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This project is developing technology-rich science curriculum exemplars for grades 3-6 based on Universal Design for Learning (UDL) principles. The project is testing the effectiveness of the approach and providing an exemplar that can inspire additional content and further development. A set of professional development materials to support teacher implementation of UDL science curriculum in the classroom is planned. Probes are used for lab investigations and computational models are used for experimentation in virtual environments. This project convenes K-12 teachers working with underrepresented populations of students at the 2009 Grace Hopper Celebration and produces a workshop and white paper designed to (1) instigate discussion of equity and computer science curricula; (2) create knowledge sharing opportunities on concrete solutions grounded in teachers’ articulated needs; (3) disseminate these solutions to a broad audience of teachers, STEM practitioners, and interested stakeholders; and (4) evaluate the effectiveness of these solutions in classrooms. This project assists teachers in analyzing their own science inquiry skills as well as those of their students via the development of an inquiry skill analyzer (iSA); and to assist teachers in selecting, designing, developing, implementing and evaluating technology-supported learning activities to develop science inquiry skills, especially in identified weak areas through the development of an inquiry activity portal (iAP). This project is developing a system for producing automated professional mentoring while students play computer games based on STEM professions. The project explores a specific hypothesis about STEM mentoring: A sociocultural model as the basis of an automated tutoring system can provide a computational model of participation in a community of practice, which produces effective professional feedback from nonplayercharacters in a STEM learning game. Doing science requires that students learn to create evidence-based arguments (EBAs), defined as claims connected to supporting evidence via premises. In this CAREER project, I investigate how argumentation ability can be enhanced among middle school students. The project entails theoretical work, instructional design, and empirical work, and involves 3 middle schools in northern Utah and southern Idaho. This project provides middle school students and teachers access to live scientific data from the Center for Embedded Networked Sensing, and curriculum modules built around sensor networks that target core life science content and inquiry standards. This Web-based architecture allows students from ethnically diverse urban schools, typically underserved by technological innovation, to explore the same data that scientists use, and develops and evaluates fading technological and pedagogical scaffolds for inquiry as students gain competence. CISIP is a professional development program that enables English and science teachers to help students to learn content and communicate scientifically. The CISIP program: Translates How Students Learn Science in the Classroom and Common Core State Standards for student success; targets learning within a classroom discourse community that focuses on argumentation; and takes a team of science and English teachers at schools from middle level through university who collaborate. This project is developing a series of print and web resource guides in science and mathematics based on curriculum topic study (CTS), an approach developed and tested successfully. CTS is used to provide a systematic way of intellectually engaging K-12 mathematics and science teachers with national standards and cognitive research. It is used to engage teachers in thought and discussion about both content and appropriate ways of teaching that content. The project draws upon intelligent tutoring and narrative-centered learning technologies to produce a suite of intelligent game-based learning environments for upper elementary school science students. The games explicitly model student knowledge and problem solving and dynamically customize feedback, advice, and explanation as appropriate. Unlike its predecessor, the platform is multi-user so it can support collaboration; offer dynamically generated feedback, advice, and explanation; and provide a pedagogical dashboard that generates student progress reports. SmartGraphs activities run in a web browser; there is no software to download or install. SmartGraphs allows students to interact with on-screen graphs to learn about linear equations, the motion of objects, population dynamics, global warming, or other STEM topics that use scatter plots or line graphs. Teachers and students may also use and share existing activities, which are released under a Creative Commons license (see http://www.concord.org/projects/smartgraphs#curriculum). This project helps teachers learn to use NSDL resources in ways that meaningfully affect their practice in STEM content areas while increasing their skills as designers of learning activities. The objectives of this three-year project are to: design and implement a teacher development model and STEM content development model; contribute teacher-designed learning activities to NSDL; and use evaluation and research to measure impact on teaching. This project will investigate how complex systems concepts supported by innovative curricular resources, technology applications and a comprehensive research and development structure can assist student learning in the domain of biology by providing a unifying theme across scales of time and space. The project seeks to address four areas of critical need in STEM education: biological sciences, complex systems, computational modeling, and equal access for all. This project conducts interdisciplinary research to advance understanding of embodied learning as it applies to STEM topics across a range of current technology-based learning environments (e.g., desktop simulations, interactive whiteboards, and 3D interactive environments). The project has two central research questions: How are student knowledge gains impacted by the degree of embodied learning and to what extent do the affordances of different technology-based learning environments constrain or support embodied learning for STEM topics? This project develops and assesses the effectiveness of integrating three computation-based technologies into curricular modules: agent-based modeling (ABM), real-world sensing, and collaborative classroom networks. The STEM disciplines addressed are life sciences and physical sciences at middle and high school levels, specifically Evolution, Population Biology/Ecology, Kinetic Molecular Theory, and Electromagnetism. This project is developing five web-based modules for middle school science that engage students in student-directed inquiry and provide teachers with professional development in facilitating this inquiry. These modules immerse students in virtual environments for learning (VELs) where they take on the role of scientists engaged in a complex task. The virtual settings presented in the VELs support students in designing and carrying out their own investigations. This project builds and tests applications tied to the school curriculum that integrate the sciences with mathematics, computational thinking, reading and writing in elementary schools. The investigative core of the project is to determine how to best integrate computing across the curriculum in such a way as to support STEM learning and lead more urban children to STEM career paths. This exploratory project seeks to understand the role that a network of tablet computers may play in elementary and middle school math and science classrooms. The study will use classroom observations, student interviews, teacher interviews and student artifacts to identify the advantages and disadvantages of these resources, understand what challenges and benefits they offer to teachers, and offer recommendations for future hardware, software, and curriculum development. This exploratory project seeks to understand the role that a network of tablet computers may play in elementary and middle school math and science classrooms. The project uses classroom observations, student interviews, teacher interviews, and student artifacts to identify the advantages and disadvantages of these resources, to understand what challenges and benefits they offer to teachers, and to offer recommendations for future hardware, software, and curriculum development. This project examines the first-year implementation of a program that will provide low-cost netbook computers and specialized software to fifth and sixth grade students in four schools in Southern California. The PIs collect baseline and early implementation data to determine effects of the intervention on students' academic achievement in science, academic writing in science, and interest in further STEM study. This project designs, constructs, and field-tests a web-based, online collaborative environment for supporting the teaching and learning of inquiry-based high school physics. Based on an interactive digital workbook environment, the team is customizing the platform to include scaffolds and other supports for learning physics, fostering interaction and collaboration within the classroom, and facilitating a design-based approach to scientific experiments. Investigations in Cyber-enabled Education (ICE) strives to provide a professional development design framework for enhancing teacher ability to provide science, technology, and math (STM) instruction for secondary students. Exploratory research will clarify ICE framework constructs and gather empirical evidence to form the basis of anticipated further research into the question: Under what circumstances can cyber-enabled collaboration between STM scientists and educators enhance teacher ability to provide STM education? This project designs, develops and tests a digital gaming environment for high school students that fosters and measures science learning within alternate reality games about saving Earth's ecosystems. Players work together to solve scientific challenges using a broad range of tools including a centralized web-based gaming site and social networking tools, along with handheld smart-phones, and an avatar-based massively multiplayer online environment. The game requires players to contribute to a scientific knowledge building community. The project makes use of technology to create timely, valid, and actionable reports to teachers by analyzing assessments and logs of student actions generated in the course of using computer-based curriculum materials. The reports allow teachers to make data-based decisions about alternative teaching strategies. The technology supports student collaborations and the assignment of different learning activities to groups, an essential function needed for universal design for learning (UDL). This project enhances elementary students' engagement in and learning of science through visual communication skills using student-generated graphics in science notebooks. The products include two professional development modules for each grade level 2–5 that explicitly teach specific forms of graphical representation used in science, how these representations complement written and numeric information, and how teachers can promote the thoughtful reflection and discussion of these representations in small-group and whole-class settings. The project investigates the use of robotics into early childhood education. It address two objectives: to develop and evaluate a low-cost, developmentally appropriate robotic construction kit specifically designed for early childhood education (PreK-2) and to pilot a robotics-based professional development model for early childhood educators to teach engineering and technology. This study investigates the impact of the wireless environment on high school science using a purposeful sampling of schools with high implementers. Five schools will be examined and extensive data in multiple forms will be collected on each. The project uses in-depth case studies to examine context factors and critical interactions that may influence science instructional practice in wireless high school science classrooms. The study will result in an evidence-based and theoretically-grounded professional development model. This project is focusing on the redesign of popular commercial video games to support students’ understanding of Newtonian mechanics. In support of this goal, SURGE develops and implements design principles for game-based learning environments, integrating research on conceptual change, cognitive processing-based design, and socio-cognitive scripting. These enhanced games bridge the gap between student learning in non-formal game environments and the formalized knowledge structures learned in school by leveraging and integrating the strengths of each. This project is designing, developing, and studying an innovative model for professional development (PD) of teachers who use the Scratch computer programming environment to help their students learn computational thinking. The fundamental hypothesis of the project is that engagement in workshops and on-line activities of the ScratchEd professional development community will enhance teacher knowledge about computational thinking, their practice of design-based instruction, and their students' learning of key computational thinking concepts and habits of mind. This project develops and researches the academic potential of a hybrid instructional model that infuses computer simulations, modeling, and educational gaming into middle school technology education programs. These prototypical materials use 3-D simulations and educational gaming to support students’ learning of STEM content and skills through developing solutions to design challenges. This project creates materials for grades 5-8 that address and assess STEM concepts through a robotics curriculum. The curriculum addresses STEM standards through such documents as the NCTM Focal Points and the Atlas of Science Literacy. Students can use the TekBot robotics platform in three problem-based ways: building, moving, and programming. The intent is to scale up to a cyber-infrastructure that supports the national distribution and implementation of the curriculum. This project uses green school buildings as an opportunity to involve students in STEM activities in their environment. The goal is to produce an action plan for transforming the middle school science and mathematics curriculum by rethinking the content that is taught, the ways in which students and teachers can engage effectively with that content, and the role that technology can play to ensure wide access to the data and to the new curriculum. This research study investigates the impact of the wireless environment on high school science resulting in a professional development model that will inform professional developers, administrators, policy-makers and teachers. The project uses in-depth case studies to examine context factors (e.g. technology implementation plans, school culture, extent and type of teacher professional development and teacher background) and critical interactions that may influence science instructional practice in wireless high school science classrooms. This project develops a series of interactive on-line games and investigates the effect these games have on increasing middle school science students' and teachers' knowledge and skills of scientific argumentation. There are four areas of argumentation addressed by the games: (1) understanding a claim, (2) judging the evidence about a claim based on type and quality (objectivity, reliability or validity), (3) analyzing the reasoning applied to the claim, and (4) evaluating the claim. This project is designed to enhance understanding of how online professional development environments contribute to teach learning, changes in classroom practice and changes in student learning in comparison to face-to-face professional development. Using secondary school teachers learning to use a reformed-oriented environmental science curriculum, groups of teachers will be randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (1) traditional face-to-face workshop, (2)self-guided online professional development, or (3)online “short course” professional development guided by a facilitator. The project designs and implements technologies that combine artificial intelligence in the form of intelligent tutoring systems with multimedia interfaces (i.e., an electronic science notebook and virtual labs) to support children in grades 4-5 learning science. The students use LEONARDO's intelligent virtual science notebooks to create and experiment with interactive models of physical phenomena. This project develops video-case modules for use in pre-service teacher preparation programs. Modules target specific grade bands (K-3, 4-5, 6-8) and address standards-based content domains, to help future teachers deepen their content knowledge, pedagogic skills and ability to analyze student thinking. The cases illustrate reform classroom practices and more traditional instruction, include interviews with teachers and students, and incorporate a set of analytic tasks that promote users' critical observations of the cases.

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We all know cotton is a valuable material worldwide. But its byproducts, like cottonseed meal, have value too! With more and more people growing their own food, cotton seed meal is increasing in use. As a fertilizer option, it’s a slow-release pick. It provides more organic matter to your soil, too. And with over 14 million pounds of it produced every year, it’s constantly renewable! Let’s cover the myriad of uses for cottonseed meal. We’ll talk about how it’s made, where you can buy it, and how to use it properly! Good Cottonseed Meal Varieties: What Is Cottonseed Meal? When cotton is grown, it produces bolls. These bolls are filled with fine, soft material that grows over the seeds. If left in place, that soft cotton acts as a seed-dispersal method. As we use that fiber for our clothing and fabrics, we of course don’t allow it to go blowing away on the breeze. We harvest the cotton. And in so doing, we have huge quantities of cotton seeds. Rather than allow those seeds to go to waste, since there’s too many to plant, we use them in other ways. We extract oil from them, and the resulting meal has been used for animal fodder. But it makes great fertilizer, too! How Is Cottonseed Meal Made? Once harvested, cotton goes through processing. First, it’s air-dried to make the material easier to process. Then it goes through the ginning process. A cotton gin pulls the fibers through fine-toothed combs that remove the seed. This also removes any remaining leaves or other plant waste from the soft cotton. While the rest of the cotton moves on through the process, we’re now left with an abundance of cotton seeds. These seeds go to another location to remove the hulls and extract the oils. Two forms of oil extraction processes are commonly used: solvent, or press. In solvent extraction, different liquids are used to draw the oil out from the seeds. The seeds are sterilized in the process. Often, there’s still some oil remaining, making them higher in protein and fat. Solvent-extracted seed meal is often used in livestock feed. Press extraction is exactly what it sounds like. Using a strong press, the oil from the seeds is forcefully extracted. This can be its own separate process, or performed before or after solvent extraction. What remains after the oil’s extracted is the cotton seed flour or meal. Cotton meal is then dried and sold as a loose meal. It also can be compressed into cake form, which makes it an easier size for animal fodder. The cake form contains more remaining oil than the meal does. The hulls that are removed before oil extraction aren’t wasted! Cottonseed hulls are often used as mulch in landscaping. As they break down, they release nutrients into the soil as well. Benefits Of Cottonseed Meal Fertilizer Cottonseed meal fertilizer provides a healthy kick of slow-releasing nitrogen, potash, and phosphorus. The heavy protein in the cotton meal slows decomposition. Soil microbes have to process the proteins to release nutrients the plants can use. Because of its slow-releasing nature, you can use higher quantities of cottonseed meal. There’s no fear of fertilizer burn with this, making it a safe and sustainable long-term option. And it takes 1-4 months for it to fully break down, so applications can be spaced out. The average NPK for this meal is 6-2-2, making it a viable nitrogen option. Different manufacturers have slightly different ratios of nutrients. It’s wise to check the label for your specific brand. Since it has high organic content, it helps to keep the soil aerated. This reduces compaction in the soil and can help plants to thrive. Soil tilth greatly improves with added organic matter. Cotton meal holds quite a bit of water when saturated. This makes it a great amendment for water retention in garden beds! As well as having a high nitrogen content, cottonseed meal also has many trace minerals. These trace minerals vary widely, but all aid in plant growth. If your soil is too alkaline, add some cotton seed meal to the bed! It lightly acidifies the soil, which can neutralize soil pH. Drawbacks Of Cottonseed Meal Fertilizer Just as it’s a benefit, the acidifying nature of cottonseed meal can be a drawback. For every 100lbs of meal used, 9lbs of agricultural lime is needed to bring the soil back to neutral. Acid-loving plants like blueberries will love the more acidic soil, though! Be sure to check your pH before adding cotton seed meal. If it’s stored in a humid environment, this meal is at risk from molds. Be sure to keep it in a dry, sealed container when not in use. As cotton is in so much demand by the textile industry, it has another downfall. Many cotton crops are heavily treated with chemicals to protect against insect damage. This means that the seed meal may have pesticide residues. While there may be traces of pesticide in the meal, it’s very limited. Most of the pesticides will be on the cotton itself rather than the hidden seeds, or on the plant’s foliage. Very rarely will it actually make it to the seeds themselves. But it is something to take into consideration. Some states do not consider cotton meal to be a viable organic option for growing produce due to that slight risk. There is OMRI-rated cottonseed meal available, but it can be difficult to find. Finally, cottonseed meal contains a naturally-forming compound called gossypol. This isn’t a drawback as a fertilizer. However, if you use chickens as pest control, it might become a problem to them. Gossypol can become toxic for livestock in large quantities! Cottonseed meal should only be fed in limited quantities to poultry (5% for layers, up to 10% for broilers). If you do raise chickens, it’s best not to top-dress your beds with cottonseed meal. Work it through the soil to prevent your chickens from eating your fertilizer! How To Use Cottonseed Meal Since cottonseed meal doesn’t burn plants, it’s safe to add larger quantities. It will provide consistent, slow-release nutrition for your plants. Before planting, a good rule of thumb is 2-4lbs per every 100 square feet of soil. If your soil is particularly poor, you can go as high as 8-10lbs. This doesn’t have to be exact, but it’s a good estimate! Work the meal into the top 2-3 inches of soil. This ensures you have a good soil to fertilizer blend. Looking to fertilize plants that’re already started? There’s a basic formula for that, too! New transplants should have 1 cup of cottonseed meal worked into the soil around their root zone. Other younger plants that are already planted will benefit by having a cup of meal added, too. Older, established plants can take 2-4 cups of meal depending on the size of the plant. This can be used as a top-dressing or can be worked into the soil. Fertilizing lawns with cottonseed meal is an option! You can broadcast the meal over your turf by hand or using a spreader. Don’t forget your fruit trees or shrubs. Because it also contains potassium and phosphorous, this meal helps promote fruiting. If you’re looking for a larger harvest or healthier fruits and plants, work some meal into the soil there as well! Regardless of how you’re using it, be sure to water it in generously once applied. This starts the decomposition process that allows the meal to become plant food. Can I Make Cotton Meal Tea? To extract the nutrients from this meal, a microbial population has to be in play. It’s not water-soluble. This means that while you can add small amounts of cotton meal to your compost tea, it won’t add to the fertilizer. It does provide food for the microbial population you’re breeding in your compost tea! It’s best to put your meal to work directly in garden beds rather than to try to extract the nutrition to a liquid form. The meal acts as a soil conditioner, so it’s most effective that way. You can also use cottonseed meal as food for composting worms! Where To Buy Cottonseed Meal You can find cotton seed meal at most garden centers. Multiple big box stores have been carrying it, too. But if you’d like your meal dropped off at your doorstep, that’s definitely an option. Here’s a few of the top brands available right now! If you only need a small quantity, Espoma Cottonseed Meal may be your best bet. This comes in a resealable 3.5 pound bag. People who’re growing acid-loving plants in pots, rejoice! Amending your larger gardens or multiple pots? Down To Earth Cottonseed Meal comes in a 6 pound box. Larger quantities of their product are also available. If you’re looking for quantity, there’s Earthworks Health’s 50-pound bag of cottonseed meal. This is great for people with larger spaces to fertilize. It’s also wonderful for lawn amendments. Cotton seed cake is harder to find. While it is available, it’s often blended with other ingredients and sold as feed. Since ruminants can’t eat a steady diet of only cotton seed, this is a safer option as feed stock. You can sometimes find it at feed stores. Looking for an excellent source of slow-release nutrition? This meal should fit most people’s needs. Have you ever used cotton meal in your garden? Do you find it too acidic for your plants? Tell us about your experiences in the comment section! The Green Thumbs Behind This Article: Last update on 2021-10-23 / Affiliate links / Images from Amazon Product Advertising API

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What is X-Factor | K-Factor? A related factor to the K-Factor is the X-Factor. The X-Factor is essentially an efficiency-gains calculation that is passed on to the customer on the assumption that the K-Factor investments would have yielded financial benefits to the NWC. The X-Factor represents a credit on customers’ bills reducing the billed amount monthly. The K-Factor for September 2014 to September 2015 was 14%, before which the X-Factor of 5.5% was deducted. The K-Factor for September 2015 to September 2016 was at 14% but the X-Factor rose to 9.7%. Why is my water supply disrupted when it rains? Water supply service to some customers of the National Water Commission is sometimes disrupted during or after periods of heavy rains for a number of reasons. This is usually most common in the case of customers who are served by small water supply systems that get their water from surface sources – i.e., rivers and springs – that get very muddy whenever it rains heavily. With these muddy or highly turbid conditions, the water systems may either have to be temporarily shut-down, or be forced to put out less treated water than they would under normal conditions. In other cases, the rivers when in spate result in the intakes becoming blocked with stones, sand and other debris. In some instances, these problems cannot be corrected until the rivers recede or the natural conditions improve. These particular problems do not normally affect water systems supplied from wells, which account for more than 60% of the water supplied by NWC daily. Another problem that is associated with disruptions after heavy rains is damage caused to pipes by overflowing rivers, gullies, landslides, etc., preventing water from getting to the treatment plant or disrupting the flow on the way to customers. Additionally, the likelihood of electrical failures (both in the public power supply and at the NWC facilities) increases during rainstorms due to a variety of reasons including power fluctuations and lightning strikes, among other things. Another contribution to water supply service disruptions after heavy rains is the fact that rains often prevent or delay the completion of routine repairs and maintenance activities, thereby extending the downtime for facilities. While these are all part of the reality with which the NWC has to work, wherever possible, every effort is being made to reduce these vulnerabilities and risks. In all cases of unavoidable disruptions, the NWC does all it can to restore water supply service in the shortest possible time. What is done by NWC to repair the roads that it has excavated? Whenever the National Water Commission (or contractors working on our behalf) are forced to excavate in road surfaces, the NWC is committed to reinstating that area at least to the condition in which it was found. To achieve this and to avoid problems experienced in the past, the NWC has a contractual arrangement with the National Works Agency (NWA) in which the NWC pays the NWA to complete the final reinstatement to the required standards. For this arrangement to work smoothly, the NWC has gone further and established a special bank account with $5M being reserved solely for this purpose. How do I request a service connection? Visit your local office and present the following: - Proof of ownership of property- Title or letter from a lawyer or financial institution - Proof of ownership of property- Title or letter from a lawyer or financial institution - Identification - Drivers Licence, Passport or National ID - Numbering certificate from the local Parish Council office. In areas where street numbering does not exist, a diagram of the lot is required. - A deposit between $12,000.00 - $15,000.00 toward the installation cost or $6,000.00 - $9,500.00 where the service line is already laid up to the property boundary e.g. Townhouses or Apartments. The difference between the deposit and the actual cost is credited/debited to the customer’s account after the supply is installed. - Complete an Application Form ...Also see Requirements for Supply Am I responsible for rates even though my premises is rented? Yes, water rates are charges to the property (similar to taxes) and the land-owner always bears responsibility. How is my account billed? All accounts are billed monthly, based on meter readings or an estimated consumption. Your water bill consists of the following components: Your water bill consists of the following components: - Service charge, which varies based on size of meter - Price Adjustment Mechanism (PAM) - Sewerage Charge - Water Charge, which is fixed in accordance with the use of the property: - See rates. What does PAM represent on the water bill? PAM is the acronym for Price Adjustment Mechanism. This is a mechanism built into the water supply tariffs to essentially reflect changes in foreign exchange rates, fuel charges and an approved CPI (Consumer Price Index). It is monitored by the OUR and may either go up or down. See Definitions. Leaks appear to be such a waste of water across Jamaica. What is the cause of all this and what is the NWC doing about it? Leaks are mainly caused by deterioration of pipes due to age, pressure from heavy traffic, earth movements, direct damage from persons hitting the pipes, and sudden fluctuations in the pressure within the pipes. Many of the pipe networks inherited by the NWC are very old and therefore leak easily. The NWC continues to effect emergency repairs while, whenever funding allows, some of these pipes are replaced. Dozens of leaks are repaired daily. The Kingston Metropolitan Area (KMA) Water Supply Rehabilitation Programme represents one major project under which pipes are being replaced. In keeping with the policy objectives, 90%-95% of all reported leaks are repaired within 5 days of being reported. We aim to improve this to 100%. What is Non-Revenue Water? Non-Revenue-Water (NRW) is better defined as Unbilled Water (UBW) because it is an estimate of the amount of water that is treated/produced by the NWC, but for which no bills are generated or revenue received. It is not the same as leakage or wastage. This estimate includes water used at fire hydrants as well as water loss due to theft and illegal connections, water used at unmetered connections, non-functioning metered connections, overflowing tanks, as well as leaks. Why does my water bill show a service charge? The service charge is a fixed charge applied to each bill depending on the size of the service connection. It is aimed at covering a portion of the NWC’s cost of maintaining water supply to the premises for use by the customer. These costs continue to be borne even when the customer is not actually using the water. The service charge is therefore applicable regardless of the amount of water consumed on the property. Why does the National Water Commission dig up roads? Regrettably, in the process of providing or maintaining service to our valued customers, the National Water Commission sometimes is forced to cut into or excavate sections of roadway. This is usually necessary to either lay new water or sewer pipes, or to effect repairs to existing underground infrastructure. If the NWC does not do this then new customers would not be able to get service, underground leaks would not be repaired (causing further damage to roads and the water systems), and disrupted service to existing customers could not be restored. At no time will the NWC excavate road surfaces if it is not necessary. Unlike other utilities, working in public roadway is not an option or choice for the NWC. Water and wastewater pipes have to be laid underground and there is no other practical way in which NWC can access and maintain its water and wastewater network but to sometimes cut the roads. In each case that we do so however, NWC is committed to do its best to repair and restore the area that it has cut. How does water bill compare with other bills and water bills elsewhere? The average water bill is usually less than half the average electricity bill or the average telephone bill. This is so despite the fact that electricity costs make up a major part of the cost of supplying water! Water charges from the NWC are also among the cheapest in the region; it costs less than half the water charges from the average water supplier in the United States; and more than 1,000% less than the cost of bottled water. This is so despite Jamaica’s hilly terrain and the difficulties of supplying water to far-flung, variously populated areas. What’s The Relationship Between Water Supply And Electricity? Especially in a country with Jamaica’s hilly terrain, the supply of water is heavily dependent on electricity. In order to get water to our customers the NWC has to pay over $200,000,000 per month for electricity alone. The dependency on electricity is not only seen in the high costs. In order to serve our many customers over many hills and across numerous valleys, the NWC has to operate nearly 500 major electrical facilities each day. Since it is neither economical nor feasible to have full standby generating capacity for all of these electrical facilities, water supply is affected whenever there is a disruption in the public power supply. Water supply may also be disrupted when there is low voltage or even single phase supply. Short disruptions in the public power supply may also have enormous impact on the water supply as the entire system may become drained of water, need to be checked and re-started, and gradually recharged. A short electrical outage may therefore disrupt the water supply for a longer time afterwards. Similarly, a disruption in power supply in one area may nonetheless disrupt the water supply in an area that still has electricity. What is Turbidity? Turbidity is related to the amount of sediments a river or stream carries in the flowing water. Most sediment is soil that is removed from the land by erosion. Sediments also arise from the surface runoff from farms, industries, roads and housing developments. When sediments run into rivers or streams, it becomes a source of water pollution. During and after rainstorms, water that runs rapidly off mountain slopes or hillsides can pick up high levels of sediments resulting in high turbidity. Turbidity degrades the quality and quantity of raw water. During periods of high turbidity, water treatment is sometimes impossible or very difficult; therefore, the treatment plants are sometimes shut down until the water clears up. In addition, the plants may also be shut down to prevent damage to the facility and equipment as a result of the heavy mudflows. Most important, higher turbidity levels in the untreated water may be associated with higher levels of bacteria and other disease-causing microorganisms. Who is responsible for fire hydrants? The Jamaica Fire Brigade owns, operates, and is responsible for fire hydrants in Jamaica. The NWC connects hydrants to the water supply systems on behalf of the Fire Brigade and the respective municipal authorities. The NWC is only responsible for the SUPPLY OF WATER to these facilities. I sometimes see water seemingly being wasted from a hydrant. What does the NWC have to do with this? You may have seen water gushing from a hydrant even though it is not leaking or malfunctioning. You are most likely seeing what we refer to as flushing. This may appear to be a waste of water, especially in the dry season, but flushing is an important preventative maintenance activity.You will occasionally observe our Water Production personnel conducting this exercise which is simply the release of water from hydrants to remove sediment and excess air from the pipes in order to maintain the quality of the water that we supply. Customers in the immediate vicinity of the flushing exercise may experience temporary discoloration of their water, which is primarily because of the presence of silt and air. This discoloration is harmless. It does not affect the safety of the water and will clear after the tap is allowed to run for a few minutes. Hydrants are also routinely opened for flow testing exercises that are carried out by the Jamaica Fire Brigade. This is done to ensure that hydrants are effective in the event of a fire. The NWC is not responsible for maintaining hydrants. While the National Water Commission uses hydrants in maintaining the integrity of its water network, it neither owns nor has responsibility for their operation and maintenance. This responsibility falls with the Jamaica Fire Brigade. The role of the NWC is to ensure that water is supplied to hydrants for firefighting services. However, in the interest of curtailing water wastage, the company occasionally assumes the role of maintaining some leaking hydrants. If you suspect that water coming from a hydrant is not as a result of the NWC’s flushing activities or the Jamaica Fire Brigade’s flow testing exercises, contact us!. Submit a Leak Report through any of the following channels: - Text: 876 838-LEAK (876 838-5325) - Call: 876 733-5655-6 - Email: [email protected] - Message: Twitter.com/NWCjam, Facebook.com/NWCjam Why is the water sometimes discoloured – brown, reddish-brown or black – and is it safe for drinking? Piped water may be discoloured due to the presence of certain minerals or chemicals in the water, or due to high levels of turbidity at the treatment plant, or as a result of a break in the water main. It may also be caused by scouring within the pipeline, due to sudden increases in pressure such as after a disruption. Discolouration may also be caused by the age of the pipes on the premises. In most instances, the discolouration will go away if the water is allowed to run for a while. If discolouration persists, customers are advised to report it to the NWC for it to be investigated by the NWC laboratory. In nearly all instances, the discolouration is only a nuisance with no direct health risks. Portmore Manganese ‘Blackwater’ Problem NWC is working at correcting the manganese or ‘blackwater’ problem sometimes affecting customers served by the Government Park Wells in Portmore. This problem often worsens after power outages or other disruptions. The presence of manganese is not a health threat. However, as a naturally occurring mineral it is a serious nuisance and is therefore undesirable.Several things are already being done by NWC: to correct the problem: In severe or prolonged cases please call the National Water Commission at toll-free 1-888CALL NWC. - An expensive but very helpful chemical treatment is now being applied to control the level of manganese. - Frequent flushing of the water system is being done to remove manganese particles. - Steps are also now being taken for a permanent and comprehensive solution to the problem under the KMA water supply rehabilitation programme. What are the main causes of water supply disruptions and why can’t the NWC provide a more guaranteed continuous supply of water? Water supply disruptions may be caused by a number of things. These include exceptional weather systems or natural disasters, drought conditions or prolonged dry spells, electrical or mechanical failures at either the treatment plant, the pumping stations or elsewhere on the system. Disruptions may also be caused by broken mains, civil unrest, strike or vandalism as well as lock-offs to facilitate preventative maintenance or effect emergency repairs. Many of these causes are beyond the control of the NWC. Drinking water often looks cloudy when first taken from a faucet and then it clears up. Why is that? The cloudy water could be caused by tiny air bubbles in the water similar to the gas bubbles in beer and carbonated soft drinks. After a while, the bubbles rise to the top and are gone. This type of cloudiness occurs more often in the winter, when the drinking water is cold. Another cause of cloudiness in cold water comes from calcium. In certain waters, the nontoxic chemical calcium carbonate will precipitate when it is cold. As it is white, this precipitate can cause the water to look cloudy. In this case, however, the particles settle to the bottom (usually in about 30 minutes) in contrast to the air bubbles discussed above that rise to the top of the water fairly quickly. Water with calcium carbonate precipitate in it is perfectly safe to drink or use for cooking, though it may be unappealing to look at.

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Nonviolence in Chiapas The use of nonviolence as a successful way to fight political and social oppression began to gain in popularity after Ghandi used it to dispute British rule in India. Ghandi used this tool for several years to successfully assist India in winning its independence in 1947. The strategy for nonviolent protest is to reject violence in a specific context while peacefully making your point. Using nonviolent protest is very often confused with passively accepting something which is an inaccurate comparison. Nonviolent protest is taking a stand to show what you believe in while summarily rejecting the use of violence in making your social or political point, in seeking necessary change to oppression without resorting to physical injury. Pacifism is simply accepting your circumstances and doing nothing to change them, no matter what circumstances you are being faced with. The use of nonviolent protest has been a successful tool used by many different groups all over the world to get their voices heard successfully by those who would oppress them. One of the instances where nonviolent protest was extremely successfully used in the recent past was in Chiapas, Mexico in 2000. The theme of the protest was “Corn gives life and weapons destroy life”. The philosophy behind nonviolent protest is not to defeat your enemies, but through love and understanding to make them come over to your side of the argument, to make them understand your point of view. The people in Chiapas presented a strong sense of a united self when they began their protest against the Mexican government. They presented a united front which made them appear as one large unit rather than as a group of individuals seeking change on various levels. By presenting themselves as one complete unit, it made the presentation more powerful rather than detracting from the protest by the same amount of people protesting in a more singular manner, as if they presented themselves individually to the government rather than all at once with the same ideology. Part of the unifying current within this group of protesters is their shared religious beliefs. The entire group of protesters was made up of Mayan Christians. One of the core beliefs of Christianity is a belief in loving your enemy. The most powerful element to a nonviolent protest is not in the refusal to use weapons against those who would oppress you but the absolute refusal to hate them as well. The refusal to be angry with those that you protest against, the refusal to wish them ill will or to hate them, things that are such common human emotions, especially when faced with adversity, causes the action to gain more positive notice than the expected violent outburst would. By utilizing their religious belief system, the group was better able to unify itself through the use of a common thread that is a significant part of their lives. This gave everyone in the group something that they could immediately relate to in the other people in their group causing a different type of group dynamic than is normally observed in large groups of relative strangers. Not only were these people brought together to rally against a common cause, but the other commonality that they share allowed them to easily coordinate their efforts and react to each other in a loving way, almost like extended family members, without having to actually know each other outside of this particular circumstance. The ability to unify their efforts immediately allowed for no dissention during the protest and no one member of the group showing a weakness to the government by failing to uphold the ideals of the nonviolent protest. The use of nonviolence with regard to injustice is a commonality between many different religions such as Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, and even some pagan religions. Where the use of violence with regard to a protest will gain the protesters some media coverage, but also potentially cause harm to both themselves and to others, nonviolent protest is a preservation of the self rather than an encouragement of violence. It appeals to some of the basic principles of morality both with and without regard to religion. Some of the basic societal beliefs of humanity are the idea that life must be protected as well as that there is a certain inherent amount of responsibility that we owe each other as human beings. By utilizing nonviolence in their protest, the Mayans were bringing international media coverage to their aide and not only causing the government to take notice of the injustice that they were facing, but causing an outpouring of outrage and sympathy for their plight from many people all around the world. By simply not fighting, but using other methods of protest, the Zapatistas have not only gained the notice of their local government but the notice and respect of the world. Though these people were forced off of their land, they have only picked up arms against the Mexican government once in the nearly twenty years that the disagreement has taken place, for fourteen days in early 1994. Rather than resort to violence, they peacefully and tirelessly began work to form a new state for themselves. Though it has taken them more than ten years to successfully accomplish the task, through nonviolence these Mayans have maintained their independence from the Mexican government, setting up their own consensus type government where everything they do truly is governed by the people of their community. Though the Zapatistas did fight back in the first fourteen days of the uprising, no one quite knew what to expect from them once the fighting ceased. The Mayans chose to demonstrate their intelligence rather than continue on in battle and proceeded to begin anew. In return these people have set up their own state within the country, maintained autonomy, created their own economy around their customary weaving and shoe making industries, as well as built fully functioning schools for their children. This group of people demonstrate their education not only in employing the use of a protest tactic that has been used for many years successfully all over the world by many great leaders such as Ghandi and Martin Luther King, but also in their action in developing their society despite the conflicts facing them. Also, contrary to the usual style of government in Mexico where a few politicians prefer to govern their people from afar, the Mayan Zapatistas have developed in their consensus government five local committees called Juntas which are made up of people in the community who assist in keeping order and governing the collective. Taking a note from Ghandi’s previous protests, rather than simply providing a solid nonviolent front, the Zapatistas demonstrated to the Mexican government their point by creating their society based on the alternatives that they wanted for their lives. This showing of the alternatives to the government not only shows the option for change in the way that things are done but it also creates that change at the same time, giving their oppressors not only the opportunity to take notice, but perhaps to at some point participate as well. Though there still exists some tension between the Zapatistas and the Mexican government, the large amount of international support that the Mayans have gained has managed to keep any further fighting at bay. Taking advantage of the international support that their cause has garnered, the Mayans currently have a very strong presence in their local communities of international activists as well as human rights activists whose presence helps to ensure that there are no more violent quarrels with the Mexican government. There are also many different people who visit the Zapatistas’ cities not only to experience the community first hand but also to lend assistance to their cause. The Zapatistas receive funding from international sources as well as support for their weaving and shoe making enterprises from the tourist activists who regularly visit the area. In addition to the monetary support that the Zapatistas receive they also continue to gain international attention through their use of the internet, poetry, and other forms of mass communication which allows them to present their case to the world through an easily obtainable and usable medium. A community of people who have come together to solve an injustice but who use means other than the guerilla warfare that Mexico is well known for are better able to gain the sympathy of the global community rather than a group who insists on carrying out their revenge for injustice with guns. The powerful images that the Zapatistas employ in their communications with international media outlets such as images of peace and hope for their people invoke the same types of feelings in their international audiences, garnering them greater attention in their efforts to secure their new way of life. In much the same way that choosing to fight injustice with love instead of hatred can create more of a reaction in many more people, using the creation of a peaceful way of life to combat violence gains not only sympathetic notice but also creates talk about the act because it is an unexpected response. Though the Zapatistas are praised for their nonviolent efforts, there are some areas of their government which do not exactly meet the ideology of a utopian nonviolent society. For instance, though women are given some rights in the Mayan society, and they are not represented on any of the five Juntas. Though one of the main points of a nonviolent society is to respect all human life no matter the circumstances, these women are not treated as equals in the Zapatistas’ society and the variance between the gender roles continues to go largely ignored. And though they have attempted to develop a completely autonomous nonviolent society, they still have not given an equal voice to the indigenous ranchers who were first forced off of their property in the first fourteen days, when violence was used. Without giving these ranchers an equal place in their newly developed society, the Zapatistas cannot hope to maintain that they have a truly nonviolent society according to the basic tenants of that society. Part of the philosophy behind a truly nonviolent society is that everyone has an equal voice in the society and that everyone is respected in the same way. Without applying this to their own people, even the ones who were not originally a part of their social group, the Zapatistas may possibly be setting themselves up for failure ultimately by choosing only a certain amount of the set of rules that would govern a nonviolent community rather than employing the use of all of them to create a truly nonviolent society. In order to ease the tensions that still exist between the Zapatistas and the Mexican government, the Zapatistas have to not only gain the attention of the government, which they have successfully done, but they also have to assist them in understanding what the ultimate goal is of this new community that the Zapatistas have formed. What the Mexican government fears the most with regard to indigenous tribes is that they may want total and complete independence from the government. The government does not want to lose their people nor do they want to lose their land, so they are willing to fight to keep them “in line” as it were. The Zapatistas must make it well known to the government that what they desire out of this situation is not to gain complete and total independence from the Mexican government, but that they wish to have rights within the country itself. In the event that the two groups could come to a mutually beneficial political agreement between what rights the group seeks to have within the government and the government both understood and accepted what they wanted, both parties could continue on in a positive manner with a better understanding of their position with the other which would eliminate the constant threat of violence that both fear. While the gaining of international attention works well in many respects for the Zapatistas, one way in which it works against their ultimate goal is in that it serves as a demonstration of power to the Mexican government. The government sees the global attention as a barrier between them and the Zapatistas. Though the Zapatistas are committed to their nonviolent stand that does not mean that all of their supporters would also take that stance was the Mexican government to take further action against the Zapatistas. The looming threat of the popularity that the movement has gained all over the world could potentially cause more tension between the Zapatistas and the government than it cures. If the government feels pressured to take a certain stance because of the international attention given the situation they could feel pressured to take action to show their dominance in their country or to make an example out of this group of people. Neither of these outcomes would be in the best interests of the Zapatistas. That is one of the reasons why it is so imperative that while the Zapatistas continue their nonviolent protest and the building of their way of life that they also begin to make efforts to include the Mexican government, not only so that they take the pressure off of each of them with regard to the possibility of violent action, but also so that they can begin to make more positive steps toward a resolution. While the Mexican government has a right to govern their people, their right to govern by oppression is being severely challenged, and it will eventually become imperative that the two sides reach some sort of understanding through positive communication and continued efforts toward a nonviolent resolution. By establishing good communication with the government, the Zapatistas can hope to accomplish a peaceful resolution. Through their actions within their own society, they can also begin to demonstrate how they are not a threat to the Mexican government by working elements of the Mexican political system into their government, hopefully without compromising the ideals of a nonviolent society. By incorporating the current political system into their ideology, the Zapatistas would be showing that they are willing to obtain rights within the current Mexican government and political system. Though the ideology of the nonviolent society allows for little in the way of compromise, both sides must be willing to show that they can work together in order to reach a peaceful resolution. The Mexican government allowing the continued existence of the Zapatistas’ communities within the bounds of Mexico demonstrates a willingness to take notice on their part if nothing else. Hopefully the continued existence of the Zapatistas without the use of violence or the demand to be turned into their own completely independent entity will foster positive communications between the two groups which will lead to a greater understanding not only of what type of compromise can be reached but also an exchange of ideology which may cause the government to somewhat reevaluate its position. The uprising in Chiapas demonstrates a clearly injust oppression of a group of people by the Mexican government. Though this horrible event and the ensuing bloody battle did take place, the fact that the battle ended so quickly and was immediately followed by nonviolent protest on the part of the oppressed group has garnered a large amount of international attention. The injustice suffered by these people has not gone ignored, even though they refuse to pick up arms against the government again. In the time in which they have continued their nonviolent struggle against the government, they have created an entirely new way of life for themselves which include the creation of a census structured government which creates equality, primarily among the males in the group, from the lowest farmer to the highest capitalist in the group. They have also built schools, clinics, industry, and have created a niche tourist market for themselves which helps to support their communities as they do not receive government aide. Despite and perhaps because of the international spotlight which shines brightly on this ordeal, the injustice suffered by these people is being forced to be addressed by the parties involved. Though it has taken them a long time to get to this point, the Zapatistas are being acknowledged as a completely functioning, intelligent group of people who are capable of harnessing the elements at hand and turning them to their own benefit. Though this concept is understandably somewhat frightening to the Mexican government, instituting clear communication that will be allowed to result in understanding rather than further conflict can go a long way toward resolving the issues between these indigenous people and their national government without further unnecessary bloodshed. Though they do not meet all of the criteria for a nonviolent society, the Zapatistas have come a long way in the last several years from the victims of needless bloodshed to a fully functioning society who resides in the global spotlight. Works Cited Lord, Krista. “CHIAPAS: Corn Tells Mexican Military to Choose Life. ” Christian Peacemaker Teams. March 6, 2000. http://www. cpt. org/cptnet/2000/03/06/chiapas-corn-tells-mexican-military-choose-life (accessed May 7, 2009). Schuster, Luc. “Nonviolent Struggles Build Autonomous Zones in Chiapas. ” Peace Works, March 1, 2004: 12.Sample Essay of PaperDon.com

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From the World Heritage inscription: The site is located along the Weser River on the outskirts of Höxter where the Carolingian Westwork and Civitas Corvey were erected between AD 822 and 885 in a largely preserved rural setting. The Westwork is the only standing structure that dates back to the Carolingian era, while the original imperial abbey complex is preserved as archaeological remains that are only partially excavated. The Westwork of Corvey uniquely illustrates one of the most important Carolingian architectural expressions. It is a genuine creation of this period, and its architectural articulation and decoration clearly illustrate the role played within the Frankish empire by imperial monasteries in securing territorial control and administration, as well as the propagation of Christianity and the Carolingian cultural and political order throughout Europe. Carolingian Westwork and Civitas Corvey is an UNESCO World Heritage Site in Germany. It was added to the World Heritage List in 2014 at the World Heritage Convention held in Doha, Qatar. The site dates back to the reign of Emperor Charlemagne in the 9th century and was built as a monastery and spiritual center. Today the site near the German city of Höxter is a popular cultural tourist attraction and museum. Built-in the latter part of the 9th century, Carolingian Westwork and Civitas Corvey are the most important and iconic examples of Carolingian architecture that exist today. Tucked along the banks of the Weser River in west-central Germany’s North-Rhine Westphalia State, they are the most well-preserved monastic sites of their kind in the world. Much more than just another historical religious site, in centuries past, the monastery was a center of education, art, trade, and culture. Due to its spiritual importance, it was often a destination for Christian pilgrims who sought enlightenment and guidance from the area’s brightest beacon of Christianity. Unlike many of its contemporaries in larger cities close to Europe’s traditional power-centers, the monastery’s clergy sought to focus on spiritual and theological matters; they did their best to distance themselves from the politics and intrigue that were so antithetical to their Christian ideals. Unfortunately, throughout its history, church leaders were forced to act as civic, government, and even monetary authorities in addition to their religious roles. The term westwork refers to the classical architectural style that was used on the church’s façade, which consists of two massive towers flanking a smaller, central portion. The “west” in westwork refers to the directional orientation of the building’s entrance, which always faced toward the west. The idea was that worshippers entering from the west would be facing east during the church service, which was a symbolic way of allowing them to witness the rising sun – or Rising Son – which occurs in the east. Many Christian churches of the time were built similarly. Over the centuries, many of the original abbey complex buildings were destroyed during times of war and unrest, but thankfully, they retained much of the original and authentic architecture when they were rebuilt. For much of its existence, the monastery was a royal residence that included an Imperial Hall, elegant living, dining and worship areas, and a library that contained approximately 80,000 volumes – many of which were unique and priceless. The Carolingian Empire isn’t that well known outside Europe, but it played a significant part in the early formation of countries like Germany and France, that would emerge centuries later as dominant forces on the continent. Civitas Corvey was also one of the most important and influential monasteries of the little known Frankish Empire. It was tasked with spreading Christianity, culture, and the Frankish model of governance through the largely un-Christian hinterlands that were considered the untamed frontier in those days. The vast library gives testament to its important status in those roles, though its texts were reserved for royalty and high-ranking church officials, and definitely not available to the common man. Both buildings owe their creation to King Charlemagne, who gained the territory on which the sites now reside after a war with Saxony, in which the Frankish Empire was the victor. It’s believed that the first monks to arrive did so in 816, found the originally proposed site unsuitable, and chose instead to build on the site where the buildings now sit. It’s interesting to note that Civitas Corvey’s first abbot was a cousin of King Charlemagne, who was King of the Franks, King of the Lombards, and Holy Roman Emperor, and who lived from 772 to 814. His cousin Adalard originally fled from Charlemagne to an abbey in Monte Casino, Italy, in an unsuccessful attempt to distance himself from the politics, intrigue, and meddling that were characteristic of many churches of the day. He sought instead to immerse himself in seclusion, reflection, and study, but Charlemagne ordered him to return to Civitas Corvey, and immediately bestowed upon him the title of Abbot. In June of 2014, Carolingian Westwork and Civitas Corvey became UNESCO World Heritage Sites; the perfect honor to commemorate their 1,200-year legacy as important centers of religion, learning, and governance. The process that ultimately led to this declaration began many years earlier and involved painstaking research into the documented histories of the two buildings and proof of their integrity and authenticity. What to see / Sights Whether you’re a historian, art and architecture lover, history buff, or inquisitive Believer interested in learning about your Christian roots, Carolingian Westwork, and Civitas Corvey are must-see objects of living history that shouldn’t be missed. Both buildings are remarkable and historically significant due to their design and unprecedented preservation, which has endured the test of time for nearly 1,200 years. They are the last of their kind in existence. In addition to their historical and architectural significance, part of the site’s charm lies in its idyllic rural setting. The buildings are also repositories of museum-quality art and literature, which are strong indicators of Carolingian Westwork and Civitas Corvey’s status as centers of learning and enlightenment in bygone eras that were largely dark, dangerous and chaotic. Visiting the complex involves seeing many distinct sites that share long and fascinating histories. As its name implies, the 1,200-year-old church features westwork orientation and architecture, and with its towering arches, vaulted ceilings and thick, stable pillars, it is beautiful, if not overly-adorned. The church is decorated with frescos depicting characters from mythology, as well as important events as told in the Bible. The dramatically vaulted ceilings in the church and monastery are characteristic of the Carolingian Renaissance architecture of the time. The corvey – or monastic building – is much larger and more impressive. It’s comprised of multiple levels that include living, dining and prayer areas for the monks that lived there. These are noticeably austere, especially when compared to the portions that were the exclusive realm of kings and their royal families. Those portions of the corvey were posh, ornate and comfortable, to say the least. You’ll notice glaring contrasts in the sections of the abbey used by the monks and those used by the imperial family; another interesting historical point that’s unique to the site. Another of the site’s highlights is the incredible library. It’s one of the largest and most priceless private collections in Germany and includes 15 rooms and nearly 200 bookcases containing scientific, medical and religious texts – as well as some novels and a few love stories. What to do / Activities Though many visitors opt to tour the buildings and grounds on their own, consider booking a guided tour – especially if you’d like to get the most value for your travel dollar on this once-in-a-lifetime visit to one of Europe’s historic gems. Mass is celebrated in the Abbey Church of St. Stephen and St. Vitus: every Sunday at 8:30 am. There are plenty of other things to do in Höxter once you’ve had your fill of the world heritage site. The Höxter Town Hall is an easy walk from the site and is an excellent example of the building style so characteristic of this area of Germany; it includes dark, exposed timbers interspersed with large portions of white plaster. Freizeitanlage Hoexter-Godelheim – which is a real mouthful for us English speakers – is a park on one of the lakes to the west of the Wesser River. It’s a favorite of locals and tourists, who come to lounge on its white-sand beaches, swim, catch a few rays, or just have a relaxing afternoon with a good book and a cool drink. Swimming and kayaking are the main activities; there’s even an island that’s just an easy swim away. Nearby St. Nikolai Church was built in the 13th century and is another favorite stop of tourists visiting the area. It has a distinct architectural style that in some ways resembles Spanish-Mission style churches found in the American southwest. With a massive organ, towering arched ceiling, and period art and icons, the church is an amazing sight to behold. From the stunning architecture to the old-world setting, finding photo opportunities at Carolingian Westwork and Civitas Corvey won’t be difficult. Perhaps the site’s most appreciated and photographed items are the church’s classic westwork façade and the statues, paintings, and frescoes found inside. In the corvey, the opulent rooms and an amazing library that were the haunts of long-dead kings from ages past are worth a shot or two as well. Where to Eat The town of Höxter is full of restaurants to suit every budget and taste, so going hungry shouldn’t be a concern. A favorite spot is Café Pammel, which is a particularly alluring place for those who need a bit of afternoon sustenance consisting of fresh pastry, baked goods, and hot coffee. Though you probably didn’t come all the way to Germany to eat pizza in a restaurant with a Spanish name, Pizzeria La Casa is a favorite of those looking for reasonably priced comfort food in a relaxing setting near many of the town’s hotspots. If you’re more interested in bumping elbows with some locals and doing as they do, consider Paulaner zum Landsknecht. It’s full of locally brewed beers, authentic German cuisine, and lots of people having a good time. Though lederhosen are optional, you may not be the only one sporting them – especially if you’re there during one of the town’s many festivals. If you’ve made up your mind to go, plan accordingly because Carolingian Westwork and Civitas Corvey are only open seasonally from the 1st of April until the 1st of November. The rest of the year the site is closed to visitors Their daily opening hours are from 10:00 AM until 6:00 PM. Please keep in mind that daily and seasonal operating times are subject to change, so always verify before you go. Where to stay There are many hotels in town that are near to the sites, though during peak times they can fill-up rapidly, so plan accordingly and book rooms in advance if you can. Hotel Corveyer Hof is reasonably priced and conveniently located, making it an all-around value. If you’ve got deep pockets and want a little luxury, try Villa Huxori. If you’re young, unshaven and on a budget, Gastehaus am Rauschenberg is a comfortable yet inexpensive option that’s more guesthouse than a hotel. If sleeping in a tent under the stars is more your speed, there are plenty of camping choices in the nearby towns. If you’d like to stay within Höxter town limits, Wesercamping Höxter is right in town on the Weser River and is the favorite of campers visiting the town and its sights. It’s reasonably priced, conveniently located and packed full of amenities like a swimming pool, kid’s play area, and convenience store. How to get there Carolingian Westwork and Civitas Corvey are in the relatively small rural town of Höxter, Germany. There are smaller towns nearby, but the nearest metropolitan area is Hanover, which is about 100 kilometers away. Kassel Calden Airport (KSF) is the nearest major airport to Höxter, at just about 60 kilometers away. Paderborn Lippstadt Airport (PAD) in Paderborn is about 75 kilometers away. Though these airports both handle domestic and international flights, chances are your flight will arrive into Hannover Airport (HAJ), and although it’s farther away you’ll have more public transportation options at your disposal. If you’d rather drive yourself from the airport to Höxter, your best bet is renting a car from one of the rental car providers at the airport. Keep in mind that you’ll need an internationally recognized driver’s license for insurance purposes, so verify exactly what you’ll need well in advance. Deutsche Bahn is Europe’s largest rail operator and offers train and taxi services from Hannover to Höxter. Due to its relatively rural setting, the town is best reached by rail and the last few kilometers by taxi. Deutsche Bahn offers package deals that are essentially door-to-door, so check out their website for schedules and prices. If you’re up for a little exercise after your 60-90 minute train ride, the sites are only a few kilometers from the rail station, and the walk would be a great way to familiarize yourself with the town. With a little luck, you may find a place or two to stop for some food and drink after you’ve visited the site. Carolingian Westwork and Civitas Corvey are in the relatively small rural town of Höxter, Germany. There are smaller towns nearby, but the nearest metropolitan area is Hanover which is about 100 kilometers away. It’s the airport you’ll fly into if arriving by air. At just €6 for an adult, admission is surprisingly cheap for such an important and extensive site. Guided tours are regularly scheduled; their cost isn’t included in general admission. Please keep in mind that the cost of admission is subject to change without notice, so check online before you go. Estimated Time for Visit Give your self between one and two hours to visit the site if you are on a self-guided tour. This should give you ample time to visit most of the properties on the grounds as well as exploring the museum displays. Most visitors come to Höxter in the spring, summer and fall months, when the town’s sites are open. The weather is usually mild and pleasant, with temperatures rarely exceeding 85 Fahrenheit, even on the hottest days. Be prepared for cool and wet weather too though. Winters, on the contrary, are long and harsh. Sites related to Charlemagne:

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IN Malaysia today, halal is an important part of life for the majority-Muslim population. Internationally, at a time when conventional markets are reaching a saturation point, Muslim consumers are becoming much more concerned about Islamic issues in the way they conduct their daily lives. Halal-related markets are some of the fastest-growing consumer segments today. These include food and beverages, medicines, pharmaceuticals, health foods, cosmetics, fashion, tourism, recreation, finance, and even hardware. There are numerous estimates of the size of the global halal market, averaging out to between US$4.5 trillion and US$5 trillion per annum. Even as Muslims lean towards Western-style consumption and lifestyles, they are embracing the Islamic faith with much more reverence than previous generations who had to struggle to survive in a time when halal choices weren’t widely available. The Muslim obligation under tawhid (the relationship between people and God) is something that enters everyday life, and as a consequence, Muslim consumers are seeking products and services that are shariah-compliant (the path shown by God). Central to shariah are the concepts of halal and toyyibaan, which govern the economic activities of people in the production and consumption of wealth, where certain means of gaining a livelihood are declared unlawful. Halal means lawful or permitted for Muslims, a concept much wider than just food issues. It concerns whether operational procedures are undertaken according to shariah. Toyyibaan is a much wider concept than halal, meaning good, clean, wholesome, healthy, non-exploitative and ethical within the Islamic concept. Under toyyibaan, food and other products must be clean, safe, nutritious, healthy and balanced. Toyyibaan also means that production must be undertaken within a sustainable regime of practices, where business should be undertaken with good intentions. Therefore, in the strict sense of these concepts, toyyibaan influences management practices, human resources policies, business ethics, raw material selection, manufacturing methods and community relations. The concept of halal stipulates a number of ingredients that Muslims cannot consume in any form. * Pork and pork byproducts; * Animals that are dead or dying prior to slaughter; * Blood and blood byproducts; * Carnivorous animals; * Birds of prey; * Land animals without ears; * Alcohol, and; * Animals killed in the name of anything other than Allah. The increasing internationalisation of the market means many new product choices are available for consumers by companies and service providers that consumers don’t know and have yet to trust. Many products utilise animal-based formulations, and these creatures may or may not have been slaughtered in accordance with Islamic law. In addition, through advances in biotechnology, new ingredients are being formulated into products whose halal status is unknown. Currently, the Malaysian Islamic Development Department (Jakim), which is the sole statutory halal certifier in the country, doesn’t yet have fully operational forensic laboratories with experienced staff to assess products’ halal status. In contrast, Thailand is leading the world in halal assessment and research with its Halal Science Centre at Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok, established in 1994. The centre focuses on developing standards, a haram (forbidden in Islam) ingredient detection system for certification purposes, a halal food production system development with a Halal-GMP-HACCP framework, developing consumer information systems through apps, as well as general halal research. The Halal Science Centre has developed a complete halal logistical tracking system and protocols called “Hal-Q”, which has not just been widely accepted by Muslim businesses in Thailand, but has also been taken as an industry standard by many multinational food manufacturers in the country. In addition, many Arab and European countries have adopted this system and come to Thailand for training on halal logistics management, putting Thailand more than a decade ahead of any system Malaysia has to offer. This has enabled Thailand to become one of the foremost halal food manufacturers in the region today. The Malaysian Halal Industry Development Corporation (HDC) was set up in 2006 to take over halal certification from Jakim and promote local halal products internationally. In 2009, Jakim, under mysterious circumstances, took back complete halal certification responsibility from HDC, via the new halal hub division. HDC then focused on spending hundreds of millions of ringgit developing warehouse facilities in what were called “halal parks”. All of these, like the Labuan Halal Complex, have become white elephants with few to no tenants. The Asia Sentinel visited the Perlis Halal Park in Padang Besar recently, and found that it was mainly empty except for a tenant using the park as a staging point to smuggle goods in and out of Thailand. The rest of HDC’s activities involve organising exhibitions as an event manager. Traditionally in Malaysia, eateries are known to be halal through word of mouth. The Islamic symbols on the walls and signs saying “bertanggung halal” were once assurance enough. These businesses relied on community recognition. Any premises suspected of not being halal would just be boycotted. It is only in the last decade that authorities have pushed small businesses to seek halal registration. Today, only a fraction of Malay proprietors and SMEs have gained halal certification. In addition, only a small proportion of international hotels and resorts have halal registration. A number of SME owners and F&B managers of hotels told the Asia Sentinel that the major barrier to gaining halal registration is money. For many proprietors and SMEs running traditional businesses, the on-site infrastructure requirements are prohibitive and way beyond their financial means. Then, a dark side to the halal certification process was brought up. SME proprietors and F&B managers told the Asia Sentinel that Jakim officials would request cash payments above the statutory fees in order to guarantee registration. Municipal councils and the fire department, too, would request such payments to issue the necessary documents required by Jakim for halal product and premises applications. According to one F&B manager, this practice is not being carried out by just a few rogue Jakim officers. One officer even brought out his immediate superior to negotiate the payment. In another case, a Muslim Lebanese butcher from Australia was setting up a halal butchery in Kuala Lumpur for retail and distribution. A Jakim official requested a RM50,000 payment for registration. Due to the company’s policy of not paying bribes, based on its religious moral philosophy, the investment in Malaysia was immediately aborted. Some SMEs have tried to circumvent the issue of corruption through hiring a consultant or broker. Consultants and brokers, according to SME proprietors, are not people with technical and religious backgrounds. As one proprietor put it, these brokers seemed to be “sleazy hustlers” rather than experts. Companies have found that bucking the system by complaining only leads to drastic consequences, like having their operating licence suspended and being put out of business. Other issues, including the arrogance of some Jakim officers and their refusal to assist in the registration process, have led to a backlash against the halal certification. The high rate of rejected applications discourages firms from applying. This has led to a black market in renting halal certificates, or even using bogus logos – issues that have become an epidemic, that Jakim can no longer handle them. As a consequence, 60% of halal registrations in Malaysia are by non-Muslim multinational companies. Jakim doesn’t have its own compliance officers on the ground, relying instead on those from the Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs Ministry to assist. With the ministry officers focusing on their own agenda, such as price control, the whole halal regulatory system in Malaysia is undermined. And yet, Jakim’s overzealous actions over incorrect reports made by other parties have led to brand damage, like the Cadbury case a few years ago. Jakim is using the halal certification system to impose its ideas and opinions on the Malaysian community. Just recently, alcohol-free beer was banned in Malaysia, even though the product is widely distributed and sold throughout the rest of the Muslim world. McDonald’s Malaysia doesn’t allow customers to bring in cakes that have not been certified halal by Jakim. Words like “chicken ham”, “beef bacon” and “chicken char siew” are not allowed to be used on products certified by Jakim, even though similar culturally derived food names are certifiable in other countries. Jakim determines its own standards and opinions on the definition of halal, without any recourse to appeal its rulings. The success and credibility of Jakim’s handling of the halal certification system is at stake, with 90% of Malaysia’s companies outside the scheme. Research indicates that there is a public trust issue with its halal certification, which compromises the integrity of the whole halal system. To keep up with the increasingly sophisticated international halal trade, Jakim’s halal certification process requires some innovation, to help Malaysian companies develop a competitive edge. At present, Jakim’s certification lacks the supply chain tracking element that Thai exporters have with Hal-Q. Jakim could look at coupling halal certification with good agricultural practices and ethical business ratings, such as tawhid compliance. Tawhid compliance would take into consideration issues far in excess of supply chain management, such as management practices, employee exploitation, sustainable production, community flow-downs, and other ethical issues related to business. At the same time, there could be a special certification recognising the issues related to sole proprietors and small businesses. Jakim, as a certification monopoly, has many shortfalls. Its staff are viewed as unfriendly, according to research. The online application portal is not working most of the time, making applications very difficult for firms outside Kuala Lumpur. There needs to be state-level accredited halal certifiers to facilitate application and processing. The halal hub division could be made independent of Jakim, with the department playing more of an appeal and arbitration role for aggrieved applicants. There needs to be more science behind the halal process, such as the development of standards and enhancing detection techniques, along with a much more open public policy discussion. The current method of enforcement, relying on the Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs Ministry and local governments, needs rethinking. However, the major issue in the short term, which is directly related to the integrity of the halal application process, is the elimination of all types of bribery and corruption. A halal certificate issued with a bribe is not halal, according to Islam. The Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission needs to make the investigation into Jakim’s halal hub division one of its highest priorities, to ensure the integrity of Malaysia’s halal certification system. – October 11, 2019. * This article by Murray Hunter was originally published in the Asia Sentinel. * This is the opinion of the writer or publication and does not necessarily represent the views of The Malaysian Insight.

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The Alexandrian school, in a broad sense, is a collective designation for a set of institutes of Hellenistic Science and Philosophy concentrated in Alexandria in the Hellenistic (the late fourth – the middle of the first centuries BC) and Roman (until the fifth century AD) periods, including the Judaeo-Alexandrian tradition of Philosophy and the Christian Didascalium. In a narrow and more specific sense, it is a school of Christian instruction and advanced philosophical and theological education, within the framework of which the ancient Hermeneutics with its prevailing allegorical method was developed and reconsidered. The Alexandrian school came into being at a crossroads of the Greek, Egyptian, Jewish, Rom an and Christian cultures which from the very beginning added a character of complete openness to it. It was developed under the influence of different religious traditions: the Hellenistic and Roman polytheism, the Egyptian mysteries, Judaism, Gnosticism, and Christianity, which can account for a profoundly religious character of the Alexandrian Philosophy in its general features. It emerged at the time when all the basic trends of Ancient Philosophy had already been moulded. The first independent steps of Alexandrian thought were connected with Scepticism, but later on it was increasingly becoming a mere background for religious search. In Alexandria, frequent attempts were made to eclectically combine all the doctrines along the lines of religious and philosophic syncretism that was to unite ratio and mysterium. In the system of Neo-Platonism, founded by Plotinus (205–270 AD), the Alexandrian school accumulated all the achievements of ancient philosophical culture which was trying to save the then perishing paganism. In the period of the ever growing expansion of the Christian Church the Alexandrian school became a birthplace of Theology as Science along with Hermeneutics and Exegesis and a prototype of European universities. It is not always easy to divide the history of the Alexandrian school into periods because of a great variety of its meanings. In the late fourth century BC, in Alexandria, Ptolemy I Soter laid the foundations of the Museum –the first Academy of Sciences in history. Researchers such as Matter and Parthey considered it to be the place of origin of the Alexandrian school, for the spirit of this establishment left an indelible im pression on the whole pattern of the Alexandrian scientific thought for years to come. Its largest library was a great supplement to developing scholarship, especially the Humanities. There they used to keep the first complete translation of the Old Testament from Hebrew into Ancient Greek which was later on to become the main object of Alexandrian Hermeneutics. The further development of the Alexandrian school is linked with the Jewish scientific establishments of Alexandria. The starting point of this period was witnessed by Aristobulus» (2nd century BC) Commentary on the Law. Its extant fragments clearly show that Aristobulus readily used allegorism, that is a method elaborated in Antiquity for an allegorical interpretation of myths and well grounded in the works by Stoics Heraclitus of Pontus and Cornutus. Aristobulus presented the Bible's content as cosmology put into images; such interpretations were called in Antiquity physical (derived from the Greek word physis «nature»). Of the mutual reception of philosophic and religious ideas between Jews and pagans in Alexandria speaks »the Wisdom Literature». Besides that, there w ere widely spread Jewish writings under Greek names which used to contain monotheistic interpolations. However, it was Philo of Alexandria (15 BC–AD 50) who became a real exponent of the Jewish Diaspora intellectual heritage. Philo based his philosophical views upon authors such as Plato, Aristotle, Posidonius, Antiochus of Ascalon, Arius Didymus; he was also nicknamed the Pythagorean. In order to explain the convergence of Greek Philosophy and Biblical Theology and Morals, Philo introduced a theory of «the plagiarism of Hellenes», according to which founders of ancient schools of Philosophy used the Bible as their primary source. For Philo himself, Theology takes the place of Metaphysics that fastens the fundamentals of Logic, Cosmology, Ethics and Aesthetics. He calls God »the Beauty» (Opif. 139), «the Sun» (Somn. 72), »the Creator» and "the Father of all the things in existence» (Alleg. I. 18), while at the same time denying pantheistic premises (Ibid. III. 7). God can be compared with no entity (Praem. 40). Philo's answer to the question concerning the link between God and the world is his doctrine on the mediator who forms an ideal plan of this world, which is later on realised in matter. Such a mediator is the Word (Logos), which is sometimes endow ed with personal features. The Logos is a whole set of Divine powers (energies) that constitute the world. Philo's monotheistic eclecticism was thoroughly reconsidered in the Christian Alexandrian school. Its leaders Clement and Origen laid the foundations for the Alexandrian tradition of Theology and Philosophy. While borrowing Philo's system of allegorical Hermeneutics, Clement, however, inherited certain ideas of the second century Christian apologists. He presented the relatedness of historic Christ to the transcendental Logos as a hermeneutic task of the interpretation of the Divine Word. The boundaries of Alexandrian Cosmology turned out to be, as it were, both widened and deepened: the Logos is equal both to the Father and m an which is utterly im possible in Philo's teaching. The world has been created after the Logos» likeness (Strom. V. 38, 7). The Old and New Testament relationship is considered as a link between school and life: «Through Moses the Logos presented Himself as the Paedogogus,» or »Teacher» (Paed. I. 11). In his polemic against the Alexandrian Gnosticism Clement defended the role of cosmos as a school of spiritual creatures. While developing Clement's ideas, Origen reached the acme of allegorical interpretation in consequence of which he became a mouthpiece of excesses of this method and was posthumously condemned by the Fifth Oecumenical Council. Origen's work of textual criticism Hexapla, representing an attempt to take into account all the possible variety of readings of the Old Testament translations, became a monument of Alexandrian Philology, while at the same time expressing one of his staple ideas concerning the text's multiple meanings. The didascalus» (i. e. the early Christian teacher's) mistakes were noticed both by representatives of the Antiochene school and by his own successors in the Alexandrian school, especially by St Peter the Martyr who reproached him for his disregard for the Bible's grammatical sense. Origen interprets the whole world as a parable of the Divine transcendental reality. In this connection, the Old Testament, as it had developed in history, was a parable of the New Testament, giving the fullness of moral norms, whereas the New Testament is a parable of the «Eternal Gospel», containing the mystery of the »age to come. «Origen understood this mystery, according to Hellenistic Philosophy and in defiance of the Church doctrine, as the timeless world of spirits who at times fall apart from their Maker. History is cyclic: »Before this world there had been other worlds» (Princ. III. 5, 3). No world, however, has resembled the previous one (Ibid. II. 3, 4). The worlds» profile is defined by the free will of the creatures who have failed to hold on contemplating the Good. On the one hand, Origen cannot ensure the safety of salvation; on the other hand, he is full of hope that nobody, even the devil himself, shall perish altogether. God leads everybody to the recovery of communion with Himself, theoretically speaking, it must be universal (the final Apocatastasis, that is, universal salvation). The blurred vision of God is connected with the fact that even the Logos Himself does not thoroughly know the Father, albeit He cannot fall apart from the Latter as He is not created. Relations among the Persons of the Holy Trinity are presented as a hierarchical subordination in the one nature. Origen's heritage was quite controversial: his triadological subordinationism was laid into the basis of Arianism; his Cosmology and Anthropology engendered the movement of «Origenism », within which there developed a few sects; this notwithstanding, he did make a terminological basis for further Orthodox Christian theologising. St Athanasius the Great (295–373 AD) and St Cyril of Alexandria (380–444 AD) used the methodology elaborated by Origen, but on the basis of another principle: they recognised the consensus of reason and the catholic teaching of the Church as the standard of Truth. Thus, the rationalist com ponent of the Alexandrian school Philosophy was finally subordinated to its other original com ponent – that of faith. Reason obeys faith, and the latter obeys the Council, the exponent of the collective memory of Holy Tradition. This trend towards elaborating »the standard of Orthodoxy» was continued by representatives of the Cappadocian school which, due to its succession through St Athanasius, is also called the Neo-Alexandrian one. The existence of the Alexandrian school as an independent institution was first undermined by the activities of its scientific director Didymus the Blind (340–395 AD) who was preaching Origenism and arousing the Origenist disputes», and finally stopped with the departure of its last didascalus Rhodon for the town of Side in Pamphylia (405 AD). This notwithstanding, one can easily see certain ideas of the Alexandrian school in the works by St Maxim us the Confessor (7th century AD) and St John of Dam ascus (8th century AD), in the best com positions of Byzantine hymnography, and at all times of the development of European culture.

