the adjacent blocks. In the case of unsymmetrical vessels as well, the two halves are never separately assembled. In general, most ships are symmetrical about their centerline on both sides. This has proven to be the ideal design that allows for the least resistance in moving a ship. However, certain experiments conducted in recent times at hydrodynamic testing facilities have pointed out that specific vessels that are unsymmetrical can have better performance parameters compared to their symmetrical counterparts. For the purpose of this article, we will assume that all ships and vessels are symmetric below the waterline, as this is the only region where fluid resistance acts. The region above the waterline can be either symmetric or not based on their use. When asked about the most common unsymmetrically designed ships, the first example that often springs to mind is that of the aircraft carriers. These carriers generally have a conning tower and their superstructure on the starboard side, while a long runway is installed on the port. This runway angles to the port, away from the centerline of the ship. The reason why this convention exists is because of human tendency. During an aborted landing, fighter crafts have to rapidly gain speed and pull up without crashing into any other planes or structures on the deck. Studies have shown that most pilots turn to the left when faced with an aborted landing, and even during accidents. This logic is followed even while driving on roads in some countries. Most cars have steering wheel positions that enable the driver to safely pull over to the left, instead of heading to the right where there is incoming traffic. Coming back to aircraft carriers, the convention of keeping the conning tower on the starboard has been in use from the first craft carriers. Due to existing technology, no serious efforts have been made to change the configuration of an aircraft carrier. It has been far easier to allow the pilots to train with the current layout, and follow existing design specifications. Over to You… Although the terms port and starboard started off on-board English ships several centuries ago, they have found their way into every mariners’ life. Without them, navigation would be a nightmare, and accidents would be frequent occurrences. Think that there is something interesting missing about these navigational terms? Have a new point or opinion to add? Let us know your thoughts in the comments section. Disclaimer: The authors’ views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect the views of Marine Insight. Data and charts, if used, in the article have been sourced from available information and have not been authenticated by any statutory authority. The author and Marine Insight do not claim it to be accurate nor accept any responsibility for the same. The views constitute only the opinions and do not constitute any guidelines or recommendation on any course of action to be followed by the reader. The article or images cannot be reproduced, copied, shared or used in any form without the permission of the author and Marine Insight.

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- Open Access - Authors : Aastha Tyagi - Paper ID : IJERTV10IS090156 - Volume & Issue : Volume 10, Issue 09 (September 2021) - Published (First Online): 01-10-2021 - ISSN (Online) : 2278-0181 - Publisher Name : IJERT - License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License A Review Study of Natural Language Processing Techniques for Text Mining Aastha Tyagi Amity University Noida, India Abstract:- In todays technological Eire, text analysis and natural language processing are very much important aspects in artificial intelligence and many other types of technology. Using natural language processing (NLP), text mining (also known as text analytics) transforms unstructured text within documents and databases into normalized, structured data that may be used for analysis or to train machine learning algorithms. The technological advancement is having responsibility for helping people towards getting advantageous benefits with usage of this. In this paper, text analysis and natural language processing in artificial intelligence is being convicted. Natural language is that particular language which helps the machine for reading the text with the help of stimulating the ability of human for understanding a natural language like English or any other type. Content analysis method was taken into consideration during the time of research i.e., the literature and study which is already in existence was taken into consideration to be more profound about the topic. The conclusion of the study has been convicting that importance of text analysis and natural language processing in artificial intelligence is essential to a greater extent. Keywords: Artificial intelligence, Natural Language Processing, Text analysis, etc. Natural language processing is basically being defined as the branch of artificial intelligence which provides help to the computers for understanding, manipulating, and interpreting the human language. Natural language processing draws so many types of disciplines, with an inclusion of computer science and computational linguistics which is being put for fulfilling the gap in existence in between human communication and understanding of computer. Artificial intelligence text analysis is simply defined as the process for extracting the information from inside a larger amount of textual data which is present . There are basically two types of NLP techniques which are Syntactic Analysis and Semantic analysis. Syntactic analysis – or parsing – examines text using fundamental grammatical principles to detect a sentence structure, arrange words and how they connect. Semantic analysis relies on text capture. First, it examines the significance of each term (lexical semantics). If we talk specifically about businesses, natural language processing is the prospect which can particularly help in automating the complete process pertaining the understanding of comments exerted by customers on a larger scale. It will be helping them for making decisions on the basis of data towards improving the business . The importance of natural language processing can be defined in such a way that it helps the computers for communicating with the humans in their own languages and scale other types of tasks in relation to the languages . If we take example, natural language processing is defined to make it possible for all the computers to words reading the text, hearing the speech, interpreting it, measurement of the sentiment and also determining the parts which are important to be taken care of. Human languages are very much complex and diverse in nature. We have been expressing ourselves in so many types of ways and both verbally and in writing also . Natural language processing is very much important in artificial intelligence as it helps for resolving the ambiguity in the language and adding a much more useful structure numerically for the data to words many types of downstream applications like as speech recognition or text analytics. NLP AND TEXT ANALYTICS Natural language processing is defined to be going hand-in- hand with text analysis which specifically will be counting, grouping and categorizing words for extracting the structure including meaningful content from larger amount of content. The text analysis is being used for exploring the textual content and deriving new type of variables from raw data which might be visualized, Filtered and further being used in the form of your inputs for predicting the models and other types of statistical methods . Natural language processing and text analysis are being used altogether in so many types of applications such as: Investigation discovery: identification of the patterns including the clues residing in the emails or reports which has been written for helping in the detection and solving process of crimes happened. Subject matter expertise: classification of the content to words the topic which is meaningful so that people will be having ability for acting and discovering the trends. Social media analytics: tracking awareness including the sentiment pertaining specific types of topics and identification of key influencers . Analyzing the text is very much important skill for the readers who are successful. Analysis of a text is being involved of breaking down the ideas and structure for understanding it in a better way and thinking critically about it and drawing the conclusion . Text analysis in artificial intelligence is clearly working in this particular direction of breaking down the ideas and structure of the text so that it can be clearly understood by the human operating that . Natural Language Processing Natural Language Processing (NLP) allows computers to comprehend the language of humans. NLP examines the characteristics and the significance of the phrases behind the scenes and then utilizes algorithms to extract meanings and provide results. In other words, the human language makes sense to do various jobs automatically . Fig1: NLP in AI Natural Language Processing (NLP) examines the understanding of human language by computers and translations. With NLP computers can understand the written or spoken language and execute tasks like translation, extraction of keywords, categorization of the subjects, and more . The correctness of the response rises with the quantity of relevant information in the questions. Users may ask inquiries about any topic and get a straight answer in seconds. It is simple to deploy. It is less expensive to use a software than to hire a human. A human may take two or three times longer to do the same activities than a computer. The NLP system gives responses to natural language queries. Allow you to do more language-based data without weariness in an impartial and consistent manner compared to a person. The NLP method helps a computer to speak in its language with a person, and measures other language activities. In order to assist computers, comprehend text Natural Language Processing (NLP) uses two techniques: syntactic analytics and semantic analysis. Syntactic analysis – or parsing – examines text using fundamental grammatical principles to detect a sentence structure, arrange words and how they connect. Some of its principal subtasks are: Tokenization involves dividing a text up into smaller pieces called tokens (which may be phrases or words) to simplify handling of material. Part of the speech tag labels tokens like verb, adverb, adjective, substance, etc. This helps determine the meaning of words (for example, the term "book" refers to several objects whether employed as a verb or a substantive). Lemmatizaton & stemming consists in reducing inflected phrases to their basic form to facilitate analysis. Stop-word removal often eliminates words that don't contribute semitone value, such I, they, have, etc. . Semantic analysis relies on text capture. First, it examines the significance of each term (lexical semantics). Then, the arrangement of words and also what they signify is examined in context. The primary tasks of semantical analysis are as follows: Word meaning disambiguation attempts to determine the meaning in which a word is used in a particular context . Uses of NLP Some of the major uses of NLP are as follows: Translation of Language In recent years, machine translation technology has advanced greatly, with the translations of Facebook reaching superhuman performance in 2019. Translation technologies allow companies to interact in various languages, enhance their worldwide communication or open up new markets . Extraction of text Text extraction allows you to extract predefined text content. This application helps you identify and extract keywords and important characteristics (such as product codes, colors and specifications) and named entities when dealing with huge quantities of data . Chatbots are AI systems intended for text or voice interactions with people. Chatbots are being increasingly used for customer services since they are able to provide help 24/7 (speed up response times) concurrently manage numerous inquiries and relieve human workers from replying to repeated questions. Chatbots learn active from every contact and improve user intent so that you can depend on them to do repeated and easy jobs . Text analysis is the automated text analysis. Although used interchangeably occasionally, there is a distinction between text analysis and text mining. In the meanwhile, text analysis offers you with more in-depth quantitative information to make educated choices. If applied to unstructured input (also called as open-ended input), text analysis offers insight into trends, patterns and consumer feelings to discover and prioritize methods to improve customer experience . Fig2: Domain and Subdomain of Text Analysis The benefit of unstructured feedback is that it is consistent with the words of your consumers and gives the greatest insight into the thinking of your customers. In this response there are many methods you may digest much more value as possible. Text analytics techniques Here are just a few of the major technologies involved: Artificial Intelligence (AI) The computer system's capacity to execute activities that usually require human intelligence. These tasks include voice recognition and decision-making but are not restricted to these. This is why Text Analytics processes huge amounts of text and categorizes it automatically to ease the examination of your unstructured comments . Machine Learning (ML) Machine learning is an AI component, but it is distinct. ML focuses on the capacity of a computer algorithms to effectively learn from experience and automatically adapt to enhance performance without human programming. Text Analytics utilizes machine learning to identify how fresh text pieces should be classified based on previously processed text, and to evaluate whether the categories used to categorize these text pieces should be improved according to the patterns identified. Deep learning (DL) A controlled, specialized subset of artificial intelligence that encompasses the capacity of a computer system to analyze data and make judgments on other data. In Text Analytics, deep learning may be used to better grasp the context in unstructured feedback and to enhance the accuracy of automatic text analysis. By use of NLP and text analysis to process and automatically evaluate texts for a positive, negative or neutral attitude of the text. Sentiment Analysis is an excellent beginning point for you to start evaluating your unorganized feedback and rapidly discover significant and developing problems, improvement opportunities from your interviewees . Classification of text based on rules By use of a word dictionary or a lexicon to teach a computer system how to classify fresh materials. In Text Analytics, rule-based text categorization is used to assign feelings or subjects to any text it analyzes automatically . LITERATURE REVIEW (Kongthon,2009) indicated the implementation of online tax system with the usage of natural language processing in artificial intelligence. This particular implementation was shown up for convicting the idea of usage of natural language processing and text analysis in artificial intelligence so that future can be secured. Majority of the high-level natural language processing applications be involved of aspects which has been emulating the intelligent behavior including the apparent comprehension of the natural languages. Following the review of methods in this subject (Jean, 2014) offer a strategy based on the sampling of significance, which enables us to utilize a large-scale vocabulary without raising the training complexity of the NMT model, to solve machine translation. Then they propose an approximation training method based on (biased) sampling that will enable you to train an NMT model with a considerably wider target wording, using a single neural network tuned to optimize translation performance. The process of refining or creating, or approaching, a practical method to natural language processing (NLP) may become fairly difficult. (Collobert, 2011) feel that their contribution to this area of research is a significant milestone in addressing linear training algorithms that best benefit from the enormous advancements in computer hardware. In this instance, these authors are based on huge, unlabeled data sets utilizing the NLP tagger, and the training algorithm discovers internal depictions that are helpful for all jobs. (Vinyals, 2015) fittingly conduct extremely concentrated research into foreign language grammar by utilizing a Recurrent Neural Network with an attention 4 strategy for producing phrase parse trees. Syntactic constituency parsing is a basic issue with a broad variety of applications in linguistics and natural language processing. For decades, this issue has been the focus of intensive study and thus extremely precise domain-specific parsers exist. (Fisher, 2010) Text mining is the examination of a vast number or collection of textual resources to produce new knowledge. For example, by converting text into data that can be utilized for further research, the objective of text mining is to uncover useful information in text. NLP is one of the methods used in text mining to achieve this goal. Thesaurus, lexicon, ontology and up-to-date entities are all required for any natural language processing program to function. (Mnasri, 2019) One of the most frequent uses of text mining and NLP is social media monitoring, where a pool of user- generated material is analyzed to identify mood, emotions, and awareness connected to a topic. (Moreno,2016) Natural Language Processing is a collection of techniques for processing such data to understand underlying meaning (NLP). Machine Learning (ML) approaches are used to develop applications that classify, extract structure, summarize, and translate data, which can be speech, text, or even an image. Objectives of the study Some of the major goals considered throughout the research were: To study about Text Analytics and its techniques used in Artificial Intelligence. To study about NLP in Artificial Intelligence and its various techniques. Content analyses method regarded for performing the analysis of the literature which is already in existence and having a detailed knowledge Text Analytics and NLP in Artificial Intelligence. Various research paper and previous analysis have been considered and literature that before now in existence have been extracted with the help of keywords. Extraction of the information from those literatures have been done and post to the extraction, verification of the information has been done through the appropriate sources for its accuracy and reliability. After the testing of accuracy, details were contained in paper and irrelevant information have been removed. After the inclusion of the relevant information in the paper, subsequent analysis has been achieved about this particular topic. In accordance with the research conducted it can be clearly sustained that NLP is much better methods used in comparison to other methods as NLP is having ability for recognizing the text and speech also and other method such as text mining only deals with the evaluation of text quality. For NLP system you are having less knowledge requirement of skills like NLTK, proficiency in neural networks while in text mining you are having requirement of knowledge about different aspects such as cosine similarity or feature hashing, text processing, like Perl or python. Knowledge about statistical method is also very important aspect in text mining. In accordance with the research of last 10 years it can be clearly illustrated that NLP is being used more in comparison to other statistical methods as it is more feasible, easy to use and less knowledge aspect requirement. Lehnert, Wendy, and Beth Sundheim. "A performance evaluation of text-analysis technologies." AI magazine 12, no. 3 (1991): 81-81. Ahonen, Helena, Oskari Heinonen, Mika Klemettinen, and A. Inkeri Verkamo. Applying data mining techniques in text analysis. Report C-1997-23, Dept. of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, 1997. Lalwani, T., Bhalotia, S., Pal, A., Rathod, V., & Bisen, S. (2018). Implementation of a Chatbot System using AI and NLP. International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer Science & Technology (IJIRCST) Volume-6, Issue-3. Cavazza, Marc, Srikanth Bandi, and Ian Palmer. "Situated AI in video games: integrating NLP, path planning and 3D animation." In AAAI 1999 Spring Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Computer Games, pp. 6-12. 1999. Mnasri, Maali. "Recent advances in conversational NLP: Towards the standardization of Chatbot building." arXiv preprint arXiv:1903.09025 (2019). Lee, L. (2002, July). A non-programming introduction to computer science via NLP, IR, and AI. In Proceedings of the ACL-02 Workshop on Effective tools and methodologies for teaching natural language processing and computational linguistics (pp. 33-38). Mamou, J., Pereg, O., Wasserblat, M., Eirew, A., Green, Y., Guskin, S., … & Korat, D. (2018). Term set expansion based nlp architect by intel ai lab. arXiv preprint arXiv:1808.08953. Moreno, A., & Redondo, T. (2016). Text analytics: the convergence of big data and artificial intelligence. IJIMAI, 3(6), 57-64. Yang, Yiwei, Eser Kandogan, Yunyao Li, Prithviraj Sen, and Walter S. Lasecki. "A study on interaction in human-in-the-loop machine learning for text analytics." In IUI Workshops. 2019. Ise, Orobor Anderson. "Integration and analysis of unstructured data for decision making: Text analytics approach." International Journal of Open Information Technologies 4, no. 10 (2016). Fisher, Ingrid E., Margaret R. Garnsey, Sunita Goel, and Kinsun Tam. "The role of text analytics and information retrieval in the accounting domain." Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting 7, no. 1 (2010): 1-24. Day, M. Y. (2020). Artificial Intelligence for Text Analytics.