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My first introduction to the word “twerk” was on Usher’s highly anticipated 8701 albums. The album, released in the summer of 2001, featured the song “Twerk it Out.” A melodic tune, “Twerk it Out” features a rhythm and blues flow that has largely dissipated from the contemporary sound. Though sexual in undertone, Usher’s “twerking” references a sensuality absent from its contemporary use. Nevertheless, while this song marked my introduction to the word, it hardly introduced “twerking.” Twerking, or the sexualized gyration in which one uses their waist and upper leg to thrust the derriere and pelvic region, derived from rhythmic motions that did not originate as sexual. In its European abduction, this movement became “twerking,” an act that seemingly centralizes and celebrates the derriere. For this reason, twerking appears a badge of glory for those who have the right attributes. Twerking, however, does not place the derriere in an exalted position. So while it appears that many curvy black girls and women have accepted their bodies, those who credit twerking with this pride do so under the oppressive gaze of white supremacist propaganda. Twerking marks a commodified culture propagated for profit. Therefore, twerking designates the black woman’s derriere as exhibition, an exhibition reminiscent of the auction block culture that compartmentalized the African foremother. Perhaps the most referenced foremother with regards to the black female body is Saartje Baartman. Baartman, a voluptuous Khoi-Khoi woman exhibited in a French circus during the 18th century, functioned as a line of demarcation between black and white women. Particularly, the French appointed Baartman as a symbol of an exaggerated and “freakish” sexuality that aligned black woman with animals. This alignment underscored European humanity. Though she did not twerk, Baartman epitomizes what results from twerk culture— a villanized imaging that delineates the black woman as an animal to be bought and sold. Simultaneously, this depiction illustrates a line of demarcation between civilization and chastity. Thus, by twerking, black women take a place beside Baartman, not as beautiful black women, but as powerful figures rendered powerless by the white gaze. Yet, with a psyche severely distorted by disenfranchisement, Twerking appears to walk the fine line between appreciation and exploitation. This statement, contentious in both theory and execution, proves most evident in Normani’s recent video (and reception) for her single “Motivation.” Motivation marks the first solo effort from Normani— the sole black woman in girl group 5th Harmony. During her time in the group known for songs like “Worth It,” and “Work from Home,” Normani was an obvious standout. Though not the first member of the group to go solo, Normani was the only member of the group to exhibit talent in both singing and dancing. Yet, while her talent made her hard to ignore, it is what Normani meant to the little black girls seeking to see themselves that proves most resonant. Normani planted a mustard seed of hope for the brown girl to see that the spotlight looks beautiful on brown skin. This evidences that we as a people still have a pertinent issue with regards to cultivating our children to see beyond the oppressive gaze. What I mean here, is that black children remain forced to look to the auction block for inspiration, to mimic our ancestor’s exploitation and not the parts of them that his story refuses to remember. Normani’s new video “Motivation,” proves a contemporized version of Beyonce’s “Crazy in Love” sixteen years after the solo hit transitioned Beyonce from girl group member into a solo superstar. “Motivation,” promises the same for Normani, but this foreboding fact poses an important query: Do we really need another Beyonce? For clarity, by “we,” I speak specifically to those of African descent displaced in America. I also pose this inquiry as someone who grew up loving Beyonce. While her talent, beauty, and body was not something that I necessarily looked up to—it was something that I appreciated and still appreciate. Beyonce had a similar body to the women in my family, so as young girl becoming a woman, she subconsciously aided in my body confidence. However, Beyonce’s moves, which would make her into a global superstar, itemized not only her own physique, but the black female aesthetic that has went on to consummate a beauty standard autonomous from its black female origins. So, while it may seem that Beyonce twerked her way to the top, “Crazy In Love” marks the beginning of a contemporary trajectory where America fell crazy in love with an itemized black aesthetic but not the black woman. What’s interesting about Beyonce is that though pegged as a light-skinned black woman, her rise to the top, highlights that though not a Kelly Rowland or a Grace Jones, Beyonce does not function as a Mariah Carey, whose voice and passable appearance made it so that her voice, not her body, proved enough for her stardom. Beyonce, however, twerked her way to the allusive top, and it is her “showmanship,” not necessarily her voice, that consummated her icon-status. Perhaps, the only black woman to reach international stardom without using her body is Whitney Houston, which is a large part of her irreplaceable legacy. Nevertheless, as black bodies under the white supremacist spotlight, both Whitney Houston and Beyonce symbolize the black woman on the auction block, bought and sold millions of times as an artist and as an itemized entity. Similarly, while the world appears to superficially celebrate Normani’s voice, body, and dance moves at the moment, this enthusiasm would greatly dissipate if she were a black woman using her mind to lead her people away from anti-blackness. Normani’s reception is just another example of how America will always have a space for the black person who uses their body. America will always have a place for the sexy black girl, whose sex appeal comes to encompass what remains a woman’s most desired and profitable asset, her beauty. This video and its reception proves another example of how America will promote the belief that Hollywood is anything other than a stage for the black woman who can solely incite a superficial pride that cannot and will not inspire true change. As a potential “new Beyonce” that is darker-skinned, Normani suggests that things have changed. Normani resumes the distorted American story where the black woman who has twerked her way to the top proves that the country loves black people and appreciates black women. This, of course, could not be further from the truth. For if the country truly loved and appreciated black women, there would be no Beyonce or Normani. Instead, black women would see images that encouraged them to use their minds, their creativity, not their bodies that act as a boat that continues to transition black female humanity into cargo. Thus, the answer to my earlier query is, of course, no. The black community does not need another Beyonce, or another image engineered by white supremacy that delineates beauty and aesthetic superiority. What we do need more of are black thinkers that can appreciate the Beyonce’s and the Normani’s without the desire to imitate. This transition is exciting to consider in juxtaposition to a rather important trend. Here, I speak to the parity between the black female twerk and phallic instruments. In the Motivation video, Normani twerks to a trumpet. Similarly, singer-rapper Lizzo adds to her tokenized presence by twerking and playing the flute. This parity garners notable media attention as black women display their physical abilities amidst simulated sex scenes. These graphic, yet celebrated, images work to subconsciously teach black women to view their beauty as consummated in provoking sexual enticement. These simulated sex scenes of course “sell,” but more problematically, they reveal black women sold to a record industry and a lusty white supremacist gaze that employs their body as a bridge to social and economic superiority. In considering the black body as a bridge to their oppressor’s economic franchisement, it is imperative to note that one does not have to use their body to twerk. Twerking, like enslavement, was never about the body. The body functions as a medium to obtain and exhibit cognitive control and build dependency on a pernicious oppression. The dependence manifests itself in the oppressed’s continued quest for an economic opportunity from their oppressors. So whether acquiring a recording contract, or employment at a lauded establishment, black women (and people) remain subject to the normalized expectation that they perform, or work (werk) for a price. Sometimes this price is millions, other times it is just enough to pay the rent, but regardless of what the price affords the black woman, it will never afford her the self, or esteem necessary to circumvent cognitive bondage. The ubiquitous auction block culture propagates that, for the black woman, the road to the top begins at the bottom, or as seen in auction block culture, with their bottoms. The black woman simply cannot and will not twerk her way to the top; this behavior only secures her place at the bottom of a society that keeps her looking up. This image makes me think of the late Toni Morrison’s novel Sula where the black population occupies the top of a hill that the whites name “bottom.” The whites occupy the bottom of the hill, in which they name “top,” of course. We see parity between these concepts and the body. Notably, the top, or large breasts, which traditionally corresponded to the white female physique, consummated the “top” or apex with regards to Western beauty. A shapely derriere, on the other hand, constituted the “bottom” or a base attribute. Auction block culture reinforces this ideology, an ideology seemingly complicated by the black female physique now copied and pasted onto African-adjacent women. Here, we see that the black female body, detached from the black woman, is literally bought and sold for the benefit of a white supremacist society that has done nothing to negotiate the “top” “bottom” concepts, but have dismembered the black woman on the Hollywood auction block and sold (and continues to sell) her temple to anyone willing to pay. Black blood continues to translate into white money, and twerking merely helps our oppressors to advertise their product. Their product, remains the commodified black body and the black mind as long as we look to the African adjacent hoping for them to accept or acknowledge what they can never be. For a black woman’s body was never a “bottom.” Rather, a black woman’s behind illustrates her cultural apex. Here is where I should say something like, let Normani’s video be a “motivation” to fall “crazy in love” with a definition of blackness autonomous from Western influence. For this post, however, I wish to ask you a question. Twerking has become the picture that accompanies the the black female narrative, but if the black women at the “top,” be it Normani who twerks her way into a point of reference, Beyonce who twerks her way into international stardom, or Michelle Obama who socially twerks her way into American status, how is this different than the black woman who twerks in places seen to constitute society’s base, like a street corner or in a strip club? The black female pop star is no different than the black female street walker, just as Michelle Obama is no different than the academically decorated black women seeking a seat in the corner office in a corporation founded on her ancestor’s blood. Commonly, the pop star and the corporate superstar twerk to emerge as “something,” or to be seen as “someone” in this white supremacist society. There is no “top” for us in American society. Every turn in this labyrinth is to employ black people as workers in their own destitution. While twerking may yield different results and prices, twerkers continue to pay with their souls—an irretrievable loss for the black collective and a sustainable win for the African adjacent. Twerking is what you do when the sound of your oppression sounds like a beat. Black Power ❤

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US Pharm. 2019;44(12):HS10-HS13. ABSTRACT: Radiation is one of the treatment modalities used for the management of malignancies. One of the side effects of radiation therapy is radiation-induced emesis; however, antiemetics appear to sometimes be underutilized. Several organizations have published guidelines on the management of radiation-induced nausea and vomiting based on the level of risk. Radiation-induced emesis can be well controlled with the use of a 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptor antagonist, reflecting serotonin’s role in this condition. Appropriate prevention and treatment of radiation-induced nausea and vomiting are necessary for completing the course of radiation therapy so that a positive treatment outcome may be achieved without interruption. Radiation-induced nausea and vomiting as a side effect of radiation therapy may be underestimated by both the heathcare provider and the patient.1,2 Radiation can cause nausea and vomiting, which can start during the radiation therapy and last for days after radiation therapy is completed; therefore, it can also affect the efficacy of other cancer treatment modalities, including chemotherapy if it is also a part of the treatment regimen.2 Nausea is a serious side effect of radiation therapy that can impact the patient’s quality of life. It is estimated that radiation induces nausea and vomiting in 50% to 80% of patients. Patients undergoing this therapy often receive up to 40 fractions of radiation in a 6- to 8-week period. Patients with radiation-induced nausea and vomiting potentially could refuse further treatment or experience delays in treatment, which could adversely affect outcome.1 Risk Factors for Radiation-Induced Nausea and Vomiting The severity of nausea and vomiting induced by radiation therapy depends mainly on the area where the radiation is delivered. Total-body radiation has the highest likelihood of inducing nausea and vomiting, and radiation delivered to the upper abdomen incurs the second-highest risk. Also, increasing the body area being irradiated, the radiation fractions used, and the overall total dose of radiation administered will elevate the risk of radiation-induced nausea and vomiting.2 It has been reported that the use of irradiation sites exceeding 400 cm2 significantly influences the prophylactic use of antiemetic agents to prevent radiation-induced nausea and vomiting.3 Pathophysiology and Mechanisms The pathophysiology and mechanisms of radiation-induced emesis are complex. It has been suggested that both serotonin levels and the abdomen play important roles in radiation-induced nausea and vomiting. Elevated levels of the active serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid have been identified in the urine of patients experiencing this side effect. Also, emesis caused by radiation therapy can be well controlled with administration of a 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonist, which confirms the role of serotonin in radiation-induced nausea and vomiting.4 Antiemetic Prescribing Practices Statistically significant factors that influence the prescribing of antiemetic therapies are concurrent administration of chemotherapy with radiation therapy and previous occurrence of chemotherapy-induced vomiting. Based on study results, radiation-induced nausea and vomiting appear to be underestimated, and antiemetics for the condition are being underprescribed by radiation oncologists.3 A variety of antiemetic agents have been used for the prevention and treatment of radiation-induced nausea and vomiting, but the most evidence is available for 5-HT3 receptor antagonists.5,6 Guidelines for Management Three different guidelines on the management of radiation-induced nausea have been developed by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), and the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC) and European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO).7-9 NCCN Guidelines: The NCCN lists total-body radiation as having the highest risk of nausea and vomiting because it induces this condition in more than 90% of patients (TABLE 1).7 Of patients who receive upper-abdominal radiation therapy, 30% to 90% will experience nausea and vomiting. Patients undergoing total-body irradiation should receive a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist—either granisetron 2 mg by mouth daily or ondansetron 8 mg by mouth two to three times daily, depending on the patient’s needs—with or without dexamethasone 4 mg by mouth daily. In patients receiving radiation to the upper abdomen or other localized sites, either granisetron 2 mg by mouth daily or ondansetron 8 mg by mouth twice daily, with or without dexamethasone 4 mg by mouth daily, should be given. For concurrent administration of chemotherapy and radiation, it is recommended that an antiemetic regimen appropriate for chemotherapy be used. Some chemotherapy agents confer a higher emetogenic risk when they are combined with radiation. For example, temozolomide less than or equal to 75 mg /m2 per day administered orally is considered to have minimal to low emetogenic risk (frequency of emesis <30%), but when it is administered concurrently with radiation, it has a moderate emetogenic risk (frequency of emesis 30% or higher). Patients who experience breakthrough radiation-induced nausea and vomiting should be given a drug of a different class from the agent administered for breakthrough chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Patients who experience breakthrough radiation-induced nausea and vomiting should be given a drug of a different class from the agent administered for prophylaxis of the nausea and vomiting.7 ASCO Guidelines: The ASCO guidelines classify radiation-induced nausea and vomiting into four risk categories (high-, moderate-, low-, and minimal-risk) based on the anatomical site of radiation administration (TABLE 2).8 Total-body radiation, which causes nausea and vomiting in more than 90% of patients, is considered high-risk. Craniospinal irradiation and radiation administered to the upper abdomen are moderate-risk, as they induce nausea and vomiting in 30% to 90% of patients. Radiation administered to the brain, head and neck, thorax, or pelvis is considered low-risk because it induces nausea and vomiting in just 10% to 30% of patients. Radiation administered to the extremities or the breast confers minimal risk because it induces nausea and vomiting in fewer than 10% of patients. It is recommended that patients who are undergoing high-risk (total-body) radiation be offered a two-drug regimen for prevention of radiation-induced nausea and vomiting. The two-drug regimen should comprise either ondansetron (oral, oral dissolving tablet, oral soluble film, or IV) or granisetron (oral or IV) plus oral or IV dexamethasone. Ondansetron may be administered once or twice daily on radiation-therapy days; if it is administered twice daily, the first dose should be administered prior to the radiation. Also, the patient should receive ondansetron once or twice daily on the day following each radiation session if radiation therapy is not planned for that day. Granisetron is administered once daily on the day of each radiation session prior to administration of radiation and on the day after each radiation session if radiation therapy is not planned for that day. Dexamethasone is administered prophylactically once daily on days of radiation therapy before radiation is administered and on the day following each radiation session if radiation therapy is not planned for that day. Patients receiving moderate-risk radiation (upper abdominal or craniospinal) should be given prophylactic treatment with ondansetron (oral, oral dissolving tablet, oral soluble film, or IV), granisetron (oral or IV), or tropisetron (oral or IV) and, optionally, oral or IV dexamethasone. Prophylactic ondansetron may be administered once or twice daily on days of radiation therapy, with the first dose administered before the radiation. Granisetron and tropisetron are administered once daily before the radiation. If dexamethasone is used prophylactically, it should be administered once daily prior to the radiation on the first 5 days of radiation therapy. According to the ASCO, patients undergoing low-risk radiation (head and neck, thorax, or pelvis) or minimal-risk radiation (extremities or breast) should be offered rescue therapy with ondansetron or granisetron, dexamethasone, or a dopamine receptor antagonist (prochlorperazine or metoclopramide). Patients undergoing low-risk radiation to the brain should be offered dexamethasone as rescue therapy. Dexamethasone may be administered as a rescue agent if the patient is not already taking a corticosteroid, and the dexamethasone dose should be titrated as needed to a maximum of 16 mg daily (oral or IV). Prochlorperazine and metoclopramide administered as rescue agents for low-risk radiation-induced nausea and vomiting should be titrated up as needed to a maximum of 3 to 4 administrations daily. For adult patients being treated with radiation therapy and chemotherapy concurrently, the antiemetic regimen should be appropriate for the emetic risk of chemotherapy if the risk level of radiation therapy is not higher than the risk level of chemotherapy. If radiation therapy continues after chemotherapy has been completed, the antiemetic regimen should be adjusted to the emetic risk of radiation therapy.8 MASCC/ESMO Guidelines: The MASCC/ESMO guidelines also classify radiation-induced nausea and vomiting into four categories based on the irradiation site (TABLE 3).9 These categories are similar to those in the ASCO guidelines. The high-risk category comprises total-body radiation; it is recommended that these patients receive prophylactic treatment with 5-HT3 receptor antagonists in combination with dexamethasone. Patients undergoing upper-abdominal or craniospinal radiation therapy are considered to be at moderate risk for developing radiation-induced nausea and vomiting. In these patients, prophylactic treatment with a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist and optional dexamethasone is recommended. Patients receiving radiation to the cranium, head and neck, thorax region, or pelvis are considered to have a low risk of developing radiation-induced nausea and vomiting. Patients receiving cranial radiation should be given dexamethasone as prophylactic or rescue therapy. Those receiving radiation therapy to the head and neck, thorax region, or pelvis should receive prophylactic or rescue therapy with dexamethasone, a dopamine receptor antagonist, or a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist. Patients who receive minimal-risk radiation therapy (extremities or breast) should be offered rescue therapy with dexamethasone, a dopamine receptor antagonist, or a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist. If a patient receives concomitant chemotherapy and radiation therapy, the antiemetic therapy should be aligned with the emetic risk of the chemotherapy unless radiation therapy has a higher risk of inducing nausea and vomiting.9 Radiation-induced nausea and vomiting can be a serious side effect of radiation therapy, adversely impacting the patient’s quality of life and potentially compromising treatment because patients who experience severe nausea and vomiting might refuse subsequent radiation therapy treatments. Therefore, prevention and treatment are important to help avoid or alleviate the symptoms of radiation-induced nausea and vomiting. Various resources are available to assist healthcare practitioners in choosing the most appropriate treatment for radiation-induced emesis; however, all therapies must be individualized based on the patient’s needs, characteristics, and other factors. 1. Feyer PC, Maranzano E, Molassiotis A, et al. Radiotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (RINV): MASCC/ESMO guideline for antiemetics in radiotherapy; update 2009. Support Care Cancer. 2011;19(suppl 1):S5-S14. 2. Urba S. Radiation-induced nausea and vomiting. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2007;5(1):60-65. 3. Maranzano E, De Angelis V, Pergolizzi S. A prospective observational trial on emesis in radiotherapy: analysis of 1020 patients recruited in 45 Italian radiation oncology centres. Radiother Oncol. 2010;94(1):36-41. 4. Scarantino CW, Ornitz RD, Hoffman LG, Anderson RF Jr. On the mechanism of radiation-induced emesis: the role of serotonin. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1994:30(4):825-830. 5. Franzén L, Nyman J, Hagberg H, et al. A randomised placebo controlled study with ondansetron in patients undergoing fractionated radiotherapy. Ann Oncol. 1996;7(6):587-592. 6. Spitzer TR, Friedman CJ, Bushnell W, et al. Double-blind, randomized, parallel-group study on the efficacy and safety of oral granisetron and oral ondansetron in the prophylaxis of nausea and vomiting in patients receiving hyperfractionated total body irradiation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2000;26(2):203-210. 7. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines). Antiemesis. Version 1.2019. www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/antiemesis.pdf. Accessed August 15, 2019. 8. Hesketh PJ, Kris MG, Basch E, et al. Antiemetics: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(28):3240-3261. 9. Ruhlmann CH, Jahn F, Jordan K, et al. 2016 updated MASCC/ESMO consensus recommendations: prevention of radiotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Support Care Cancer. 2017;25(1):309-316. To comment on this article, contact [email protected].

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September (Settembre) is when you will find food festivals (sagre) dedicated to the flavors of autumn: porcini mushrooms, cinghiale, and more. A number of cities also celebrate their medieval traditions during September. September 19, the feast day of San Gennaro, is a local holiday in Naples. What is the Weather in Italy in September? Late September brings autumn, milder temperatures, and more rain. Along with October, this transitional month for tourism is part of Italy’s shoulder season and is a wonderful time to visit. Sightseeing, outdoor dining, and country drives are ideal activities for September. The weather in September is also warm enough to go to the beach in most places—though you may find that many beach resorts and bathhouses close as soon as the month begins. The Italian mindset is seasonal and September is not considered a time to go to the beach, but a time to gear up for fall. High temperatures in September in northern Italy, which includes Milan, Venice, Bologna, and Turin, average in the mid- to high-70s °F (low to mid-20s °C). On average, northern Italy gets about six days of rain in September. Expect warm days and cool nights in central Italy in September. Average high temperatures for Rome and Florence in September hover around 80°F (27°C), with nightly lows around 58°F (15°C). September in Southern Italy is warm and relatively dry, with about five days of rain. Daily temperatures range from highs in the low 80s (high 20s °C) to lows in the 60s (low 20s °C). September Average Temperatures September in Italy: Holidays, Festivals, and Other Events MiTo Settembre Musica A classical music celebration shared by northern Italy’s largest cities Milan and Torino, MiTo Settembre Musica runs for three weeks during September and features performances by symphonies, orchestras, and choirs. The concert calendar usually posts in June. First Sunday of September – Palio Horse Race in Asti, Piemonte The city of Asti in Piemonte holds claim to the oldest bareback horserace in Italy, which has been run nearly continuously since the 13th century. The Palio di Asti takes place in September, typically on the first Sunday, but sometimes later in the month. Early to Mid-September – Peperoncino Festival in Diamante, Calabria A celebration of chili peppers in the Italian region where they are used the most. The Diamante Peperoncino Festival takes place over about a week in early to mid-September and features cooking and cultivation demonstrations by the Accademia Italiana del Peperoncino as well as lots of food stands where you can taste varieties of the fiery fruits. Mid-September – Giostro della Quintana in Foligno, Umbria September marks the second edition, or challenge, of Foligno’s twice-yearly jousting tournament, the Giostro della Quintana, an event that was revived in 1946. One of the bigger traditional events in Umbria, the Quintana features a Ring Joust and a parade of more than 700 locals dressed in 17th century costumes. See also the listing for June. Mid-September – Palio Horse Race, Parma Parma, in Emilia-Romagna, also holds a medieval horse race in September, pitting its five districts against one another. Learn more about the Palio di Parma. September 19 – Feast of San Gennaro, Napoli and environs Saint Januarius, known in Italian as San Gennaro, is the principal patron saint of Naples and he is celebrated each year on September 19, the alleged day of his martydom in the 4th century. This day is also one of three days throughout the year when the faithful go to Naples Cathedral to witness the liquefaction of the blood of San Gennaro. The Festa di San Gennaro is a local holiday, meaning that schools and businesses are closed. September Calendar: Italy Anniversaries and Events - Birth of art patron Scipione Borghese (1577) - Birth of Vittorio Gassman (1922) - Feast Day of Rose of Viterbo - End of the Western Roman Empire (476) - Feast Day of Mother Teresa - Birth of Goffredo Mameli (1827), author of the Italian National Anthem (Inno D’Italia) - Cassius Clay wins boxing gold at the Olympic Games in Rome (1960) - Birth of Andrea Camilleri (1925) - Death of Luciano Pavarotti (2007) - Roman soldiers led by Emperor Titus plunder Jerusalem (70) - Birth of Giuseppe Gioachino Belli (1791), the “people’s poet” of Rome - Feast Day of the Nativity of Mary - Birth of Bernardino of Siena (1380) - Birth of Caterina of Bologna (1413) - Birth of soprano Giuseppina Strepponi (1815), muse and second wife of Giuseppe Verdi - 7.2 magnitude earthquake rocks Calabria, killing between 557-2,500 people (1905) - Birth of Aurelian (214) - Construction begins on the Duomo of Florence (1296) - Birth of Cesare Pavese (1908) - Feast Day of Nicholas of Tolentino - Death of Federico da Montefeltro (1482) - Nazi German troops begin their occupation of Rome (1943) - Abebe Bikila wins the marathon, bare footed, at the Olympic Games in Rome (1960) - Birth of naturalist Ulisse Aldrovandi (1522) - Death of Beatrice Cenci (1599), young noblewoman condemned for murdering her abusive father - Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus is dedicated on Rome’s Capitoline Hill (509 B.C.) - Death of Titus (81) - Birth of Cesare Borgia (1475), an inspiration for Machiavelli’s The Prince - Michelangelo begins working on his statue of David (1501) - Death of artist Andrea Mantegna (1506) - Birth of composer Girolamo Frescobaldi (1583) - Death of writer Italo Svevo (1928) - Death of mountaineer Walter Bonatti (2011) - Rite of the Holy Nail at the Duomo of Milan, in which the relic is retrieved from the apse and put on display for two weeks - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire following the death of his brother Titus (81) - Death of Dante Alighieri (1321) - Birth of Renzo Piano (1937) - Feast Day of Our Lady of Sorrows - Birth of Ettore Bugatti (1881), founder of Bugatti - Birth of Umberto II (1904), known as the “May King” for his reign of 34 days prior to Italy becoming a republic - Birth of cyclist Fausto Coppi (1919) - Feast Day of Roberto Bellarmine - Birth of Ranuccio II Farnese (1630), Duke of Parma - Death of Tobias Smollett, author of Travels Through France and Italy - Birth of mountaineer Reinhold Messner (1944), Bressanone/Brixen-born mountaineer who made the first solo ascent of Mount Everest - Birth of Trajan (53) - Domitian assassinated, Nerva declared emperor (96) - Birth of actor Rossano Brazzi (1916), star of Three Coins in the Fountain - Feast Day of San Gennaro - Birth of Antoninus Pius (86) - Death of Italo Calvino (1985) - The capture of Rome by the Bersaglieri completes the unification of Italy (1870) - Birth of Sophia Loren (1934) - Death of Virgil (19 B.C.) - Birth of Girolamo Savonarola (1452) - Birth of Maurizio Catellan (1960), controversial artist who sculpted the famous Dita middle finger statue in Milan - Death of artist Alessandro Allori (1607) - Birth of Andrea Bocelli (1958) - Feast Day of Padre Pio - Birth of Augustus (63 B.C.) - Death of Vincenzo Bellini (1835) - Birth of Paolo Rossi (1956) - Birth of Vitellius (15) - Death of Poliziano (1494) - Birth of Francesco Borromini (1599) - Birth of Sandro Pertini (1896), voice of the Italian Resistance during World War II and 7th President of Italy - Death of actress Anna Magnani (1973) - Birth of Lorenzo Cherubini, aka Jovanotti (1966) - Birth of Francesco Totti (1976) - Death of Pompey (48 B.C.) - Birth of Marcello Mastroianni (1924), notable actor who starred in La Dolce Vita - Birth of Pompey (106 B.C.) - Birth of Enrico Fermi (1901) - Birth of director Michelangelo Antonioni (1912) - Birth of Anita Ekberg (1931), the actress who waded in the Trevi Fountain in the film La Dolce Vita - Birth of Silvio Berlusconi (1936) - Feast Day of Saint Jerome - Birth of Monica Bellucci (1964)

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|Iona shown within Scotland.| |OS grid reference:||NM275245| |Gaelic name:||Ì Chaluim Cille| |Norse name:||Eyin Helga; Hioe (hypothetical)| |Meaning of name:||Gaelic for 'Columba's island'.| |Area and Summit| |Area:||877 ha (2,166 acres)| |Area rank (Scottish islands):||55| |Highest elevation:||Dùn Ì 101m (331 ft)| |Population rank (inhabited Scottish islands):||40 out of 97| |Main settlement:||Baile Mór| |Local Authority:||Argyll and Bute| Iona is a small island located in the north-west region of Scotland that forms part of the Inner Hebrides. Though small in size, this island has played a very large role in the history of Scottish and Celtic Christianity. It is renowned as the place where Saint Columba founded a monastery after being exiled from Ireland, which grew into a vibrant center of Celtic Christianity in the British Isles. From Iona, missionary monks traveled to other parts of Scotland, Britain, and Europe, spreading Christian teachings. It is conjectured that Iona may also have been the original location for the writing of the Book of Kells before it was moved to Ireland following Viking raids. The reputation of the island as a center of learning and sanctity was so great that it was (and is) known as "Holy Island" and many Scottish kings are buried there. Iona's fame as a place of learning and Christian mission spread throughout Europe and it became a major site of pilgrimage. In Gaelic, the island is called Ì Chaluim Cille (Saint Columba's Island), or sometimes just Ì or Idhe. Known for its tranquility and natural beauty, Iona is a popular Scottish tourist attraction today renowned for its ancient connection to Celtic Christianity. The island of Iona lies approximately one mile (1.6 km) from the coast of Isle of Mull. The island is 1 mile wide (1.6 km) and 3.5 miles (5.6 km) long with a resident population of 125. Iona's highest point is Dùn Ì (101 m, 331 ft), an Iron Age hill fort, dating from 100B.C.E.-200C.E. Its geographical features include the Bay at the Back of the Ocean and Càrn Cùl ri Éirinn (The Hill with His Back to Ireland), said to be adjacent to the beach where St. Columba first landed. Away from the historic buildings, Iona offers enjoyable walks to the north of the island, with pristine white sand beaches, and south and west to the Bay at the Back of the Atlantic. Pebbles of the famous green Iona marble, commercially mined in the nineteenth century (the quarry and original machinery survive) can be found on the island's beaches. In 563 C.E., Saint Columba, also known as Colm Cille, left his native Ireland and founded a monastery at Iona with 12 companions. The Catholic Encyclopedia reports, "The motives for this migration have been frequently discussed…[including the theory] that his departure was due to the fact that he had induced the clan Neill to rise and engage in battle against King Diarmait at Cooldrevny in 561… [However,] Cardinal Moran accepts no other motive than that assigned by Adamnan, 'a desire to carry the Gospel to a pagan nation and to win souls to God'" (Lives ot Irish Saints in Great Britain, 67). The consensus is that Saint Columba was exiled from Ireland as a result of his involvement in the Battle of Cul Dreimhne, never to look back at his native land. From Iona, Columba and his 12 companions set about the conversion of pagan Scotland and much of northern England to Christianity. Iona's fame as a place of learning and Christian mission spread throughout Europe and it became a major site of pilgrimage. Iona became a holy island where several kings of Scotland, Ireland, and Norway came to be buried. Many believe that the Book of Kells was produced, in whole or in part, on Iona towards the end of the eighth century before they moved back to Ireland. A series of Viking raids on the monastery on Iona began in 794, and after its treasures had been plundered many times, Columba’s relics were removed and divided two ways between Scotland and Ireland in 849 C.E. and the monastery was abandoned. A convent for the Order of Benedictine Nuns was established in 1203, with Beathag, daughter of Somerled, as first prioress. The present Benedictine abbey was built in the same period. The monastery itself flourished until the Reformation when buildings were demolished and all but three of the 360 carved crosses destroyed. One of the oldest and most important Christian centers in Western Europe, Iona Abbey is considered the point of origin for the spread of Christianity throughout Scotland. Iona Abbey is located on the Isle of Iona, just off the Isle of Mull on the West Coast of Scotland. The abbey was founded by St. Columba after he had been linked to founding Oronsay Priory. In 563 C.E., Saint Columba arrived in Iona from Ireland. He founded a monastery on this site. The abbey grew quickly and soon became one of the largest religious centers in western Europe. Monks from Iona set up religious centers as far away as Switzerland. The Chronicle of Ireland was also produced at Iona, until about 740 C.E. In 806 C.E., everyone at the abbey was found dead. This has been attributed to a Viking massacre. Three other Viking attacks are recorded within eleven years of this date. The Celtic Church remained separate from the Roman Catholic Church for many centuries. However, by the thirteenth century, Iona had been absorbed into the Roman Church. It became part of the Benedictine order. Another Benedictine foundation, the Iona Nunnery, was established nearby in 1203. With the advent of the Protestant Reformation in Scotland, Iona, along with numerous other abbeys throughout Scotland, England, Wales, and Ireland, were closed or destroyed. Many of Iona's buildings were demolished. In the nineteenth century, Iona was granted to the Church of Scotland, which undertook extensive restoration of the site. In 1938, the Reverend George MacLeod led a group that rebuilt the abbey, and founded the Iona Community. This ecumenical Christian community continues to use the site to this day. Items of interest Many early Scottish kings and chiefs, as well as kings from Ireland, Norway, and France are buried in the Abbey graveyard. (There are thought to be 48 kings there.) These include Duncan—the victim of Macbeth. Several Celtic Crosses are to be found on the Isle of Iona. St Martin's Cross (dated to the eighth century) still stands by the road side. A replica of St John's Cross is found by the doorway of the Abbey. The restored original is located in the Infirmary Museum at the rear of the abbey. Iona Abbey, now an ecumenical church, is of particular historical and religious interest to pilgrims and visitors alike. It is the most elaborate and best-preserved ecclesiastical building surviving from the Middle Ages in the Western Isles of Scotland. In front of the Abbey stands the ninth century St Martin's Cross, one of the best-preserved Celtic crosses in the British Isles, and a replica of the eighth century St John's Cross (original fragments in the Abbey museum). The ancient burial ground, called the Reilig Odhráin, contains the twelfth century chapel of St Odhrán (said to be Columba's uncle), restored at the same time as the Abbey itself. It contains a number of medieval grave monuments. The abbey graveyard contains the graves of many early kings of Scotland, as well as kings from Ireland, Norway, and France. Iona became the burial site for the kings of Dál Riata and their successors. Notable burials there include: - King Kenneth I of Scotland - King Donald II of Scotland - King Malcolm I of Scotland - King Duncan I of Scotland - King Macbeth of Scotland - King Donald III of Scotland In 1549 C.E., an inventory of 48 Scottish, eight Norwegian, and four Irish kings was recorded. None of these graves are now identifiable (their inscriptions were reported to have worn away at the end of the seventeenth century). Other early Christian and medieval monuments have been removed for preservation to the cloister arcade of the Abbey, and the Abbey museum (in the medieval infirmary). The ancient buildings of Iona Abbey are now cared for by Historic Scotland. Iona Nunnery survives as a series of exquisitely beautiful twelfth-thirteenth century ruins of the church and cloister, and a colorful and peaceful garden. Unlike the rest of the medieval religious buildings, the nunnery was too fragmentary to restore, though its remains are nevertheless the most complete survival of a medieval nunnery in Scotland. In 1938, George MacLeod founded the Iona Community, an ecumenical Christian community of men and women from different walks of life and different traditions in the Christian church, committed to seeking new ways of living the gospel of Jesus in today's world. This community is a leading force in the present Celtic Christianity revival. The Iona Community runs three residential centers on the Isle of Iona and on Isle of Mull. These are places of welcome and engagement giving a unique opportunity to live together in community with people of every background from all over the world. Weeks at the centers often follow a program related to the concerns of the Iona Community. - Hamish Haswell-Smith, The Scottish Islands (Edinburgh: Canongate). - Ordnance Survey, Homepage. Retrieved December 27, 2007. - Joseph Anderson, ed., Orkneyinga Saga, translated by Jón A. Hjaltalin & Gilbert Goudie (Edinburgh: James Thin and Mercat Press, 1990 reprint). ISBN 0-901824-25-9 - Census 2001, Scotland Census. Retrieved December 27, 2007. - New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia, St. Columba. Retrieved December 27, 2007. - BBC, Iona—A Beacon of Light Through the Dark Ages. Retrieved December 27, 2007. - Travel Scottland, Isle of Iona. Retrieved December 27, 2007. - The Iona Community, Homepage. Retrieved December 27, 2007. - Anderson, Joseph, ed. Orkneyinga Saga. Translated by Jón A. Hjaltalin & Gilbert Goudie. Edinburgh. James Thin and Mercat Press (1990 reprint). ISBN 0-901824-25-9 - Haswell-Smith, Hamish. The Scottish Islands. Edinburgh: Canongate Books Ltd, 2004. ISBN 978-1841954547 - Sharp, Richard, trans. Life of St. Columba. Penguin Classics, 1995. ISBN 978-0140444629 - Watteville, Alastair de. The Isle of Iona (Island Tributes). Romsey Fine Art, 1999. ISBN 978-0952151753 All links retrieved March 5, 2018. - School of Iona Catholic Encyclopedia article. - Isle of Iona, Scotland (produced on behalf of the Iona Community Council) - The Iona Community New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.

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Physical Health Consequences of Alcoholism Alcoholism is nothing to be taken lightly. Alcoholism is a disease that isolates people from those who care about them, and from their own protective mechanisms. Even drinking just a little bit can intoxicate people enough to behave in ways they wouldn’t intend. If this behavior continues in someone with an Alcohol Use Disorder, then a range of diseases can start to manifest as well. It is important to be aware of the possible health consequences of consuming alcohol, so that smarter decisions can be made. If someone has reached the stage of AUD education is no longer sufficient and treatment will be required. Alcoholism Effects on the Body One of the key elements of how alcohol affects the body is through Blood Alcohol Content. Legal levels have been set in order to describe someone who is classed as intoxicated, with 0.08 BAC being in place in most states. Different BAC levels affect the body in different ways. As such: - 0.07% to 0.09% means people often feel pleasure. They may have some mild negative side effects, such as impaired vision, reaction time, hearing, balance, memory, and speech. Inhibition also starts to lessen. Of importance is that people with this BAC will feel very good and confident, which they are not, something that is particularly dangerous if they decide to get behind a wheel. - 0.125% still leads to euphoric effects. However, there is significant impairment of judgment skills and coordination. People become off balance and their speech is slurred. They also have poorer reaction time, hearing, and vision. - 0.13% to 0.15% leads to much less euphoria. People become restless and anxious. Their coordination and motor skills will be dramatically impaired. They have significantly blurred vision and their judgment and perception are very much impaired. - 0.25% means that all physical, sensory, and mental capabilities are impaired to such a level that people could end up in serious accidents, falling, or even choking on their own vomit. - 0.3% and higher can lead to diminished or even loss of consciousness. In its mildest form, this is a stupor, but it can lead to a coma or even death. It has also been found that there is a causal link between alcohol consumption and certain specific chronic conditions and diseases. Some of these are caused in full by alcohol consumption. The NIAAA (National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism) has listed these conditions as being: - Alcoholic hepatitis - Fetal alcohol syndrome - Alcoholic cardiomyopathy - Alcoholic gastritis - Alcohol induced acute pancreatitis - Alcoholic liver disease - Alcoholic sclerosis and fibrosis of the liver - Alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver - Alcoholic hepatic failure - Alcoholic fatty liver There are some 200 diseases and conditions in which alcohol is a component cause. This means that these diseases can develop in people who do not consume any alcohol, but they can be precipitated or made worse by alcohol as well. Generally speaking, the more people drink, and the longer they abuse the substance, the more likely they are to develop these conditions, and the worse the symptoms can be. Some of these conditions include: - Mouth cancer - Unipolar depressive disorder - Ischemic stroke - Hypertensive heart disease - Prostate cancer - Ovarian cancer - Breast cancer Drinking heavily is known to be linked to conditions like gout, seizures, dementia, and anemia. It can also make the symptoms associated with certain conditions worse. For example, it can lead to flare ups in restless leg syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome and anxiety. It is also possible to have an allergic reaction to ethanol, the key component in alcohol, leading to stuffy noses and skin rashes, which appear as soon as alcohol is consumed. To prevent alcoholism from damaging your body, give us a call. Treatment is available and you deserve it. Our number is: (866) 578-7471. Alcoholism Damages the Nervous System & Destroys Brain Cells When you consume alcohol, the first noticeable sign is that your behavior changes; it’s very easy for alcohol to travel through your body, reaching every organ, including the brain and the central nervous system. Talking becomes impaired and your speech is slurred. Once this happens, it is clear that you have had too much to drink. Around the same time, your balance and ability to walk as well as your vision will be affected. When you are intoxicated, you can’t think clearly anymore. You also can’t control your impulse and it becomes more difficult to create memories. Those who consume a lot of alcohol over a long period of time will see their frontal lobes shrink. When alcoholics acutely stop drinking they can experience seizures and delirium tremens, which can have deadly consequences. It can also lead to permanent damage to the brain. When the central nervous system is damaged, you will start to experience abnormal feelings, numbness, and pain in your extremities. Due to poor nutrition, you are likely to also have a vitamin B1 deficiency. This, in turn, can paralyze or weaken the eye muscles, as well as cause involuntary Rapid Eye Movement. Just how much alcohol is needed to see these types of long term, chronic problems varies from one person to the next, as well as being dependent on other factors. Women are seriously affected by less alcohol than men. Both can develop an emotional and physical dependency on alcohol and it can be very difficult to beat this. One of the dangerous effects of alcoholism is that acute withdrawal can actually be life threatening. Medical detox is almost always required in these cases. Some of the most common withdrawal symptoms include: If people have a severe case of alcoholism, they may also experience: - Delirium tremens, which means they lose touch with reality and have hallucinations Withdrawal is tough and usually takes between 7 and 10 days and it can be generally supported through medication. In 2014, 6.7 percent of adults admitted heavy drinking in the past month. Alcoholism & Cirrhosis of the Liver The liver is one of our body’s most important organs. It ensures that the blood is filtered clean, taking out toxins and breaking down protein, creating bile, which enables the body to absorb fat. The liver is also the only organ in the body that has the ability to regenerate. When someone is an alcoholic and continues that behavior for a long period of time, the liver becomes scarred and this scar tissue cannot be regenerated. This is known as alcoholic liver cirrhosis. The condition is progressive, and more healthy tissue will become replaced by scar tissue, and eventually, the liver will no longer be able to function properly. The American Liver Foundation has stated that between 10 percent and 20 percent of heavy drinkers will have cirrhosis. Alcoholic liver cirrhosis is the most serious and advanced form and it is caused directly by alcohol consumption. Cirrhosis is a progressive disease that goes through stages. Usually, the stages are: - Fatty liver disease - Alcoholic hepatitis - Alcoholic cirrhosis Sometimes, the second stage is skipped altogether. The complications of this disease are serious, and include: - Fluids building up in the stomach, or ascites - Mental confusion, or encephalopathy - Internal bleeding, or bleeding varices - Yellow tint of the eyes and skin, or jaundice If the disease reaches this stage, survival will be dependent on the availability of a liver transplant. If one is found, the five year survival rate becomes 70 percent. 75% of government costs due to alcohol use are attributed to the occurrence of binge drinking. Alcoholism Causes Infection and Chronic Inflammation It is common for people who are alcoholics to also have various types of chronic inflammation. One of the causes of this inflammation is gut microflora-derived lipopolysaccharide, otherwise known as LPS. When alcohol is in the system, more LPS are trans-located. The liver regulates this, but the liver is also impaired by too much alcohol consumptionl. As a result, all the different organs start to be affected, leading to multiple sources of inflammation. Some scientific evidence now suggests that alcohol can help to initiate and contribute to the progress of a range of different inflammatory conditions. Alcoholics with liver disease have increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. It should be noted that while alcohol plays a big part, some evidence also suggests that genes may play a roll. In tests on mice, it was found that the production of tumors would increase in the mice if their inflammation signaling pathways were activated through alcohol. Scientists were able to knock out the receptor gene for tumor necrosis factor, and they found that the mice in these cases would not sustain liver injury due to alcohol. It is now understood that two types of inflammation inducers exist, both related to alcohol. These are: - Those that come from LPS in the gut - Those that come from cells that have been damaged as a result of alcohol consumption When alcohol is consumed and metabolized, reactive oxygen species are created in the body. These are chemically reactive chemical species that contain oxygen and support the process that starts inflammation. Added to this is the fact that many people develop a deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues as a result of alcohol metabolism, which also increases inflammatory reactions. It should be noted that while all of this may sound like significant scientific evidence, the effects of alcohol on chronic inflammation is still poorly understood, and more research is being conducted on this. The exception to this is LPS, which has been studied extensively and is now known to be related to a range of different inflammatory responses in people who have conditions related to alcohol consumption. When alcohol is metabolized, LPS can exit the gut with ease through a range of different pathways. It is known that patients with alcoholic liver disease have increased levels of LPS. When there is too much LPS in the system, the body confuses it for a bacterial invader and starts to attack it through inflammatory responses. Alcoholism can also be a direct contributor to other infections and diseases: when people consume large amounts of alcohol, their immune system becomes suppressed. This means they are more likely to catch an infection, such as pneumonia and tuberculosis. Added to that is the fact that many alcoholics engage in risky behavior, including sexual promiscuity. Put together, this means they are at increased risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS. Research has demonstrated that the chance of catching a sexually transmitted disease is three times as high in the alcoholic population as what it is in the nonalcoholic population. Heavy alcohol consumption also often causes gastritis, which is irritation of the stomach. More worrisome is the fact that it can also affect the pancreas, which can become chronic pancreatitis. If it does, the entire digestive process is disrupted, which can lead to persistent diarrhea and severe abdominal pain. Once it reaches the chronic stage, there is very little that can be done. Around 60% of all cases of chronic pancreatitis is linked directly to alcohol consumption. Besides liver disease, destruction of brain cells, damage to the nervous system, chronic inflammation, and infection, excessive alcohol consumption can also cause a wealth of other health problems. These include high blood pressure, nerve damage, dementia, depression, seizures, gout, anemia, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Alcoholism is a very serious disease. It affects every level of society, destroying the lives not just of those who suffer from it, but also that of their loved ones and that of those whom they come into contact with. Help is out there and things never reach the point of no return. Treatment facilities are equipped to deal even with the most severe cases of alcoholism. You do not want to die from this disease. Give us a call. Get the treatment you deserve: (866) 578-7471

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In chapter one our author seems to have two points in mind. First, by showing Christ’s superior position to angels, he sets forth also the superiority of the new covenant which Christ mediates and certifies over the old covenant which was mediated by angels. Second, he prepares the way for chapter two, in which he explains how and why the Son became lower than the angels for a brief period of time. A third consideration not specified by the writer of Hebrews but in accord with his epistle and perhaps also in his mind is that any revelation which claims angelic origin or authority must be measured in terms of that revelation which God has given through the Son – the Son who is better and higher than all angels. 1:1. The basic sentence in this verse and the next is “God hath spoken.” At sundry times is from a single adverb in the original which meant “in many portions.” Because God revealed His will in segments, revelation came from time to time as needed. It was the nature of the prophet that he spoke what God gave him to speak, and that was always “in part.” In divers manners is also from a single adverb meaning “in many varied ways.” The adverbs modify the verb. God spoke (by prophets) to the fathers in many portions and in various ways. Amos gave God’s message by oracles and direct statements from God; Hosea by “typical” experiences in his own life; Habakkuk by arguments and discussion. Malachi spoke God’s word by questions and answers; Ezekiel by strange and symbolic acts; Haggai by sermons and Zechariah by mystical signs. God addressed His people in parables and in illustrations; by warnings and exhortations; by encouragements and promises. By every possible method He spoke through the prophets to the fathers. Yet the word was always fragmentary and usually soon forgotten. When the Old Testament closed, revelation was still incomplete. God was to speak again, more fully and more effectively than He ever had spoken in the prophets. In time past is literally “of old,” and refers to previous ages of the world. The fathers were the Jewish forefathers of the Hebrew Christians. The prophets included both the writing prophets (such as those whose work Scripture preserves) and the non-writing prophets (such as Nathan, Elijah, Elisha and others). The prophets were “mouths” for God (Exodus 4:16; 7:1). They spoke His word, though at times even they did not understand it (I Peter 1:10-12; see Daniel 7:28; 12:8-10). 1:2. The phrase these last days refers to the Messianic era, the age of fulfillment, and is literally “the last of these days.” The Jews divided time into the Present Age, of anticipation, and the Coming Age, of the Messiah. They expected the Messiah to come at the end of their Present Age. When Christ came, however, the Coming Age crashed into history and the Messianic era of fulfillment became a reality (Hebrews 9:26-28). Peter’s sermon on Pentecost formally announced the beginning of these “last days” (Acts 2:14-36). Here was one of the more puzzling elements of the apostolic preaching for the Jews (and for people in general, then and now). The Messianic era of fulfillment has now begun with the resurrection of Christ and His ascension into heaven, yet the temporal world continues even as it decays. Men might expect the Present Age and the Coming Age to meet at a given point, but certainly they do not expect them to overlap! Yet this is exactly what the New Testament declares, and it is this overlapping of Ages which creates the spiritual war for the Christian. But while the “last days” have begun – one Man is already in heaven! – the consummation remains in the future and the old order continues to exist (II Peter 3:3-10). It is God’s plan that the church use this interim to announce to the world that history has been given significance in Jesus of Nazareth, and that man can now ask God for reconciliation and have the assurance that He will give it through Christ. (On this age of the world in God’s plan see also the Introduction to chapters 9-11 in my Helps on Romans.) God has spoken unto us, that is, to those living in this age, “to whom has come the very anticipated goal of the ages” (I Corinthians 10:11, my translation; see Mark 1:15; Luke 1:68-79; Luke 4:19/II Corinthians 6:2; Acts 3:24). By His son is literally “in a son” or “in one who is a son.” Here is no mere prophet, but one who is Himself a Son and by nature the same as the Father. Christ’s very life and person expressed God (John 1:18). God has now revealed Himself fully, not partially. He has spoken grace and truth, a revelation superior to any given before (John 1:17). In Christ, God has spoken salvation, not only spoken it but accomplished it – in the unique life and sacrifice of the Son. The rest of chapter one exalts the Son of God, Jesus Christ our Lord, by showing His many-faceted ministry and position or “name.” God the Father has appointed or set or ordained Christ as heir of all things. Heir speaks of an inheritance and brings to mind the words of Psalm two, where the Son is given the nations for an inheritance. The same imagery occurs In Psalm 110, and our author will discuss that psalm several times, though usually with emphasis on Christ’s priestly ministry. By Christ God made the worlds. Christ is both originator and heir of all things. He is the Alpha and the Omega, the author and finisher of creation as well as of faith. The worlds might mean the created universe (as in 11:3; see also John 1:3; Colossians 1:16-17) or literally “the ages” of time in which God’s saving purpose is worked out. Both interpretations state what Scripture elsewhere affirms. 1:3. Christ is the brightness of the Father’s glory. Literally “effulgence,” this word means either that which radiates out from a light or the reflection which comes back. The former meaning is probably intended here. If we speak of God’s glory, Christ is its very emanation and radiance. He is to the Father what rays are to a light, or flames to a fire, or beams to the sun. Without this Son, man is in the dark concerning God and salvation. God’s magnificence as deity is fully seen in Jesus Christ who was God in human flesh (see John 14:9). Christ is the express image of the Father’s person. The word here translated image originally meant a stamp or seal, then the impression left by it. In the early centuries, the church engaged in great debates over the precise philosophical meanings of some of these terms. It is enough for us to know that Christ is an exact and complete representation of God because He is the Son, and that in that capacity He is perfectly sufficient to reveal God and to save man. Christ is upholding all things; by Him all things consist or hold together (Colossians 1:17). All things may be translated “the universe.” Christ’s protectorate is all-inclusive. The word of His power is specifically a “spoken word,” and the phrase might be translated “by His powerful spoken word.” This is an active and powerful word which upholds the universe. Christ accomplished man’s redemption by Himself, through His own work of obedience. Our author elaborates on this statement in chapters eight through ten (see also Romans 5:12, 15-21). That Jesus purged our sins means that He “made a cleansing” or “accomplished a purification.” The form of the verb indicates the words by Himself, and suggests a one-time action (see Hebrews 9:12-14, 26-28). Because His work of redemption had been completed (2:9; 6:20; 7:26-27; 9:24-28; 10:12-14; 12:2), Christ sat down. Unlike the Levitical priests who stood daily in an imperfect and temporary service, Christ made atonement for all men and then took His seat forever (10:11-12). The right hand signifies authority; see notes on verse 13. The Majesty refers to God the Father. Our author follows a Jewish custom of referring to Jehovah by a euphemism, out of respect for the sacred name. The writer has introduced his first point: Christ is a spokesman superior to prophets or angels – because He is the Son. He was active in creation. He is God’s very substance and image. He has accomplished a perfect work of complete redemption, and He has now taken His inherited seat as universal heir and Lord at God’s right hand in heaven. He is Prophet (verse two), Priest (verse three) and King (verse three). Christ’s name is far higher than those of the heavenly emissaries, but why would our author need to make this point? It has already been mentioned that many in the ancient world thought of angels as lords over the present world system. Others worshipped angels. Still others regarded Christ as simply one in an ascending order of angels. The former overrated angels by giving them what belongs to the Son; the latter underrated the Son by considering Him an angel (an error propagated today by the so-called Jehovah’s Witness cult). The following verses put angels and the Son in proper perspective. 1:5a. To no angel did God ever say, Thou are my son, this day have I begotten thee; but He said it to the Son in Psalm 2:7. This Messianic psalm describes man’s rejection of Christ and God (verses 1-3; see Acts 4:25-28). It also foretells God’s triumph through His Christ (“Anointed,” verses 4-9; see Revelation 12:5; 19:15). And it gives a double pronouncement in view of the Messianic judgment to come (verses 10-12). The same psalm is quoted also at Acts 13:33 of the resurrection of Christ, and at Hebrews 5:5 of Christ’s divine installment as high priest. It seems to underlie the heavenly voice at Christ’s baptism (along with Isaiah 42:1) and at His transfiguration (with Isaiah 42:1 and possibly Deuteronomy 18:15ff ). Emphasis here is on Son, stressing Christ’s nature and position, and on the first person pronoun “I,” emphasizing the divine origin of His appointment. Christ is God’s own Son in essence by eternal nature. He was God in the flesh through a miraculous conception. He is ranking Son and Man in glory through His resurrection and a divine decree. Of course the psalmist did not understand all of this, and his words may have been partially appreciated through a lesser fulfillment in his own day. But their full meaning is seen only in the light of the resurrection and ascension of Christ. The same Holy Spirit which guided the prophets (II Peter 1:21) also led the apostles into the meaning of their writings (I Peter 1:10-12), as well as the significance of the gospel events involving Jesus the Christ (John 14:26; 15:26; 16:12-14; see also John 2:19-22; 12:12-16; 13:6-7; Luke 24:31-32, 44-45). 1:5b. I will be to him a father, and he shall be to me a son. These words are quoted from II Samuel 7:14, an oracle of Nathan concerning David’s royal son. The promise referred partially to Solomon (I Kings 2:23-24; I Chronicles 28:5-7) but, as many other Old Testament statements, found perfect fulfillment only in Christ. Both “I” and “He” are emphatic, stressing the personal relationship between the speaker and the one of whom He speaks. To him and to me reflect Hebrew style; the statement means simply “I shall be his father; he shall be my son.” The Son of God was the prophetic son of David (Matthew’s gospel emphasizes this: see 1:1, 20; 9:27; 12:23; 15:22; 20:30-31; 21:9; 21:15; also 12:3; 22:41ff). The statements quoted in verse five describe a Son, not mere angels. 1:6. Again could be placed at the beginning this verse, as In the King James and Revised Standard versions, introducing another Old Testament citation; or with the verb, as in the American Standard and New American Standard versions. The phrase has been regarded as referring to the incarnation, the resurrection and the second advent. Angels are associated with all three events in Scripture. The point is that they worship Him. All the angels of God, of every rank and order, are commanded to worship him, a fact which points to His superiority over them. The quotation might be from a Greek version of Deuteronomy 32:43 or of Psalm 97:7. No doubt the first readers of the epistle recognized it. 1:7. In this verse and the next, two words are used which together mean “on the one hand” and “on the other hand.” A contrast is intended here between angels, who are ministers or servants, and the Son who is so much more. The quotation is from Psalm 104:4. 1:8. Psalm 45:6-7 is applied to Christ, identifying Him as eternal God whose throne is forever and ever, and as righteous King. His kingdom is one of righteousness (Hebrews 7:2-3; Isaiah 9:7; 11:4-5). 1:9. In the flesh, Christ loved righteousness and hated iniquity (see 10:5-10; Isaiah 53:11-12). Because of His perfect obedience, Jesus was anointed (“Christ-ed”) by God and exalted above every creature (see Philippians 2:8-11). The oil of gladness probably represents an occasion of festivity as well as that of coronation. Psalm 45 seems to have originally celebrated the marriage of the king, though again its deepest meaning is understood only in the light of the Son. Along this line, compare Hebrews 12:22-24 (see notes on “general assembly”) with Revelation 19:1-10. The chief point of the verse ought not to be overlooked in the midst of details. 1:10-12. These three verses are quoted from Psalm 102:25-27. In the passage the psalmist calls on Jehovah to come to his rescue, and appeals to God’s eternal nature in pleading for the deliverance of his own life. This is only one of many passages addressed to or regarding Jehovah in the Old Testament which are applied to Christ in the New Testament. Because Christ is creator, He is also eternal – though all His creation will change with age and finally pass away. He laid the foundation of the earth and His hands arranged the heavens, but when these things perish (see 12:26-28) His years will not fail (7:24-25). When they are all changed He will remain the same (13:8). Again the contrast is between the Son and the angels (verse seven), who have no such traits or legitimate claims. They are rather part of that creation which He has made and have life only through His will. 1:13. This is a quotation of Psalm 110:1, the Old Testament passage most quoted or referred to in the New Testament Scriptures. It is quoted in Acts 2:34-35; Mark 12:36; Hebrews 1:13, and seems to be in mind in Mark 14:62; Acts 7:55; Romans 8:34; Ephesians 1:20; Colossians 3:1; Hebrews 1:3; 8:1; 10:12; 12:2 and I Peter 3:22. As noted already at verse five, many psalms which had partial fulfillment or significance in their original historical settings are fully understood in the New Testament writings through the life, death, resurrection and coronation of Christ. The figure of the right hand is common in the Psalms, sometimes referring to a place of honor as here (see Psalm 16:11; 45:9; 80:17). Most of the time the term refers to strength or security from God given to the one of whom it is used. The resurrected Jesus, now made Christ, was given a position equaled only by that of God Himself (I Corinthians 15:27). He is God’s Right-Hand Man. In the Old Testament we see the custom of the conquered king prostrating himself to kiss the conqueror’s feet (Psalm 2:12), or the victor putting his feet on his captive’s neck (Joshua 10:24) so that the captive is made his footstool. One day every knee will bow before Christ and every tongue will confess His lordship (Philippians 2:10-11; I Corinthians 15:24-25). The angels will be in that number; the Son is made so much better than them all (verse four). 1:14. This question is worded in the Greek to indicate that the author expects an affirmative answer. Angels all, regardless of rank, are ministering spirits. But Christ is so much more. They are sent forth by a higher authority, perhaps even by the Son at God’s right hand. Their work is to serve, to minister for Christians, who shall be heirs of salvation. Our writer says literally that they are “sent for service on behalf of those who are about to receive salvation as an inheritance.” If angels serve the saints, how much more do they serve the Son! And how greatly superior is His position and name to theirs. Christ is Prophet of prophets – God has spoken in Him for these last days. He is Priest of priests – by Himself He made atonement for sins. He is King of kings – seated at God’s right hand, reigning over a kingdom of righteousness. Old Testament Scripture shows Him to be God’s divine Son, David’s prophetic descendant, and worthy of worship. Whereas angels are messengers, Christ is eternally Lord and divine King. As everlasting Creator of all things, He is also now victorious Vicegerent at God’s right hand. The voice from heaven at Christ’s transfiguration aptly sums up our author’s argument in this first chapter: “Hear ye Him!”

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The wars' effect on the Finns' society contributed to the eventual Swedish conquest of western Finland in around 1249. The term used in Russian chronicles to refer to Novgorod's enemy, Yem, is unclear and probably referred to several different groups, even though etymologically it derives from the Finnish word Häme, which means Tavastia. Some of the groups identified as Yem may have been the inhabitants of Tavastland in south-central Finland, the West Finns in general, or a sub-group of Karelians on the northern coast of the Ladoga who descended from western Finns who had moved to the area earlier. The only known written sources on the Yem-Novgorodian wars are contained in the medieval Russian chronicles. The Russians and Yem had frequent conflicts from the 11th or 12th century onwards. The eastern Finnic Votes, Korela (interpreted as Karelians in general or more specifically as the Karelians on the southwest coast of the Ladoga) and Izhorians are all mentioned as allies of Novgorod, said to have been fighting against the Yem even without Novgorod's direct involvement, possibly over control of land area in central and eastern Finland; this territorial feud manifested in annual retaliatory expeditions that featured merciless treatment of the settlers of the opposing tribe. The earliest possible mention of hostilities is from the Laurentian Codex which records in passing that the Novgorodian Prince Vladimir Yaroslavich was at war with the "Yam" in 1042 AD. The Yam are also mentioned as tributaries to Novgorod in the Primary Chronicle, but they disappear from sources later on. Conflicts certainly began in the early 12th century, however information on them remains very scarce. According to the Novgorod First Chronicle, another Prince of Novgorod, Vsevolod Mstislavich, and his troops from Novgorod were at war with Yem during a great famine in 1123. The chronicle leaves any further developments of the conflict open, including the whereabouts of the fight. Yem pillaged Novgorodian territory in 1142, but were defeated near Ladoga with 400 casualties. Coincidentally or not, Swedes attacked the Novgorodians in the same year as well. The Korela, now under Novgorodian influence, were at war with Yem in the following year, but were forced to flee, losing two ships. Yem attacked Russian soil again in 1149 with 1000 men. Novgorodians, totaling 500, went in pursuit of the Yem, utterly defeating them with Votes, a Finnic tribe in alliance with Novgorod. Votes, today almost extinct, lived south of the present-day Saint Petersburg, probably making this the deepest attack that Yem ever made into Russian territory. After a long pause in open hostilities—at least in the chronicles—a Novgorodian called Vyshata Vasilyevich led his troops against Yem in 1186, returning unharmed with prisoners. It is not clear whether he took his forces to fight in the land of Yem or to defend his country against an intrusion. Reasons for the renewed fighting have not been identified. Korela accompanied Novgorodians for yet another attack against the Yem in 1191. This time the fighting is clearly said to have taken place "the land of the Yem", the first such entry in Russian chronicles. The assailants "burned the country and killed the cattle". Very hypothetically this may have been the same attack that was mentioned in a much later Swedish chronicle, the mid-16th century Chronicon episcoporum Finlandensium by Bishop Paulus Juusten, that records the Russians burning "Turku" in 1198, at the time of Bishop Folquinus. Russian chronicles have no information about a conflict that year. The town of Turku did not exist before the end of the 13th century. Turku, the name, originally means "market place". The modern term 'suomen Turku' (Finland's Turku), is believed to be an old term indicating that there originally several 'Turkus' in other parts of the country. After this, there is no information on further Novgorodian conflicts for several decades. It is also impossible to confirm whether the 1191 war resulted in a brief Novgorodian rule in parts of Finland or Karelia. However, a later chronicle entry from the mid-1220s said that Russian princes had not been able to dwell in the land of Yem. Swedish and Papal involvement?Edit At the same time, Sweden and Novgorod were in conflict as well. Pope Alexander III, in his letter to the Archbishop of Uppsala and Jarl Gottorm of Sweden in 1171 (or 1172), perhaps refers to the Finns' struggle against Novgorod by demanding Sweden take over Finnish fortresses in exchange for protection. In the late 15th century, historian Ericus Olai claimed that Bishop Kol of Linköping (died c. 1196) had been the "Jarl of Finland" (Dux Finlandiae), possibly leading Swedish troops temporarily situated in Finland. He may have been in a military role similar to that of Jon Jarl, who allegedly spent nine years overseas fighting against Novgorodians and Ingrians at the end of the 12th century. Also noteworthy is the so-called First Swedish Crusade, which, according to several 15th-century sources, took place in 1150. The crusade is only known from later legends that presented the expedition (if it ever took place) as a Christian mission, headed by a saint king to baptize heathens. However, it seems to have followed the exceptionally edgy 1140s with both the Yem and Swedes fighting against Novgorod. Some historians have seen it as a direct reaction to the failed Yem expedition in 1149, associating it with the co-operation mentioned by the Pope 20 years later. In 1221, Pope Honorius III was again worried about the situation after receiving alarming information from the Archbishop of Uppsala. He authorized the unnamed Bishop of Finland to establish a trade embargo against the "barbarians" that threatened the Christianity in Finland. The nationality of the "barbarians", presumably a citation from Archbishop's earlier letter, remains unknown, and was not necessarily known even by the Pope. However, as the trade embargo was widened eight years later, it was specifically said to be against the Russians. Russian sources mention Swedish-Yem co-operation in 1240 at the earliest; it was then that were mentioned as one of the Swedes' allies in the little-documented Battle of the Neva. The first reliable mention of Yem being a part of Swedish forces is from 1256, seven years after the conventional dating of the so-called Second Swedish Crusade. The final known conflict between Yem and Novgorod took place in the 1220s, following decades of peace, at least in the chronicles. After having secured his power in Novgorod by 1222, Grand Prince Yaroslav II of Vladimir organized a series of attacks against Estonia, Yem and Karelia. The offensive against Yem took place in winter 1226–27. The same winter Yaroslav, son of Vsevolod left Novgorod over the sea against Yem where no else Russian prince had been able to dwell; and he conquered the land and returned to Novgorod praising God with many prisoners. When those who were accompanying him could not handle all the prisoners, they killed some of them but released many more. The Yem came to Lake Ladoga to war, and word about that came to Novgorod on the Ascension Day of the Christ (6.8). And Novgorodians took their barges and rowed to Ladoga with prince Yaroslav. Vladislav, the bailiff at Ladoga, and the people of Ladoga did not wait for the Novgorodians, but went after them (Finns) in boats where they were fighting, met with them and fought them; and then came night, and they (people of Ladoga) landed on an island, but Finns were on the coast with prisoners; for they had been fighting close to the lake near the landing place, and in Olonets. The same night they asked for peace, but the bailiff and the people of Ladoga did not grant it; and they killed all the prisoners and ran into forests, after abandoning their ships. Many of them fell there, but their boats were burned. -- And of those who had come, 2000 or more were killed, God knows; and the rest (who had not fled) were all killed. The war seems to have been the end of independent Yem-Novgorodian conflicts. Based on Papal letters from 1229, the unknown Bishop of Finland took advantage of the chaotic situation by taking over non-Christian places of worship and moving the see to a "more suitable" location. On the bishop's request, the Pope also enforced a trade embargo against Novgorodians on the Baltic Sea, at least in Visby, Riga and Lübeck. A few years later, the Pope also requested the Livonian Brothers of the Sword send troops to protect Finland. Whether any knights ever arrived remains unknown. Novgorodian wars were a factor contributing to the eventual Swedish conquest of Finland around 1249. Under Swedish rule, the wars continued to rage in Finland as a part of Swedish-Novgorodian Wars. - Murray, Alan (2009). The Clash of Cultures on the Medieval Baltic Frontier. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0754664833. - Line, Philip (2007). Kingship and State Formation in Sweden. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004155787. - Intr. C. Raymond Beazley, A. A. Shakhmatov (London, 1914). "The Chronicle of Novgorod 1016-1471" (PDF). Retrieved 17 July 2017.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Linna, Martti (1989). Suomen varhaiskeskiajan lähteitä. Historian Aitta. p. 119. - About the association of the term Yem with Finns, see Suomen varhaiskeskiajan lähteitä. Historian aitta XXI. Gummerus kirjapaino Oy. Jyväskylä 1989. ISBN 951-96006-1-2. - Pirjo Uino: Ancient Karelia: Archaeological Studies. Helsinki 1997. - "Laurentian Codex entry about a Yam war in 1042". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27.. In Swedish. Hosted by the National Archive of Finland. See "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-06-08. Retrieved 2007-05-29.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) and Diplomatarium Fennicum from the menu. - Primary Chronicle. In Russian. - At the time of the conflict, Sweden still controlled access to the Baltic Sea. Also, the Primary Chronicle does not mention the Karelians or Izhorians who lived between Russians and Finns. Furthermore, the said Vladimir attacked Constantinople in 1043, making it unlikely that he was fighting on the other side of the continent only a year earlier. - Novgorod First Chronicle entry about the war, "1123". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27.. In Swedish. - See "Chronicle entry". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27.. In Swedish. - Novgorod First Chronicle entries about Finnish wars, "1142". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27., "1143". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27.. In Swedish. - Novgorod First Chronicle entry about the war, "1149". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27.. - Novgorod First Chronicle entries about the war, "1186". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27.. In Swedish. - Novgorod First Chronicle entries about the war, "1191". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27.. In Swedish. - The chronicle has been published in Finnish, see e.g. Suomen piispainkronikka. Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seuran toimituksia 476. Pieksämäki 1988. - "Attack to Finland in 1226". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. from the Laurentian Codex. In Swedish. - "Letter by Pope Alexander III to the Archbishop of Uppsala". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. in 1171 (or 1172). In Latin. - Suomen Museo 2002. See page 66. The book can be ordered from the Finnish Antiquarian Society. Note that the Latin word "Dux" came to mean "Duke" only in the late 13th century and was used in the meaning of Jarl earlier. - Suomen museo 2002. See page 65. Ericus Olai may also have made a mistake, since Jon Jarl is apparently buried in the Cathedral of Linköping, thus making him the Jarl of Finland instead of Bishop Kol. - Note, however, that several historians from the early 20th century onwards have tried to date the crusade to 1155, with some questionable lines of argument. See Heikkilä, Tuomas. Pyhän Henrikin legenda. Karisto Oy Hämeenlinna 2005. ISBN 951-746-738-9. - Linna, Martti. Suomen alueellinen pyhimyskultti ja vanhemmat aluejaot. Vesilahti 1346-1996. Jyväskylä 1996. See page 197. - "Letter by Pope Honorius III to the Bishop of Finland". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. in 1221. In Latin. - See papal letters from 1229 to "Riga". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. and "Lübeck". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27.. In Latin. - As "Yems" and "Sums", possibly separating Tavastians and the coastal Finns which from then on was customary in Russian sources until the early 14th century. - "Novgorod First Chronicle entry about the Swedish attack to Novgorod and Novgorodian counterattack to Finland". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27.. In Swedish. - The figure sounds high. The usual Swedish ledung had just 2500 men which would mean that less organized Yem were able to establish a similar naval force. Total population in Finland at the time is estimated to have been 50 000 at the maximum. See Suomen museo 2002 (ISBN 951-9057-47-1), page 85. - "Yem attack against Ladoga in 1228". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27.. In Swedish. - See letters by Pope Gregory IX: , , , , , , . All in Latin. - "Letter by Pope Gregory IX". Archived from the original on 2007-08-14.. In Latin. - See e.g. Suomen historian pikkujättiläinen. WSOY 1987. ISBN 951-0-14253-0. Pages 55-59.

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The LIFX project started off on crowd funding website Kickstarter in September 2012 where it proved hugely popular, bringing in over 13 times its original funding target. LIFX bulbs connect to a WiFi network in order to allow them to be controlled using a smart phone application. In a situation where multiple bulbs are available, only one bulb will connect to the network. This “master” bulb receives commands from the smart phone application, and broadcasts them to all other bulbs over an 802.15.4 6LoWPAN wireless mesh network. WiFi and 802.15.4 6LoWPAN Mesh Network In the event of the master bulb being turned off or disconnected from the network, one of the remaining bulbs elects to take its position as the master and connects to the WiFi network ready to relay commands to any further remaining bulbs. This architecture requires only one bulb to be connected to the WiFi at a time, which has numerous benefits including allowing the remaining bulbs to run on low power when not illuminated, extending the useable range of the bulb network to well past that of just the WiFi network and reducing congestion on the WiFi network. Needless to say, the use of emerging wireless communication protocols, mesh networking and master / slave communication roles interested the hacker in us, so we picked up a few bulbs and set about our research. The research presented in this blog was performed against version 1.1 of the LIFX firmware. Since reporting the findings to LIFX, version 1.2 has been made available for download. Analysing the attack surface There are three core communication components in the LIFX bulb network: 1. Smart phone to bulb communication 2. Bulb WiFi communication 3. Bulb mesh network communication Due to the technical challenges involved, specialist equipment required and general perception that it would be the hardest, we decided to begin our search for vulnerabilities in the intra-bulb 802.15.4 6LoWPAN wireless mesh network. Specifically, we decided to investigate how the bulbs shared the WiFi network credentials between themselves over the 6LoWPAN mesh network. 6LoWPAN is a wireless communication specification built upon IEE802.15.4, the same base standard used by Zigbee, designed to allow IPv6 packets to be forwarded over low power Personal Area Networks (PAN). In order to monitor and inject 6LoWPAN traffic, we required a peripheral device which uses the 802.15.4 specification. The device chosen for this task was the ATMEL AVR Raven installed with the Contiki 6LoWPAN firmware image . This presents a standard network interface from which we could monitor and inject network traffic into the LIFX mesh network. With the Contiki installed Raven network interface we were in a position to monitor and inject network traffic into the LIFX mesh network. The protocol observed appeared to be, in the most part, unencrypted. This allowed us to easily dissect the protocol, craft messages to control the light bulbs and replay arbitrary packet payloads. Monitoring packets captured from the mesh network whilst adding new bulbs, we were able to identify the specific packets in which the WiFi network credentials were shared among the bulbs. The on-boarding process consists of the master bulb broadcasting for new bulbs on the network. A new bulb responds to the master and then requests the WiFi details to be transferred. The master bulb then broadcasts the WiFi details, encrypted, across the mesh network. The new bulb is then added to the list of available bulbs in the LIFX smart phone application. Wireshark 6LoWPAN packet capture As can be observed in the packet capture above, the WiFi details, including credentials, were transferred as an encrypted binary blob. Further analysis of the on-boarding process identified that we could inject packets into the mesh network to request the WiFi details without the master bulb first beaconing for new bulbs. Further to this, requesting just the WiFi details did not add any new devices or raise any alerts within the LIFX smart phone application. At this point we could arbitrarily request the WiFi credentials from the mesh network, but did not have the necessary information to decrypt them. In order to take this attack any further we would need to identify and understand the encryption mechanism in use. Obtaining the firmware In the normal course of gaining an understanding of encryption implementations on new devices, we first start with analysing the firmware. In an ideal world, this is simply a case of downloading the firmware from the vendor website, unpacking, decrypting or otherwise mangling it into a format we can use and we are ready to get started. However, at the time of the research the LIFX device was relatively new to market, therefore the vendor had not released a firmware download to the public that we could analyse. In this case, we have to fall back to Plan B and go and obtain the firmware for ourselves. In order to extract the firmware from the device, we first need to gain physical access to the microcontrollers embedded within; an extremely technical process, which to the layman may appear to be no more than hitting it with a hammer until it spills its insides. Once removed from the casing, the Printed Circuit Board (PCB) is accessible providing us with the access we require. Extracted LIFX PCB It should be noted that public sources can be consulted if only visual access to the PCB is needed. The American Federal Communications Commission (FCC) often release detailed tear downs of communications equipment which can be a great place to start if the hammer technique is considered slightly over the top . Analysing the PCB we were able to determine that the device is made up primarily of two System-on-Chip (SoC) Integrated Circuits (ICs): a Texas Instruments CC2538 that is responsible for the 6LoWPAN mesh network side of the device communication; and a STMicroelectronics STM32F205ZG (marked LIFX LWM-01-A), which is responsible for the WiFi side of the communication. Both of these chips are based on the ARM Cortex-M3 processor. Further analysis identified that JTAG pins for each of the chips were functional, with headers presented on the PCB. JTAG, which stands for Joint Test Action Group, is the commonly used name for the IEEE 1149.1 standard which describes a protocol for testing microcontrollers for defects, and debugging hardware through a Test Action Port interface. Once the correct JTAG pins for each of the chips were identified, a process which required manual pin tracing, specification analysis and automated probing, we were ready to connect to the JTAG interfaces of the chips. In order to control the JTAG commands sent to the chips, a combination of hardware and software is required. The hardware used in this case was the open hardware BusBlaster JTAG debugger , which was paired with the open source Open On-Chip Debugger (OpenOCD) . After configuring the hardware and software pair, we were in a position where we could issue JTAG commands to the chips. BusBlaster JTAG debugger At this point we can merrily dump the flash memory from each of the chips and start the firmware reverse engineering process. Reversing the firmware Now we are in possession of two binary blob firmware images we needed to identify which image is responsible for storing and encrypting the WiFi credentials. A quick “strings” on the images identified that the credentials were stored in the firmware image from the LIFX LWM-01-A chip. Loading the firmware image into IDA Pro, we could then identify the encryption code by looking for common cryptographic constants: S-Boxes, Forward and Reverse Tables and Initialization Constants. This analysis identified that an AES implementation was being used. AES, being a symmetric encryption cipher, requires both the encrypting party and the decrypting party to have access to the same pre-shared key. In a design such as the one employed by LIFX, this immediately raises alarm bells, implying that each device is issued with a constant global key. If the pre-shared key can be obtained from one device, it can be used to decrypt messages sent from all other devices using the same key. In this case, the key could be used to decrypt encrypted messages sent from any LIFX bulb. References to the cryptographic constants can also be used to identify the assembly code responsible for implementing the encryption and decryption routines. With the assistance of a free software AES implementation , reversing the identified encryption functions to extract the encryption key, initialization vector and block mode was relatively simple. IDA Pro disassembly of firmware encryption code The final step was to prove the accuracy of the extracted encryption variables by using them to decrypt WiFi credentials sniffed off the mesh network. Putting it all together Armed with knowledge of the encryption algorithm, key, initialization vector and an understanding of the mesh network protocol we could then inject packets into the mesh network, capture the WiFi details and decrypt the credentials, all without any prior authentication or alerting of our presence. Success! It should be noted, since this attack works on the 802.15.4 6LoWPAN wireless mesh network, an attacker would need to be within wireless range, ~30 meters, of a vulnerable LIFX bulb to perform this attack, severely limiting the practicality for exploitation on a large scale. Context informed LIFX of our research findings, who were proactive in their response. Context have since worked with LIFX to help them provide a fix this specific issue, along with other further security improvements. The fix, which is included in the new firmware available at http://updates.lifx.co/, now encrypts all 6LoWPAN traffic, using an encryption key derived from the WiFi credentials, and includes functionality for secure on-boarding of new bulbs on to the network. Of course, as with any internet connecting device, whether phone, laptop, light bulb or rabbit, there is always a chance of someone being able to hack it. Contact and follow-up

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The story of the Jews in Babylon is one of the most glorious in history. Their accomplishments are even more remarkable when we study the terror that was Babylonian society and its tyrannical leader, Nebuchadnezzar. Little paints a clearer picture of the experience of Jews who arrived as exiles on Babylonian soil after the terrible destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple than Psalm 137: By the rivers of Babylon, there we sat down, we also wept, when we remembered Zion. We hung our lyres on the willows in its midst. For there, those who carried us away captive required of us a song; and those who tormented us required of us mirth, saying, ‘Sing us one of the songs of Zion.’ How shall we sing God’s song in a foreign land? If I forget you, O Jerusalem, let my right hand forget her cunning. If I do not remember you, let my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth; if I do not set Jerusalem above my highest joy. (Psalms 137:1-6) One of the jobs of the Levites was to sing songs in the Temple. Travelers arriving in Jerusalem could hear their haunting and inspiring voices from miles away as they approached the Holy City. Their renown was far and wide – so much so that when they arrived as exiles in Babylon, the Babylonians ask them to, “Sing for us the songs of Zion.” “How can we sing the songs of God on foreign soil?” The chapter in Psalms does not tell us the fate of the Jews who gave that answer. One traditional source says that Nebuchadnezzar killed 80,000 Jews. His response to their refusal was a massacre. Although Jews would eventually make a home and thrive in Babylon, it is important not to have any romantic notions or false impressions regarding what the exile was like. Babylon was no picnic. Approximately a century before the destruction of the Temple, Babylon began to gain strength as an empire. The Babylonians had perennially played second fiddle to the Assyrians, whose empire ran nearly four centuries. When their turn came they showed their former masters no mercy, and razed their capital city of Nineveh to the ground. The most ruthless and powerful king of Babylon was Nebuchadnezzar, the man responsible for destroying the Temple. He was king for half a century and lived to be almost 100, according to Jewish tradition. More than anyone else, he made Babylon into a mighty empire. General history books offer a perspective how Nebuchadnezzar became great. However, the Talmud (Sanhedrin 96a) provides the “inside story.” The previous king of Babylon was a person named Merodoch-Baladan (Isaiah 39:1). He had an alliance with King Hezekiah of Judea. “The enemy of my enemy is my friend” has long been the rule in the Middle East. Babylon was interested in supporting Judea in order to weaken Assyria. When the mighty Assyrian army besieged Jerusalem on the night of Passover, 185,000 Assyrian soldiers died in a plague, as we discussed. Shortly thereafter, King Hezekiah came down with a terminal illness, but recovered from it miraculously. In response, Merodoch-Baladan sent him a letter expressing how happy the Babylonians were that he had his health restored. He opened his letter: “Peace unto the great king Hezekiah. Peace unto the great city of Jerusalem. Peace unto to the great God of Israel.” He put God third. Nebuchadnezzar was a young scribe in the king’s court at the time and was not present when the letter was written. However, he arrived just as a messenger was leaving to deliver it and asked one of his fellow scribes how it was worded. When they told him, he said, “How can you do that? How can you mention God last? God should be mentioned first.” Nebuchadnezzar then took four steps to bring back the messenger. Commentators to the Talmud say that for every step that he took he was given a generation to continue after him as emperor of the empire. The Talmud continues and says that the angel Gabriel came and stopped him from taking another step, because if he would have continued the Babylonian empire would have continued indefinitely. A foothold for evil of more than four generations would have been lethal to the world and a major threat to the survival of the Jewish people. The deeper lesson is that Nebuchadnezzar merited becoming emperor because he had more respect for God than anyone else. How remarkable! He was one of the worst tyrants in the history of the world, yet was rewarded for the greater degree of understanding about God that he possessed. The two are not mutually exclusive. Free will is truly free. Nevertheless, God sees everything and rewards even the small amount of good that evil people do. Small of Height, Tall of Stature The Talmud says that Nebuchadnezzar was a dwarf. As a dwarf, others underestimated him. When he took power he showed them that he may have been small of standing, but not small of stature. As part of his psychological makeup to compensate for his image, he had immense courage. For instance, he trained a lion in the palace and rode upon it bareback. He played with poisonous snakes. Once in a while he’d let a boa constrictor eat one of the courtiers in the palace that he did not feel so pleasantly disposed toward that day. These illustrate the picture of what type of madman we are talking about. No Fatal Attraction Babylon had a long tradition of paganism. However, unlike Assyria, for instance, the Babylonians were completely intolerant of other religions. They insisted that everyone convert to their religion. Besides idol worship, homosexuality was also rampant in Babylon, the Talmud says. It was not only accepted, but eventually become the norm. Nebuchadnezzar himself was bi-sexual. That was the culture. Babylonian culture was also infamous for its great cruelty. It resembled Sodom in many respects. It was a hard and harsh society. No one helped anyone else. Violence was acceptable. Therefore, it is little wonder that the Jews who were exiled to Babylon were not attracted to that society. The assimilatory process throughout Jewish history was always more dependent upon the Gentile society than upon the Jews. In a friendly, welcoming non-Jewish society Jews were invariably ready to assimilate. When the Gentile society was foreign or not friendly – whether for political, religious or social reasons – then Jewish identity was much more easily preserved. Jewish immigration throughout the centuries can easily be traced to the kind of a country they lived in. The nature of Babylonian society was inherently foreign to the arriving Jewish exiles. As a result, they naturally congregated together and made their own “ghetto,” replete with their own synagogues, academies and communal institutions. They were not interested in becoming part of Babylonian culture. And they remained uninterested for a long time – they would stay in Babylon over 1,500 years and never assimilate! That was the silver lining behind the fearsome, dark cloud of Babylonian culture: Jews did not assimilate for the very reasons that made Babylon so fearsome. Indescribable in the Immensity of its Terror Nebuchadnezzar’s policy for conquered nations was directly opposite of the Assyrian one. Whereas the Assyrian policy was to transpose populations, Nebuchadnezzar’s was to control the population via terror. He appointed new governors, who were loyal to him. That was the system the Romans would use much later in history, as well as the Nazis and others. The population did not have to be moved. It only had to be cowed and beaten into submission. The way to do so was through acts of terror, often random in their infliction but purposeful in the sense that it got across the message that they lived at the whim and will of their conquerors. They should harbor no illusions of revolution or improving their lot. That was Nebuchadnezzar’s policy. This is also illustrated by events such as when he threw three Jewish youths into a fire who refused to bow to his statue or when he allowed Daniel to be thrown into the lion’s den (Daniel, Chapter 6). Those were not uncommon events. To the contrary, they were daily events in the court of Nebuchadnezzar. He was evil incarnate and his reign of terror lasted a good half century. The memory of his terror lasted so long that the rabbis of the Talmud (Berachos) composed a blessing to be said upon seeing the ruins of his palace, which still existed in their day: “Blessed is God who destroyed the palace of Nebuchadnezzar.” There is verse in the prophet Habakkuk (1:7) referring to the evil that would come upon the Jewish people: “It is indescribable in the immensity of its terror….” One traditional source comments that the verse was a reference to Nebuchadnezzar. Nebuchadnezzar was a rude shock to the Jewish people. Because of that it reinforces the greatness of what was accomplished by the Jews in Babylon, how they were able to build Jewish life in a society inimical to their lifestyle and values. In spite of Babylonian intolerance, violence and terror the Jewish people not only survived by the rivers of Babylon but thrived beyond anyone’s wildest imaginations. The Midrash (Yalkut quoted by Rashi to Jeremiah 12:5) says he took three steps. Some commentators explain that this is one of the reasons why Jewish law requires a person to take three steps backwards after finishing the thrice-daily “Standing Prayer” (the Amidah or Shemoneh Esrai): to counteract the steps that Nebuchadnezzar took. However, for a categorically evil person like Nebuchadnezzar the reward will be paid in “inferior” wages, i.e. the pleasures and assets of the material world. This, in effect, eats up any reward he might have otherwise deserved entailing true recompense: the pleasures of the World to Come.

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In San Miguel Ixtahaucán, Guatemala, the Mina Marlin gold mine, operated by Goldcorp, has divided indigenous communities through gifts, benefits, and violence. The mine has caused a lot of damage. It has not only had a profound impact on the environment but also on the social cohesion of communities and families in the area, and on their cultural ties with the land. Doña Deodora has only one eye. She lost her other one night in 2010 when locals, employees from a mining company, came to her house and shot her. This was not the first time she had seen violence. Some years ago a local official authority held a machete to her neck. He did not hurt her because Doña Deodora was holding her little girl in her arms. Doña Deodora tells her story in broken Spanish interwoven with her native Mam language. She is 58 years old, and appears humble and poor. Deodora survives by running her livestock on the lands of her community in the municipality of San Miguel Ixtahaucán, which is in the San Marcos department of Guatemala, near the Mexican border. San Miguel has always been an isolated mountainous region where the indigenous inhabitants mainly live from subsistence agriculture and migrate for temporary work to the coffee plantations on the coast. Things began to change in 1996, when the Canadian mining company Goldcorp started to eye up the land. Coincidentally, it was that very year when the civil war ended and the Peace Agreements were signed. 1 By 2005 Goldcorp, through its national subsidiary, started to dig up gold and silver in what it called the “Marlin Mine”. “Attacks from our own brothers” A few metres from Doña Deodora’s house one can see an enormous hole in the mountain. Deodora is the only one in her hamlet who has not sold her land and who does not work in the mine. Pleas and threats to make her sell her land come almost daily. She cries “They want to kill me and my family. We lived here in peace. Now there is so much fear, loneliness, pain and sadness.” A local activist clarifies, “These attacks come from our own community, from our brothers. Brothers who do not own the company but defend her.” The strategy to divide a population, to break its resistance, is common in Guatemala. It is also not a new strategy. On the other side of Guatemala, on the border with Honduras, where communities also confront the intrusion of mining companies, an indigenous Chort’í exhorts his companions to remember the Spanish conquest. “They co-opted leaders, and the ones killing native people were the same natives. The mines are buying our leaders, to divide us and break our struggle.” Dividing with gifts San Miguel Ixtahaucán is poor, inhospitable and cold. Approaching the mine one sees new schools, councils, and health centres and barely anti-mining graffiti. What is less visible, though just as intrusive as the new roads, is the social division caused by the presence of the mine. “There are three groups” explains Carmen Mejía, a young mother and one of the women at the forefront of the resistance against the mine. “Some are with us and others are with the company, there are not many but they have great resources. Another group, the majority, is scared to give an opinion.” Carmen admits there were also disagreements within the indigenous community before the arrival of Goldcorp “but there was harmony. There was peace between the communities and the families. Through deception the company was able to settle here.” Salomón Bámaca is a tall poor peasant in his forties, wisdom radiates from his expressions and words. He lives so close to the mine that when they use explosives his land trembles. “In 1999 when the company arrived to buy land they brought many things. One could hear parties where the mine now is.” Bámaca, who was an indigenous mayor for a year, asserts that the company offers presents, money, and infrastructure projects to the local authorities in order to gain their support. The local priest is not an indigenous Mam, but Belgian. After 27 years in the village he speaks Spanish with more ease then Flemish. Erick Gruloos thinks that Goldcorp has divided the community too much. He is opposed to the mine but understands why many people are not. “The people who speak up against the mine cannot find work, or they lose it, not just within the mine but also within the municipality, the local justice department, or even as a builder or schoolmaster. The mine is omnipresent. It gives work and presents where there is resistance. Some communities are now in favour of the mine. It is understandable, almost nobody can resist so much pressure. The people have to surrender so their children can study, eat, and have a brighter future.” Development ….for who? Proponents of responsible mining argue that if the mine offers work, promotes local development, constructs schools and health centres, and has a good relationship with the local authorities, this is “responsible mining”. “The company is not here to do social work and lift people out of their poverty” says Javier De León from the organisation ADISMI 2, a driving force behind the resistance against the mine. “It is here to make a profit”. In 2011, according to the reports of Goldcorp to its investors, the Marlin Mine generated 607 million dollars of profit. It gave 1% – less than 9 million dollars – in royalties to Guatemala. The amount of taxes it paid is not on public record. A young peasant, Noe Navarro, also from ADISMI, adds, “there are about 35,000 people in San Miguel, about 700 work for the mine. The company is offering development to some. Goldcorp says that there is no longer extreme poverty here but we experience and see another reality. We remain poor. There is no general benefit.” There are, however, general damages, highlighted by both locals and studies from national and international organisations. 3 The walls of adobe and earth houses are cracked, there are also fissures running in the ground for kilometres. Water is becoming scarcer and in some places it is contaminated with arsenic. Skin diseases and hair loss have been reported. Enough complaints for the CIDH 4 to order a temporal suspension of activities in the Marlin Mine in 2010. The inhabitants also face various indirect damages. The cost of housing and basic food staples rose, the price of land tripled. More money for some also meant more bars, weapons, violence, robbery, and crime. Dividing with violence “When we realised how much money and gold the mine was producing and how, apart from the presents, it was leaving us with big damages, we started to organise. From then onwards there were more attacks, repression, and threats” recounts Javier De León. Peaceful protest was criminalised and met with disproportionate force. The company persecutes numerous activists, some are imprisoned, others have detention orders hanging over them. The justice department, however, does not act upon accusations against the company or its workers. If it does, the punishment is light. Additionally, the Guatemalan government and Goldcorp ignored the measures ordered by the CIDH. The impunity and repression of the company and the government, demobilises the protesters and reinforces the acts of violence by workers or other inhabitants in favour of the mine. The majority of the activists have been intimidated on various occasions through vigilantism, insults, humiliation, and death threats. Many were beaten, others like Javier De León had shots fired at them, some, like the Bamacá family, were terrorised. “Through violence they hope to evict us. Three surrounding communities are against me and some local leaders threatened to kill me.” Florenzo Yuc, everyone calls him Lencho, is 46 years old and has 12 children. He is a very poor peasant but owns a bit of land left to him by his deceased grandfather. The mine acquired hundreds of parcels of land from peasants, offering them work, money, and threats of eviction. But Lencho will not sell. “They searched for my family to convince me. I got into a fight with my father and brothers. My whole family is with the mine, most of them work there. They do not consider me as family anymore. This happens in a lot of households. This is the ‘development’ brought by the company.” The land cannot be sold Lencho is clear. “I do not want to sell my land, I do not want to sell myself, my children, my community, my people. We do not have money to buy things but the land covers everything. If the company comes to takes this away, where will we go? Money goes quickly but the land will always be there.” Javier from ADISMI explains that the mine is not only bulldozing the social cohesion of communities and families, but also the traditional culture of self-sufficiency. “They convince us that we need many things and therefore salaried work. They want to convert us to mere consumers. We are displacing ourselves from our own identity.” You cannot fully understand the resistance of the inhabitants of San Miguel Ixtahaucán against the mine without first understanding the very specific and sacred relation indigenous people have with the land. The words of Noe Navarro from ADISMI are illuminating. “When the Spanish arrived they took the coastal and fertile regions and we had to move to the mountains. Now they come again to push us away, to take the gold under our lands. They simply want to eliminate the indigenous peoples.” Unfortunately, many see this as a valuable exercise, for between 2006 and 2011 the price of gold rose by more than 150% and silver by 480%. “This is another incentive to not respect the lives of the people affected by mining”, concludes the former indigenous mayor Bamacá. “It demonstrates also shareholders and buyers of gold have a social responsibility.” The resistance against the Marlin Mine has been enormous and an inspiration for the many similar struggles of indigenous peoples inside and outside of Guatemala. They are known at a national and international level. Yet, locally, Salomon Bamacá, the former indigenous mayor, says they feel abandoned. “The resistance has diminished greatly because of all the money, the work offers, the presents, the violence, the intimidation and impunity.” Eliminating them, as Noe Navarro fears, will not be easy though. Lencho repeats a phrase often heard in San Miguel and Guatemala, “If I have to shed my blood it will be for the land and the right to live.” This work by Frauke Decoodt is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License. 1The people of Guatemala lived through 36 years of armed conflict where, according to the United Nations, 250,000 people died and acts of genocide took place. 93% of the crimes were committed by the army. One of the main causes of the conflict was unequal land distribution where 2% of the population controlled 70% of the fertile land. A number of these big landowners were multinational companies. Not much has changed in Guatemala. 4 Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos or (IACHR) Inter-American Commission on Human Rights In April 2012 Goldcorp presented to its shareholders a plan for the restoration of San Miguel when the mine closes in 2018. Goldcorp forecasts that it will spend 29 million dollars but has only set 1 million aside so far. According to Amnesty International independent experts estimate the true cost of restoration would amount to at least 49 million dollars.

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Unethical practices by organizations are frequently increasing as the pressure to compete and succeed compels them to ignore the ethical and moral aspects of their practices and decision-making. In order to maximize value for its shareholders and gain profitability, Shell ended up bribing the Nigerian officials to make it easier to import their goods and equipment, in order to avoid customs duties, extend contracts and lower tax etc. Therefore this report investigates and scrutinizes Shell’s unethical practices in context to it’s the moral code of ethics and recommends Shell to be more ethical in their practice. If you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help!Essay Writing Service As globalization increases many organizations indulge in unethical practices to achieve growth and profit maximization. Consequently, the examples of such companies include L’Oreal, Nike, Wal-Mart, Shell etc. Shell, is a global group of energy and petrochemical companies. They have their headquarters situated in Hague, the Netherlands. The parent company of the Shell group is Royal Dutch Shell plc, which is incorporated in England and Wales. Shell’s operated in more than 90 countries and has an approximate of 93000 employees. Their production mainly consists of forty eight percent of natural gas and around 3.3million barrels of gas and oil is produced per day. Shell has established forty three service stations worldwide. According to a survey conducted in 2010, they’ve sold an estimated 145 billion litres of fuel. The Company has two main streams, upstream – which explores for and extracts crude oil and natural gas and Downstream – which refines supplies, trades and ships crude worldwide, manufactures and markets a range of products, and produces petrochemicals for industrial customers. According to their financial report of 2010, with the capital invested of $30.6 billion and $1 billion in Investment in research and development, they had an income of $20.5billion with revenue of $368.1 billion (Shell, 2010). Shell was born during days of the oil boom and started out in the shadow of John D. Rockefeller’s Standard oil monopoly. Royal Dutch/Shell was the result of a merger in 1907 between the British-based Shell Transport and Trading Company, which pioneered the use of seagoing oil tankers and the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company, which made its fortune developing new oil fields in Borneo and Sumatra. Marcus Samuel was an enterprising fellow who decided to greet ships returning to England from India, Japan, Africa, and the Middle East and offer to buy any trinkets and curious that sailors had collected abroad. In the 1890s, the French Rothchild family decided to go into business exploiting the oil fields opening up in Baku in Russia. Needing a partner to help them transport and sell the oil, they turned to Marcus Samuel the younger. After a brief trip to the Caucasus, Marcus Samuel decided that the only way to take on the near monopoly grip that Standard Oil held was to radically reduce oil transportation costs. During that time kerosene was transported in crates of tin containers. Loading the fuel into these relatively small containers, crating them, and loading them onto ship as time consuming, expensive and inefficient, Samuel argued. It would be much preferable to just pipe the oil into a tanker ship. In 1907, Sir Marcus Samuel and Henri Deterding merged the Shell Transport and Trading Company with the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company to create Royal Dutch/Shell. The company is owned forty percent by the Shell Transport and Trading Company and sixty percent by the Royal Dutch Petroleum (History of Business, 2010). In the 1980s, Shell sought to grow through acquisition. It bought out the remaining 30% shareholding in Shell Oil in 1985 to consolidate its American operations. The 1980s saw the development of offshore exploration projects, which were in much more challenging conditions than had previously been attempted. The 1990s Shell saw the technology of biomass fuels and Gas to Liquids make giant leaps forward. Shell was criticized over the Brent Spar episode in 1995, which centered on its plans to dispose of the storage platform. The Group learned that public opinion had become much more sensitive to environmental issues. In the next decade, the Group worked much harder to open a dialogue with interested parties regarding its environmental impact and to develop good relations with the communities affected by its work. Another problem to hit the Group arose from its presence in the Nigerian region of Ogoniland. The tribal minority in the Ogoni were aggrieved with the Nigerian government because they felt denied a proper share of federal revenues from the oil, and what they saw as other fundamental human rights. Their champion was the writer Ken Saro-Wiwa. The oil companies were targeted as “collaborators” with the corrupt government. Shell was accused of environmental despoliation. The story achieved international notoriety when Saro-Wiwa and eight of his colleagues were sentenced to death by hanging for their activities. Shell has since strived to follow a policy of demonstrating its community of interests and reciprocal good feeling with both the governments and the local populaces it deals with. The 1990s were notable for Shell for the development of the LNG gas business. Improved transportation and rising demand made this area of the Group’s activities increasingly important and are expected to continue to do so in the first decades of the twenty-first century (Shell, 2010). This report examines various unethical practices of Shell. Firstly, it investigates upon the historical background of Shell. Moreover, we have related Shell’s immoral issues to the ethical theories. Along with these principles we also suggest some recommendations which could be reasonably essential for Shell to operate in a better and efficient manner. Finally, the report concludes with importance on ethics, corporate social responsibility and with our suggestion on its unethical action. Shells Unethical practices: In 2010, Shell was accused of bribery practice with Nigerian officials in order to gain profit. Shell bribed Nigerian officials to make it easier for them to import goods and equipment, get lower taxes and avoid the customs. Shell said that it paid 2 million U.S Dollars to its Nigerian Workers in its deep water Bonga Project. Shell actually knew that part of the money will go to Nigerian officials whom will make shell avoid the customs process. This will give shell an obvious competitive advantage in the market. Shell actually gained $14million profit from this bribery of the Bonga project. Shell will pay $48.1 million dollars in order to settle probes by the U.S Justice Department and Securities and Exchange Commission. In January 2004, “fraudulent overstatement of proven hydrocarbon reserves by Shell in Form F20 returns filed with the U.S. Securities & Exchange Commission”(John Donovan,2007). Shell has given misleading and wrong statements about its reserves. It paid a $120 million fine for this claims settlement. One of the famous unethical practices by Shell was causing the high levels of pollution in Nigeria.40% of shells oil spills worldwide was in Nigeria. The oil spill also caused water contamination. It caused oil pollution in the Ogoniland region for the past 40 years or so. The pipelines were built in front of the people’s houses and in their farmlands. They suffered oil leaks through the pipelines. This has totally destroyed the environment over there. It killed the aquatic life; killing many fishes. Also enveloped the land with oil. This has been really devastating for the Ogoni people, economically and healthy, since their economy depends mainly on fishing and farming. People suffered respiratory diseases such as bronchial asthma; and cancer. Lots of vegetation is dying, especially Mangrove swamps, due to wastes of oil in the Niger River. The reason Shell has been successful in doing these unethical practices in Nigeria is because they used to bribe the Nigerian officials frequently to ease the process. Royal Dutch Shell Blames oil spills on sabotage to its equipment ( Chima Williams,2009). This explains how rude and unethically they take responsibility for their awful actions. According to the Covalence ethical ranking in 2008, saw Shell in the 510 position out of 541 multinational companies. “Covalence’ s ethical quotation system is a reputation index based on quantifying qualitative data” and “It is a barometer of how multinationals are perceived in the ethical field”(John Donovan 2009). The covalence ethical ranking is based on important issues such as Human rights policy, Waste Management, Labor standards and product social utility. A research done by Management and Excellence in 2005 sees Shell as the number 1 most ethical oil company in the world. But by the end of 2011, Shell’s position is expected to deteriorate much due to the bribery scandal it suffered for the last few months. Conoco Phillips is a Non-government owned American oil and Gas Corporation. It’s the 3rd largest of the oil majors worldwide. It works in all different aspects in oil and natural gas industry such as Midstream, Petrochemicals, and Refining and Marketing. The company was formed as a result of a merger between Conoco and Philips in 2002. Its major competitors are Shell, British Petroleum and Exxon Mobil. Conoco Philips is one of the few Oil companies that suffer unethical issues. According to Conoco Philips, “Our mission is to do more than to deliver energy”. It has a long term commitment to achieve the top ethical standards and create a culture that encourages honesty and responsibility in everything they do. Conoco Philips values the importance of corporate transparency and ethics as they are a major drive for consumers and stakeholders’ confidence. A proof of ConocoPhillips’s environmental concern is that it spent $80 million dollars to develop new technologies for unconventional and alternative energy sources. Our academic experts are ready and waiting to assist with any writing project you may have. From simple essay plans, through to full dissertations, you can guarantee we have a service perfectly matched to your needs.View our services ConocoPhillips is a member of the U.S Climate Action Partnership, which is a group of businesses, major corporations and environmental organization with a goal to pressure the U.S Government to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions. ConocoPhillips spent around $150 million dollars 2007 on research and development of alternative energy sources and new technologies- which is almost a 50% increase compared to the $80 million dollar spent in 2006. Shell vs. ConocoPhillips Shell is the 2nd biggest company in the world in terms of revenue, which makes it more profitable than ConocoPhillips (16th). Actually, after the recent bribery issues about Shell, its position will eventually drop in the next few years. They will suffer from employee turnover, loss of company reputation and lots of other disadvantages which will not enable them to be more profitable like before. Whilst for ConocoPhillips, it’s very predictable that this company will get closer to Shell in terms of revenue and why not surpass it, due to its ethical practices! That’s why Shell should have good ethical policies like that of ConocoPhillips and actually adapt this policy and not violate it. Recommendations and Facts First of all if Shell wants to get back its reputation after the Nigeria bribery incident, they have to change their vision, not the written vision statement, in fact they have to change their insight toward the business they are doing and try to change their practices in a way that help and satisfy people instead of hurting them. They should keep in mind that business is not about gaining profit from whatever way, rather it is about gaining profit from providing services in a way that satisfies customers and if they act ethically eventually they will gain enough profit as they have satisfied people behind their back who support the company (Tempo, 2005). Shell should be considered guilty in this case and be fined for their unethical business practice. Furthermore, Nigerian government should be accountable and responsible for their action as well. The amount of fine that usually determined by courts should be either used for research purposes or as financial aid to help people around the globe. If they do so, Shell will force to do something that they escaped from and try to improve their instruments and facilities by doing research and development instead of trying to gain profit without thinking about safety and effects of their action on stakeholders (Tempo, 2005). More strict rules and regulations regarding the bribery issue and control of governments over their companies can lead to termination of bribery in long term. If Shell maintains a strict No Bribe policy, in long term bribe takers won’t ask for it anymore. Then even if they fail in their business they won’t blame themselves for paying bribes and they will know that there was something wrong with their facilities and services. The main reason that shell wanted to bribe Nigerian government was that they wanted to pay less taxes and easier import of their needed equipment, which eventually leads to higher profit. Thus they only looked for profit and to reach that, they choose bribery as an unethical practice. They shouldn’t do that because even if we don’t consider bribery as an unethical practice it was illegal and against law in Nigeria, however we know that bribery is an unethical practice indeed. The next thing is that bribery encourages corruption, and this action hurts the poor the most as they have to pay for something which is free and they get into trouble for paying the amount, because they cannot afford it. When a large company like Shell practices, in this case bribery, which is defiantly unethical, this act will spread to the whole society and affect the society in large (Tempo, 2005). Moreover when you start paying bribe for the first time it leads to demand for more bribes and work as a kind of temptation. So it is better never start it. Aid agencies trying to provide free services for those who need help and it is not morally accepted and expected from officials to try to make money from those services that supposed to be free. We believe and agree that Shell did something which is morally wrong and ethical person won’t advocate it, but there is a positive point in shells’ case. Shell accepted that they did and unethical and wrong action and admitted their mistake, they also agreed to pay $48m in criminal and civil fines. However shell had to admit their mistake but still we can consider it as a positive movement from shell and we can hope that Shell try to be an ethical company from now onwards, stop their unethical business practices and try to gain profit while following ethical business practices (Temp,2005). In conclusion, we all agree that bribery is an unethical business practice and it is not expected from large company such as Shell to practice such actions. It is not only the case that Shell paid bribe, the most important thing is that such actions, eventually leads to corruption of society which all of us believe to be destructive. Shell can follow Conoco Phillips and invest in research and development and try to improve its facilities, and by doing this they might earn less profit in the short term but they can be proud of themselves by being an ethical company and gaining more profit than their competitors in the long term as they will have new technologies and facilities in future because they invest in research and development today. Shell Should be accountable for what they did and be responsible for their unethical behavior and try to stop such acts in future if they want to build their reputation again as people and stakeholders won’t trust Shell as long as they continue being unethical. However if Shell really wants to be changed and get back its reputation they can do it by clarifying their vision among themselves and act ethically. Cite This Work To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: Related ServicesView all DMCA / Removal Request If you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have your work published on UKEssays.com then please:

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There are more than fifty thousand veterans in the United States today. A significant portion of which have experienced, in one way or another, a sort of unforgettable and traumatic event during their tour of duty. When these incidents create frequent and negative emotional personal responses, coupled with physical injury and other physical or psychological illnesses, a person is most likely experiencing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder or PTSD. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder can occur to anyone who has experienced a life-threatening event like military combat, terrorist attacks, child abuse, serious automobile accidents, sexual assault, rape, hurricanes, earthquakes, or kidnapping. In veterans, PTSD usually stems from events during combat or military duty. Symptoms of PTSD may surface right away while there are cases where symptoms only manifest after years. Symptoms of PTSD in Veterans Once soldiers and military personnel have retired or ended their service tours and they try to live a normal civilian life, PTSD symptoms can surface. Why this occurs is not known. But the symptoms and its emergence may vary depending on how the trauma’s impact to the veteran, how much control the veteran felt for the event, how close he/she was to the event and to the persons affected. PTSD is usually diagnosed when the symptoms last for more than four weeks and the symptoms have remarkably affected the veteran’s life and work. The four types of PTSD symptoms are: 1) Re-experiencing the event, 2) Avoiding memory triggers, 3) Hyper-arousal, and 4) Feeling guilt and numb. How Is PTSD Treated? The primary mode of treatment for PTSD is a combination of medications and counseling. The latter can be any form of any of the following evidence-based psychotherapies: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT), Prolonged Exposure (PE) therapy, and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). These techniques are even endorsed by the United States Department of Defense and Department of Veterans Affairs. The first line of pharmacologic treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder typically involves the use of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors or SSRIs like Sertraline (Zoloft), Fluoxetine (Prozac) and Paroxetine (Paxil). The neurotransmitter serotonin is essential in how our body’s moods are regulated. SSRIs functions in a way that serotonins cannot be absorbed by our brain cells and therefore manages the anxiety and negative moods experienced by patients with PTSD. Current scientific evidence base strongly support these drugs. However, there can be exceptions for their prescription if the patient is experiencing other conditions like bipolar disorder. In some cases, veterans seek other forms of treatment in conjunction to their current treatment regimens. Psychiatrists also recommend veterans to participate in complementary and alternative forms of treatment for PTSD. Alternative Therapies for PTSD Acupuncture involves the insertion of very thin needles into the skin layers of meridian points in the body. This process aims to restore balance and energy flow, giving the person a profound sense of calm. Veterans with PTSD who seek this form of treatment often report a decrease in nightmares and when it is coupled with psychotherapy, the results can be remarkable. In Oriental medicine, acupuncture is also used to treat other bodily illnesses, anxiety and stress disorders. Most Veterans Affairs offices in the country offer it as one the different alternative therapies available for veterans. You can check this link if your local Veterans Affairs office has a resident acupuncturist in their roster: http://www2.va.gov/directory/guide/ptsd_flsh.asp Biofeedback is a form of a physiological control technique. With the use of an electronic instrument attached to the patient, the patient can alter his/her reactions when the instrument indicates abnormal internal responses. In veterans with PTSD, biofeedback can be applied to control symptoms like sudden anger, being jittery, or having flashbacks. Hyperarousal is the state of always being jittery and excessively vigilant for signs of danger. This is a common symptom among veterans with PTSD and can lead to sleeping disorders, panic attacks, and anger issues. When veterans’ exhibit these symptoms are observed, therapists often teach and recommend doing relaxation techniques. A simple relaxation exercise can involve alternate clenching one’s right fist, releasing it, and doing the same step with his/her left fist. Progressive muscle relaxation can be done in as little as five to ten minutes or whenever patients feel like they are feeling particularly jumpy. Veterans with PTSD often exhibit issues with their body’s fight-or-flight reactions, often making them feel stressed out. By doing yoga, their bodies are retrained to adapt to these traumatic memories by facing them down and incorporating deep breathing techniques and calming posture instead of the usual flighty reactions. Several studies done by the United States Department of Defense also supports the long-held belief that yoga helps improve the health conditions of PTSD-diagnosed veterans. Most yoga classes can be done in a group setting or you can ask for a one on one session with an instructor. As little as two months of weekly classes can do wonders for your body and state of mind. A recent alternative form of therapy for veterans with PTSD is the use of horses. Veterans undergoing equine therapy are made to care for a horse. Horses are animals that, when taught and trained properly, are receptive to social cues. A horse’s ability to bond to a human trainer and sense their moods is helpful when dealing with anyone with PTSD. Veterans in equine therapy are found to have decreased stress levels. They are also found to be more compliant with this alternative form of treatment perhaps because horse-riding can be an enjoyable sport. Equine therapy is also offered in about 30 Veteran Affairs centers in the country. PTSD Coach App Another alternative form of PTSD treatment for veterans is the PTSD Coach. This is a smartphone app that veterans can download for free. The app allows veterans to be aware of the onset PTSD symptoms, gives steps to cope with stress and provides links to PTSD help lines. Integrating technology in this alternative treatment method is a step carving out a safe and nonjudgmental place for veterans who are experiencing PTSD symptoms but are too afraid or confused to seek help. Mindfulness and Meditation The practice of mindfulness is useful to veterans with PTSD since this allows them to focus on the now and learn to deal with situations that affect them in the present moment. PTSD patients are often plagued with flashbacks of traumatic events that can be crippling to them. Mindfulness is a tool against these experiences. Mindfulness-based treatment plans are offered in PTSD clinics and Veterans Affairs centers all over the country. These therapy sessions include group or one-on-one sharing sessions, stretching and meditation exercises. The use of touch and physical manipulation as a form of alternative treatment has been common in many cultures all over the world. This therapy centers on the belief that health is restored by the manual manipulation of bones, muscles and tissues. For veterans with PTSD, this form of treatment can be beneficial since it allows the patients to relax and loosen their minds. Massage therapy can be used in conjunction with other conventional forms of treating PTSD. Other forms of massage therapy like Rolfing and chiropractice. It should be noted that these treatment modalities should not be used with patients with a history of physical abuse or those with heightened senses. Family therapy can often be done in conjunction with any form cognitive behavioral therapy that a person with PTSD commits to. Counseling in this form allows the patient and his/her family to communicate with each other and learn more about how PTSD is treated. The burden of treatment for PTSD should not only fall towards the person experiencing it, but it should also be shared with you and your family for it to be successfully treated. The important part about family therapy is to improve a family’s relationship dynamics. Energy therapy is a relatively newer form of complementary and alternative therapy for PTSD. One of the most prominent forms of energy therapy is called Emotional Freedom Technique or EFT. This treatment option is a variation of acupuncture since the patient touches the acupuncture points or energy meridians in one’s body to stimulate them. Energy therapy can be learned through a practiced instructor and, later on, the patient can perform the techniques himself. Image Rehearsal Therapy Image rehearsal therapy is used for managing nightmares in patients with PTSD. It is a form of guided imagery where patients are taught to picture a series of scenes or a picture from their traumatic experiences and use this to cope with it over a period of time. When veterans are taught to consciously picture these images in their minds, their nightly terrors will not be as disturbing in effect. There are other forms of alternative therapies used by different cultures in the world. The ones enumerated here are those most effective for PTSD. If you wish to explore them, you can visit www.holisticonline.com At this time, there is insufficient proof of the effectiveness of complementary and alternative therapies for treating Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in veterans. However, initial findings of alternative therapies are encouraging. Therefore, they are best used in addition to conventional treatments for PTSD patients or as a stepping stone for patients who decline to get medical treatment for PTSD. Where to Get Help Talking to a therapist is not easy nor is taking medications whose side effects you cannot be sure of. But if you are experiencing any of PTSD symptoms, it’s no good keeping your feelings repressing them either. There are a lot of options for now out there. You can seek for help online, just visit www.ptsd.va.gov/public/where-to-get-help.asp Civilianized: A Young Veteran’s Memoir In this dark humored War Memoir, Iraq veteran Michael Anthony discusses his return from war and how he defeated his PTSD. Civilianized is a must read for any veteran, or anyone who knows a veteran, who has returned from war and suffered through Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). “I wont soon forget this book.” -Mary Roach “A must read.” -Colby Buzzell “[S]mart and mordantly funny.” –Milwaukee Journal Sentinel “Anthony delivers a dose of reality that can awaken the mind…” Bookreporter Order your copy of Civilianized: A Young Veteran’s Memoir .

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These road signs on the water are made up of five buoy types- cardinal, lateral,isolated danger, special and safe water marks. There are four varieties: north, east, south and west. South cardinal buoys have a long flash in addition to the 6 flashes because, when there is a large swell you may not see the entire sequence. How well do you remember Europe's old money? These buoys get their names from the cardinal points of the compass, north, south, east and west. So, try teaching your brother or sister, or you can teach a bunch of stuffed toys! Except the spinal cord guy. Alternatively, you can simply continue using the same Sparks card you’ve always had. Sailtrain.co.uk is free to use, but if you feel you would like to contribute to the running and development costs you can donate via Paypal: All cardinal marks are pillar buoys so the shape alone will not help to identify one, but the topmark of a cardinal mark indicates its type. If you consider yourself a true Grey’s Anatomy fan, give this quiz a try! Cardinal marks. The reason you loved me before, Baby please remember me once more. They are energetic, dynamic, proactive, and unafraid to try new things. Cardinal marks Cardinal marks indicate the best navigable water and north, south, east or west as the safe side on which to pass danger (such as rocks, wrecks and shoals). Never Eat Slimy Worms 2. Cardinal marks indicate the direction of safety as a cardinal (compass) direction (north, east, south or west) relative to the mark. by MintMoo Lots of yes or no questions! The IALA Buoyage System is a worldwide standard sea mark system used in navigation to mark the edge channels. Remembering the east and west marks can be more of a problem. If the entire sentence is a question, put the question mark outside the quotation marks. 1. New speaker, new line A north cardinal mark is placed to the north of a hazard and indicates safe water is to the north of the mark. As human beings, many of us have a desire to leave our mark on the world. They have been reassigned to that family by the American Ornithological Society. Great for beginners! A cardinal mark indicates one of the four compass directions by: Either a quick or a very quick sequence of light flashes may be used; the choice allows for two similar nearby marks to be uniquely identified by their lights. More information on Cardinal Signs. North cardinal mark - A north cardinal mark has two cones pointing up. Remember to rate this quiz on the next page! Although cardinal marks are represented with all four types marking a danger this is unusual. We’ve typed up some of their major talking points. Text to 44202 (Msg&Data Rates May Apply). Cardinal Marks. This compass is pointing due North (also 0 degrees) Turn your body while keeping the compass in … Never Eat Shredred Wheat 4. Learn to play guitar by chord / tabs using chord diagrams, transpose the key, watch video lessons and much more. Cardinal marks are all yellow and black. Decades of studies with frosted lenses, magnetic coils or scent deprivation show they use pretty much every clue available. And even people who do better with route perspective (following landmarks) often have a vehicle or smartphone equipped with a digital … Ordinal and cardinal numbers are different but related. Cardinal buoys are positioned on the side of the danger that they are named for. To remember each type, think of a compass face with the numbers of a clock marked on it beside each direction (North, East, South and West). The 'East Bramble' East Cardinal Mark helps the Stavros S Niarchos navigate safely in the Solent, August 2008. Te souviendras-tu du rouge à lèvres que je portais ? The Fixed Signs: like stability. Definition of cardinal in the Definitions.net dictionary. Cause I often think about where I happen to roam. Brendan Marks, Tue, 12 May 2015 17:28:00 GMT jim hart, who played for the st. louis football cardinals from 1966 through 1983, joined the hollywood casino press box on tuesday to catch up with frank cusumano. They will be mixed up with lateral marks so that it is easy to identify which buoy you are looking at. Tuesday marks 19 years since Three Rivers Stadium implosion. If you consider yourself a wiz when it comes to riddles, or if you just need a break from the hectic world around you - … At night, each type of cardinal mark has a flashing white light with different groupings of flashes (continuous, or groups of 3, 6 or 9). Before we find out what makes up the eraser and how it works, it’s important to understand more about what the eraser ultimately erases (because, you know, it’s not there forever). International system of buoys. Fixed Signs want to Own things. Branching off the main topic, write a heading for each of the subtopics. Me2006. Note that the two north cardinal marks on the northern ends of Potta (46°216.80'N 05°59.30'W), and Nera (46°58.25'N 05°58.60'W), islands have different light sequences to assist with differentiating them at night. A fast loading page that can be bookmarked for your convenience. Helps you remember and connect relationships between topics. There are two possible sequences, so that if there are two similar buoys in an area, they will show different lights patterns. Like a Mountain Arch is near by and then you placed a Sign saying "Creeper Arch". All aids have identifying marks such as colours, lights and numbers and if you are close by an aid and have a current chart you can determine your position. Will you remember the lipstick I wore ? A compass will help direct you to the safe side on which to pass these marks. Are you prepared to know how you will die? Sometimes a Cardinal Mark can be used instead of a, The topmarks for east and west "follow the Sun"—the top cone points in the direction in which the Sun appears to move (, East looks like a classical letter E/epsilon. I can remember in elementary school all the priests went by their last names, but now they seem to want to be called by their first. A preponderance of cardinal signs in a chart indicates a person who is always … Punctuating dialogue might not sound like a very exciting topic or a lot of fun as a writer to study – but it is very important in making sure your dialogue exchanges between characters make sense to your readers! Cardinal marks warn of a danger (wrecks, shoals, bends, spits etc.) Creative Commons Zero . 6/12/2019. Écoutez Do You Remember (Original Mix) par Joy Corporation - Do You Remember. How Do You Use It? Then you know that you have been here. 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COVID-19 has caused historic highs in unemployment levels across the globe. Unemployment rates are expected to rise further from ripple effects of the pandemic as well as from forces that were already in motion such as automation, the rise of artificial intelligence, and the continuous skills gaps between workers and job requirements. Moreover, other than the financial crisis that comes with not having a recurring source of income, unemployment also has a detrimental effect on mental health. Let’s explore in detail. When you lose your job, it does not only mean losing your usual source of income but in the turn of events, you might also lose your sense of self-purpose. What’s more, unemployment can often come as a shock to your entire system. The toll on your mental health is the same as mourning the loss of a loved one or going through a divorce. Unemployment is an emotional roller coaster that starts as an eagerness to secure a new job, transcending into bitterness, anger, and hopelessness when there is no luck at it. This is especially more common when people are unemployed for longer periods. The impact of unemployment on mental health can develop into mental health disorders. There has been a great deal of research on the subject of unemployment and its impact on mental health since the beginning of the Great Depression in the 1930s (Daly et al., 2012). The effects of unemployment can have two parallels: unemployment may worsen mental health, making it more difficult for a person to obtain or hold a job, creating a vicious circle. Before expanding on the topic, it is important to be able to distinguish between unemployment and being out of the labor force. An individual must be actively looking for work to be counted as unemployed. However, those without paid employment and are not actively seeking a job are considered “inactive” and out of the labor force. In addition, research refers to the combination of unemployed and inactive as “non-employed”. Moreover, not all forms of inactivity have a similar impact on mental health. What Is The Connection Between Mental Health and Unemployment? Unemployment results in a loss of income, which may also lead to a decline in the individual’s standard of living and her/his family. As a consequence, it impacts both physical and mental health. However, the extent to which standards of living decline depends on factors such as, the duration of unemployment, income of other household members, unemployment benefits available, and the unemployed person’s assets. Ways Unemployment Can Lead to Worsening Mental Health Some people define success through work and without it they start to feel like a failure. This including the inability to provide for their family leads to self-doubt and insecurity. The longer these people go unemployed, the more broken their confidence. Even if they are not deprived in terms of material, being unemployed leads to anxiety because of the fear of a future decline in the standard of living and long-term loss of income. The thought of joblessness can generate a feeling of insecurity that is not under one’s control. Financial hardships and uncertainty of the future leave people with stress, consequently damaging mental one’s health. Loss of Self-esteem Unemployment can cause a drop in status among friends, family, and the community at large, leading to a loss of self-esteem. In addition to this, other mental effects of unemployment other than low self-esteem include the feeling that you no longer have a purpose. Jobs give people’s lives purpose and meaning. It makes them feel more productive and that they are contributing members of society. When people lose their jobs, it leads to them feeling as though they have lost their sense of purpose. They tend to feel useless and empty till they have found a new position. Similarly, these feelings are often precursors of depression Depression is a common negative of unemployment. Initially losing your job can leave you feeling sad and upset. With time this transcends into hopelessness about finding another job, making it much worse. According to a survey conducted on American citizens, unemployed people are twice as likely to seek treatment for depression than those who are unemployed (Di Tella, MacCulloch & Oswald). A loss of day-to-day structure of work and the stigma associated with unemployment is synonymous with stress and reduced self-esteem. Loss of Social Contacts Losing your job typically means that you will no longer have any contact with work colleagues, decreasing your social networks. A decrease in socialization can cause one’s a decline in one’s well-being (Helliwell & Putnam, 2004). The potential effects of unemployment on mental health may, however, vary with age and gender. For example, losing one’s job can have a larger impact on the prime working-age population compared to teenagers. Family and social events have a greater influence on the mental health of women, whereas financial difficulties and work stress have a greater impact on the mental health of men (Breslin et al., 2008). All of the above-mentioned problems mixed with frustration and not being able to find another job can make a person irritable and angry. Unemployment may even often cause you to get angry more easily and snap at your loved ones for small things that you would otherwise let slide. Everyone cannot cope up with mental health problems in a productive way. The toll unemployment has on these people’s mental health causes them to turn towards drugs and alcohol to make them feel better. This behavior can develop into substance abuse over time and cause even more problems. Unemployment has a drastic effect on one’s mental health, which can lead to chronic anxiety. When a comparison was done between those who were employed and those who were unemployed, anxiety was higher in those who were jobless. Jobless people worry a lot about finances and how they’ll make ends meet, which is a natural response. However, with time, it can cause severe anxiety disorders that cannot be tackled without treatment. The Impact of Unemployment The impact of mental health also differs with the duration of unemployment. Several theories explain how this may happen. Some argue that the trauma of losing your job is the most intense at the time it occurs and subsides later. Others say that social isolation, stigma, and material deprivation associated with unemployment are likely to become greater over time. The economic conditions at the time put people at risk of sliding into despair. The impact of unemployment is not only limited to mental health and behaviors can extend to your family and spouse, as well. Your loved one can feel overwhelmed with emotions, such as, hopelessness, anger, depression, and anxiety. This is especially unavoidable if the effects are drastic and noticeable. Your loved ones are most likely experiencing these emotions with you. As a result, causing voids in your family that are difficult to heal. There are different stages of progression for stressful events in psychology, for example, unemployment-induced anxiety also has stages. The initial phase is characterized by shock. In this stage, the individual is unbroken and optimistic despite being jobless. As time goes by and unemployment advances, the individual becomes pessimistic and suffers from distress. Eventually, he becomes fatalistic about the situation and adapts to the new stage without any enthusiasm. Hence, unemployed people have poorer mental health due to increased levels of anxiety, frustration, and disappointment. Furthermore, these feelings are worse in those who are the breadwinners of their houses and have the weight of various financial responsibilities on their shoulders. They have a greater sense of efficiency because of their former successes in terms of work and school. This is especially common in highly educated people and in people who are vulnerable to the emotional consequences of unemployment. How To Cope With These Feelings? While everyone grieves differently, there are both healthy and unhealthy ways to cope with unemployment. - Give yourself time to adjust and don’t try to bottle up your feelings. - Write about your feelings. - Rather than dwelling over how you could have prevented losing your job, accept reality. The sooner you do, the sooner you will be able to move past it. - Don’t blame yourself for what happened. It is easy to criticize yourself when you’ve lost your job but it’s important to avoid putting yourself down. Navigate through the negative thoughts in your head and start looking for a new job with your confidence intact. - Think of this job loss as a temporary setback. Pick yourself up and turn things around, learn from experience and try again. - Remember that some people used events like unemployment to come back stronger than ever, look no further than to the late Steve Jobs, famous for coming back to Apple to turn the company from near bankruptcy to being the most valuable company in the world. There is a bidirectional relationship between unemployment and mental health. Good mental health has a pivotal impact on finding a good job and overall employability. Whereas long-term unemployment can negatively affect people’s mental health, causing depression, lower self-esteem, and anxiety. At the end of the day, look for a lesson in your loss. It is always easier to cope with loss by looking for a silver lining. Maybe this unemployment has allowed you to rethink your career and priorities. The stress of losing your job can take a toll on your mental health and leave you more vulnerable. Therefore, it is now even more important to care of yourself. Don’t shy away from seeking support If you require support, go for it. Seeking support is not something to be thought twice about, however, something that will bring you to a position of greater strength. You cannot hesitate when it comes to caring for your mental wellbeing. Breslin, F. C., Tompa, E., Zhao, R., Pole, J. D., Amick Iii, B. C., Smith, P. M., & Hogg-Johnson, S. (2008). The relationship between job tenure and work disability absence among adults: A prospective study. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 40(1), 368-375. Daly, M. C., Hobijn, B., Şahin, A., & Valletta, R. G. (2012). A search and matching approach to labor markets: Did the natural rate of unemployment rise? Di Tella, R., MacCulloch, R. J., & Oswald, A. J. (2001). Preferences over inflation and unemployment: Evidence from surveys of happiness. American economic review, 91(1), 335-341. Helliwell, J. F., & Putnam, R. D. (2004). The social context of well–being. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 359(1449).

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The products includes five series: crusher, sand making machine, powder grinding mill, mineral processing equipment and building materials equipment.use of jaw crusher in mines,jaw crusher is widely used in many fields such as mining, smelting, building, highway, railway, waterpower and chemical industry, crushing various materials with compressive strength not exceeding 320 mpa. In metal mines, it is mostly used for coarse and secondary crushing of hard or medium hard ore, and is the first choice for primary crushing.. jaw crusher is widely used in many fields such as mining, smelting, building, highway, railway, waterpower and chemical industry, crushing various materials with compressive strength not exceeding 320 mpa. 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It is widely applied in railway, highway, mining, smelting, construction, water industries and so on. working principle Of jaw crusher: mar 28, 2019 jaw crusher is a large piece of equipment thats used in mine and ore processing plants to crush rocks. the equipment was first introduced back in 1858 by inventor eli whitey black who primarily developed machinery used for crushing stone. information for buying a used jaw crusher, and how jaw crushers are used for primary crushing in mining, construction, and aggregate production. spanish speakers may jaw crusher,jaw breaker,jaw crushers,stone crusher,rock introduction of stone jaw crusher: stone jaw crusher is mainly used in the industries of metallurgy, mining, chemical, cement, construction, refractory materials and ceramics, suitable to crush hard and soft ores with compressive strength less than 320 mpa. this machine can break material into medium size and fine size. features of stone jaw crusher: application field. jaw crusher is widely used to crush materials into medium size in the first crushing process of ore rocks, so your rocks would get be ready for the secondary crushing. it had a wide range of suitable materials, such as granite, marble, basalt, limestone, quartz, pebble, iron ore, copper ore and so on. the jaw crusher is applicated in mining, metallurgy, building, highway Jan 03 2017 · working principle of jaw crusher: through transmission of belts, the motor drives the eccentric shaft. under drive of the eccentric shaft, the moving jaw does periodic motion towards the fixed jaw. when the space between the moving jaw and the fix when idling jaw crushers consume approximately 50% of the power of full operation and gyratory approximately 30%. installation of an underground jaw crusher may cost up to six times as much as the crusher itself. by jaw crusher produces approximately 1.8 tons per horsepower-hour at a reduction ratio. dec 12, 2020 In mining applications, a jaw crusher is used to produce gravel. 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Celebrating common threads A society's culture can be broadly defined as its “way of life”—beliefs and customs generally shared by the people of that particular society. Culture, which is a complex, nuanced and multi-layered concept, is intrinsically related to one's religion, ethnicity, land, and language. But much as we desire it, in a diverse society, cultural homogeneity is a non-possibility as not everyone has the same set of beliefs or follows the same customs and rituals. Our's is a fractured culture of a fractured time, “a culture of many cultures”. It has been sliced up in so many ways that what's popular with one segment of the population may be quite unpopular with another segment. But certain ideas and norms, like respect for elders or love for the land that we belong to, have the ability to transcend these differences. Pahela Baishakh, the first day in the Bengali calendar, is one such element that can transcend differences. It gives us a sense of unity amidst our differences. At a time when divisions along religious, ethnic, political and linguistic lines are ripping apart the very fabric of our society, it gives us hope that maybe, deep inside, we still have what it takes to live together with some degree of dignity and respect for each other. The history of Pahela Baishakh is tied with the history of the formulation of Bengali calendar, the origin of which is unclear. Some historians traced it to the rule of Mughal Emperor Akbar who wanted to create a “harvest calendar” for local residents in line with his taxation policy; others traced it to a much earlier time. Regardless of who adopted the calendar, the start of the traditional new year has been historically observed as an auspicious day for both farmers celebrating new harvest and traders looking for a fresh start in their businesses. But it was a simple, mostly private celebration, without the flashy trappings of modern-day celebrations. Celebrations of the kind that we see today, in cities and urban centres, are mostly modern inventions inspired by Baishakh-themed music, literature and folk art. In 1967, Chhayanaut celebrated Pahela Baishakh as the first organisation to do so, a year after the revision of Bengali calendar that set April 14 as the first day of the Bengali New Year. Chhayanaut's move set an urban tradition of paying musical homage to the New Year that would, in later years, endure the onslaught of communal forces and political oppression. As the occasion grew in popularity, celebrations began to take new forms and new elements were introduced. Today, Pahela Baishakh is celebrated in numerous ways. You see village-style fairs, dance and musical events, readings, open-air concerts, kite festivals, special television programming, DJ parties, corporate-sponsored gigs, and so on and so forth. Inspired by these grand celebrations in Bangladesh, people in neighbouring Tripura and Kolkata, where until recently, Pahela Baishakh was mostly restricted to opening Halkhata (new ledger) and private gatherings, have also begun to accept it as a secular festival for Bengalis of all religions. After the UNESCO recognition of Mangal Shobhajatra, the staple of modern-day celebrations of Pahela Baishakh, it has turned into a symbol of national pride. Pahela Baishakh has clearly come a long way since its humble, rural beginnings and spawned a regionwide multi-billion-taka bonanza. This, in turn, has also ignited some unpleasant questions about the way it is being celebrated today is the Bengali way. To put it differently, if Pahela Baishakh is part of the Bengali culture, does the way we celebrate it truly reflect that culture? You can hear murmurs of disapproval in some quarters that say that Islam, the religion of the majority, doesn't support a celebration that they think is largely inspired by Hindu myths and traditions; or doubt if latter-day inclusions like panta-ilish feasts and Mangal Shobhajatra really represent our centuries-old culture and heritage. These are questions usually ignored by the mainstream media and the cultural elite and are often binned as products of a “fundamentalist” mindset. Doing so, however, only risks widening the existing schisms within our already deeply polarised society. I think critical thoughts, however biased or intellectually unsound, should be welcomed for the simple reason that they exist as a “reaction” which should give us an opportunity to evaluate our action. Also, such thoughts stem from genuine concerns and deserve appropriate response, the absence of which may very well mean the absence of a solid basis for the said action that has caused those concerns in the first place. Is there really a “Bengali way” to celebrate Pahela Baishakh? Frankly, there isn't. We're too different to be alike. “Bengali way” in the sense of a single, linear way to be followed by everyone is a myth at best—and nationalist propaganda at worst. It is difficult to define because there is no single, universally accepted definition. About 98 percent of our population belongs to the Bengali ethno-linguistic group but Bangladesh is hardly ethnically homogeneous, so to speak, because of the different subgroups and deep divisions that exist within the larger ethno-linguistic group. And even then, religion plays a big part in how a certain cultural practice will be viewed, meaning even if it is accepted, its level of acceptance may vary depending on one's interpretation of it. In Bangladesh, Muslims constitute 90.4 percent of the population while Hindus form 8.96 percent (2011 census). Defining the identity of Bengali Muslims from a historical perspective is not simple, according to Professor Anisuzzaman, a leading scholar on Bengali identity and culture. “When we identify a group of people as Bengali Muslim, we highlight only one aspect of their self-identity. But if we observe closely, we'll see that they contain multitudes,” he said. He drew on historical documents and literary sources to present a compelling picture of the diversity of Bengali Muslims in different ages in terms of their preference for language, attire, occupation, customs, and religious and political beliefs—which made them different not only from their Hindu counterparts, but also from each other. Defining the Bengali Hindus, on the other hand, is not an easy task either because they, too, have their differences, and went through a similar process of transformation. When we single out a certain way and try to pass it off as the Bengali way, to be followed by everyone, it serves as a denial of people's diversity and, in so doing, attains an autocratic quality. Culture is a fluid concept. The freedom to navigate the complex situation that supposedly arises from one's linguistic, national and religious identities/differences lies at the heart of any pluralistic society, although cultural hegemons drumming up support for their vision of a unidimensional identity will make you think otherwise. They will cry hoarse about the illusive “Bangaliyana,” dig out age-old customs and disparage anyone who doesn't gravitate to them, but conveniently forget that such rigidity is an affront to those non-Bengali ethnic groups that also respect the traditional calendar and celebrate harvesting of new paddy in their own ways. The search for the Bengali way in Pahela Baishakh celebrations is, therefore, a misguided one. We need to seek unity through diversity. That being said, modern-day celebrations are a far cry from how Pahela Baishakh used to be celebrated, through simple feasts and fairs in rural areas. And the fact that it has been turned into an urban affair by people far removed from the reality of the peasant folks is an irony of the highest order. The point I am trying to make is, Pahela Baishakh, while an integral part of the local culture and tradition, shouldn't be a cause for rifts simply because of some people's lofty idea of how to celebrate it or what the ideal Bengali way is. This, in part, also answers the questions, or reservations, about Pahela Baishakh from an Islamic perspective. Some Islamic scholars do no support celebrating Pahela Baishakh because of Mangal Pradip, panta-ilish feasts, Mangal Shobhajatra and other apparent Hindu influences. They mistakenly equate the spirit of Pahela Baishakh with its modern-day trappings. This, again, indicates how cultural hegemony has corrupted our understanding of Pahela Baishakh through the diffusion and popularisation of certain ways of celebration. But Pahela Baishakh is more than that. Pahela Baishakh is an idea—it will not change although how we celebrate it will. Pahela Baishakh is a celebration of life, a renewed awareness of what we are, what we used to be, and what we can achieve if we start together. Unlike Eids or Pujas, which come with a religious tag, Pahela Baishakh is a celebration for all. So what the religious scholars need to understand is that anyone can celebrate this day in their own unique way. Even a simple, unceremonious prayer for the wellbeing of the country, or a simple feast for orphans, would mean as much as organising big public galas. What I find interesting is the secular message behind the first Mangal Shobhajatra organised in Dhaka in 1989. It was meant to be a creative expression of protest by the writers-artists who organised it, as part of their movement against the autocratic regime, which used religion to stay in power. The organisers, as a protest, wanted to do something that would highlight Bengali culture which is for the people of all religions. Hence, the idea of using symbols of different traditions. It was a deliberate attempt to underscore the importance of unity through diversity. That first walk was called “Ananda Shobhajatra.” I wonder if those who object to the naming of “Mangal” Shobhajatra today would have objected to “Ananda” Shobhajatra also. Badiuzzaman Bay is a member of the editorial team at The Daily Star.