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Mehmed II (1432-1481 CE), also known as Mehmed the Conqueror, was the seventh and among the greatest sultans of the Ottoman Empire. His conquests consolidated Ottoman rule in Anatolia and the Balkans, and he most famously triumphed in conquering the prized city of Constantinople, transforming it into the administrative center, cultural hub, and capital of his growing empire. His victories would mark the end of the Byzantine Empire and usher a new era of Ottoman dominance in the Eastern Mediterranean. Early Life & Family Origins Born on 30 March 1432 CE, Mehmed was the third son of Sultan Murad II (r. 1421-1451 CE), and Hüma Hatun, a concubine of Balkan origins from Murad's harem. His paternal grandfather was Mehmed I (r. 1413-1421 CE) and traced his ancestry back to Osman I (r. 1280-1323 CE), the founder of the Ottoman Dynasty. Mehmed's name was derived from the name of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad (570-632 CE), and unlike the naming customs of other Islamic cultures, in Turkish tradition, the name Muhammad was generally reserved for the Prophet himself. Mehmed spent his early childhood in Edirne, until he was moved to the Black Sea city of Amasya and replaced his brother Ahmed as the governor of the province in 1437 CE after his death, despite being five years old. Mehmed's status as a child of the sultan afforded him the opportunity to study under the best scholars of the region. He had many tutors throughout the years, teaching him theology, history, foreign languages, among many other topics. These personal tutors reserved specifically for Ottoman royalty were referred to as lalas and played an essential role in preparing Ottoman royals for the intricacies of administration. Mehmed's readings of various Islamic writings would have a significant impact on his ambitions as a sultan. His desire to conquer Constantinople was inspired by the writings of Arab writers Al-Kindi, Ibn Khaldun, and further cultivated by a hadith (or saying) attributed to the Prophet Muhammad, who prophesized a Muslim army would conquer the city. Ascension to the Throne Mehmed's father, Murad II's reign, was embroiled in conflict from its onset, both domestic and foreign. During the start of his reign, Murad fought in a war of succession against one of his brothers, who, with the support of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire) and other Balkan Christian states, led a revolt in the European part of Ottoman territory. After crushing the uprising, he fought wars against Turkic states such as the Karamanids to the east, and the various European powers such as the Venetians, Hungarians, and crusaders in the west. These prolonged conflicts, along with the death of his favorite son Alaeddin (d. c. 1444 CE) took a toll on Murad, and he decided to retire in Bursa in 1444 CE and relinquished the throne to Mehmed, who was 12 years old at the time. The rivals of the Ottomans and various domestic factions saw the reign of the child sultan Mehmed as an opportunity to further their interests. In 1444 CE, Pope Eugene IV (r. 1431-1447 CE) began mustering forces for a new crusade after absolving a previous peace treaty with Murad. Meanwhile, the Despots of Morea, rulers of a small Byzantine territory in Southern Greece, began incursions into Ottoman Thessaly. These events led to a crisis within the inner circles of high-ranking Ottoman officials. Convinced by the influential grand vizier Halil Çandarlı (d. 1453 CE) and a letter from Mehmed himself, Murad returned to the throne to deal with the threat. The crusaders led by the Polish King Wladislaus III (r. 1434-1444 CE) and Murad's forces clashed at the Battle of Varna in 1444 CE, which ended in a decisive victory for the Ottomans. During this time, Mehmed retreated to his studies under his tutors Zaganos Pasha (d. 1462 CE) and Shahabuddin Shahin Pasha. In 1451 CE Murad II died, leaving the throne to Mehmed in his will. Shortly after this, Mehmed set his eyes on the biggest prize in the region, the city of Constantinople. Siege of Constantinople Constantinople itself was a husk of its former glory, the population reduced by plagues, constant sieges, and the loss of the surrounding territory made the city more of a symbolic target rather than a strategic one. Many of Mehmed II's predecessors attempted to conquer the city but to no avail. A short occupation after the Fourth Crusade aside, it remained nearly impregnable over the centuries, mostly due to the Theodosian Walls, a series of fortifications built by the Byzantine emperor Theodosius II (r. 402-450 CE). Before the siege, Mehmed II renewed his peace treaties with many European states and the Karamanids. Then he began preparations to besiege the city in the winter of 1452 CE by building a navy in Gallipoli and then mustering forces in Thrace. In the spring of 1452 CE, he strengthened his stranglehold on the Byzantine capital by constructing a new major fortress across the Golden Horn near Pera, which is known today as Rumelihisari. It complemented the fortress Anadoluhisari, which was built by Mehmed's predecessor Sultan Bayezid I (r. 1389-1402 CE), across the Bosporus on the Asian side. The same year Mehmed gathered a group of elite engineers and inventors including renowned Hungarian gunsmith Urban (d. 1453 CE), and gave them the task of constructing the signature colossal cannons that would distinguish Mehmed's siege from those of his predecessors, and ultimately be one of the deciding factors in his eventual success in conquering the city. With the preparations nearing completion, Mehmed issued an ultimatum to the Byzantines to surrender peacefully. The Byzantine emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos (r. 1449-1453 CE) refused, and on 6 February 1453 CE, the siege of Constantinople began. Emperor Constantine sent out pleas for aid. In early 1453 CE, the Genoese and Venetians pledged to bolster the Byzantine naval garrison with some warships. Pope Nicholas V (r. 1447-1455 CE) also offered his assistance but with the stipulation that the Eastern Orthodox Byzantines had to recognize the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and eventually unite. This deal did not come to fruition; however, various independent Christian volunteers joined the defense. The Constantinople garrison of c. 5000-7000 soldiers was rather overstretched over the long perimeter of the Theodosian Walls, with Genoese General Giovanni Giustiniani (d. 1453 CE) at their helm. Emperor Constantine commanded a contingent of his forces near his palace complex. A detachment of Turkish rebel forces headed by Mehmed's cousin Prince Orhan vying for the Ottoman throne also joined the city's defense. In preparation for the Ottoman's imminent assault, the Byzantines stretched a long chain across the Golden Horn, which served to block enemy warships from attacking vulnerable parts of the wall from the sea. Mehmed II arrived with the remainder of his forces on 5 April 1453 CE. His army numbered around 80,000 men, including specialized infantry, cavalry, siege equipment, and naval forces. Making up the vanguard of the Ottoman assault was the formidable Janissary Corps. The Janissaries were made up of Balkan Christian children who were plucked away from their families and trained to eventually become career soldiers under the devşirme system. Much like the Varangian Guard, who served Byzantine emperors, the Janissaries were chosen for their steadfast loyalty to the sultan above all. Other forces included irregular soldiers such as the infamous Başıbozuk and Azap infantries, and Akıncı horse raiders, while the rest of the army consisted of regular infantry, Sipahi cavalry, and allied Serbian forces. Several weeks after the siege began on 6 April, the defenders of the city rallied by Giustiniani successfully fended off many Ottoman attacks despite the overwhelming odds against them. The Ottomans used their cannons to blast sections of the wall to great effect; however, the long cooldown period of the cannons generally allowed the Byzantines to repair breached parts quickly. A new strategy was necessary for the Ottomans, and Mehmed crafted an ingenious solution to the Byzantine naval blockade in the Golden Horn. On 22 April, he ordered his naval forces to circumvent the Byzantine chain by using oxen to drag his warships across the land in Pera and pushing them back into the sea inside the Golden Horn. This maneuver arguably became the turning point in the siege. The Byzantines needed to relocate much-needed defenders from the land wall to the portion facing the sea. Attempts made by the Venetians to impede the Ottoman navy were repelled, and with the new development, Mehmed renewed his infantry assault on the Theodosian walls. The siege raged on for several more weeks until, on 26 May 1453 CE, he assembled his generals for preparations for a final assault. Mehmed launched his attack in three waves. The first was led by his Başıbozuk and Azap infantry, who were handily repelled, but fatigued the defenders. During the second wave of assault led by regular infantry, the Ottoman cannons managed to blast through a section of the outer wall. The second wave, too, was repelled, however, quickly taking advantage of the opening in the wall, Mehmed sent his Janissaries to spearhead the final push into the city. Byzantine morale was shattered when Giustiniani was mortally wounded during the clashes, allowing the Janissaries to establish a foothold and plant their flag on the wall. Emperor Constantine tried to lead his men on a last-ditch effort, but he fell in battle and the defenders began to rout. Thus, 29 May 1453 CE marked the fall of Constantinople. Consolidation of Power Following the ghazi traditions, the Ottoman troops were allowed to sack the city for three days. After the third day, Mehmed made his triumphant entry into the city through the Gate of Charisius; his procession went directly to the Hagia Sophia, which would be converted into a mosque. To restore the population of the city, the sultan issued an edict relocating people from Anatolia and the Balkans into his new capital, regardless of ethnicity or religious origin, and he ordered many of the same soldiers that fought in the siege to restore damaged infrastructure. He also oversaw the building of a new royal palace, which would be known as Yeni Saray, and later on as Topkapi Palace. Caroline Finkel describes Mehmed's new headquarters: His palace provided Sultan Mehmed with seclusion. Here he cultivated an aura of mystery and power, which regulations issued towards the end of his reign were designed to enhance. (89) Mehmed now began the task of purging dissenting factions and those who could challenge his authority. Among the first to be charged was Grand Vezir Halil Çandarlı. The power of the grand vizier was also weakened, with many of its responsibilities delegated to other high-ranking ministers. Mehmed then reallocated much of the land and property of the nobles to his slave class to counterbalance the influence of the former, and to cement the loyalty of his slaves. Later Conquests & Death Soon after Constantinople fell, the Genoese colony city of Pera (now known as Galata) surrendered peacefully. With his dream of conquering Constantinople realized, Mehmed set his sights on new targets. In the spring of 1454 CE, he began a campaign in Serbia to annex territories under the Hungarian sphere of influence. Mehmed's made limited progress, the city of Novo Brdo, famous for its rare ore deposits, was captured, but the campaign was called off after Hungarian forces began mobilizing near the border. Mehmed would make several more incursions into Serbia, during which his first major defeat was dealt in the Siege of Belgrade in July of 1456 CE. However, Mehmed's final attempt in subjugating Serbia was successful when in 1459 CE, the Ottomans took control of the fortress of Smederevo. The rulers of the now-dissolved Despotate Serbia were exiled, and the frontier territory near the Hungarians was stabilized. In the years following his success in Serbia, Mehmed began absorbing Byzantine remnant states in Greece, and the Black Sea coast. He conquered Attica in early 1459 CE, and in May of 1460 CE, he dispatched a force to intervene in a civil war in Morea. With these conquests, only a small strip of land on the Black Sea coast controlled by the Empire of Trebizond remained as the last vestige of Byzantine rule in the region. Trebizond and its surrounding region were conquered in 1461 CE, and this expansion eastward brought the Ottomans bumping heads with the remaining Anatolian Beyliks. Much like the situation in Morea that prompted Mehmed's intervention, the Karamanids, too, were plunged in a civil war. Mehmed's conquest of Karamanid territory brought another powerful eastern neighbor, the Akkoyunlu Confederation, into conflict with the Ottomans. The clashes would continue for decades until, in 1501 CE, Mehmed's son and successor Sultan Bayezid II (r. 1481-1512 CE) would defeat them. Perhaps the most noteworthy of Mehmed's conflicts after the conquest of Constantinople was in Wallachia, where his struggles reining in the ruthless prince Vlad III would serve as a possible inspiration for the settings of the novel Dracula (1897 CE) written by Bram Stoker. Vlad led Wallachian resistance against Mehmed's forces and was known for his cruel methods of execution, massacring entire populations of settlements standing in his way, earning him the name Vlad the Impaler. His notoriety would spread across Europe, and he would eventually be captured and imprisoned by the Hungarians. He would be released sometime later, only to perish in battle in 1476 CE. The final years of Mehmed's reign would be marked by continuous conflict. Invigorated by their past successes, the Ottomans would wage a long war against the Venetians (1463-1479 CE), over their holdings in Southern Greece and the surrounding islands. The war would also spill over into Albania when legendary Albanian resistance leader Skanderbeg (r. 1444-1478 CE) seeking to keep Albanian independence from the ever-expanding Ottomans secured an alliance with the Venetians. However, these wars would conclude in a strategic victory for the Ottomans. After seizing Venetian possessions in the Aegean and their defeat at the key fortress of Negroponte, their presence in the region was greatly diminished. Skanderbeg died in 1478 CE, after resisting the Ottomans for decades. His death would leave a power vacuum in Albania, and contributed to the cascade of events that would eventually lead to the eventual conquest of Albania by the Ottomans. In the spring of 1481 CE, Mehmed led a new expedition with his army. During the march, he fell ill, and on 3 May 1481 CE, he passed away. Mehmed's eldest son Bayezid II would succeed him as sultan. Government Administration & Religious Affairs Mehmed II made huge strides towards centralizing Ottoman rule and expanding the role of the sultan. He consolidated his power through weakening and redelegating the roles and responsibilities of high-ranking officials who would also be bound to the sultan through political marriages. Wealth and land from the aristocrats was redistributed to Mehmed's slave class, giving him a reliable and loyal base and having the additional benefit of a check on the power of any conspiring nobles. Mehmed and his imperial council convened in regular meetings known as the Divan, named after the floor-level couches adorning the room. One development during Mehmed's reign, which is more famously attributed to future Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566 CE), is the compilation of law codes, replacing vague progenitors. These secular law codes, known as kanun, dealt with topics such as the power structure of the government and taxation of subjects and were carefully formulated not to clash with religious law (şeriat). Mehmed's administration had a moderately hands-off approach regarding religious affairs. Non-Muslim populations living in the Ottoman Empire were allowed to practice their faith freely but were required to pay a special tax called cizye. Furthermore, seeking to legitimize his rule over the largely Eastern Orthodox minority, Mehmed appointed religious leaders aligned with his self-interests such as the Patriarch of Constantinople Gennadious Scolarious (r. 1454-1464 CE) and gave them wide-reaching authority over their religious adherents. Throughout his reign, Mehmed II enacted sweeping administrative changes, reorganization of military forces, ambitious construction projects, and broad conquests, leaving his successors an empire to be reckoned with, but he was also known as a benefactor of artists and authors. He read classical Greek and Roman literature as a child and continued to collect and read relevant manuscripts throughout his reign as sultan. He supported dozens of poets, writers, and scholars, and invited philosophers, astronomers, and painters from across Europe and the Middle East to his court. John Freely describes his court's opulence as: Both the sultan and the greatest of his grand vezirs were men of culture and patrons of the arts, and the Conqueror's court in Istanbul rivalled in its brilliance that of Western princes of the European Renaissance. (119) During his reign, he also undertook many bold architectural undertakings, which included repairing his new capital's broken infrastructure, building the lavish Topkapı Palace, the Grand Bazar, and overseeing the construction of several mosques built in his honor, the most famous of those being Fatih Camii (Mosque of the Conquerer). It is said that when he entered the city of Athens after its conquest, he ordered the renovation of all ancient buildings that were deteriorated by the elements. Mehmed II's conquest of Constantinople earned him the title Fatih (conquerer) by his subjects. Contrary to popular belief, Constantinople's name was not changed to Istanbul by Mehmed; it was referred to by the Ottomans as Konstantiniyye, derived from the Arabic name of the city. Istanbul was the Turkish colloquial pronunciation that was officially adopted by the Republic of Turkey after the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.

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Half Wave Dipole Antenna As shown in the given diagram, the half wave dipole consists of a conducting wire cut from the center where the input is provided in case of transmission or output is obtained in case of reception. Current and Voltage Distribution As shown in the given diagram, the current of the half wave dipole is minimum at the ends and at the center its maximum. The voltage is maximum at the ends and is minimum at the center. Folded Dipole Antenna As shown in the given diagram, the folded dipole antenna is designed from the two parallel conductor’s each equal to λ/2 of the operating frequency. The ends of the parallel conductors are joined together. The input to the folded dipole is provided by cutting one of the conductors from the center point and connecting the feeder with it. Folded dipole can be used for the purpose of transmission and reception. It is mostly used for the reception of Television, transmission and F.M transmission. As the input impedance of the folded dipole is 300 nΩ, therefore it can be efficiently used with the twin wire cable with this cable of transmission line. The proper matching takes place and we get the maximum transfer of power between load and source. Long Wire Un-Resonant Antenna As shown in the given diagram, the long wire antenna consists of a conducting wire placed horizontally with the help of poles or mast, and supported by insulator and springs. The input is provided from one end and the other end of the long wire antenna is terminated to its characteristics impedance. As the long wire antenna is terminated to its characteristic impedance therefore, the proper matching is carried out and no reflected energy will be present form load towards the source. The standing wave will be equal to the incident waves. The current and voltage wave forms will be in phase to each other. The given field pattern of the long wire antenna shows that the propagation of this antenna takes place in one direction. It means that it is unidirectional antenna. As there is no reflected energy from the load towards the source, therefore, this type of long wire antenna which is terminated to its characteristic impedance is called non-resonator antenna. Long Wire Resonant Antenna As shown in the given diagram, the long wire antenna consists of a conducting wire placed horizontally with the help of poles or mast, and supported by insulator and spring. The input is provided from one end and the other end of the long wire antenna is kept non-connected. As the long wire resonant antenna is connected in such a way that input is provided from the one end and the other end is not connected to any thing or its matching is not carried out, therefore the incident and reflected both the waves will be present over it. As a result the transmission will be carried out from its both sides and the radiation pattern will be as follows From the graph of the radiation pattern. It is indicated that the transmission is carried out from both the sides along horizontal axis. This graph also indicates that the maximum reception will be possible along the horizontal axis from the opposite ends. The long wire resonant antenna is a bi-directional antenna. The isotropic antenna is said to be the type of antenna which radiates equally in all directions. This type of antenna is considered to be an ideal antenna and taken as a reference for most of the calculations related to propagation of E.M waves Ferrite Rod Antenna As shown in the given diagram, the ferrite rod antenna consists of a conducting wire wounded over the insulated former in the shape of coil. The open ends of the coil are used for the purpose of input. The former is placed around the ferrite rod in order to obtain the high Q of the output. The ferrite rod is used to concentrate the magnetic flux of the E.M waves present in the surrounding. The maximum field is induced in the coil and the induced voltages are developed as an output signal for the reception. The size of ferrite should not be smaller than the coil so that the Q factor may not reduce. The size of ferrite rod should not be longer than the size of coil very much because it will also disturb the Q factor of the coil and we will get the high sharpness of the Q factor. The coil should be kept at λ/4 distance of the desired frequency at the ferrite rod so, that maximum output signal should be obtained at the output. The loop antenna shown in the below diagram is designed from a conducting wire in the given shape. It has two types - Circular Loop Antenna - Square Loop Antenna The design of square loop antenna is exactly same as for the folded dipole antenna except the distance between the two conducting wires of the antenna. The upper conducting wire of the loop antenna is kept λ/2 of the operating frequency and the lower conducting wire is also of the same size. The signal is provided from the center of the one of the conducting wire, and it radiates in the antenna. It means that if antenna is located horizontally the radiation pattern in its horizontal plane will be the figure of zero. If the antenna is located horizontally and we are looking at it vertical plane, it will represent the figure of eight (8) for its radiation pattern and so on. The loop antenna is high directional antenna. The antenna is also used mostly for commonly in the directional finder equipment. As shown in the given diagram, the rhombic antenna consists of two conducting wires tilted at the angle of 70 degree and kept in such a way that it adopts the shape of algebraic figure of rhombus. Input is provided from the one side of the wire and output end is terminated with its characteristics impedance with the help of pure resistor for proper matching. The value of the resistor is from 600 Ω to 800Ω and its power rating is about 2 watts. The rhombic antenna is unidirectional antenna. Its directivity is quite high. It’s mostly used for the purpose of transmission. All the elements of antenna which takes part in the reception and transmission is called the arrays. It can also be explained as all those elements of the antenna which generates electromagnetic waves when voltage or current is flowing through it in case of transmission and produces voltages and current when electromagnetic waves are present in case of reception. These elements of antenna may be directly connected with the source or load and my not be directly connected with the source or load. Types of Arrays There are two types of arrays antenna The driven array is also called the driven element. It is the element of the antenna which is directly connected with the source or the load. In the given diagram the folded dipole is the example of the driven array. The parasitic arrays are also called the parasitic elements. These are the elements of the antenna which are not directly taking part in reception and transmission but these elements indirectly increase the strength of the signal for transmission or reception. In the given diagram reflector and directors are the parasitic arrays example. As shown in the given diagram, the discone antenna consists of a metallic disc and a metallic cone. The cone is situated under the metallic disc. This type of antenna is an Omni directional antenna and it is used for both transmission and reception. The metallic disc of the antenna works as reflector. The discone antenna is mostly used in mobile communication system for its performance. The slot antenna consists of a metallic plate in which a rectangular slot is made. The distance of the broad dimension of rectangular slot is equal to λ/2 of the operating frequency. The slot antenna works exactly like folded dipole antenna. Its radiation pattern is also same as for dipole antenna. The slot antenna is mostly used for the purpose of reception bt it can be used for the purpose of transmission quite effectively. One of the major advantages of slot antenna is tis design which is very robust. It is also quite economical to use. As shown in the diagram, the helical antenna consists of a mast or pole at which the supporting rod of antenna is located. There is a square shaped conducting mesh which works as a ground plan for the antenna. After the mesh a helix is used which works as the radiator of the antenna . the distance between the center of the mesh and the first turn of the helix is λ/8 of the operating frequency. The distance between the adjacent turns of the helix is kept as λ/4 and the diameter of the each turn of the helix is λ/3 of the operating frequency. The helix is normally made of copper. Modes of Operation There are the following two modes of operation of helical antenna In the normal mode of operation the radiation takes place perpendicularly to the antenna or perpendicular to the axis of the helix in case of transmission. The reception will also take place at the stage when the E.M waves are perpendicular to the axis of the helix. In the circular mode of operation the radiation takes place along the antenna or along the axis of the helix in case of transmission. The reception will also take place at the stage when the E.M waves are along the axis of the helix. The polarization in case of circular mode of operation will be the circular polarization. The helix antenna works as unidirectional antenna. As shown in the given diagram, the parabolic antenna consists of a metallic reflector made in the shape of geometric figure of parabola. In case of reception it is the characteristics of the parabolic antenna that all the energy received is reflected back at the point known as focal point. This focal point is a virtual point and the received energy is collected by the horn type wave guide from there the reception. As the signal produced by the parabola reflector is basically very weak signal but when it is collected by the focal point, the strength of the signal increases to the proper level required for the reception. The focal point of the parabolic antenna remains the same for that antenna designed . if we change the design of the parabolic antenna the focal point is also changed and the energy will be now collected from some other distance as compared to previous one. In case of transmission all the rays produced by focal point will travel parallel after reflection from parabolic reflector. The length of the path for all the rays reflected from parabolic reflector and travelled from the focal point to the reflector will remain the same at any given straight line behind the focal point.

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1. Cumin seeds- jeera Cumin seeds, whose scientific name is Cuminum cyminum, are an excellent source of iron, a mineral that plays many vital roles in the body. Iron is an integral component of hemoglobin, which transports oxygen from the lungs to all body cells, and is also part of key enzyme systems for energy production and metabolism. Additionally, iron is instrumental in keeping your immune system healthy. Iron is particularly important for menstruating women, who lose iron each month during menses. Additionally, growing children and adolescents have increased needs for iron, as do women who are pregnant or lactating. Cumin seeds are called Seeds of Good Digestion also. Cumin seeds have traditionally been noted to be of benefit to the digestive system, Research has shown that cumin may stimulate the secretion of pancreatic enzymes, compounds necessary for proper digestion and nutrient assimilation. 2. Curry Leaves – Kari Patta, Kadipatha Health Benefits of the Curry leaves Curry leaves good remedy for the diarrhoea. The curry leaves contain the carbazole alkaloids plays the key role in treat the diarrhoea. To treat the diarrhoea, take the curry leaves and make it as paste or juice directly. Curry leaves are the remedy for the indigestion and nausea. Take the juice from the curry leaves and mix the fresh lemon juice and sugar to it. It will helps to treat the nausea and indigestion. Curry leaves are helpful in improving the eyesight. They can prevent the eye cataract. Curry leaves are good for the hair care. Take the leaves without throwing them from the food. Other wise use the curry leaves powder in morning breakfast. Curry leaves prevent the premature graying of the hair. Curry leaves are helps in improving the hair color. Add the few curry leaves in the hair oil then boil the oil and apply this on the hair scalp. This improves the hair health. They control the bad cholesterol in the body and make your body from fat freeee. Curry leaves helps to decrease the side effects comes with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. It is the good food for the diabetic patients. It controls the glucose levels in the blood. Better to use the curry leaves powder in their breakfast. Curry leaves contains the antioxidants and alkaloids. Good to treat the gastrointestinal tract and improves the digestive system. 3. Dry Fenugreek Leaves – Kasoori Methi Methi is supposed to be natural cure for arthritis. Methi, if consumed twice a day, cleans the intestines and directs the waste out of the body naturally. It is an appetizer, relieves constipation, and reduces colic. It is also known to cure leprosy, vomiting, bronchitis, and piles 4. Dry Ginger – Saunth, Sounth, Soonth Indigestion : A most common problem encountered by people of today is indigestion. This can be cured with dry ginger. It can also cure other health disorders like wheezing, cheat irritation, ear ache cough and stomach bloating. Stomach irritation : The stomach irritation can be cured by mixing dry ginger with Sugarcane juice. Take this mixture daily on early morning. You will get totally relieved from stomach irritation. Headache : Other most common problem the headache can be cured by simply grinding the dry ginger and applying it on the fore head. This therapy cures the headache. Throat pain : Applying the paste on the throat will get you relieved from throat pain. Chest pain : chest pain can be cured by dry ginger. For this Take equal quantities of Ginger powder and sugar candy and powdered it. Then take a tablespoon of this powder and mix it in tender coconut water. Drink it. Adopting this therapy helps in curing chest pain. Joint pain: Put some pieces of ginger powder in water and boil it. Drink this water this will keep the health in good shape. To cure the swollen joints just apply the ginger powder paste on the swollen knee joint portion. You will get relieved from the nagging pain. 5. Dry Mango powder – Amchur Dried mango powder has high iron content, so pregnant women and people suffering from anemia are advised to consume it regularly. It combats acidity and improves digestion. It is a fair source of Vitamin A and Vitamin E which helps hormonal system function efficiently. 6. Fenugreek Seeds – Methi ke Dane same as methi/ Fenugreek 7. Fenugreek – Methi Increase breast milk production Fenugreek ranks high among the ‘must haves’ for nursing mothers. This is due to the presence of diosgenin in the spice which increases milk production in lactating mothers. Induce and ease child birth Fenugreek has been known to be helpful in inducing childbirth by stimulating uterine contractions. It is also known to reduce labour pain. But here’s a word of caution. Excess intake of fenugreek seeds during pregnancy could put you in risk of miscarriage or premature childbirth. Ease women’s health problems Fenugreek contains compounds like diosgenin and isoflavones with oestrogen-like properties which help reduce symptoms like discomfort and menstrual cramps associated with PMS. These compounds also ease menopausal symptoms like hot flashes and mood fluctuations. Women are more prone to iron deficiency during adolescence (initiation of menstrual periods), during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Including green leafy veggies like fenugreek (methi) in your diet can supply a good amount of iron. But make sure to add tomatoes or potatoes to the preparations to enhance the iron absorption. Want to enlarge your breasts? Include fenugreek in your regular diet. The oestrogen-like property of fenugreek can help in breast enlargement by balancing hormones in women. According to studies fenugreek helps to reduce cholesterol level, especially that of the low density lipoprotein (LDL). Reduce cardiovascular risk Fenugreek seed has cardiovascular benefits due to the presence of galactomannan. It lowers the risk of heart attack. It is also an excellent source of potassium which counters the action of sodium to help control heart rate and blood pressure. Fenugreek is beneficial for people with diabetes. Galactomannan, a natural soluble fibre present in fenugreek slows down the rate of sugar absorption into blood. Fenugreek also contains amino acid responsible for inducing the production of insulin. Fenugreek helps flush out harmful toxins. It relieves indigestion and helps treat constipation. Cure acid reflux or heartburn One teaspoon of fenugreek seeds in your food can be an effective remedy for acid reflux or heartburn. Mucilage of fenugreek seeds coat the lining of the stomach and intestine and sooth irritated gastrointestinal tissues. Before consuming, you can soak the methi seeds in water to make their outer coat mucilaginous. Remedy for fever and sore throat Fenugreek when taken with a teaspoon of lemon and honey can work wonders to reduce fever by nourishing the body. The soothing effect of mucilage in fenugreek also helps to relieve cough and pain from sore throat. Prevent colon cancer The fibre content (saponins, mucilage, etc.) of fenugreek binds to toxins in the food and flush them out. This in turn helps to protect the mucus membrane of the colon from cancers. Lose weight by suppressing appetite Include fenugreek in your weight loss diet by chewing soaked methi seeds in the morning on an empty stomach. The natural soluble fibre in the fenugreek can swell and fill the stomach thereby suppressing your appetite. Cure for skin inflammation and scars Apply a clean cloth soaked in methi seed paste for effective treatment of skin problems like burns, boils, eczema, etc. Fenugreek seeds also help in getting rid of scars. 8. Garlic – Lasan, Lahsun, Lahsan Indian gravies are incomplete without garlic , in Ayurveda garlic is considered as ‘badshah ‘ Packed with antioxidants, your immune system could benefit if you give it a constant boost of powerful garlic in daily recipes. If a cold does sneak by, try sipping garlic tea: steep chopped or minced garlic in hot water for several minutes, then strain and drink. You can add a bit of honey It might not be a main ingredient in your drugstore acne medication, but garlic makes a great natural remedy to banish unsightly blemishes. Its antioxidants kill bacteria, so rub a sliced clove of garlic on the pimple for an effective topical treatment. Garlic could end your hair loss problems because of its high levels of allicin, a sulfur compound similar to that found in onions, which were found to effectively treat hair loss. Rub sliced cloves of garlic on your scalp, squeezing as you go for the most benefit. You can also infuse oil with garlic and massage it into your scalp. Garlic could help you control your weight, according to nutritionist ,study showed that mice eating a garlic-rich diet reduced their weight and fat stores. Try to cook with garlic daily for tasty and waist-friendly meals. The positive effect of garlic on your circulatory system is extremely well documented and it has been proved to: lower blood pressure decrease platelet aggregation lower serum triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol ( the bad type) levels increase serum HDL-cholesterol (the good type) and fibrinolysis (the process through which the body breaks up blood clots.) Plus it stimulates the production of nitric oxide in the lining of blood vessel walls, a substance that helps them to relax. As a result of these beneficial actions garlic helps to prevent arteriosclerosis and thereby reduces the risk of heart attack or stroke. Two or three cloves a day have cut the risk of subsequent heart attacks in half in heart patients. One reason for these beneficial effects may be garlic’s ability to reduce the amount of free radicals in the bloodstream. According to a study published in Life Sciences, a daily dose of 1 ml/kg body weight of garlic extract for a period of 6 months resulted in a significant reduction in oxidant (free radical) stress in the blood of arteriosclerosis patients. It’s positive effect on the circulatory system improves blood flow throughout the body so has even been hailed as a cure for impotence! 9. Fresh Ginger – Adrak, Adhrak 1. Haven’t been feeling hungry? Eat fresh ginger just before lunch to stoke a dull appetite and fire up the digestive juices. 2. Ginger improve s the absorption and assimilation of essential nutrients in the body. 3. Ginger clears the ‘microcirculatory channels’ of the body, including the pesky sinuses that tend to flare up from time to time. 4. Feeling airsick or nauseous? Chew on ginger, preferably tossed in a little honey. 5. Can’t stop the toot-a-thon? Gas—oops—guess what?! Ginger helps reduce flatulence! 6. Tummy moaning and groaning under cramps? Munch on ginger. 7. Reeling under joint pain? Ginger, with its anti-inflammatory properties—can bring relief. Float some ginger essential oil into your bath to help aching muscles and joints. 8. Just had surgery? Chewing ginger post-operation can help overcome nausea. 9. Stir up some ginger tea to get rid of throat and nose congestion. And when there’s a nip in the air, the warming benefits of this tasty tea are even greater! 10. Bedroom blues? Try adding a gingery punch to a bowl of soup. (Pss…the Ayurvedic texts credit ginger with aphrodisiac properties) 10. Green Cardamom – Hari Elaichi , Choti Elaichi People, who suffer from digestive problems, are recommended to add cardamom in their diet as this spice acts as a digestive system tonic and offers so many digestive benefits. Cardamom is an appetite stimulant. It enhances the appetite in the same way as it provides flavor to the dishes. Cardamom is an effective remedy for flatulence. It decreases the air and water elements in the body and thereby it helps to relieve gas caused by garlic and onion. Acidity and heartburn This spice has also ability to counteract excessive stomach acid. It stimulates the production of bile and reduces the gastric juices. Ground cardamom seeds also help to get rid of stomach cramps. A tea prepared with the use of cardamom seeds help to get rid of the digestive problems. In ayurveda, cardamom is used to treat the urinary tract disorders such as cystitis, nephritis, gonorrhea, etc. A powdered mixture of Cardamom, Banana leaf and Amla provides an excellent diuretic property and treats diseases like bladder infections, burning micturition or urination, nephritis and scanty urination. For treating depression, the cardamom use has not been confirmed. However, some herbalists assert that tea prepared from cardamom helps to alleviate depression. Heart burn, eating of spicy or rich foods and aerated drinks are the main reasons behind the developing hiccups. An infusion of powdered cardamom seeds and mint not only helps to ease the hiccups, but also helps in indigestion. Cardamom is widely used as a mouth freshener due to its aromatic flavor. Chew few seeds of cardamom for a brief period to remove foul smell from the mouth. For proper and normal growth of bone, an essential mineral is manganese as it aids in raising bone mineral density. It is especially essential for women during menopause as risk for osteoporosis increases during menopause. As well, cardamom is a good source of vitamin C, which helps in the absorption of calcium. Cardamom improves the blood flow to the heart and organs by improving the blood circulation. It is a popular herbal remedy for chest complaints such as bronchitis and asthma as it can also improve blood circulation to the lung area. According to Indian medicine and traditional ayurvedic medicine, cardamom has an analgesic property which helps to relieve joint and muscle pain. DISCLAIMER: Please remember these treatments options are only meant as guidelines and in no way replaces the advice or treatment provided by your medical practitioner. It is always good to seek the advice of your physician, homeopath, naturopath, or herbalist for professional advice in any matter related to your health. This article is for information purposes only. I really want to thank from my heart to all those who have done this reserch about spices .

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Molybdenum is a chemical element with the symbol Mo and atomic number 42. The ... May 27, 2019Chemical differences between 304L and 316L stainless steel From a chemical point of view, 304 stainless steel contains 18% chromium and 8% nickel while 316 stainless steel contains 16% chromium, 10% nickel and 2% molybdenum.304 Stainless Steel vs. 316 Stainless Steel What is the difference 304l and 316l stainlessMay 13, 2019304 stainless steel vs. 316 stainless steel; it's the timeless compari in stainless steel. Let's take a look at the grade anatomy of these stainless steel grades and determine once and for all the difference between 304 stainless steel and 316 stainless steel.304 vs 316 Stainless Steel Difference between 304 and 316 difference 304l and 316l stainlessMay 02, 2021As defined above the letter L in 304L and 316L denotes lower carbon variation of those stainless steel grades. As per AISI the carbon content in 304 and 316 basic grades are maximum 0.08% maximum whereas the same in 304L/316L is 0.03% maximum. Apr 24, 2020Key Differences Between 316 and 316L. The primary difference between these two stainless steel types can be inferred from the name of the two alloys. Although they are similar, they have one minor difference. The 316 stainless steel has a maximum carbon content of 0.08%, while 316L contains a maximum carbon content of 0.03%.316 vs 316L Stainless Steel What's the Difference difference 304l and 316l stainlessJan 12, 2021The key difference between 316 and 316L stainless steel is the carbon content. While 316 has a maximum carbon content of 0.08%, 316L has a maximum carbon content of only 0.03%. At Bergsen Metals, we provide an inventory of stainless steel products, including 304/304L stainless steel, 316/316L stainless steel, and more.316L vs 904L Which stainless steel type is the best for a difference 304l and 316l stainlessHere we introduce the most common stainless steel material grade 304,316;304L,316L. Introduction composition ranges. As American AISI basic grades,the only practical difference between 304 or 316 and 304L or 316L is carbon content. The carbon ranges are 0.08% maximum for 304 and 316 and 0.030% maximum for the 304L and 316L types. The industry standard stainless steel is 316L. In addition to watches, this alloy is also commonly used in the food industry, the medical field, and a wide variety of water and marine applications. You may see some watch brands refer to 316L as surgical grade steel or marine grade steel. Its popularity in these areas comes from the properties which make it resistant to rust and corrosion. 904L steel takes the BASIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN 304, 316/L & 2205Also known as 1.4401 (or 1.4435 for 316L), this material is also has a full Austenitic structure and is superior in corrosion resistance to grade 304 due to a higher Nickel content and also added Molybdenum, which also makes this material more expensive. Used mainly in more corrosive areas such as marine environments or more polluted or acidic areas.Chemical differencesbetween 304Land 316Lstainlesssteel From a chemical point of view, 304stainlesssteel contains 18% chromium and 8% nickel while 316stainlesssteel contains 16% chromium, 10% nickel and 2% molybdenumMolybdenum Molybdenum is a chemical element with the symbol Mo and atomic number 42. The name is from Neo-Latin molybdaenum, from Ancient Greek molybdos, meaning lead, since its ores were confused with lead ores. Molybdenum minerals have been known throughout history, but the element was disco Dec 14, 2019The main difference between 316 and 316L stainless steel is the level of carbon content, weldability, corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. SS316 has a 0.08% max carbon content while SS316L (UNS S31603) only has a maximum 0.03% carbon content. Since SS 316L has a much lower carbon content than SS316, the welding of 316L stainless difference 304l and 316l stainlessCited by 4Publish Year 2011Author Yan Li Li, BBNg Xiang, Hong Tao Zeng, Jiang Ping Wang, Quan Ding WangA comparative H2S corrosion study of 304L and 316L difference 304l and 316l stainlessJan 01, 2011The difference observed in corrosion behavior of 304L and 316L was associated to the presence of additional molybdenum alloying element in 316L, confirmed by surface analysis techniques . It was depicted that Mo participates in surface reactions and enhances the protectiveness of surface layer formed on the alloy surface .Difference between 304, 304L, 316 and 316L in the valves difference 304l and 316l stainlessA major difference between 304 and 316 stainless steel is the chemical composition, with 316 containing a significant amount of molybdenum; typically 2 to 3 percent by weight vs only trace amounts found in 304. The higher molybdenum content results in grade 316 possessing increased corrosion resistance. In general, 304 stainless steel and 316 stainless steel have little difference in chemical resistance, but differ in certain media. The stainless steel originally developed was 304. In certain cases, this material is sensitive to pitting corrosion. An additional 2-3% increase in molybdenum reduces this sensitivity, which gives birth to 316.Dual grade stainless steel 304 /304L, 316/316L World difference 304l and 316l stainlessMay 13, 2021Low carbon grades such as 304L and 316L carbon content less than 0.030%, most of the higher alloyed Austenite grades such as 6%Mo stainless steel carbon content is less than 0.020%.Estimated Reading Time 1 min304, 304L, 316, 316L Stainless Steel The Ultimate DifferenceI. What Kind of Steel Is Stainless Steel?II. Why Does Stainless Steel Have Different Grades?III. Performance CompariIV. Low-Carbon Stainless Steelv. Why Stainless Steel RustStainless steel is a kind of steelthat refers to the amount of carbon (C) containing less than 2%, and more than 2% of that is iron. In the steel smelting process, adding chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), silicon (Si), titanium (Ti), molybdenum (Mo) and other alloying elements improve the performance of steel so that the steel has a corrosion resistance (i.e. not rust), which called stainless steel. What is Steel and IronSee more on machinemfgEstimated Reading Time 6 minsPublished May 07, 2021Difference between Stainless Steel 316 / 304 and 316L / 304LAs American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) basic grades, the only practical difference between 304 / 316 and 304L/ 316Lis carbon content; the [L] means the lower carbon content. The carbon ranges are 0.08% maximum for 304 and 316 and 0.030% maximum for the 304Land 316Ltypes. Type 316L shows better resistance to phosphoric acid as compared to type 304L stainless steel. Grade 304L stainless steel has greater capability than grade 316L to break down and absorb energy without disintegrating. Tensile strength and yield strength of type 304L stainless steel bars are more than that of type 316L in their annealed condition.Estimated Reading Time 1 minThe Corrosion Behavior of 304L and 316L Stainless Steel in difference 304l and 316l stainlessThe corrosion behavior of 304L and 316L stainless steel have been investigated in 55 °C,85% food grade phosphoric acid solution by weight loss method and dynamic potential scan , the surface morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The results showed that the number of pits in 304L was much more than that in 316L. The contents of Cr inside pits were greater than that Estimated Reading Time 2 minsDifference Between 304 and 316L Stainless SteelFeb 17, 2015Any time you see stainless steel railings, metallic piping or non-corrosive liquid storage tanks, it is 304 steel. The only downside to 304 stainless steel is that it slowly corrodes and will eventually show signs of wear and tear. Stainless steel 316L. 304 becomes 316L when an alloy called Molybdenum is added to the mix. Molybdenum is the Super Man of the alloy world. There were no measurable differences in the results found for the 316L samples 304L presented an increase of 1.4% in hardness and 26.1% in wear resistance when submitted to the DCT The changes present in the 304L are possibly due to strain induced martensite in the Estimated Reading Time 4 minsDo you know what's the difference between SS Sep 18, 201770. 25. 40. Generally speaking,The biggest difference between them is the application. 316 is the basic material and used in reducing acids;316L is used corrosion resistance;316H is often used high temperature resistance;316Ti prevent intergranular corrosion because of adding element Titanium. We stock extensive 316 stainless steel pipe, 316L difference 304l and 316l stainlessFile Size 1MBPage Count 25What is the Difference Between 904L and 316L Stainless difference 304l and 316l stainlessApr 26, 2016Rolex is the only watchmaker that uses 904L stainless steel instead of the industry standard 316L stainless steel in their watches. While many on Rolex forums claim that this is simply a way for Rolex to differentiate themselves from competitors, it should be noted that there are differences between the two. Transcribed image text Different grades of stainless steels such as 316 LM, 304, 316, 316L & 304 L showed different corrosion resistance on the basis of their chemical composition. Indicate the sequence of the best order in corrosion resistance alloys * 304 > 304L >316 >316L > 316LM 304L > 316 > 316L > 304 > 316LM O 304> 316 > 316L > 316LM > 304L 316LM > 316L > 316 > 304L >304Images of Difference 304L and 316L Stainless imagesdifference 304l and 316l stainless316l vs 304l stainless steel316l vs 317l stainless steel304 vs 304l stainless steeldifference between 304 and 304l stainlessstainless steel 316 vs 316lmachining 304l stainless steel304l vs 316difference between 308l and 316lSome results are removed in response to a notice of local law requirement. For more information, please see here.Mechanical Properties of 304L and 316L Austenitic difference 304l and 316l stainlessaustenitic stainless steels, two fully austenitic alloys (i.e., type 304L and 316L alloys) have been aged at 290400°C for 1500 hours and characterized. This report will describe the mechanical property changes in 304L and 316L austenitic stainless steels due to the shortest term (1500 h) thermal aging. Nov 05, 2020ASTM A240 304L stainless steel plate vs 316l Manufacturer. ASTM A240 304L stainless steel plate elongation Manufacturer. gangsteel supply astm a240 304l Stainless steel plate thickness 1mm to 300mm. the max width 2800mm. We also provide laserjet and water jet cutting for stainless grade astm a240 304l,astm a240 type 304l.a240 304l material difference 304l and 316l stainlessThe Difference Between 304 304L and 321 - China Stainless difference 304l and 316l stainlessDifference Between 304 304L and 321. 304 stainless steel is low carbon chromium nickel stainless and heat resisting steel somewhat superior to Type 302 in corrosion resistance.. 321 stainless steel is known as stabilized grades of stainless steel, is Chromium nickel steel containing titanium. Recommended for parts fabricated by welding which cannot be subsequently annealed.The difference between 304 304L 316 316L materials difference 304l and 316l stainlessThe corrosion resistance of 316 stainless steel is better than 304 stainless steel. It has good corrosion resistance in pulp and paper production. Moreover, 316 stainless steel is also resistant to marine and corrosive industrial atmospheric erosion. Jun 25, 2021In fact, all three are 304 stainless steel according to chrome-nickel content. The ingredients are both 18% chromium (Cr) and 8% nickel (Ni), but the main difference is in the amount of carbon contained. Table of chemical composition (%) of 304, 304L, 304HWhats the Difference Between Grade 304 and 304L Stainless difference 304l and 316l stainlessIn grade 304 stainless, the maximum carbon content is set at 0.08%, whereas grade 304L stainless steel has a maximum carbon content of 0.03%. The L in 304L can be interpreted as meaning extra-low carbon. This difference of 0.05% carbon content produces a slight, but marked, difference in the performances of the two alloys.When to Use 308L, 309L or 316L Filler Metal316L (including ER316LSi) filler metal should be used with 316L and 316 base metals. CF-8M and CF-3M are the cast equivalents of 316 and 316L, respectively. Use 309L (including ER309LSi) when joining mild steel or low alloy steel to stainless steels, for joining dissimilar stainless steels such as 409 to itself or to 304L stainless, as well as for joining 309 base metal. Was this helpful?People also askWhat is better 304 or 316 stainless steel?What is better 304 or 316 stainless steel?Grade 304is typically more affordable than Grade 316. Here are some situations where 316 stainless steelmay be the better choice The environment includes a high amount of corrosive elements. The material will be placed underwater or be exposed to water consistently. In applications where greater strength and hardness are required.The Difference Between 304 and 316 Stainless Steel Metal difference 304l and 316l stainless Complete control over products allows us to ensure our customers receive the best quality prices and service. Your email address will not be published.