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What is an Entrepreneurial Community? Entrepreneurship is an economic development strategy that has been growing in popularity in recent years. While small businesses have always been important components of local economies, interest in entrepreneurship can be attributed to: - an appreciation of local assets and talent; - a perception of better odds, and lower cost, of job creation than alternative development strategies; - In Oklahoma between 2000 and 2008, job growth was negative for resident businesses with more than ten employees; job growth among self-employed persons was 134 percent, and job growth in businesses with two to nine employees was 18 percent. Jobs at firms with 500+ employees fell by one-third. - a response to job losses elsewhere in the economy; - Since 2007, firms with more than ten employees shed 1.8 percent of their jobs, while firms with nine or less employees grew their employment by 6.9 percent.1 - a desire to determine the community’s destiny by growing from within. Small businesses also seem to contribute relatively more to the local economy, as they tend to purchase products and services locally for their businesses and, as local residents, shop their peers (i.e., other locally-owned, small businesses). There may also be additional benefits from encouraging entrepreneurship and locally-owned businesses. Just as local foods promote “knowing your farmer,” locally-owned businesses provide the opportunity to know your _____ (fill in the blank with whatever’s appropriate: pharmacist, banker, etc.). Locally-owned businesses may also be less susceptible to national, economic ‘contagions’ such as the financial crisis of 2007, though they typically have access to fewer resources to sustain them through tough times. Regardless of the reason for pursuing entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship development is a paradigm shift from traditional economic development (e.g., industrial recruitment, business retention and expansion), so local communities need to understand how best to engage and support entrepreneurs. This fact sheet will describe why the encouragement of entrepreneurs requires a different community strategy than traditional economic development techniques, and will advise community leaders about fostering entrepreneurship in their community. This fact sheet will help communities understand their role in aiding entrepreneurs, help them in assessing their community’s current readiness for entrepreneurial programming, and it recommends specific actions to increase readiness. 1 Numbers calculated using data on job growth from YourEconomy.org; growth rates are calculated for “resident” companies, or companies headquartered in OK. They do not include, therefore, non-commercial employment or employment of firms not headquartered in OK. What Makes Entrepreneurship so Unique? For the purpose of this fact sheet, an entrepreneur is “one who undertakes or manages.” 2 It includes entrepreneurs and small business owners – everything from the kitchen accessory salesperson working out of his/her home to the CEO of the next great biotechnology firm. Note the definition refers to an individual; herein lies the uniqueness of entrepreneurship. Whereas traditional economic development focused on a business with profit-maximizing motivations (hence the tax incentives and subsidized infrastructure to lower production costs), entrepreneurship is about a person, whose decision-making process involves considerations for the business and his or her personal goals/desires. Often, the location decision of an entrepreneur will be almost solely determined by personal goals/desires and not business ones. For example, the serial entrepreneur (i.e., one who has started several new companies) is building a business with the intent of selling it; barring the need for specialized or bulky inputs, such as a technology-based company, the business could be located anywhere. In other cases, like the home-based business owner who operates the business “on the side,” the business is secondary to personal reasons for residing in a given community – maybe it’s proximity to family, location of his/her (or spouse’s) primary job, etc. Quality of life in, and personal preferences toward, a community are potentially more important to entrepreneurs than business-enhancing programs of traditional economic development. This is not to say that quality of life does not matter in traditional economic development, nor that access to appropriate infrastructure is not important to entrepreneurs. However, corporations and entrepreneurs generally rank these attributes differently. As a result, community leaders seeking to pursue entrepreneurship as an economic development strategy need to pursue policies to enhance the living experience of the community, not necessarily the economic competitiveness of it. 2 Numbers calculated using data on job growth from YourEconomy.org; growth rates are calculated for “resident” companies, or companies headquartered in OK. They do not include, therefore, non-commercial employment or employment of firms not headquartered in OK. What is an Entrepreneurial Community? An entrepreneurial community is a community that intentionally acts to cultivate and support entrepreneurs. Because of our familiarity with industrial recruitment (characterized by infrastructure projects such as industrial parks and highway access), it is only natural that people automatically begin to think about the infrastructure needed to support entrepreneurs. Ideas such as incubators, access to financial capital, and broadband/e-commerce may come to mind. These are important policy tools to address issues facing entrepreneurs within a community, but this way of thinking presumes to know what entrepreneurs within a community need/want and is typically driven by funding availability. It also leads to a piece-meal system of services for entrepreneurs, which is confusing for these individuals to navigate and is likely missing key services (Lichtenstein, Lyons and Kutzhanova, 2004). Furthermore, there are likely less expensive strategies the community can pursue to support entrepreneurs. As an alternative to the approach just described, one should use a systems approach to entrepreneurship. A systems approach requires a very broad perspective of entrepreneurship, recognizing that multiple dimensions of a community contribute to an entrepreneur’s success. For example, local government policy, the local school system, and the availability of financial capital are necessary for entrepreneurial success. However, if they do not work in coordination with one another (i.e., as a system), the schools may produce entrepreneurs with skills that the local banks will not finance and local zoning regulations will not accommodate production of their product. In addition to this system perspective and collaboration, entrepreneurs require unique infrastructure relative to more traditional recipients of economic development support. Specifically, entrepreneurs need an appropriate climate and certain support systems to nurture their enterprises that larger, established firms may not require. For the established firm, they have either grown to a point that division of labor is possible (such as hiring an accountant to manage finances). Or, they have figured out a way to address those areas of the business the entrepreneur may not have adequate skills and/or time to address. In other words, they have either created the necessary services within the firm, or they have secured them from outside. Entrepreneurs, lacking this infrastructure of business competencies, look to social networks, mentors and coaches as a means of compensating for the lacking expertise, knowledge or awareness of service availability. The networks are valuable by enabling the entrepreneurs to interact and identify solutions through others’ experiences and/or knowledge. Sometimes this is manifest in one entrepreneur buying goods and services directly from another entrepreneur; other times, one entrepreneur shares how he/she dealt with an issue that introduces another entrepreneur to that solution (e.g., a referral to a local accountant or lawyer). Furthermore, entrepreneurs and small business owners tend to be isolated in their communities, as they are consumed with getting their businesses “off the ground” or making them succeed. They lack the time or ability (usually financial) to seek out support from trade groups and associations, the usual outlets where business managers get re-energized, develop professionally, and are rewarded for their success by their peers. Small business recognition programs can fill this void for small business owners and draw them as individuals into the mainstream of the community. An additional infrastructure required by small business owners is access to appropriate business services. These would include lawyers capable of working with entrepreneurs on a range of issues, such as protecting intellectual property (e.g., trademarks, patents), incorporation, and product liability; accountants that can assist with accounting system creation, taxes, and financial reporting; marketing agencies that can aid business owners with marketing strategy, promotion development, and advertising placement. Not all communities will be able to host professionals that can provide all of these services. This is where the concept of a system comes back into play. Thinking systematically, where might some of these services reside in your community? Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service offices, community colleges and technical schools, high school vocational education instructors, and library databases may be alternative sources of information related to these services. A community could also consider regionalized service, where an attorney might visit the community once a week or three days a month, while maintaining an office in a larger community nearby. Once these initial elements are in place, such as entrepreneurship networks and access to appropriate business services, then the community should consider more intensive support options. These options would include technical training (e.g., seminars on writing business plans, marketing, financial management for small businesses), local access to financial capital, market promotion, and programs targeting youth. These are considered intensive because they require significantly more manpower and money than the previous strategies. At a minimum, these type of programs will require at least one employee to maintain the program, not to mention funds to purchase materials, basic office needs (e.g., computer, phone and utilities), and possibly money for a loan pool or other form of financial capital. Collaborations with other organizations, such as USDA-Rural Development, vocational or community colleges, Small Business Development Centers, etc. can be helpful so the community does not have to recreate these services from nothing, but even the collaborations will require something from the community. Real World Examples - RUPRI Center for Rural Entrepreneurship Innovative Approaches to Entrepreneurial Development: Cases from Northwest Region - NC Center for Rural Studies, “Hello, My Business Name is . . .: A Guide to Building Entrepreneurial Networks in North Carolina.” (Includes additional case studies of community networks in NC) - Community Vitality Center, “Entrepreneurial Rural Communities National Case Studies Series.” What are the Next Steps for a Community Interested in Entrepreneurship? The assessment presented in Figure 1 is helpful in developing a broader approach to entrepreneurship. This exercise can serve two purposes for your community: - it helps you identify what resources/services/capacities already exist to support entrepreneurship; - it characterizes your community’s ability/readiness to support entrepreneurship. Each box represents a different component of a community’s entrepreneurship strategy. Read the description of each component, and rate your community on a scale of 1 to 5 (1 = limited readiness and 5 = high degree of readiness). Six community entrepreneurship readiness factors are described below. For each, rate your home community on a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 indicates limited degree of readiness and 5 indicates a high degree of readiness. This activity is best done as a group (e.g., city council, the local economic development authority, and /or the Chamber of Commerce), so that the collective insights into the community can be assessed (i.e., average individual responses for each category and sum the averaged scores). - Openness to Entrepreneurship. Is the community open to exploring entrepreneurship as an economic development strategy? Central to such a commitment is the firm belief that wishing your community there are entrepreneurs who can create a new generation of successful businesses and there are service providers and community leaders willing to help them achieve success. - Entrepreneurship Programs Has your community had experience with entrepreneurship programs already? Does your community offer (or did it offer at one time) any of the following programs (note: this list is not meant to be exhaustive): - Networking infrastructure for entrepreneurs - Mentoring programs for entrepreneurs - Efforts to improve business services for entrepreneurs - Micro lending or other business financing services - Entrepreneurial training programs such as “how to start a business” seminars or courses - Business counseling services - Youth entrepreneurship education programs - Other programs specific to your community - Leadership Team. Can your community create a team that will work on an entrepreneurial strategy? To be successful, a community needs a core leadership team committed to building and supporting an entrepreneurship program. Remember, as Margaret Mead once said, “Never forget that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world. Indeed it’s the only thing that ever has.” - Balancing Business Attraction. Does the community balance a traditional economic development approach with a focus on local businesses and energizing entrepreneurs to create and build homegrown enterprises? For 50 years, the mainstay economic development strategy had been business attractions, particularly the search for industries. Supporting entrepreneurship requires a willingness to broaden the economic development strategy beyond the traditional recruitment model. - Willingness to Invest. Most rural communities have limited experience with entrepreneurial programs. Do not assume you cannot create an entrepreneurial development strategy if your experience with these kinds of programs is limited. What is the most important is a willingness to develop and support these kinds of activities. Rate your community’s willingness to invest in entrepreneurship, both in financial and non-financial means. - Beyond Town Borders. Is your community willing to create partnerships with other area communities to find the human and financial resources in order to be in the economic development game? Are you willing to look outside the community’s borders to find the resources to support your entrepreneurs? In today’s competitive world, we must collaborate to create enough scale and capacity to support effective economic development strategies. Now sum your scores and determine which of the following categories characterizes your community: - 1-6 Weak Score: Little Readiness – Capacity Building Required - 7-12 Soft Score: Some Readiness – Gap Filling Necessary - 13-18 Good Score: Readiness Potential – Begin to Build on Assets - 19-24 Strong Score: Readiness Present – Build on Assets - 25-30 Very Strong Score: Considerable Readiness – Energize Your Entrepreneurs Any box for which your community scored less than 3 represents an area for development. In Table 1 is a list of activities for each entrepreneurship component to address the weakness. Table 1. Activities to Build Your Community’s Entrepreneurial Climate. |Component||Activities for Development| |Openness to Entrepreneurship||- Use editorials and/or letters to the editor in local newspapers to promote entrepreneurship - Encourage your local economic development organizations to establish award programs for small businesses - Host a public forum to discuss entrepreneurship in your community - Ask your local newspaper to feature/profile a local, small business owner weekly/monthly in the Business section |Balancing Business Attraction||- Advocate at public meetings of the local economic development organizations, city council and county government meetings about a balanced approach to ED - Propose local policies to modify existing codes/strategic planning documents to make your ED plan more balanced |Entrepreneurship Programs||- Start an entrepreneurship network in your community - Survey community business owners to identify their service needs - Create a directory of institutions and organizations that provide technical support for entrepreneurs |Willingness to Invest||- Seek funding for an entrepreneurship program in your community from local government/organizations - Identify local institutions (e.g., banks, schools) willing to back/provide in-kind services for an entrepreneurship program - Cast a vision for small business ownership among high school students |Willingness to Invest||- Conduct a visioning trip to nearby communities that are known to be entrepreneurship - Use the voice/influence of entrepreneurship supporters in their spheres of influence to promote the idea (e.g., speak to civic clubs, labor organizations, youth program, etc.) |Beyond Town Borders||- Identify previous/existing (positive) experiences with other communities that might set the precedence for collaborative entrepreneurship programming - Identify resources/communities with whom partnership/collaboration makes sense - Contact state and regional organizations (e.g., state department of commerce, Extension) to access their networks for potential collaborations An overall score greater than or equal to 19 suggests your community has significant resources in the community and has potential to be an entrepreneurial community. If you community has not already developed a strategy to support entrepreneurship, it should do so by “connecting the dots” between the existing resources and promoting them throughout the community. If the community is focusing on entrepreneurship, it should continue to promote its success and seek out the more intense service options such as incubators, access to financial capital, and small business training. Small business owners and entrepreneurs are a significant component of the economy, but they are most visible and critical at the local level. In addition to providing access to goods and services for residents, entrepreneurs provide jobs, income and quality of life that make communities desirable places to live. Local communities can affect their entrepreneurial climate, and actions to improve the climate are often easy to implement. References and Resources: Lichtenstein, Gregg A., Thomas S. Lyons, and Nailya Kutzhanova. 2004. “Building Entrepreneurial Communities: The Appropriate Role of Enterprise Development Activities.” Journal of the Community Development Society, 35(1): 5-24. Tootle, Deborah M. and Marion Bentley. 2007. “Entrepreneurial Communities: A Profile.” Markley, Deborah, Don Macke and Vicki B. Luther. Energizing Entrepreneurs: Charting a Course for Rural Communities. Lincoln, NE: Heartland Center for Leadership Development and RUPRI Center for Rural Entrepreneurship, 2005. Markley, Deborah, Karen Dabson and Don Macke. Energizing an Entrepreneurial Economy: A Guide for County Leaders. Lincoln, NE: RUPRI Center for Rural Entrepreneurship and National Association of Counties, 2006. Dave Shideler, Ph.D. Economic Development State Specialist

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After reciting Tashahhud, Ta’awwuz and Surah al-Fatihah, His Holiness, Hazrat Mirza Masroor Ahmad (aba) said that he would be mentioning the Companion Hazrat Bilal (ra) bin Rabah. Hazrat Bilal (ra) was the son of Rabah who was from Arabia and Hamamah who was from Habshah [Abyssinia]. He was the slave of Umayyah bin Khalaf. According to some narrations, Hazrat Bilal (ra) was born in Makkah and was known as muwallideen (those who were not of pure Arab descent). One of his wives was the sister of Hazrat Abdur Rahman bin Auf (ra). He had one brother named Khalid and a sister named Ghufairah. Hazrat Bilal’s (ra) Steadfastness His Holiness (aba) said that the Holy Prophet (sa) said that Hazrat Bilal (ra) was the first from Abysinnia to accept Islam. According to narrations, Hazrat Bilal (ra) was thought by some to be weak, thus the opponents of Islam would target him in their efforts to make Musims revert from their religion. However, Hazrat Bilal (ra) remained steadfast, and when he would be tortured, While being tortured, he would be told that the only way to make it stop was to accept the idols of the Makkans, however Hazrat Bilal (ra) would proclaim Ahad! Ahad! His slave-master would lay him on the burning ground and have rocks placed on his chest or would have children beat his chest. When he would see him continuing to say Ahad (God is One), he would order for a rope to be tied to his feet and have him dragged in the streets across pebbles and stones. Once, while such torture was taking place, Hazrat Abu Bakr (ra) came and bought Hazrat Bilal at the price of 280 Dirhams, and thereupon, he freed him from slavery. According to a narration by Hazrat Aishah (ra), Hazrat Bilal (ra) was one of seven slaves who would be tortured but were then freed by Hazrat Abu Bakr (ra). The First Mu’adhin in Islam (Caller to Prayer) His Holines (aba) related a narration, that the Holy Prophet (sa) ordered Hazrat Bilal (ra) to give the Adhan (call to prayer). Whilst calling it, Hazrat Bilal (ra) would say As-hadu (I bear witness…) instead of Ash-hadu as he was not able to pronounce the ‘sh’ sound. Hearing this, some of the Arabs would laugh. One day, the Holy Prophet (sa) called them and said that you laugh at him when he calls the Adhan, but when his voice reaches the heavens it pleases Allah. He said God knows that when he was being tortured, he would remain steadfast and proclaim Ahad! So what is the matter if he is unable to pronounce a simple letter. His Holiness (aba) presented a narration stating that Hazrat Bilal (ra) was among the first seven people to accept Islam, which also included the Holy Prophet (sa) and Hazrat Abu Bakr (ra). His Holiness (aba) commented that all of them had to endure hardships, even though the Holy Prophet’s (sa) uncle would speak up in defense of his nephew, and the people of Hazrat Abu Bakr (ra) would vouch for him, but this did not mean that they too were not made to endure great hardships. Example of Hazrat Bilal (ra) During the Migration & a Prayer for Pakistan His Holiness (aba) presented a narration that upon migrating to Madinah, Hazrat Abu Bakr (ra) and Hazrat Bilal (ra) fell ill. They would both express their worry through various couplets they would recite. Upon hearing this, the Holy Prophet (sa) prayed for the illness spreading in Madinah to be removed, and for Madinah to become as dear to them as Makkah was. His Holiness (aba) said that during the migration of Ahmadis from Qadian to Rabwah, members of the Community would be encouraged not to worry about the migration, citing this example of Hazrat Bilal (ra). The Second Caliph (ra) would tell his community that when Hazrat Bilal (ra) fell ill in Madinah and began lamenting about it, the Holy Prophet (sa) asked him if this is why he had migrated? Thus, the Second Caliph (ra) advised his Community not to worry about what they had lost, but remember for Whose sake they had lost it. His Holiness (aba) said that this was the mindset of Ahmadis at the time, that this migration was for the sake of Allah. Despite the fact that Ahmadis presented the most sacrifices at the time of the partition between India and Pakistan, and sacrificed the most for the establishment of Pakistan, Ahmadis are not able to enjoy the most basic rights in their own country. His Holiness (aba) commented that the Community does not need any certificate of approval from Pakistan, however, those who act in this manner are rendering a great disservice to the country. His Holiness (aba) prayed for Pakistan to remain safe from such people. Hardships of Hazrat Bilal (ra) Continuing to present narrations regarding the life of Hazrat Bilal (ra), His Holiness (aba) related that Hazrat Bilal (ra) participated in all battles alongside the Holy Prophet (sa). During the Battle of Badr, Hazrat Bilal (ra) killed Umayyah bin Khalaf, who used to torture him on account of being a Muslim. His Holiness (aba) presented a narration in which the Holy Prophet (sa) said, that he was made to suffer a great deal in the cause of Islam, and times, three nights would pass by where he and Hazrat Bilal (ra) had nothing to east except that which Bilal (ra) could hide under his arm. His Holiness (aba) presented narrations regarding the formalisation of the Adhan. When the Holy Prophet (sa) asked his companions for suggestions as to how people could be called for prayer, the companions suggested various things such as ringing a bell or sounding a bugle. Hazrat Umar (ra) suggested that the human voice be used, and the Holy Prophet (sa) liked this idea. Thus, he instructed Hazrat Bilal (ra) to call for people to gather for the prayer. Thus, in his own words, Hazrat Bilal (ra) would call people to gather for the prayer. One night, Hazrat Abdullah bin Zaid (ra) saw the words of the Adhan in a dream. When he relayed this dream to the Holy Prophet (sa), he instructed him to teach these words to Hazrat Bilal (ra) so that he may call the Adhan. Upon hearing these words, Hazrat Umar (ra) bin Khattab said that he had also seen these words in a dream. Thus, Hazrat Bilal (ra) became the first mu‘adhin (caller to prayer). His Holiness (aba) said that he would offer the funeral prayers in absentia of the following deceased members of the Community: Rauf Bin Maqsood Jr. who passed away on 4th September. He was a student of Jamia Ahmadiyya UK. He was recently diagnosed with a brain tumor which eventually proved to be the cause of his demise, however he endured this time of illness with great patience and steadfastness. He is survived by his parents, three sisters and two brothers. The Amir Sahib of Belgium wrote to His Holiness (aba) that he found Rauf bin Maqsood to be a very pious person who loved Khilafat a great deal. Though doctors had said from the very outset that this illness could prove fatal, he never expressed any worry and never gave up hope. The doctors also noticed that he exhibited exemplary patience. During his illness, he was asked to conduct local Atfal classes, however due to his illness sometimes he would lose consciousness while conducting the classes. But upon regaining consciousness, he would simply continue to conduct the class. Though he would be encouraged to take some rest, he would reply by saying that he will continue regardless of his condition. He had a picture he’s taken with His Holiness (aba) placed by his bed in the hospital, and this became a source of Tabligh (propagating the message) as nurses and doctors would ask him about this picture and the community he belonged to. He was always very passionate about spreading the message of Islam and Ahmadiyyat. His Holiness (aba) said that even before graduating from Jamia, he had become an exemplary missionary. His Holiness (aba) prayed for the forgiveness of the deceased and also that the family may be able to endure this trying time with patience. Zafar Iqbal Qureshi who passed away on 3rd September. He served the Community in various capacities in Islamabad, Pakistan. In particular, he served as the Vice-President of the Islamabad Jama`at. His Holiness (aba) mentioned that while he was Nazir-e-A’la, he noticed that great passion and care that he worked with. He instilled the love of Khilafat in his children and would often encourage them to write letters to His Holiness (aba). His Holiness (aba) prayed for the forgiveness of the deceased and that the family may endure this time with patience. Hon. Kabine Kabaja Kate of Senegal who passed away on 24th August. He was a brave, sincere person who possessed a great deal of love for Khilafat. He was very hospitable and would ensure to take care of any guest in his region. Before the Community had become registered, the Jama`at properties were under his name. He presented 3 acres of land for a school and 3 acres of land for a mission house which he handed over to the Community before his demise. He had also been elected to a political office. He was very passionate about spreading hte message of Islam and Ahmadiyyat. His Holiness (aba) prayed for the forgiveness and elevated station of the deceased and that his progeny may be able to continue serving with the same passion as their father. Mubashar Latif who passed away on 5th May. He had a great deal of love for Allah, the Holy Prophet (sa), the Promised Messiah (as) and his Caliphs. His grandfather, Sheikh Mehr Ali Sahib (ra) was a good friend of the Promised Messiah (as). In fact it was in his home in Hoshiarpur that the Promised Messiah (as) performed a retreat of solitude for 40 days, during which he received the prophecy regarding the Promised Son. Mubashar Latif was a lawyer by profession and was well-respected. He fought many cases on behalf of Ahmadis who were being unfairly tried. He was also present in one of the mosques in Lahore which were attacked; though he survived the attack, his brother was martyred. His Holiness (aba) prayed for the forgiveness and elevated station of the deceased and prayed that his progeny may be able to carry on his virtuous qualities and remain patient. Summary prepared by The Review of Religions.

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These small group Bible studies of Hebrews contain outlines, cross-references, Bible study discussion questions, and applications. Visit our library of inductive Bible studies for more in depth inductive studies on this and other books of the Bible you can use in your small group. Hebrews 11:7-19 Bible Study Guide With Discussion Questions – Heroes Of The Faith I. Noah (7) II. Abraham (8-10, 17-18) III. Sarah (11-12) IV. Commentary on Abraham/Sarah (13-16) Note: This chapter contains short examples of many different characters who exhibited great faith. We have Bible studies for many of these characters on our website (www.studyandobey.com). Your group may want to spend one week to study the life of each of these characters more in depth. If you do, please visit our website’s character studies for more in depth Bible studies for each of these godly men and women: https://studyandobey.com/character-studies/ Full character study on Noah: Noah - What was the world like at the time of Noah? - What are some of Noah’s most outstanding character qualities? - In what ways did Noah show his faith in God? - In your opinion, what would have been the most difficult aspects for Noah to keep obeying God? - What lessons can we learn from Noah’s life? - Are there any applications we can make to our life today from the life of Noah? Genesis 5-9 – Noah’s deeds and life are recorded here. Full character study on Abraham: Abraham - Where did Abraham’s family live before he went to the Promised Land? - What did God tell him to do? - How did Abraham respond? - In what ways during Abraham’s life did he show faith in God? - What were Abraham’s most outstanding character qualities? - Were there times that he demonstrated a lack of faith in God? When? - Since Abraham was indeed a man with a lot of sin and sometimes making terrible mistakes, why do you think he is in this list? - What do other New Testament books tell us about Abraham? - What are some of the key lessons we can learn from his life? - Are there any applications we can make to our life today from the life of Abraham? Genesis 12-23 – Abraham’s life is recorded in these chapters. Romans 4 – Paul describes the importance of Abraham’s faith and example to our own faith. John 8:56 – Your father Abraham rejoiced at the thought of seeing my day; he saw it and was glad.” Galatians 3:6-9 – So also Abraham “believed God, and it was credited to him as righteousness.” Understand, then, that those who have faith are children of Abraham. Scripture foresaw that God would justify the Gentiles by faith, and announced the gospel in advance to Abraham: “All nations will be blessed through you.” So those who rely on faith are blessed along with Abraham, the man of faith. James 2:21-23 – Was not our father Abraham considered righteous for what he did when he offered his son Isaac on the altar? You see that his faith and his actions were working together, and his faith was made complete by what he did. And the scripture was fulfilled that says, “Abraham believed God, and it was credited to him as righteousness,” and he was called God’s friend. Full character study on Sarah: Sarah - Why is Sarah mentioned in this list? - How could she make the list? - What do you think were some of Sarah’s best character qualities? - What situations did she face that would have been difficult to have faith in? - Genesis 12-23 is largely about Abraham, but what role do you think Sarah played in the events in those chapters? - How easy would it have been for Sarah to submit to some of Abraham’s decisions (giving the best to Lot, leaving their own country, telling Pharaoh she was Abraham’s sister, etc.)? - Are there any applications we can make to our life today from the life of Sarah? - What you can learn and apply from her life? 1 Peter 3:6 – Like Sarah, who obeyed Abraham and called him her lord. You are her daughters if you do what is right and do not give way to fear. (Genesis 12:17, 16:1, 5, Genesis 17:15-20, 20:1-6, 21:1) – These passages can be studied further to learn more about Sarah and her character. IV. Verses 13-16 - What promises are referred to in verse 13 which these Old Testament characters did not receive? - What promises did they live to see fulfilled in their own lives? Are there some promises which we will see fulfilled in our lives now and some which we won’t? For example? - What does it mean that they were strangers and exiles on the earth? Did they realize and accept this? - How about us? In what ways can we live like strangers on the earth? What type of lifestyle indicates our home is in heaven? What kind of lifestyle indicates we are attached to this world? - What country were they seeking? - What is the country from which they had went out? - Why did they not go back to it? - What city has God prepared for them? Is there anything perhaps symbolic about the “Promised Land?” What is the Promised Land for a Christian? Philippians 3:20 – But our citizenship is in heaven. And we eagerly await a Savior from there, the Lord Jesus Christ. Colossians 3:2 – Set your minds on things above, not on earthly things. 1.Remember from the first verses in this chapter that faith is hope and conviction in things unseen. Noah, Abraham, Sarah and other Old Testament characters saw a lot less than we have. They didn’t have the benefit of a complete Bible. They didn’t have the benefit of world history. They didn’t know about Jesus’ coming, His birth, death, or resurrection. Abraham and Sarah never lived to see a great nation spring up from their descendants. Noah never lived to see the world repopulated. He died as one of only a handful of people left on the planet. This could have driven many people mad with depression and loneliness. Certainly all of these characters had some promises fulfilled during their lives. Noah saw great miracles with his whole family and two of every type of animal being saved from the flood. Abraham saw cities destroyed divinely by God, his own small band defeat kings, his wife get pregnant at the age of 90, and an angel appearing to save Isaac. But none of them lived to see God’s plan through them fulfilled completely. They died with many questions left. None of them were perfect. They were sinners like you and made, but they had faith and they showed this faith by action. Application: We also are to live by faith. There are more promises that God has made that haven’t yet been fulfilled. We may never see them fulfilled before our death. But we should welcome them from a distance and through faith sacrifice everything we have for God. 2. They confessed they were strangers on this earth. These saints realized a very important truth, and that is that they were only passing through this world. One day they would face God in judgment and have to give a report for how they lived, for what they did, said, and thought. Knowing that their time on this earth was limited, this motivated them to make the most of their time and serve God faithfully no matter the potential consequences. 3. These saints were seeking something more than this world. They had a dissatisfaction with what they saw around them. They weren’t happy to just “eat, drink, and be merry.” They realized that the people around them were living an empty and futile existence with no meaning, direction, or purpose. Certainly Noah could have joined the people around him in sin (no one would have blamed him as everyone was doing it), but he didn’t. He used 120 years of his life toiling away building a boat. How often must he have been tempted to stop and enjoy himself, but he didn’t. He wanted something more than the emptiness he saw around him. Abraham and Sarah could have turned back to Ur. They had many chances to go back. When things got tough, they surely remembered some of the comforts and conveniences of where they used to live. There were certainly holidays, and feasts, and festivals, and parties, and friends, and activities that they might have missed. But they realized those were empty celebrations and the laughter and smiles were hollow. They didn’t want to be like everyone else. They didn’t want to put on a facade of happiness while feeling empty and oppressed in times alone because of the bondage of the idols and gods everyone else followed. They did not love this world. Rather they saw through the deceit and lies and empty promises Satan makes and made a conscious decision that they wanted more no matter how much they had to sacrifice to get it. And that is why their faith has put them in this chapter. 4. What did God do for them? In verse 16 we learn that God happily calls Himself their God. In other words He accepted them. He welcomed them. He in fact has built an everlasting city for them (heaven). In John 8:56 we see that Abraham saw the day of Jesus and was glad. This shows us that Abraham is very much alive in God’s presence. He was excited to see Jesus descend from heaven to this world to save humanity. Abraham had already entered this city God had prepared for Him. God welcomed Abraham, Sarah, Noah and the rest of the saints in this chapter already. How about you? Will you follow their examples of faith? Will you despise the empty promises and of culture around you? Will you set your mind on things above or will you be attached to this world? When you die will you enter this city or will God be ashamed to say He is your God? Application: What specific action do you believe God wants you to do based on what we have learned today? Write it down. To learn about the individual characters in Hebrews 11:18-39, please see our character studies on these and other heroes of the faith. We want to help you study the Bible, obey the Bible, and teach the Bible to others. We have therefore created a library of almost one thousand (and growing) inductive Bible studies, which are available for free. This takes a lot of time and hard work. Help us continue to create Bible study resources by supporting Study and Obey for as little as $1.

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Exploring hidden potentials of wild edible plants by SAVITA, KUNDA, VINOD Global biodiversity includes nutritionally important wild edible plants. There is an urgent need to explore nutritionally rich edible wilds. Increased population as well as climatic change is exerting pressure on land, natural resources and agriculture which is likely to aggravate in the times to come. Hybridization and genetic engineering in some of the food grains and vegetable crops although benefited towards higher productivity, do not cater to need based nutrition. The present day food is hardly providing essential nutrients, which is becoming a major causative factor for degenerating health and emergence of several diseases. An urgent need is felt to place mankind on the path to natural living by making available tested and certified food derived from locally available wild edible plants which can potentially meet their nutritional requirements. Cultivation of wild edible plants can help in conservation of local plant diversity along with gainful employment and will also help in sequestration of carbon dioxide as well as in situ conservation of rainwater. Global biodiversity includes many wild edible, nutritionally important and medicinal plants which have been ignored for a long time and hence there is an urgent need to re-explore these nutritionally rich edible wilds. Some botanical explorations and publications have emphasized on the diversity and value of edible plants in India however the information available on the wild edible plants species is rather incomplete. To explore the potential of some of the wild edible plants, initially a study was conducted by the authors in the Harsul and Peth regions of Nasik, India. In the study, 58 wilds were collected, documented for their edible potentials and authenticated samples were tested for nutritional values and recipes development. Nutritionally important nine edible wilds were used to develop 31 recipes. This innovative study is the first step in the right direction however much more remains to be done to document, inventories, test and utilize wild edible plants occurring in vast forest land outside the study area inside and outside the country. What actions do you propose? - We propose selecting a project area where large proportion of wild edible plants occurs naturally after reconnaissance survey. The project area may include a cluster of 5 to 10 villages. - The plants will be identified, documented and their populations assessed during three different seasons in a year by expert taxonomists in India. The help of local persons utilizing those plants will be requested to locate the areas from where they collect them. - Herbarium sheets will be prepared and plants will be sent for authentication by designated Botanical organizations such as Botanical Survey of India. - Simultaneously, door to door survey will be carried out of the nearby households who use these plants for food. The parts of plants and methodologies they use for cooking will also be documented. This survey will enable estimation of the quantum of actual usage of each plant and the extent of its availability in the wild. The plants which are likely to become extinct from the area will be separately listed as the plants of conservation concern. - The selected plants will be sent for quantifying their nutritional and anti-nutritional components in their parts in nearby laboratories. - Recipes will be prepared by expert cooks for different parts of the selected plants. The recipes will be tasted by groups of persons selected randomly and ratings done giving marks out of 10 by each person to each recipe. - The plants which have high nutritional contents and their recipes are also tasty will be shortlisted for further studies. Literature survey will be carried out to know more about usage of such plants. The local persons will be again visited requesting them to try these new recipes to ascertain their views as to whether they would be keen to include them as part of their diet in the form of recipes prepared. If they are convinced, they will be motivated to grow these plants in their homesteads and then in their agricultural fields to generate resources for further propagation and popularization. - Simultaneously agro-techniques will be developed for prioritized wild edible plants to make them easily cultivable. A feasibility study to grow plants outside there region of adaptation will be performed. This will help in popularization of edible wild species outside their native area and possibly outside the country and help in increasing their area, production and productivity. - Literature in the form of brochures and books will be prepared to popularize the short listed plants and their recipes for general public and motivate farmers to cultivate these plants in their fields as non conventional agricultural crops. These crops will be more resilient and hardy to face adversities of water scarcity and global warming and they may even give better yields and returns in comparison to the conventional crops. The farmers will be encouraged to cultivate the plants organically to generate quality edible products which could be exportable. - Once the plants become popular not only in terms of easy cultivation but also as raw material to prepare nutritious and tasty foods, large scale cultivation on forest and non forest lands can be undertaken. Since the plants will be chosen to include tree species and planted as mixed crops, it will help to create permanent green cover to sequester carbon dioxide (CO2) in perpetuity or over long rotation period. - It is proposed to document other non conventional uses of such plants and also the plants which are not known to the outside world. - Patent will be filed with appropriate agencies for novel product/drugs/foods prepared from wild edible plants. Who will take these actions? The action can be taken by the following stakeholders of this project/program: - Forest Departments - Horticulture Departments - Agriculture Departments - Rop vatikas (Nurseries) - Land Holders/Owners - Corporate sector - House Wives - Organizations funding such projects - Chefs from reputed restaurants - Restaurants and event management organizations - Researchers/Students, NGOs etc., will be engaged for plant biodiversity survey in the identified areas. Samples of wild edible plants will be collected, authenticated and given for phytochemical testing as well as for preparation of recipes. On the basis of nutritional value of recipes, the plants can be prioritised and agro-techniques will be developed for such plants so that they can be cultivated on commercial scale by all land owners. - Countries like India and China are utilizing ancient Ayurveda knowledge in development of bio-pharmaceutical drugs. Tribals are known to possess the knowledge of plants having medicinal properties of wild plants. Food processors and biopharmaceutical manufacturers will be involved in development of by-products from wild edible plants. - The Government should frame policy to undertake such activities on forest and non forest lands and give incentives for cultivation to private land owners. Where will these actions be taken? - The action is proposed to be taken on degraded forest areas, inside horticultural plantations, lands of agriculture departments and land owned by NGOs and farmers all over India. Cultivation of such plants can even be undertaken in the compounds of bungalows and as potted plants even in urban landscapes in flats. Some of these plants can even be cultivated on outer walls of multistory buildings as one of the techniques of vertical farming. - It will be possible for us to transfer this technology to other countries regarding methodology of survey, identification and testing of locally available wild edible plants which are common to India and those countries. - It will be possible to conduct such projects all over the world in biodiversity rich areas and where tribals and local forest dwellers are already using the local wild edible plants to fulfill their needs of food and nutrition. How much will emissions be reduced or sequestered vs. business as usual levels? After land development by planting trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers of prioritized locally available wild edible plants up to harvesting stage, it can be possible to generate 20 metric tons (MT) of dry biomass per hectare per year. After the first year of plantation about four MT of carbon will be sequestered per hectare per year. This rate will continue to increase every year as the planted trees grow, harvesting more of insolent sunlight. Thus depending on the area cultivated it will be possible to calculate the emission reduction. Further some carbon will get accumulated in the soil, which is variable depending upon the soil type. Roughly about two MT of carbon will be sequestered in the humus heaps that will be produced in the first-year on one hectare area. What are other key benefits? - Scientifically designed project will create awareness regarding importance of wild edible plants in context of nutrition and medicine. - Benefits, from producer to consumer in terms of financial returns and nutritious food. This food free from toxicity will promote immunity against several diseases. - Methodology suggested will promote organic farming, recycling of biodegradable waste and conservation of rainwater. Waste land will be utilized for cultivation of wilds. - The farmers will be benefited by domesticating non conventional agricultural crops on their farm lands. The farmers who adopt these plants initially could stand to benefit substantially by even supplying or selling the planting material to other cultivators. - The project will help in collection and biodiversity conservation through domestication and cultivation, which can be used as gene pools in future breeding programs. - Natural defense mechanism possessed by wild plants will be explored and utilized in control of insect pests. What are the proposal’s costs? The survey, documentation, testing and recipe making will cost about INR 200,000 (About USD 3000) per village and can be completed in one to one and a half year. As per model estimate prepared for water conservation, developing humus in the soil and mixed planting of trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers, it costs about INR 200,000 per hectare to be spent in the second year. Accordingly, the total investment can be calculated for the total area available for plantation. These plantations will start giving returns from the second year onwards. There will not be any adverse effect on the environment since the total project will be executed without using chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The project will be totally eco-friendly and ecologically sustainable. Tree Species for Plantation: Cordia dichotoma, Sesbania grandiflora, Muraya koenigi, Sterculia urens, Madhuca indica, Wrightia tinctoria, Gardenia latifolia, Cassia fistula, Schrebera swieteniodes, Moringa oleifera, Oroxylon indicum, Ziziphus rugosa, Ficus recemosa, Ficus hispida, Aegle marmelos. Herb, Shrub and Climber species for Plantation: Dioscoria bublifera, Argyreia nervosa, Canavalia gladiate, Carissa carandus, Peucedanum grande, Sphaeranthus indicus, Celosia argentea, Momordica diocia, Holarrhena antidysenterica, Hibiscus Cannabinus, Solanum villosum, Amaranthus paniculatus, Colocasia esculanta, Curculingo orchioides, Cassia tora, Embelia ribes. The model cost estimated is enclosed below Model Estimate of Plantation of Wild Edible Plants (1 Hectare Area considered in computation of project cost, Daily labor wages INR 300 per person per day) - Physical, ethano-botanical and socioeconomic survey of the identified area, assessment and quantification of wild edible plant biodiversity, nutritional analysis and preparation of recipes as well as standardization of agro-technique of short listed plants will be done in one to one and a half years. - In the second year actual plantation of the shortlisted plants will be done. - The project will become operational in three years time from the start and it will continue to give progressively increasing returns from the third year onwards. - A. Krishnaveni and T. Santh Rani (2011), International Journal of Pharmacy, 2(2):28-31. http://www.irjponline.com - Ancy Joseph, Samuel Mathew, Baby P Skaria and E C Sheeja (2011), Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources, 2(3): 286-291. - Ashish J. Modi, S.S. Khadabadi, I. A. Farooqui and S. L. Deore (2010), International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research,2(2)14-21. www.globalresearchonline.net - Ashish J. Modi, S.S. Khadabadi, U. A. Deokate, I. A. Farooqui, S. L. Deore and M. R. Gangwani (2010), Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherap, 2(3):34-42. http://www.academicjournals.org/jpp - Borse and Patwardhan (2011), Swayamprakash, 1:64-72. - P. Kala (2010), Journal of Forest Science, 56(8):373-380. http://www.agriculturejournals.cz/publicFiles/25069.pdf - Chandra Subhash, Saklani Sarla, Mishra P. Abhay and Bamrara Anoop (2012), International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 3(5): 289-294. www.irjponline.com - Debangana Choudhury, Jatindra K Sahu and G D Sharma (2012,) Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 11(2):242-249. - Deshmukh B.S. and Vidya Shinde (2010), International Journal of Pharma & Bioscience, 1(2):15. - Eze and Maduewesi (1990), Nigerian Jour. of Plant Protection, 13:26-34. - Geetha Devi V and Prasad J (2016), International Journal Of Advanced Research In Medical & Pharmaceutical Sciences (IJARMPS), 1(2): 6-9.www.ijarmps.org - Inder Kumar Makhija and Devang Khamar (2010), Scholars Research Library Der Pharmacia Lettre, 2(5): 399-411. www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com - J.K. Mensah, R.I. Okoli, J.O. Ohaju-Obodo and K. Eifediyi (2008), African Journal of Biotechnology, 7 (14):2304-2309. http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB - Jyoti Thakur, Saurabh Sharma, Minky Mukhija and A.N.Kalia (2013), IJPRBS, 2(6): 557-574. - K.V. Oscarsson and G.P. Savage (2006), Food Chemistry, 101:559–562. www.sciencedirect.com - Khyade M. S., Kolhe S. R. and Deshmukh B.S. (2009), Ethnobotanical Leaflets, 13: 1328-36. - Krishnaveni, A and Santh Rani Thaakur (2009), Ethnobotanical Leaflets, 13: 293-300. - Maikhuri, R.K., Nautiyal, S., Rao, K.S. and Semwal, R.L. (2000), Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor, 8:7-13. - Meher Ashutosh, Agrhari Anuj Kumar and Padhan Amiya Ranjan (2011), IJRAP, 2(5):1501-1504. www.ijrap.net - Polycarp, D., Afoakwa, E. O., Budu, A. S. and Otoo, E. (2012), International Food Research Journal 19 (3): 985-992 . - Roy Hillocks (2011), African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 11(2): 4688 - 4707. - Shalini Misra, RK Maikhuri, CP Kala, KS Rao and KG Saxena (2008), Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 1-9. http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/4/1/15 - Theeshan Bahorun,Vidushi S Neergheen, Okezie I Aruoma (2005), African Journal of Biotechnology, 4 (13):1530-1540. http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB - Tsu-Shing Wang, Chong-Kuei Lii, Yuan-Ching Huang, Jen-Yun Chang and Fang-Yue Yang (2011), Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(xx):xx-xxx www.academicjournals.org/JMPR - V. K. Mohan and S. D. Narnavar (2003), Kartoli - Spine Gourd, Green Publication.

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by Nick Gromicko, CMI® While little is known or documented about the extent of woodpecker damage to homes nationwide, the states of Michigan, Louisiana and Wisconsin have estimated the cost of repair to their residences to be in the hundreds of thousands of dollars annually. One survey of woodpecker damage to homes reported an average loss of $300 per incident. Such destruction is rare in urban areas, but it can be extensive in suburban and wooded areas, even where woodpeckers seem to have plenty of natural alternatives to houses. InterNACHI inspectors can assist their clients with some tips to locate and address damage, as well as discourage these sometimes troublesome birds. Woodpeckers are a subfamily of Picidae birds, known for their long, sticky tongues, which they use for extracting food, and their strong bills, which they use for drilling and drumming on trees. Twenty-one species are found in the United States and many others are found worldwide, with the exception of Australasia and Oceania. Woodpeckers are generally 7 to 15 inches (17 to 40 cm) long, have short legs, sharp-clawed toes and stiff tails. Most woodpeckers feed on wood-boring insects, insects on trees and the ground, vegetable matter, wild berries and tree sap. Beyond Cosmetic Damage Much of the damage inflicted to structures is caused specifically by the Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus), which can be identified in flight by a yellow or salmon tint under the wings and tail feathers, and a black or red mustache extending from the gape of the beak to below the eyes. The hairy woodpecker (Picoides villosus) and the downy woodpecker (Picoides pubescens) can also be destructive. Woodpecker damage, in addition to being problematic in itself, also encourages infestation of insects and other wildlife by providing an entry point into the structure. These same avenues allow rainwater to invade the structure, which can lead to mold growth and other damaging and hazardous conditions. Wood is not the only building material at risk of attack by woodpeckers. The birds may even pierce plumbing and electrical lines behind a house’s siding. In addition to homes, inspectors and homeowners should be on the lookout for serious woodpecker damage to barns and other outbuildings that are not consistently inhabited or monitored, as well as summer and vacation homes that are vacant for part of the year. Telltale Signs of Woodpecker Damage Woodpecker attacks can be categorized into the following general types: - foraging holes, which may appear as small, deep holes in a nearly straight horizontal or vertical line, or in long trenches of 10 cm or more in length. The woodpecker drills these configurations in search of insects. New construction is typically more prone to insect infestation than well-seasoned wood at least two years old; - drumming holes, appearing as many small, shallow holes in a cluster, or in wider, cone-shaped depressions along the corners or fascia and trim boards of a house. Woodpeckers also drum on metallic surfaces, such as aluminum siding, metal downspouts, gutters, chimneys, vents and antennae poles. A male drums to signal a potential mate by loudly and rapidly tapping on a resonating material during the spring breeding season, although he may drum at other times of the year to announce his claim to a territory. While drumming damage is typically minimal, the noise can be bothersome for building occupants, especially in the early morning when they’re trying to sleep; and - excavation (nesting or roosting) holes, appearing as deep, round holes 3 to 5cm in diameter. Warm insulation and easily chiseled siding make houses attractive to woodpeckers in search of a place to create a nest for their young. To create its characteristic upside-down L-shaped den, the bird must first get through the siding, sheathing and plywood, creating large, deep holes that account for the most troublesome type of woodpecker damage. Woodpeckers often make several nesting attempts, beginning an excavation only to abandon it and renew the process in a more suitable location. In this fashion, a house may suffer a number of deep holes from the efforts of one determined bird. Nesting holes are excavated at the start of the breeding season, usually from late April into May. Roosting holes are usually built in the late summer and fall in preparation for winter. Preventing Woodpecker Damage Fortunately, woodpecker damage can be mitigated through exclusion methods. These methods should be implemented as soon as the bird becomes a pest, as woodpecker behavior patterns are difficult to break once they’ve been allowed to establish. Inspectors can pass along the following exclusion tips to their clients: - Place cavity-type nest boxes on buildings in the vicinity of damage. Not only will this measure encourage woodpeckers to abandon houses for nest boxes, but once there, they will defend their territory and discourage other woodpeckers from approaching. Nest boxes should be shaped and sized for the species of woodpecker that is drilling holes, incorporating a front-sloping, hinged roof to shed rain. Fill the box with sawdust to encourage the bird to excavate it to the desired level. Note that while this measure will discourage woodpecker roosting and nesting, it will not prevent the birds from foraging or drumming on the house. - Install some netting. To control bird pests, the University of California's Agriculture and Natural Resources Integrated Pest Management Program recommends placing lightweight, 3/4-inch (1.9 cm) plastic mesh or screen material over the area that woodpeckers may be damaging. Hang the netting from the outside edge of the eave down the side of the house to prevent woodpeckers from reaching the siding. Leave a gap of space of at least 3 inches (7.6 cm) between the mesh and the building's surface so that the birds cannot cause damage through the mesh (see diagrams above right). - Build with construction materials that do not attract woodpeckers, especially in wooded areas. Clapboard and non-wood siding are best. According to a study conducted by Cornell University, the building material that is most prone to damage is grooved plywood siding, followed by shakes, tongue-and-groove, and board-and-batten. - Paint wood siding, rather than stain it. The Cornell University study found that stained-wood houses were significantly more prone to woodpecker attack (79% incidence) than painted wood (29%). In the wooded areas surveyed, 97% of the stained houses showed woodpecker damage. Researchers believe that paint is more effective because it fills in the small gaps in wooden siding that can harbor insects upon which woodpeckers feed, and paint is available in light colors, which woodpeckers tend to avoid. - If it doesn’t pose a safety hazard to people, structures or utility lines, allow dead branches to remain on trees. Branches provide woodpeckers with a place to build nests and forage, limiting their need to use a nearby house for such purposes. - Apply insecticides or wood preservatives to kill the insects that attract woodpeckers. They will not expend energy searching for insects in an uninfested building. - If it doesn’t cause structural damage, remove or fill in ledges, cracks and crevices near the site of the woodpecker holes, as these can be used as toeholds for woodpeckers to grasp the structure. - Deaden or dull the drumming sound caused by woodpeckers by placing insulation or other batting material behind the siding where they peck. - Cover holes with shiny aluminum flashing. Woodpeckers in search of food or a nesting location will not peck at metal, although they may use it to drum. Holes will also attract other woodpeckers. Do not cover an existing nest, as you will entrap and kill birds already inside. - Without physically harming them, try to harass or scare the woodpecker using one or more of the following methods: - a garden hose. You can set the hose at an angle so it can be quickly activated when you hear the drumming sound. The bird will leave immediately and might not return; - install one or two shaving mirrors attached flat on the wood with the enlarging lens pointing outward to frighten the woodpeckers. Mylar® tape, pie tins and other reflective devices may also be hung around the damage site so that they blow with the wind; - hang hawk mobiles from the eaves near the damaged area. Construct them from dark cardboard, Styrofoam™ or plywood so that they have a wingspan of about 22 inches (55 cm) and a length of 11 inches (27 cm); and - make loud noises by banging pots and pans, yelling, or shooting cap guns. Do Not Try This at Home Homeowners should avoid the following common yet ineffective or even illegal woodpecker exclusion practices: - applying chemicals with objectionable tastes or smells. Woodpeckers do not ingest or taste the wood they chisel away with their bills, and they have bristle-like feathers over their nostrils to prevent wood particles from being inhaled. Various chemicals, such as odorous and toxic creosote and pentachlorophenol, have been tested on utility poles to discourage woodpeckers with either no effect or no cost-effectiveness. Naphthalene (mothballs) is also ineffective in outdoor, unconfined settings; - installing owl effigies or rubber snakes, which provides only temporary relief, according to research conducted by Colorado State University. Note in the photo at right the ineffective owl decoy pictured to the left of a cluster of large woodpecker holes; and - shooting, poisoning, trapping or killing woodpeckers. Woodpeckers are a federally protected bird under the North American Migratory Bird Act, and lethal action against them requires state and/or federal permits issued by the Law Enforcement Division of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service upon the recommendation of USDA-APHIS-Wildlife Services personnel. The unlawful killing of woodpeckers is punishable by fines and incarceration, especially for killing red-cockaded woodpeckers (Picoides borealis) or ivory-billed woodpeckers (Campephilus principalis), which are on the Endangered Species List. In summary, woodpecker damage to houses in certain areas is common and inconvenient, but InterNACHI inspectors whose clients complain of problems from these birds can advise them of the benefits of using appropriate building materials, as well as effective (and legal) techniques to discourage pesky woodpeckers from causing future damage.

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As a fish owner, I enjoy growing Cherry Shrimp. They are both hardy and beautiful, which makes them the ideal choice. However, sometimes they behave in a way that worries me. For example, quite a few times, I caught my Cherry Shrimp laying upside down without moving. Over the years, I’ve learned a few reasons for that issue. Cherry Shrimp typically lay upside down when they are molting. By flailing on their back, the shrimp can escape their exoskeleton. However, laying upside down could also be secondary to inappropriate water conditions. That ends up with a sluggish shrimp that cannot roll back after a fall. As we move forward, I will list seven steps to help you deal with a Cherry Shrimp that consistently lay upside down on its back. I will also show you how to determine if your creature is dead or merely sleeping. Why is my Shrimp Laying Upside Down? It isn’t that uncommon for Cherry Shrimp to walk upside down after attaching themselves to objects such as plants’ leaves. They sometimes do this because they want to eat the algae on the leaves. It is also not that unusual for a shrimp to swim upside down. At the very least, this behavior shouldn’t concern you if the Cherry Shrimp is perfectly healthy. But if your Cherry Shrimp is neither walking nor swimming but simply lying upside down, then you have every reason to worry. The same is true for shrimp that are lying on their sides. Some factors that may contribute to this occurrence include: 1. The Shrimp is Molting Shrimp molt by shedding their exoskeletons. As the creatures mature, they also grow in size. And once a shrimp’s body becomes too large for the exoskeleton to accommodate, it will shed it before growing a new one. The creatures molt every few weeks. If your Cherry Shrimp is lying upside down and it is kicking, flailing, or struggling somehow, you have to consider that it is attempting to escape its exoskeleton. When molting goes wrong, a shrimp that has failed to escape its exoskeleton may die. 2. Your Shrimp is too Weak to Roll Back Cherry Shrimp live an average of 1 to 2 years. As they grow older, they become less active. An old shrimp that was forced onto its back by a strong current or an aggressive fish may lack the strength to turn itself right-side up. 3. The Water isn’t Suitable for Shrimp The wrong conditions in the aquarium can have a devastating impact on your Cherry Shrimp’s health, leading to erratic swimming behavior as well as lethargy, loss of appetite, and the like. Generally, sluggish shrimp will find it harder to roll back once they fall on their back. A listless, distressed Cherry Shrimp that is upside down because of dirty water may even die if its environment’s problems are not resolved. Some of the more dangerous conditions that aquarists encounter include: - Copper – Shrimp need copper. You can find trace amounts in their blood. However, copper in the water in large quantities is dangerous. The substance has been connected to reproduction issues, labored breathing, and compromised immunity. Copper can enter your tank through the water added during water changes, medications, and conditioners. Some tanks are treated with copper before they are sold to aquarists. - Chloramine – Shrimp hate chloramine. While the substance makes tap water much safer for humans, it kills shrimp. If you use tap water during water changes, but you do not rely on conditioners to detoxify the water, you can blame your Cherry Shrimp’s odd behavior on the presence of chloramine. - Rapid Changes – Cherry Shrimp should be kept in water that falls within a specific pH and temperature range. However, while they can survive in water with the wrong parameters, they are not as accommodating where rapid changes are concerned. The creatures are susceptible to pH. If it keeps fluctuating, the shrimp will respond negatively. - Water Changes – Every tank requires regular water changes. Without them, toxins and waste will accumulate, endangering the lives of the tank’s inhabitants. However, you cannot change too much water at once, not if your tank has shrimp. The process will exert undue stress. Large water changes also cause notable shifts in the tank’s parameters. 4. The Cherry Shrimp is Shocked If your Cherry Shrimp were imported from abroad, then the journey probably left them in shock. Even if you got them from a local store, it might take them a while to grow accustomed to your home tank. Lying upside down is one of the symptoms they may manifest. Naturally, this is a gamble. If you leave them alone, some shrimp eventually right themselves. But others are just as likely to die in that position because of the stress. As you might have guessed, that is likely the case if you’ve just bought your shrimp. 5. Your Shrimp is Carrying a Disease Cherry Shrimp are vulnerable to various bacterial infections, parasites, and illnesses. That usually includes Vorticella, Leeches, and Scutariella Japonica. Serious diseases leave Cherry Shrimp in a weakened state. Once they fall on their backs, they may stay there until they die or until an improvement in their condition gives them the strength to right themselves. 6. You’ve Used Products Containing Copper Pay close attention to the medicine you use to treat tanks with sick fish. Some commercial products use ingredients like copper that are bad for shrimp. This is why aquarists are encouraged to place sick fish in hospital tanks. This way, they can dose the entire tank without affecting the fish’s healthy tankmates. How to Treat Upside Down Cherry Shrimp? A Cherry Shrimp that is lying upside down may die if you fail to intervene in time. Some practical solutions that you can use to improve the creature’s situation include: 1. Maintain Hygiene in Your Tank I highly suggest that you keep your tank clean. That includes occasionally cleaning the tank itself, scrubbing the hardware and decorations with hot water, and boiling the substrate. Naturally, you need a decent filter, one that is powerful enough to keep pollutants out of the water. However, the filter shouldn’t be so powerful that it runs the risk of sucking the Cherry Shrimp in and killing them. So if you are looking for a new one, I genuinely suggest checking the AquaClear HOB Filter (link to Amazon). After trying multiple devices, that is the only filter that is both quiet and cleans the water effectively. 2. Adjust the Water Parameters I highly suggest that you test the water regularly to ensure that the parameters are accurate. I personally use the API Aquarium Test Kit (link to Amazon). That affordable bundle will accurately measure your pH, ammonia, nitrates, and nitrites. Within minutes, you’ll know if something went wrong. If you notice anomalies, take immediate steps to resolve them. Keep the following in mind: - For Cherry Shrimp, the pH should sit between 6.5 and 8.0. Try to Keep the water hard. Soft water is more susceptible to pH crashes. Some aquarists use crushed coral to increase the buffering capability of their water. If you prefer commercial products (or even baking soda), add them gradually. As was noted before, wild swings in pH are bad for Cherry Shrimp. - The temperature should fall between 65 and 73 degrees F. A 65 to 85-degree range is also compatible with Cherry Shrimp. Check your heater regularly. If it malfunctions, it could kill your shrimp by either cooking the tank or allowing the temperatures to drop dangerously low. As with the pH, fluctuations in temperature are unacceptable. - Where the hardness is concerned, you should keep the KH between 1 and 4 and the GH between 6 and 8. 3. Perform Regular Water Changes Even if your filter works correctly, you are still expected to carry out water changes. However, it would help if you kept them small, no more than 20 percent. Test the new water before you add it to the tank to ensure that its parameters match the old water parameters. If you have to carry out more extensive water changes, allow the new water to sit in a container for a while. Once it reaches room temperature, you can add it to the tank. This doesn’t guarantee positive results. You still ran the risk of inducing stress in the shrimp. But this risk is so much smaller. 4. Allow Gradual Adaptation Try to find out where the Cherry Shrimp came from before you buy them. Home-bred shrimp are less likely to struggle with new aquariums. Though, a retailer can pretend that an imported shrimp was bred locally. Some people think that they are helpless against the shock that assaults some shrimp when introducing them to a new tank. But that isn’t true. It is possible to acclimate your Cherry Shrimp to reduce the stress they will suffer when entering the new tank. The drip method is quite useful. It exposes the shrimp to the new water conditions before you add it to your home aquarium. Follow the Youtube video below to get a better understanding regarding that method: 5. Eliminate Toxins First of all, you should ensure that your tank is adequately cycled before you add your shrimp. Secondly, whenever you perform water changes, use conditioners like Seachem Safe (link to Amazon) to eliminate toxins like ammonia and chloramine. Some conditioners are just dechlorinators. Others remove ammonia or copper and nothing else. You also have those that do a little bit of everything. You have to ensure that the conditioners you have chosen can combat all the toxins. Sometimes, that means using multiple conditioners. That is why I also use the Seachem Cupramine Copper (link to Amazon). This product helps me to deal with copper, which could be harmful to fish and shrimp. 6. Avoid Hot Tap Water Don’t use hot tap water if you can help it. If the pipes are copper, the hot water is more likely to introduce copper ions to the shrimp aquarium. It is better to add water that is a bit colder than what the tank contains and not vise versa. 7. Treat Sick Cherry Shrimp The response to diseases in shrimp will depend on the type of illness. In some cases, it is necessary to quarantine the sick shrimp. Many aquarists also rely on salt baths and antibiotics, particularly in the case of bacterial infections. Regardless of the illness, water changes are encouraged. Sick Cherry Shrimp cannot recover in dirty water. Maintain the right parameters and eliminate sources of stress, such as aggressive creatures in the tank. If a failed molting is the cause of your shrimp’s behavior, don’t help the shrimp. In an effort to pull it out of its exoskeleton, you will most likely hurt the creature. Leave such situations in the hands of a vet. You can tell that the shrimp failed to escape its exoskeleton if a white ring developed around its neck. Do Shrimp Sleep Upside Down? Shrimp, including Cherry Shrimp, can sleep upside down. Though, they primarily cling upside down to objects like leaves. As far as the average aquarist is concerned, it is not normal for Cherry Shrimp to sleep while lying on their backs. But if you notice this behavior towards nighttime, it is possible that your Cherry Shrimp chooses to sleep this way. Bear in mind that its environment should be ideal. Otherwise, your shrimp will suffer and find it difficult to roll back. How do You Know if Cherry Shrimp are Dead? You can know that a Cherry Shrimp is dead by observation. A dead Cherry Shrimp will remain motionless, usually at the bottom of the tank. Then, the shrimp will gradually turn pink, and once it starts to decompose, it will float to the upper sections of the tank. People think that they can identify dead shrimp by their lack of motion. Yes, dead shrimp are motionless. However, that is also true for shrimp that just molted. You have to observe them for hours, if not days. Molting shrimp will also respond to stimuli, such as water movements. If you found this article useful, here are a few related ones: - Cherry Shrimp Turning White: 4 Effective Solutions - Tetra Fish And Shrimp: Can They Live Together? - Do Angelfish Eat Shrimp? (Ghost, Cherry & More) If your Cherry Shrimp lays upside down on its back, you should first make sure that it isn’t molting. If the creature seems to be struggling, it is very likely trying to escape its exoskeleton. However, that could also be a sign of a weak shrimp. Therefore, I suggest that you check your water parameters. Test the water pH, ammonia, nitrates, and temperature. Make sure that they are suitable for shrimp and do not swing drastically. Otherwise, the shrimp will get sluggish and find it difficult to roll back.