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Bacteria may be defined as a group of microbes sharing the basic features of the survival means adopted by a prokaryote (a cellular being without nucleus and organelles), single-celled organism. Bacteria are amongst the earliest life forms on the earth. Bacteria are present in extremely branched out groups that comprise over 2,000 species, each differing from the other relating to their form, structure of their cells, metabolic competencies, nutritional necessities and even favored environments. Cannabis pain killer - 100% natural and extremely effective with no side effects. From the point of morphology, on average the bacteria measure about anything between one and two micrometers in diameter. Each bacterium has a cell wall that is present on the cell membrane's outer surface and the organism's typical shape is attributable to it. The bacterial cytoplasm is located within the cell membrane and it encloses a variety of substances, counting ribosome; but its cytoplasm does not enclose any membrane-bound organelles, for instance, mitochondria or chloroplasts. Being prokaryotic organisms, bacteria also do not possess a distinct nucleus. However, their cells do enclose a solitary, spherical DNA molecule, which is also known as bacterial chromosome - a substance that encloses all essential genes. A number of bacteria species are also likely to enclose a relatively smaller portion of DNA known as plasmid, which predetermines or instructs all supplementary functions of the organism. In addition, bacteria may either be inactive or dynamic owing to the existence of an extended appendage called flagella. Bacteria multiply by means of an uncomplicated method called binary fission, whereas the mother (a solitary cell) increases two-fold both in size as well as quantity of diverse constituents prior to dividing into two approximately identical progeny cells. The best, 100% natural daily treatment to keep your nails in tip-top shape. It has been found that different types of bacterium have a very wide range of enzymes that facilitate metabolism and also make it possible for them to survive in an extensive variety of ecological conditions, in addition to helping them in obtaining nourishments as well as vigour from an assortment of sources, counting the sunlight as well as organic and inert chemicals. Bacteria acquire their nourishments by assimilation of a variety of forms of food molecules, but do not take in large particles of food or any other living being. Irrespective of their aptitude to undertake photosynthesis, all bacteria have one common aspect - they are all unable to make oxygen. Majority types of bacteria exist freely geographically and owing to their dissimilar metabolic competences, they inhabit nearly in all places of the environment. It is worth mentioning here that bacteria possess the aptitude to serve several important jobs that are vital for the survival of humans, for instance, bacteria have the ability to ferment milk to form cheese and yogurt as well as manufacture vitamins in the stomach. In spite of these beneficial actions, bacteria may also cause a number of most awful risks for our health as well as comfort. They are also responsible for most of the main diseases that affect humans. Stop losing your hair with this outstanding, 100% natural formula. FOR MEN AND WOMEN. As aforementioned, bacteria are present in diverse shapes. Those that usually have a circular shape are known as cocci (singularly called coccus). The term 'coccus' has been derived from the Latin form of a Greek word 'kokkos' denoting a berry. It may be noted that the bacteria cocci do not have a precisely spherical shape and, often they may be somewhat noticeably deformed. Generally, Streptococcus pneumonia cells exist in pairs and are called diplococci, which have a compressed appearance similar to that of tiny lancets. Owing to their particular shape and occurrence in pairs, this bacterium is often called lanceolate diplococcic. The bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae is one more type of diplococcus having cells that seem to be compressed against each other. Streptococcus pneumonia cells are arranged in a line along their extended axis having tiny axes occurring correspondingly. On the other hand, Neisseria gonorrhoeae cells make a parallel line the length of their tiny axis, having extended axes separately. In addition, cocci may possibly also occur in bunches of in excess of two cells. On the other hand, the bacteria Streptococci occur in the shape of chains owing to cell division on a singular surface, whereas the bacteria Staphylococci appear in clusters akin to that of grapes owing to cell division all along irregular surfaces. The term streptos meaning twisted is taken from Greek; while it is worth mentioning here that the term 'Staphylococci' has been derived from the Greek word 'staphule' denoting grapes. In effect, bacteria also have the aptitude to grow in the cuboidal packets because of normal division of cells the length of three planes. An advanced, 100% natural revitalizer that will keep your skin glowing and looking young. The word 'bacillus' ('bacilli' in plural) has been drawn from the Latin term 'bacillus' denoting a stick. Therefore, as the name suggests, the shape of the bacteria Bacilli is akin to that of rods and they are found in various forms. Although they belong to one genus of bacteria, they are found to exist in extensively varied shapes. For instance, the cells of the bacterium Clostridium peifringens are comparatively small and stout and the shape of the vegetative (asexual) cell is not distorted despite the occurrence of spore (reproductive structure), while the cells of the bacterium Clostridium tetani are extended as well as thin. A lot of times, the cells are distended at their end with a view to provide accommodation to their spore. This makes the Clostridium tetani cells appear like drumsticks. In the same manner in which several cocci position themselves in particularly twisted clusters, a number of bacilli are also related to specific arrangements. For instance, the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, the corroding agent present in anthrax, develops in the form of an extended string of cells arranged the length of an elongated axis. The cells belonging to the bacterial genus Beggiatoa, as well as cells of several cyanobacteria take the shape of chains wherein the cells are connected intimately. These cells arrange themselves in elongated strings wherein every cell is partitioned by means of cross-walls. This type of strain is known as trichomes, as they appear like hairs. It may be noted that the term 'trichome' has been derived from the Greek word 'trikhos' denoting hair. Bacteria belonging to the genus Corynebacterium possess cells that arrange themselves the length of an elongated axis in a corresponding manner, quite similar to the posts of fencing. Such an arrangement is called a palisade, a word that has been derived from the Latin term denoting a stake or prop becoming palus. Acne keeping you down? Try this 100% natural ointment and change your life forever. The bacteria Streptomycetes create elongated, multiple nuclei hyphae, which turn out to be branched. A group of hyphae is known as a mycelium. In effect, the expressions mycelia and hyphae are also used to describe or denote similar structures in fungi. It may be noted that bent rods are often called vibrios. This term point to the vibrating motion witnessed in this type of bacteria. The cells of bacteria may possibly develop in helical, twisted form. While the cells of spirilla are firm, those of spirochaetes possess an extremely supple structure. In Greek, a coil is called 'speira', while it is called 'spira' in Latin. The Greek term for 'long hair' is khaite. As the name suggests, pleomorphic bacteria exist in changeable forms (the term 'pleomorphic' has been derived from two Greek words 'pleon' denoting more and 'morphe' meaning shape). Several bacteria are pleomorphic to certain extent. In cultures, sometimes the cells of Proteus mirabilis develop in the form of elongated strings, while most of the cells develop in the form of small rods. In the same way, the cells of the bacterial species Haemophilus inftuenzae may possibly develop in the form of strands, rods and also like coccobacilli. While Corynebacteria generally have the appearance of bacilli, they have a very inconsistent form. In a number of instances, pleomorphism is attributable to the environs where the bacteria are cultivated. In the case of artificial cultures, bacteria belonging to the genus Rhizobium develop as the normal forms of bacilli having somewhat consistent shapes. However, when Rhizobium bacteria are observed in minuscule cultivation of the root swellings of plant that are able to fix nitrogen, their cells appear to be extremely degenerated as well as asymmetrical and are known as bacteroids. It is worth mentioning here that bacteria are very widely distributed and are present everywhere from the North Pole to the South Pole. In fact, scientists have even isolated bacteria from the frozen wastes found in the Arctic as well as the Antarctic regions, discovered them close to volcanoes present in the bed of oceans, and even the water emerging from hot springs. Precisely speaking, the assortment of habitats were bacteria can exist is really astonishing. This manifests the fact that bacteria are able to make use of energy supplies from wide range of sources. In addition, it also reflects how successfully bacteria have been able to change to take advantage of the environment in which they are present. While light is the source of energy for some varieties of bacteria, there are some others that need chemical energy supply for sustenance. Then again, there are bacteria that make use of organic amalgams, while some others need supplies from an inorganic matter. In effect, bacteria demonstrate a wide assortment of nourishment and this is necessary for the complete processing of elements passing across their biological systems. In addition, it is also a precondition for unrelenting sustenance of existence on earth. We are familiar with the fact that all life forms need nutrients for growth as well as multiplication (reproduction). Basically, nutriments are the basic elements that make up all life forms. To facilitate the assemblage of these elements, living beings need an energy source. Bacteria whose source of energy is light are called phototrophs. When translated into English, this literally denotes being nourished by light (the term has been derived from two Greek words, 'photos' meaning light, and 'trophe' meaning nutrients). Similarly, the bacteria that depend on supply of chemical energy are called chemotrophs. However, classifying bacteria in these two groups is not essentially absolute, and the prevailing ecological situations may often be responsible for the source of energy which bacteria make use of. When the bacterial species Rhodospirillum rubrum is cultivated in an anaerobic situation (absence of oxygen) it is known to be a phototroph and needs light as the source of energy. On the other hand, if it is cultivated in the presence of oxygen, the same bacterium is capable of growing in darkness in the form of a chemotroph. Every form of life on this planet is built on carbon and, therefore, it is essential to have adequate supplies of compounds containing carbon for the organisms to grow as well as multiply. In fact, autotrophs as self-nourishing microbes possessing the aptitude to develop on organic compounds by means of fixing carbon dioxide from the environment. It is possible to cultivate autotrophic bacteria in ordinary salt solutions that are needed to supply the maturing cells with trace elements. However, they do not require any source of carbon, except carbon dioxide. Autotrophs form an important constituent of food networks, because they generate a renewed organic compound supply required by heterotrophs - which are basically organisms that are unable to develop their entire individual organic compounds and, therefore, need others to nourish them. Autotrophic bacteria that make use of light as their energy source are called photoautotrophs and sometimes they may also obtain their required energy from oxidized organic (inanimate) chemical compound and, in such instances, are known as chemoautotrophs. Photoautotrophs bacteria are generally characterized by the purple-colored sulphur bacteria, for instance, Chromatium spp.; the cyanobacteria; and the green-colored sulphur bacteria. Bacteria classified as chemoautotrophic comprise iron bacteria, hydrogen bacteria, sulphur-oxidizing bacteria and nitrifying bacteria. Iron bacteria like Gallionella supp. produce ferric ions from ferrous ions, while hydrogen bacteria like Hydrogenobacter spp. make use of hydrogen in the form of an electron contributor and oxygen in the form of an electron receiver to make water through the process of reducing molecular oxygen and hydrogen. On the other hand, nitrifying bacteria facilitate the reaction of oxygen with ammonia and the bacteria that make oxygen react with ammonia to produce nitrite are known as nitrosifying bacteria. Bacteria that are genuinely nitrifying have the ability to further make oxygen react with nitrite to produce nitrate. Bacteria such as Nitrobacter spp. are a perfect example of truly nitrifying bacteria. Then again, Thiothrix spp. are truly aerobic and acquire their requisite energy by making oxygen react with hydrogen sulphide. All bacteria classified as autotrophic acquire their requisite energy by means of inorganic compound uptake. Owing to this property of autotrophic bacteria, they are referred to as lithotrophs that acquire nourishments from stones. It may be noted that the term 'lithotroph' has been derived from the Greek word 'lithos' meaning stone. Accordingly, one may mention photoautotrophs as photolithotrophs, while chemoautotrophs may be referred to as chemolithotrophs. In addition, autotrophs bacteria posses the aptitude to develop on the entire organic compounds needed for their development as well as multiplication using carbon dioxide. In fact, bacteria belonging to this group are able to fix carbon dioxide. Majority of the bacteria are basically heterotrophic and are not able to accomplish this act. As an alternative, heterotrophic bacteria are dependent on a supply of natural carbon amalgams from outside. It is interesting to note that the first bacteria that were referred to as chemolithotrophs were those belonging to the genus Beggiatoa. However, several strains of bacteria of this genus do not have the aptitude to grow till they are provided with compounds that are organic. Therefore, while they are able to acquire their requisite energy from sulphur oxidation and may possibly be regarded as lithotrophic, they are also referred to as heterotrophic, as they need a carbon source that is fixed, for instance, acetate, for their growth. This type of bacteria is known as mixotrophs (also called mixed feeders). A number of photosynthetic bacteria make use of uncomplicated organic compounds like acetate, methanol and formate as their only source of carbon instead of binding to carbon dioxide. This type of bacteria are known as photoorganotrophs and represented by bacteria known as purple non-sulphur like Rhodospirillaceae when they are cultivated in anaerobic conditions, but in the presence of light. Unless there is light, Rhodospirillaceae are not able to grow in the absence of oxygen. Nevertheless, in anaerobic conditions, they may possibly grow in darkness in the form of chemoorganotrophs, which make use of organic compounds for their nourishment. Besides, they also need a supply of adequate chemical energy. It may be noted that the largest part of chemoorganotrophs comprise bacteria that are non-photosynthetic in nature.

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Collagen is a protein accounting for more than 25% of our body mass. As the most abundant protein in our body, collagen is a major component of bones, skin, muscles, ligaments and tendons. True to the origin of its Greek name, ’Kolla’, meaning ‘glue’, it provides the scaffolding for harder structures like bones and teeth, and for cartilage, viscera, and organs. Collagen also holds moisture to keep tissues firm and plump and plays a part in protecting the skin against damage from ultraviolet radiation. Our body makes collagen, but its synthesis and quality decrease with age, as well as with stress and illness, leading to thin, dry, loose, and wrinkled skin, weaker joints and bones, as well as impaired wound healing1. Of the 16-plus types of collagen in the human body, 80-90% consist of Type I, II and III. - Type I makes up the fibers found in connective tissues of the skin, bone, teeth, tendons and ligaments. - Type II are the round fibers found in the cartilage - Type III forms the connective tissues that give shape and strength to organs, such as the liver, heart, and kidneys. Glycine, Proline and Hydroxyproline are the three main amino acids which make up collagen. Fortunately, simply eating high-quality protein helps with collagen production, and, even better news for anyone on a ketogenic diet: dietary sources of collagen are all ‘keto friendly’. These include bone broth (not the bouillon type!), additive-free and minimally processed bovine (beef) or porcine (pork) gelatin (preferably grass-fed!), egg whites (including the shells’ inner membrane), and wild salmon. General Health Benefits of Collagen 1. Enhances skin health: For anyone losing major amounts of weight, as often occurs on a ketogenic diet, collagen can be of benefit. If this describes you, your skin may not be able to keep up with the weight loss, and consuming supplemental collagen hydrolysate may help with your skin elasticity. Studies have demonstrated that supplemental collagen peptides are able to induce a clinically measurable improvement in the depth of facial wrinkles, skin elasticity and hydration2. 2. Helps manage joint pain and osteoarthritis: If you’re planning to add exercise to your Keto routine, collagen could potentially be a good supplement for your joints. Added body weight can be a strain on your joints especially with exercises like running and jumping, so reducing your body weight is also a great first step to relieving joint pain3. Hydrolyzed collagen has also been shown to be absorbed and distributed to joint tissues with analgesic and anti‐inflammatory properties, demonstrating its potential use as a therapeutic agent for the management of osteoarthritis and maintenance of joint health4. 3. Improves bone health by improving bone mass density and bone strength: Collagen provides strength to the bones, and plays an important role in bone structure. Together with calcitonin, a hormone in the body that promotes bone formation, hydrolyzed collagen can prevent bone collagen breakdown5. Collagen hydrolysate also has a therapeutic role in osteoporosis and osteoarthritis by potentially increasing bone mineral density. Supplementing with collagen has been shown to decrease age-related bone mass loss and the addition of exercise to the daily regimen appears to further enhance this effect6. Benefits of Collagen Specifically for Weight Loss 1. Increases sensation of fullness and hunger suppression: Protein intake has been extensively studied for its ability to support weight loss by satisfying hunger and facilitating fullness. The unique structure of collagen protein peptides has been studied and found to provide greater satiety over similar quantities of other types of protein. Collagen’s distinctive amino acid profile also help in hunger suppression. Taken before meals, a collagen supplement can potentially reduce your level of hunger while increasing your feeling of fullness. When combined with a meal, it has been shown to help you ingest fewer calories7. 2. Improves body composition: Loss of body weight often results in a change in body composition manifesting as a loss of muscle mass. Collagen has been shown to be superior to other forms of protein for retaining muscle mass during weight loss, and especially during a period of rapid weight loss. This is particularly helpful for people consuming a low calorie intake on a ketogenic diet. In addition, as we age, our bodies lose muscle and bone mass, largely due to the decreasing amount of collagen our bodies produce, coupled with a decreased ability to metabolize protein8. These losses can be minimized—or even reversed—by an increased intake of protein and the use of hydrolyzed collagen, which has a higher digestibility and absorbability. In addition, cellulite is often more pronounced in thin and saggy skin, and collagen supplementation can potentially help this condition by increasing both the elasticity and thickness of the skin. 3. Helps boosts metabolism and energy expenditure: The stronger and leaner your muscles are, the higher your metabolic rate tends to be, allowing your body to burn more calories throughout a 24-hour period9. By increasing the amount of collagen in your diet, you can potentially boost your metabolism—both safely and naturally—by building and maintaining lean muscle. This is possible because collagen is a fibrous protein that strengthens the body’s connective tissues and is the major structural protein in skeletal muscle10. The Case for Collagen Supplements It makes total sense for anyone, including Keto followers, to heed the recommendation to ‘eat the whole food’ to ensure an adequate dietary intake. However, if you feel your Keto eating style might not be supplying enough collagen, supplements can offer an additional tool for increasing the amount of collagen in the body in order to help delay, prevent, or even reverse its age-associated decline. Since our body’s collagen production slows over time, it is vital that we keep it replenished. Advantages of Collagen Supplements 1. Increased absorption: Collagen is a large protein, which means that when we eat it in the form of animal protein (i.e. egg, salmon or bone broth), the protein molecule is too large to pass directly through the gut wall and the enzymes in our digestive tract will need to break it down into individual amino acids or smaller amino acid chains (peptides) before it can be absorbed into the bloodstream. To help with the absorption, food manufacturers have developed new methods that dramatically reduce the molecular size of collagen, enabling it to be absorbed intact through the gut wall. Hydrolyzed collagen (or collagen hydrolysate) supplements have an extremely small particle size and are virtually “predigested” for immediate absorption. 2. Convenient source of protein: In the case that you are not able-or willing—to prepare collagen-rich foods at home on a regular basis, collagen supplements provide extra protein with a specific ratio of ready-made amino acids necessary for collagen production. Although there’s no guarantee that the body will digest the collagen and assign the resulting amino acids or peptides to form new collagen, the body can likely use these amino acids to produce other important proteins in the body. 3. Digestive issues: If gelatin or bone broth upset your stomach, hydrolyzed collagen supplements are very well tolerated due to their high digestibility, making them much easier for your stomach to break down and digest. In addition, hydrolyzed collagen has a high bioavailability, meaning that it can be absorbed into the bloodstream more readily than the regular collagen protein in food. 4. Neutral taste without an aftertaste: Collagen is ideal for anyone with strong food aversions or taste preferences because it is virtually tasteless and easy to include in all types of liquids, consumed hot or cold. You can add the powder to your water, coffee, mix it with MCT oil powder, or blend it into nut milks (i.e. almond, coconut, hazelnut), shakes, and even coconut cream. The powder can even be added to regular foods such as whole fat Greek yogurt, as well as baked or prepared dishes without altering the flavor. Recommendations for intake: Just as every one of us is different, there is also a wide range of dose recommendations for collagen supplements. Factors to consider are your age, health status, and diet. It is also important to note that it takes our body about four months to replenish unhealthy tissue with healthy tissue. Most of the studies on the benefits of collagen based their research on a range of 5,000 mg (5 grams) to 15,000 mg (15 grams) per day, noting better results in the upper range of intake. Consistency is key, so make sure to take the supplement every day to help reverse our body’s decline in collagen synthesis. If you are allergic to fish, stick with bovine (from beef) or porcine (from pork) collagen instead of marine collagen. Bonus nutrients to help your body use collagen When consuming collagen, you can benefit from consuming other additional nutrients in order to ensure your body can convert the collagen into a useable protein. The following are vitamins/minerals that can improve the effectiveness of supplemental collagen: 1. Vitamin C: Is an essential part of skin health both as an antioxidant and as a critical factor for collagen synthesis. Vitamin C decreases the skin damage caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation and is needed for adequate wound healing. Without Vitamin C, collagen formation is disrupted, resulting in a wide variety of problems throughout the body. The benefits of Vitamin C supplementation are further increased when consumed in combination with other micronutrients, such as Vitamin E and Zinc11. 2. Magnesium: Functions as a cofactor for many enzymes involved in protein and collagen synthesis. It also plays a protective role in maintaining the extensibility of elastin, a protein found in the thickest layer of the skin called the dermis, providing elasticity and resilience to tissue12. 3. Iron: Is required for the formation of proline and lysine (two of the amino acids in collagen), and, as a result, severe iron deficiency can result in impaired collagen production. Iron participates in a variety of enzymatic systems in the body, including the enzymes involved in collagen synthesis. Iron is also required for the synthesis of collagen13. 4. Zinc: Activates proteins essential for collagen synthesis, including a type of protein that allows cells to remodel collagen during wound healing14. 5. Vitamin E: Works synergistically with Vitamin C to stimulate collagen formation and help prevent collagen breakdown15. Just as more of us are recognizing the multiple health benefits of collagen, our body may not be able to produce enough of this valuable protein on its own. As a result, supplementation with hydrolyzed/peptide versions of collagen is fast becoming part of our daily lifestyles. Eating a well-rounded diet, along with the inclusion of additional collagen-boosting nutrients, can help increase absorption of your supplemental collagen. With advances in scientific research and technology, the positive impact of collagen – and its supplementation – will likely prove to be even more beneficial for our body, both on the inside and out. - Factors Affecting Wound Healing: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2903966/ - Effects of a nutritional supplement containing collagen peptides on skin elasticity, hydration and wrinkles: http://www.jmnn.org/article.asp?issn=2278-1870;year=2015;volume=4;issue=1;spage=47;epage=53;aulast=Borumand - Safety and efficacy of undenatured type II collagen in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee: a clinical trial: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2764342/ - A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomised, clinical study on the effectiveness of collagen peptide on osteoarthritis: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jsfa.6752 - Role of collagen hydrolysate in bone and joint disease: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049017200568255 - Collagen supplementation as a complementary therapy for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis and osteoarthritis: a systematic review: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1809-98232016000100153 - Single-Protein Casein and Gelatin Diets Affect Energy Expenditure Similarly but Substrate Balance and Appetite Differently in Adults: https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/139/12/2285/4670596 - Amino Acids and Muscle Loss with Aging: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3183816/ - Muscle as a “Mediator” of Systemic Metabolism: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1550413114006093 - Structure and Function of the Skeletal Muscle Extracellular Matrix: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3177172/ - The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Health: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5579659/ - Magnesium and Connective Tissue: https://edsinfo.wordpress.com/2016/04/16/magnesium-and-connective-tissue/ - Chronic Iron Deficiency as an Emerging Risk Factor for Osteoporosis: A Hypothesis: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4425147/ - Zinc may increase bone formation and collagen synthesis: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2981717/ - Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3583891/

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Water! Water! is the universal note which is sounded through every part of the city and infuses joy and exultation into the masses. —Philip Hone, former mayor of New York City, 1842 In part two, we left off with the Manhattan Company in the early 19th century slowly adding to their network of poorly fitted, cheap wooden pipes and rapidly growing their highly profitable bank. Unfortunately, an adequate water supply for a city requires it to be available to everyone. Not only did there have to be enough for drinking, but fire fighting and cleaning muck from stables, seepage from cemeteries, and overflowing privies that added to the unsanitary conditions of a busy and growing city. The Common Council finally parted ways with the Manhattan Company in 1831 and formed their own municipality. The city took over the waterworks project and spent $1,000 dollars to have an engineer write up a report telling them what they already knew: With the city expanding, they needed a source of water that could handle the projected population. This meant that they needed to stop delaying an investment in an aqueduct capable of bringing the “pure and wholesome water” from either the Bronx or Croton Rivers into all parts of the city, including the poorest sections. Unfortunately, building a civic project of this magnitude takes time. The bill approving the use of the Croton River with its greater capacity didn’t happen until 1833. The previous yellow fever epidemics were horrible enough, but before the completion of the Croton River aqueduct and reservoirs, two major setbacks would overwhelm Manhattan’s agencies and economies. Ten years passed since a yellow fever epidemic hit New York City. The Board of Health as well as the city’s residents had grown complacent. The only disease prevention practiced was to quarantine ships coming in from locations known to have epidemics. However, this didn’t happen often. The medical doctors on the Board of Health refused to diagnose an illness until it was absolutely necessary, and even then, they didn’t always offer an honest diagnosis. They weren’t eager to cut off the flow of trade and profit because they feared angry merchants more than they did lying to the public. [Gotham] It was 1832, and a horrific cholera epidemic rolled across Europe and into London. It was only a matter of time before the horrible disease came to New York Harbor on one of the hundreds of merchant ships that arrived daily. Those who took their Hippocratic oath seriously grew more and more nervous reading about the escalating spread of disease and deaths in London. They implored the city to clean streets, disinfect latrines, and establish a network of emergency hospitals. It wasn’t done. On June 15, cholera arrived from Quebec via the St. Lawrence River, through the Erie Canal, and down the Hudson. A laborer became ill, survived, but his children did not. It soon spread like wildfire. The Board of Health maintained there was nothing to fear, calling it the usual “summer” cholera, a regular digestive malady brought on when food spoiled in the summer heat. The Council and evangelical clergy responded to the growing fear permeating the city by saying: …that the Plague, should it come, would pass over the virtuous parts of town and descend, like God’s wrath, on its Sin-Infested quarters. [Gotham] In other words, cholera would choose its victims based on morality. Sylvester Graham, a minister and dietary reformer, preached that liquor, impure foods, and sexual dissipation undermined the body’s ability to resist cholera. (It would be another 22 years before John Snow of London would discover the true cause of cholera — not a moral failure, but the bacteria Vibrio cholerae contaminating drinking water.) By July 2, medical doctors in the city knew there was a greater problem than “summer” cholera. They announced the tally of sickness and death occurring in the city. The Common Council was furious. They didn’t want the public to know there was a health crisis because it would hurt the economy. The very next day saw an exodus of wealthy residents fleeing the city to escape the epidemic, just as they’d done with the arrival of yellow fever. Sure enough, businesses suffered by the lack of wealthy customers. Of the approximately 100,000 people who couldn’t afford to leave, 3,513 died. It is unknown how had many in total suffered under cholera’s grip. * There was one other immense responsibility that the Manhattan Company’s waterworks failed to protect against: fire. With their pipes not extending throughout the city, there was little chance of stopping a large-scale fire in its tracks. In the years between parting ways, the city hadn’t had a chance to do much more Bucket brigades were a thing of the past. Back in 1799, the city imported its first fire fighting engines from Hamburg. More would be purchased in the intervening years. These engines had long hemp hoses that connected to each other, bringing water from the one of the city’s wells, rivers, or cisterns to its destination. Unfortunately, these engines did not produce enough pressure, nor did they reach the upper stories of the newer, taller buildings. All of this would become glaringly obvious during The Great Fire of 1835. The Great Fire of 1835 The night of December 16, 1835 was met with temperatures dropping seventeen degrees below freezing and blustery winds. It had been so cold of late, the East River was frozen. At nine that evening, a watchman smelled smoke at the corner of Pearl and Exchange Streets. He, along with other watchmen, found a fire in a five-story warehouse. In a matter of minutes, the fire tore through the roof. They watched in horror as the flames jumped to an adjacent building on the tightly developed street. Within fifteen minutes, the fire destroyed fifty buildings. Alarms sounded, church bells pealed. The firefighters — whose numbers hadn’t increased with the population’s growth — needed all the help they could get to put out the fires. Worse yet, they were exhausted from fighting fires the last two nights, which also meant that the city’s cisterns were empty. The conflagration lit the sky so bright, people could see it from as far as New Haven and Philadelphia. Gradually, fire companies from surrounding communities arrived. They took their axes to the frozen rivers, hooked up their hoses on their fires engines, but if any water flowed, it blew back on the firefighters with the wind, or it froze in the hoses. Over two nights, 674 buildings in downtown Manhattan burned. Almost every structure below Wall Street was lost — all thirteen acres of Manhattan’s original settlement, now mostly a business hub. Miraculously, only two people died. Had the downtown area still been residential, the loss of life would have been staggering. Imagine how the city would have faired if they’d built a fully functioning waterworks with the ability to bring thousands of gallons of water, at high pressure to every street in the city. Water, Water Everywhere Between yellow fever and cholera epidemics, and the Great Fire of 1835, the Common Council realized, albeit late, that they needed to retake control over the city’s waterworks. Though the proposal for the aqueduct system was quoted at a staggering $5 million dollars, the Council had the support of landowners, developers, banks, and insurance companies because they all feared fire. (It would actually cost them $13 million in the end.) The Common Council submitted a Croton Project Referendum. The aqueduct passed 17,330 to 5,916. The poorer districts voted against the waterworks, fearing they’d be priced out of using it, though that was never the intention. The city bought back the Manhattan Company’s waterworks, pipes, and water rights. They employed John B. Jervis ** as chief engineer. He managed damming the Croton River in Westchester County, constructing the forty-one mile aqueduct, the receiving reservoir by 79th & 86th Streets and 6th & 7th Avenues that held 180,000 gallons of water, down to the distributing reservoir capable of holding twenty-four million gallons of water at Murray Hill on 42nd Street and 5th Avenue. *** On July 4, 1842, the project was complete. “Pure and wholesome water” flowed into the city, through cast-iron pipes, to every home and business who opted in. The Murray Hill reservoir stood like a proud fortress designed in the Egyptian revival style. Its walls towered thirty-eight feet above street level. A twenty-foot wide promenade ringed the top most portion, enclosed by iron railings. New York celebrated their new and functioning waterworks on October 14, 1842 during the “Festivals of Connection.” A five-mile procession marched through the city, filling it with boisterous cheers and pealing bells. A hundred-gun salute honored the fifty-foot fountain displayed in front of City Hall Park. Of course they celebrated! New York City had waited since 1774 for fresh, safe water. Into the Future The Croton Aqueduct could not keep up with the growth of the city. About 1939, the municipality added the Catskill and Delaware watersheds to the system. The Croton Distributing Reservoir at 42nd Street and 5th Avenue was torn down in 1911 and parts of it are still visible in the foundation of the main branch of the New York Public Libary. In 1940, the receiving reservoir was drained and became the Great Lawn in Central Park. * This is why contemporary politicians thought these diseases were a product of being poor, immoral, or “foreign” [immigrant-caused], as wealthy citizens fled, leaving behind those who couldn’t afford to. ** John B. Jervis cut his engineering teeth on the Erie Canal. *** You might recognize this address because the location would eventually become the main branch of the New York Public Library (where the two lions guard the entrance). Some of the library’s foundation stones are remnants from the reservoir. 1. Burrows, Edwin G., and Mike Wallace. Gotham: a History of New York City to 1898. New York, New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. 2. Gerber, David E. “Pure and Wholesome: Stephen Allen, Cholera, and the Nineteenth-Century New York City Water Supply.” “Pure and Wholesome.” The Pharos, 2013. https://alphaomegaalpha.org/pharos/PDFs/2013/1/Gerber.pdf. 3. Landers, Jackson. “In the Early 19th Century, Firefighters Fought Fires … and Each Other.” Smithsonian.com. Smithsonian Institution, September 27, 2016. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/early-19-century-firefighters-fought-fires-each-other-180960391/. 4. “Murray Hill Reservoir.” The Croton Waterworks, April 5, 2011. https://crotonaqueduct.wordpress.com/field-notes/individual-structures/murray-hill-reservoir/. 5. Robinson, Lauren. “The Contentious History of Supplying Water to Manhattan.” MCNY Blog: New York Stories. Museum of the City of New York, April 14, 2014. https://blog.mcny.org/2013/07/16/the-contentious-history-of-supplying-water-to-manhattan/. 6. Willis, Samuel J, and et al. “Manual of the Corporation of the City of New York, for the Years .. : New York (N.Y.). Common Council : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming.” Internet Archive. New York : The Council, January 1, 1970. https://archive.org/details/manualofcorporat1855newy. - The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Picture Collection, The New York Public Library. “Wall Street, N.Y., 1846.” New York Public Library Digital Collections. Accessed June 14, 2021. https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e1-06d6-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99 - Sarin Images, Granger.com. “Is This a Time for Sleep?” American cartoon, 1883. Accessed June 14, 2021. https://www.granger.com/results.asp?image=0036881&inline=true&itemx=23&wwwflag=3 - “Quit Dram Drinking,” by Hallie Alexander. 2021 - National Museum of American History. “In the Early 19th Century, Firefighters Fought Fires … and Each Other.” Smithsonian Institution, September 27, 2016. Accessed June 14, 2021. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/early-19-century-firefighters-fought-fires-each-other-180960391/. - “The Great Fire in New York,” by Nicolino Calyo – http://luceweb.nyhistory.org/III/mimages/Images/Objects/Main/1926_78.jpg, Public Domain, Accessed June 14, 2021. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=268188 - The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Print Collection, The New York Public Library. “Length 1450 ft. The High Bridge at Harlem, N.Y. Height 114 ft.” New York Public Library Digital Collections. Accessed June 15, 2021. https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/5e66b3e8-7dba-d471-e040-e00a180654d7 - New York Public Library Archives, The New York Public Library. “42nd Street looking west at street level with Croton Reservoir in the background and cart at right.” New York Public Library Digital Collections. Accessed June 13, 2021. https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47da-ea3b-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99 - The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Picture Collection, The New York Public Library. “Opening of the fountains in City Hall Park, 1842” New York Public Library Digital Collections. Accessed June 15, 2021. https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e0-d111-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99 - Profile and Ground Plan of the Lower Part of Croton Aqueduct by John B. Jervis; Claire Lovell; Jesse Long – https://cdm16694.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16694coll17/id/435, Public Domain, Accessed June 16, 2021. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=78896540 - Vestiges of Croton Distributing Reservoir embedded in the foundation of the New York Public Library, by Kosboot – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, Accessed June 16, 2021. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=36417405

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In 2004, Dr. Rakan (Zak) Zahawi (Director of the Charles Darwin Foundation) and Dr. Karen Holl (UC Santa Cruz) started a long-term, large-scale tropical forest restoration studying applied nucleation (planting small patches or "islands" of trees) as a low-cost method to encourage seed dispersal and shade out pasture grasses. We are also investigating the effect of the amount of surrounding forest cover on forest recovery in these sites. We and collaborators have now been measuring seed rain, seedling establishment, litterfall, birds, bats, insects, lichens, and many other variables in these sites for over 17 years. Our results show that planting tree islands is an effective and comparatively cheaper approach to accelerate forest recovery that better simulates the natural recovery process than a traditional plantation-style restoration approach. In addition, results to date show that the amount of surrounding forest cover does not strongly influence animal-dispersed seed rain and native woody species establishment in the first decade of succession. For more information on our results and outreach see our summaries and publications listed below. As we move through the second decade of this study, the results continue to become more interesting given that we have one of the few well-replicated, long-term studies of tropical forest recovery. Check out our 7-min summary video on the project (Spanish version). We are extremely appreciative of multiple grants from the U.S. National Science Foundation and our numerous collaborators in Costa Rica, the US, and other countries that have allowed us to continue this research. Recent General Audience Publications Wilson, S. J., N. S. Alexandre, K. D. Holl, J. L. Reid, R. Zahawi, D. Celentano, S. Sprenkle-Hyppolite, and L. Werden. 2021. Applied nucleation guide for tropical forests. Conservation International. Holl, K.D. & Reid, J.L. 2020. Do we really need to plant a trillion trees? Trees islands are an ecologically and economically sound strategy for tropical forest recovery. The blog discusses our Journal Applied Ecology paper which summarizes 15 years of results from our long-term experiment in Costa Rica. Holl, K. D. 2019. Rules of thumb for predicting tropical forest recovery. This blog provides a general summary of our 2018 Applied Vegetation Science paper. Holl, K.D., J.L. Reid, and R. A. Zahawi. 2016. Tree islands for tropical forest restoration: the outlooks is rosy after 10 years. This blog provides a general summary of our 2017 Journal of Applied Ecology paper on tree recruitment in our study. Selected Scientific Publications and Data Kulikowski II, A. J., R. A. Zahawi, and K. D. Holl. In press. Effects of insect herbivory on seedling mortality in restored and remnant tropical forest. Restoration Ecology n/a:e13467. Data Werden, L. K., K. D. Holl, J. M. Chaves-Fallas, F. Oviedo-Brenes, J. A. Rosales, and R. A. Zahawi. 2021. Degree of intervention affects interannual and within-plot heterogeneity of seed arrival in tropical forest restoration. Journal of Applied Ecology 58:1693-1704. Data Holl, K. D., et al. 2020. Applied nucleation facilitates tropical forest recovery: Lessons learned from a 15-year study. Journal of Applied Ecology 57, 2316-2328. Kulikowski II, A. J. 2020. Ant–scale mutualism increases scale infestation, decreases folivory, and disrupts biological control in restored tropical forests. Biotropica 52:709-716. Data Werden, L. K., K. D. Holl, J. A. Rosales, J. M. Sylvester, and R. A. Zahawi. 2020. Effects of dispersal- and niche-based factors on tree recruitment in tropical wet forest restoration. Ecological Applications 30:e02139. Data Holl, K. D., J. L. Reid, F. Oviedo-Brenes, A. J. Kulikowski, and R. A. Zahawi. 2018. Rules of thumb for predicting tropical forest recovery. Applied Vegetation Science 21:669-677. Data Lanuza, O., F. Casanoves, R. A. Zahawi, D. Celentano, D. Delgado, and K. D. Holl. 2018. Litterfall and nutrient dynamics shift in tropical forest restoration sites after a decade of recovery. Biotropica 50:491-498. Data Holl, K. D., J. L. Reid, J. M. Chaves-Fallas, F. Oviedo-Brenes & R. A. Zahawi. 2017. Local tropical forest restoration strategies affect tree recruitment more strongly than does landscape forest cover. Journal of Applied Ecology 54:1091-1099. Data Cole, R. J., K. D. Holl, R. A. Zahawi, P. Wickey & A. R. Townsend. 2016. Leaf litter arthropod responses to tropical forest restoration. Ecology and Evolution 6:5158-5168. Data Reid, J. L., J. M. Chaves-Fallas, K. D. Holl & R. A. Zahawi. 2016. Tropical forest restoration enriches vascular epiphyte recovery. Applied Vegetation Science 19: 508-517. Data Holste, E. K., K. D. Holl, R. A. Zahawi, and R. K. Kobe. 2016. Reduced aboveground tree growth associated with higher arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity in tropical forest restoration. Ecology and Evolution 6:7253-7262. Data Reid, J. L., K. D. Holl, and R. A. Zahawi. 2015. Seed dispersal limitations shift over time in tropical forest restoration. Ecological Applications 25:1072-1082. Data Reid, J. L., C. D. Mendenhall, R. A. Zahawi, and K. D. Holl. 2015. Scale-dependent effects of forest restoration on Neotropical fruit bats. Restoration Ecology 23:681-689. Data Zahawi, R.A., J.P. Dandois, K. D. Holl, D. Nadwodny, J. L. Reid, and E.C. Ellis. 2015. Using lightweight unmanned aerial vehicles to monitor tropical forest recovery. Biological Conservation 186:287-295. Reid, J. L., C. D. Mendenhall, J. A. Rosales, R. A. Zahawi, and K. D. Holl. 2014. Landscape context mediates avian habitat choice in tropical forest restoration. Plos One 9:e90573. Data Holl, K. D., and R. A. Zahawi 2014. Factors explaining variability in woody above-ground biomass accumulation in restored tropical forest. Forest Ecology and Management 319:36-43. Data Holl, K. D., V. M. Stout, J. L. Reid & R. A. Zahawi. 2013. Testing heterogeneity-diversity relationships in tropical forest restoration. Oecologia 173:569–578. Zahawi, R. A., K. D. Holl, R. J. Cole & J. L. Reid. 2013. Testing applied nucleation as a strategy to facilitate tropical forest recovery. Journal of Applied Ecology 50:88-96. Data Reid, J. L. & K. D. Holl. 2013. Arrival ≠ Survival. Restoration Ecology 21:153-155. Lindell, C. A., R. J. Cole, K. D. Holl, and R. A. Zahawi. 2012. Migratory bird species in young tropical forest restoration sites: effects of vegetation height, planting design, and season. Bird Conservation International 22:94-105. Holl, K. D. R. A. Zahawi, R. J. Cole, R. Ostertag, and S. Cordell. 2011. Planting seedlings in tree islands versus plantations as a large-scale tropical forest restoration strategy. Restoration Ecology 19: 470-479. Holl, K.D., Aide, T.M., 2011. When and where to actively restore ecosystems? Forest Ecology and Management 261: 1588-1563. Cole, R.J., Keene, C., Zahawi, R.A., and Holl, K.D. 2011. Direct seeding of late successional trees to restore tropical montane forest. Forest Ecology and Management 261:1590-1597. Cole, R.J., Holl, K.D., Zahawi, R.A. 2010. Seed rain under tree islands planted to restore degraded lands in a tropical agricultural landscape. Ecological Applications 20: 1255-1269. Collaboration and Data Sharing We have had numerous collaborators to date and welcome additional collaborators on our research project. To request more information on collaborating send an introductory email with your background, interests, and request to Dr. Karen Holl (kholl at ucsc.edu) and Dr. Zak Zahawi (rakan.zahawi at gmail.com). Many data for this project are available at the links next to the paper above and on Dryad. We also have additional data on soil nutrients, reference forest vegetation data, site descriptions, surrounding forest cover, and other topics. If you are going to use our data for synthetic analyses we ask that you email us to let us know how you are using the data. For queries about additional data sets please contact Drs. Holl or Zahawi.