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Guided Comprehension: Evaluating Using the Meeting of the Minds Technique - Preview | - Standards | - Resources & Preparation | - Instructional Plan | - Related Resources | Who is to blame for the plight of the three little pigs—the wolf or the pigs themselves? Students ask themselves questions like this as they read multiple versions of a familiar fairy tale. In this lesson, students use the Meeting of the Minds technique, a comprehension strategy that teaches them to act out the opposing views of two or more characters in an oral debate or interview format. Students begin with teacher-directed, whole-group instruction for using this strategy. As students read various versions of The Three Little Pigs, they assume the role of the characters and respond to questions in character. Students then work in small groups to complete various activities, including using Meeting of the Minds, writing stories and dramas, and comparing two versions of a fairy tale. As a culminating activity, students reflect on how the reading strategy helps improve their comprehension. Meeting of the Minds Chart: This chart allows students to view a story from different characters' points of view. From Theory to Practice - Guided Comprehension is a context in which students learn comprehension strategies in a variety of settings using multiple levels and types of text. It is a three-stage process focused on direct instruction, application, and reflection. - The Guided Comprehension Model progresses from explicit teaching to independent practice and transfer. - Evaluating is defined as making judgments. The meeting of the minds technique uses the evaluating strategy by means of a debate format between two characters that have differing viewpoints on a topic or situation. - Current studies demonstrate that when students experience explicit instruction of comprehension strategies, it improves their comprehension of new texts and topics (Hiebert et al., 1998). Common Core Standards This resource has been aligned to the Common Core State Standards for states in which they have been adopted. If a state does not appear in the drop-down, CCSS alignments are forthcoming. This lesson has been aligned to standards in the following states. If a state does not appear in the drop-down, standard alignments are not currently available for that state. NCTE/IRA National Standards for the English Language Arts - 1. Students read a wide range of print and nonprint texts to build an understanding of texts, of themselves, and of the cultures of the United States and the world; to acquire new information; to respond to the needs and demands of society and the workplace; and for personal fulfillment. Among these texts are fiction and nonfiction, classic and contemporary works. - 2. Students read a wide range of literature from many periods in many genres to build an understanding of the many dimensions (e.g., philosophical, ethical, aesthetic) of human experience. - 3. Students apply a wide range of strategies to comprehend, interpret, evaluate, and appreciate texts. They draw on their prior experience, their interactions with other readers and writers, their knowledge of word meaning and of other texts, their word identification strategies, and their understanding of textual features (e.g., sound-letter correspondence, sentence structure, context, graphics). - 7. Students conduct research on issues and interests by generating ideas and questions, and by posing problems. They gather, evaluate, and synthesize data from a variety of sources (e.g., print and nonprint texts, artifacts, people) to communicate their discoveries in ways that suit their purpose and audience. - 8. Students use a variety of technological and information resources (e.g., libraries, databases, computer networks, video) to gather and synthesize information and to create and communicate knowledge. - 11. Students participate as knowledgeable, reflective, creative, and critical members of a variety of literacy communities. Materials and Technology - The Three Little Pigs by James Marshall (Puffin, 1996) or another original version - The True Story of the 3 Little Pigs by Jon Scieszka (Puffin, 1996) - Computers with Internet access - Three instructional-level texts |1.||Read an original version of The Three Little Pigs and The True Story of the 3 Little Pigs to become familiar with the stories. Develop some questions that contrast the two points of view in the stories (wolf vs. pigs). |2.||Copy the Meeting of the Minds Chart onto chart paper or an overhead transparency for class demonstration. Make one copy of the chart for each student as well. |3.||Gather three instructional-level texts that match the needs of three levels of reading in your class (see Folk and Fairy Tales, Tongue-in-Cheek Versions). NOTE: This lesson is intended as an introduction to the evaluating strategy and the use of the meeting of the minds technique. With continued practice, students should be able to apply the evaluating strategy independently to other texts. - Define and understand the meeting of the minds technique - Take on the role of characters in a story and debate their perspectives, clearly and convincingly presenting the characters' viewpoints - Engage in an oral debate in small groups - Use critical thinking skills to create questions relevant to the text - Use the strategy of evaluating to make judgments about characters in a text Stage 1: Teacher-directed whole-group instruction (40 minutes) |1.||Explain to students what it means to evaluate their reading. Tell students that evaluating means making a judgment about a story or a character. Give an example. Explain that they will be participating in an activity in which they pretend to be a character in a story, and will respond to questions as that character. Explain how they will be "evaluating"--by taking on the role of the character, they are making judgments about that character, other characters, and events in the story. Do you think you did anything wrong in this situation? |2.||Demonstrate the strategy. Ask two to four students to act as the wolf and pigs. (You may choose to have one or three students represent the three pigs.) Explain to students that there also needs to be a moderator to ask the questions, and a summarizer to summarize the debate. |3.||Guide students to apply the strategy. Gather students into groups of four. Have students answer another question on the meeting of the minds chart. Each student in the group should have a role (moderator, character, or summarizer). When students finish, ask them to switch roles within their groups and pose another question from the chart. |4.||Practice individually or in small groups. After students have had a chance to practice, bring the whole class back together. Tell students that they are going to hear another version of the same story. Read The True Story of the 3 Little Pigs aloud. |5.||Reflect. Ask students to reflect on the meeting of the minds technique. How did it help them understand the characters? What did they like and dislike about the debates? Did it help them better understand the stories? Stage 2: Teacher-guided small groups and student-facilitated independent practice (40 minutes) Before beginning Stage 2, students must be divided into three instructional-level groups. Students with similar instructional needs should be grouped together. This does not necessarily mean that students in each group are on the same reading level. Instead, they may have similar needs for comprehension instruction (e.g., students who have trouble making inferences or students who need extra practice making connections between texts). Students are working in three different areas during this stage: - Teacher-guided small-group instruction - Student-facilitated comprehension centers - Student-facilitated comprehension routines Classroom management is at the discretion of each individual teacher. You may want to assign students to small groups and set up a rotation schedule, or you may want to allow groups of students to choose their own activities. Regardless, each group of students needs to visit the three areas at least once in the three-session lesson. |1.||Teacher-guided small group instruction. Choose one group to begin with you as follows: |2.||Student-facilitated comprehension centers. Students may be assigned to centers or choose activities on their own. |3.||Student-facilitated comprehension routines. Working in small groups, students engage in three different literacy strategies. Students should already be familiar with each of the strategies and have practiced them over time. For more information, review the Summary Sheet or refer to the text Guided Comprehension: A Teaching Model for Grades 3-8 by Maureen McLaughlin and Mary Beth Allen.| Sessions 2 and 3 For Sessions 2 and 3, pick up where you left off the previous session. The suggested time for each session is 60 minutes, however, since the group only had 20 minutes in small groups during Session 1, you may want to meet with them for another 20 minutes and then switch groups for the last 40 minutes. The rotation should continue until all three groups have visited all three areas. In Session 3, students will spend 40 minutes in small groups, leaving 20 minutes for whole-group reflection and discussion (see Stage 3). Stage 3: Whole-group reflection (20 minutes) |1.||Talk to students about the evaluating comprehension strategy that they have been learning. Ask them to tell why and how meeting of the minds helps them to better understand the characters and the stories they are reading. |2.||Give students time to share the activities they completed in the student-facilitated comprehension centers.| To extend the activities in this lesson, have students explore the following websites: - KidsReads.com: Jon Scieszka - I Was Framed! A WebQuest for The True Story of the 3 Little Pigs - Have students write their own "fractured fairy tales" and publish them online at Scholastic's Fairy Tales Library - Access and use other lessons based on the Guided Comprehension Model to teach additional comprehension strategies: Guided Comprehension: Knowing How Words Work Using Semantic Feature Analysis Guided Comprehension: Making Connections Using a Double-Entry Journal Guided Comprehension: Monitoring Using the INSERT Technique Guided Comprehension: Previewing Using an Anticipation Guide Guided Comprehension: Self-Questioning Using the Question-Answer Relationship Guided Comprehension: Summarizing Using the QuIP Strategy Guided Comprehension: Visualizing Using the Sketch-to-Stretch Strategy Student Assessment / Reflections Use the Meeting of the Minds Rubric to evaluate students' participation and understanding of the meeting of the minds technique and the evaluating strategy. This rubric can be used during the whole-class debate in Stage 1 or during small-group work in Stage 2.

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Daily Flight Stories Historic Wings is pleased to present our daily story celebrating what happened today in aviation history. Published on June 16, 2013 By Thomas C. Van Hare The day had begun normally with a morning preflight of the Martin P4M-1Q Mercator aircraft. The mission was a standard one for the US Navy’s Fleet Air Reconaissance Squadron ONE (VQ-1), known as the “Batmen” — they were a signals intelligence specialist unit based in Japan. As always, such reconnaissance/intelligence missions carried some level of risk, but this one was a regular flight on a well-practiced route. Nonetheless, other aircraft had been ambushed by fighters on the same mission, once with deadly consequences when another of VQ-1’s Mercators had been downed by the Red Chinese off the coast by Shanghai on August 22, 1956. That day, the full crew of 16 were killed. Such missions were worth the risks, however, as they collected valuable signals intelligence data on North Korean radar systems and other communications — signals that would be essential if the conflict on the Korean peninsula were to restart. The June 16, 1959, mission was similar — and this time, as had happened three years earlier, suddenly, a pair of MiG-17 jet fighters were spotted closing in from the east. The two Navy pilots pushed the nose of the P4M-1Q Mercator over and dove quickly toward the water. This was a standard technique designed to escape below the horizon of the land-based, coastal radar systems 30 miles away operated by the North Korean ground controllers. The MiG-17 “Fresco” jet fighters, however, had already spotted the Mercator. Once in pursuit, the slower, larger and less maneuverable Navy plane was an easy target. As the American crew tried to make a run toward Japan, the two MiG-17s came in range and opened fire. The Aircraft and Mission The Martin P4M-1Q Mercator was a mid-sized, very specialized aircraft. The aircraft had two propellers, but four engines — two were turbine jets running regular gasoline, available to provide extra power for take off and high speed dash as a supplement to the longer range afforded by the more fuel efficient, P&W R4360 Wasp Major 28-cylinder radial engines, each of which produced 3,250 hp. Originally, the Mercator had been designed in hopes of winning the contract to replace the US Navy’s former PB4Y Privateer patrol bomber. Sadly, the Martin design lost the bid to the Lockheed P2V Neptune. While the Neptune went on to a long and illustrious career with the US Navy, nonetheless, the senior Navy brass had still other uses for the P4M-1Q. A small order for the aircraft was quietly placed. By mid-1953, at the height of the Korean War and in the early days of the expanding Cold War, these specialized Martin P4M-1Q Mercators were assigned to operate with the US Navy’s secretive VQ-1, charged with intelligence gathering on clandestine midnight flights down the coasts of America’s Cold War adversary nations. VQ-1 had been formed to support long range signals intelligence (SIGINT) operations during the Korean War. Originally based out of the Philippines, it had moved over the years to Japan and was based by 1959 at Iwakuni. Initially, the planes were crewed by 14 men, though this was later expanded to 16 as the requirements expanded. By 1959, the P4M-1Q Mercators assigned to the unit were bristling with antennae of all different types and housing various odd-shaped bulges on the fuselage where radar collectors were mounted. The typical VQ-1 mission would fly across the Sea of Japan and turn to make a track along the coast of North Korea up along China’s coasts, usually staying about 30 miles offshore and at about 7,000 feet of altitude. To disguise the mission, the P4M-1Q Mercators would use call signs of regular P2V Neptune patrol flights. Indeed, from a distance the planes even looked enough alike that it was a reasonable ruse — markings and BuNo codes would be painted out or falsified to further camouflage the mission and aircraft’s purposes. A Deadly Chase The VQ-1 mission of June 16, 1959, took place over the Sea of Japan and ran down the coast of North Korea at the usual altitude of 7,000 feet. What started as a regular flight surveying enemy signals, however, changed abruptly into a deadly chase when two North Korean MiG-17s intercepted the plane. At the controls of the P4M-1Q Mercator were LCDR Donald Mayer, the aircraft commander, and LCDR Vince Anania, a former All-American college football player at the US Naval Academy in Annapolis, who was serving as copilot. Besides the intelligence contingent, the tail gunner on the Navy crew was PO2/c Eugene Corder. As the two MiG-17s curved in to make a high speed firing pass, PO2/c Corder manned the P4M-1Q’s tail armament, a pair of 20mm cannons. The MiG-17s, however, closed rapidly and showed astonishingly good aim on their first pass. PO2/c Corder never had a chance to defend the plane as the first attack scored extensive hits across the Mercator’s fuselage and wing. PO2/c Corder was hit badly, suffering injury from over 40 pieces of shrapnel that left him incapacitated. As the P4M-1Q Mercator reached an altitude of 50 feet, its propellers turning on the power of all four engines, it reached a speed of more than 350 mph. While fast for a propeller aircraft, however, this was no match for the MiG-17. The MiGs came around for attack after attack, making yet more firing passes on the crippled plane. The engines on the right wing were both hit. The rudder was knocked out. As the MiG-17s fired their cannons on pass after pass, the plane was badly damaged and barely holding together. The controls, being mechanical, seemed ill-suited to counteract the imbalance from the damage done and asymmetric thrust of the left side engines, which were turning at maximum power. The plane started to roll over, yet LCDR Anania was not going to go down without a fight. With brute strength alone — the kind that only being an All-American football star could bring — he fought the controls and wrestled the plane back level. As they sped toward Japan, it took all the strength he had to hold the plane upright. Despite the pain and stress, he held it in a near superhuman grip. Yet the Mercator was hopelessly outclassed by the two MiG-17s. It was unarmed and it seemed that the only hope for the plane and the Navy crewmen might be to somehow get far enough away from the coast of North Korea that the two MiG pilots would have sufficient fuel to make it back to their bases. They would have to turn for home. Six more firing passes were completed after that first deadly attack on the P4M-1Q Mercator as it sped along just a few dozen feet from the tops of the waves. Unable to make diving passes from above to below, lest they impact the water, the MiGs had to break off each firing pass and circle back higher up before coming around for another attack. Finally, they had reached minimum fuel. With a final firing pass, they turned west and flew back to their base in North Korea. The Martin P4M-1Q Mercator had somehow survived — against all odds. Its fuselage was holed. The rudder was shot away. Both right engines were destroyed. The wing was peppered with cannon rounds. Yet it still flew. The attack, which had started 30 miles off the coast, had been a running 20 mile long death-defying race against what should have been the inevitable destruction of the plane and death of the crew. As the MiGs turned away, however, there was hope. Yet the Mercator’s crew knew that with the extensive damage sustained, it was still an open question as to whether they would survive the flight back to Japan. Somehow, LCDRs Mayer and Anania held the badly damaged Mercator off the water as they closed on the coast of Japan. Ahead was Miho, a heavy maintenance base used primarily by the US Military. The base’s name was easy to remember because of the colloquial rhyme that was commonly spoken among aircrews, “Miho by the Sea-Ho”. For many, Miho was a favored destination to take a plane from South Korea for regular maintenance. While in Japan, the flight crews would hoof it to Tokyo for a little approved “R&R”. That day, Miho was not about R&R — it meant salvation for the Navy crew. Incredibly, Anania and Mayer brought the badly damaged Mercator down onto the runway for an emergency landing. Once the plane had skidded to a stop, the men leapt out and moved clear. Incredibly, only PO2/c Corder was injured, though he would survive and heal. The resto of the men had come through the attacks unscathed. The data collected was retrievable, though none of it was anything but routine confirmation of the SIGINT environment in which the conflict was an ongoing affair. PO2/c Corder was subsequently issued a Purple Heart and an Air Medal for his role in defending the aircraft in the attacks. In fact, all of the crew earned Air Medals, while LCDRs Mayer and Anania both were awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for their incredible feat of keeping the plane aloft long enough to make a successful emergency landing at Miho, where the crew no doubt spent some well-earned R&R time. As for the P4M-1Q Mercator involved that day in the conflict (BuNo 122209), it was written off as irreparable. Less than a year later, VQ-1 retired all of its remaining P4M-1Q Mercators, converting entirely to the Douglas A3D-2Q Skywarriors, a twin-engined jet reconnaissance aircraft that offered better speed and survivability. Even that, however, would prove to be just another step in the increasingly deadly game of Cold War reconnaissance. The interception of the P4M-1Q Mercator that day was the 33rd attack over the last decade on US reconnaissance planes of all types. The Martin P4M-1Q Mercator had done nearly a decade’s service in the secret, very hot war of the reconnaissance crews who daily risked their lives in the darkest days of the Cold War. Just one question remains to be resolved as of this date — were the North Korean MiG-17s were really piloted by North Koreans or were they flown by Russian “honchos”? The Soviet Union had a tradition of flying in North Korean colors during the Korean War and beyond on critical important missions against the USA

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The Stories Behind 7 Infamous U.S. Military Knives Battle-proven and known the world over, each of these knives has earned their place in U.S. Military history Described as a gentle and sweet boy by his siblings, Herbert K. Pilila’au was an independent 22-year-old Hawaii native who enjoyed classical music, singing, and playing his ukulele. When the U.S. declared that they were going to war in the Korean peninsula, Pilila’au, alongside 4,000 other Hawaiian draftees answered the call. In March 1951, he arrived in North Korea as a part of the U.S. Army’s 23rd Infantry Regiment where the quiet and unassuming young man who “couldn’t hurt a fly” earned legendary status on “Heartbreak Ridge.” For several hours on the morning of Sept. 17, 1951, and into midday, U.S. troops were in a desperate fight to control the strategic hilltop. When his commander ordered the soldiers in his platoon to retreat 200 yards from their position because of an imminent threat of being overrun by the enemy, Pilila’au volunteered to cover their withdrawal. Through waves of advancing North Korean soldiers, he fired his M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle with pinpoint accuracy until all of his ammunition was spent. However, the enemy soldiers kept coming. Pilila’au refused to leave his position and switched to the hand grenades on his belt. When he had no more grenades to hurl, he threw rocks and nearby objects until they were on top of him. Pilila’au pulled out his trench knife and engaged the enemy in hand-to-hand combat while his unit helplessly watched from afar in total disbelief. He suffered a gunshot wound, but he never gave up and continued onward until a final bayonet struck him down. A half hour after his last stand, the Americans retook the ridge and discovered that Pilila’au had courageously — and single-handedly — killed 40 enemy combatants. He was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor, which made him the first Hawaiian to receive the award. Having a tool that can aid a soldier when circumstances get up-close and personal is essential, as highlighted by Pililau’au’s heroic final stand. Throughout history, service members have relied on knives when other weapons and resources have failed. But not all knives are created equal. From World War I to the Global War on Terror, a handful of military-issued blades have proven themselves to be trusted and beloved by those whose lives depend on them. Mark I Trench Knife The Mark I trench knife was not only preposterous in its comic book design, it was actually some-what practical, too! World War I saw horrific fighting in close quarters, which helps explain the knife’s nickname as “Knuckle Dusters,” referencing their heavy brass knuckle grip. The unique design gave the user the ability to strike, stab, and slash enemy combatants with devastating results. The Mark I is based on the French variety, except it has a double-edged triangular blade with a conical nut on the pommel. During World War II, U.S. Army Rangers and Airborne paratroopers, as well as U.S. Marine Raiders, realized its capabilities and identified its limitations. Evidenced by Pililau’au’s valiant fight during the Korean War, it was still deemed combat effective. Fairbairn-Sykes Commando Knife The Fairbairn-Sykes commando knife has a rich history that drew from years of law enforcement experience in the Shanghai Municipal Police (SMP) decades before the onset of World War II. The dream team behind one of the most recognizable World War II knives gathered around a table at Wilkinson Sword Co. Ltd. Experimental Workshop in the United Kingdom on Nov. 4, 1940. John “Jack” Wilkson-Latham handled the manufacturing; Charlie Rose laid out the blueprints as the leading developmental engineer. They handled the nitty-gritty, behind-the-scenes tasks, while the faces of the knife — Lieutenant Colonel William Ewart “Dan” Fairbairn and Major Eric Anthony “Bill” Sykes — made it famous. Fairbairn and Sykes both served in the SMP at the turn of the 20th century in a volatile time when the city was considered “the most violent crime beat in the world.” The duo learned advanced riot control and self-defense tactics that enabled them to disarm street gangs, often without fatalities. The lessons they learned as police officers on the world’s first SWAT team proved to be critically important for the American (OSS) and British (SOE) commandos they trained. Sometimes the commandos carried nothing more than their rifle and some extra magazines of ammunition, so the additional capability of the Fairbairn-Sykes knife proved a necessity. Made from solid brass, the 7-inch double-edged stiletto blade with a nickel-plated handguard grip ensured the commandos could use it when they needed it most. It was easily concealed on the body and was used against sentries, animals, or during intense hand-to-hand combat. Because of its capability, effectiveness, and legendary reputation, it remains an inspiration for fighting knives to this day. While commandos from the OSS and SOE carried Fairbairn-Sykes fighting knives, members from the First Special Service Force (commonly known as The Devil’s Brigade or “The Black Devils”) carried its inspiration, the V-42 Stiletto. The Devil’s Brigade were an elite force of joint-trained American and Canadian commandos. Their original mission set called for hitting targets in Norway, specifically heavy water plants. Although they trained in the mountains of Montana and mastered operating in winter warfare climates, they saw combat in 1943 in French-held Algeria and later in Italy and France (1944). Lieutenant Robert T. Frederick was on General Dwight D. Eisenhower’s personal staff and had the responsibility as the commanding officer of the unit. Dermot “Pat” O’Neill, a former SMP and OSS officer, transferred to the training cell of the Devil’s Brigade and brought knowledge to the States that he had learned while serving under Fairbairn and Sykes. Frederick developed the V-42 based on O’Neill’s recommendation. Frederick carried a V-42 during the Italian campaign, and most soldiers carried its sheath on their thighs. The V-42 featured a 7.3125-inch blued stiletto blade, a handle made of “finely serrated leather washers,” and a jagged point on the pummel to use as a “skull crusher.” The V-42 remained a useful fighting knife amongst Army Special Forces and White Star teams in Vietnam but started to phase out as battlefield necessities required specific modifications. The fear-inducing and nerve-rattling Japanese battle cry “Banzai!” was usually followed by a suicidal human wave of charging foot soldiers pointing and thrusting their rifles into surprised enemy combatants. When the U.S. military issued fixed bayonets, they were to be used during worst-case scenarios when ammo was short and hand-to-hand fighting was expected. During the bloody battle at Guadalcanal, Army soldiers and Marines defended the ridge with such merit that it was later nicknamed Bloody Ridge and Coffin’s Corner. On Oct. 26, 1942, machine gunner and platoon leader Mitchell Paige, alongside two other Marines, led a heroic bayonet charge against 2,500 determined Japanese fighters. The night before his pre-sunrise attack, Paige heard a Japanese patrol in the distance. He alerted his machine gun teams, and a hellacious battle ensued. With his entire unit wiped out and his machine gun rendered useless, Paige regrouped with a small team of Marines. Their counterattack had devastating results. They fired from the hip and down their sights. Paige dodged bullets and explosions for 10 hours and even neutralized a Japanese soldier who had drawn a Samurai sword. Miraculously, he survived while all the others were killed or wounded. For his actions, he was awarded the Medal of Honor. Then there was Lewis Millet, a U.S. Army soldier who had originally joined the Army National Guard as a clerk because, he reasoned, “in high school I took typing — all the good looking women were in the typing class.” He hated it in the Army and deserted to join the Canadians and go overseas to Europe during World War II. He ultimately transferred back to the U.S. Army and saw action against the Nazis in North Africa, where he received a Silver Star. Millet also received the Bronze Star in Italy, but his most notable battlefield commendation came during the Korean War when he led the last major bayonet charge in U.S. military history. When Millet heard rumors from the Chinese that Americans were afraid of bayonets, he countered, “That’s a blankety-blank lie!” As a true leader, when he ordered his men to fix bayonets on Feb. 7, 1951, near the vicinity of Soam-Ni, they were right behind him. Millet charged forward, a common theme as a forward observer, bayoneted two Chinese soldiers, and overtook the objective. As the dust settled, 50 enemy lay dead — 20 of them killed by bayonets. Hill 180 was later referred to as “Bayonet Hill,” and for his actions, Millet was awarded the Medal of Honor. The most recent upgrade of World War II and Korean War-era bayonets came from Buck Knives, who developed the M9 Bayonet during the 1980s. During the Vietnam War, Lance Corporal James H. Stogner, an 18-year-old Marine who carried extra ammo for his machine gun team, was in a desperate fight against the North Vietnamese Army. The only visibility in the total darkness were muzzle flashes, illumination flares, and tracers. NVA soldiers pushed across a field and killed Marines as they helplessly lay wounded in their path. The NVA then tried to overrun their position and captured Corporal Eli Fobbs, one of Stogner’s teammates. Armed with his KA-BAR knife, Stogner low crawled and killed two NVA soldiers without making a sound, then bum-rushed the final two who were torturing Fobbs. A violent hand-to-hand exchange ensued, and he killed the remaining NVA. Fifty-two years after his heroic actions, Stogner was awarded the Navy Cross. The KA-BAR’s foundation is said to be based around a story that Wallace Brown, the then-owner of Union Cutlery Company, received in the mail in the early 1920s. “Years ago an Alaskan hunter had shot a bear who then attacked him and knocked his rifle from his hands. In order for the hunter to protect his life, he took a knife made by Union Cutlery company and successfully killed the bear, which was the Kodiak bear species,” according to the KA-BAR website. “The hunter in appreciation of the knife having saved his life sent the bear skin to President Wallace Brown. The thought then occurred to the management of the company that if the Kodiak bear is the strongest of the bear species, and the word bear is pronounced ‘bar’, and further, if the cutlery produced by the Union Cutlery Company was the best and strongest of its kind, then it should be very significant that ‘Ka-bar’ might truly represent the qualities of the company’s products. Thus the Ka-Bar trademark was adopted.” In collaboration with U.S. Marines Captain Howard America and Colonel John Davis, Danford Brown (nephew of Wallace) submitted a fixed-blade fighting/utility knife for testing. The Marines have since carried the KA-BAR throughout World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and the Global War on Terrorism. The KA-BAR has been synonymous with the Marine Corps and has proven itself in combat countless times. Gerber Legendary Knives Gerber has had a strong relationship with the U.S. military in recent years and is considered “the largest supplier of knives and multitools to the United States armed forces.” Gerber’s Multi-plier 600 is the “#1 selling multi-tool platform” and features 14 unique tools. A blade can’t fix all the problems of our nation’s premier fighting forces, so having a tool modeled after the Swiss Army Knife is necessary. It includes needle nose pliers, pinch-cut wire cutters, a wire crimper, a plain-edge and serrated-edge knife, a cross-point screwdriver, three sizes of flat-head screwdrivers, a lanyard ring, a can and bottle opener, a file, and a ruler. The multitool can be convenient for menial tasks, but it has proven to be of aid to the mechanic down to the grunt. One instance of Gerber providing life-saving assistance on the battlefield occurred in Iraq. Medal of Honor recipient Staff Sergeant David Bellavia described in explicit detail his experience fighting alone in hand-to-hand combat inside a house with an Iraqi insurgent. He credits his Gerber Rex Applegate folding knife as the tool that helped him survive. When his ammo ran out, he relied upon the knife on his belt. Aircrew on helicopters and pilots in aircraft also carry knives as a means for survival. The Gerber LMF II ASEK (Aircrew Survival & Egress Knife) serves as the replacement for the Ontario Knife, more commonly known as the 499 Air Force Survival Knife. The Gerber outperformed every competitor during its list of 30 criteria testing. The stainless steel blade doesn’t require any substantial maintenance and comes with a built-in blade sharpener inside its sheath. The most important feature is its pommel, which acts as a spear and can pierce plexiglass or helicopter windows with ease. Daniel Winkler, a bladesmith with nearly 50 years of knife making experience, was approached in 2006 by special operators from the U.S. Army and Navy’s Special Missions Units. Their increasing demand for reliable tools required particular specifications that other knives lacked. His knives and tomahawks have since been the stuff of combat lore, being used by our nation’s most elite warriors while operating in the shadows — and even spurring controversy from time to time. According to Winkler, the “II” doesn’t represent a numeral but means “also.” The WKII Spike is used for prying doors, breaking windows, and piercing breakable structures to create improvised firing lanes in buildings or structures. Having a small and agile knife meant better concealability in hostile and submissive environments.

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This is an excerpt from Park and Recreation Professional's Handbook With Online Resource, The by Amy Hurd & Denise Anderson. Since the customer is the cornerstone of marketing, it is imperative to answer these two questions: Who are our customers? What do we know about them? This section of the marketing plan delves into market research, market segmentation, target marketing, and consumer behavior. Market research is the systematic process of collecting, analyzing, and reporting information to enhance decision making throughout the marketing planning process (Shank 2005). Market research is used to answer any number of questions about products and customers, including the following: Product Information Needs - What do customers want from our products? - How do they view our products? - What products do they use? - How big is our market? - Where and when do customers register for programs? - How often do they participate in programs? Customer Information Needs - What is the customer's contact information (e.g., name, children, age, address)? - How far do customers drive to use our products? - Where do customers hear about our products? Market research data are either primary or secondary. Primary data come directly from consumers. Data can come from surveys, interviews, observations, focus groups, or Internet surveys. The process for collecting these data is much like that for collecting evaluation data (see chapter 4). Secondary data, on the other hand, are compiled by market research firms and are available for purchase. These data include demographics, psychographics, product use, advertising preferences, and so on. Primary data can come from internal and external sources. Good sources of internal data come from registration systems because customers must complete basic information about themselves and their families. Amazon.com tracks purchases for customers logging into their accounts. Amazon asks for basic demographic data, tracks purchases, and then recommends books or materials that are similar to those of past purchases. Customer loyalty cards are another source of information. Grocery stores promote these cards as a way of giving discounts, but they are really using the cards to track purchases and gain a demographic profile of purchasers and their products. External primary data can be gathered from the Census Bureau, a local chamber of commerce, or libraries. Much of these data are demographics, but demographics can prove valuable when determining the target market. Market research is essentially gathering data so that marketing decisions can be made. Without data on customers, good decisions become guesses. Poor guessing results in wasted resources. Market Segments and Target Markets Market research provides the ability to segment markets. Market segmentation is the process of dividing a large and heterogeneous group of people into smaller, more homogenous groups with similar wants, needs, and demographic profiles. Market segments divide the population into groups who are likely to respond to a certain marketing mix (Mullin, Hardy, and Sutton 2007). Target marketing then selects one or more of the market segments to direct its efforts toward. Some parks and recreation agencies, especially those in the public and nonprofit sectors, feel they must provide services for everyone. Thus they direct their marketing efforts to the general public instead of a targeted group. Known as mass marketing, this approach is often a waste of resources. Selecting a target market does not mean that people outside the target market are excluded from participating. Target marketing means that the marketing mix is aimed at a group of people most likely to participate and most likely to respond to that particular marketing mix. For example, the Manhattan Beach Parks and Recreation Department in Manhattan Beach, California, offers a trip to the Catalina Silent Film Festival. The trip is designed and promoted as a trip for people 55 years or older, but this does not mean that a 50-year-old would be excluded from the trip (City of Manhattan Beach 2009). There are five bases of segmentation, or means to segment a market. These are demographics, geography, psychographics, behavioral characteristics, and benefits (Hurd, Barcelona, and Meldrum 2008). Demographics are characteristics used to define a population. They include age, race, family income, and education level, among others. Demographic data are relatively easy to access through the Census Bureau and are commonly used by many parks and recreation agencies. For example, the Burlington (Connecticut) Parks and Recreation uses age to classify its programs (Burlington Parks and Recreation 2010). Its brochure has activities for children and youths, adults, and older adults. A second segmentation base, geography, focuses on geodemographics and proximity. The premise behind geodemographics is that people who are similar in income, culture, and perspectives naturally gravitate toward one another. Once these people move to their neighborhoods, they become even more alike and share similar consumer behaviors (Carroll 2009). When a store asks for your zip code when you make a purchase, it's using geodemographics as a segmentation technique. One example of segmentation is the PRIZM lifestyle segmentation system, which divides every U.S. neighborhood into 1 of 62 clusters. Variables such as demographics, lifestyle, urbanization, and socioeconomic status are used to cluster these neighborhoods. Here are few examples of the clusters (Claritas 2000): - Blue Blood Estates—People aged 45 to 64, predominantly White and Asian, established executives, old-money heirs, used to luxury and privilege, one-tenth are multimillionaires. - Urban Gold Coast—People aged 45 to 64, predominantly White and Asian, highly educated, live in urban apartments and condos, few have children or own cars, very busy and affluent, many live in places like New York City. - American Dreams—Mixed age and ethnically diverse, immigrants, descendents from multicultural backgrounds, multilingual neighborhoods, married couples with and without children, high school education with some college, work in trades and public service jobs. Another common geography-based segmentation strategy is proximity, or how close people live or work to a service. A person living or working 10 minutes from a fitness center is more likely to use that location than someone 30 to 40 minutes away (especially if there are other options that are closer). Some agencies locate facilities based on proximity so as to serve an entire community. For example, the Houston Parks and Recreation Department has a multitude of branches because it serves such a large community. Today, the Houston Parks and Recreation Department manages 350 parks and 56 community centers located throughout the city to accommodate its users (Houston Parks and Recreation Department 2009). A third base of segmentation is psychographics. Psychographics are lifestyle and personality descriptors. There is a relationship between lifestyle and consumer behavior (Fullerton 2007), so people with similar lifestyles buy similar products. Lifestyle descriptors are often categorized as activities, interests, and opinions. Table 11.2 depicts psychographics that can be used to segment a market. Behavioral characteristics are based on the product consumption habits of the consumers, the skill level of the users, and the product loyalty of the consumers. Agencies must be cognizant of use levels and understand how products should be offered to meet the needs of a multitude of user levels. Think about how companies are increasingly recognizing their high-level users, such as with the Hilton Honors rewards program and airline frequent-flier miles. The Chicago White Sox offer a variety of ticket packages, including a single-game package, a seven-game package, and season tickets. Also, for mid- to high-level users they offer premium seating in areas such as the LG Skyline Club, Jim Beam Club, and Diamond Suites. High-level users who purchase season tickets also receive many benefits such as gift packages, lower-priced parking, resell opportunities, and discounted suite prices (Chicago White Sox 2009). Here are a few things to keep in mind when segmenting by behavioral characteristics (Mullin, Hardy, and Sutton 2007): - It is wise to offer programs at all use levels so that light users can possibly increase to medium or heavy use over time. This ensures a steady stream of users. - Levels of consumption will vary from product to product and by age group. - Sales volume is more likely to increase by moving light and medium users up to medium and heavy users than by attracting first-time users. Understanding the skill level of consumers is valuable in knowing what products to offer to meet their needs. Agencies can offer softball leagues for various skill levels or golf leagues for various golf handicaps. Finally, markets can be segmented by product benefits, because consumers seek certain qualities in a product. For example, Nike has shoes for basketball players, dancers, lacrosse players, and walkers. Each line of shoes offers the benefits the consumer is seeking. For instance, the lacrosse shoes offer traction, comfort, support, and speed. Trek makes bikes for roads, triathlons, mountains, and bike paths, among others. Each bike has unique features, from the size of the tire and seat to how upright the rider sits. These two companies thus use benefits as one way to segment their markets. Combining Segmentation Methods Most agencies use one or more of the five market segmenting methods. The more data the agency has, the more able it is to select the best market and to utilize a marketing mix to reach that market. Once the market is segmented, the agency selects which market to target. Market segmentation and target marketing are keys to all aspects of marketing and ensure that agency resources are put to best use. Haphazard marketing and mass marketing rarely attract the number of consumers sought. Consumer behavior involves the decision making and buying patterns of users. Although much information can be gathered through the segmentation process, there is still the matter of how customers decide to buy the products they buy. Understanding consumer behavior is enhanced by knowing the consumer decision-making process. Consumers move through a four-step decision-making process (figure 11.4). First, they identify a need through media exposure, friends, family, self-awareness, or environmental factors. Next, they seek ways to meet the need through products and services, and they evaluate their options. Once the options are evaluated, they make a purchase or experience a service. Afterward, the product or service is evaluated. Customers evaluate their satisfaction with the purchase decision and weaknesses of this choice. People mentally perform a cost-benefit analysis, measuring the costs of the product (such as time or money) in relation to the benefits they receive. If the benefits outweigh the costs, the consumer is satisfied with the product purchase. If the costs outweigh the benefits, then the consumer is dissatisfied. Marketing can affect all levels of the consumer decision-making process. For example, an agency can launch an advertising campaign to convince a potential consumer that a need exists, can make information readily available so the customer can make an informed decision about which product to buy, can make the purchase easy and can build the anticipation of the experience via e-mail messages or photos of past experiences, and can send reminders of the experience that has passed by giving certificates, providing photos, or making phone calls to follow up on the experience. The customer analysis part of the marketing plan is all about market research and gathering data that provide insight into who the customer is, how to segment the market, and how the customer behaves. These data are the impetus for the next section of the marketing plan.

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Who is Hera in Greek Mythology? The identify Hera was as soon as believed to be related with the Latin root hems (grasp) and with an previous Greek phrase which meant ‘earth’. Today, nevertheless, it is agreed that Hera is associated to the Sanskrit svar (the Sky). Hera was then initially queen of the sky, the celestial virgin (therefore her epithet Parthenia), and at first fairly unbiased of Zeus. Their marriage was organized afterwards, in order to clarify the fusion of two cults which had at first been distinct. Some authorities even see in the hostility of Hera in the direction of her husband a vestige of the resistance which the worshippers of Hera opposed to the rival cult of Zeus. Others interpret the noisy quarrels of the divine couple as a mythological translation of storms or the ‘wrestle of the meteors and atmospheric disturbances in revolt in opposition to the sky’. Hera, nevertheless, quickly misplaced her cosmic character and retained solely her ethical attributes. She was regarded as Woman deified. She presided over all phases of female existence. Thus Temenus, son of Pelasgus, consecrated at Stymphalus three temples to her: the primary to the child-goddess, the second to the wife-goddess, the third to the widow-goddess. But primarily she was the goddess of marriage (Gamelia) and maternity. She represented the idealised kind of spouse. Hera was depicted as a younger lady, totally developed, of a chaste and slightly extreme magnificence. Her brow is usually topped with a diadem or with a excessive crown of cylindrical form, the polos. She wears a protracted tunic or chiton and is enveloped in a veil which provides to her bearing of the Aristocracy, reserved and filled with modesty. Hera attributes are a sceptre surmounted by a cuckoo (in allusion to the circumstances of her nuptials) and a pomegranate, image of conjugal love and fruitfulness. The chook sacred to her is the peacock, whose spangled plumage remembers the celebrities in the vault of heaven – and testifies to the service of hundred-eyed Argus. Like Zeus, Hera was commemorated on the summits of mountains. In Greece the chief centre of her cult was Argos. Here she had 5 – 6 temples, the oldest of which had been constructed by Pho- roneus. It was the Heraeum at Argos which housed the well-known statue of Hera in gold and ivory by Polycletus. The goddess was represented seated on a throne, her forehead topped by a diadem on which had been depicted the Horae and the Graces. In her left hand she held a pomegranate and in her proper a sceptre surmounted by a cuckoo. Near her stood her daughter Hebe. Hera additionally possessed sanctuaries at Mycenae, Olympus, Sparta, in Attica, Boeotia and Euboea. She was notably commemorated in Crete and at Samos the place stood the best of her temples, which was constructed, it was mentioned, by the Argonauts. The Legend of Hera Hera was the oldest daughter of Cronus and Rhea, born, in accordance to the Samians, on the isle of Samos, on the banks of the river Imbrasos close to a waterwillow which may nonetheless be seen in the times of Pausanias. She had been introduced up, in accordance to some, by Macris or by the daughters of the river Asterion; in accordance to others, by the Horae or Seasons. Her childhood was spent on the isle of Euboea and now we have seen how her brother Zeus discovered her there and made her his spouse. From then on Hera was related to Zeus’ sovereignty and have become the chief female deity of Olympus. She sat on a golden throne beside her husband, and when she entered the meeting of the gods all rose in homage to her. On Olympus her marriage to Zeus had been the event of nice rejoicing. All the Immortals had taken half in the procession and the Fates themselves had chanted the hymeneal refrain. But Hera’s happiness was not unclouded. She had given Zeus 4 kids: the gracious Hebe, Ilithyia, mom of birth-pangs, the impetuous Ares, and the skilful Hephaestus. Her constancy to her husband was exemplary. He, however, was continuously untrue. It was not that she was missing in attraction. She took nice care of her magnificence. Every year she went to bathe in the spring Canathus at Nauplia and in these marvellous waters every time renewed her virginity. The ‘white-armed goddess’ was irresistible when she anointed her pretty physique with an oil whose sweetness was such that it crammed the entire earth and sky with its perfume. When she had organized her divine tresses, when she had pinned to her breast with golden clasps the gown Athene had woven for her with such artwork, placed on her ear-rings, exquisitely labored and set with treasured clusters of three drops, and draped from her head an excellent veil white because the solar, Zeus himself, seeing her thus arrayed, cried: ‘Never has love for goddess or mortal lady so flooded my senses and crammed my coronary heart!’ Hera would by no means have lacked suitors had she wished them. Ixion, King of the Lapithae, when invited to dine with the gods, had solely to flip his eyes in the direction of her to be infected with irresistible want. In the insanity of his ardour he even embraced a cloud which Zeus had formed to resemble Hera. Ixion was chastised for his insolence: he was certain to a fiery wheel which whirled him perpetually by way of the sky. Hera, happy with her personal advantage, didn’t endure the continuous faithlessness of her husband with out protest. Shortly after her marriage she left Olympus in vexation and returned to the isle of Euboea. In order to carry her again once more Zeus employed a pleasing stratagem. He had a veiled statue carried round in a chariot and let it’s in every single place recognized that this was the brand new fiancee of the grasp of the gods. In a transport of jealousy and wounded satisfaction Hera arrested the chariot, lacerated the robes of her supposed rival and, discovering the trick her husband had performed on her, returned considerably crestfallen to Olympus. The renewed infidelities of Zeus incited her to avenge herself bodily on his particular person. One day, assisted by Poseidon, Apollo and Athene, she succeeded in binding him with thongs. It would have been the top of Zeus’ energy had not Thetis summoned to his rescue the hundred-armed big whom the gods referred to as Briareus and males referred to as Aegaeon. ‘Proud of his glory, he sat beside the son of Cronus; and the gods had been struck with terror and didn’t enchain Zeus.’ Hera thought of it equally outrageous that Zeus alone and unaided had given start to Athene. In her rage she invoked the earth and the huge heavens and the Titans imprisoned in Tartarus, and implored their favour in order that she, too, may bear unaided a baby ‘who must be in no manner inferior in energy to Zeus’. Her needs had been granted and when her time got here she gave start ‘not to a son who resembled gods or males, however to the frightful, the horrible Typhon, scourge of mankind’. This monster is confused with Typhoeus, son of Gaea and Tartarus, in opposition to whom Zeus had had so onerous a wrestle. Hera was roughly punished for these useless makes an attempt to revolt. One day Zeus beat and bruised her, and when Hephaestus tried to defend his mom Zeus seized his too-zealous son by one foot and flung him from the heights of Olympus. On one other event Zeus connected an anvil to every of Hera’s ankles, certain her fingers with bracelets of unbreakable gold and suspended her from the sky, surrounded by clouds. Though Hera was compelled to submit she may a minimum of vent her fury on her rivals. She brought on Semele’s loss of life, for a very long time persecuted lo, and tried to stop the confinement of Leto and of Alcmene. She was equally remorseless in the direction of the youngsters of her rivals and in the direction of their households. Hercules was her sufferer, and Ino, Semele’s sister, was cruelly punished for having cared for the toddler Dionysus. The vindictive mood of the goddess was not solely displayed when her conjugal honour was at stake. Because Antigone, daughter of Laomedon, had boasted of getting hair extra lovely than Hera’s, Hera turned her locks into serpents. Be trigger they’d handled a wood statue of the goddess with contempt the daughters of Proetus, Lysippe and Iphianassa, had been stricken with leprosy and insanity. They went raging half-nude by way of the Peloponnese and had been solely cured by the pricey intervention of the seer Melampus. Melampus demanded as the worth of his providers a 3rd of Proetus’ kingdom. Proetus at first refused; however his daughters’ insanity grew to become worse. He went once more to Melampus, who raised his value and insisted on a second third of the dominion for his brother Bias. Proetus consented, and from Hera Melampus obtained the 2 ladies’ restoration to health. Another custom, to make sure, attributes the insanity of Proetus’ daughters to the anger of Dionysus. Finally Hera by no means forgave the Trojan Paris for having most well-liked Aphrodite on the event of the well-known magnificence contest on Mount Ida, and her rancour was solely glad when the whole Trojan race had been annihilated.

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Treaty with the Cherokee, 1835 (Treaty of New Echota) to Treaty with the Cherokee, 1868 (includes unratified treaties) (part one) (part two) The Cherokee were not the first tribe to sign a treaty with the United States. Nor was that treaty the first signed by the tribe and a foreign power in the "New World"they signed a treaty with the colony of South Carolina in 1721 and there is record of a possible treaty as far back as 1684. As with what followed, it did set the pattern for land cession that would continue through the treaties and the General Allotment Act ("Dawes Act") into the twentieth century. The pattern where peace and friendship are promised and then later rescinded (often arbitrarily) is also clear throughout. While it is true that there are unique aspects pertaining to any treaties made between the US and American Indian bands or nations, the record of the interaction between (and against) the Cherokee can give an informative look at many of the typical ideas, methods, and coercions that went into the "treaty process" the US used in dealing with the "Indian problem." Treaty with the Cherokee, 1835 (Treaty of New Echota) 29 December 1835 With the Treaty of New Echota, the government finally got the remaining Eastern band to "remove." By then, intrusions on their lands were common and intensifying (especially after gold had been discovered in 1828). Georgia refused to do anything (even encouraged and facilitated it) and the federal government couldn't (it's doubtful they would have had they been given jurisdiction). The Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokee Nation had a degree of separate sovereignty that the state had no jurisdiction over, nor could its citizens intrude and steal land. But despite the "victory," Andrew Jackson made clear his intention not to do anything about it with his reported comment that "[Chief Justice] John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it." Given what a minority of Cherokee known as the "Treaty Party" felt was a choice between removal and extermination, they signed the treaty against the will of the other leaders and most of the Eastern band (something they were well aware could mean death according to the Cherokee Constitutionin the years following, several of the Treaty Party leaders were killed for their actions). While they did what they felt was necessary to save the Nation (which it likely did), it was this treaty that led to the Trail of Tears. In it, the Cherokee agreed to cede "all the lands owned, claimed or possessed by them east of the Mississippi River, and hereby release all their claims upon the United States for spoliations of every kind for and in consideration of the sum of five millions of dollars to be expended paid and invested" (charges that the Treaty Party members did it for the money came quickly following signing). Since the numbers of the Eastern band moving to Indian Territory would result in running out of land to accommodate them, certain "redrawing" of reserved land was made (land that had been granted to the Osage and Quapaw). The US reserved the right to build roads and forts "in any part of the Cherokee country, as they may deem proper for the interest and protection of the same and the free use of as much land, timber, fuel and materials of all kinds for the construction and support of the same as may be necessary." Compensation was promised if "private rights of individuals are interfered with." Also "in no future time" without Cherokee consent could their land be "included within the territorial limits or jurisdiction of any State or Territory." The Cherokee had to create their own laws and government and "protection of the persons and property within their own country belonging to their people or such persons as have connected themselves" (emphasis mine). This was provided that the laws were consistent with the US Constitution and did not interfere with government regulation of trade nor extended to soldiers and citizens passing through or living there with permission. Again, control is maintained and the Indians given only limited self-rule. "Perpetual peace and friendship" was asserted and a promise to help the nation with "domestic strife and foreign enemies" and war with other tribes. Also, a promise to aid against intrusions (not that it ever stopped them before)though "useful farmers, mechanics and teachers for the instruction of Indians" are not meant to be prevented from living on Cherokee land. Transportation and one year's rations would be provided for removal and compensation of $20 per family member, or if the rations were waived $33. Agents would be assigned to make a "just and fair valuation" of "improvements" on Cherokee land in order to compensate for thembut any debts would be paid out of that money. Similar compensation was to be given for missionary property. Any teachers would be allowed to remove under the same conditions (so to speakit is unlikely they would be subjected to their own "trail of tears"). The government would invest in stock to establish a "permanent fund" for the tribe "viz: the sum of two hundred thousand dollars in addition to the present annuities of the nation to constitute a general fund the interest of which shall be applied annually by the council of the nation to such purposes as they may deem best for the general interest of their people." Also $50,000 for an orphans' fund and $150,000 for an education/school fund. That said, the president would be able to review how the money was being put to use and if found to be "misapplied," could "correct any abuses of them and direct the manner of their application for the purposes for which they were intended." While the Cherokee could take out the money and reinvest it elsewhere, they would have to give two years notice. The government could also use the money for payment of debt and any claims against the nation. The Cherokee would agree to "commute" their current "permanent" annuities which would then also be invested. An offer of citizenship was given again (for those "who are qualified or calculated to become useful citizens"), though this time only 160 acres were offered. Again, the offer is interesting and probably not seriously intended as evidenced by a number of Indians who stayed in the Georgia area, living near starvation at times and hiding out in caves. But Indians who fought on the side of the US in "late war with Great Britain" (War of 1812) and those wounded in service would receive pensions and the tribe a "representative" in Congress. Indians were also given two years to "remove," during which time the US promised protection. A supplement to the treaty was added the following year, where the Western band sent a message that they were sending a council to "assure [the Eastern band] of the friendly disposition of their people and their desire that the nation should again be united as one people" and to give them a "hearty welcome and an equal participation with them in all the benefits and privileges." Treaty with the Cherokee, 1846 (Treaty of Washington, DC, one of six) 6 August 1846 It began by promising that "the lands now occupied by the Cherokee Nation shall be secured to the whole Cherokee people for their common use and benefit; and a patent shall be issued for the same." On the other hand, "Provided, always, That such lands shall revert to the United States if the Indians become extinct or abandon the same" (italics in original). Either way being acceptable. Dissension in the tribe (between bands and factions) was considered a problem and the US called for "all difficulties and differences heretofore existing between the several parties of the Cherokee Nation [be] hereby settled and adjusted, and shall...be forgotten and forever buried in oblivion." The treaty demanded that "party distinctions shall cease," a "general amnesty" called, and that "all offenses and crimes committed by a citizen or citizens of the Cherokee Nation against the nation, or against an individual or individuals, [be] hereby pardoned." As part of this unification plan, the treaty imposed a US-style governmental/judicial system. Laws would be made and followed and given "full authority," and "equal protection" ("for the security of life, liberty and property") for all former groups. The right to assemble and redress grievances would be established, all military or quasimilitary groups (especially ones dealing with law and orderthough a nation without military groups would be desirable for the US) disbanded, and "laws enforced by the civil authority alone" in courts with juries. Any "fugitives from justice" who sought to hide in Cherokee territory would be returned to the US for its brand of justice (the implication suggests this was primarily aimed at Indian fugitives). The Western band would receive compensation and relinquish "all right, title, interest, or claim" to any lands east of the Mississippi River as well as "exclusive ownership" to lands given them west of the river. This would make the land property of all the Cherokee (forcing unification). Since the Treaty Party "suffered losses and incurred expenses in consequence of the treaty of 1835," it would receive restitution from the government in the amount of $115,000 dollars. As usual, any compensation paid out would deny the right for any future claims against the government. Two thousand dollars would be given for a "printing-press, materials, and other property destroyed at that time" (the destruction of the press and offices of the Cherokee Phoenix newspaper). Compensation would also be given for "arms...taken from them previous to their removal West" and $20,000 to cover all claims prior to 1835. In general, the treaty was a means to consolidate control, quell dissent, and placate the remaining in order to make sure there were no restless natives that might cause a problem. Treaty with the Cherokee, 1866 (Treaty of Washington, DC, one of six) 19 July 1866 Since the Cherokee had made a treaty with the South during the Civil War, a new treaty was necessary between them and the US in order to declare "void" the "pretended treaty made with the so-called Confederate States." It stated that "all crimes and misdemeanors committed by one Cherokee on the person or property of another Cherokee, or of a citizen of the United States" prior to 4 July of that year would be covered under an amnesty and that "action arising out of wrongs committed in aid or in the suppression of the rebellion" would not be prosecuted either by US or Cherokee court. But they were required to return "all public property, particularly ordnance, ordnance stores, arms of all kinds, and quartermaster’s stores, in their possession or control" that had been acquired from either the Union or the Confederacy during the war. This would be done "without any reservation." Any property that had been confiscated under the laws of the nation during the war would have to be returned to the owners and those who had purchased the property would be paid out of the Cherokee treasury. Cherokees and freed persons who had been slaves to other Cherokee and free blacks who had not been slaves would be given the option to move to another part of Indian territory where they could receive land on which to live. They would "have the right to elect all local officers and judges, and the number of delegates to which by their numbers they may be entitled" and "control all their local affairs." This included creating a police force and system of justice. As usual, one that would be "consistent" with the US Consitution. There was a provision that would allow the president to "suspend" any rules and regulations if he felt they would "bear oppressively on any citizen of the nation." All Cherokee would have rights in either area and any laws "discriminating against the citizens of other districts" would be prohibited. In fact, laws should not only be "uniform" throughout the nation, but any that in the president's "opinion" that "operate unjustly or injuriously" allowed him to be "authorized and empowered to correct such evil, and to adopt the means necessary to secure the impartial administration of justice." A US court was to be established (the nearest one to the territory having temporary jurisdiction) to have "exclusive original jurisdiction" over any case involving someone within the territory and someone outside of it (another foreshadowing of the Major Crimes Act of 1885). As was typical, these were not only a means to maintain order, but a means to control the affairs of the people in the territory under the auspices of generosity. The treaty also stated that any license to sell or trade in the territory had to come with approval of the nation, slavery and involuntary servitude were abolished (and made illegal), and the right of way given for passage of the railroad (something that significantly carved up Indian Territory in the coming years). A council, under the direction of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, was to be set up, meet, and have the power to legislate upon matters pertaining to the intercourse and relations of the Indian tribes and nations and colonies of freedmen resident in said Territory; the arrest and extradition of criminals and offenders escaping from one tribe to another, or into any community of freedmen; the administration of justice between members of different tribes of said Territory and persons other than Indians and members of said tribes or nations; and the common defence and safety of the nations of said Territory. "Judicial tribunals" would be set up to deal with territorial justice (not covered by the US courtof course these courts would lose certain jurisdiction under the Major Crimes Act). The government would also have the right to settle "civilized Indians, friendly with the Cherokees and adjacent tribes" on certain parts of the nation's landwith compensation and approval (something the president could overrule if he felt the "objections are insufficient"). And the treaty couldn't be complete without land cession. The nation had to agree to cede a tract of land that it had been sold years earlier (with some compensation for land and improvements). Territorial boundaries were also to be clearly marked. Military posts could be built on nation land (a promise to disallow the sale of liquor was attached). Rounding out the treaty were promises to help support schools, give a pension gift to a retired missionary ("now a cripple, old and poor"), "bounties and arrears" owed Indians who had served in the war (for the Union), and once again, a "guarantee" from the benevolent nation for the quiet and peaceable possession of their country and protection against domestic feuds and insurrections, and against hostilities of other tribes. They shall also be protected against inter[r]uptions or intrusion from all unauthorized citizens of the United States who may attempt to settle on their lands or reside in their territory. In case of hostilities among the Indian tribes, the United States agree that the party or parties commencing the same shall, so far as practicable, make reparation for the damages done. Treaty with the Cherokee, 1868 (Treaty of Washington, DC, one of six) 27 July 1868 (supplement to 1866) Unsurprisingly, a sort of anticlimax to nearly one hundred years of (broken) treaties. It mainly deals with governmental machinations relating to the sale of the tract of land in the previous treaty and the amount that would be granted the Cherokee for its sale. A few years later (1871), the government decided that they would no longer use treaties to deal with the Indians and following that, it exercised control without even a "ceremonial" approval by the people. This did not mean they couldn't make "agreements" with the Indians or deal with them through "executive order," both of which they did. Agreement with the Cherokee, 1835 (Treaty of Washington, DC) 14 March 1835 This was basically a precursor for the Treaty of Echota that was passed later that year. Agreement with the Cherokee and other tribes in the Indian Territory, 1865 (Fort Smith Arkansas) 13 September 1865 First, it was another treaty dealing with the end of the Civil War (the "other tribes" were the Chickasaw, the Choctow, the Creek, the Osage, the Quapaw, the Seminole, the Seneca, and the Seneca and Shawnee). It was essentially a form of loyalty oath to the newly reunified Union: The undersigned do hereby acknowledge themselves to be under the protection of the United States of America, and covenant and agree, that hereafter they will in all things recognize the government of the United States as exercising exclusive jurisdiction over them, and will not enter into any allegiance or conventional arrangement with any state, nation, power or sovereign whatsoever; that any treaty of alliance for cession of land, or any act heretofore done by them, or any of their people, by which they renounce their allegiance to the United States, is hereby revoked, cancelled, and repudiated. In consideration of the foregoing stipulations...the United States, through its commissioners, promises that it will re-establish peace and friendship with all the nations and tribes of Indians within the limits of the so-called Indian country; that it will afford ample protection for the security of the persons and property of the respective nations or tribes, and declares its willingness to enter into treaties to arrange and settle all questions relating to and growing out of former treaties with said nations.... Second, and more interesting, is that is wasn't considered a treaty but "simply an agreement" and wasn't even filed with the Indian Officethe copy was originally from the Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1865 (my source is the online version of Charles J. Kappler's three volume Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties published between 1902 and 1913). Though unratified (unnecessary given it wasn't considered a treaty), it was signed and used as a basis of a later treaty with the Seminole (1866). (Part one: Treaties with the Cherokee 1785-1835) (Sources: primary source and source for all treaty quotes was the indispensable digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/index.htm, www.tolatsga.org/Cherokee2.html, and extensive reading on the subjectfor additional sources refer to my previous work on the subject of the American Indian)

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Shutter speed, aperture, and ISO together are known as the Holy Trinity of photographic exposure. Understanding the relationship between these three aspects of photography will give you a solid platform on which to base your entire photography career. These three form the foundation on which the world of photography is based. As you may have heard, photography is all about light. It is all about capturing or eliminating light in the frame. Whether you capture more of it or eliminate it from the frame, you are telling a story. The way you compellingly tell that story makes for a compelling image and a ultimately, a good photograph. Coming back to the discussion on the exposure triangle. The exposure triangle is a synergy of three aspects of your camera. The component of the exposure triangle are as follows: - Shutter speed We shall go through each one of them here and understand how they impact your photographs. Very simply shutter speed denotes the length of time for which the shutter curtains inside the camera remain open and therefore allow light to travel through the lens barrel and hit the imaging sensor (or film, if you still have a film camera knocking about). The speed here refers to how fast the shutter curtains open and close, and the time in between. If you compare this to the human eye, the shutter curtains in the camera is akin to the eyelids, and the shutter speed refers to the duration in which the eyelids are open, although in practice, you will have to close your eyes and open and close it pretty fast to simulate a shutter speed. Thus, the whole human eye can be compared with that of a camera. The eyelids act as the shutter curtains, the pupil acts as the aperture and the retina at the back of the camera acts as the photographic film/imaging sensor where the image is formed. Just like the human eyelids open to let in light inside the eye through the pupil, the shutter curtains of a camera open up to let light from the scene in front of the camera pass through the aperture and onto the imaging sensor mounted at the back of the camera. It is a very delicate and well-calibrated process. A quick run through as to how shutters are applied to different cameras is listed below: A. On a DSLR The shutter curtains, in their resting state, are always drawn shut over the sensor. That is if you are using a DSLR. The reason is that light coming through the lens barrel is redirected upwards towards a pentaprism which in turn reflects that light out towards the optical viewfinder located at the back of the camera. To achieve this a reflex mirror, positioned right in the path of the incoming light directs the light towards the pentaprism (and then on towards the viewfinder at the back of the camera). When you press the shutter release, the reflex mirror swings away from the path of the light, and the shutter curtains behind it opens, allowing light to fall on the imaging sensor. However, doing so will cause a momentary blackout of your view through the viewfinder when the shutter release button is engaged. This is why when you are shooting images, you will find that the view at the back of the viewfinder comes in and goes as the camera is firing the exposures. Most of you with a DSLR would experience this short blackout. Even the image on the screen would pause before showing the captured image briefly. B. On a mirrorless camera The concept of a shutter curtain works a little differently on mirrorless cameras. On a mirrorless camera obviously, there is no reflex mirror inside. The camera sensor is always on and the view that it sees is displayed on the back LCD screen and the Electronic Viewfinder. This is also known as Live view. You see exactly what the sensor sees. That said, there are shutter curtains on them. When you press down the shutter release, the front curtain closes to obstruct light at first. Next, the front curtain reopens to expose the sensor to light. Finally, after the exposure is made the rear curtain closes. The whole close-open-close is how you control the shutter speed on mirrorless camera, The mechanism then resets for live view to be operational again. C. Electronic front-curtain Some cameras come with an electronic front curtain mechanism. However, that is outside the scope of this discussion so I will refrain from discussing that in detail. Perhaps some other time. Measuring shutter speed Shutter speed in a camera is measured in fractions of a second. If the shutter curtain is open for 1/500 second we call it a fast shutter speed. If it is open for 1/10 second or 1 full second we call it a long shutter speed or slow shutter speed. The longer the duration for which the shutter curtain is open, the higher is the amount of light that reaches a sensor. Can you tell me when you would normally keep the shutter curtain open for a long time frame? If you just said – during the night or when there is not much light to go around, you are right. We keep the shutter curtain open for a long duration when there is not much light to go around so that the sensor can capture sufficient light to make a proper exposure. Apart from that, there are many creative reasons for using long shutter speed. We shall discuss that on a dedicated title someday. Can you tell me when would you normally use a fast shutter speed? If you just said – during broad daylight, you are right again. Another reason you would use a fast shutter speed is when you are shooting something very fast or moving quickly across the frame. A bird e.g. or an athlete or a cyclist or a sports car moving fast. This helps to freeze the subject in motion and produce a sharp image. If you look at the human eye you will notice, there is a small black hole right in the middle surrounded by the iris. The aperture of a camera can be compared with that of the pupil, the hole through which light enters the camera. The iris can be compared with the aperture diaphragm. Just as the human pupil gets contracted and dilated to control the amount of light that enters the eye, the same way the camera aperture can also be controlled, controlling the amount of light that enters the camera. A smaller aperture suggests a smaller hole and that means less amount of light can enter the camera. A larger aperture suggests a larger hole and that means a greater amount of light can enter the camera. A. Measuring Aperture Aperture is expressed in f-stops or f-numbers like f/2.8, f/4, f5.6, f8, and so on. Larger that number, smaller is the physical size of the aperture. On the other hand, smaller is that number, the larger is the physical size of the aperture. Aperture has an inverse relationship with shutter speed. The smaller the shutter speed, the faster (larger) should be the aperture to compensate and vice versa. B. Aperture and depth of field While we are on the subject of aperture, it is a good idea to also discuss a few points on the depth of field, because the aperture does have a bearing on that. Very quickly, depth of field is the extent of the image directly in front and behind the point of focus that is also acceptably sharp along with whatever you are focusing on. It is important to note that the point of sharpest focus will always be whatever you are focusing on. Anything in front and behind that point of focus will be acceptably sharp and not perfectly sharp. A smaller aperture, meaning a smaller hole has the effect of increasing that depth of field while a larger aperture meaning a larger hole has the opposite effect on depth of field. C. Why does this happen? When you open up the lens (use a larger aperture) light rays from across the frame start to enter in an uncollimated pattern. This is the primary reason why with a wider aperture you find much of the frame to be out of focus, except for that one point where the lens is focusing on and the immediate area. Think of ISO as digital amplification. In practice, ISO has nothing to do with how the light is allowed through like Aperture and Shutter Speed. The job of ISO comes after the light has been collected by the camera. It simply ensures that the light signals that the camera received is amplified. ISO is thus, digital amplification of the light signals. If your base ISO is 100 but you decide to use ISO 400 for an image, the light signals are amplified by four stops. In theory that has the same effect as opening up the aperture by four stops or slowing down the shutter speed by a factor of four stops. But it is not that simple. So, what happens when you digitally amplify a signal? If you are familiar with sound signals or TV signals you will have noticed that along with the main signal you also get static. The same thing happens with light signals too. When you amplify the main signal you also amplify the static and that static is recorded in the form of noise. We call it digital noise. They appear like specs of black dust on an image. Especially an image that has been shot in low light conditions. So, although we do consider ISO to be part of the holy trinity of photographic exposure, it is not exactly an exposure parameter. Only aperture and shutter speed determine how much light is captured. ISO merely amplifies a sight signal and compensates when the amount of light is insufficient. So there you have it, a guide to the Exposure Triangle. An understanding of the concept and what each component means would go a long way, especially for aspiring professional photographers or even enthusiasts. In any case, over exposure either via shutter speed or aperture size and use of higher ISO would invertantly cause undesired artefacts in your output as show below. A balanced approach to create the ideal exposure is what every photographer aspires to.

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Issues with the Mainstream Cacao Industry Ever wonder how that Hershey’s Kiss, M&M, or Snicker’s bar is made? How about that high class Belgian Chocolate? Well, it’s starts on a farm… and in many of those instances, it’s not a pretty picture. Well it turns out 70% of the global cacao market comes from cacao farms in West Africa and most chocolate producers, particularly those from the top 10 producers like Mars, Mondelez, and Nestlé are not concerned with ensuring the people growing the chocolate are getting a fair deal. Most cacao farmers, especially in Africa, live below the poverty line and early less than $2 a day . In some instances conditions amount to slavery and child labor. The implications of the global cacao industry are in fact multifaceted, and in the same way consumer choices reach back into the lives of cacao farmers, so too do cultivation practices directly impact consumers. But not all cacao is grown in the same way. Mandala Naturals is one of a growing group of ethically sourced chocolate makers, and we’ll talk about how it’s different as well. History of Cacao through Modern Child and Slave Labor and Un-Fair Trade The history of the modern global cacao industry starts late compared to this history of cacao, which has been used since at least 2000 B.C. societies in the Americas. However, the modern cacao industry was started by Europeans. Cacao was brought to Africa from the Americas for the first time in the 1800’s after a Dutch inventor create the cacao press making it possible to mix cacao with liquids. The first chocolate bars were produced in 1840. Indeed, as early as the late 1800’s governments like the Belgian government took a keen interest in supporting a lucrative cacao trade by regulating cacao products for purity. Although cacao made it’s way to Africa around the end of legal global slave trades in the earlier part of the 1800’s , that does not mean that slavery was not part and parcel. Furthermore, despite the transition from large corporate owned plantations to small farmer owned operations, the legacy of the European slave trade’s impact on Africa continues to this day. The documentary The Dark Side of Chocolate my Miki Mistrati explores the world of mainstream chocolate and it’s social impacts including how slave trade and child labor are still serious concerns. Non-Native Growing Environments That cacao is not native to Africa has a significant impact on its growth. African cacao struggles with a host of fungi, viruses and insects that cacao trees did not evolve alongside including Black Pod Rot, Capsid type insects, Stem boring insects, Swollen Shoot Virus, root diseases, Water Pod Rot and other cacao pod diseases . Although it’s possible to grow cacao sustainably in some non-native environments, the additional non-native stressors challenge the process, which is only exacerbated by monocrop growing strategies. Often, especially in the money oriented global cacao trade driven by top chocolate candy producers, the solution to these challenges is chemical pesticides and fertilizers , which are even more necessary in the monocrop plantation model imported by European chocolate producers. Deforestation of native forests has been an impact of cacao in Africa for centuries, and continues. There are many factors to why forests may be clear-cut for cacao farming, from mono-crop plantation formats, to increasing yield. Deforestation isn’t just bad for the ecosystem and globe in general, due to factors cacao trees life-cycle, and the impacts of overall forest health, micro-climate change, soil quality and overall farm economics and farmer livelihood, maintaining a more diverse forest ecosystem that mirrors cacao’s native environment is important. Still, the long term perspective and information needed to fully understand the benefits and methodologies of bio-diverse cacao agro-forestry systems are not prevalent in most global cacao production at this time. Ultimately more programs like Minga Del Cacao in South America are needed to spread. Research and education is even more important in Africa where cacao is non-native and cacao growing traditions younger . Unhealthy Cacao, Unhealthy Chocolate Bad farming practices and non-native pest issues result in unhealthy cacao plants. Cacao has been recognized as a powerful superfood for centuries, but with modern science we can really see how it shines. However, a plant can only work with what it has. Without rich nutrients in the soil, a plant cannot grow nutrient rich foods! Nutrients come from a diverse and thriving ecosystem, not from chemical fertilizers. Cacao from monocrop cacao plantations that lack biodiverse agroforestry practices and employ heavy pesticide and fertilizer won’t have the same nutritive qualities [8,9,10]. But it’s not just for personal health, unhealthy plants are a reflection of an imbalanced ecosystem, environmentally and socially. Cacao is a powerful bio-accumulator. If grown in locations that have heavy metals or other unhealthy chemical, cacao does an excellent job of absorbing them. Luckily for the land, when the cacao is then shipped away, so are the toxins. However, if the cacao is then made into chocolate, then the end consumer – you! – will absorb those unhealthy heavy metals into your body! This isn’t just a possibility, it’s an actual concern! This is another reason, of many, that well sourced cacao is so important. Using pesticides on cacao doesn’t just impact the environment, it can also contaminate the cacao. Cacao is rich in fat (cacao butter), which absorbs the active ingredients in insecticides. Contamination of cacao by insecticides is a real issue that can effect both taste and health . By removing insecticides and other chemicals from the farming and processing environment, it not only supports the general ecosystem but the healthiness of the end product: amazing chocolate. The Product of Unhealthy Plants in an Unhealthy Environment and a Financial Imperative Conventional (non-organic, monocrop) cacao production is a present day extension of European imperialist practices that still maintains the vestiges of slavery and other serious human right violations. The economics of the top 10 chocolate producers, which are responsible for almost all of the chocolate market are not engaging in fair or responsible cacao trade and exacerbate all of the issues mentioned above. These challenges are significant, and while you may not consider yourself directly involved in the cacao trade, if you eat chocolate, then in fact, you are! Your choices matter! Choose ethical – delicious and healthy! – chocolate! What Makes Mandala Naturals Different? And there are choices. Mandala Naturals makes not only the most healthy chocolate on earth, we also take great care in sourcing our organic, farmer first chocolate that supports the greater environment. Organic, Sustainably Grown, Socially Responsible Chocolate We source our Chocolate from South America, currently from Ecuador in the highlands west of Quito. Our cacao beans currently come from certified organic family farms working with programs like Minga del Cacao, a collaboration with funding from the Ministery of Agriculture and Livestock for the “High Quality Aromatic Cacao Reactivation Program, and NGO programs like the Conservación & Desarrallo (Conservation & Development, C&D) and Maquita Comercio Justo (MCJ) which focus on (C&D) sustainable development and rational use of natural resources through education and awareness, and (MCJ) supporting low-income families, communities and organizations in Ecuador via Social and Solidarity Economics. You can see farmers from the coops producing our cacao speaking (in Spanish) about the positive impacts of the program in this video from Minga del Cacao. The closed captioning with auto-translation might provide an idea of what they are speaking (with many errors) if you do not speak Spanish. Nurturing the environment where cacao is produced, and leveraging healthy native ecosystems to do so, helps produce not only a rich, healthy living environmental ecosystem, but productive farms with happier, healthier people. Mandala Naturals is proud to be able to support these socially and environmentally responsible and sustainable family farms. Healthy Ecosystems = Nutritious Cacao Moreover, the healthier cacao plants, create better tasting and more healthy cacao and thus chocolate, hearkening back to cacao’s “food of the gods” reputation that came from the Maya people. Made with Care It’s not just the sourcing of the cacao though – Mandala Chocolates are made with care. From the carefully created recipes developed over years of research and careful chocolate making, to the long-stone grind that ensure the wonderful nutrients and compounds are as bio-available as possible, and more…. The nuanced process of working with the cacao crystallization process to give excellent tempering, is an art and meditation. We infuse our chocolate with a prayer and intention during this step of the process. Historically, “Alchemy” is an ancient term historically associated with a range of different practices and traditions that spanned not just space and time – across centuries and continents – but also cultures. When we use the term “Alchemy” at Mandala Chocolate, we are talking about the balancing of unique and special elements that come together the create something greater than the sum of their parts. This is not just exemplified in our powerful raw superfood chocolate recipes, but in the broader work of Mandala Naturals as a whole – the deep work that we are doing to re-write both narratives and practices of fundamental cultural elements of modern society, like food and agriculture, economy, and belief systems about what kind of world we can live in! Herbal Alchemy & Mandala Superfood Chocolate Mandala Chocolate superfood bars are not just our favorite superfoods mixed in with cacao and popped into a package. On the contrary, years of research on and experimentation with the plants and foods used, the flavors and textures produced, and the production process itself has yielded a finely tuned superfood chocolate bar that is more than the sum of it’s parts. Mandala’s herbal cacao bars leverage the multiple interrelated effects of herbs, cacao and other ingredients on the systems of the body to make the most nutritious chocolate in the world. Withing the production process. the alchemy begins with the slow stone grinding of ingredients. This slow grind and the careful tempering of chocolate makes the fine particles in the chocolate more bioavailable and easily digested, or even absorbed through the mucous membranes in the mouth! Both the careful tempering of the chocolate, which locks the ingredients into a tight crystalline structure, and the powerful antioxidants in cacao and other superfoods like ginger, tulsi, and cinnamon help ensure that the vitamins and other nutrients are well preserved and therefore ready to be absorbed and used by the body. The interactions of these herbs are one part of the alchemy of Mandala’s superfood chocolate bars. Healthy Energy & Balancing Blood Sugar Licorice is not only an ancient medicinal herb, but an effective no-carb sweetener used in both keto chocolate bars. Inulin isn’t the only blood sugar support. Reshi, a mushroom that is in all of the superfood bars and Ashwagandha in Cacao Alchemy both have been shown to support healthy blood sugar regulation [2,3 ]. The tulsi in both keto chocolate bars supports liver health, which In the CBD Alchemy CBD chocolate bar and Cloud Forest chocolate bar, coconut palm sugar, a relatively (compared to cane sugar) low glycemic index sugar is used to sweeten. This makes for a superfood chocolate bar with a familiar level of sweetness, but with much more going on behind the scenes than you average sugar+chocolate “candy” bar. The careful choice of sweeteners and blood-sugar supporting herbs contributes to the nutritional alchemy, as well as the nuance and subtle flavors of Mandala Natural’s wonderful sweetened and ketogentic superfood chocolate bars. The Best Ingredients While traditional alchemy is all about turning lead into gold, it’s not really that simple. Mandala’s Alchemy is about the synergy of elements creating something more… but ultimately the quality of the ingredients used is a hugely important factor! While all of Mandala’s ingredients are the best out there, there are a few that are really worth highlighting! Raw Tahitian Vanilla Beans We source the best vanilla possible, and it’s a part of the foundation of the more conventional chocolate flavors like part of what makes classic flavors like Vanilla Orchid and Lavender Citrus, as well as the rich flavor of the CBD Alchemy bar. Celtic Sea Salt Not all salts are created equal. The flavor profile of natural Celtic Sea Salt is an important part of Mandala’s flavor alchemy! Coconut Palm Sugar Not only does coconut palm sugar have a lower glycemic index than can sugar, it also afford a different flavor. Mandala’s bars feature a complex and mature dark chocolate flavor that’s different than the average chocolate ‘candy bar’, and the choice of coconut palm sugar, among other things, contributes to that in both the superfood Cloud Forest and CBD Alchemy bars, as well as the more familiar Lavendar Citrus and Vanilla Orchid. Low Carb Superfood and Herbal Sweeteners If you’ve ever eaten roasted cacao beans straight, you know they’ve got a bitter taste. You may even love munching on cacao nibs… but still, Mandala’s low carb keto superfood bars are the peak of mandala’s flavor alchemy. A delicately balanced array of complex carbohydrate based and even protein rich superfoods (yacon, lucuma, maca, sprouted brown rice (powder), mesquite for example) and no-sugar herbal sweeteners (licorice, fennel, and cinnamon in particular) are used in both Cacao Alchemy and Appalachian Wild Chai to make them not only taste rich and smooth, but also make sure they pack the energy needed to keep you going! Subtle Balance of Flavors But ultimately, it’s not just choice and quality ingredients that make for Alchemy; it’s the balance! Rob Lenfesty spent years developing and tweaking the recipes that make these bars, for both flavor and health. It comes out in nuances choices like the specific choice in the variety of cinnamon to the balance and integration of select superfoods like baobab in Cloud Forest or the complex spice interactions that contribute to the special flare of the Appalachian Wild Chai flavor, which is indeed based on Chai spices – but when’s the last time you had – an amazing tasting! – chocolate chai dish? Almost assuredly never, but here it is, and it’s a wonder on many levels! The vision of Mandala Chocolate isn’t just about the sacred superfood cacao, in fact, the human enjoyment of cacao is being leveraged to a greater goal: to change how society relates to food, our environment and even business! Mandala Natural’s Triple Bottom Line and B Corporation Certification Mandala Naturals is a certified B Corporation and received a Best for Community Honoree recognition in 2019. You can read about Mandala Natural’s impact scores on the B Corporation website. But, what does this mean? Triple Bottom Line Most companies prioritize their financial bottom line alone and above all else, aiming not just to ensure it’s in the black, but that it’s a large as possible. Mandala Naturals, and a growing sector of triple bottom line companies, is different: we balance our financial bottom line with environmental and social bottom lines as well. That means we seek to ensure that our environmental and social impact are not in the red – that we are giving back and building the environment and society through our work. Investing in the Environment Ways Mandala Naturals works to ensure we’re investing the environment, rather than destroying it includes using plastic free packaging, well sourced organic ingredients, sustainably wildcrafted organic ingredients, and donating 10% of proceeds back to the planet through environmental projects. We constantly strive to improve our support of the environment by tending to and evaluating our ingredient sourcing and production processes. Investing in Communities The mainstream Cacao industry is well known for its terrible impact on communities and the environment, especially where cacao has been grown beyond it’s natural habitat. Mandala Naturals not only works with works with small scale farmer owned and operated cacao farms, but those which are using environmentally sustainable organic methods that support a rich, sustainable ecosystem on the farm. We take care when sourcing our Cacao. The Minga del Cacao project is one example of the kind of projects we work with and farmers we support. But it doesn’t just express in through ingredients, but also through our local workers. Mandala isn’t a profit engine, but an engine for change in the lives of those supporting it and in the world. We support the personal growth and support our amazing team of chocolates! From mindful chocolate production to a supportive and meaningful livelihood! Are you interested in working with Mandala Naturals? Food as Medicine The social element of the triple bottom line doesn’t stop with production, it’s built into our chocolate! Mandala looks to change the way people view not just chocolate, but all food! Mandala Natural’s superfoods are newfangled creations, in fact these foods have been used in traditional medicine the world over for centuries – from Ayurveda and Chinese traditions to indigenous herbal traditions the world over. We’re re-contextualizing both modern chocolate – which in many stores across the U.S. appear in the “candy” secion – as well as re-contextualizing and educating about these healthful foods! We envision a world where people choose their food with care and understand its value and impact. You see it on our packaging, and we mean it. We are committed to following through on this vision all the way down into the details. This is the alchemy of Mandala Naturals. From Bean to Bliss From Our Heart to Yours.

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Every morning, I walk by larger than life prints of Malcolm X, and I reflect for just a few brief moments on the life of a man who is the namesake of a school that represents a sanctuary for marginalized voices. His face looks so confident. His profile so chiseled. He looks like a hero. And yet, each morning, as I march towards the neon lights of my waiting classroom, I reflect on the duality of his heroism. This was a man so pushed to the brink of desperation out of fear for the well-being of his own family and loved ones, that he combined forces with other marginalized souls, found a home, located some solace, and exercised force to police the police. When I teach about him, I think it’s important to address this duality as his most human quality. I want my classes to question the notion of heroes. And consequently, I want them to question the idea of villains. Because it is much easier to dehumanize someone if we think they are pure evil. If Superman has no one to fight, is he still a hero? Is he demoted to just a man in tights? Why do we insist on understanding people as all only one thing? Humans are so much messier than that. I have to wonder, is the story arc of literature to blame? So when I teach about Malcolm X, I emphasize that he chose peace in the end. Maya Angelou explains it beautifully as she reflects on his choices: “Malcolm, having said that all whites are blue eyed devils…He went to Mecca…and he said, ‘I have met white skinned, blue eyed men who I openly call brother. I was wrong.’ Now It takes a great deal of courage to say that.” I think it’s so telling that she emphasizes his reflection, and his willingness to grow and change as one his most heroic qualities. Maya Angelou claims that it is very dangerous to represent our heroes as flawless. She continues, “One of the mistakes made is the historian and social historian…oft times recreate the man or woman as larger than life. Which puts the person beyond the reach of a young person. So, if Malcolm and Martin, and Abraham Lincoln and Kennedy, if Dr. Du Bois and Mary McLeod Bethune are beyond their reach, then they say, ‘Well, there’s nothing I can do. Those people are bigger than life. I’m just myself…What can I do?’ So the wisest thing is to make the people accessible; show their wiles, their wits and their warts. Show them, so a person can say, ‘you know, given the same circumstance, I think I’d of done that too. I’d like to think I could have done that.’” And so I try to lead by example. I emphasize that it is our wiles, our wits, and our warts that make our artwork relatable, because they make us human. Being scared, being unsure, and being angry are all essential and natural responses to trauma. However, when I went into school on Wednesday after the election results, I was all of those things: scared, unsure, and angry. Worse yet, I was heartbroken. I didn’t expect the sun to rise. I promised myself I would stick to the lesson plan, and then I only had 5 students show up for a class of 26. Three of them were crying because they were afraid their families would be deported. So I knew we had to talk about it. As an educator, I have a contract against campaigning in the classroom. But the rhetoric of the election on both sides became a large part of my subject matter this semester. This election filled with mud-slinging was the perfect vehicle for teaching fallacies. To counter that, we read speeches: from Martin Luther King’s “Letter from Birmingham Jail,” to Sojourner Truth’s “Ain’t I a Woman.” We discussed conciliatory voice, ethics, and lying in literature and in politics. And we concluded that words, like people, are simultaneously very beautiful and very dangerous. On the one hand they can stimulate poetry that offers empathy and communication, that helps us transcend our own perspectives and identities, that breathes out a sigh of hope into the world. On the other hand, when used as weapons, words dehumanize. They can legitimize crimes against humanity, warfare, and genocide. And they have many times before. As a class, we need to address this. We need to look at our cultural amnesia. We need to ask ourselves how many years it will be before our culture forgets our own lived tragedies, from 09/11 to Trayvon Martin, Eric Garner, Michael Brown, and devastatingly, the list goes on. The events that determine our lifetimes will vanish with the memory loss of a forgetful society. As Holocaust survivors and proponents of civil rights leave this earth for some other realm, writing down their words can ensure that the future might remember. So I invest in language time and time again. I put all my energy, love, and dreams into poetry. I believe that words are our only hope. So I find solace in sentences. I write and I read and I participate in a literary community that spurs my spirits. I know that everyone who is writing secretly just wants to be heard. But unless we learn to read, review, and participate in the shared governance of communication, none of us will ever be heard. We must first learn to listen. I watched this tectonic shift towards listening on my own social media pages. All my friends were writers. And then all those writers became professors. So when I scroll through Facebook, I see people reflecting on “whitelash” and the win for anti-intellectualism and the rejection of political correctness, not any longer as ‘how do we write this?’ but instead they ask, ‘How do we teach this?’ We are in an unprecedented space. None of us know what to do. And yet we have to stand in front of the classroom and do something. And watching the divide from the safety of my computer screen, it seems that we just keep fracturing. The polarization is only getting worse. First liberals were heartbroken. Then we learned that the middle of the country, William H. Gass’ “heart of the heart” were heartbroken all along. And we see the bigotry, the racism, the sexism, the parcelling out of the rhetoric. Everyone is legitimizing. “He won’t do all that stuff he said in his campaign,” they claim, or “We don’t approve of how he treats women, but he’s just a very passionate man,” or “I voted for him because he represented change.” I tried so hard to believe that all those people who voted for him couldn’t possibly be closet racists. They must have legitimized and rationalized their votes. But I can’t shake my own nausea at the thought that while probably they’re not all racist, the possibility undeniably exists, that maybe they could be. In explanation, my acquaintances on the right proclaimed a faith in the bible. My dearest friends on the left too, advised me that their faith in God would get us through this. I listened to them, wishing to high heaven that I could make myself believe in God. That would be such a nice sense of security right now. But I also listened to them and worried. Because if we tell ourselves that this is God’s will, that God has a plan, then is there anything we won’t accept? How far does it have to go? I see swastikas on barns and “Trump” written on Muslim Student Unions in my Newsfeed. I see large pinatas of Trump’s head being set on fire. And I can’t recognize my own world. We’re broken in the heart of the heart of the heart of the country. And still, I have to go in on Monday, walk by Malcolm X watching me larger than life on the wall, strut around in front of my class and say something. And I don’t know what to say. None of us do. I know that as a country, we have been through worse before. But we made the mistake of taking that past for granted. We thought we had moved on. And I see the sides fracturing. Some are pointing fingers at protesters and defending democracy. Others are organizing a million women march. They keep chanting and fighting. And people keep asking me where I stand. But I’m not standing at all. I’m falling. We all are. Welcome to Trumpland. It’s a long way to the bottom. This is where I usually try to write something uplifting to close. So I turn to what I can believe in, instead of God, and I suppose that’s love. Maya Angelou says, “Love is a condition so powerful it may be that which holds the stars in the firmament. It may be that which pushes and pulls the blood in the veins. You must have courage to love someone. Because you risk everything. Everything.” So here I go. As you read this sentence, because you, like me, are a flawed human, you are already beginning to forget it. As you read this next sentence, you are forgetting the last. So if you walk away from this remembering only one thing, make it this: Whoever you are- conservative, liberal, Muslim, Mexican, immigrant, Jewish, LGBTQ, disabled, or if you are a veteran and you have risked your very life for whatever it is that America stands for in our heart of heart of hearts, remember this: I love you. I always have. I always will. Maya Angelou 1928-2014

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Northwest Arkansas Community College: Child Advocacy Studies Program Sends Students Into the Workforce as Seasoned Professionals Somewhere in the United States today, six-year-old Shelby musters enough courage to report physical abuse to a school counselor. The counselor, who has good intentions but is not well trained in best practices for responding to child maltreatment, calls Shelby’s parents to talk about the allegations. The parents promptly deny the child’s assertions and explain away Shelby’s bruises as a fall down the stairs. No investigation is initiated and Shelby, disheartened after working up the nerve to ask for help, will never tell anyone else about this incident or those still to come. If an investigation had been initiated, professionals would have discovered that Shelby is living a nightmare, with insects and rodents in every cabinet, drug paraphernalia on the coffee table, and a cage that serves as a bed for her brother. Scenarios like Shelby’s unfold every day across the country. Well-meaning professionals fail to prevent and intervene in child maltreatment because they are neither properly educated on the subject in college nor adequately trained by their employer. In 2002, Woodtli and Breslin reported that few academic programs in child protection-related fields, such as education, social work, criminal justice, and health care, include any coursework in even the basics of recognizing and responding to suspected child maltreatment. More recently, welfare training in child-serving fields continues to be inadequate. Medical professionals, for example, receive as little as five hours of education on trauma-informed care and addressing adverse childhood experiences (Dichter et al., 2018). Law enforcement professionals receive an average of six hours, if any, on child maltreatment in basic training (Reaves, 2013). Only 9 percent of CACREP-accredited programs require content covering child sexual abuse (Kenny & Abreu, 2015). Furthermore, many collegiate textbooks contain inaccurate information (Douglas & Serino, 2013), lack emphasis or clarity (Kissee, Isaacson, & Miller-Perrin, 2014), and/or possess imbalanced or limited content (Brand et al., 2019) pertaining to child maltreatment. This chronic lack of adequate child maltreatment response training has led to burnout and turnover in child protection fields as students graduate from academic institutions ill prepared for and unaware of the realities of child maltreatment intervention. Child Advocacy Studies (CAST), a curriculum designed to increase understanding of the factors that contribute to child maltreatment, fosters recognition of the signs of potential maltreatment and informs students of evidence-based best practices for responding to child maltreatment. CAST is an educational program founded by child protection expert Victor Vieth, Director of Research and Education for Zero Abuse Project, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit located in St. Paul, Minnesota. CAST at Northwest Arkansas Community College In 2018, Northwest Arkansas Community College (NWACC) became the first community college to receive formal CAST accreditation, joining only three other institutions to earn such recognition among the seventy-nine U.S. CAST programs currently in existence. CAST students at NWACC may earn a certificate of proficiency, a technical certificate, or an associate of arts degree. The program provides professional skills for students who plan to enter the workforce in a myriad of professions, including law enforcement, law, forensic science, social work, medicine, counseling, advocacy, and education, and who will be required to work as part of a unified multidisciplinary team to effectively prevent and respond to child maltreatment. Melba Shewmaker National Child Protection Training Center (NCPTC) (A) mock house, (B) mock courtroom, and (C) forensic interview room for CAST student experiential learning. Although special facilities are not necessary for CAST implementation, at NWACC’s Melba Shewmaker National Child Protection Training Center (NCPTC), students have access to frontline professionals and experiential learning facilities, including a fully functioning house, mock courtroom, forensic interview rooms, and a medical examination room, to learn how to prevent, investigate, and respond to allegations of child maltreatment. NWACC’s two-story mock house can be staged to fit nearly any scenario and allows students to practice a search warrant or home visit before entering the field. Volunteer actors and situations derived from actual investigations make the scenarios authentic, allowing students to experience the complexities of each case. Students develop and hone practical skills, including spotting risk factors, creating prevention plans, conducting home visits, collecting corroborating evidence, and interviewing witnesses, all with a trauma-informed approach that works to avoid triggering events or reopening wounds associated with a history of trauma. Research shows this curriculum may graduate students into the workforce with the same level of experience it takes a professional five years in the field to achieve (Parker et al., 2019; see also Vieth et al., 2019). The mock house also proves useful to frontline professionals. Local law enforcement agencies use the house to drill emergency response formations, train K-9 units, and conduct mock investigations. Paramedics and home health nurses gain new skills for working with patients in challenging home environments and documenting evidence of child maltreatment that might be unrelated to their original call. The college offers the space to state organizations at no cost or a reduced cost to help mitigate the burnout that professionals face without the necessary skills and training. Secondary schools also make use of NCPTC to give their students an opportunity to engage in experiential learning. For instance, the building is well suited for a junior high English class to engage in a persuasive writing mock trial exercise or a high school nursing class to document hazards to a patient during a home visit. Envision Shelby’s school counselor, now educated and prepared through CAST, when she hears Shelby’s story. The counselor invests in Shelby’s account, collects pertinent details from Shelby, and makes a report to her state’s child abuse hotline. Frontline professionals begin to respond and investigate, using the knowledge they, too, gained in a CAST program at their local community college. Ultimately, community colleges and CAST-trained students have the opportunity to change the lives of the children in their service areas. Brand, B. L., Kumar, S. A., & McEwen, L. E. (2019). Coverage of child maltreatment and adult trauma in graduate psychopathology textbooks. Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy, 11(8), 919-926. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000454 Dichter, M. E., Teitelman, A., Klusaritz, H., Maurer, D. M., Cronholm, P. F., & Doubeni, C. A. (2018). Trauma-informed care training in family medicine residency programs: Results from a CERA survey. Family Medicine, 50(8), 617-622. https://doi.org/10.22454/FamMed.2018.505481 Douglas, E. M., & Serino, P. J. (2013). The extent of evidence-based information about child maltreatment fatalities in social science textbooks. Journal of Evidence Based Social Work, 10(5), 447-454. https://doi.org/10.1080/15433714.2012.759839 Kenny, M. C., & Abreu, R. L. (2015) Training mental health professionals in child sexual abuse: Curricular guidelines. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 24(5), 572-591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2015.1042185 Parker, J., McMillan, L., Olson, S., Ruppel, S., & Vieth, V. (2019, November 26). Responding to basic and complex cases of child abuse: a comparison study of recent and current child advocacy studies (CAST) students with DSS workers in the field. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-019-00297-7 Reaves, B. A. (2013). State and local law enforcement training academies, 2013. U.S. Department of Justice. https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/slleta13.pdf Vaughan-Eden, V., & Vandervort, F. E. (2013, February 27). Invited commentary on “issues in differential response.” https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1049731513478843 Vieth, V. I. (2012). Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on administrative oversight and the courts: Congressional testimony. https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/12-5-23ViethTestimony.pdf Vieth, V. I., Goulet, B., Knox, M., Parker, J., Johnson, L. B., Tye, K. S., & Cross, T. P. (2019). Child advocacy studies (CAST): A national movement to improve the undergraduate and graduate training of child protection professionals," Mitchell Hamline Law Review, 45(4). https://open.mitchellhamline.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1199&context=mhlr Woodtli, M. A., & Breslin, E. T. (2002). Violence-related content in the nursing curriculum: A follow-up national survey. Journal of Nursing Education, 41(8), 340-348. Lead image: Law enforcement officers use the NCPTC mock house to train K-9 units. Stephanie Morris is the Child Advocacy Studies Program Coordinator at Northwest Arkansas Community College in Bentonville, Arkansas. Opinions expressed in Member Spotlight are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the League for Innovation in the Community College.

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In literature, confessional writing is a first-person writing style that is often times presented in the forms of an ongoing diary entry or a set of personal letters. Confessional writing tends to reveal the personal reflections of the author, the thought processes taking place in their mind, or darker motivations and desires (Online dictionary of literary terms). It is important to note that when it comes to confessional writing, the work is not a mere autobiographical record but often also includes an admission of sins and mistakes committed by the author. This paper will aim at exploring the concept of confessional writing as applied to works discussed during the course of Big Books. It will specifically pay attention to three works in particular, namely “Confessions” by St. Augustine of Hippo, “The Underground Man” by Fyodor M. Dostoevsky, and “A Room of One’s Own” by Virginia Woolf. In doing so, it will attempt to locate traces of confessional writing in these three, make a retrospective analysis of how the form and use of confessional writing have evolved through time, and finally the effect and benefit confessional writing has for the author. Additional to the three original works, this paper will use two more works of literary critique and analysis as reference points. Augustine’s “Confessions” are often characterized to be the first autobiography of Western Europe. To shortly summarize, in his work, Augustine concentrates on specific instances of his childhood, adolescent, and adult life in order to present to the reader the possible reasons and motivations for his becoming religious. On an autobiographical note, he recalls events of the aforementioned periods with great detail, describing vivid images and thorough explanations. On a confessional note, which will be the one more carefully considered in this paper, Augustine dwells on the mistakes and wrongdoings of his life, narrating extensive repentances and regrets.”The malice of the act was base and I loved it – that is to say I loved my own undoing, I loved the evil in me […] yet in the enjoyment of all such things we commit sin if through immoderate inclination to them (Augustine, 1119). A specific occurrence that seems to pain him in particular is a pear-theft incident of his childhood. Namely, at an early stage of his adolescence he falls in a bad group of friends and is lured into stealing pears, although he has a perfectly fertile pear tree in his home yard. Upon stealing the fruits, he allegedly feels so guilty, that he does not wish to eat them and throws them away. This incident is just one of many which Augustine lists as the sins of his life, and tries to atone for by confessing and repenting them. What is interesting in the flow of this narration is that the author presents us with somewhat of a model of a confessional machine. As the sins are narrated, varying from small scale felonies to deviant intentions and actions, it seems as if by the mere fact of confessing them one is already (partially) pardoned. As the narration develops, Augustine becomes more inpatient in receiving his pardon and converting once and for all to Christianity. “For I kept saying within myself: “Let it be now, let it be now”, and by the mere words I had begun to move towards the resolution (Augustine, 1127). Following this stream of thought, it may be argued that the style of confessional writing is highly beneficial for the mental well being of its author. Such a benefit is present in the mere form of confessional writing, or more accurately the concept of stream of consciousness which most confessional authors use. Although the specific type of stream of consciousness varies upon individual use, an overarching characteristic of it is that it allows its user to freely express their inner emotions, often neglecting form or punctuation. Such freedom in turn, enables the author to record his thoughts uninterruptedly, providing a general sense of relief. Being that Augustine’s “Confessions” are considered as one of the earliest forms of both an autobiography and a written confession, it is safe to conclude that it is according to Augustine’s “Confessions” that the genre of confessional writing is modeled. As this paper progresses through the remaining two works, one will be able to notice that through time the form of confessional writing drifts away from Augustine’s; however, it always remains near the notion of portraying personal issues and somehow attempting to amend them. Dostoevsky’s “Notes from Underground” is a literary work of the twentieth century dwelling on the personal issues and recollections of its protagonist the Underground Man. It is important to note that the possible similarity with a confessional scripture is not the first analysis that pops in mind when discussing Dostoevsky’s work. Bearing this in mind, this paper will attempt to refrain from any personal reading biases and give an objective overview of the potential confession-like elements of the novel. The first element of confessional writing is the narration of the story, or more accurately its being in the first person form. From the very first line we encounter the Underground Man directly recording all his thoughts and feelings, and this style of narration does not change till the very end of the novel. The “I” form is frequently used, and the narrator does not refrain from informal language or personal opinions. “I am a sick man, I am a spiteful man. I am a most unpleasant man. I think my liver is diseased” (Dostoevsky, 1255). Apart from the structural elements that highly resemble the style of confessional writing, the content of “Notes from Underground” is also located near it. Namely, the Underground Man often times remembers past occurrences with a sense of grief and remorse towards his words and behavior. An example of this is his recollection of several instances where he proclaims he ‘tortured’ officials visiting his office, with sarcastic and malicious remarks. “When petitioners used to approach my desk for information, I’d gnash my teeth and feel unending pleasure if I succeeded in causing someone distress” (Dostoevsky, 1255). Soon after elaborating on his ill behavior, the Underground Man admits the bitter feelings of self-regret that almost always followed it.”My heart might even have been touched, although I’d probably have gnashed my teeth out of shame and then suffered from insomnia for several months afterwards […] but I could never really become spiteful, at all time I was aware of a great many elements in me that were just the opposite of that (Dostoevsky, 1256). Contrasted to these similarities, an element of “Notes from Underground” that differs from Augustine’s “Confessions” is the lack of the previously mentioned ‘confessional machine – syndrome’. Namely, Dostoevsky’s Underground Man seems to ask for no forgiveness at any point of his narration. Unlike Augustine, who straightforwardly asks when his salvation will arrive, the Underground Man confesses his wrongdoings but asks for no forgiveness. The usage of stream of consciousness is still quite prevailing, and one might argue that this alone alleviates the burdens of guilt or repentance, but what is striking in the case of the Underground Man is that he asks for no direct forgiveness, nor does he show the necessity of one. At this point it may be concluded that as much as Augustine’s confession helps his internal well-being, in the case of Dostoevsky’s Underground men we see no explicit proof for the benefits of confession. Chronologically speaking, Virginia Woolf’s “A Room of One’s Own” is the most modern form of confessional writing we encountered in this course. Attempting to once again remain unbiased, this paper will outline the potential similarities of Woolf’s novel with a confessional narrative before considering their application and benefits for the author. The first person narration is still widely present, as the story is in fact a lecture Woolf held in real life. “I will try to explain. When you asked me to speak about women and fiction I sat down on the banks of a river and began to wonder what the words meant” (Woolf, 1925). This quotation is an excerpt from the very beginning of the novel, and it already abounds with personal reflections and instances from the past. Additional to this, the usage of stream of consciousness is highly frequent, as one may notice Woolf drifting away in past recollections and often neglecting the present topic or replacing it with a new one arisen in her memories. A point of discrepancy however, between Woolf’s “A Room of One’s Own” and the original model posed by Augustine, arises when one inspects the content of Woolf’s novel. Namely, unlike Augustine’s “Confessions” and Dostoevsky’s “Notes from Underground”, Woolf’s narrative does not dwell on past mistakes or her repentance of them. It begins as an academic lecture, and occasionally falls into Woolf’s memories and past events, but in no point does the concept of sin or mistaking appears. Upon giving her lecture, Woolf recollects several events during which she has been banned from doing one thing or another because of her gender, such as the event of her being forbidden to enter a university library, and the only grief she feels upon this memory, one might note, is the fact that there has nothing yet been performed to do away with gender inequality. “That a famous library has been cursed by a woman is a matter of complete indifference to a famous library” (Woolf, 1927). In light of this, it is needles to add that the confession-machine is not present in her narration. Upon reviewing the events told in “A Room of One’s Own”, it may be argued that this narrative stands closer to the concept of an autobiography than a confession. However, the fact that confessional-like characteristics do exist in the novel cannot be neglected. After performing an analysis of all three works one may notice that the form and usage of confessional writing has varied substantially over time. Through providing a chronological synopsis of three prominent works in the world of literature this paper outlines the variation confessional writing has endured from its first form – Augustine’s “Confessions”, to its last one discussed in this course – Woolf’s “A Room of One’s own”. It may be noted that the two prevailing elements are the first person narration and the usage of stream of consciousness, present in all the works. Contrasted to this, the notions of sin, repentance, and the benefit an author enjoys upon confessing, slowly disappear as we gradually move through the three works. Additionally, each author has a specific usage of the stream of consciousness, and employs the recollection of past events to a different purpose. On a general note, the three novels display an interesting outline of three distinct narrative techniques united by an overarching characterization of ‘confessional’. They show that the concept of confession does not necessarily imply a religious act, and that it requires much more effort and structure than a mere retelling of one’s past sins and repentances. 1. Augustine. Confession. Vol. 1. New York: Norton &, 2006. Print. 2. Dostoevsky, Fyodor M. Notes from Underground. Vol. 2. New York: Norton &, 2006. Print. 3. Woolf, Virgina. A Room of One’s Own. Vol. 2. New York: Norton &, 2006. Print. 4. Sherwin, Miranda. Confessional Writing and the Twentieth-Century Literary Imagination. Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. Print. 5. Gill, Jo. Modern Confessional Writing. 1st ed. Routledge, 2005. Print.

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Replacing Nickel Batteries With Lithium In A Screwdriver Replacing batteries in a screwdriver This article will discuss in detail how batteries are replaced in a screwdriver. The best option would be to remake existing bad nickel cadmium batteries to more modern and reliable. Replacing the battery in a screwdriver So, nickel cadmium batteries are bad because they have a memory effect. That is, if the battery is not fully discharged and immediately charged, then it undercharged capacity will be lost. So, over time, the battery capacity will decrease more and more. Accordingly, the screwdriver will work worse and worse, it will be enough for a couple of minutes maximum. So after hours spent You can get a working screwdriver again. Two branded batteries would cost the owner of a power tool a tidy amount, and it turned out to save, because Chinese elements were bought. How do I do a screwdriver battery repair? - Design Features - Battery Check - Measurement under load - Checking individual items - Resistance Quality Assessment - Necessary tools Screwdriver # 8211 is a necessary and useful tool in the household. When a person gets used to such an instrument, it is difficult to do without it. What to do if a screwdriver fails? I don’t want to go to the workshop if you just need to repair the batteries of a screwdriver! The scheme of the device cordless screwdriver. Despite the reliability of modern designs, batteries are often the cause of a tool malfunction. In order to repair the battery of a screwdriver does not bring a lot of difficulties, you need to get acquainted with the design, the principles of inspection and repair. The screwdriver’s battery is a direct current source that is produced during electrolysis. Each element has two electrodes (cathode and anode). The electric voltage generated by it is determined by the potential difference between the electrodes (poles). The main characteristic (along with voltage) of the cells and the battery as a whole is capacity. When connecting the elements in series, the voltage of each is added. As a result, the voltage at the output of the battery is defined as the sum of the voltages of all components. The voltage of 12 V is achieved by a battery of 10 cells, each of which has 1.2 V. Schematic of a lithium screwdriver battery. Many screwdriver batteries have nickel-cadmium cells. The anode is made of a nickel compound, and the cathode # 8211 is based on cadmium or its compound. A solution of potassium and lithium hydroxides was used as an electrolyte. Nickel-cadmium elements have a high capacity with small sizes and an extended validity period (more than 3000 cycles). Voltage can reach 1.37 V. Find the use of Nickel-metal hydride elements, which consist of the same anode and cathode of an alloy of Nickel. They are environmentally friendly, but they have a tendency to self-discharge when not in use. Most imported screwdrivers are equipped with lithium-ion and lithium-polymer batteries. They have high values of capacity in a compact design. In both types, the cathode is made of coal, and the anode # 8211 of lithium and cobalt compounds. As electrolytes, a salt composition saturated with lithium ions and a liquefied polymer composition, respectively, are used. A check of the battery of the screwdriver is aimed at clarifying the performance in order to determine the need for repair or identify the cause of the malfunction. Most accurately, the performance of the cells and the battery as a whole can be determined by the capacity, which can be measured by a special tester of the “Coulomb” type. However, this professional device is not available to everyone. Diagram of a device for checking batteries. It remains to assess the condition and capacity by indirect indicators, namely by current and voltage at the output terminals, which can be measured directly (by ammeter and voltmeter). Do you really need to repair a screwdriver because of the battery? This can only be set after fully charged. Already at the stage of charging the battery, you can conduct a preliminary assessment of its condition. To do this, when the charger is turned on, the recovery rate of the current and voltage at the battery output is determined. Such verification is carried out in the following order. After 30 minutes of charging the cells, the voltage value at the output terminals of the battery is measured. It is normal to reach a value of 13 V. Measurements continue every 30 minutes. If the second measurement shows 13.5 V, and after another 2 hours the voltage reaches 14 V and does not increase anymore, then charging has reached a maximum. The nominal voltage value is 17 V. In this case, you need to think about how to repair the battery of a screwdriver. At the same time, it is too early to draw a final conclusion, since the manifestation of a “memory effect” is possible. This phenomenon is characteristic of NiCd cells and is due to residual processes in partial discharges and charge the battery before. Similarly, you can assess the state of the battery by the current value. Good elements show a constant increase in current during the first 60 minutes of charging to a value of at least 1 A. Such a process is characteristic of intact cells. Measurement under load Screwdriver battery connection diagram. If there are no obvious manifestations of battery failure during charging, it is too early to talk about its normal operation. It is possible to more accurately determine whether a screwdriver battery repair is needed when carrying out measurements under load. Such tool tests can be performed independently when an artificial load is connected to the battery. Such a load should be about 35-40 watts. As a load, you can use a car lamp for a headlight with a power of 35 W or a spot lamp with a power of 35-40 W for a voltage of 12 V. To conduct the test, an elementary electrical circuit is assembled in which the elements are discharged to the load. In this case, the current and voltage are measured by appropriate devices. Discharge time # 8211 3-5 minutes. Using the lamp as a load makes it possible to visually assess the state of the battery: if the brightness of the lamp does not change, then the battery capacity is normal. This conclusion, of course, is preliminary. Another thing, if the light dimmed, then this is a clear manifestation of the malfunction of the elements. So, battery repair is required. The result is better clarified by measuring the voltage at the output terminals. After discharging for 5 minutes, the voltage should be within 12-12.4 V (at a nominal value of 12.4 V). If the voltage drops below 12 V, then we can talk about the need for repair. Checking individual items If preliminary measurements indicate the need to repair the battery of the screwdriver, you should open the tool body and remove the battery. Typically, a battery pack contains 10-12 cells (cans) with a nominal voltage of 12-14 V. Repair the battery of a screwdriver with your own hands # 8211 to find and replace the faulty part. Table of varieties of the battery. After removing the battery, inspection is carried out, first of all, of rations. Vibration of the instrument during operation could result in poor contact. Therefore, the first repair of batteries for screwdrivers with their own hands is done by soldering damaged contacts. If everything is OK with the contacts, then each bank is disconnected in turn, the voltage at the electrodes is measured. The voltage value should not be lower than 1.2 V. When conducting measurements, disconnect all additional elements, in particular, charge control sensors. The measurements are carried out with a DC voltmeter with a scale of up to 1.5-2 V. If the voltage value does not correspond to the nominal value, then the screwdriver’s battery is repaired by replacing the unusable can with a new element of the same rating. The new can must match the previous one in nominal capacity (the value is indicated on the case). A situation may arise when all banks show a normal voltage, and a preliminary assessment indicated a malfunction of the screwdriver battery. In this case, you will have to measure the parameters of each can under load. The tests are carried out similarly to the battery tests, but the light from the flashlight will serve as the load. Resistance Quality Assessment Repair of the screwdriver battery by replacing the elements should be made if significant self-discharge of the battery without a workload is noticed. Such an assessment is carried out by measuring the voltage at the output terminals every 24 hours for 30 days. For nickel-cadmium cells, self-discharge during this time should not exceed 20%, and for lithium-ion # 8211 no more than 8%. To repair the battery of a screwdriver with your own hands, you should have the tools: Alteration of the screwdriver on lithium batteries. Alteration of the screwdriver on lithium batteries. Sobsno once the conversation came, then let it lie down Temko. I have a dead battery for a 14.4 volt screwdriver Inside there were 12 cans of nickel batteries. An idea arose to shove some lithium there and make an uber screwdriver. Re: Alteration of a screwdriver on lithium batteries. And I was able to answer my questions Lithium-ion (notebook) or polymer (flat)? Where payment cutoff, I ask you to die Accum. Maybe you should think about brushless and a hobby regulator? There is a cut-off / protection, for the hobby regulator. Such a long time charging suggested: All parameters are set by jumpers. Charging on avr, if you can finish it later. We integrate the balancer into the battery, PCMPRO: The question is in the self-discharge of the battery through this balancer. I’m checking it now. I charged the battery and hung the balancer on it. During the night, the charge fell by 0.02 volts In the first alteration, do not suffer with the optimization of batteries. As the saying goes: when it comes to family honor, the question of money is not appropriate: Polymer battery dualsky 1300mah 11.1v 30c / 5c Banks are selected by the manufacturer, 2 or 3 pcs will enter the standard battery case. The capacity will be 2 times higher than the regular one, the mass is less. I disassembled my screwdriver, killed the electromechanical regulator, but there is an operational amplifier there. In general, you can finish the cutoff.

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By Mary Burns, RN, BS Asst. Clinical Professor, School of Nursing, UCLA (ret) Executive Vice President, PERF THE IMPORTANCE OF PROPER BREATHING TECHNIQUES FOR THOSE WITH COPD Do you ever get so short of breath that you panic? It is instinctive for everyone to breathe faster and harder to relieve shortness of breath. Did you know this is the worst thing you can do if you have COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)? What you really should do is the exact opposite! To breathe easier you need to slow your respiratory rate, forget about breathing in and just concentrate on breathing out! Yes, this is counterintuitive. After you have read the information in this article you will understand why this will help you and why certain breathing techniques can relieve shortness of breath, increase the oxygen saturation in your blood and prevent panic. If you are interested in this explanation, or in learning other techniques that will help you enjoy a life free of the fear of shortness of breath or panic, keep reading. Over and over patients graduating from pulmonary rehabilitation classes have said breathing retraining is the most important thing learned in class. Once they had control over their breathing they were able to start exercising and learning all those other things offered. Who can think of exercise when they get short of breath walking across the room? Of course, you have already discussed your shortness of breath with your physician. He (or she) probably has tested you for the various problems that can cause shortness of breath including heart disease, anemia, extreme obesity, asthma, and various types of respiratory conditions as well as pregnancy, but we won’t go into that at this time. Maybe you are using prescriptions for medications or inhalers for COPD, and you’ve been tested for the need for supplemental oxygen. If you have a respiratory problem, your doctor may suggest a pulmonary rehabilitation class if there is one in the area. Such a class helps you learn efficient breathing techniques such as proper PLB (pursed lips breathing). What if you don’t have a pulmonary rehabilitation program nearby to help you? It probably is a little harder to learn those techniques without a therapist to help, but it still can be done. If you have been diagnosed with COPD and are taking all the medications, or even oxygen, as prescribed by your doctor, why are you still having sudden attacks of extreme shortness of breath or even panic? How do you handle that, and what causes it? Let’s start with a few basics. Many of you may feel that you “suddenly” developed a problem with your breathing after getting that last episode of flu or pneumonia. Actually, emphysema is a disease that slowly progresses over a 20- or 30-year period. The first thing that happens, maybe while you are still a teenage smoker, is that the elastic fibers in your lungs start to deteriorate and lungs start losing their elastic recoil, that is, their ability to get air out of the lungs efficiently. Over the years this gets worse so you start to develop air trapping in your lungs. Everybody has some air in their lungs, even after they breathe out as much as they can. This is normal and prevents the alveoli, the little air sacks, from collapsing flat as an old balloon. Patients with COPD may have a 200% or even larger increase in air trapping, known as residual volume, in their lungs. Why does that matter? That amount of extra air can compress some of the undamaged alveoli, so that they can’t work efficiently, much the way an expanded air bag would compress your body in your car seat. The other thing that happens is that those larger lungs push out your chest wall. Have you noticed that your chest size is larger, or that your bra size has increased? Another effect of air trapping is that the upward curve of the diaphragm becomes flattened, which can be seen on your chest x-ray. When your lungs weren’t damaged, the diaphragm did about 80% of the work of breathing. Now its ability to suck in air as it tightens and flattens is limited, because it is already flattened out to make room for that extra lung volume. The mechanics of breathing are all thrown off. You start to use accessory muscles of respiration such as your shoulder and neck muscles. These muscles are only meant for use in emergencies. They are inefficient. If you think that you work harder on your breathing than other people do, you are absolutely right. Even at rest you are probably working many times harder to breathe than a person without lung disease. What can you do about that? You can learn a more efficient way of breathing! You have been breathing ever since you entered this world so why are you suddenly supposed to learn a new way to breathe? Because there have been changes in your body. If you remember what is wrong, it will be easier to make sense of the new breathing techniques you will learn. That loss of elasticity in your lungs is the first thing for you to remember. In practical terms it means you now have to work to get air out of you lungs. Think of a balloon. You work to get air into a balloon but when you let go of the neck of the balloon, the elastic recoil shoots the air out of the balloon without any effort on your part. Your lungs do the same thing, when they are not damaged. However, if they lose their elastic recoil you have to now work to get the air out. It’s like breathing air into a paper bag. You have to squeeze the air out of the bag since it won’t flatten out by itself. Now you also have to work to get air out of your lungs so you can make room for the oxygen in the fresh air you need. Forget about breathing in which is automatic and not your problem. Your problem now is getting air out of your lungs to make room for the air you need to breathe in. When you have COPD you may need to breathe out 2 or 3 times longer than you breathe in to accomplish that. If you panic and breathe too fast, or even if you breathe in and out at the same rate, you will cause more air trapping, leave less room for fresh air, and quickly get more short of breath. The other very important thing you need to do is slow down. Pace yourself! Walk across the room slowly instead of running to get across it before you get short of breath! What about this PLB, pursed lips breathing, we keep talking about. Does it really help? Yes, it does! Correctly done, PLB can raise the oxygen level of your blood as much, and faster, than being put on 2 liters per minute of oxygen. We have demonstrated that in test after test. Then why do some of you not feel much better when you use PLB? Why do you sometimes feel worse? Because you may not be doing it correctly! Done correctly, you breathe in deeply and slowly through your nose. You slowly breathe out about 3 times longer through slightly pursed lips with just a small opening in the center of your lips. Think in terms of gently blowing out hard enough to make a flame flicker, but not hard enough to blow out a birthday candle! Remember, it is very important to slow down your breathing and concentrate on breathing out. Pursing your lips is one of the techniques that helps. Always remember, one of the biggest mistakes made is blowing out too forcefully. If you use too much force you can actually LOWER the oxygen level of your blood and make yourself become more short of breath! If you can be heard breathing out, you are working at this too hard! If you feel light headed, or uncomfortable doing PLB, you are also working too hard. Stop and rest a bit. Good PLB feels comfortable and natural. Another common mistake is gulping a little air in through the mouth before breathing out, or while trying to breathe out. Using an oximeter is one of the easiest ways of telling if you are doing effective PLB. Borrow one to try if you can. If your oxygen level is low, say 88%, with good PLB you can usually “blow the number up” to 93%. Practiced breathers can sometimes get their saturation all the way up to 98% but 93% or 94% are good numbers to aim for. What happens if you breathe incorrectly? Maybe nothing, except that you don’t feel less short of breath and may even feel worse. With the oximeter you will see for yourself that your oxygen saturation levels will drop, and continue to drop, until you stop blowing out so hard. What about those who suffer from a restrictive pulmonary disease such as IPF, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis? Do these breathing techniques work for them also? Yes, a variation of PLB can help. There are many kinds of restrictive disease. Each patient is different and needs to experiment more with breathing techniques than someone with COPD. Doing so with the aid of an oximeter makes it much easier to learn the best way of breathing. Patients with COPD will slow their breathing rate down to 10 or 12 breaths a minute to control panic. Patients with IPF who breathe very rapidly when they panic can rarely slow their breathing down to less than 16 breathes a minute. Since they do not have air trapping this is adequate. Again, PLB helps accomplish this. Always pacing themselves is even more important for those with IPF than for those with COPD. Just getting out of a chair too quickly can precipitate a drop in oxygen saturation levels and cause a marked increase in shortness of breath. Again, while pacing is important for all respiratory patients, it is essential for those with restrictive disease! This cannot be stressed often enough. We hope you have been helped with some of these basic techniques needed to help control shortness of breath and prevent panic. There are many other factors, such altitude and exercise, that also affect breathing but space is limited and we’ll cover them another time. Let us know if these or other topics are of interest by entering them in the comment area at the bottom of this blog post. Helping you is our goal! We do care. Best wishes and better breathing to all,

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Crushers all crusher types for your reduction needs ,the primary impact crushers are used to process from 200 th up to 1900 th and feed sizes of up to 1830 mm in the largest model. primary impact crushers are generally used in nonabrasive applications and where the production of fines is not a problem. Of all primary crushers, the impactor is the crusher that gives the best cubical product.Learn More High quality products 100% Factory price Full after-sales Service Need more additional information or queries? We are here to help. Please fill in the form below to get in touch. the primary impact crushers are used to process from 200 th up to 1900 th and feed sizes of up to 1830 mm in the largest model. primary impact crushers are generally used in nonabrasive applications and where the production of fines is not a problem. Of all primary crushers, the impactor is the crusher that gives the best cubical product.dec 17, 2020 for instance jaw or gyratory crushers in primary crushing and cone crushers in secondary crushing. primary crushing is for the robust. the very first crushers invented were jaw crushers, which are built to reduce the size of large materials and operate with high volume in primary crushing. their main purpose is to reduce the material to a small jaw crusher,jaw crushers,primary crushers,jaw breakers,mobile the jaw crusher is used for primary crushers and secondary crushers for crushing all kinds of minerals and rocks with compressive strength less than 320 mpa.aug 01, 2019 jaw crusher, also known as concrete crusher, is usually used as the primary equipment for concrete crushing. It is also suitable for metallurgy, mining, construction, chemical, water conservancy and railway sectors, and used as a device for fine and medium crushing of ores and rocks with compressive strength below 250 mpa. jaw crushers are mainly used in primary crushing stages and are rarely used for secondary crushing. As a compression crusher, this type of machine generally produces the coarsest material because it breaks the rock along its natural lines of weakness.the one is fixed crusher plant, the other one is mobile crusher plant. both of the two types have their own advantages. We can give you the best solution on the basis of your actual needs. and as a reliable crusher plant designer and manufacturer, aimix group can customize various types of aggregate crusher what are the different types of crushers? the crusher can be divided into three types according to the particle size of the feed and the final product. primary crusher; secondary crusher; tertiary crusher.the vital casting process connected with the crusher wear components is the v-method spreading, sand casting, and lfc casting. the most popular applications of the crusher wear components are the quarrying, mining, concrete sector, and shredder scrap. It is a suitable time to understand about the type of crusher wear parts available for sale. aug 10, 2012 primary crusher has the ability to receive the crushing material directly from the source i.e quarry thats why these types of crusher are fixed from where the material is taken. primary crusher is only for the breaking of large stones into pieces (this mean primary crusher is not for the aggregate size raw material, of various sizes, is brought to the primary crusher by rear-dump haul units, or carried by a heel front- end oader Pr imar cr ushi ng reduces thi run- of -mine ock to a more manageable size. the different types of primary crushers are: jaw crushers, gyratory crushers, impact crushers, and autogenous crushers. jaw crushermobile type jaw crusher for sale. In order to apply to the complex terrain of various regions and facilitate movement in the philippines, we have developed a mobile jaw crusher,its production capacity can reach: and can crush various materials, such as granite, marble, basalt, iron ore, river pebbles, construction waste, etc. customers can choose the appropriate model and capacity the crushers are mainly employed in the manufacture of fine supplies, counting sand, with a decent cubical form. crusher types. crushers are categorized into three types dependent on the phase of crushing they achieve. the crusher classifications include primary, secondary, and tertiary. these stages in addition to secondary crushing can often be laid out utilizing an open-circuit portable crusher plant system where processed material is screened and conveyed from one crusher to the next. relying on these many stages of crushing beyond only primary can add great value to a mar 03, 2021 gyratory crusher is known for their high production rates, with a higher capacity than a jaw crusher. It is one of the main types of primary crushers in a mine or quarry processing plant.first primary crusher in that direct material comes from mines. secondary crusher process the primary crusher material that already crushed at material size reduced and tertiary crusher which reduces the material size further. the manufacturer gets the desired size. that can be further supply to users. types of plant we divided into two types zhengzhou dingsheng engineering technology co..ltd specializes in researching and manufacturing mining equipment, construction equipment and their spare parts in china its been years .we supply the equipment and wear resistant parts with long ervice life and competitive price.after-sales we can provided engineers available to service machinery overseas the stone crusher used at each stage is different. therefore, users need to sort the types of stones and choose the type of stone crusher machine first. In the first stage, the stone crusher used is a jaw crusher or an impact crusher. jaw crusher is used to break hard textured stones, such as andesite, coral, granite, basalt, and dec 21, 2015 In an opencast or strip mining operation, the run of mine material is normally transported to the primary crusher by haul trucks, and in underground mining operations it is conveyed to the primary crusher. crushing equipment is important to the mining process because it reduces the use of precious excavated resources and eliminates the the cone crusher has 2.5 times higher rotating speed and times larger swinging angle than the gyratory crusher, so the ore is impacted quickly. therefore, it is advantageous to the ore crushing, the crushing efficiency is high. different applications. In large quarries, gyratory crushers are often used as primary crushers.welcome to mewar hi-tech. mewar hitech is committed to excellence in the quality of its equipment and takes pride in on dedication to customers and associates. As a top crusher machine manufacturers & suppliers in india, we are committed to offer the best quality crushers, screens & customized size reduction equipment, stone crusher machines and plants with satisfactory after sales services at yifan crusher has a unit to get your business goals done effectively, efficiently, and reliably. No matter what the industry or the application, yifan offers assistance to help you choose and maintain the best size and type of plant for your business goals.In order to ensure the high-efficiency operation of the jaw crusher, the material should be pre-screened with a vibrating feeder before entering the jaw crusher to remove soil and materials finer than the closed-side setting. gyratory crusher. generally, the gyratory crusher is used in the primary crushing stage of a quarry or mining operation.aug 31, 2017 crushers may be divided into three general classes, with respect to the manner in which they do their work: pressure crushers: this category embraces the several types of gyratory crushers and jaw crushers, as well as the double crushing rolls, with either smooth or corrugated shells. impact crushers: this division is represented chiefly by the various styles of hammermill; also by the cage jaw crusher vs impact crusher. In short, the jaw stone crushers are mainly used for primary crusher, the crushing stone is relatively large. the types of crusher machines chamber are deep and no dead zone. It improves that the feeding capacity and output. the jan 14, 2021 many stone crusher operators have a common coception that is they may want to save cost at the begining while the consequence is that they have to spend more money on repair and face interuption on production. thats why always say that preventive and predictive is very improtent for all types of stone crusher.totally new type of primary crusher promises to significantly reduce installation height while maintaining many of the production and service advantages of traditional gyratory crushers.alibaba.com offers 2,829 primary and secondary crusher products. about 71% of these are crusher, are plastic crushing machines. wide variety of primary and secondary crusher options are available to you, such as warranty of core components, local service location, and key selling points.jaw crusher,jaw crushers,jaw breakers,stone crusher,rock jaw crusher is a kind of stone hydraulic types. jaw crushers jaw plate and movable jaw becomes smaller. sep 02, 2019 today, primary crushing is viewed as more important within the balance of production and proper sizing needs. the size and type of the primary crusher should be coordinated with the type of stone, drilling and blasting patterns, and the size of the loading machine. most operations will use a gyratory, jaw or impact crusher for primary crushing.about us. since its establishment in 1987, it has focused on the & and manufacturing of large-scale equipment required for national infrastructure construction projects such as mines, buildings and energy, and provided professional epc one-stop solutions and mature supporting equipment, from crushing, sand making to grinding, with rich and complete equipment categories and series, and with the continuous rotation of the motor, the movable jaw is periodically crushed and discharged to realize mass production. types and models of jaw crushers. rayco jaw crushers include pe, pew, and other series, which are designed to provide the highest productivity at the lowest operating cost. series jaw crusherjan 01, 2016 the common crusher types, sizes and their performance are summarised in table 4.1. currently, the dimensions of the largest blake-type jaw crusher in use are 1600 mm 2514 mm with motor ratings of kw. crushers of this size are manufactured by hfj series impact crusher is widely used in ore processing of primary crushing and crushing operation, compared to other types of crusher, crushing ratio is larger especially for medium and below rock hardness of material, with low level of reduction stage can get very high crushing ratio.jaw crusher is one of the main types of primary crushers in an ore processing or a mining plant. jaw crusher lessens large size rocks or ore by having placed the rock into compression. fixed jaw, mounted in a alignment is the stationary breaking surface, whereas the mobile jaw exerts force on the rock by forcing it against the mar 10, 2021 different crusher equipment models and their applications. hybrid crusher with advanced roll crushing technology. latest hybrid crushers are designed for the primary, secondary and tertiary crushing of soft to medium-hard materials that also have a tendency to be wet and sticky.apr 03, 2015 types of crushers. crushers are classified into three types based upon the stage of crushing they accomplish. these are primary crusher, secondary crusher, and tertiary crusher. the primary crusher receives material directly from run of mine after blasting and produces the first reduction in size. mar 17, 2017 the term primary crusher, by definition, might embrace any type and size of crushing machine. the term implies that at least two stages of crushing are involved, but in many cases the machine which performs the function of initial crusher is the only crusher in the plant.mar 19, 2021 rock jaw crusher manufacture for primary crushing. jaw crusher eastman rock crusher. jaw crusher is a compression style rock crusher, useful in crushing the mediumhard to very hard material into a smaller particle size at primary crushing stage in the crushing circuit applications mining, quarry, construction waste recycling, aggregate making, etc materials limestone, may 06, 2020 different types of crushers. there are three types of crushers. types of crusher depend on the feeding method. these are- primary crusher, secondary crusher and tertiary crusher. the primary crusher is only for the breaking of large stones into piecesour company, as a professional crusher manufacturer, specializes in producing various types of crushing machines. generally speaking, the quarry crushers can be divided into three major types, that is, jaw crusher, roller crusher and cone crusher. jaw crushers crush rock by closing two walls against the large stones several times. We have 40 years of experience in mechanical manufacturing and provide you with the most sophisticated equipments.It is the production and export base of intelligent mining machinery in China.Read More Copyright © 2021.Gympress Company name All rights reserved.

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Proper care for teeth and gums, a good personal hygiene routine, and regular dentist visits are essential to maintaining oral health. Having regular checkups with a dentist is far better than just normal brushing and tooth flossing alone. Despite these practices, you can still lose your teeth. Therefore, you may be considering a dental implant to resolve missing teeth. Washington Dental in Lomita, CA provides the experience, care, and expertise needed in order to properly plan and place dental implants. Definition of Dental Implants A Dental implant refers to titanium posts that are compressed and surgically fitted into the jaw of the mouth. A dental implant fitting is done to replace a tooth that is broken or missing. Basically, artificial teeth are fitted onto the implant, although they resemble natural teeth in appearance and feel. The implants are permanently fixed into the mouth jaw, hence, acts as the best solution for tooth replacement. Dental implants are strong and durable; but regularly visiting the dentist, brushing, and flossing will serve the patient time from any other complications that may arise after receiving implants. However, you can also adequately take care of your missing teeth by regularly undergoing denture relining. Still, this is limited to a certain period because both partial and full dentures should be replaced due to the changes that occur in the structure of the mouth. Additionally, if you opt to replace missing teeth with bridges, it is prudent to replace bridges after every decade despite proper care. Therefore, the only permanent way of replacing the missing teeth is through dental implants. Dental implants are surgically inserted into the jawbone, therefore, are not visible in outward appearance just like the natural root of the tooth. Dental implants are mainly used in securing the tooth crown (the visible parts of a tooth), they can also be used to secure dental bridges and dentures. Titanium is the type of metal that is most commonly used in dental implants. These metals are also used in replacement of orthopedic joints and are strong enough to last a lifetime. The titanium metal used is strong, biocompatible, and light. The attributes of titanium make it the most suitable metal to use for dental implants since the metal is readily accepted into the body. Additionally, osseointegration is the natural process for the fusing of the jaw bones to the titanium. Thus, biologically, the use of titanium is one of the major reasons for successful dental implantation. A dental crown can be supported by the use of one dental implant in the jawbone. To replace all teeth, substituting the removable dentures with those that are supported with implants is the best choice because it creates a secure and comfortable fit. Lower denture floaters can be stabilized by using dental implants called min implants. The min implants are not too wide like the traditional implants, therefore, can be minimally inserted without an incision. They require a little amount of anesthesia which is injected locally at the specific location where the min implant will be implanted. Therefore, recovery time is reduced and patients feel less discomfort after implanting min implants. Dental Services Related to Dental Implant Root canals and crowning are common practices that go in hand with dental implants in that it helps save a deteriorating tooth. A root canal can help in saving the natural teeth in case of decay. The pulp cavity of the tooth that is infected is removed and cleaned. A plant material called gutta percha can be used to fill the hollow part of the tooth and the crown can be cemented on top. The tooth will be firm and functional. On the other hand, dental crowns are placed on top of the metal post on the implant. There are several different crowns that can be chosen. Each type of crown is beneficial in its own way. For instance, metal crowns have strength while the porcelain crown resembles natural teeth. A crown with porcelain on the exterior with a metal interior provides sturdiness with aesthetic value. Tooth Loss and Dental Implants Tooth loss can be traumatizing. An individual who is dealing with this problem can find it hard to smile or laugh in front of others. Losing teeth during a young age is a natural process of development as well as losing teeth during old age. However, lack of oral hygiene and failure to visit the dentist regularly can make you prone to tooth decay as well as diseases of the gum. Failure to treat infections in the gum can cause periodontal disease which facilitates tooth loss. In cases of malnutrition and eating unbalanced food, one can be prone to tooth loss as well. Additionally, if you are actively involved in activities such as any contact sports, proper use of a mouth guard is necessary to protect your teeth and prevent any tooth loss. Loss of teeth is typically a result of the loss of the bone in the area that supports the teeth. Dental implants are placed in the jawbone for stabilization and prevention of damage. Not only do implants replace the tooth that is lost but also maintains the shape and the density of the jawbone. This implies that implants offer support to the facial skeleton, which in return, supports the structure of the gum, cheek, and lip tissues. Subsequently, through dental implants, eating, chewing, smiling, and talking is made entirely natural. Why is Having a Dental Implant Important? There are several options when it comes to replacing teeth. Some options like dentures aren't long-lasting. Dental implants last longer than any other methods. This method is useful in several ways: - Prevents shifting of the teeth. When a tooth is lost, the remaining teeth that surround the lost tooth moves in an attempt to cover-up space. This leads to a rise in dental complications. More so, it’s hard to keep overcrowded or unevenly spaced teeth in clean condition. Having overcrowded or unevenly spaced teeth can make it more expensive for other dental care including orthodontics. Dental implants can be a solution to such problems because they help in properly spacing your teeth which will aid in cleaning and placing orthodontics. - Dentures can be fit for replacement teeth and they last about 5 to 8 years. However, dental implants with permanent crowns last the entire duration of a patient’s life! Through proper care, you will be able to enjoy your dental implants for a lifetime. - Relieves pain. While using removable dentures, there is a probability of encountering soreness inside the mouth. In addition, continuous night removal of dentures for clean-up before going to sleep can be tiresome and inconvenient. This is not the case for dental implants. Dental implants do not impose soreness in the mouth after they have been fully healed and have no set routines such as removing and cleaning. - Maintains facial appearance. Loss of teeth deteriorates the jawbone making the face to appear sunken — dental implants deposits useful dense and non-toxic materials into the jaw bone, which keeps jaw from deteriorating and keeps the face looking full and young. - No problems encountered during eating. Removable dentures can make eating problematic because they can possibly slide off while eating hard to chew foods. Dental implants enable proper chewing of food because they work similarly to natural teeth. One can enjoy the natural function in eating when using dental implants. Dental Examination and X-Ray A dental exam is done by a thorough cleaning of the teeth to eliminate plaque and bacteria that may be present. This then helps in investigating if the tooth has decay or any other weakness. The gums are also checked for the presence of periodontal diseases, and if need be, a dental X-ray is taken to know the conditions under which the tooth and the gum are in. The tooth examination can also be helpful as it can involve an oral screening for cancer and other possible diseases. Dentistry is continually being modernized; digitized X-rays are being used for diagnosing most dental problems. The X-rays transmit into the soft tissues of the tooth but gets absorbed by the densely lying tissues. This produces a quality image that shows the teeth structure in the jaw bone. Digital X-rays have a high-quality resolution and highlight more details than traditional ones. In addition, Digital X-rays’ radiation is lower compared to previous X-rays, which allows the procedure to be safer for the patient. Therefore, tooth problems such as decaying, deteriorating jaw bone, thinned teeth fissures, and wisdom teeth that are impacted are easily detected by the Digital X-ray. The dental X-rays assist in checking how teeth develop and check progress in children, hence monitoring the health of the teeth for the prevention of infections. The Implant Procedure Implant surgery procedure involves: (a) the replacement of the roots of a tooth with metal posts that look like screws; (b) artificially replacing the teeth that are damaged or missing with another one that resembles and functions in the same way as the lost or damaged one. It is an alternative way of solving problems encountered without the use of dentures and bridges — the manner in which the surgery is done puts into consideration the kind of implant as well as the condition of the jawbone. The surgery is procedural until proper healing is attained. The dental implants are inserted into the jawbone through surgery. Here, they will function as roots for the missing teeth. The titanium helps the implants to fuse with the jawbone making it hard for the implants to shift inside the mouth. Unlike the bridges and dentures, dental implants prevent further damage to the jawbone. The patient is thoroughly prepared before undergoing the process of dental implants. They are taken through a dental examination as discussed earlier. After the examination, the patient is taken through a treatment plan. Based on the situation of the dental problem, the dental treatment plan accounts for the number of teeth one needs to replace as well as issues of the jawbone. The process of planning out the treatment is an ongoing task done by various specialists, periodontists, and the dentist that will schedule for the implant to be done. One’s medical condition along with the medicines prescribed should be made known to the dentist for proper treatment. For those with heart complications and/or orthopedic implants, antibiotics would be prescribed before surgery for the prevention of infections. Local, general, and sedation options of anesthesia are used for pain control before surgery. One should talk to their specialists to select the best choice of anesthesia. Based on the kind of anesthesia administered, the patient will be advised to eat and take recommended drinks before the commencement of the surgical procedure. On the other hand, general anesthesia is a bit more complex, the patient needs care and a day rest after the dental procedure. The surgery undergoes the following stages: - Removal of the tooth that is damaged. - Jawbone preparation through bone grafting (if necessary). Thin and soft jawbones should be grafted with the bone before surgery. The reason for bone grafting is that during chewing, the mouth exerts pressure on the bone, therefore, if the bone can’t offer support to the implant, the surgery is likely to fail. This procedure involves the removal of a bone from any part of one’s body and transplanting it into the jawbone. Commercial bones (artificial bones) can be used as an alternative. It can take a couple of months for this bone to grow and offer support to the implant. In cases of minor bone grafting, the surgery can be done along with the bone grafting. Jawbone conditions dictate whether to proceed or not. - After the jawbone has healed, the metal post-implant is inserted into the jawbone. Surgery is done for the insertion to take place. A cut is made on the gum which opens up and displays the bone. Thereafter, drilling of holes inside the bone is done. The dental implant is inserted into the hole and the implant will function as the root of the tooth, hence, it is inserted inside the jawbone. - A Period of healing. During this period, osseointegration (fusing of the bone and the implant) takes place. This process involves the growth of the jawbone until there is a union with the dental implant surface. This process takes a couple of months; therefore, it is able to provide a strong foundation for the artificial tooth. - An abutment is placed to extend the implant. After the completion of osseointegration, an abutment onto which the crown attaches can be placed. This surgery is minor and can be administered with local anesthesia. For the abutment to be placed, the gum is reopened so that the implant is seen, the abutment is mounted onto the implant, tissues around the gum are closed – but the abutment should remain exposed. There are cases where the abutment can be mounted at the same time that the dental implant is inserted, this avoids another surgery. The abutment can easily be seen when one opens their mouth despite that they are always placed beyond the gum line. The visibility should last as long as the process of tooth prosthesis is completed. - After the healing of the soft tissues, the implant and the jawbone are molded together and then the final tooth is placed. The patient needs to choose the artificial tooth that will be used in replacement of the lost tooth. It takes about two to three weeks for the abutment to heal after it has been placed. The artificial tooth cannot be inserted unless the gum has completely healed and mouth impressions are made. The artificial teeth placed on the abutment can be removable, fixed or both. Removable artificial teeth resemble removable dentures. They are artificially white with a plastic gum that is pink in color. It is placed on top of a metallic frame which is fused onto the abutment and can snap safely in place. The removable teeth can be removed, repaired, and cleaned. Fixed artificial tooth is screwed permanently on an implant abutment. More often, each crown attaches to the individual implant, but due to the strength that the implants possess, bridging allows numerous tooth replacement using a single implant. When the procedure is done, one is likely to experience some discomfort as a result of the surgery. The gum and the face might swell, the skin and the gums might be bruised during the surgery, and the site at which the implant was placed can be painful while some patients may experience bleeding. Use of painkillers or antibiotics can be useful in case one experiences any of the problems. Consuming soft food and drink after the surgery is advisable. Risks Encountered During the Surgery Any form of surgery is prone to health risks, and dental implants are not the exception. Such problems rarely occur, and if they do, having an experienced dentist is important for proper treatment. These risks include: the implant site can get infected, the surrounding teeth and blood vessels can be damaged or injured, and the nerves can be damaged leading to pain in the natural teeth. The gums and lips can also be painful and numb. There are also rare incidences where the bone is unable to fuse with the metallic post-implant. This usually occurs in patients who smoke or have other gum or mouth issues. In such cases, the surgeon removes the implant, cleans the bone, and allows the patient to retry the procedure after three months. If the surgery is successful, the patient needs to properly care for the dental work, and lengthen the life cycle of the remaining teeth through: - Oral hygiene. The implants, artificial teeth, and the tissues around the gum should be kept clean. Use brushes that have a unique design like an interdental brush, which can slide between the teeth in an attempt to clean all areas of the teeth and gums; - Visit the dentist. Make regularly scheduled visits with the dentist. This ensures that the implants are healthy and functioning correctly; - Avoid causing damages. Hard foods can cause crown breakages. Avoid using tobacco and caffeine because they cause stains on the teeth. If the patient tends to grind their teeth, they should regularly check-in with their dentist for treatment and use a mouth guard when sleeping. Find a Dental Implant Dentist Near Me If you think you can benefit from gaining dental implants and keep that pretty smile. Call us to schedule a meeting with a professional dentist and see if you are a good candidate for a dental implant. Washington Dental dentists offer solutions to various dental problems you may be experiencing and are competent in many areas of dentistry. If you live near Lomita, CA or a nearby area, you can always reach out Lomita Dentist at 310-326-5183 and talk to one of our expert dentists.