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By Williem Styfhals Stories, narratives, and myths give meaning to our reality. Thinkers as diverse as Ernst Cassirer, Paul Ricoeur, Roland Barthes, and Hans Blumenberg knew that this is just as true in our supposedly modern world as it was in ancient societies. Today, this function of myth is often fulfilled by history. We study and retell the past because we believe it gives meaning to the present and the future. If the story of our collective past can tell us who we have been, we can rely on this image to make sense of our present community and give shape to its future. The founding myths or histories of cities are classic examples of such political storytelling. Looking back at our past, we can even read specific historical moments as announcing contemporary events. Political leaders often make use of this possibility, for better or worse, by presenting the past in such a way that it mythically justifies their powers or decisions. The German philosopher Hans Blumenberg tried to make sense of this political strategy through the concept of prefiguration. He coined this notion in a short text that remained unpublished during his lifetime but was recently discovered and published from his archives at the German Literary Archive in Marbach. A political decision that initially seems arbitrary can appear as legitimate and even necessary when it is connected to a similar decision or meaningful event from a nation’s history, Blumenberg claimed. The current decision is then prefigured—and therefore mythically legitimized—by a historical event of major importance that is not causally connected to the present but structurally resembles it. Blumenberg gives the example of the decision to declare war. If there are no strategic reasons for starting a war, the precise moment of declaring war is ultimately arbitrary. A leader might feel uneasy about this arbitrariness as it clashes starkly with the importance of his decision. In order to overcome this arbitrariness, leaders often appeal to previous, successful wars by choosing the same starting date. Thus connecting the present to the past, the current declaration of war seems mythically justified by history. One could easily imagine how similar prefigurative strategies are still used by politicians today. Just as such narratives of collective history are often invoked in political decision-making, personal histories also inform our individual choices. Prefiguration certainly functions in existential contexts as well. There is indeed a basic human need to find meaning in choices that are ultimately contingent. Connecting present events and decisions to episodes in our personal and political histories can often alleviate this contingency. Making up such narratives and such historical connections is therefore intrinsic to human existence, Blumenberg would claim. Usually, we know that these personal stories as well as political myths are fictional and not entirely realistic. While this does not make them any less meaningful, this ambiguous relation to reality is not innocent. However vital stories, narratives, and myths are in giving shape to our personal and political reality, they also risk dismissing this reality itself in their pursuit of absolute significance. Especially in politics, the creation of a fictional reality is fraught with danger. The possibilities of constructing meaningful narratives from collective histories are indeed not infinite. At a certain point, stories and myths start misrepresenting or even abusing history. It is, therefore, important to determine when exactly myth becomes illusion. Today, in a time that has often been labelled a post-truth era, it is important to be able to distinguish meaningful stories from plain lies. Neither stories nor lies are strictly concerned with the truth, but stories give meaning to our world whereas lies ignore the world altogether. This is an important insight for contemporary politics, in which stories and narratives play a central role in shaping our political identity, but where they are also highly susceptible to a complete disregard for truth, reality, and history. In my view, these are the philosophical issues Blumenberg was struggling with when trying to come to terms with the political myths of totalitarianism in his context of Cold War West Germany. As one of the most important twentieth-century theorists of myth, Blumenberg attached great value to myths, stories, metaphors, and anecdotes. Importantly, he did not consider such narrative elements to be at all irrational. Myth is neither lie nor illusion. On the contrary, it is deeply rational and indeed an ineradicable feature of all thinking. In his most famous book, Work on Myth (1979) he even claimed that “myth itself is a piece of high-carat ‘work of logos’” (p. 12). Given this positive evaluation of myth, Blumenberg could not simply dismiss the mythical elements of Nazi propaganda as irrational and illusory. This might be one of the reasons why he published little on the topic. However, some relevant texts have recently been discovered in Blumenberg’s Nachlass, among which Prefiguration is the most significant. It would be impossible to derive a coherent theory of political myth from these writings, but they do give insight into the specific logic of political myth. Blumenberg may help us understand the perversion of myth into delusion and explain how its positive and meaning-giving function becomes a destructive force. Blumenberg always maintained that myth appeals to a human need for significance (Bedeutsamkeit). As the world is in itself indifferent to human meaning, we need stories that connect contingent events to make sense of the reality we live in. An absolute reality without such stories would simply be unbearable. This also holds true for political realities. Peoples and political identities are not simply given, but are the product of the stories and myths that are told about them. A world that is not mediated by such political storytelling is one where individuals are absolutely indifferent to each other’s existence and where community is inconceivable. Blumenberg often referred, in this respect, to Hobbes’ state of nature, in which “man is wolf to man.” A politics without stories about identities and communities would be impossible, in Blumenberg’s view. However, the danger of these political myths is that they easily go too far in their quest for meaning. In order to establish a community, to create a people, to justify one’s own power, to make an important political decision, etc., politicians have not simply used narrative strategies but have often been tempted to frame such myths as absolute stories about world history. Totalitarian political myths, in particular, interpret every important event in world history as prefiguring the fate of their nation. Political myths thus generate too much significance, to the point where they lose touch with reality rather than giving meaning to it. Political myth creates what Blumenberg called a “counterworld of realism” (Gegenwelt des Realismus). For him, this marks the point where myth turns into magic, where stories become lies. The dangers of politicizing myth are most tangible in the myths of political apocalypse, in which the fate of the world is presented as being in the hands of a single nation or even one political leader. Much has already been written about the redemptive, millenarian, and messianic dimensions of totalitarian politics by theorists such as Eric Voegelin, Norman Cohn, and Jacob Talmon. Unlike these thinkers, Blumenberg’s analysis was not concerned with political myths that promise earthly salvation and secular utopia, but rather with those that prophesy the catastrophic end of the world. Such apocalyptic myths are omnipresent in contemporary politics too. The most obvious example is the Islamic State’s apocalyptic vision, but similar doomsday narratives are presupposed in debates about climate change, motivate doomsday preppers, and return in catastrophist populist rhetoric. Blumenberg himself wrote specifically about Hitler’s apocalyptic delusions at the end of the Second World War. His analysis centers on a claim Hitler allegedly made in his Berlin bunker a few days before his death: “Wir Kapitulieren nicht, niemals. Wir können untergehen. Aber wir werden eine Welt mitnehmen.”(“We will not capitulate, never. We can go down. But we will take a world with us.”). In Hitler’s vision, the end of the Third Reich and his own death would have to mean the end of the world itself. Such a vision would be mythical for Blumenberg—indeed to the point of being magical and delusional—because Hitler created a narrative about world history to give absolute significance to something as contingent as the end of a reign or an individual’s death. By presenting his own fate as cosmic fate, his death acquires absolute meaning. Because he could not deal with the fact that the world would remain indifferent to his downfall, he created a mythical counterworld in which reality itself would go down with him. When the project of myth is pursued in such an absolute sense, it almost automatically leads to apocalyptic myths that no longer attribute significance to an indifferent world but simply give up on this world altogether. This is why Blumenberg claimed in his book Lebenszeit und Weltzeit (1986) that “Hitler had no world.” The myths of political apocalypse thus obliterate myth’s most basic function of giving meaning to the world. This question of the world also returns in another piece on Blumenberg I wrote for this January’s issue of the Journal of the History of Ideas. Discussing the central role of theodicy in Blumenberg’s thinking about modernity, I tried to show how myth actually functions as a theodicy, that is, as a justification of the world and its meaning. Such a mythical justifications seemed particularly necessary after the end of the Second World War when the legitimacy of the world itself was challenged by the horrible events that had taken place. Not just Hitler had given up on the world but many of his victims had too. For how could they still find meaning, let alone justify a world that had produced the Holocaust? In Blumenberg’s view, a reality devoid of significance is simply inconceivable, so it was of vital importance to find new ways to give meaning to the world through new political myths. The idea of a modest German democracy might have provided such a myth, but the primary example Blumenberg alluded to is Zionism, which he considered to be inherently mythical and thus essential for giving shape to Jewish identity after the Second World War. He even fiercely criticized Hannah Arendt for busting this myth in her analysis of Adolf Eichmann. In other words, an important lesson we can draw from Blumenberg’s writings on myth is that the dangerous political myths of our own times as well as those of the past can only be countered by inventing new myths, telling better stories, and writing more convincing histories. Willem Styfhals is a postdoctoral fellow of the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) at the Institute of Philosophy, KU Leuven, Belgium. He is the author of No Spiritual Investment in the World:Gnosticism and Postwar German Philosophy (Cornell, 2019).

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Paula y Bobby Padres de Lillie Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome, Type 1 ¿Que es Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome, Type 1? It is a rare genetic syndrome that affects multiple parts of the body. The syndrome occurs mainly in males due to its mode of inheritance. The syndrome is an overgrowth syndrome, meaning it triggers excessive growth both before birth and after. This syndrome is also known as: ¿Qué causan los cambios genéticos Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome, Type 1? Changes to the GPC3 gene are responsible for causing the syndrome. It is an X-linked syndrome meaning that the mutated gene responsible for causing the syndrome is located on the X chromosome. This is why the syndrome is more common and severe in males, who have just one X chromosome. Females, with two x chromosomes receive just one copy of the altered gene and are thus less likely to be affected. ¿Cuales son los principales síntomas de Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome, Type 1? Overgrowth is the main symptom of this rare disease. But the syndrome also presents with unique facial features including widely spaced eyes, a large mouth and tongue, broad nose and anomalies with the palate of the mouth. Another name for these facial features is coarse features. The syndrome also affects the chest and abdomen. Some individuals are born with extra nipples, an opening in the muscle that covers the abdomen and one of several types of hernias. Other health conditions associated with the syndrome include heart defects, larger than average kidneys, enlarged liver and spleen and abnormalities relating to the skeletal system. In some cases individuals develop either cancerous or non cancerous tumors. Specifically Wilms tumor, which is a rare type of kidney cancer. Possible clinical traits/features: Arrhythmia, 2-3 finger syndactyly, Abnormal form of the vertebral bodies, Tall stature, Intestinal malrotation, Inguinal hernia, Low-set, posteriorly rotated ears, Macroglossia, Lung segmentation defects, Pancreatic islet-cell hyperplasia, Short nose, Neurological speech impairment, Anteverted nares, Narrow sacroiliac notch, Short greater sciatic notch, Nephroblastoma, Neuroblastoma, Mandibular prognathia, Meckel diverticulum, Pectus excavatum, Multicystic kidney dysplasia, Preauricular pit, Muscular hypotonia, Toe syndactyly, Patent ductus arteriosus, Preauricular skin tag, Omphalocele, Polysplenia, Postaxial hand polydactyly, Wide mouth, Webbed neck, Short neck, Renal cyst, Seizure, Abnormality of the helix, Abnormal fingernail morphology, Accelerated skeletal maturation, Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum, Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the abdominal wall musculature, Wide nasal bridge, Broad foot, Cardiomyopathy, Broad toe, Broad thumb, Broad secondary alveolar ridge, Broad palm, Polyhydramnios, Cerebellar ¿Cómo se hace la prueba a alguien? Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome, Type 1? The initial testing for Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome, Type 1 can begin with facial analysis screening, through the FDNA Telehealth telegenetics platform, which can identify the key markers of the syndrome and outline the need for further testing. A consultation with a genetic counselor and then a geneticist will follow. Información médica sobre Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome, Type 1 This neonatal overgrowth syndrome is characterized by a large head with coarse features, thickened lips, a wide mouth, a large tongue, a husky voice, a high-arched palate, malposition of the teeth, a prominent jaw, a short neck and hepatosplenomegaly. In the cases reported by Behmel et al., (1984) intelligence was normal in one brother but low in the other brother. One of the brothers had a unilateral post-axial polydactyly, as did his male first cousin. Both brothers had bilateral cryptorchidism. Three brothers all with cryptorchidism were reported by Griffith et al., (2009). Simpson et al., (1975) described two male maternal cousins from an Ashkenazi Jewish pedigree. They both had a broad stocky appearance, a large protruding jaw and maxilla, a widened nasal bridge, upturned nasal tip, an enlarged tongue, broad short hands and fingers, and normal intelligence. As infants the facies were sufficiently coarse that a diagnosis of hypothyroidism was considered. Golabi and Rosen (1984) reported an X-linked overgrowth syndrome associated with severe mental retardation and, frequently, early death. There was prenatal macrosomia and postnatal enlargement of the liver and spleen. One child had a large head. Facially there was hypertelorism, a short broad nose, a large mouth and a vertical groove which involved the philtrum, the lower lip and chin, and the tongue. Meckel diverticulum and large cystic kidneys occurred, but were not constant features. An unusual coccygeal skin tag was reported, as well as hypoplasia of the distal phalanges. Post-axial polydactyly occurred once. All four children in the Golabi and Rosen (1984) paper had a cleft palate, which was submucous in some. Most authors now feel that all three case reports represent the same condition (eg Neri et al., 1988; Opitz et al., 1988). Diaphragmatic hernia may also be a feature of the condition (Chen et al., 1993). Hypoplastic fingernails, particularly of the index fingers, seem to be a characteristic feature. Day and Fryer (2004) reported a case with marked hypoplasia of the index fingers (also an abnormality of the proximal phalanx) and point out that index finger abnormalities in this condition are not uncommon. Kim et al., (1999) reported a male with the condition who had a choledochal cyst. He was part a family previously reported by Chen et al., (1993) and Golabi and Rosen (1984). Savarirayan and Bankier (1999) reported two brothers with the condition who had attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and the patient of Young et al., (2006) was mentally handicapped, had seizuresand hydrocephalus. He had prominent, anteverted ears. Terespolsky et al., (1995) reported a family where five males had an apparently severe form of the condition presenting with hydrops and with hypotonia and neurological impairment in survivors. Hughes-Benzie et al., (1994) reported a case presenting in pregnancy where there was raised maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein level at 16 weeks. Swallowing difficulties and bronchiectasis were features in the child reported by Glamuzina et al., (2009). Verloes et al., (1995) reported a male infant who died in the neonatal period with overgrowth, macroglossia, ambiguous genitalia, a diaphragmatic hernia, visceromegaly, multicystic renal dysplasia, Langerhans islet hyperplasia, nephroblastomatosis, adrenal adenomas and dysplastic testes. The difficulty in the differential diagnosis between Perlman, Beckwith-Wiedemann, and Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndromes was discussed. Coppin et al., (1997) reported a further case with similar overlap. The family reported by Stratakis et al., (2001) mostly likely had this condition. A patient reported by Cureton et al., (2007) had a hepatic vascular malformation. Knopp et al., (2015) showed a case with an initial diagnosis of Beckwith-Wiedemann who 21 years had to be reassigned to SGBS. Important points were that the facial features evolved and intelligence is better preserved. Cole (1998) provides a good review of overgrowth syndromes and the overlap between Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome. A patient (with a GPC3 mutation) had craniosynostosis, penoscrotal hypospadias and a large prostatic utricle (Villarreal et al., 2013). Hughes-Benzie et al., (1992) mapped the gene to Xq13-q21 and pointed out a possible association with embryonal tumours, particularly Wilms', neuroblastoma and perhaps hepatoblastoma - the same authors have emphasized the similarities with Beckwith syndrome (Hughes-Benzie et al., 1992). Lapunzina et al., (1998) reported a male case with a hepatocellular carcinoma. Xuan et al., (1994) and Orth et al., (1994) remapped the condition to Xq25-q27. Punnett (1994) reported a female with a balanced X;1 translocation (Xq26;1q12) which provided additional evidence of a localisation between Xq25 and Xq27. Pilia et al., (1996) demonstrated deletions in the GPC3 gene which codes for a putative extracellular proteoglycan, glypican 3 that appears to form a complex with insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2). Selleck (1999) reviews the mechanism of action of proteoglycans and glypican in particular. The GPC3 gene was also disrupted in two female cases with balanced translocations. One of these cases was originally diagnosed as having Klippel-Feil syndrome, because of multiple cervical vertebral fusions. Lindsay et al., (1997) found deletions of the gene GPC3 in 5 out of 18 families with the condition. Veugelers et al., (2000) studied 10 patients and identified mutations in seven (one deletion of a GPC3 exon, one frameshift, three nonsense, and one splice mutation). No mutations in the GPC4 gene were found in the remaining patients. Weksberg et al., (1996) provide a good review. Hughes-Benzie et al., (1996) and Neri et al., (1998) provide a good review of genotype/phenotype correlations. Germinal mosaicism was the likely reason for the two affected brothers with mutations that could not be found in their mother (Romanelli et al., 2007). A paper by Gurrieri et al., (2011) tells the exraordinary story of a family (with a mutation) that could be traced back to a macrosomic fetus in a glass jar in a university museum, who had the same mutation. Duplications of exon 1-9 of glypican-4 (GPC4) has been found in the original Golabi and Rosen (1984) family - Waterson et al., (2010). A patient, who had in addition a hepatoblastoma had a duplication of exons 2-4 of the GPC3 gene (Mateos et al., 2013). Another exon 2 deletion was reported by Cottereau et al., (2014). Halayem et al., (2015) reported a patient with Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome and a confirmed deletion of 6–8 exons of GPC3. Polyhydramnios and kidney enlargement were noted prenatally. Birth weight, length and head circumference were above the 90th percentile. The facial features included coarse face, macrocephaly, hypertelorism, broad nasal bridge, macrostomia, and macrognathia. Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, pyelectasis, inguinal hernia, umbilical hernia, thoracolumbar kyphosis, broad and short hands with broad fingertips were also present. Central nervous system abnormalities included a persistent craniopharyngeal canal and left temporo-polar arachnoid cyst. The boy had epilepsy and obstructive sleep apnea. He also showed behavioural regression, aggressive outbursts, oppositional disorder and an obsessive behaviour. Vaisfeld et al., (2016) described a female with a de novo deletion of exon 1 in in GPC3 with full clinical expression of the disease phenotype. X chromosome inactivation studies showed 33-67% and 20-80% ratio for skin fibroblasts and peripheral blood leukocytes, respectively. Vuillaume et al., (2018) analyzed 120 unrelated families with Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome. The authors described 86 distinct GPC3 gene mutations. Majority of the mutations were deletions or truncating mutations predicted to result in a loss-of-function. Missense mutations were rare. * This information is courtesy of the L M D. If you find a mistake or would like to contribute additional information, please email us at: [email protected] ¡Obtenga un Diagnóstico Genético más rápido y preciso! Más de 250,000 pacientes analizados con éxito. 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Exactitud y precisión Capacidades y tecnología de inteligencia artificial (IA) avanzadas con una tasa de precisión del 90% para un análisis genético más preciso. Acceso más rápido a consejeros genéticos, genetistas, pruebas genéticas y un diagnóstico. Tan rápido como en 24 horas si es necesario. Ahorre tiempo y dinero. Privacidad y seguridad Garantizamos la máxima protección de todas las imágenes e información del paciente. Sus datos siempre están seguros, protegidos y encriptados.