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1. Frilled sharks Scientific name: Chlamydoselachus anguineus. Because of its primitive-looking characteristics, this weird shark is often referred to as a “living fossil.” Seldom seen by humans, the species lurks deep in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans at depths between 120 and 1580 meters. Bonus creepy fact: the jaws of the frilled shark are filled with 25 rows of backward-facing, trident-shaped teeth. If your math is good, you know that adds up to 300 razor-sharp teeth in total. 2. Japanese spider crab Scientific name: Macrocheira kaempferi. If you thought the spiders were bad enough, look at this grotesque-looking species of marine crab. They have the largest leg span of any invertebrate animal, with a spine-tingling length of up to 5.5 meters from claw to claw, and can weigh up to 19 kg. Bonus creepy fact: Spider crabs can survive with up to three legs missing and can grow their lost legs back during consecutive malts. 3. Deep-sea dragonfish Scientific name: Grammatostomias flagellibarba. Deep down in the Atlantic Ocean, up to 5,000 meters deep, this fierce predator is lurking. The conditions down here are harsh–there is no sun, no plant life, and the environment is still completely untouched by storms or ocean currents. In order to cope with this, dragonfish uses light-producing organs called photophores to attract prey into its fang-toothed jaws. Bonus creepy fact: a distinctive feature of this species is the absence of some vertebras in its spine. This allows the dragonfish to have a more flexible head, enabling them to feast on larger prey. 4. Vampire squid Scientific name: Vampyroteuthis infernalis. Too little is known about this elusive, scarlet-bodied creature that is believed to live at a depth of up to 900 meters. Here oxygen saturation may be as low as 3%, but in such suffocating environments, the vampire squid is easily able to thrive. Bonus creepy fact: the reddish coloring of this squid is not the only justification for its spooky name. If you take a closer look, you will find that its eight arms, each filled with rows of fleshy spines, are bound by a cloak-like webbing of the skin. 5. Colossal squid Scientific name: Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni. Did you think the colossal squid was a made-up legend? Think again, as this marine creature is not just a bedtime story. The latest estimates put its maximum size at 12-14 meters with a possible weight of up to 750 kg. The massive species also has the largest eyes known in the animal world, with scientists measuring 30-40 cm (12-16 inches ) in diameter. Bonus creepy fact: have you ever seen images of sperm whales with scars on their backs? Ok, those scars are assumed to have been caused by hook-like tentacles of a colossal squid. 6. Goblin shark Scientific name: Mitsukurina owstoni. This goblin shark is another prehistoric-looking creature from the sea. Sporting an elongated snout and needle-like teeth, the most intimidating thing about this deep-sea dweller is its highly extensible jaws. They can immediately snap forward to capture the prey. Bonus creepy fact: the skin of the goblin shark is semi-transparent so that the pinkish color you see is really a clear glimpse at their insides. 7. Terrible-claw lobster Scientific name: Dinochelus ausubeli. Found in the seas of the Philippines is this appropriately named lobster with two very horrible-looking claws. They ‘re also incredibly small, about 31 millimeters long. Bonus creepy fact: these lobsters aren’t just tiny, but they’re blind too, which means they ‘re probably going to take a good stab at anything that’s too close to them. 8. Atlantic wolffish Scientific name: Anarhichas lupus. It’s evident where this bottom-dwelling wolffish gets its name from. Armed with four to six fang-like teeth on its jaws, there are three more rows of crushing teeth behind it. And if this isn’t enough to make you nervous, the Wolffish’s throat is also scattered with serrated teeth. Bonus creepy fact: Not shown is the wolffish’s long, eel-like body that can reach a length of upwards of 1.5 m. 9. Fangtooth fish Scientific name: Anoplogaster cornuta. This dangerous species is one of the deepest-living fish ever identified. It has been reported as low as 5,000 meters below sea level, where the pressure is 500 times higher than that of land. Bonus creepy fact: the fangtooth has another title to its name: the largest teeth of any marine species, relative to the size of its body. In fact, they are so ridiculously large that the fangtooth is unable to close its mouth completely. 10. Pacific viperfish Scientific name: Chauliodus macouni. The deep-sea dweller is the greatest predator. Using photophores located across its dorsal spine, the viperfish lures accidental prey before capturing them in its long, needle-like fangs. Definitely not a creature you ‘re supposed to mess around with. Bonus creepy fact: similar to the fangtooth, the big fangs of the viperfish can’t fit inside their ‘mouths. If anything, they curl back to the outside, resulting in an even more terrifying appearance. 11. Giant isopod Scientific name: Bathynomus. Giant isopods are spooky-looking crustaceans that may come from an Alien movie. They are generally scavengers, but they have been known to use their four sets of jaws to feed on live prey. Oh, and they also have seven pairs of legs. Bonus creepy fact: Although the largest species is between 19-36 centimeters in length, there have been isopod spottings of 76 centimeters in length. Scientific name: Uranoscopidae. This creature looks relatively docile compared to the other sea creatures on this list. Don’t be fooled, however, by its looks. The standard method of attack of the stargazer is by camouflaging in the sand of the ocean, before using its gigantic mouth to suck in unsuspecting prey. To finish the job, this tricky fish has two venomous spines. Bonus creepy fact: some species of stargazer fish can cause electrical shocks through a special organ located behind the eye. 13. Sea spider Scientific name: Pycnogonida. There are more than 1,300 recognized species of sea spiders lurking in shallows and waters as deep as 7,000 meters. And if that doesn’t make you anxious, their leg span can range from a tiny one millimeter to over 25 centimeters. Bonus creepy fact: the proboscis of the sea spider makes it possible to suck…out of its prey. 14. Spiny red crab Scientific name: Lithodes maia These spiny red crabs prowl the ocean floor at depths of up to 2,400 meters. Their quick movements, clutching claws, and armored body make it easy for them to capture, cut, and feast on fresh prey. Bonus creepy fact: this species is directly associated to the hermit crab, with the shell being traded for some gnarly spikes. Scientific name: Astronesthes. This aggressive-looking fish has recently been found in the waters between Australia and New Zealand. Like many other deep-sea predators, it has a bioluminescent red chin barbel that is used as a lure to attract small prey. Bonus creepy fact: An alternative name for the stareater is snaggletooth, which most likely refers to its sharp, needle-like teeth used to catch prey. Scientific name: Lophiiformes. Just as in Finding Nemo, deep-sea fish varieties have nightmarish mouths full of long, fanged teeth. Their distinctive model of predation is that they use the fleshy growth of their head as a fishing attraction, waving it back and forth to attract prey. Bonus creepy fact: the jaws and bodies of anglerfish are highly flexible, which means they can swallow prey up to twice their own size. 17. Gulper eel Scientific name: Eurypharynx pelecanoides. Covered in black, velvety skin, this eel-like creature lives 3,000 meters below the surface in the depths of the ocean. Most visible is the massive, pouch-like mouth of the gulper, which can be opened wide enough to swallow a fish much larger than itself. Bonus creepy fact: not shown is the very long, whip-like tail of the gulper eel, which contains multiple tentacles that shine pink and give off occasional bright red flashes. Scientific name: Chimaeriformes. The mysterious ocean floor dweller is usually referred to as a ghost shark. Not much is known about these chimaeras, who have only recently been filmed for the first time in their natural habitat. Bonus creepy fact: the strange, stitch-like lines you see on the chimaeras are actually sensory organs that identify movements and vibrations in the water. 19. The black swallower Scientific name: Chiasmodon niger. Even hearing the name of this deep-sea creature would be enough to make anyone shake. Even though it is a slender-looking monster, the black swallower has an enormous, expandable stomach capable of swallowing more than twice its size and 10 times its mass. Bonus creepy fact: occasionally the black swallower bites more than he can chew, which means that his food may begin to decompose in his stomach before it can be digested. The resulting gases produced by the decomposing body force the black swallower to the surface where it cannot survive. Scientific name: Opisthoproctidae. This futuristic-looking fish is named for its barrel-shaped, tubular eyes, which are directed upward to identify prey. The eyes are enclosed in a big, transparent soft tissue dome. Yes, and those dim shadows at the front of the barreleye are actually not its eyes. Look up a little more, and you’re going to find them. Bonus creepy fact: these deep-sea animals have been known to scientists since 1939, but it was only photographed alive in 2004. Scientific name: Lophius. Theoretically, monkfish is not strictly a deep-sea fish, but various species have been found at a depth of 1,000 meters. Their wide, flat mouths are armed with bands of long, pointed teeth that enable them, in combination with their extremely large stomach, to swallow prey that is as large as themselves. Bonus creepy fact: the monkfish has a bulb of flesh attached to their heads, which is intended to act as a bait to attract smaller fish.

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Written in EnglishRead online Download introduction to zoology through nature study, with directions for practical work An Introduction to Zoology Through Nature Study by Rosalie Lulham and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at hamptonsbeachouse.com Oct 22, · Practical Zoology for Advanced Level and Intermediate Students is a laboratory manual that covers various zoological experiments. The book presents methods, techniques, and illustrations relevant to zoological experiments. The text first discusses microscopical techniques, and then proceeds to tackling the morphology and anatomy of various hamptonsbeachouse.com Edition: 6. This banner text can have markup. web; books; video; audio; software; images; Toggle navigation. Title. An introduction to zoology, with directions for practical work (invertebrates) By. Lulham, Rosalie Blanche Jermaine. Type. Book. Learn introduction animals zoology with free interactive flashcards. Choose from different sets of introduction animals zoology flashcards on Quizlet. an introduction to zoology A life cycle can be defined as a descripti on of stages that an individual organism passes through between the time of born until the date of producing offspring (Olson Author: Sameh Abdelghany. Jun 04, · Zoology as a discipline includes, but is not limited to, the introduction to zoology through nature study of the behavior, ecology, anatomy, physiology, evolution, and classification of animals. Any study that involves animals as it's primary focus can be considered a part of zoology. Zoology book. Read 7 reviews from the world's largest community for readers. This Golden Press edition was continuously in print from through the 's. An introduction to zoological classifications, anatomy, reproduction and the effects of environment. Lavishly illustrated and clearly written, the Golden Guides were the most /5. Title. An introduction to zoology, with directions for practical work (invertebrates) By. Lulham, Rosalie Blanche Jermaine. Genre. Full text of "An introduction to zoology, with directions for practical work (invertebrates)" See other formats. Learn zoology lab practical 1 with free interactive flashcards. Choose from different sets of zoology lab practical 1 flashcards on Quizlet. Agricultural Science II – Entomology Introduction to Entomology • Page 4 of 6 Instructor Directions Content Outline students interview someone who uses entomology directly or indirectly in his or her work. Students should use AS 1 as an outline when conducting the interview. AS 1 –. Zoology Books. This section contains free e-books and guides on Zoology, some of the resources in this section can be viewed online and some of them can be downloaded. The Crayfish An Introduction to the Study of Zoology. This book describes the following topics: The Natural History of the Common Crayfish, The Physiology of the Common. Sep 07, · Zoology (Quickstudy Reference Guides - Academic) Pamphlet – March 1, Biology (Quick Study Academic) Inc. BarCharts. out of 5 stars Cards. If you are a seller for this product, would you like to suggest updates through seller support. Tell the Publisher!/5(6). May 14, · How to make practical in zoology. Undergraduate programs can provide students with an introduction to biological research and prepare graduates for work in the field assisting other researchers. Zoology is the study of the. Introduction to Zoology I. General Information about Zoology A. Zoology = study of animals B. Why study animals. Learn about animals (including humans) 2. Learn about animal interactions with each other, with other species, and with their environment I. General Information about Zoology C. How do we study animals. Use Scientific Method: 1. Introduction to Zoology by E. Connolly D.V.M. File Type: Online Number of Pages: NA Description This book covers the following subtopics of zoology: Intro and Origins, Cells as Units of Life, Genetics, Evolution, Reproduction, Development Body Plans, Protozoans and Porifera, Radiates, Worms, Mollusca, Cephalopods, Chelicerata and Insecta, Crustaceans, Echinoderms, Cartilagenous Fishes, Bony. Oct 16, · Introduction to Zoology Lecture 1 4, views. Share; Like; Download Both the exercises and the games are very practical so dog owners may use them throughout the day to have a well-trained dog. – Drop your cool (ask questions, approach prof) • Set aside your time – study hours for every 1 hour in class – This is your job. Inspire a love of reading with Prime Book Box for Kids Discover delightful children's books with Prime Book Box, a subscription that delivers new books every 1, 2, or 3 months — new customers receive 30% off your first box. Learn hamptonsbeachouse.comcturer: Englewod,Colo;Morton hamptonsbeachouse.com, Study Zoology Lab Practical #1 Flashcards at ProProfs - First lab practical covering Phylum Sarcomastigophora to Platyhelminthes. Biology Introductory Zoology – 3Supplement to Lab Manual; Ziser Biol Lab Orientation The laboratory portion of this course is designed to study anatomical details of of animals in general or common examples of specific phyla more thoroughly than. Aug 03, · Zoology introduction 1. The Uses of Principles Zoology: The scientific study of animal life Knowledge of the animal world is gained by actively applying important guiding principles to our investigations Exploration of the animal world depends critically on our questions, methods, and principles Principles of Science Nature of. An introduction to zoology through nature study: with directions for practical work: (invertebrates) - Rosalie Lulham, Book | Lulham, R. () An introduction to Zoology trough Nature Study, London: Macmillan. Summary: According to the author one of the things that are to be valued of education is knowing about the world in which we. Jun 04, · Practical Pages is a place where I love to share practical tips, projects, plans, as well as my free pages and downloads that we have used in our Charlotte Mason–inspired homeschooling. I love to encourage, inspire and equip homeschool parents in their amazing homeschooling journey. Jul 23, · Zoology is the study of animals, a complex discipline that draws upon a diverse body of scientific observation and theory. It can be broken down into numerous sub-disciplines: ornithology (the study of birds), primatology (the study of primates), ichthyology (the study of fish), and entomology (the study of insects), to name a few. Introduction to Zoology. This introductory course is aimed squarely at zoology students to enthuse them and train them in study methods. We will talk about animal evolution, taxonomy and conservation as well as discussing how molecular biology has enriched the subject. ZOOLOGY (ZOO) Course descriptions from the Catalog. ZOOL Principles of Zoology (3) An introduction to the study of animal life. Basic principles of biology are covered including the role of plants as primary producers of chemical energy. Mar 31, · Introduction Many scientists invented the evolution of living organisms long time ago. Different theories have been discussed. Some of them are good, others are not accurate. The study of evolution had led to the study of the life cycle of organisms and the survival strategies that organisms follow in the changing environments. It is crucial. Aug 20, · Download PDF A Laboratory Manual for Elementary Zoology Book. Practical Zoology for Advanced Level and Intermediate Students is a laboratory manual that covers various zoological experiments. The book presents methods, Aug 17, Full-Text Paper (PDF): A Manual of Practical Zoology: Chordata, and Cell & Molecular Biology. Exploring the Field of Zoology High School Self-directed Tour Students will explore the field of zoology by studying animals at the Milwaukee County Zoo (MCZ) and the careers of people who work with animals at the Zoo and in the wild. Students also will look at some of the challenges faced by modern zoologists. Objectives: Students will. Unit 1: Introduction to Zoology If you are absent, or missed part of the notes, or lost a worksheet or handout, this is the place to come. NOTE: Printing off the notes from here does not excuse you from taking notes or coming to class. Kant's epoch- making work remained a secret to them, and Laplace came long after them. We should not forget that this obsolete outlook on nature, although riddled through and through by the progress of science, dominated the entire first half of the nineteenth century, and. I will keep it straight and mention some points which are important. Read more and make points: you need to read more and more. To get good depth knowledge on particular topics you need to read more. Make points of what you read. Don't tell to. An Introduction to Zoology Through Nature Study. This advert is located in and around Cheltenham, Gloucestershire. Oxfam Bookshop Cheltenham - with Directions for Practical Work (Invertebrates). First publishedthis edition Detailed study with numerous b&w. This lesson will give you an overview of zoology. First, the field is defined. Then, you'll get an idea of the many branches of zoology and a taste of the wide variety of tools a zoologist may need. Study 29 Zoology Lab - Practical 1 (pictures) flashcards from Megan W. on StudyBlue. Zoology Lab - Practical 1 (pictures) - Zoology with Terry Bott at University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee - StudyBlue. 3 | Page PREAMBLE The ongoing hamptonsbeachouse.com (H) Zoology course was introduced by the Faculty of Sciences from the academic year The new course that will be effective from the academic year Study Integrated Principles of Zoology discussion and chapter questions and find Integrated Principles of Zoology study guide questions and answers. Integrated Principles of Zoology, Author: Jr., Cleveland Hickman/Larry Roberts/Susan Keen/Allan Larson/Helen I'Anson/David Eisenhour - StudyBlue. Download eBooks for Zoology online at the best price. Choose from top publishers like PHI Learning in multiple languages. Viewed best on mobile and desktop. hamptonsbeachouse.com ZOOLOGY I – SEMESTER PRACTICAL - II: DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY CODE No. ZP 2 Developmental Biology 1. Identification of shrimp larvae. 2. Frog developmental stages – egg, 4 and 8 celled stage, blastula, gastrula and tadpole larva. 3. Chick embryonic stages – 18hour, 24hour, 36hour, 48 hour and 72 hour embryo. 4.Syllabus of Zoology hamptonsbeachouse.com Part I SESSION - There will be three written papers and one practical examination. Question No.1 i n each classwil l be compulsory & comprehensive based on units I to IV andof short Answer type. This will carry 40% of total marks (i.e. 20 marks in I .Zoology- What is it? The study of animals of course! Extremely broad because there are so many concentrations and sooooo many animals. There are million organisms on Earth, only millions have been described. Only 14% of the worlds species have been identified- that leave 86% left. Only 9% of the oceans species have been identified.

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Journalism: Fake News and Low Trust Journalism: Fake News and Low Trust Journalism forms the foundation of collecting, assessing, creating and distribution of information in the news media. In fact, reporting enhances the distribution of information about events, beliefs, facts, ideas and people to the world through various news media platforms. In this context, journalism is the root of information passed on in regions and global set up. The complicated process, journalism shapes the perceptions of as the information creates a new picture of the people around the world and the world itself. However, in the age of technological advancement and the rampant changes in the field of journalism including the freedom of the journalists, the publication of untrue materials has increased contributing to the low trust of the news media by viewers, listeners, and readers. The high rate of the false information has elevated the concerns about the news to trust and the fictions. While fake news exhibits features that mislead the audience the role of the media in controlling the material publications brings about the low trust and confidence from the general public. Researchers have reported a decrease in the trust in the mainstream media in the current years due to the accumulation of fake stories. Evident from research by Rubin Victoria et al. shows that only 40% of Americans trust media sources in reporting of news accurately and fairly while a similar survey in the UK revealed that most of the read-newspaper were least trusted by people (Rubin, Conroy, Chen, & Cornwell, 2016). The worsening status quo of the fake news currently is fueled by the increased rate of consumption and low trust in journalism as the journalists are concerned with speed and spectacle at the expense of accuracy. Worse to the fast distribution is the inability of the audiences to interpret the information scientifically from different perspectives to detect any misleading information from work. From the conceptions and the introduction of the digital reporting platforms, journalism has taken a new trend that has seen the field run out of the runway. Arguably, the lack of an ad-supported mechanism to regulate the collection, analyzing and distribution of the information has contributed to the exacerbation of the journalism and the increased incidences of false publication (Snelson, 2016). In this context, it is relevant to state that the role of the mainstream media that is mandated to take charge of the information is demanding de-institutionalization in the bid to sanitize the already worse picture of journalism professionalism. From one nation to the other and regions to the other the influence of the fake news and the mistrust of the entire framework are fresh in the minds of the audience. For example, most of the information presented in the media by the journalists is controversial and contradictory to the normalcy of the profession requirement. In the long history of misinformation, fake news found a place in the pontifical election of 1522 when Pietro Aretino wrote false information about other candidates in the bid to manipulate the elections. It is evident that the production and distribution of fake, semi-fake news took roots in London in the eighteenth century with the release of ten dailies, eight tri-weeklies and nine weekly newspapers (Darnton, 2010). From the veins of diffusing fake news bleed small trust and much as witnessed during the French revolution leading to the execution of the queen in 1793. As old as the political aspirations and the invention of printing materials, people used the knowledge in journalism to create attention, lure supporters and even intimidate the opposition. There is no dispute that fakes news and little trust in journalism has been there from the time immemorial. It has been in existence for long as genuine phenomenon though it has raised the alarm in the world today (Silverman, 2010). However, though the profession is limping and suffering from fake news virus leading to low trust the trend in the false news publications has shown that fake news sites are not staffed by professional journalists but are operated by individuals who see economic, political and any other prolific opportunity in the game. The fact remains that fake information lack hallmark in the gathering of information thus draining the value of the publications to the audience who in turn lose the taste and interest in the presentations. From the report presented by Baym and Jones, the alleged fake news from the President Donald Trump is linked to the fake news used by historical, political leaders such as Adolf Hitler as well as the Australian television news parody (Baym & Jones, 2013). In this sense, the emergence of the fake news can be traced back a long time ago and what is experienced today is the resurrection of the fake news. In this reincarnation of misinformation, there is evidence in the reaction between CNN news and Trump over the alleged fake news meant to jeopardize his political career. The audience if the information is always left in a dilemma to distinguish the lying side and the actual one. It is important to mention that the trustworthy of the information published rely on the good will of the journalist to carry out robust research on the topic before presenting it for publication and release to the public. Fake news and the low trust in nothing new in the world considering the propaganda uses by political leaders such as Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin in their tenure in top jobs in the political line-ups of their respective countries. Indeed, they employed it as a weapon to demoralize the opponents. In fact, Adolf is known to have successfully used fake news through the appointment of Joseph Goebbels as the head of propaganda in Germany to mobilize people to Join Nazism. In this context, Nazism spent the huge amount of cash on newsletters publications, newspapers, leaflets and posters to spread fake news. Other dictators such as Joseph Stalin and Benito Mussolini capitalized on the fake news to keep the trend in ways and continued support from them public. A literature review of work by Mark et al., fake news and fake news sites complicates the entire field of journalism as the audience cannot weigh between the true and the fake reporting (Mark & Chen, 2014). Fake news and the low trust of the published materials are dependent words, and therefore it is important to explore the concepts of the fake news and the low trust. In this context, fake news has consistently been defined as any published material accessible to the audience, and the publisher knew from the time of publication that the information was untrue but posted it as the truth. Fake news is characterized with propaganda and wrong reporting for unidentified reasons in the bid to push some point of views and in turn, conceal the origin of the publication. Fake news is widely known to be political, social, economic and psychological weapons meant to intimidate other people and render them weak. Though there is a development of cottage industry in journalism, fake news is never a new phenomenon in the world. It is not a new invention though the emergence of the new blood in the sector dedicated to contrive the little-taxonomies of the fake news has detrimental impacts to journalism (Rubin, Chen, & Conroy, Deception Detection for news: Three Types of Fake, 2015). The freedom of expression and the press freedoms coupled with the new technologies have shaped the current state of journalism in the name of employment creation. The history and the evolution of the false news and the sites have been deemed by the media ecosystem to vaguely describe fake news lightly with the aim of misleading the public. In the past, the term fakes news as associated to the low trust has been presented as a deliberate construction of lies thus obscuring the institutional features of the publisher. Academic researchers have drawn subject of fake news in the current status from proliferation on the social media prior to the US presidential election and hyper-partisan news reports in the bid to reconstruct the resurrection of the fake news from the past (Carlson.M, 2011). One of the most shared stories covered the claim that Democrat candidate Hillary Clinton had traded weapons with the Islamic States of Iraq and Syria ISIS and that Pope had declared his support to the Republican candidate Donald Trump. Besides, the fake news reported the groping of Queen Ru Paul by the Trump and that Ireland had started receiving refugees. To proof the re-birth of the fake news, none of the stories achieved the threshold of any factual basis thus regarded as outright fabrication and tailoring of lies to take the shape of the truth. The commitment and confidence of the people have shrunk in the recent decades due to the bad reporting stating fake travel advisories from nations to nations. The impacts of the false news have shaken the political, social and economic set up in the global world from the developing to the developed nations (Rubin, Chen, & Conroy, Deception Direction for news: Three Types of Fake, 2015). E-commerce is founded in the roots of journalism, and news media and most business organizations and companies found a new crop in the e-marketing of products through the online platforms. However, the excitement of the E-business is attenuated by the low trust in the face of the fake news owing to the fact that trust is a key variable in human-computer and human-relations. Indeed, journalism in a huge crisis particularly in the problem of the growing fake news and current mistrust and low trust from the society. The new phenomenon in the field demands the restructuring of the body that is mandated to make regulations and policies to control fake news from going viral. As witnessed from various studies and observation from Tony Harcup, journalism profession has been characterized by resistance to professionalism (Harcup, 2014). Unlike of other fields of medicine and architects in the formulation of a guild-style body that would be involved in setting up of the standards and qualification of journalism leaving room for the creation of fake sites that spread propaganda and false news, in turn, tarnishing the entire reputations in the journalism industry. Fake news operators are gaining ground in most of the areas in the world due to the contemporary factors thus gaining traction with global audiences. Unlike in the past decades, technological advances are enhancing the generation and transfer of publications in social media platform which rely much on the journalism (Carlson & Lewis, 2015). In this context, there is ample evidence in the fact that the mediums of communication and transfer face a threat and crisis due to the failure of the mainstream media to reconstruct the body to scrutinize the information before release and question the credibility as well as the validity of the published materials. Interestingly, some of the social media such as Face book and Tweeter are reposting real news for fake thus contradicting the audience further. In conclusion, fake news and low trust in the journalism originates from the time printing press was invented and has evolved to greater heights today. As the printing press expanded, so the news distribution and the fake news were written concurrently with the real news as the journalists lacked journalistic ethics and objectivity. Indeed, fake news elicits decline of trust to publications and information materials which are rampant in the current societies due to the globalization, technological advancement, lack of professionalism in the journalism industry and the manipulation of the platform for selfish gains. As old as the political aspirations and the invention of printing materials, people used the knowledge in journalism to create attention, lure supporters and even intimidate the opposition. Baym, G., & Jones, J. (2013). News Parody and Political Satire Across the Globe. Abingdon: Routledge. Carlson, M., & Lewis, S. (2015). Boundaries of Journalism: Professionalism, Practices and Participation. Milton Park: Taylor & Francis. Carlson.M. (2011). On The Condition of Anonymity: Unnamed Sources and the Battle for Journalism. Champaign: University of Illinois Press. Darnton, R. (2010). The True History of Fake News. The New York Reviews of Books , pp. 6-9. Harcup, T. (2014). A Dictionary of Journalism. Oxford: OUP Oxford. Mark, D., & Chen, S. T. (2014). Symbolic Interaction and New Social Media. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing. Rubin, V., Chen, Y., & Conroy, N. (2015). Deception Derection for news: Three Types of Fake. Information and Media Studies , pp. 3-12. Rubin, V., Conroy, n., Chen, C., & Cornwell, S. (2016). Fake News or Truth? Using Satirical Cues to Detect Potentially Misleading News. Language and Information Technology Research Lab , London. Silverman, C. (2010). Regret the Error: How Media Mistakes Pollute the Press and Imperil Free Speech. New York: Union Square Press. Snelson, C. (2016). Qualitative and Mixed Methods Social Media Research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods , pp. 6-8.

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Volume 19, Number 10—October 2013 Use of Primary Care Data for Detecting Impetigo Trends, United Kingdom, 1995–2010 Using a primary care database, we identified a major increase in impetigo in the United Kingdom during 1995–2010. Despite a doubled rate of primary care consultations, this increase was not identified by routine surveillance. Primary care databases are a valuable and underused source of surveillance data on infectious diseases. Impetigo is a common, superficial bacterial infection primarily caused by Staphylococcus aureus. It is the fourth most common dermatologic condition among children seen in general practice; although most infections are mild, outbreaks have a considerable negative effect because infected children may be barred from attending schools and nurseries (1). In the United Kingdom, hospitalizations for impetigo increased 5-fold from 1989–1990 through 2003–2004; among children, the increase was 12-fold (2). To investigate whether this increase was fueled by increasing rates of infection in the community rather than increased pathogenicity, we used a large and nationally representative primary care database to calculate time trends in incidence of consultation and medications prescribed for impetigo. We examined electronic patient records from The Health Improvement Network (THIN) database, a source of detailed clinical information about patient primary care consultations (3). In the United Kingdom, 98% of the population is registered with a general practitioner (a primary care physician who provides advice, treatment, and prescriptions and acts as a gatekeeper to specialist services) (4). Participating practices enter demographic and clinical data into the practice database by using Vision software (www.inps4.co.uk) every time a consultation takes place, generating a longitudinal medical record. Since 1990, symptoms, diagnoses, treatments, and referrals have been recorded by use of a hierarchical system of >103,000 Read codes (5). Prescriptions are recorded by using Multilex (www.fdbhealth.co.uk/solutions/multilex) drug codes, which link each drug formulation to the British National Formulary, a compendium of drugs arranged by system into 15 chapters. THIN contains the medical records of >3.7 million current patients (3) and is broadly representative of the UK population (6). Prescription and consultation rates in the dataset are comparable to those recorded by national statistics and external data sources (7,8). Adequacy of death data recording is assessed by identifying the date at which mortality rates recorded by the practice correspond to the national age and sex standardized mortality rate, defined as the acceptable mortality recording date. We included data from patients from practices that met acceptable mortality recording criteria and were fully computerized (9). Persons were eligible for study inclusion if they were registered with a participating practice from January 1, 1995, through December 31, 2010. Read code lists were developed to identify patients seeking care for impetigo. A drug code list was developed to identify patients for whom topical fusidic acid (with or without a topical steroid) was prescribed, based on the relevant chapter of the British National Formulary. To assess time trends, we included the first consultation for impetigo for patients 0–14 years of age or the first prescription of fusidic acid; that is, patients were counted once per practice. Patients left the study on the earliest of the following dates: date of consultation or prescription, date of leaving the practice, date of death, or date the study ended (December 31, 2010). We used Poisson regression to calculate the incidence of first consultations or prescriptions per year. The denominator was the total number of person-years contributed by patients in the sample population for each corresponding calendar year. The THIN program of anonymized data provision for researchers was approved by the National Health Service South East Multi-Centre Research Ethics Committee in 2002. This study was approved by the THIN scientific review committee, reference 11–504. During 1995–2010, a total of 130,095 children 0–14 years of age were seen by a general practitioner for impetigo. The annual incidence of infection increased from 1,646 (95% CI 1,561–1,733) consultations per 100,000 person-years in 1995 to 3,106 (95% CI 3,048–3,165) per 100,000 person-years in 2001 (Figure 1) and declined thereafter to 1,447 (95% CI 1,413–1,481) per 100,000 person-years in 2010. The incidence of fusidic acid prescription for the total population increased from 1,287 (95% CI 1,256–1,318) prescriptions per 100,000 person-years in 1995 to 2,308 (95% CI 2,289–2,326) per 100,000 person-years in 2003 and stabilized thereafter (Figure 2). Prescriptions were most frequently issued for children 0–14 years of age; incidence peaked in 2003 at 4,911 (95% CI 4,843–4,980) prescriptions per 100,000 person-years. At the peak of the epidemic, there were ≈130,000 more general practitioner consultations for impetigo; this estimate is based on an estimated population of 9,375,100 children <15 years of age in England in 1995 and 9,282,700 in 2001 (10). A major increase in impetigo in children in the United Kingdom was not detected by routine surveillance data. The increased number of infections placed a substantial burden on primary care, adding 130,000 consultations in England at the peak of transmission. In England and Wales, the Royal College of General Practitioners Research and Surveillance Centre network of ≈100 sentinel practices is responsible for alerting general practitioners to major trends in the incidence of common conditions, such as influenza and impetigo, by providing weekly reports of disease incidence (11). Although this system detected a comparable increase in the rate of consultations for impetigo, the data were not used to alert general practitioners about a major increase in impetigo in the community because the system is designed to detect rapid changes in incidence, such as occur during an influenza epidemic. Over the past decade, several European countries have reported a rise in general practice consultations for impetigo (12,13). Many European countries have established primary care databases, such as the Information System for the Development of Research in Primary Care in Catalonia (14) or the Health Search Database in Italy (15). Although these databases are smaller than the THIN database (3), they are sufficiently large and well-established to be used to examine national consultation and prescription trends in infectious diseases, offering the potential for a powerful international infectious disease surveillance network. This study’s strengths lie in its scale and the fact that the database is nationally representative, containing the medical records of ≈6% of the UK population (4). The study’s limitations lie in the fact that the database was designed for patient management, not research. We acknowledge that comparing population rates for consultation and prescriptions might not accurately represent the association between prescriptions and disease at an individual level. Patients seeking consultation for impetigo were identified by diagnostic Read codes, and some general practitioners might prescribe fusidic acid without recording a diagnostic code. Identifying patients by Read code alone might underestimate incidence, whereas identifying patients by prescription data might lead to an overestimation because drugs are not always prescribed for a single condition. The actual incidence of impetigo in the community might have been higher because not all persons with impetigo would have consulted a general practitioner. Although changes in health-seeking behavior or data recording could underlie the increased consultation rate, the fact that similar increases were reported from other primary and secondary care datasets suggests that our findings are not artifacts. The Read codes used to identify patients were unchanged throughout the study period, and we are unaware of any changes in clinical practice that would lead to an increased tendency to diagnose impetigo. Impetigo is frequently dismissed as a mild infection that spontaneously resolves with a good outcome (1). By contrast, this study suggests that an undetected increase in impetigo in the community drove a major increase in hospital admissions of children in England from 1989–1990 through 2003–2004. Awareness of this epidemic by general practitioners could have triggered development of specific guidelines on the management of this condition, potentially improving treatment outcomes and reducing hospital admissions. Routinely collected primary care data are an underused and potentially rich source of information about infectious diseases in the community. We should do more to find novel ways of incorporating this information into international surveillance networks and using it to guide evidence-based treatment and prescribing decisions in primary care. Dr Shallcross is a clinical research fellow and public health doctor in the Research Department of Infection and Population Health at University College London, UK. Her research interests are the epidemiology of antimicrobial drug resistance and health care–acquired infection. All authors declare no conflict of interest. L.S. is funded by a Medical Research Council training fellowship. - Koning S, van der Wouden JC. Treatment for impetigo. BMJ. 2004;329:695–6 . - Hayward A, Knott F, Petersen I, Livermore DM, Duckworth G, Islam A, Increasing hospitalizations and general practice prescriptions for community-onset staphylococcal disease, England. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:720–6 . - CSD Medical Research. Cegedim strategic data 2012 [cited 2012 Jun 7]. http://csdmruk.cegedim.com - Lis Y, Mann RD. The VAMP Research multi-purpose database in the U.K. J Clin Epidemiol. 1995;48:431–43. - Chisholm J. The Read clinical classification. BMJ. 1990;300:1092 . - Blak BT, Thompson M, Dattani H, Bourke A. Generalisability of The Health Improvement Network (THIN) database: demographics, chronic disease prevalence and mortality rates. Inform Prim Care. 2011;19:251–5 . - Bourke A, Dattani H, Robinson M. Feasibility study and methodology to create a quality-evaluated database of primary care data. Inform Prim Care. 2004;12:171–7 . - Lewis JD, Schinnar R, Bilker WB, Wang X, Strom BL. Validation studies of The Health Improvement Network (THIN) database for pharmacoepidemiology research. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2007;16:393–401. - Horsfall L, Walters K, Petersen I. Identifying periods of acceptable computer usage in primary care research databases. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2013;22:64–9 . - Office for National Statistics. Statistical bulletin: annual mid-year population estimates 2010. South Wales (UK): The Office; 2011. p. 1–17 [cited 2012 Jun 7]. http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/search/index.html?newquery=UK+population+estimates - Fleming DM. Weekly returns service of the Royal College of General Practitioners. Commun Dis Public Health. 1999;2:96–100 . - Rørtveit S, Skutlaberg DH, Langeland N, Rortveit G. Impetigo in a population over 8.5 years: incidence, fusidic acid resistance and molecular characteristics. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66:1360–4. - Dalager-Pedersen M, Sogaard M, Schonheyder HC. Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infections in primary healthcare in Denmark: a 12-year population-based study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2011;30:951–6. - García-Gil MM, Hermosilla E, Prieto-Alhambra D, Fina F, Rosell M, Ramos R, Construction and validation of a scoring system for the selection of high-quality data in a Spanish population primary care database (SIDIAP). Inform Prim Care. 2011;19:135–45 . - Cricelli C, Mazzaglia G, Samani F, Marchi M, Sabatini A, Nardi R, Prevalence estimates for chronic diseases in Italy: exploring the differences between self-report and primary care databases. J Public Health Med. 2003;25:254–7.

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Table of Contents The process of bleaching your teeth also known as tooth whitening, is the process of bleaching your teeth. It is accomplished by applying a bleaching agent on the surface of the tooth and changing its shade. Sometimes the agent may be applied directly on the tooth's surface. It is often used by people who want to have a whiter smile, as well as by people whose teeth are discolored as a result of ageing or staining caused by smoking and drinks containing caffeine. Whitening can also be accomplished by switching on the lights in the dentist's office to make the whitening process last longer. There are several strengths available for dental whitening kits based on the amount of whitening you require. Ask your dentist which strength he recommends for your teeth. Generally, tooth whitening products when used correctly as per the instructions can provide a significant amount of whitening. Tooth whiteningwith the right ingredients and formulas will make your smile look more white and sturdier than it was before. The teeth whitening kits are more reliable than the dental services provided by dentists. They are reasonably priced and can be used at home , without harming your teeth or gums. The bleaches are not strong enough to be safe for children. Patients can avail bleaching services from many dentists. However, they aren't strong enough and could cause discomfort. Gels, pastes and strips are frequently employed to help whiten teeth. Most of the times, they use peroxide-based whiteners in the pastes, gels and strips, whereas some use hydrogen peroxide as whiteners. These are very strong chemicals, which are capable of making teeth brighter and whiter. TheraBrite, LefyBrite are two of the most sought-after teeth whiteners currently available on the market. Whiteners for teeth from dentists can be highly effective and provide remarkable results. It is essential to ensure that your teeth are treated by an experienced professional. There are various chemicals and devices that could cause damage to teeth when they are not done properly. There are a myriad of types of teeth whitening products on the market including whitening toothpaste, whitening strips, gels and so forth. You should select the one that will best suit your needs and your budget. It is important to know that whitening agents are applied by applying an chemical treatment to teeth. The agents are able to remove stains and discolorations from the teeth and make them sparkle like new. The time required to treat your problem can differ based on the severity of the issue. Different whitening agents are utilized by dentists to address different issues. For instance, if you suffer from sensitive teeth, then your dentist might recommend bleaching gel. If you're prone to an abundance of cavities, then your dentist would probably recommend a hydrogen peroxide paste. Your dentist will suggest laser treatment for teeth whitening when you have severe gum disease or staining. Products for whitening teeth are available online, too. Online stores sell toothpastes, gels and whitening toothpastes and other products. You can compare prices and browse the product range. Before purchasing the product, make sure you read customer reviews. Some websites don't offer customer reviews or offer testimonials. The products must be bought from reputable websites and from well-respected dentists. The best way to get your teeth whitened would be to go for a professional treatment with an experienced dentist. The cost of these treatments can be high therefore you could save by buying teeth whitening toothpastes on the internet. To make your smile radiant be sure to follow the advice of your dentist. There are also over-the counter products which are able to lighten your teeth. These whitening strips, gels, and other products are available in various forms. A popular over-the counter item is a mouthwash or toothpaste that bleaches your teeth. It is all you need to do is brush on the bleaching gel before swabbing it over your teeth. There are many benefits and disadvantages to using dental whitening, teeth whitening kits as well as in-office treatments. For example, if you opt for a product at home you might not get the same results as you would get if you choose an in-office treatment. It is also not the best idea to get regular treatments because it may be difficult to remove the stain. If you maintain a close eye on your oral hygiene, then you will be able to keep your smile white and bright. Make sure to clean your teeth at least twice a day, visit your dentist on a regular basis and only use non-prescription products. What to Look for in the Top Dentist: There are a lot of ways to locate a top dentist. It is essential to start with the best place possible. Consider the price and experience, location, and cost to locate the best dentist for you. You can examine the different locations to locate the right dentist. Doing some research is the most effective method to find a dentist. Ask friends, family members or neighbors for their recommendations. Contact your local pharmacist or your general physician. If you're moving to another city, contact the dentist you currently see to determine whether they're in network. Contact the state or city dental association. Other ways to find a dentist is visiting the American Dental Association website or calling the state or city dental association. They have an approved list of dentists. Another source to find the list of dentists that are approved is on the website of the American Academy for Cosmetic Dentistry. The website also lists approved dentists. This website lists approved providers by specialty as well as by location. It is important to set an appointment when you've found someone you like. It is recommended to make an appointment to have a check-up. This will allow the dentist to determine the dental issues that require to be addressed. If you are comfortable you can make a date for your treatment. There are many ways to locate dental work. You can search your telephone book for dentists or search at the Internet for ads. Call each dental clinic and ask for the receptionist. They will be able to schedule an appointment for you. The most efficient method to find a family dentist practice is to use the yellow pages in your phone book. Shopping online is simpler when the clinic accepts credit cards. Many dentists have payment options that include annual installments along with monthly installments and take out loans. If you have questions about their services, contact the office to talk to the team of pediatric dentists. To get the answers you need you'll need, it's a good idea to visit the clinic in person. A good pediatric dentist will make an appointment for both of your children to see them at the same time. When scheduling your appointment, you will be required to bring the dates for all your children's routine checkups. Your dentist may recommend preventative services that you can do while your children are sitting in their chair. Some options include taking out the garbage and brushing teeth. It is also important to be aware of when the dental office for your family closes for the day , so you can make your next appointment for cosmetic dental care without worrying about the appointment being booked. You should also consult your dentist for CEs. They should be licensed and required to complete continuing education courses. This is crucial as you want to find the right dentist for you. You should also inquire whether they're willing let you tour the facility so you can examine how well the dental office is constructed. In addition, ask them about emergency care services. You'll have peace of peace of mind knowing that your dentist is prepared to handle any issue that might arise during the course of your child's regular visit. Because this is an area of personal taste and financial resources, it's important to look around for the best dentists. There are certain characteristics you'd like to see in a dentist. You don't feel at ease with the dentist you have chosen. Find another that fits your needs. This can help you save money as you get the best dentist possible for your family. It is crucial to know the things to look out for when you are looking for a new dentist. There are many things to consider when choosing the right dentist. If you're seeking better oral health, you should ensure that the dentist you select utilizes the best methods to care for your teeth. A good dental program will comprise both preventative and emergency care. In addition to that, there are numerous cosmetic dentists who use porcelain veneers, bonding crowns, teeth whitening , and other procedures to enhance the appearance of your smile. If you're looking to get healthier teeth and gums, then a dentist who is functional might be the right option for you. When it concerns your oral health, you need to ensure you find a dentist who knows what they're doing. It is the only way to make sure that you get the best possible care for your teeth. Dental Implants are made from metal, titanium and dental steel. They are surgically implanted in the jaw bone to restore its function and form after an accident or disease has damaged or destroyed teeth. Dental implants are thin metal screw that interfaces directly with the jaw bone or bone of the patient to serve as an anchor for artificial use or crown, bridge,, dentures or other dental prosthetic. It is inserted into the jaw at a position that will allow it serve the required function. Dental Implants can be used to replace or restore function in many areas of the mouth. The dental implants themselves are extremely thin metal wires around a millimeter in size. Through a small incision made inside the mouth, they are placed into the jaw bone. Once placed, they are surgically molded to conform to the jaw and are then secured with screws that are specially designed to hold them in place. After healing for between six and nine months, patients are able to use their new teeth as well as dental implants with much more confidence than they did prior the procedure. There are two major kinds of dental implants: endosteal and aperiosteal (both are made of titanium). Endosteal implants are the most sought-after type of implant today. They are constructed from titanium. Endosteal implants are inserted into the bone at the back of the jaw. When the dental implants inside the jawbone are removed, the endosteal one stays in place and will remain permanent. After the titanium piece has been cut into the correct shape after which the two pieces are secured into place with screws. The procedure can be disguised with braces that cover the jaw. The appearance of a brace made of metal can change how people perceive the person wearing it. Dental Implants are similar to other prosthetic teeth implants in that they are implanted in the jawbone. This allows for the replacement of teeth or group of teeth. When the procedure is completed successfully, a false tooth or teeth may be bonded to the bridgework. Dental Implants can be used to replace a single tooth that is missing or a number of missing teeth, or all of your missing teeth. Your dentist will be able to determine what dental implants are appropriate for you prior to place them in the jawbone. Dental Implants are a reliable and durable replacement option. With a good dentist and the best quality materials replacing your natural teeth with Dental Implants is an affordable, permanent solution. Before you can undergo the procedure the dentist will examine the condition of your teeth and gums. The dentist may also conduct x-rays and CT scans in order to ensure that your implant is a good fit. Implants made by dental implants may not be the ideal option if your mouth has a significant gap between two or more teeth. In this case the dentist will recommend bridges or alternative solutions for temporary use. If there's not enough space between your molars, the implant or the bridge, the dentist may suggest the use of a partial plate or bridge to strengthen the jaw and protect it for long-term use. Dental implants aren't suitable for everyone. Invisalign is a good option if your jaw is too small, or you have a large gap. This procedure involves aligning your teeth using dental crowns or false teeth. If there's not enough space between your teeth to support implants Your periodontist might recommend Invisalign. If you wear false teeth or dentures You may be able change to Dental Implants. You'll need to undergo numerous oral examinations before you can get the implant. Your periodontist may recommend two weeks of care If the implants appear good. You are put to sleep and given painkillers that will ease your pain during the days when you don't eat. You'll then have to remove the dentures , or false teeth and have the implants placed directly into the gums. Dental practitioner office Some dental professionals likewise have a conference space in the treatment area (Bonding Dentist Near Me). The specialist will discuss to you, in reasonable language, the advantages and disadvantages of the particular kind of treatment, and take the essential time to answer your questions and make the very best choice for treatment with you - Bruxism Dentist Near Me. The expense of dental services is not taboo. It should be comprehensible and as precise as possible before treatment commences (Night Dentist Near Me). The dentist will explain that, in the course of treatment, extra steps may be needed which can make the treatment more costly. At the dental center, you may pay with an ideal technique: by money or charge card. See the Right Kind Of Dental Practitioner, Not all dental professionals are created equivalent. Some are dental professionals who focus on particular types of treatment and spend 3-4 more years in college to be experts in their field. Others are general dental practitioners who use fundamental care for the entire household. Even some basic dental experts have actually training in specialized services so that they don't have to refer patients to another clinic. They may not, and then you'll need to call around to find somebody of dental experts All dental professionals start out as general dental professionals. They have 4 years of education in family dentistry, supplying long-lasting oral health care and corrective services. This is your common dentist's office - Walk in Dentist Near Me. Many individuals like having a household dental practitioner since they can pick a workplace and remain there. They also supply re-treatments (Emergency Dentist Office Near Me). Usually, endodontists have unique equipment like microscopes to see down into the nerve canals (Pediatric Dentist With Sedation Near Me). Pediatric dentists are most likely the most typical kind of other oral experts that households are used to seeing. These professionals focus on seeing young kids, kids with unique requirements, and teens before they avoid to college. You may see among them if you require cancer treatment or have a distinct condition that needs an unique medical diagnosis (Top Pediatric Dentist Near Me). Might 02nd, 2015 Oral health is a crucial aspect of life, and by no means ought to be overlooked (Biomimetic Dentist Near Me). However discovering a great dental professional is has its caveats and problems. Dentist Cleaning Near Me. One should definitely go about discovering a good dental professional, much the exact same method as one finds an excellent pair of eyeglasses or discovers an excellent doctor. Table of Contents Learn More About Alveolar Read More About Walk In Dentist Office Near Me Read More About Bonding Dentist Near Me

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When I think about pie, I think of Charlie Chaplin and the custard pie fights of silent movies. I recall the nursery rhyme about four and twenty blackbirds. And of course the expression “American as apple pie.” If you were more into math than I was, the word might also evoke the formula for the circumference of a circle. And if you were a rock and roller, you might be humming a chorus about driving your Chevy to the levee. But two ideas that don’t typically go with pie are “plant-based” and “healthy.” In this article, I hope to change that. The History of Pie Most cultures have some version of a pie, whether sweet or savory. That is if we accept a very broad definition of pie: a dish consisting of a crust with filling that’s usually baked. Historically, pies were a far cry from what we think of today. In ancient times, pie crusts or shells were sometimes just a vessel to keep the filling from running and were not meant to be eaten. According to Janet Clarkson, who wrote an entire book about the history of pies, these shells were known as “coffins.” Not that the contents were deceased (although some were), or that the contents would render you deceased (although I’m sure that happened as well). The word coffin originally referred to any sort of box or basket. It’s hard to know for sure who baked the first pie (dough and round baking dishes aren’t exactly the most enduring archeological artifacts). But there’s some consensus that two early pie-making civilizations included the ancient Egyptians and Greeks. Both had the technology, and they had the grains. As far back as 6000 BCE, a traveler to the Nile delta might have been offered a pie with a crust made of ground oat, barley, and rye, filled with honey, and baked over hot coals. The expression “as American as apple pie” shouldn’t fool you into thinking Americans invented it, any more than French fries or hamburgers are a product of Parisian and German culinary innovation, respectively. The British, along with many others, had discovered the joy of baking apples in crusts long before America was the apple of the world’s eye. And apple strudel, which certainly fits the definition of a filling baked in a crust or shell, predates the American experience by at least a century. Pie Filling from the 15th Century Oh, and that song about the blackbirds? That wasn’t made up, I’m sorry to say. The European pie tradition of the middle ages essentially consisted of throwing as many dead animals as possible into a single crust. The origin of the word “pie” itself testifies to this tradition, referencing the habits of the magpie, a bird that constructed its nest from odds and ends. Believe it or not, one 15th century pie recipe included the following ingredients: “beef, beef suet, capons, hens, both mallard and teal ducks, rabbits, woodcocks, and large birds such as herons and storks, plus beef marrow, hard-cooked egg yolks, dates, raisins, and prunes.” I assure you that we will not be sharing a healthy plant-based version of this pie below. For very special occasions, say “to set before a king,” medieval chefs invented the “animated pie,” with live animals like birds, frogs, rabbits, and turtles escaping from the crust once it was cut open. At at least one party held by Britain’s King Charles I, a cold pie was baked big enough to hide the dwarf Jeffrey Hudson, who emerged from the crust dressed in a miniature suit of armor and bowed to the queen. Looking back on what I’ve just written, I am realizing that this introduction isn’t exactly an argument for the inclusion of pies in a healthy, ethical, and sustainable plant-based diet. But healthy pie recipes do exist. These days, it’s easier than ever to create delicious sweet or savory pies using whole food, plant-based ingredients. And if you like, you can make them gluten-free, too! Why Eat Pies? Pies are great ways to use up ingredients that might not be all that exciting on their own. That container of leftover lentils in the fridge, those veggies in the crisper drawer that have seen better days, and even fruit that’s fast approaching the twilight of its life can be stretched into a full meal or a nutrient-packed dessert through the magic of pies. Pies are great for a crowd or larger families, as they’re often quite filling. So if you have multitudes to feed, pies might just do the trick. At least in the US, we associate pies with holidays. For example, pumpkin pie on Thanksgiving, apple pie for July 4th, and lemon meringue pie on — I’m not making this up — National Lemon Meringue Pie Day (August 15). So they offer many opportunities to transform traditional meals into healthier versions. Pie is perhaps the ultimate comfort food, so even if you leave out problematic ingredients, your adaptations can typically still make people happy. Because we’re conditioned to like pies, they’re a great way to experiment with a food you aren’t familiar with or are less likely to try in another form. Let’s say you belong to a CSA (community support agriculture) or co-op, and you end up with a dozen persimmons, a pound of rhubarb, or a giant green zucchini. Any of those ingredients could fill a pie crust and give you a whole new experience of that food. Pies don’t just come in 10” rounds either. You can also bake “hand pies” for small meals and snacks. Because they’re portable, you can brown bag them for lunch, or take them on picnics and road trips. Many culinary traditions have their signature version of a hand pie: empanadas and samosas are two well-known and well-loved examples. And because pies “feel” decadent, you can get away with stuffing them with healthy ingredients and get no (or very few) complaints from the picky eaters in your life. Types of Pies Let’s divide the world of pies into two main categories: savory and sweet. Savory pies are the meals, and sweet ones are the desserts. Pot pies traditionally feature meat and vegetables in a deep dish, covered with a domed crust. Many pot pie recipes omit the bottom crust, so the dish is really a baked stew with an edible lid. The two most common varieties are chicken and beef pot pies, which provide a jumping-off point for creating healthy, plant-based alternatives. Shepherd’s pies have historically consisted of a lower layer of ground meat covered with a mashed potato crust. As the name implies, the most common meat was lamb or mutton. Similar pies made with beef were called “cottage pies.” Hand pies are small, individual servings, typically with the filling completely enclosed within a crust. In addition to the empanadas and samosas already mentioned, this category includes Cornish pasties, Jamaican patties, and even Italian calzones. They can be eaten hot or cold, which makes them good portable choices. Most pies are made with single-layer crusts, either soft or hard, flaky or solid. Another category uses phyllo dough, which comes in very thin layers rolled together (think spanokopita). Turkish pies called borek use phyllo dough to enclose (typically) meat, cheese, and vegetables. If we were to word-associate about pie, we’d probably begin with fruit pies. In the US, apple pie is the default. But, of course, many kinds of fruits are absolutely fabulous in pies. Strawberry-rhubarb is a fine combination of sweet and tart; blueberry pies are incredible, and cherry and peach are no slouches either. Fruit pies can have solid crusts, or if you have some time on your hands, and you’re looking to impress, you can top your fruit pie with a lattice crust. Other kinds of sweet pies include galettes, tarts, mousse pies, custard pies, meringue pies, and there are also sweet veggie pies that use pumpkin, sweet potato, or other flavorful vegetable-based fillings. How to Make Pies Plant-Based and Healthier We’ve looked at some pretty tempting pies so far, except that most of them have contained ingredients you may want to minimize or eliminate from your diet. So have I just been teasing you with forbidden fruit (pies), or can we make these pies plant-based and healthy? I think you know the answer… You can replace some or all of the refined sugar in a pie recipe with date paste, fruit, or a variety of healthier sweeteners. Pie crusts typically require flour. You can choose healthier flours than the default white-bleached variety, such as 100% whole wheat flour, chickpea flour, almond flour, buckwheat flour, oat flour, or rice flour. There are also several varieties of gluten-free flour mixes available in many supermarkets and health food stores these days. The raw vegan community has given us raw food pie crusts, which have the added advantage of not needing to be baked, so we can have our pie and eat it quickly. Raw food crusts typically include ground nuts or seeds, and dates or other sweet dried fruits. And, as we’ve seen, some so-called pies don’t have crusts at all. Just use a pie plate, and you can have the spirit and the shape of the pie without the dough. Of course, you’ll need the right ingredients so everything holds together. There are several ways to replace eggs in a pie recipe, depending on the function of the eggs. Flax meal and water (also known as “flax eggs”) can bind ingredients together in a pastry or quiche. The water leftover from canned or cooked chickpeas, called aquafaba, makes an excellent meringue base. And soft or silken tofu can often replace eggs in quiches and frittatas. It’s just as easy to dive into the savory world of meat pies by substituting beans and other legumes, mushrooms, and veggies like eggplant that can approximate the mouthfeel of meat. And if you’re cooking for those who aren’t really into veggies yet, you can help them transition with plant-based meat analogues, which are becoming more realistic by the day. You can also replace cheese with tofu, plant-based cheese analogues (use these sparingly because they typically contain lots of processed ingredients and sometimes even fractionated oils), or your own homemade nut cheese. 6 Scrumptious & Healthy Pie Recipes Now it’s time to try your hand at pie-making. Our healthy pie recipes are varied and absolutely delicious. And, with all the variety, there’s something for just about everyone. We’re including an even six — three sweet and three savory — just to be sure we’re not playing favorites. Creamy, chocolatey, and luscious, yet without flour or oil — is this decadent pie for real? Yes, chocolate dreams do come true! Plant-based ingredients like nuts and avocado create a rich dessert that is packed with nutritional goodness. This pie is definitely a crowd-pleaser, even crowds that “don’t” eat plants! Do you know of a yummy dessert that gives you 13 grams of fiber per serving? Now you do — meet Avocado Key Lime Pie! There’s a lot of fiber hidden in avocados, as well as numerous nutrients like folate, magnesium, potassium, vitamin C, B vitamins — and more! Combined with the nuts and dates, this is one nutrient-dense and fiber-licious end to your meal! Feel all the good vibes and warm energy of autumn with each bite of this sweet potato pie. Creamy and slightly sweet, sweet potatoes offer plentiful fiber and vitamin A, helping your body remain healthy during the cooler months, at the holidays, or anytime you want to enjoy it. How can a pie be so healthy yet feel so indulgent? Mushroom and Kale Pot Pie has all the elements to qualify as both a health food and a comfort food. Immune-supporting mushrooms, nutrient-dense kale, and pathogen-fighting aromatics bring an irresistible combination of flavor, textures, and nutrition to this tasty pie. Have fun in the kitchen while making our take on a restaurant-style Indian favorite — Cauliflower and Chickpea Samosas. Cauliflower is added for vitamin C, chickpeas are added for plant-powered protein, and whole-wheat flour is a rich source of fiber (you can also go with a gluten-free flour if you prefer). Go all in and make your own dough or purchase organic whole grain dough at the store to keep it simpler. Once the dough is made, this quiche recipe comes together quickly. To make it even easier, prep the dough and the filling ahead of time and store them in the refrigerator until you’re ready to impress with a simple and elegant breakfast (or dinner!). Alternatively, purchase a 9-inch pie shell and omit the dough-making process altogether! One Last Word About Healthy Pies Although at first glance it may not seem like pies are a health food, there are plenty of ways to adjust them to make them healthy and plant-based. Whether sweet or savory, pies can be a fun and delicious way to share food with loved ones and get more fruits and vegetables into your diet — without depending on animal products and unhealthy ingredients. Tell us in the comments: - What’s your favorite pie of all time? Is there a way to make it healthy and plant-based? - Is there a type of pie you’re looking forward to trying now? - What’s one type of pie you can add to your regular meal rotation? - Vegan Substitutions for Cooking & Baking - The Joys and Benefits of Slow Cooking: Plus 5 Easy & Nutritious Plant-based Slow Cooker Recipes - Healthy Starters and Appetizers for All Occasions

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The realities of life during the COVID-19 pandemic, from social distancing and quarantines to shuttered schools and businesses, are things we’ve never encountered before. Sometimes a historical perspective is useful. Just over a century ago, the 1918-19 “Spanish Flu” pandemic killed hundreds of thousands of Americans—and tens of millions worldwide—in only about 12 months. Bellingham and Whatcom County residents weren’t spared from the devastation of the terrifying flu strain, which primarily killed healthy people between ages 20 and 40, often through the secondary development of pneumonia. A Germ At Work Nobody knows how or where the new flu strain originated, but closely quartered, but far-traveling soldiers undoubtedly spread it. In 1918, the world’s attention was on World War I, and military camps across the U.S. were training thousands of young men for battle. That March, hundreds of men at Fort Riley, Kansas, became the first reported cases of the new flu. The illness also popped up in New York and elsewhere, but didn’t appear much worse than a normal flu outbreak. Most people recovered, and cases fell off through the summer. In Europe, however, the virus spread intensely among soldiers. Its nickname of “Spanish flu” likely developed because Spain—a neutral country during WWI—had no morale-based news censorship. The flu’s spread was heavily reported there, leading some to assume it began there. Even more so, U.S. newspapers and citizens circulated propaganda-like rumors that a German submarine, towed into a Spanish port, likely launched the disease’s spread. In early September, a second wave of flu infections began in Boston and spread quickly. These cases would be much deadlier, occurring at a time when medicine lacked the annual flu vaccines, antibiotics, antivirals, and mechanical ventilators of today. In Bellingham, front page headlines were still dominated by WWI and the exploits of local men fighting the Kaiser. But in army camps across the country, the flu was exploding. By September 24, the U.S. surgeon general announced Spanish flu present in 26 states, and some East Coast states had begun debating school, church and other public closings. More than 100 cases were reported at Tacoma’s Camp Lewis. On September 27, the Bellingham Herald featured a short article in which Dr. L.R. Markley, chairman of the city board of health, announced Bellingham’s first two flu cases. Markley noted the illness could easily cause pneumonia and, unless contained, could become “an alarming epidemic.” By this time in many places, it already was: 30,000 cases at army camps across the U.S., with cities like Boston and Baltimore seeing daily deaths in the hundreds. On October 5—the same day Whatcom County’s annual fair was to begin—Seattle Mayor Ole Hanson announced the closure of every indoor public gathering place citywide. By then, nearby naval training centers were reporting hundreds of flu cases and several deaths. Hanson noted the uncertainty of actual citywide case numbers, as many people were being misdiagnosed with common colds. On October 8, Bellingham Mayor John A. Sells issued a closing order for all public gathering spots, including schools, theaters, pools, card rooms, dance halls, and churches. In the Herald, city health officer Dr. W.W. Ballaine warned residents to avoid crowds and use handkerchiefs to mask coughs and sneezes. Chief of Police Max Lasse said he would “rigidly” enforce an ordinance banning spitting on sidewalks, a common but unsanitary habit of the era. The order closed city schools until October 21, postponed the dedication of the new Liberty Hall, and closed the YWCA to the public, save for its cafeteria. Funerals were ordered to be small and private. Outdoor gatherings were still allowed in Bellingham, but not in Seattle, having been banned on October 9 after 313 new flu cases were reported. In one 24-hour period, the Herald noted that more than 11,000 new cases were reported in army camps nationwide. Soldiers from Camp Lewis were banned from visiting Seattle, and soldiers with flu symptoms were quarantined. Fears and Cures Just as we’re subject to misinformation regarding our current pandemic, so too were the people of 1918 during theirs. Throughout the Herald, local doctors and drugstores often ran ads indistinguishable from news articles. Some offered trustworthy advice, while others peddled curing elixirs like “Oil of Hyomel.” While vaccine work continued in labs nationwide, false and often idiotic cures made headlines: a homeopathic doctor in Pittsburgh claimed to have quickly cured patients with a hypodermic injection of iodine and creosote. At one point, a Bellingham resident wrote the city council a letter proclaiming the flu could be warded off with yard fires that burned a combination of “rosemary oil, rosin, pitch, tar and Sulphur.” Herald articles show public officials changed their rhetoric during different points in the pandemic, downplaying the flu’s severity one week and pleading people take it seriously the next. By mid-October, Bellingham was reporting dozens of new cases daily. On October 13, the first death occurred: Anne Ruth Harrison, an 18-year-old student at the Washington State Normal School (now Western Washington University), died from pneumonia after a week of illness. Two days later, 25-year-old Walter Shanley, also sick one week, died at his parents’ home while visiting them on Army leave. His 23-year-old sister would die from the flu 10 days later, leaving their parents childless. By this time, rural county towns like Everson and Lynden were also reporting cases and closing schools, and flu deaths in U.S. Army camps topped 10,000. Many organizations did what they could to help. The Bellingham Chamber of Commerce distributed signs with messages like, “Help to win the war by preventing the spread of the disease,” and local Red Cross chapters recruited nurses and volunteers to care for the sick and produce extra gowns and masks. As the pandemic progressed, many cities ordered citizens to wear gauze masks in public. Sometimes, these orders had very negative results. In San Francisco on October 28, a deputy health officer shot a man in public for refusing to don a mask. After being taken to a hospital for treatment, the man was arrested. In Seattle, people lacking masks were kept out of stores and public places by guards, and often refused fare by street car conductors. By the end of October, Bellingham had 22 flu deaths. On November 5, with statewide cases coming in by the thousands, the state board of health ordered masks—no less than six gauze layers thick—be worn by anyone in public. Amid the Herald’s thorough description of when masks be worn, it noted wearing one while eating wasn’t required. In addition, stores and street cars kept windows open for ventilation (regardless of the weather), and ice cream parlors and soda fountains sanitized glasses after each use by boiling them. Two days later, Police Chief Lasse ordered the arrest of anyone seen in public without a mask. That day, Bellingham police slapped cuffs on 22 people. Understandably, businessman and citizens protested, and the next morning, the mayor told police to stop enforcing the order. All cases were dismissed, but not before the detained spent hours in jail. Some, the Herald said, intended to sue the city over the matter. In an official statement, Mayor Sells called the masks a “farce,” noting several physicians had told him they were actually unnecessary and even unsanitary. “If the health department wants me to enter stores and arrest persons for failure to wear masks,” he said, “they will have to furnish me with warrants.” A False Lull By mid-November, cases dwindled to a few dozen a day, and deaths dropped to almost zero. On November 11, Mayor Sells dropped the public closure ban in Bellingham, slightly ahead of the statewide repeal. In the following days, theaters re-opened, as did both the city and Normal schools after six weeks off. Only students who were well were allowed back, though, and recently sick pupils required a physician’s certificate proving they weren’t contagious. Despite this return to “normal” life, by the beginning of December it became clear things weren’t so normal. Bellingham recorded 29 flu deaths in November, and a Thanksgiving dance in Marietta helped further spread the illness. On December 3, the city health board met to discuss another ban on public places, with new cases in the hundreds. The next day, they announced any family with a flu-infected member would be quarantined. No family member could leave their home except for the primary breadwinner, even if they weren’t sick. Schools and public places, though, remained open. On December 6, former Bellingham resident and Los Angeles actress Olive Adair made the front page of the Herald after being mistakenly pronounced dead at an L.A. hospital. After four days of suffering with the flu, doctors wheeled her into a “dead room,” where a priest discovered she was still alive. By December 16, there were more than 200 new daily flu cases, with a handful of deaths. The next day, the city health board unanimously voted to again ban public gatherings. Although things remained civil, business owners voiced displeasure; several theater owners said they wouldn’t close unless it was proven the health board could legally enforce the order. Schools, the city superintendent said, wouldn’t close unless all other places children could go also closed. Even Dr. Ballaine lamented the economic toll of another closing order. On December 19, with hundreds of new cases and family quarantines deemed a failure, a compromise was reached: theaters, churches and schools would remain open. Dance halls and skating rinks would be closed, and other public businesses would use guards to prevent the sick from entering. “Anyone coughing in public places,” the Herald noted, “will be requested to leave.” Despite the order, all city schools had closed again on December 17, and stayed that way. Normal students were given homeschool assignments through the Christmas break, and graduation ceremonies were postponed. Most churches also remained closed, though six Lutheran churches stayed open. On December 21, Dr. Ballaine’s weekly report showed 15 deaths, the highest weekly Bellingham toll since the epidemic began. About 80 percent of the city’ flu deaths, he noted, were between ages 17 and 30. The city health board was still on edge, and said they’d close everything but grocery and butcher shops if things didn’t improve. On Christmas Eve, a new city council ordinance was introduced. It gave the city health board free authority over epidemic situations; those disobeying their orders would be charged with misdemeanors, fined at least $100, and jailed up to a month. The next week, however, the ordinance was unanimously voted down. On December 30, city schools reopened, and the Normal School soon followed. Attendance was initially about half, but improved quickly. By January 4, 1919, Dr. Ballaine reported just 166 new flu cases, with four deaths. A few cases continued off-and-on through March, when the Spanish flu peaked a final time across the U.S. before disappearing forever. There’s no exact number of Bellingham or Whatcom County Spanish flu deaths, but in Bellingham alone an estimated 100 people died within six months, mostly between October and January. Thousands more became sick. In Seattle, over 1,500 died, with more than 6,500 dead statewide. The final U.S. death toll from the 1918-19 pandemic is estimated at 675,000 people—more than all U.S. war casualties from WWI, WWII, Korea, Vietnam, Iraq and Afghanistan combined. Worldwide, death estimates range from 20 to 100 million, with nearly 600 million (of 1.8 billion total people) becoming sick. Vaccines were developed during the pandemic, but most only alleviated secondary complications and didn’t prevent the initial infection. To this day, the Spanish flu remains the deadliest influenza strain in recorded human history.