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Author David S. Cook in a Native Maine Birch-Bark Canoe on the Kennebec River. Photo by Ramona du Houx By David S. Cook, author of Above the Gravel Bar: The Native Canoe Routes of Maine Many folks, when they hear melodious and ancient Maine Indian names such as Androscoggin or Penobscot, Kennebec or Kineo, wonder what they mean. For some, like me and perhaps you, they conjure up that time out of mind when Maine and the far Northeast were the dominion of America’s first human inhabitants whose presence began with the disappearance of the ice sheets over 10,000 years ago. Such names are linguistic relics and they are the “colored curtains” framing the windows through which we peer back to those old days. They are not the only relics, of course. Stone tools, chipped from volcanic rock or made by arduous grinding, are often found where dropped beside a river or stream. Only one with a poor imagination is not stirred, when touching a prehistoric projectile point or stone axe, to dream about those long ago people who made their homes here well before the ancient Greeks invented democracy or China’s Great Wall was constructed. There is another cultural artifact that all are familiar with which can be a virtual “time machine” which will transport you back as close as you will ever get to those old days. I write, of course, about the canoe, and it can be a pure form of recreation. Maine is smack dab in the middle of the Maritime Peninsula, which is bordered in the south by the Gulf of Maine/Bay of Fundy and on the north two hundred miles away by the mighty St. Lawrence River. It is still possible to travel by canoe directly through our forests and reach either place, if one has the time, skill and stamina. Native American canoes were originally made from birch bark held together by spruce root and waterproofed by a mixture of spruce pitch, fat, and charcoal—canoes today are more likely to be made from aluminum or a space-age material such as Kevlar or plastic. We see them atop cars and trucks or beached along a river or lakeshore without realizing where they came from and what we can learn about the folks who first devised them. The birch-bark canoe was the most important technical achievement of Northeastern prehistory and, even though our modern canoes are no longer made of birch bark, when properly understood they provide a very powerful connection with those ancients who first created them thousands of years ago. Learning the way of the canoe is recreation, or “re-creation,” in the purest sense of the word. Penobscot Indian showing the press how traditional birch bark canoes are paddled – on ones knees. Photos and design by Ramona du Houx Maine is at the southern limit of Betula papyrifera, more commonly known as “white” or “paper” or “canoe” birch, which stretches in a band one thousand miles wide across North America. Maine and was, and still is, the habitat of white birch. This huge area is puddled by hundreds of thousands lakes and ponds, and is bisected by countless rivers and streams. With light and durable canoes, this vast region was traversed with relative ease while those afoot would find the watery terrain both difficult and even forbidding. We do not know when humans in this part of the world began using the white birch for canoe construction, but it must have been thousands of years ago. Archeological sites in Maine’s interior reveal human presence for ten millennia, although we do not think the first people, called “Paleo-Indians,” had canoes. They moved onto a glacially scoured landscaped characterized by now extinct and relatively huge lakes and rivers swollen by melt water from glaciers originally hundreds of feet thick. Our modern landscape, including rivers and lakes, emerged between ten thousand and eight thousand years ago, and humans came to occupy such places and, at some point, developed the birch-bark canoe. Coastal archaeological sites, because of a rising sea, only date back to around five thousand years or so, but that does not mean they did not have such watercraft. Professor David Sanger of the University of Maine, who has made a study of sites in Maine, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, has stated that humans were crossing the Bay of Fundy for at least the last five thousand years. Sanger, Maine’s preeminent archaeologist, visited colleagues in Nova Scotia in the 1990s on a working holiday. He knew of stone artifacts from the coast of Maine, made from a distinctive type of agate only found in Nova Scotia. When he met with his friends in Halifax, they presented him with a tray of artifacts made from Kineo felsites, which geologists call a “cryptocrystalline silicate,” dating back at least five millennia to the times of the “Red Paint People,” although that term is no longer used. Mount Kineo, the source of such material, is some two hundred and thirty miles distant from where the artifacts were excavated. Dave told me that when he saw those relics, identical to those found in Maine from that period in both raw materials and manufacturing techniques, he thought his friends—archaeologists are a droll bunch—were trying to fool him. They assured him the points, plummets, ground stone gouges, and scrapers had been excavated in Nova Scotia, and no one was pulling his leg. That of course raised the question of how did the Kineo and agate artifacts come to be where they were discovered. Some archaeologists argued that canoeing in the Bay of Fundy was impossible: “It’s got the highest tides in the world, there are miles of open water, and the weather in the bay is dangerously fickle,” some noted. Innocent of any real canoe experience, they posited that such materials were most probably lugged to their find spots by people who walked around the Bay of Fundy, a hike of some seven hundred miles. If true, one has to wonder how such pedestrians crossed the many rivers emptying into the bay, rivers which are very wide in their estuaries. Do not forget that, on a clear day, one can, from hills in the Passamaquoddy Bay, see Nova Scotia, which is only fifty or so miles away by water. In 1998 I was part of a crew of “forensic archaeologists” who paddled a thirty-foot canoe from Passamaquoddy Bay to Whale Cove, Nova Scotia, via Grand Manan Island, demonstrating such a trip was not only feasible but, given the archaeological finds and the distances, most probable. Check out DeLorme’s Atlas and Gazetteer and try to count the number of places on the peninsulas of Maine’s ragged coast labeled Carrying Place Cove. It will take you awhile, believe me. Such carries allow the canoeist to avoid the dangerous waters around the capes by very short routes, which keep the paddlers in safer waters. Today, we can use our canoes on Maine’s interior waters to gain many important insights into a vanished life style. Birch-bark canoes, all canoes really, have three great qualities, which must be understood. First, they were constructed and repaired by easily obtained materials, mentioned above. Second, they are portable. When one comes to an obstacle such as rapids or waterfalls, they are easily carried past such places. (In Canada, they say “portaged” in Maine we say “carried.”) This also includes carries between watersheds. Names such as Carry Pond, Carry Brook, and Portage Lake in Aroostook County refer to canoe travel, and direct translations of their old Indian names reveal their utility to canoe travelers. Maine’s rivers are like the trees in our dense forests. The main channels are like the trunks of mighty trees, which may be far apart on the ground but whose tributaries/branches are practically intertwined in the headwater regions, as the trees do in the forest’s canopy. Like the squirrel who wants to go to a nearby tree and hops from branch to branch, a canoeist carries, not hops, between the tributaries of say, the Penobscot and Kennebec rivers at many places. The Sebasticook, (which means “almost through route”), is a good example that connected the Kennebec River (at modern Winslow) with the Penobscot watershed at several important places: one route was to the Piscataquis (“a branch of a river”) near Dover-Foxcroft, a principle Penobscot tributary, which joins the main Penobscot at Howland; or to the Kenduskeag (“place of water chestnuts”) which enters the main river at Bangor; or via Souadabscook Stream (“the rocky place”) which runs into the Penobscot below Bangor. For people at either river these were well-known routes. There are many such examples all across our region. The large rivers of Maine and New England, Quebec, and New Brunswick empty into the ocean many miles from each other, but it is possible for a man to walk between their headwaters where they rise in Northern Maine/Quebec in half a day. The third and last great quality of the canoe is that it can be propelled upstream in very shallow water by using a “setting pole,” ten to twelve feet long, depending on the water’s depth. Poling, a skill which is making a comeback in the last few years, is used to navigate in shallow and rapid water only inches deep and impossible for the paddle. Poling is my favorite way to travel, and I can average around two miles per hour, faster than one can scramble afoot along the banks or in the woods. A modern canoeist confronts reality the way it was experienced by birch-bark canoe people for thousands of years. When you crunch into a rock, you have just bumped into an age-old reality. Likewise, when you are sweating and swatting flies as you portage your canoe around a dangerous place or to a different watershed completely. The places which I find commodious for camping, a level well-drained shore near a source of good drinking water, a good canoe landing, or at the junction of important waterways are the same places my paddling and poling and portaging predecessors used for millennia. Often, when coming to such a place, a careful examination of the ground and banks will reveal ancient evidence in the form of fire-cracked rocks from old campfires, chipped stone of weapons-grade felsites or cherts (another volcanic rock prized by prehistoric hunters), or sometimes even bits of clay pottery. They tell me I am following in the wake of other canoe people who, like me, traveled in a very old and very elegant means of transportation which, while obsolete for many folks today, nonetheless connect me directly with those hundreds of generations who used their “agwiden,” an Abenaki word which means “floats lightly,” to quietly and gracefully travel the multitudinous waterways which are as much a blessing to us as they were to countless people over thousands of years. That is re-creation in the purest sense and it makes me feel that I am just behind them on the carry trail or the river and I know I am not alone. About the Author: David S. Cook, author of Above the Gravel Bar: The Native Canoe Routes of Maine, lives in Winthrop, Maine, e-mail: [email protected]. A former president of the Maine Archeological Society, he is adjunct faculty member at Central Maine Community College and the University of Maine at Farmington. He is available to speak, sign copies, participate in events.

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Made in America: Abstract Expressionist Prints Reemerge – art industry information Abstract Expressionism was the first avant-garde art movement born in the United States, and paintings from the era fetch millions of dollars. Now, Abstract Expressionist prints are enjoying an upsurge of interest, spurred by a traveling museum show and by hip, young collectors furthering their love affairs with all things mid-century and modern. With its heroic-dimensioned canvases, concentration on spontaneity, physical catharsis, action painting and interest in the sensory qualities of paint, Abstract Expressionism would not seem to lend itself to the often-slow technical requirements and demanding discipline of printmaking. After all, Abstract Expressionist artists like Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning and Franz Kline explored gestural calligraphy with energetic brushstrokes loaded with paint, trying to tap into the unpremeditated creativity of their subconscious minds. The act of painting itself began to dominate artistic endeavor. But in fact, many Abstract Expressionist artists made highly creative prints. According to Marilyn Kushner, curator of prints and drawing at the Brooklyn Museum, “Even though the idea of Abstract Expressionism doesn’t readily lend itself to printmaking, intuitive art making can carry over to the medium. The Abstract Expressionists discovered that to make a lithograph, all you have to do is draw freely on the lithograph stone to create a `free-form image.'” “True,” added fine print dealer Daniel Lienau, owner of Annex Galleries in Santa Rosa, Calif., “the printing was a drag. But the process of drawing on a stone was very gestural.” Because there wasn’t much of a commercial marketplace for these print works–even during the 1950s, when art dealers, museums, collectors and even government agencies offered growing support for Abstract Expressionist paintings–some artists created only a few proofs or very small editions. Many of the works fell out of sight, only to be rediscovered in recent years. But today, a stronger marketplace for these Abstract Expressionist prints is emerging. “The 1950s look is becoming popular across the board,” said Kushner, “and the prints are still affordable,” starting at well under $1,000 and seldom exceeding $5,000. A New Look Currently, an important museum exhibition exploring these works is traveling across the country. “The Stamp of Impulse: Abstract Expressionist Prints” originated at the Worcester Art Museum in Massachusetts this spring and is opening at the Cleveland Museum of Art on Nov. 18. It is subsequently scheduled to appear in Fort Worth, Texas, Southampton, N.Y., and Evanston, Ill., over the next two years. “Abstract Expressionism is acknowledged as the leading achievement of American art in the 20th century, but its impact on the graphic arts has never fully been examined,” said David Acton, organizer of the exhibit and curator of prints, drawings and photographs at the Worcester Art Museum. “At a time when there was no market for the graphic arts, the artists often used the tools and procedures of printmaking to explore the process of creativity,” Acton explained. “These experimental prints were produced in just a few uncirculated impressions. In the past, these rare prints have often been dismissed as anomalous. However, seen together and in context, they reveal the transforming spirit of exploration and improvisational practice associated with Abstract Impressionism.” The exhibition consists of 100 prints by artists including Pollock, de Kooning, Kline, Motherwell, Rothko, Still and Newman, along with members of the second generation of Abstract Expressionists like Helen Frankenthaler and Richard Diebenkorn. And the prints represent Abstract Expressionism’s entire stylistic range, from fast and visceral to cool and ethereal. “This exhibition is groundbreaking, especially if one gives significance to invention and innovation,” said Los Angeles art dealer lack Rutberg, who represents the estate of Hans Burkhardt, one of the artists in the show. Rutberg added, “The exhibition has established the fact that there was life before ULAE [Universal Limited Art Editions] and Tamarind. There was not a broad commercial market for these prints, so it was very much about the artistic process. These were people who were investigating a medium and pursuing a personal vision. I think there’s going to be a lot of reassessment of these works.” The Roots of Abstract Expressionism Two worldwide crises gave birth to Abstract Expressionism: the Great Depression and World War II. “We felt the moral crisis of a world in shambles, devastated by a great depression and a fierce world war, and it was impossible … to paint the kind of painting that we were doing–flowers, reclining nudes,” seminal American artist Barnett Newman later recalled. “So we actually began from scratch … as if painting had never existed.” This radical and absolute break with artistic traditions yielded large, abstract “allover” paintings filled with fluid, automatic lines, spontaneous brushwork, freeform shapes and/or fields of luminous color, rooted in intuition and emotion rather than content, formal structure or decoration. Prominent artists of the movement included Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning and Franz Kline, along with other members of the New York School–Arshile Gorky, Mark Rothko, Barnett Newman, Robert Motherwell, Clyfford Still and Adolph Gottlieb. The Current Marketplace In the past few years, according to Lienau of Annex Galleries, “Abstract Expressionist prints have become more popular. If you are a young collector, this is an area where there is still not a lot of competition, and you can put together a really good collection of a period of American art for a fairly small amount of money.” Typically, said Lienau, the prints were issued in very small editions, and now fetch between $1,200 and $3,800. He has recently offered a Walter Kuhlman lithograph, circa 1948, for $400, two Hans Burkhardt prints, each also for $400 and a 1955 John Grillo woodcut priced at $1,500. On the Internet, www.posters.com recently offered a Robert Motherwell lithograph, “Composition 1,” for $4,383. At the lower end of the scale, lithographs by Paul Jenkins recently sold from $200 to $500 at a sale of fine art handled by Los Angeles Modern Auctions. Like many dealers, Lienau has also marketed prints by the prolific artist and printmaker Sam Francis, including one lithograph for $4,000. Art dealer Jay Magidson, owner of Magidson Fine Art in Aspen, Colo., sells many Francis fine art prints (in part because Magidson owns the www.samfrancis.com Web site), with current asking prices as high as $12,500 for a 1971 five-color lithograph, “Vegetable I,” printed in an edition of 15. “Francis keeps getting more popular,” said Magidson. “People who don’t know about art or Abstract Expressionism like looking at his work. But Francis was also one of the most important Abstract Expressionists for printmaking–he really believed in printmaking, he worked with a top printer, and ultimately he opened his own print workshop.” At the low end, Francis prints fetch about $1,500 and $25,000 at the top, said Magidson, “with the majority between $3,000 and $15,000.” However, according to Lienau, the big names like Francis are not necessarily the draw. “The interest is coming mostly from young people in their 20s and 30s with unjaundiced views,” he said. “They are interested in the images. They don’t know the names–and they don’t care for the most part. They are not afraid or intimidated by abstract images, and they are not trying to read meaning into it. It’s a little bit retro–and I think it’s really exciting. “Like many of the best collectors, these young collectors are working in an area where few others are looking and where you can put together a great collection on a shoestring,” he continued. One such young collector is Joseph Morsman, a Los Angeles film industry production assistant who started buying Abstract Expressionist prints in the late 1990s. “I’m a novice collector, and I have a pretty strict spending limit,” said Morsman, who typically purchases prints priced between $400 and $600. “I’d never really collected art until I started collecting Abstract Expressionist prints. I went to a show and found myself drawn to them. I can feel the emotion. I wasn’t drawn to Old Master works or figurative works.” “Still,” he continued, “It’s not as if every month I buy something. And I can’t really afford the big names. But some really great artists made Abstract Expressionist prints.” Morsman recently purchased works by Kuhlman, a San Francisco artist whose prints “were stuffed away and recently resurfaced,” and a print by fellow San Franciscan James Kelly. Kuhlman is not the only Abstract Expressionist artist whose work has recently reemerged. “Nobody has stacks and stacks of these things lying around,” admitted Los Angeles dealer Rutberg, “but fortunately, in the case of Hans Burkhardt, we have retained a few examples–even when, as recently as 20 years ago, it was hard to give away some of the Abstract Expressionists’ paintings. Europeans just shunned them. Burkhardt’s prints start at under $1,000 and go to several thousand, said Rutberg. “This was an artist who was seeking to find nuance in the freedom of printmaking–he was not seeking the multiplicity of many prints.” Other Abstract Expressionists whose work has garnered recent collecting attention, according to Rutberg, are Pollock, of the recent Academy Award-nominated bio-pic, Lee Krasner, Pollock’s wife and subject, and Clyfford Still, subject of a major retrospective at the Smithsonian Museum. “There has been a tremendous increase in interest in postwar design, and from that I believe has come an interest in these prints,” observed Peter Loughrey, owner/auctioneer at Los Angeles Modern Auctions. For example, California painter/printmaker Juliette Steele is among the least-known of the artists included in “The Stamp of Impulse” exhibition. “Her work is almost completely unknown,” said Loughrey. “Her prints, in theory, should be worth very little. Yet people are competing for them at auction. I’m sure these buyers are not collectors paying attention to the art market–they are not looking at it as a hobby or an investment. They are decorating with these pieces.” Indeed, he said, if a collector lives in a mid-century modern home “with an [Charles and Ray] Eames chair and a [Eero] Saarinen end table and a [Isamu] Noguchi lamp, an Abstract Expressionist print on the wall pulls the look together.” So would, of course, “a Jackson Pollock painting, but we can’t all be Steve Martin.” (The actor is a noted collector of expensive modern and contemporary art.) “The biggest driving factor is these pieces have all the visual quality and punch of a Pollock painting.” From Loughrey’s perspective as a decorative arts and furnishings expert, “This mid-century design movement that is so popular today literally started with the decorative arts. But keep in mind, for the first time Americans led a decorative arts and fine arts movement. We were no longer following whatever the French did. “This was `Made in America,’ in the literal sense,” he continued. “The artists and designers were rejecting classical elements in all senses and were coming up with something fresh and new.” COPYRIGHT 2001 Pfingsten Publishing, LLC COPYRIGHT 2004 Gale Group

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Rice Production in Bangladesh: Procurement Policies Must Focus on Farmers Bangladesh is the third largest rice producing country in the world after China and India. Despite extreme conditions such as COVID-19, cyclones (Amphan as well as Yaas) and frequent floods, the rice production in Bangladesh has increased to 37.8 million tonnes in 2021 from 37.4 million tonnes in 2020 and 36.5 million tonnes in 2019. In addition to steady growths in production, famers in Bangladesh are experiencing comparatively better prices for their produce across markets. Interestingly, the fact that rice mills in the country are offering strong pricing schemes to farmers is cause for concern from the government’s perspective. It affects their public procurement programme, presenting new complexities and challenges when it comes to regulating the market price of rice. The government of Bangladesh procures paddy (unhusked rice) from farmers and rice from millers to keep food prices low for poorer consumers while ensuring remunerative prices to farmers. It also builds rice stocks for the Public Food Distribution System (PFDS) which provides support to targeted individuals who cannot afford or acquire food. But for some time now, the government has been experiencing difficulties with maintaining rice stocks. Increasing Production Despite Extreme Conditions A year ago, in August 2020, 36 out of 64 districts were flooded and more than 176,000 hectares (435,000 acres) of cropland were affected by the cyclone Amphan. Despite these difficult circumstances, the Boro rice production in 2020 increased by 3.1 percent as compared to 2019. This year as well, Bangladesh has had to brave extreme weather in the form of droughts, floods, storms, and heat stress. A report claims that almost 68,000 hectares of rice was partially or completely destroyed over two days of heat stress in Bangladesh affecting more than 300,000 farmers. The frequency of extreme events has increased with every year - despite which, farmers in Bangladesh are able to maintain continuous growth in their rice production. The country’s annual consumption requirement of rice is 35 million tonnes - it is easily achieved through domestic production alone. So, as far as rice is concerned Bangladesh is self-sufficient. What is important to note however is that regardless of surplus in production, public stocks of rice are declining. Declining Public Stock Despite Surplus Production The unprecedented fall in the government's public rice stock is now estimated at 0.39 million tonnes as compared to a comfortable minimum stock of 1.25 million tonnes. The food directorate has decided therefore, to procure at least 0.6 million tonnes of rice by June 2021 for its safety-net programme. In 2020, the public procurement of rice was a big disappointment. Only 47 percent and 12 percent of its targeted procurements were met during the Boro (January-May) and Aman (June-October) seasons respectively. Procurement drives were criticized for focusing far too much on millers instead of farmers. In fact, last year – millers largely did not come forward to sell their rice to the government. Selling directly to an open market was more profitable. It is argued that millers frequently create an artificial shortage of rice in markets in order to increase prices. The government failed to regulate millers. As a result, public stock was easily depleted and the government was forced to import rice despite surplus production. This year the government plans to import 1.8 million tonnes of rice – the highest amount in the last four years. This runs contrary to the recommendations of the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Their advice was for Bangladesh to adopt a cautious approach while importing rice from the perspective of food security. These agencies also strongly recommended focusing on farmers (and not millers) while procuring both rice and paddy. Public Procurement of Rice – Issues and Concerns The procurement of paddy from farmers is accomplished by first making a list of those who are eligible to sell paddy. The number of farmers interested in selling paddy to the government is exceptionally high. Eligible farmers are therefore often selected at random through a system that resembles a lottery of sorts. Listed farmers bring their paddy to local supply depots (LSD). The purchasing officers acquire paddy that meets certain specifications and factors in moisture content, the presence of dead, damaged grains and of foreign materials, etc. A target is fixed for each procurement center based on the center’s capacity and overall national target. Once targets are reached the procurement stops. So essentially, whoever forces their way in early makes a sale while others go back empty handed. During a rapid telephonic survey conducted by Research Initiatives, Bangladesh (RIB) with support from Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung (RLS), small farmers shared how they felt excluded from the public procurement processes. A total of 180 small-farmers were surveyed by RIB. Not one of them managed to sell their paddy at government centers. They found that rich businessmen and well connected persons with political clout influenced and manipulated the procurement process to extend benefits to their relatives or party members. Their findings further uncovered the fact that small farmers tend to get trapped by specification details such as moisture content (which should be less than 14 per cent). They seldom have the space nor capacity to dry their paddy to precision. Some respondents talked about finding it difficult to get farmer’s cards made. Should they find the means to access a card, their fate remains determined by a crushing lottery system. In fact, even after winning the lottery last year, three respondents shared that they were unable to successfully sell their paddy to the government. Troubled by the levels of bureaucracy, nepotism and the layered technicalities at play, small farmers often find it more convenient and economical to sell their produce to local traders (Faria or Bepari.) who collect produce directly from their houses or their farms. We will spend more time on issues faced by local traders in the next section. Government Rates Versus Price Available to Farmers The government of Bangladesh planned to procure 0.65 million tonnes of paddy and 1.15 million tonnes of rice between May and August of 2021. This year the rate of paddy is fixed at 27 Taka per kg (approximately 0.28 €) which is 1 Taka higher than last year. The procurement price of rice is fixed at 40 Taka which is 4 Taka higher than the previous year. As soon as rates were announced both government agencies as well as millers raced to start procuring paddy from farmers. The market price of rice was already on the rise over the last 11 months. Speculating that market prices would continue to increase, millers bought paddy from farmers in large volumes. Mill owners and wholesalers have also been taking advantage of low stocks of food grains in state silos. Wholesale traders, as well as consumers are stocking larger than average amounts of rice against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic. This artificial demand for paddy has directly impacted its market price. This is a huge source of concern for the government. If farmers have access to better prices in an open market they will not be likely to participate in public procurement processes. This is not occurring for the first time, though. It would appear that the government has not learned from its previous experiences. Meanwhile, farmers remain reluctant to sell to the government and are interested in selling their produce to a market where prices are stronger. Almost 83 percent are small and marginal farmers who have land smaller than 1.5 acres. They are invested in selling their produce soon after their harvests, since they do not have easy access to appropriate storage capacities. Sometimes, they are compelled to sell their produce at a lower price to local traders or middleman. Dependencies on Local Traders or Middlemen Local traders or middlemen – Faria or Bepari – tend to dissuade farmers from selling their produce directly to the government. Sometimes they go so far as to create obstacles to doing so. They are often experienced as agents of millers. Faria are non-licensed small traders who buy comparatively lower quantities of paddy from farmers. They do so, at their houses, at their farms or in local markets. In turn, they sell to Bepari or mill owners. Bepari are comparatively well established traders who mostly have permanent shops in the local market. They purchase paddy from farmers as well as Faria and sell them to mill owners. Local traders procure paddy from local farmers at rates which are almost 5-7 Taka per kg lower than the government price. But this year, farmers received 5-8 Taka per kg higher than last year from local traders. Surprisingly it either equals or surpasses the government’s prices, according to the rapid survey conducted by RIB-RLS. Relationships with Faria or Bepari are not always exploitative; at times they are mutually beneficial to the parties involved. As mentioned earlier, farmers often do not have the space to store or dry their produce in a manner that meets the criteria of moisture content. Local traders often have this facility in place. Locally known as ‘Chala’, it is used to store and prepare the paddy as per government specifications. Sometimes farmers permit local traders to use their farmer’s cards or lottery for a payment of 3,000 to 4,000 Taka. The idea is that they can then sell paddy to the government. There are cases where local traders are vying to exploit vulnerable conditions in the context of farmers. A respondent from Joychondi, Nilphamari district shared the following during the survey conducted, “I do not have space for drying paddy to reduce its moisture content, neither do I have space to store it for long time. So, I had to sell my paddy to the local Faria who offered me only 1150 TK (11.76 €) for 75 kg whereas as per government’s rate it should be 2,025 Taka (20.71 €). He paid me only half till now. I have to run after him to get the remaining payment. He already earned substantially by selling my paddy to a mill at 2,000 Taka.” For a small farmer, selling directly to the government is a distant reality. Even during a good year, they manage to earn little, as for the most part - profit is deftly appropriated by local traders. On an average to bad year, they inevitably incur losses. Market structures and agricultural policies currently do not place small farmers at their core and are not geared towards a just outcome for them. Policies Ought to Focus on Farmers Instead of Millers The public procurement of rice in Bangladesh employs a target based approach where the main focus is on millers instead of farmers. Farmers in general and small farmers in particular are seldom able to benefit from their government’s price support schemes. The processes in place do not guarantee that a farmer’s produce will be procured even if it fulfils all the specifications. The over-reliance on millers without any adequate legislative control over them has proven to be counter-productive. Millers often do not honor their agreement to supply rice through procurement programmes, arguing that the set price is too low. It can be concluded that the present procurement policy is neither able to regulate the market price, not is it able to ensure better remuneration for farmers. It is both ironic and disheartening that even after surplus in the production of rice, the government finds itself relying on rice imports to ensure minimum public stocks. The policy should prioritize providing fair prices to farmers and to protecting their incomes. Small and marginal farmers need to have special provisions in place so that they are not effectively excluded from the process. Legislative measures should be invested in, that ensure accountability in the context of rice millers and traders. Many national and international agencies have strongly recommended focusing on procurement from farmers and not millers. Public stock should ideally be maintained using domestic rice production. Importing rice is wasteful and uneconomical when the country already has a surplus production. The process should evolve to ensure that the government purchases entire procurement quantities as paddy to benefit farmers. The paddy thus procured can be processed by offering a milling charge to rice millers. In actualizing this, farmers will find well-deserved price support, millers will receive service charges and the government will be able to maintain a strong reserve of food. Producer cooperatives are other viable alternatives. Cooperatives could be formed to procure paddy from farmers, almost at their door step. Small and marginal farmers could benefit profusely from organizing themselves into cooperatives. Government and civil society should create conducive environment for the cooperatives to flourish. Food sovereignty is as important as food security. The procurement of food grain and its distribution to the resource poor is a strong component of food systems in Bangladesh. It needs to be further strengthen by protecting and promoting the interests of the primary producers – especially the small farmers. Rice is cultivated as paddy. The husk of the paddy is removed in a mill and it is further processed to convert it to rice. In Bangladesh, rice is cultivated in all the three main crop-growing seasons – (i) Aus rice is grown during March to June; (ii) Aman rice during June/July to October/November and (iii) irrigated Boro rice during January to April/May. About the Authors Md. Arman Hossain and Vinod Koshti Md. Arman works with Research Initiatives, Bangladesh (RIB) as a documentation and training officer, in the field of agro-ecology, sustainable and safe food production, food security and climate crisis. Vinod Koshti is a project manager in the South Asia regional office of Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung (RLS), New Delhi, India. He works on issues of agrarian crisis, sustainable agricultural practices, and climate change. The authors express their sincere thanks to Neha Naqvi in helping draft this article.

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With the second week we began the block of the course that focused on ‘Narrator: Self, Other and Character’. This section drew from the first part of Kim Scott’s novel That Deadman Dance (p. 7-63). In the lecture I walked students through the trajectory of Indigenous writing in Australia, going back to David Unaipon’s Legendary Tales of the Aborigines in 1930, Jack Patten’s speech for the Aborigines Protection Association on the first national Day of Mourning, 26 January 1938, and the Yolgnu Bark Petitions in 1963. Of course, Aboriginal people were engaging with the English language from the early days of the colony and as Scott makes the point, the old Noongar man who danced with Flinders’ men on the WA beach in 1801 is one form of cultural engagement and cross-fertilization. But as I explained to my students, Aboriginal writing in English really started with memoir in various modes of genre, Jack Davis plays and poems, Ella Simon’s memoir Through my Eyes, Kevin Gilbert’s interviews and plays, all of which date from about the 1960s through to the late 1970s. I used Ruby Langford Ginibi’s great statement about her desire to write memoir rather than fiction: ‘I’m not interested in fiction. Don’t need to be, because I’m too busy writing the truth about my people. . . . This is from our side of the fence. . . . Although the history of the whole of white Australia is one of the biggest fictions, aye?’ (Ginibi, 1994) to highlight how a creative choice can be (and to my mind, always is) political. Kim Scott, who published his first novel in 1993 just a few years after Ginibi’s first memoir, argued this in ‘Covered up with Sand’: ‘I’d like to think that writing fiction is sometimes a way to explore, to rethink and possibly to retrieve or create something from between and behind the lines on the page. As such it can help the revitalisation and regeneration of an Indigenous heritage, in so far as it involves ‘shaking up’ and making space within the most readily available language—that of the coloniser—for other ways of thinking.’ (Scott 2007, p123) I suggested to students that what Scott offers to me, a white person, here is the opportunity to think about the stories I make space for on the page. It makes me realise the power I have to subvert, pay attention to, ignore subjects, characters, modes, all the while using English to the best of my ability. I also think it opens up my thinking to Scott’s ‘ambivalences’, to write with uncertainty and experimentation and to understand that there is no singular answer, just our attempts to tell more interesting, relevant, stories of our times. When we open That Deadman Dance, we find the prologue. We meet Wabalanginy for the first time. ‘Kaya’ (hello, yes) he writes on slate. We see Wabalanginy delighted with his new skill of written communication with the Europeans who are now staying in his country and we begin to sense what an exceptional cross-cultural communicator he is going to be: ‘Moving between languages, Bobby wrote on stone.’ (Scott, 2010 p. 1) Wabalanginy is a sophisticated, curious young man at this point of the story. He is adept at operating in both languages and cultures and is keen to share the one with the other and back again: Wabalanginy wants to communicate across cultures. As I was (re)reading the book in preparation for this class, I got to wondering how I might write like this. In the first lecture I brought up the idea of ‘whiteness’, basically, the study of white privilege. But the big challenge with the study of whiteness is that we can very easily turn it into the centre of our focus. As a result, we fixate on what whiteness is and how it affects whiteys like me rather than what whiteness does, how it operates in the world outside our privilege; ie. how we create the world because of our privilege. In doing this, we run the very real risk of re-centering our study on ourselves and making us ‘the most important’ – cultural navel gazing. Academic Alison Ravenscroft, in writing about a number of non-Inidgenous writers writing colonial histories, both fiction and nonfiction, states that: ‘… despite non-Indigenous writers’ best efforts to revise the colonial story, they nevertheless risk revitalizing it instead …’ (Ravenscroft, 2013) In our attempts to rewrite, reimagine the early days of colonisation, we often in fact, claim significance for ourselves, and privilege our versions of the stories. In this article, ‘The Strangeness of the Dance’, Ravenscroft is also investigating why Scott’s writing is different and why it is able to do ‘different work’. She states that her endeavour is to: ‘… insist on the importance of aesthetic form: on the way a story is pushed into shape, on the form of its telling rather than only its narrative content… [and] that relying on our capacity to uncover new historical facts, new archival records or even new memories will not be enough to tell a different story. It is to argue that an emphasis on facts … but equally an emphasis on white imaginative powers risks repeating the same old story, with all the reiterations of colonial impulses that this implies.’ (Ravenscroft, 2013) What Ravenscroft demands of us when she challenges us in this way is to confront and interrogate our own biases and look at the characters we create, the decisions we make around plot, genre, who gets to speak, and what they get to say. This interrogation is imperative whenever we are writing any character or world that is ‘other’ to us, woman or man, age, sexuality, class, place or culture. When it comes to asking ‘Who can speak?’ we need to first ask the question who is asking and why. Now, I want to draw your attention to Scott’s writing, his syntax and his thematic interests, and how he has combined these on the page in That Deadman Dance. The first section: 1833-1835 is a flash forward of sorts – not that we realise this when we read it initially because it isn’t until we get to the second part that we go back in time. This allows Scott to foreshadow some of the drama and outcomes of the novel – we can reflect from one part to the next on what has occurred and what might still occur. This overarching structural device makes the novel as a whole dynamic, each part dependent on the other. ‘Menak’s campfire would have been invisible from the ship, yet his view took in the inner harbor, the great bay, the islands and the ship coming around the headland…. But of course a ship’s canvas wings hold the wind, and keep that wave tumbling and frothing at its sharp breast as it slices and pushes the sea aside. Such power and grace, and there is that milky scar as the sea closes again, healing.’ (Scott 2010, p12) This opening paragraph is about Menak, the Noongar elder. We see him by himself in the landscape, a specific place, and we hear him wondering about the white people (the ‘horizon people’) who come and go, and their effect on the Noongar and the environment. Just from this one paragraph we know that Menak sees everything, that he can remain invisible in the landscape, that he imagines the ‘after’ of when the white people will have gone away, the ‘healing’, and that bodies or body parts are ever-present – ‘sharp breast as it slices’, ‘scar’, ‘healing’ – in his thinking. We know he is connected to the land and sea in different ways to the Europeans. This section is also when we hear at length from non-Noongar people – Chaine, Skelly, Killam and Cross, in particular. ‘Geordie Chaine gripped a timber rail caked with salt, his nerves as tight as any rigging, and speared his attention to the immense grey-green land beyond the shore. Empty, he thought. Trackless. Waiting for him.’ (Scott 2010, p15) I think it is useful for me as a writer to look at what Scott has done here. This is Chaine’s introduction but in fact, we have already met Chaine in the prologue and know that he develops a relationship with Wabalanginy. Here Scott is setting up the tension between the Noongar and the Europeans: we know the land is not empty but, because he appears in the prologue, Chaine has already been established as a significant player in the story and so his attitude carries weight. The idea of terra nullius is made personal from the very start of the novel. Place, a locale, is also made crucial to this particular story. ‘Chaine held the kangaroo skin Wooral had offered him awkwardly, fingering the small piece of bone used as a clasp when it was worn across the shoulders. Well-worn, oiled, softened, the animal skin seemed too intimate an item of apparel.’ (Scott, p45) Both Chaine and Killam reject this ‘intimate’ gift, a piece of clothing or possibly protection. It’s a telling moment for the reader: What do we feel about the failure of this exchange? How has Scott positioned the Noongar-European relationship? The tension of misunderstandings and differing priorities continues through the book. I could keep pulling out paragraphs, and it occurs in almost all of them, where Scott has set up a relationship and then challenged or undercut it. There is an offering or an exchange from one character to another and it never quite works. Scott does this through controlled focus on his themes – of dislocation and cross-cultural exchange – but also through the choice of words the character uses. Whether it is Chaine claiming territory even before he has set foot on land or Menak seeing the sea as a potential place of healing, we understand the complexity of the lack of cultural recognition that is occurring in the narrative. It isn’t that Scott is writing a straightforward oppositional story either – ‘you did this’, ‘you did that’ – he is creating slights and judgments and miscommunications and desire and disregard in almost every scene. Scott’s attention to place, nuance and to detail is exceptional. It is moments like this one that we all need to be trying to get into our writing. Scott has created a text where we, the reader, are always hoping for better outcomes from the relationships in the book and those situations resonate with our contemporary Australian society. Scott finishes his essay ‘Covered up with Sand’ with this: ‘It seems to me that any ‘global discourse’ has strong homogenising tendencies, and therefore we need to strengthen regional voices so they remain true to their own imperatives at the same time as being empowered to enter into exchange and dialogue. That means being willing to change, but also to cause change, and that seems our best hope for a transformation that increases, rather than reduces, the possibilities available to us—particularly for expressing who we are and what we might be.’ (Scott, 2007 p124) In these times when life moves so fast and we might be more interested in the American election than in anything remotely connected to Wollongong or to our streets, or the people we see on the bus, I think it is a reassuring thing to remember, that our place has power and that the stories we tell from place have power. Ravenscroft, Alison 2013, “The Strangeness of the Dance: Kate Grenville, Rohan Wilson, Inga Clendinnen and Kim Scott’, Meanjin, Vol. 72, No. 4 Scott, Kim 2007, ‘Covered up with Sand’, Meanjin Vol. 6, No. 2 p.120-124 Scott, Kim 2010, That Deadman Dance, Picador Sydney

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Learn about cystic fibrosis, a genetic disorder that affects the lungs, pancreas, and other organs, and how to treat and live with this chronic disease. CF is a rare genetic disease found in about 30,000 people in the U.S. If you have CF or are considering testing for it, knowing about the role of genetics in CF can help you make informed decisions about your health care. If you or your child has just been diagnosed with cystic fibrosis, or your doctor has recommended testing for CF, you may have many questions. Diagnosing CF is a multistep process. A complete diagnostic evaluation should include a newborn screening, a sweat chloride test, a genetic or carrier test, and a clinical evaluation at a CF Foundation-accredited care center. Raising a child with cystic fibrosis can bring up many questions because CF affects many aspects of your child’s life. Here you’ll find resources to help you manage your child’s daily needs and find the best possible CF care. Living with cystic fibrosis comes with many challenges, including medical, social, and financial. By learning more about how you can manage your disease every day, you can ultimately help find a balance between your busy lifestyle and your CF care. People with CF are living longer, healthier lives than ever before. As an adult with CF, you may reach key milestones you might not have considered. Planning for these life events requires careful thought as you make decisions that may impact your life. People with cystic fibrosis are living longer and more fulfilling lives, thanks in part to specialized CF care and a range of treatment options. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation-accredited care centers provide expert care and specialized disease management to people living with cystic fibrosis. We provide funding for and accredit more than 120 care centers and 53 affiliate programs nationwide. The high quality of specialized care available throughout the care center network has led to the improved length and quality of life for people with CF. The Cystic Fibrosis Foundation provides standard care guidelines based on the latest research, medical evidence, and consultation with experts on best practices. As a clinician, you’re critical in helping people with CF maintain their quality of life. We’re committed to helping you partner with patients and their families by providing resources you can use to improve and continue to provide high-quality care. As part of the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation's mission to help improve the lives of people living with cystic fibrosis, the PSDC initiative taps the CF community to inform key efforts to support the management of daily care. Your cystic fibrosis care team includes a group of CF health care professionals who partner with you to provide specialized, comprehensive CF care. Many people living with cystic fibrosis and their families face complicated issues related to getting the care they need. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Compass makes sure that no one has to do it alone. CF Foundation Compass is a service that helps people with CF and their families with navigating insurance options, connecting to legal information and experts, finding available financial resources, and tackling other life issues. CF care team members are paramount in providing highly specialized care to people living with CF. CF Foundation Compass can help by serving as a strategic ally for care teams, so team members can focus on their patients’ care. CF Foundation Compass can help you navigate insurance, financial, legal, and other issues you are facing. Use this online form to start your conversation with a Compass case manager today. The Cystic Fibrosis Foundation is the world’s leader in the search for a cure for CF and supports a broad range of research initiatives to tackle the disease from all angles. The CF Foundation offers a number of resources for learning about clinical trials and treatments that are being developed to improve the treatment of cystic fibrosis. Our understanding of CF continues to evolve as scientists study what causes the disease and how it affects the body. These insights drive the development of new and better treatments and bring us one step closer to a cure. Researchers, supported by the CF Foundation, have made tremendous advances to improve the health and quality of life of people with CF. We are committed to providing the tools and resources you need to continuously build upon this work. After deciding to get a gastrostomy tube for our son, my husband and I made sure he was prepared for the procedure. What we weren't prepared for was the difference it made in his health, energy levels, and personality. March 22, 2018 My Two Siblings' Enduring Legacy 6 Tips for Staying Motivated When It Comes to Life With CF Here we were. Staring down the barrel of the obstacle we had been trying to avoid for the past three years: a gastrostomy tube (G-tube). I spent so much time worrying about what the moment would feel like. I thought I'd feel like a failure. I thought I'd feel sadness. I thought it would feel like the worst thing in the world. The truth is, I was feeling everything but sad. I was excited -- beyond excited. I was ready and eagerly awaiting Major's surgery. We didn't fail. We worked so hard. Major worked so hard. His lack of eating was just part of being a toddler, and, with CF, being a picky toddler just doesn't fly. Rather than failing, we were, in fact, winning! We had a tool that could help Major immediately and save him stress and allow him to gain the weight he so desperately needed. The next step was to tell Major. My husband and I wrestled with the timing on this. When do you tell a 3-year-old that they are having surgery? It's a fine balance between giving enough time to process, but not giving so much time that your child is anxious and more fearful than need be. One thing you should know about me is that I don't do parenting books. Save for requested advice from friends, I'm winging it. But, to prepare for this announcement, I had a chat with our child life specialist and then formed a plan. We decided to tell Major five days prior to surgery, which gave him two school days and a weekend before going in. Plenty of time for questions! Drew and I made the G-tube (or superhero port, as well call it) the best darn thing to happen to Major! We told him how cool it was going to be to get some food overnight, how good he would feel, and how amazing his new superhero powers would be. By the time surgery day arrived, Major was ready to go and walked himself right into the surgery room. I was a bit of a mess with him going under anesthesia for the fifth time in his life, but moms worry. After an hour in surgery, we were notified that Major was done and resting in recovery! The hardest part of the surgery was not eating -- note the irony here for a kid who didn't love to eat. He not only had to fast the night before surgery, but also for 24 hours after to allow healing time. Lots of distractions helped him get through this, including a special toy delivery from our local CF Foundation chapter. Learning to use the G-tube was yet another thing that was not as hard as I had feared it would be. Identifying a few other feeding tube moms that could help answer my questions was so important. Major was quickly proud of his G-tube, showing it off to anyone who wanted to see it. He took charge of his tube as best a 3-year-old could, handing us cleaning supplies for dressing changes and telling his doctors when he was in pain. Within one month, Major gained two pounds. Two pounds! He had never gained a full pound in three months, so this was truly incredible. If there had been any lingering doubt about our decision, it was now gone. He has now had the tube for four months and continues to grow and gain weight. He is confident with his tube, able to do any and all activities he wants to do, and has no ongoing pain. Aside from adding one more “to-do” to his plate (no pun intended), life with a G-tube has been pretty slick. Major is a new child. He's more energetic, laughs more, runs more. He's louder, crazier, and funnier than ever. Our hearts have burst over and over watching Major come into his own since getting the tube. With the happiness has come some pain. We have realized that although Major seemed high energy and goofy before the surgery, he wasn't living to his potential. Within a week of getting his G-tube, he blossomed into the boy I described above. His energy and personality have grown so much that his teacher teared up on his first day back to school. Everyone comments on this wonderful change; and it is just that -- wonderful. However, my husband, Drew, and I can't discount the pain in knowing our little boy didn't feel the best he could have prior to getting the tube. With that said, we got that superhero port at the exact right time for Major. Getting used to the idea, discussing with our CF care team, and not dragging our feet all led to the right decision at the right time for Major. No matter how long Major has that G-tube in his tummy, I will forever credit it with giving him his best life. Read Part 1 and Part 3 of the Strubes' G-tube journey. Mother of a child with CF Jaclyn is a mother to her son, Major, who was born with cystic fibrosis. A graduate of the University of South Dakota, she now works in the financial services industry and also runs an online health coaching business. Jaclyn is a state advocate for the Foundation, a member of the CF Parent Advisory Council at Blank Children's Hospital, and an active fundraiser for Great Strides. She also serves as the Foundation's 2019 national advocacy co-chair. Jaclyn lives in Des Moines, Iowa, with Major, her husband, Drew, and their dogs, Eason and Lennon. Follow her blog, MAJOREASON. Share this Post This site contains general information about cystic fibrosis, as well as personal insight from the CF community. Opinions and experiences shared by members of our community, including but not limited to people with CF and their families, belong solely to the blog post author and do not represent those of the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, unless explicitly stated. 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