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Recently, I went to a nearby farm and to my surprise the ducks there were so damn aggressive. The owner, an old friend of mine, was petrified but wasn’t able to do anything. She asked for my help but I was clueless as well. Hence, I cleared my schedule, took out my phone, and decided to search all about this in order to write a decent post. Here is what I found out. Do ducks bite? Both male and female ducks bite. Male ducks, known as Drakes, bite more often than females. The bites can range from a slight pinch to a strong grab-and-pull. Ducks do not have hands and therefore communicate mostly with their bills and hence the occasional biting. On the other hand, ducklings rarely bite unless they mistakenly think your hand is food. There are many misconceptions about duck behavior and not understanding all the complexities can create problems. Therefore, read this article entirely to understand everything in detail. Why do ducks bite? Credits to Instagram user loftyhopespigeonpositive (original post here) Ducks bite for a variety of reasons including biting in anger, to show dominance, to show their love, to ask for food, etc . But remember, not all bites are the same. Ducks sometimes nibble to show affection and even to “beg” for food. If the biting is severe and uncontrollable, it could be because of two reasons. The first is that they are protecting their partner and her eggs from a big predator like you. Secondly, sometimes, as they live with humans for a long time, they may start understanding you as a potential partner. And hence, just like with other ducks during the mating ritual, they bite to make initiations and convey their readiness. Do ducks have teeth to bite? Like most other birds, ducks do not have teeth. They have serrated bills with shapes similar to sawblades. Their bills look and work as teeth though. These bills are serrated to catch and grab underwater plantations. Do duck bites hurt? Duck bites can hurt. It can vary from slight pinch to strong grab-and-pull, which could result in bruises. You can relate to it by grabbing a plier and gently pressing it, so it starts hurting a little. That’s how you feel when a duck holds/bites you with his bill. It will hurt more if your skin is caught under their serrated bills and you try to force remove it as their hooks are inside your skin. Can you get infections from a duck? You can get infections from ducks. According to a CDC report, in 2016, over 890 people were infected by birds, including ducks, due to proximity to them. In case a duck bites you, you could get Salmonella. The symptoms can range from vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and even fever. If you are concerned about anything, immediately consult a physician regarding your situation. Redness, swelling in the area can all signs of infection. Are ducks aggressive all the time? Not all ducks are aggressive. It depends a lot on the individual duck’s personality than the species of the duck. As drakes reach mating age and especially if it is the mating season, they can show aggressiveness. Aggression is also a sign of loneliness. If you have too many drakes and not many females, then drakes can fight within themselves for the few females out there. The proper ratio should be at least 3 to 4 ducks for one drake. Can ducks attack other animals, especially chickens? Ducks can definitely attack chickens if they are in their vicinity. This is especially normal if drakes do not have other females to mate with. They could try to mate with your chickens, and this could lead to a disaster. They could push her down with their beaks. They could also penetrate the chicken with their penises which could also lead to the death of chickens. To avoid such situations, keep the ducks and chickens apart if you see aggressive behavior. You can also reduce the number of drakes to a minimum. How to make a duck stop biting you? Ducks can be aggressive at times and can bite you hard, including causing injuries. They do this to show their dominance, and you have to establish your dominance. To do this, you have to put the duck down and gently sit over him while keeping both of his flaps immovable for at least 5 mins. Be gentle but firm. Continuously doing this will definitely send the message to the duck that you are in no mood to mess with. And you are the boss here. Check the example below to see how it should be done. There are other ways, as well. You can pick them by their bills and carry them around a while not allowing them to move a bit. You need to show some aggressive drake behavior. Treat them like other aggressive drakes do. You have to show that you are the biggest, baddest drake out there. Don’t feed them by your hands while you are showing aggressive behavior. Don’t pet them. Wear long shoes and long pants, so they have nowhere to peck. You can push them whenever they try to come close to you. You can also carry a small stick, and that should send a signal that you are in a serious mood. How to tell if a duck likes you? There are not a ton of ways to show whether a duck likes you are not. Ducks are prey-animals, and therefore they sometimes do not show enough affection to their human carers. However, some ducks do. If the duck likes you, he or she would come and stand in front of you when you come from outside. They then will quack and talk up a little bit. They will also gently nibble at your hands. Friendly ducks also allow you to pet them and hold them. How to tame a duck? How to make ducks like you? It is much easier to make ducks like you if you have cared for them since birth. If not, there are still other ways around it. Here are the steps to tame a duck: - Start spending time with your ducks to make them familiarize themselves with you. Just be around them. There is no need to pet or touch in the starting. - Ducks love treats like bananas, tomatoes, and frozen peas. Some ducks also love mealworms and earthworms. First, try to understand what they like the most. - To find the best treats, whenever you walk in, place some amounts of treats in their pens to associate your arrival with the arrival of new treats. - Then, start giving them treats with your hand but initially keep a long distance. They may be new to you, and therefore they will not be able to eat from your hand, so keep your distance will start a small relationship. - Then, reduce the distance over time. Closer and closer they come. - If they are unable to come and grab from your hand, keep giving them treats till they do. - Soon, they will be able to eat from your hands, and as your hands provide them treats, they will associate with them the goodness of eating treats. This will be a positive association and will benefit you in coming close to them. - Now, to initiate contact, start with touching their backside with just one finger. Do not touch the face in the beginning, or you could reverse the process completely. - If you keep moving slowly, you will be able to hold them after some time. - Caring for them while they’re hurt in mating or something else can also be a good time for bonding. You can provide them with space inside while they heal. - Also, when you hold them try to avoid lifting them off the ground and just make a wall around them. Ducks don’t like to get raised. Why do ducks hiss at you? Hissing in ducks has several meanings. Some say it shows aggression, while others say it is normal for them to do so. It can mean both in my view. In the case of aggression, you would see hissing with flapping wings and other aggressive activities. Besides that, hissing can also show that the duck is defensive and is trying to defend themselves or their eggs. What does it mean when a duck wags its tail at you? Wagging the tail is a sign of happiness in ducks. Usually, ducks wag their tail when you are there to provide them with something to eat. When they anticipate good things coming their way like dogs, they do this behavior. Drakes have attacked our children. What to do? Drakes can be aggressive sometimes, and therefore at those times, it is not a good idea to allow children near them. Make a fence so children can view them, but they can’t hurt them at all. New ducklings have started to bite/peck at me. Is there a reason? Ducklings are rarely aggressive, but when they are, look at this from their point of view. They are small and prey animals. When a large hand comes towards them, they get frightened and use their defense mechanisms. You have to understand their fears and be a lot slower from thereon. However, not all pecks are the same. They may also be asking for food. When I hug my duck, they move their necks over my arm and shake a bit. What does that mean? That means that the duck is showing you who’s the boss here. They are trying to exert their dominance. Can female ducks be aggressive as well? Female ducks can be aggressive at brooding time or when they want to show the other ladies in the pecking order who’s in charge here. How to tame a wild duck? Keeping a wild duck species is against the law. You should send it to a rescue center ASAP.

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Knowing the difference between trailing and forward dividends and their corresponding yield metrics will help you evaluate, compare and choose the investments that are best for your situation. Our first step is to look at what dividends are, where they come from, and how frequently they are payed. We’ll then discuss the details of what trailing and forward dividends are and how you can use them to help understand the income your investments will generate now and in the future. What is a Dividend? Companies have many options for what to do with the profits their business generates. To help their business grow, a company can put some of those profits back into the company to fund research and development (R&D) or pay for acquisitions. Publicly traded companies will often give back some of their profits to their shareholders as a thank-you for the trust they have in their business. Two common ways of giving back to shareholders are through open-market share repurchases (which boost share price) and the more traditional dividend payments to shareholders. With dividends, a company decides to give some portion of their profits directly back to their shareholders in the form of a cash payment. Individual shareholders usually have the option of reinvesting those dividend payments by purchasing more of the company’s shares (typically done automatically via a dividend reinvestment plan [DRIP]), or by receiving the dividend payments in cash. When a company declares a dividend, it specifies the amount of the dividend on a per share basis. For example, the fictitious company XYZ declared a dividend of $0.25 per share. This means that for each share of the company’s stock that you own, you will be paid $0.25. Thus the total amount you receive from this dividend payment is $0.25 times the number of shares owned. <amount of dividend per share> * <number of shares owned> = <total dividend payment> As an example, if you were a shareholder of XYZ and owned 100 shares, their dividend payment of $0.25 per share would net you $25: Dividend Payment Frequency The frequency of dividend payments varies. In the US and Canada, companies typically pay dividends on a quarterly basis – that is, 4 times a year. However some REITs will pay monthly (i.e. 12 times per year). In the UK and developed Asian markets, bi-annual (2 times per year) dividend payments are most common. In Europe companies typically pay dividends annually. Sometimes companies will even pay special, one-off dividends, such as when Microsoft (MSFT) payed a special dividend of $3 per share in 2004. Because of the difference in payment frequency, when analyzing and comparing dividends from different companies, investors look at the annual dividend amount, rather than the individual period amounts (i.e. bi-annual, quarterly or monthly). So for the fictitious company XYZ that pays a dividend of $0.25 per share each quarter, an investor that owned 100 shares would receive $100 per year in dividends: ($0.25 * 100) * 4 = $100. What Dividends Mean to Investors By looking at a company’s annual dividend amount, investors can judge how much money they will earn by owning the company’s stock. However, since dividends are paid out of company profits, and profits are rarely stable, a company’s dividend payments are not always the same. A company’s profits depend on 3 main factors: the company’s own execution of their business; the general economic environment for the sector/industry in which they operate; and the broader, global economic environment. A company might make a profit one year, but swing to a loss the next. If a company’s profits have been lower for long enough, or the company foresees their profits dropping for a significant length of the time, they may choose to lower or even eliminate dividend payments. As an example, many formerly profitable companies, such as Carnival (CCL) and American Airlines (AAL), eliminated their dividends in early 2020 because of the drastic, negative impact that COVID-19 had on their businesses. Ideally, investors are looking for companies that have a long history of stable, increasing dividend payments. Any uncertainty in the amount of the company’s dividend can lead to fluctuations in the stock price as investors re-evaluate a stock’s value. There are also many investors who rely on dividend payments as a source of income. For example, many retirees live off of the dividends generated by their investments. If those dividend amounts change, it can have significant consequences on the retiree’s daily lives. Due to the potential uncertainty around dividend payments, there are 2 main ways of calculating a company’s annual dividend: trailing 12 month dividends and forward dividends. Trailing 12 Month Dividends Trailing 12 Month (TTM) Dividends are the simplest way of looking at and calculating a company’s annual dividend amount. They are calculated from actual dividend payments made by the company over the last 12 months. To calculate a company’s TTM dividends, all dividend amounts from the last 12 months are added together to arrive at the total dividends paid over the last year. For example, if our fictitious company, XYZ, paid a dividend of $0.20 per share in February, May and August, and a dividend of $0.25 per share in November, their annual trailing 12 month dividend would be $0.85 per share. That is: ($0.20 * 3) + $0.25 = $0.85. For an investor that owned 100 shares of XYZ during those 12 months, the TTM dividend resulted in a total of $85 in dividend payments. Forward Dividends, on the other hand, are extrapolated from the company’s last dividend payment or announcement. Instead of looking back at the past payments, the forward dividend assumes that the most recent dividend payment will be continued for the next 12 months. For example, if our fictitious company, XYZ, paid their most recent quarterly dividend of $0.25 per share, their annual forward dividend would be $1.00. That is: $0.25 * 4 = $1.00. For an investor that owns 100 shares of XYZ, the forward dividend would be worth a total of $100 in dividend payments over the next 12 months. The forward dividend calculation also applies when a company suspends or eliminates its dividend. In this case, because the suspension announcement means the company will not pay a dividend, the forward dividend is considered to be 0. Investors that own shares in that company will not receive any dividend payments as long as the company’s dividend has been suspended. As mentioned above, this can have significant affects on the company’s stock price as well as on some individual investor’s daily lives. As seen in our fictitious example company, XYZ, the trailing 12 month dividend may not always be the same as the forward dividend. This is especially true when there have been recent changes (positive or negative) in the company’s paid or announced dividend amounts. What Is Dividend Yield? Annual dividend amounts between companies can not be directly compared. An annual dividend of $1 per share from company XYZ is not the same as an annual dividend of $1 per share from company ABCD. This is because each company’s stock may trade at a different price, and the amount of shares that you own of each stock may be different. Both of which may lead to different total amounts of dividend payments that you would receive. So in order to help investors evaluate the dividends paid by a company, a fundamental metric called dividend yield was invented. Dividend yield (or simply a stock’s yield) is calculated as the annual dividend amount per share divided by the current share price, expressed as a percentage: ( yearly-dividend-amount-per-share / current-share-price ) * 100 = dividend yield % The dividend yield metric allows an investor to make comparisons between the annual dividends of companies, even when the dividend amounts paid by the company differ and the company’s stocks trade at different prices. A stock’s yield gives investors a direct and useful way of analyzing and comparing potential or current investments. It is also particularly useful for investors who need to find the best dividend stocks when building an income generating portfolio of investments. Different Ways of Calculating Dividend Yield Because there are multiple ways of calculating a stock’s annual dividend amount, there are also different ways of calculating a stock’s dividend yield. The trailing 12 month (TTM) dividend amount is used to calculate a stock’s trailing 12 month dividend yield: ( TTM-dividend-per-share / current-stock-price-per-share ) * 100 = TTM-dividend-yield % While the forward dividend amount is used to calculate a stock’s forward dividend yield: ( forward-dividend-per-share / current-stock-price-per-share ) * 100 = forward-dividend-yield % If our fictitious example stock, XYZ, trades at $10 per share, the TTM yield would be ($0.85 / $10) * 100 = 8.5%. However, the forward dividend yield for XYZ is ($1 / $10) * 100 = 10%. When to Use Trailing 12 Month vs Forward Dividend Yield? The TTM dividend yield is a backward looking metric that uses known values to measure the worth of a company’s dividend. But as is so often the case in the investment world, past performance does not imply future returns. Just because a company has paid a certain amount in dividends over the last year, does not mean that the company will continue to pay the same dividend amount for the next 12 months. Investors during the financial crisis of 2008 or the pandemic crisis of 2020 will be acutely aware of how dividend payments can change very quickly when companies are fighting to stay afloat. Forward dividend yield is a forward looking metric that uses assumed dividend payments to measure the worth of a company’s dividend. But like the TTM dividend yield, forward dividend yield values are not a guarantee of payment – they are only an assumption based on current conditions. Forward yields can change (up or down) depending on many factors. However, forward dividend yield is a more useful metric to fixed income investors than the TTM dividend yield as forward yield allows for a more accurate estimate of future income. Dividend investors of all types must be aware that unknown changes in a company’s results or in the broader economy can have effects on the dividends paid by the stocks in their portfolios. Regular evaluation of the stocks in your portfolio and their TTM and forward dividends will help you maintain your investment goals. Tracking Your Investment’s Dividends If you’re looking for a way to easily evaluate and analyze your portfolio’s dividends, StockMarketEye can help. Using data freely available on the web, view TTM and forward dividend values for your holdings, or analyze and compare watchlists of stocks that you’re shopping for. You’ll find more information on the various metrics available for tracking dividends, as well as for tracking the performance of your portfolio on our site.

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In 1989 the political systems of three centuries came to an end in Europe: the balance-of-power and the imperial urge. That year marked not just the end of the Cold War, but also, and more significantly, the end of a state system in Europe which dated from the Thirty Years War. September 11 showed us one of the implications of the change. To understand the present, we must first understand the past, for the past is still with us. International order used to be based either on hegemony or on balance. Hegemony came first. In the ancient world, order meant empire. Those within the empire had order, culture and civilisation. Outside it lay barbarians, chaos and disorder. The image of peace and order through a single hegemonic power centre has remained strong ever since. Empires, however, are ill-designed for promoting change. Holding the empire together - and it is the essence of empires that they are diverse - usually requires an authoritarian political style; innovation, especially in society and politics, would lead to instability. Historically, empires have generally been static. In Europe, a middle way was found between the stasis of chaos and the stasis of empire, namely the small state. The small state succeeded in establishing sovereignty, but only within a geographically limited jurisdiction. Thus domestic order was purchased at the price of international anarchy. The competition between the small states of Europe was a source of progress, but the system was also constantly threatened by a relapse into chaos on one side and by the hegemony of a single power on the other. The solution to this was the balance-of-power, a system of counter-balancing alliances which became seen as the condition of liberty in Europe. Coalitions were successfully put together to thwart the hegemonic ambitions firstly of Spain, then of France, and finally of Germany. But the balance-of-power system too had an inherent instability, the ever-present risk of war, and it was this that eventually caused it to collapse. German unification in 1871 created a state too powerful to be balanced by any European alliance; technological changes raised the costs of war to an unbearable level; and the development of mass society and democratic politics, rendered impossible the amoral calculating mindset necessary to make the balance of power system function. Nevertheless, in the absence of any obvious alternative it persisted, and what emerged in 1945 was not so much a new system as the culmination of the old one. The old multi-lateral balance-of-power in Europe became a bilateral balance of terror worldwide, a final simplification of the balance of power. But it was not built to last. The balance of power never suited the more universalistic, moralist spirit of the late twentieth century. The second half of the twentieth Century has seen not just the end of the balance of power but also the waning of the imperial urge: in some degree the two go together. A world that started the century divided among European empires finishes it with all or almost all of them gone: the Ottoman, German, Austrian, French , British and finally Soviet Empires are now no more than a memory. This leaves us with two new types of state: first there are now states - often former colonies - where in some sense the state has almost ceased to exist a 'premodern' zone where the state has failed and a Hobbesian war of all against all is underway (countries such as Somalia and, until recently, Afghanistan). Second, there are the post imperial, postmodern states who no longer think of security primarily in terms of conquest. And thirdly, of course there remain the traditional "modern" states who behave as states always have, following Machiavellian principles and raison d'ètat (one thinks of countries such as India, Pakistan and China). The postmodern system in which we Europeans live does not rely on balance; nor does it emphasise sovereignty or the separation of domestic and foreign affairs. The European Union has become a highly developed system for mutual interference in each other's domestic affairs, right down to beer and sausages. The CFE Treaty, under which parties to the treaty have to notify the location of their heavy weapons and allow inspections, subjects areas close to the core of sovereignty to international constraints. It is important to realise what an extraordinary revolution this is. It mirrors the paradox of the nuclear age, that in order to defend yourself, you had to be prepared to destroy yourself. The shared interest of European countries in avoiding a nuclear catastrophe has proved enough to overcome the normal strategic logic of distrust and concealment. Mutual vulnerability has become mutual transparency. The main characteristics of the postmodern world are as follows: · The breaking down of the distinction between domestic and foreign affairs. · Mutual interference in (traditional) domestic affairs and mutual surveillance. · The rejection of force for resolving disputes and the consequent codification of self-enforced rules of behaviour. · The growing irrelevance of borders: this has come about both through the changing role of the state, but also through missiles, motor cars and satellites. · Security is based on transparency, mutual openness, interdependence and mutual vulnerability. The conception of an International Criminal Court is a striking example of the postmodern breakdown of the distinction between domestic and foreign affairs. In the postmodern world, raison d'ètat and the amorality of Machiavelli's theories of statecraft, which defined international relations in the modern era, have been replaced by a moral consciousness that applies to international relations as well as to domestic affairs: hence the renewed interest in what constitutes a just war. While such a system does deal with the problems that made the balance-of-power unworkable, it does not entail the demise of the nation state. While economy, law-making and defence may be increasingly embedded in international frameworks, and the borders of territory may be less important, identity and democratic institutions remain primarily national. Thus traditional states will remain the fundamental unit of international relations for the foreseeable future, even though some of them may have ceased to behave in traditional ways. What is the origin of this basic change in the state system? The fundamental point is that "the world's grown honest". A large number of the most powerful states no longer want to fight or conquer. It is this that gives rise to both the pre-modern and postmodern worlds. Imperialism in the traditional sense is dead, at least among the Western powers. If this is true, it follows that we should not think of the EU or even NATO as the root cause of the half century of peace we have enjoyed in Western Europe. The basic fact is that Western European countries no longer want to fight each other. NATO and the EU have, nevertheless, played an important role in reinforcing and sustaining this position. NATO's most valuable contribution has been the openness it has created. NATO was, and is a massive intra-western confidence-building measure. It was NATO and the EU that provided the framework within which Germany could be reunited without posing a threat to the rest of Europe as its original unification had in 1871. Both give rise to thousands of meetings of ministers and officials, so that all those concerned with decisions involving war and peace know each other well. Compared with the past, this represents a quality and stability of political relations never known before. The EU is the most developed example of a postmodern system. It represents security through transparency, and transparency through interdependence. The EU is more a transnational than a supra-national system, a voluntary association of states rather than the subordination of states to a central power. The dream of a European state is one left from a previous age. It rests on the assumption that nation states are fundamentally dangerous and that the only way to tame the anarchy of nations is to impose hegemony on them. But if the nation-state is a problem then the super-state is certainly not a solution. European states are not the only members of the postmodern world. Outside Europe, Canada is certainly a postmodern state; Japan is by inclination a postmodern state, but its location prevents it developing more fully in this direction. The USA is the more doubtful case since it is not clear that the US government or Congress accepts either the necessity or desirability of interdependence, or its corollaries of openness, mutual surveillance and mutual interference, to the same extent as most European governments now do. Elsewhere, what in Europe has become a reality is in many other parts of the world an aspiration. ASEAN, NAFTA, MERCOSUR and even OAU suggest at least the desire for a postmodern environment, and though this wish is unlikely to be realised quickly, imitation is undoubtedly easier than invention. Within the postmodern world, there are no security threats in the traditional sense; that is to say, its members do not consider invading each other. Whereas in the modern world , following Clausewitz' dictum war is an instrument of policy in the postmodern world it is a sign of policy failure. But while the members of the postmodern world may not represent a danger to one another, both the modern and pre-modern zones pose threats. The threat from the modern world is the most familiar. Here, the classical state system, from which the postmodern world has only recently emerged, remains intact, and continues to operate by the principles of empire and the supremacy of national interest. If there is to be stability it will come from a balance among the aggressive forces. It is notable how few are the areas of the world where such a balance exists. And how sharp the risk is that in some areas there may soon be a nuclear element in the equation. The challenge to the postmodern world is to get used to the idea of double standards. Among ourselves, we operate on the basis of laws and open cooperative security. But when dealing with more old-fashioned kinds of states outside the postmodern continent of Europe, we need to revert to the rougher methods of an earlier era - force, pre-emptive attack, deception, whatever is necessary to deal with those who still live in the nineteenth century world of every state for itself. Among ourselves, we keep the law but when we are operating in the jungle, we must also use the laws of the jungle. In the prolonged period of peace in Europe, there has been a temptation to neglect our defences, both physical and psychological. This represents one of the great dangers of the postmodern state. The challenge posed by the pre-modern world is a new one. The pre-modern world is a world of failed states. Here the state no longer fulfils Weber's criterion of having the monopoly on the legitimate use of force. Either it has lost the legitimacy or it has lost the monopoly of the use of force; often the two go together. Examples of total collapse are relatively rare, but the number of countries at risk grows all the time. Some areas of the former Soviet Union are candidates, including Chechnya. All of the world's major drug-producing areas are part of the pre-modern world. Until recently there was no real sovereign authority in Afghanistan; nor is there in upcountry Burma or in some parts of South America, where drug barons threaten the state's monopoly on force. All over Africa countries are at risk. No area of the world is without its dangerous cases. In such areas chaos is the norm and war is a way of life. In so far as there is a government it operates in a way similar to an organised crime syndicate. The premodern state may be too weak even to secure its home territory, let alone pose a threat internationally, but it can provide a base for non-state actors who may represent a danger to the postmodern world. If non-state actors, notably drug, crime, or terrorist syndicates take to using premodern bases for attacks on the more orderly parts of the world, then the organised states may eventually have to respond. If they become too dangerous for established states to tolerate, it is possible to imagine a defensive imperialism. It is not going too far to view the West's response to Afghanistan in this light. How should we deal with the pre-modern chaos? To become involved in a zone of chaos is risky; if the intervention is prolonged it may become unsustainable in public opinion; if the intervention is unsuccessful it may be damaging to the government that ordered it. But the risks of letting countries rot, as the West did Afghanistan, may be even greater. What form should intervention take? The most logical way to deal with chaos, and the one most employed in the past is colonisation. But colonisation is unacceptable to postmodern states (and, as it happens, to some modern states too). It is precisely because of the death of imperialism that we are seeing the emergence of the pre-modern world. Empire and imperialism are words that have become a form of abuse in the postmodern world. Today, there are no colonial powers willing to take on the job, though the opportunities, perhaps even the need for colonisation is as great as it ever was in the nineteenth century. Those left out of the global economy risk falling into a vicious circle. Weak government means disorder and that means falling investment. In the 1950s, South Korea had a lower GNP per head than Zambia: the one has achieved membership of the global economy, the other has not. All the conditions for imperialism are there, but both the supply and demand for imperialism have dried up. And yet the weak still need the strong and the strong still need an orderly world. A world in which the efficient and well governed export stability and liberty, and which is open for investment and growth - all of this seems eminently desirable. What is needed then is a new kind of imperialism, one acceptable to a world of human rights and cosmopolitan values. We can already discern its outline: an imperialism which, like all imperialism, aims to bring order and organisation but which rests today on the voluntary principle. Postmodern imperialism takes two forms. First there is the voluntary imperialism of the global economy. This is usually operated by an international consortium through International Financial Institutions such as the IMF and the World Bank - it is characteristic of the new imperialism that it is multilateral. These institutions provide help to states wishing to find their way back into the global economy and into the virtuous circle of investment and prosperity. In return they make demands which, they hope, address the political and economic failures that have contributed to the original need for assistance. Aid theology today increasingly emphasises governance. If states wish to benefit, they must open themselves up to the interference of international organisations and foreign states (just as, for different reasons, the postmodern world has also opened itself up.) The second form of postmodern imperialism might be called the imperialism of neighbours. Instability in your neighbourhood poses threats which no state can ignore. Misgovernment, ethnic violence and crime in the Balkans poses a threat to Europe. The response has been to create something like a voluntary UN protectorate in Bosnia and Kosovo. It is no surprise that in both cases the High Representative is European. Europe provides most of the aid that keeps Bosnia and Kosovo running and most of the soldiers (though the US presence is an indispensable stabilising factor). In a further unprecedented move, the EU has offered unilateral free-market access to all the countries of the former Yugoslavia for all products including most agricultural produce. It is not just soldiers that come from the international community; it is police, judges, prison officers, central bankers and others. Elections are organised and monitored by the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). Local police are financed and trained by the UN. As auxiliaries to this effort - in many areas indispensable to it - are over a hundred NGOs. One additional point needs to be made. It is dangerous if a neighbouring state is taken over in some way by organised or disorganised crime - which is what state collapse usually amounts to. But Usama bin Laden has now demonstrated for those who had not already realised, that today all the world is, potentially at least, our neighbour. The Balkans are a special case. Elsewhere in Central and Eastern Europe the EU is engaged in a programme which will eventually lead to massive enlargement. In the past empires have imposed their laws and systems of government; in this case no one is imposing anything. Instead, a voluntary movement of self-imposition is taking place. While you are a candidate for EU membership you have to accept what is given - a whole mass of laws and regulations - as subject countries once did. But the prize is that once you are inside you will have a voice in the commonwealth. If this process is a kind of voluntary imperialism, the end state might be describes as a cooperative empire. 'Commonwealth' might indeed not be a bad name. The postmodern EU offers a vision of cooperative empire, a common liberty and a common security without the ethnic domination and centralised absolutism to which past empires have been subject, but also without the ethnic exclusiveness that is the hallmark of the nation state - inappropriate in an era without borders and unworkable in regions such as the Balkans. A cooperative empire might be the domestic political framework that best matches the altered substance of the postmodern state: a framework in which each has a share in the government, in which no single country dominates and in which the governing principles are not ethnic but legal. The lightest of touches will be required from the centre; the 'imperial bureaucracy' must be under control, accountable, and the servant, not the master, of the commonwealth. Such an institution must be as dedicated to liberty and democracy as its constituent parts. Like Rome, this commonwealth would provide its citizens with some of its laws, some coins and the occasional road. That perhaps is the vision. Can it be realised? Only time will tell. The question is how much time there may be. In the modern world the secret race to acquire nuclear weapons goes on. In the premodern world the interests of organised crime - including international terrorism - grow greater and faster than the state. There may not be much time left. · Robert Cooper is a senior serving British diplomat, and writes in a personal capacity. This article is published as The post-modern state in the new collection Reordering the World: the long term implications of September 11, published by The Foreign Policy Centre. You can send your views on the piece to the author via The Foreign Policy Centre at [email protected]. If you would like to respond to the piece, or contribute to Observer Worldview, please write to Observer site editor Sunder Katwala at [email protected].

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Machu Picchu is not only one of the most popular tourist attractions in the world, it is also one of the most mysterious. This beautiful citadel was built around 1450. After its discovery in 1911, many questions have been raised about its construction. Many unknowns have not yet been resolved. Know a list with the 10 secrets of Machupicchu that have already been discovered. - Machu Picchu is the lost city of the Incas? - Who discovered Machu Picchu? - Does Machu Picchu have a secret temple? - Are there still things that can be found? - Are there buildings that cannot be seen? - Is the construction of Machu Picchu a mystery? - Is there a secret door? - Is there a temple dedicated to the condor? - Can you see the face of a sleeping man and woman in Machu Picchu? - Was Machu Picchu the destination of a pilgrimage? Enigmatic Machu Picchu 1. Is Machu Picchu the famous ‘Lost City of the Incas’? Not really. The name of the “Lost City of the Incas” was given by Hiram Bingham to Machu Picchu, as he believed that he had found the lost city of Vilcabamba, the last refuge of the Incas after the Spanish invasion. Today, however, Machupicchu is mistakenly known as the “Lost City of the Incas”. After the discovery, the North American archaeologist with the help of Yale University, extracted and transported 30,000 Inca artifacts to the United States. Most have already been returned and are located in the Machu Picchu Site Museum and the Casa Concha Museum in Cusco. Vilcabamba was the true ‘lost city of the Incas’ that Hiram Bingham was looking for. 2. Who discovered Machu Picchu? Although the story puts the American explorer Hiram Bingham as the discoverer of the Inca city of Machu Picchu in 1911, it was actually a boy who led Bingham to the valley with the Inca ruins. It was even the Cusco landowner Agustín Lizárraga who left his name written on one of its walls 10 years before Bingham. In addition, some families already lived and cultivated in the vicinity of the place. Although Hiram Bingham was not really the discoverer, he was the one who made Machu Picchu known to the entire world. For this reason he is known as the ‘scientific discoverer of Machupicchu’. The discovery of the Inca city was published in National Geographic magazine and, later, in the entire world. 3. Does Machu Picchu have a secret temple? One of the most amazing structures in the Machu Picchu sanctuary is the Temple of the Moon, also known as the ‘Great Cavern’. This building is far from all other buildings. Due to its hidden location in the foothills of the Huayna Picchu mountain, almost no visitors arrive there. It is built inside a natural cave and shows one of the best stone carvings in the entire place. To visit the Temple of the Moon you must get availability of the ticket Machu Picchu + Huayna Picchu and follow a 3-hour hiking route. Then you will be one of the lucky few to enter this incredible mountain. This adventure offers a unique experience within the Machu Picchu National Park. Crossing the stairs of death to the top of the Huaynapicchu, will allow you to take incredible aerial photographs of the Inca city. The Temple of the Moon (or Grand Cavern). 4. Are there still things that can be found? When you are inside the Inca city, you will notice that sometimes the side roads branch off into the thick foliage. Where are you going? Who knows. Because the cloud forest grows faster around Machu Picchu, there may be unknown trails and ruins yet to be discovered. Places such as the Royal Tomb of Machu Picchu need to be explored in more depth, also several recently recovered sets of terraces were made available to visitors in 2015. Excavation work in the Inca city is still incomplete. Of course, do not try to look for unconditioned roads, as it can slip and fall to the cliffs that surround the place. 5. Are there buildings that cannot be seen? Archeologists have been able to demonstrate that most of the city is built underground. About 60 percent of the city is underground, where a labyrinth of walls and channels serve as drainage to what was the most important city in the Inca empire. Of course, no investigation is possible there, as some part of the citadel would inevitably be damaged. Most of Machu Picchu is made of platforms, which served as food for the Inca population that lived there (approximately between 100 and 400 people lived there). Not only Machupicchu but other famous Inca citadels such as Pisac, Ollantaytambo and Choquequirao developed a platform system near the main cities to make them self-sustainable. The Choquequirao archaeological site is considered ‘the sacred sister of Machupicchu’. 6. Is the construction of Machu Picchu a mystery? There are innumerable theories about the “lost city of the Incas”, but none manages to reveal one of the greatest enigmas of this 15th century city, “its construction”. Why did the Incas build a city like this, in a place as inaccessible as this? But one that will keep you biting your nails is how did the Incas do to shape the stones in such amazing detail ?; the assembly between the stones is so amazing, that you will not be able to introduce your credit card between them. After being in the Inca city you will realize that such a detailed stone work is impossible to achieve with the rustic tools that the Incas had and that you will have the opportunity to see in the Site Museum; What’s more, even now it is impossible to emulate the incredible stone carving, even with the most modern and powerful tools. Just as Machupicchu, the constructions of other Inca citadels and fortresses such as Sacsayhuaman are still a mystery. The ‘Stone of the 12 Angles’ in Cusco. 7. Is there a secret door? When in 2011 Thierry Jamin, a French archaeologist and explorer, found a secret door at Machu Picchu, the eyes of the world fell on the Inca city. Unfortunately, the Government of Peru denied permission to complete the excavation; it is probable that they feared for the damage that the excavations could cause to the place. Thierry said that there is a tomb (probably that of a king), surrounded by children and a golden staircase that would lead to other secret places. Despite various attempts to carry out investigative work at the ‘Secret Door of Machupicchu’, Thierry Jamin failed to obtain permission. Currently access to this door is prohibited. If you are lucky enough to visit the Inca citadel, you should go to the Tres Portadas area in the heart of the town. 8. Is there a temple dedicated to the condor? Condors are huge birds, adults grow to more than 1.40 meters in height, with a wingspan of 3.30 meters. Upon reaching the Temple of the Condor, you will notice the head of a condor sculpted on the ground; But what happened to the body? If you go back a few steps, the entire building will reveal its gigantic wings represented by two giant carved rocks in the shape of wings. As in all Machu Picchu, you will have to pay attention to details; the left wing does not touch the ground, symbolizing the bird in flight. The condor was one of the three sacred animals of the Incas along with the cougar and the snake. The condor represented the upper or heavenly world (Hanan pacha), the puma to the earthly or living world (Kay pacha) and the serpent the world below or of the dead (Uku pacha). The condor temple is made up of a three-dimensional structure. 9. Can you see the face of a sleeping man and woman in Machu Picchu? Unlike many of the symbols found in Machu Picchu, the apparently male human face can be seen in the mountains of Machu Picchu (the famous face of Machupicchu). The all-natural formation appears to show a person’s nose, mouth, and forehead looking up at the sky. But the Incas believed in duality; so don’t be surprised there is also a sleeping woman carved out of rock. The carving resembles the profile of a sleeping woman’s face. Samples taken from the rock surface have revealed traces of gold engraved on it; some archaeologists believe that this stone may have been entirely covered in gold. The best date to see the ‘face of Machupicchu’ is in May, June or July. The best time is from 3 or 4 in the afternoon when the light illuminates the profile more clearly. The famous face of Machupicchu is achieved by taking a photo of the Huayna Picchu mountain. 10. Was Machu Picchu the destination of a pilgrimage? Italian archaeologist Giulio Magli points to a new theory that suggests that the trip to Machu Picchu from Cusco could have had a spiritual purpose. The pilgrimage would echo the celestial journey that according to legend, the first Inca and his wife took to Cusco. According to the famous legend of ‘Manco Cápac and Mama Ocllo’, these would have left the island of the sun in Lake Titicaca. According to Magli, The Inca Trail would have been specially prepared to take pilgrims to Machu Picchu. The last stage of the pilgrimage would have ended with the climbing of the pyramid to reach the Intihuatana, the highest point and one of the most sacred places in Machu Picchu. This has not changed much, since many people continue to come to Machu Picchu doing spiritual tourism. Precisely the Intihuatana is famous for radiating a special solar energy if tourists put their hands close (it is currently prohibited to touch this construction). The Intihuatana (sundial) is one of the most sacred constructions in Machupicchu. Advice from people who have been there “Top in the world, a life experience“ “I visited one of the wonders of the world. It is truly impressive, I have fulfilled a dream of life. There is no other place like Machu Picchu. The Peruvian Andes were impressive, the people wonderful and the food excellent. It is promoted as the number 1 of the cube lists and nobody after seeing it will be able to say the opposite, I know because I have been there.“ By Ticket Machu Picchu – Last updated, April 20, 2020

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New Technologies Spawn New Liability Risks Risk is a major barrier to innovation. Taking a risk, however, is almost always the first step in any type of progress. The productivity of the global economy depends on companies that are willing to find new and better ways of doing things despite the potential perils involved. If companies start to be ruled by fear of liability, our global development could be in jeopardy. By helping businesses manage the risks associated with product development, (re)insurers play an important role in stimulating innovation and helping our world move forward in positive ways. From the early days of marine exploration to the first satellite launch to the development of state-of-the-art technologies, (re)insurers have provided a critical safety net that has supported and encouraged the creative process. Given the continued transformative potential of emerging technologies such as nanotechnology, 3-D printing, aerial drones and self-driving automobiles, it is vital that insurers and reinsurers continue to help accelerate the commercialization and benefits of these innovations. At the same time, it is critical to thoroughly understand and manage the risks. Some of the inherent challenges surrounding these innovative technologies include: - Foreseen (known) risks such as the leakage of pollutants or harmful substances caused by the difficulties of proper containment. In modeling, these can be quantified based on similar events in past history. - Unforeseen risks such as the possibility of undesirable misuse of applications or effects that cannot be anticipated at the time of invention. These are problematic risks to model because the quantum is unknown at the initial point in time. - Both of these risks are made more acute by the rapid speed and complexity of technological development. The growing complexity of new technologies makes them more difficult for individuals, regulatory bodies and (re)insurers to grasp and adequately contemplate. Nanotechnology: The Plastics of the 21st Century Just as plastics were a pervasive and revolutionary product of the 20th century, nanotechnology products are changing our lives in myriad ways. This technology has evolved into a global force, transforming manufacturing, medicine and several consumer/food goods. The field is worth an estimated $1 trillion globally and is projected to grow at a rate of 16.5 percent through 2020. Nanotechnology is a generic term for applications that work with matter that is so small that it exists in the atomic and molecular realm. By harnessing these new properties, researchers have used nanotechnology to strengthen the material used in golf clubs and bicycle frames, to create stain- and water-repellant clothing and to produce wear-resistant paints and coatings, including major industries and hundreds of consumer products ranging from ranging from automotive, chemical, electronics, medicine and textiles. But nanotechnology carries both risk and reward. While it appears almost certain that the rewards will greatly outweigh the risks, attention must be paid to possible dangers to the well-being and the potential of human latent bodily injury. The Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies grouped products according to their potential exposure pathways into the human body from a theoretical perspective, and according to each product’s intended use. Based on the study, the number of consumer/industrial products that had the potential for resulting in bodily injury and occupational disease via transdermal, ingestion and inhalation exposure are 496, 129 and 212, respectively. Growing evidence suggests that nanoparticles may pose environmental, health and safety risks. Rating agency, A.M. Best, in its 2013 briefing, Emerging Technologies Pose Significant Risks with Possible Long Tail Losses, identified the immediate as well as long latent concerns of nanotechnology—even going as far as equating its potential industry impact to asbestos. As it stands today, most global (re)insurers do not differentiate or exclude risks from nano-products. As a result, many in the industry acknowledge that insurance policies and reinsurance agreements in place may already be covering these risks. Since losses from nanotechnologies have not materialized, carriers will need to contemplate and integrate an exposure-based modeling approach. Otherwise they could be accumulating multiple years of losses and reserves emanating from the next asbestos-like scenario on their books without realizing it. Regulators around the world have initially struggled to embrace and regulate this drone technology. Unmanned Aerial Systems and Drones Growth projections for the drone or Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) sector are phenomenal, as the opportunities and advantages afforded by using this type of machinery in construction, agriculture, energy and utilities, mining, real estate, news media, film production and public safety become more apparent each passing day. Nevertheless, the potential economic benefits are considered to be vast, expecting to generate an estimated economic benefit of $82 billion along with 100,000 jobs by 2025. This rapid increase in the number of drones is prompting concerns for: - Heightened collision risk for commercial airplanes as reports of drones in close proximity continue to make the headlines in the U.S. and the UK. - Privacy concerns from camera-equipped drones. - Increased concern of drones being hacked or used as weapons by terrorists. Regulators around the world have initially struggled to embrace and regulate this drone technology. In regions without adequate oversight, there would be an increased risk for collisions and accidents, thereby resulting in greater loss frequency and severity for (re)insurers. However, some progress is finally being made, as regulators weigh the potential benefits of using drones against issues surrounding public safety, privacy and national security. This should mitigate some of the worst-case scenarios in play right now. Effective December 21, 2015, individuals who use small drones for recreational use will be required to register them with the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Existing owners will have to register by February 19, 2016 and new buyers will have to register before their first flight. Meanwhile, the insurance industry has been responding to demand at its own forward-looking pace. (Re)insurers are using their experience of the manned aircraft to assess the risk and/or limit their exposure by selection against size, uses and values, or the type of coverage offered. In March 2015, a Bloomberg article titled Insurers Step Up for Drone Pilots Unwilling to Wait on FAA Rules noted that U.S.-based companies interested in drone operations are obtaining coverage from insurers that are writing their own safety rules for insureds. Despite the FAA announcing that it intends to issue final regulations for small commercial drones by mid-2016, until which time none are supposed to fly without a formal waiver, the article stated that several U.S. insurers are already writing policies for drones across the country. The FAA has been highly accommodative to commercial unmanned aircraft operations in U.S. airspace through the granting of more than 1,000 waivers for operation. This exemption provides authorization for certain unmanned aircraft to perform commercial operations. The FAA has also increased the issuance of “blanket” Certificates of Waiver Authorizations for new and novel approaches for inspecting power grids, railroad infrastructure and bridges. Drones have the potential to become one of the biggest risks for insurers, but also one of the most significant product development areas due to the rapidly expanding usage by companies as well as the public. Although the insurance industry has begun covering these risks, many manufacturers (some of which are emanating out of less regulated markets such as China) may not be adequately covered. We see emerging risks associated with UAS and drones will involve highly complex liability scenarios that could encompass all aspects of the global UAS/drone manufacturing and service provider supply chain. Self-driving cars are expected to begin commercial production and be in use by 2017. Google, the pioneer in the field, claims it can cut road accidents by eliminating the human driver. Although safety and efficiency gains have been the most cited and prominent benefits of self-driving automobiles, a considerable number of challenges remain. Different types of technology will be operated in parallel to existing transportation options during their gradual implementation phases. Some key questions that arise are: - How will autonomous cars interact with human drivers on the road? - Who will be liable in autonomous car crashes? - How quickly will the personal liability of the driver shift to the product liability of the manufacturer? - What if automated systems fail to deliver or simply stop working? - Will humans be available and have the skills to take over control again as needed? - What are the increased data and privacy concerns as more sensors and recording devices are used in these vehicles? It is also possible that some industries or parts of the population will reject this new technology, for economic or privacy reasons or simply a preference. Assuming regulators facilitate wide use of self-driving vehicles and the public accepts them, the speed of their implementation will depend on costs (including insurance) and production capacity, as well as the pace of transitioning away from current transportation systems. The shift to fully self-driving cars is expected to be gradual, impacting some transport segments quicker than others. As with any opportunities brought about by advances in technology, they go hand-in-hand with a set of new and little understood risks, to which operators, regulators and the (re)insurance industry are all currently trying to comprehend, embrace and adapt. Currently there are insufficient precedents set in terms of data, claims and overall knowledge in order to enable underwriters to accurately assess the numerous risks involved in autonomous vehicle operations. However, over the next few years, this data will eventually be generated (beyond these machines and their performance reliability) the hard way—via the emergence of complex litigation and insured and uninsured losses. Tracking and Modeling New Integrated, Intricate Technology Risks Because of the complexity and uncertainty involved regarding new technology risks, the degree to which carriers have advanced their risk management practices in this regard notably varies. Until recently, they tended to manage technology liability risks independently and assume the integrated risks either knowingly—or sometimes unknowingly. It is essential that these catastrophe risks be identified, prioritized, accumulated and modeled in their entireties in order for their enterprise level implications to be properly understood and hedged.

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10 Things to Remember When Talking to Your Child About Alcohol Talking to your teen about the dangers of drinking may be something you're dreading—but you can't afford to put it off any longer: 5,000 teenagers die every year from alcohol-related deaths, a sobering statistic that should motivate you to start today. We're here to help: See what the experts say you should do when you have this important conversation. Be direct but casual Though it may be tempting to launch into a lecture about the dangers of underage drinking, experts recommend that you don’t. Make it part your regular positive interactions with your teen—here’s what kids consider quality time. In order to connect with your teen and make an impact, it’s better to talk as you usually would, but don’t talk around the issue. Maria Ulmer, a licensed marriage and family therapist and chief operating officer at Summit Behavioral Health, advises parents to talk about alcohol the way they would about any normal topic. Ulmer explains,”Parents should work towards open and direct communication with their children regarding use of alcohol. The NIAAA, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, recommends taking on a tone that is comfortable for parents and is a typical style in which you address everyday issues. Talking about the risks and dangers of alcohol use is important for children to hear from their parents—they look to their parents for guidance, and trust their position on hot topics like drinking.” Barbara Greenberg, PhD, a clinical psychologist specializing in parenting and teens, as well as co-author of Teenage as a Second Language, tells Reader’s Digest, “When you make rules for your kids your really need to get them on board—it has to make sense to them, and they need to buy into it. You need to be informative, and set limits. Tell them about the risks and consequences involved.” She adds, “Let them know that you worry and you’re not making random rules. Tell them you’re concerned it might get out of hand with no time to reverse things, as it often happens when drinking is involved.” Many parents assume that conversations about topics such as drinking can wait until a child is well into their teenage years—but this is a dangerous misconception according to Ulmer. She explains, “Parents should begin exploring conversations about drinking at an early age—somewhere between 10 and 14. Whether your children have thought about experimenting or have already experimented, it is important to convey a “no tolerance” stance regarding the use of alcohol or other drugs.” (You might be surprised by the things your teens wish you knew.) Dr. Greenberg suggests that parents start talking to their children no later than middle school. She says, “This is a topic that warrants many conversations-parents often don’t talk about it, believing the myth that if it’s not talked about, it won’t happen. This simply isn’t true. Unfortunately, there are many alcoholics today that began drinking at 12 or middle-school age.” Prior to opening a dialogue with your child about drinking, make sure you know enough about the dangers and talking points yourself. (And make sure you yourself aren’t drinking too much.) Parents need to be prepared to make counter-arguments, and provide answers to any questions their child might ask. For example, if a child counters your point about the dangers of drinking with an anecdote about a friend who drank without any negative consequences, be ready to point out that the effects of drinking cannot always be seen on the outside—for example, the impact it has on brain development. Ulmer says, “Parents should access resources regarding the risks and impact of alcohol use, specifically the negative impact on the developing adolescent brain.”The World Health Organization has also correlated misuse of alcohol to mental and behavioral disorders. According to Dr. Greenberg, “Parents should make sure not to shut this conversation down—validate that bad things might not happen every time, but they do in fact happen.” She adds, “Make sure to have this conversation in a calm manner, and not as an alarmist, because they will simply tune you out.” Promote healthy decision-making It is likely that your child has peers whose parents allow underage drinking with the home, and they may even reason that this is a safer way of drinking. Parents must take a firm stance on this issue, according to Ulmer. “This is just not safe. Period. Most towns are taking a severe legal approach to situations where parents condone underage drinking in their home. Large fines and criminal charges are likely outcomes for participating in activities like this. If a parent is aware that another child’s parents are allowing underage drinking in their home, they should prohibit their child from participating and explain the seriousness of underage drinking—from alcohol poisoning to drinking-and-driving car accidents, these possible risks are just too serious to even consider. Healthy decision-making is something to continue to talk about with teens in this scenario.” Maybe steer them toward these 10 proven ways to make better decisions. Parents need to understand just how confusing it is for teenagers when another teen’s parents allow underage drinking within the home, explains Dr. Greenberg. “Parents can stick to the line, ‘In our house we have different rules’, but they shouldn’t be so quick to shut down the conversation. They can avoid putting the more permissive parents down by simply saying, ‘I don’t trust the alcohol’ and explaining that things can spiral out of control quickly when its use is involved.” She is also quick to advise parents not to shy away from letting their children get angry with their imposed limits. She says, “There’s something wrong if your teen isn’t angry with the limits you’ve put in place. If they aren’t, then you’re not setting enough.” Address peer pressure head on Underestimating the influence of peers is a common mistake parents make. Children want to fit in, and for those that don’t, the school environment can be brutal. (Check out what teachers want parents to know about school.) Parents need to create dialog about peer pressure, Ulmer says. She advises, “Often times, peer influence is a major factor in early experimentation with alcohol use. Take the time to talk with your teen about ways to handle peer pressure and opportunities to exercise healthy decision-making. Having a need to fit in is typically a motivation for teens. Talk with your teen about the need to fit in and explain that it doesn’t have to mean taking unhealthy risks and exposing themselves to physical harm by drinking alcohol.” Avoiding alcohol can also help prevent weight gain, which isn’t the only health benefit of not drinking. Parents can also use peer pressure to their advantage, Dr. Greenberg says, by talking with their teen about the way alcohol can damage a reputation. “Talk to them about the many ways alcohol can affect your decision-making ability. Let them know that it makes you lose control over what you say and do, and that this can be really damaging to their reputation—teens care a lot about their reputation,” she explains. Cover all your bases While it might be tempting to gloss over the details of the impact of underage drinking, it only aides in confusing them about your opinion of alcohol use in their age group. Be specific and thorough, and make sure that your child leaves the conversation with a good knowledge of the dangers of drinking. Ulmer says, “Educating your teen about the physical, emotional, and legal implications of underage drinking is vital to helping them comprehend the magnitude of this type of behavior. A helpful resource is thecoolspot.gov, a website focused on talking with teens about early alcohol use and peer pressure.” Use shock tactics sparingly The sad reality of underage drinking is hard to avoid, with plenty of news reports and gruesome images of alcohol-related car accidents to drive home the truth of its danger. While parents might want to use this information to scare their child into compliance with underage drinking, experts don’t think it should be a frequently used tactic. Ulmer says, “Sharing real-life examples of the negative impact of underage drinking can make an impression, but often times it can also be dismissed with the thought, ‘That won’t happen to me’.” According to Greenberg, stories in the media can be useful, if communicated in a calm manner. “When it’s a story in the local paper, ask them if they knew the individual involved. Often times, it is an older sibling of a friend. They might not react much outwardly, but the story will stay with them, and they’ll make a connection,” she says. With 17 ways to use alcohol other than drinking it, you can put it to good use in your home without the health risks that come with consuming it. Ask their opinion Greenberg says one of the most valuable strategies a parent can use when talking to their child about sensitive subjects like drinking, is to ask their opinion on the matter. “You really need to pull them in the discussion, because more than anything, teens want to have their opinions heard. Let them talk about their experiences. If they don’t buy in and feel heard, then you won’t get your point across.” (You might find these 11 rules for raising teens helpful.) Greenberg also cautions parents not to assume that their child or teen is acting out. She explains, “Parents need to keep in mind that this can be a really confusing thing for kids, especially when some parents are allowing their children to drink illegally, and in your home you are not. They’re not being defiant, they are confused, so talk about the reasons behind your opinion calmly.” Focus on community responsibility One aspect that parents often overlook during conversations with their teen about drinking, is the impact their choices have on others. Greenberg says, “I always said to my own daughter that she and her friends were responsible for one another. I told them they needed to take care of one another. Teens need to understand that their choices affect more than just themselves—when they get in a vehicle, when they go to a party, their decisions have a ripple effect.” She adds, “It’s also valid to talk to your teen about the responsibility they have to family and friends, and how their choices to engage in risky behavior affect the group as a whole.” It might sober them up to understand how teen car accidents tend to happen. Know when to ask for help If your child or teen is exhibiting behaviors related to alcohol or substance abuse, it is important to know when to reach out for professional help. Ulmer advises, “Parents should be aware of signs associated with potential problems with alcohol or other drugs. Signs that a problem may be present include: change in behavior and mood, having had multiple disruptive incidences related to alcohol use, problems at school, health issues, legal problems resulting from alcohol use, or a shift in who your child is hanging around with. If you suspect that your child may have a problem with alcohol or other drug use, immediately call your pediatrician, school counselor, or other behavioral health provider.” Here are 13 therapist-approved tips for finding a therapist. According to Greenberg, there are clues along the path to alcohol dependency that parents need to watch for. She explains, “When it becomes a high priority, and they’re planning their weekends around drinking, these are red flags.” She continues, “When kids change their peer groups, or grades start to drop, parents need to take a closer look at what really might be happening.”

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The Trump administration is planning to make it easier for oil and gas companies to pollute the atmosphere with methane gas, one of the most powerful greenhouse gases contributing to the global climate crisis. The Environmental Protection Agency is expected to unveil a new rule today to overturn regulations put in place by President Obama. A top United Nations official on sustainable energy described the Trump administration’s move as “extraordinarily harmful.” Methane has more than 80 times the heat-trapping potential of carbon dioxide. President Trump is pushing to allow logging in Alaska’s Tongass National Forest, the world’s largest intact temperate rainforest. Trump has ordered Agriculture Secretary Sonny Perdue to exempt the 16.7-million-acre forest from restrictions put in place over two decades ago by President Clinton. The group Earthjustice has described the forest as a major buffer against climate change, stating, “The Tongass stores hundreds of millions, if not over a billion, tons of carbon, keeping the heat-trapping element out of the atmosphere.” Trump’s move to open up logging to the world’s largest intact temperate rainforest comes as wildfires continue to burn in the Amazon in Brazil, as well as near the Congo Basin forest in Africa. Hurricane Dorian is continuing to gain strength in the Atlantic, threatening the Bahamas and Florida with what could become a Category 3 storm. On Wednesday, the storm slammed into the Virgin Islands but did not directly hit the main island of Puerto Rico. However, parts of the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico remain without power. While Puerto Ricans prepared for the storm on Wednesday, President Trump continued to attack the island, describing it on Twitter as “one of the most corrupt places on earth.” He went on say to describe himself as “the best thing that’s ever happened to Puerto Rico!” The 16-year-old Swedish climate justice activist Greta Thunberg has arrived in New York City after a 15-day voyage across the Atlantic in a solar-powered 60-foot racing yacht. Thunberg came to the United States to attend upcoming U.N. climate talks in New York in September and Santiago, Chile, in December. Thunberg does not fly due to the heavy carbon footprint of air travel, so she chose to make the journey by boat. After docking in New York, Greta spoke to reporters about the climate crisis. Greta Thunberg: “I mean, the older generations are the ones who have been causing this problem, and so I don’t think they should be saying to us, 'You should just be a normal kid and do what normal kids do,' because they are the ones who have caused this. And we are just trying to clean up after them.” We’ll hear from Greta Thunberg, as well as the youth activists who greeted her, and her father, who took across the ocean with her. In election news, New York Senator Kirsten Gillibrand has dropped out of the presidential race after failing to qualify for the next Democratic debate on September 12, which required candidates to have 130,000 unique donors and at least 2% support in four official polls. Just 10 of the 20 remaining candidates qualified: former Vice President Joe Biden; Senator Cory Booker; South Bend, Indiana, Mayor Pete Buttigieg; former Housing and Urban Development Secretary Julián Castro; Senator Kamala Harris; Senator Amy Klobuchar; former Congressmember. Beto O’Rourke; Senator Bernie Sanders; Senator Elizabeth Warren; and former tech executive Andrew Yang. Nationwide protests took place in Britain Wednesday after Prime Minister Boris Johnson suspended Parliament, increasing the likelihood of a no-deal Brexit. Parliament will be closed from mid-September to mid-October, meaning lawmakers who oppose a no-deal exit from the European Union would have very limited time to pass legislation supporting any other measures. The U.K. is scheduled to leave the European Union on October 31. Some opponents of Brexit accused Johnson of waging a coup. On Wednesday, thousands of protesters gathered outside the British Parliament to denounce Johnson’s decision. This is protester Marion Sharples. Marion Sharples: “I just think it’s just incredibly disrespectful that he, that Boris Johnson, that the government think that it can be passed on as normal practice. It’s absolutely a tactic. It’s absolutely a tactic to limit the amount of time that MPs have to debate this, and to push through a no-deal Brexit and take back control.” Italy is on the verge of forming a new government that could leave the far-right, anti-immigrant leader Matteo Salvini out of power. On Wednesday, two rival political parties — the Five Star Movement and the Democratic Party — reached a deal to form a new coalition government. This comes after Salvini attempted a power grab last week by withdrawing his support for the ruling right-wing populist coalition, leading to the resignation of Italy’s prime minister. In news from the Mediterranean, an Italian humanitarian boat rescued 100 migrants, including 22 children, on Wednesday off the coast of Libya. The migrants were drifting in a rubber dinghy that was already beginning to deflate. The rescue boat was operated by the charity group Mediterranea Saving Humans. Italy’s outgoing Interior Minister Matteo Salvini recently signed a decree banning the rescue ship from entering Italian waters. The rescue came a day after about 40 migrants died when their boat capsized off the coast of Libya. About 900 migrants have died this year in the Mediterranean en route to Europe. Fighting is continuing in the Yemeni city of Aden as separatists and government forces battle for control of Yemen’s interim capital. On Wednesday, backers of Yemen’s internationally recognized government claimed to have seized full control of the city, but Al Jazeera reports separatists have since regained control. On Wednesday, the Taliban announced they were closing in on a deal with the United States under which U.S. troops would finally withdraw from Afghanistan after nearly 18 years of fighting. One security official put the withdrawal timeline at 14 to 24 months, but the chair of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff General Joseph Dunford said it is still too premature to talk about withdrawing U.S. troops. Gen. Joseph Dunford: “I think it’s premature. I’m not using the 'withdraw' word right now. I’m using — we’re going to make sure that Afghanistan is not a sanctuary, and we’re going to try to have an effort to bring peace and stability to Afghanistan.” The Chinese military has rotated thousands of new troops into Hong Kong just days ahead of a major pro-democracy march set for Saturday. China has described the troop rotation as routine, but Chinese state media reported the new soldiers had undergone military and legal training specific to Hong Kong. Chinese authorities have denounced the protests in Hong Kong and have repeatedly threatened to use force to quell the protests. Since the 1997 handover from Britain, China has stationed as many as 10,000 troops in Hong Kong. Indonesian police have reportedly killed six protesters in West Papua amid escalating demonstrations calling for Papuan independence. The Guardian reports police fired live rounds on Wednesday at protesters taking part in a sit-in outside a government building. Indonesia recently deployed 1,200 additional troops to West Papua and cut off internet access to the region. The Trump administration has announced that some children born to U.S. servicemembers and government employees stationed overseas will no longer automatically receive citizenship. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services released the new guidelines on Wednesday. According to the Trump administration, the rule change will primarily impact the children of naturalized U.S. citizens working for the government or military. The president of the American Foreign Service Association, Eric Rubin, said the rule change was “deeply worrying” and a “disservice to people who have dedicated their lives to serving their country.” President Trump is continuing his attack on the media, but this week he has a new target: the right-wing news outlet Fox News. In a Twitter message on Wednesday, Trump wrote, “@FoxNews is letting millions of GREAT people down! We have to start looking for a new News Outlet. Fox isn’t working for us anymore!” Fox has long been criticized for its close ties to the Trump administration. According to Media Matters, 18 current or former Trump administration officials used to work at Fox and at least five Trump administration officials now work at Fox, including former White House Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders, who was hired last week. A Denver, Colorado woman who was forced to deliver a child alone in a dirty Denver County jail cell without any medical care has filed a lawsuit in U.S. district court. In the suit, Diana Sanchez alleges several nurses and jail staffers knew she had been in labor for hours, but provided no assistance even after she began screaming for help. Disturbing jailhouse video was recently released and confirms Sanchez’s account. The lawsuit charges that the staff “callously made her labor alone for hours, and ultimately give birth alone in a dirty jail cell without any medical care.” The suit was filed against the city of Denver, the county of Denver, Denver Health Medical Center and six individuals. The computer giant Apple has apologized to its users after acknowledging contractors listened to the commands users gave to the voice assistant Siri on their iPhones and other Apple products. One whistleblower recently told The Guardian they heard Siri users having sex, making drug deals and discussing sensitive medical details. Apple, Google and Microsoft have all faced criticism recently for allowing workers to access the voice recordings of users in an attempt to improve their services. Human rights defenders continue to call for the release of Nigerian journalist and activist Omoyele Sowore. Sowore, who publishes the online news site Sahara Reporters, was arrested on August 3 after calling for nationwide protests under the banner “Revolution Now.” He ran against President Muhammadu Buhari earlier this year in an election he said “lacked a level playing field.” A coalition of press freedom organizations and human rights groups recently petitioned the United Nations and the African Union, while a group called the African Renaissance Organization sent a petition to the U.S. Department of State asking the U.S. government to apply pressure on President Muhammadu Buhari for Sowore’s release.

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The binary fraction 0.101 converts to the decimal fraction 0.625; the binary fraction 0.1010001 converts to the decimal fraction 0.6328125; the binary fraction 0.00111011011 converts to the decimal fraction 0.23193359375. In each of those examples, the binary fraction converts to a decimal fraction — that is, a terminating decimal representation — that has the same number of digits as the binary fraction has bits. One digit per bit? We know that’s not true for binary integers. But it is true for binary fractions; every binary fraction of length n has a corresponding equivalent decimal fraction of length n. This is the reason why you get all those “extra” digits when you print the full decimal value of an IEEE binary floating-point fraction, and why glibc strtod() and Visual C++ strtod() were once broken. (In the text that follows, I will usually refer to decimal digits as just digits and binary digits as just bits — but where context allows, I will use digits to refer to both generically.) There Are As Many Digits As Bits I will prove, in two steps, that every binary fraction has a corresponding decimal fraction of the same length: - Show that every binary fraction can be written as a/2n, where a is a positive integer < 2n. - Show that every fraction of the form a/2n can be written as a fraction of the form b/10n, where b is a positive integer < 10n. Any fraction with a power of ten denominator represents a decimal fraction, with a number of digits equal to the exponent of the power of ten. Every Binary Fraction Can Be Expressed As a/2n A binary fraction is a finite sum of negative powers of two. For example, 0.00111011011 = 0·2-1 + 0·2-2 + 1·2-3 + 1·2-4 + 1·2-5 + 0·2-6 + 1·2-7 + 1·2-8 + 0·2-9 + 1·2-10 + 1·2-11 = 2-3 + 2-4 + 2-5 + 2-7 + 2-8 + 2-10 + 2-11 = 1/23 + 1/24 + 1/25 + 1/27 + 1/28 + 1/210 + 1/211. If a binary fraction has n bits, its lowest weighted bit has a place value of 2-n, or 1/2n. For our example, that’s 2-11, or 1/211. The denominator of each term in the series divides 2n. (The divisors of a nonnegative power of two are all the nonnegative powers of two less than or equal to it.) As such, each term can be rewritten as a fraction with denominator 2n, with a corresponding power of two numerator. All terms can then be combined into a single value a/2n. For our example, we’d have 28/211 + 27/211 + 26/211 + 24/211 + 23/211 + 21/211 + 20/211 = (28 + 27 + 26 + 24 + 23 + 21 + 20)/211 = (256 + 128 + 64 + 16 + 8 + 2 + 1)/211 (A way to view what we’ve shown: every binary fraction is a multiple of the smallest negative power of two contained within it.) A Simpler Way The above proof suggests a simpler way to convert a binary fraction to the form a/2n. First, treat the digits of the binary fraction as a binary integer, and convert that integer to decimal (ignore superfluous leading zeros). Next, divide that number by 2n, where n is the number of bits in the binary fraction. For our example, we have 111011011 = 475 as the numerator, and 211 as the denominator: 475/211. Every Binary Fraction Can Be Expressed As b/10n This step is trivial: simply multiply a/2n by 5n/5n, getting (a·5n)/(2n·5n) = (a·5n)/10n = b/10n, where b = a·5n. It has n digits. For our example, we have (475·511)/1011 = 23193359375/1011 = 0.23193359375. We’ve shown that every binary fraction is a decimal fraction with the same number of digits. Sketch Of Alternate Proof Having understood the above proof, you can reason towards the answer with this shortcut: Think of each place of the n-bit binary fraction as having the place value 2-m = 1/2m = (1/2)m = (5/10)m = 5m/10m. This makes it obvious from the outset that the binary fraction is equivalent to an n-digit decimal. There Are More Significant Digits Than Significant Bits In general, a decimal fraction has more significant digits than its corresponding binary fraction has significant bits. 1 (A decimal fraction can have an equal number of significant digits, but it can never have less.) This may seem counterintuitive at first, since the opposite is true for integers. The difference in the number of significant digits and significant bits depends on three properties of the binary fraction: - The starting place of the significant bits. For any given combination of length and value of significant bits, the lower the starting place — that is, the more leading zeros, or smaller the number — the more significant digits, in general. For example, 0.000011 = 0.046875 (2 bits to 5 digits), 0.0000011 = 0.0234375 (2 bits to 6 digits), and 0.00000011 = 0.01171875 (2 bits to 7 digits). Lowering the starting place won’t always increase the number of significant digits — it may stay the same. For example, continuing the sequence above, 0.000000011 = 0.005859375 (2 bits to 7 digits). The length of the fractions increased by one, but the number of significant digits remained the same; a leading decimal zero accumulated instead. As you incrementally lower the starting place, the number of significant digits can increase two or three times in a row, after which a leading decimal zero must be added. From my observations the pattern is: significant digits increase twice in a row, then a leading zero is added; significant digits increase twice in a row, then a leading zero is added; significant digits increase three times in a row, then a leading zero is added. This pattern then repeats. This reflects a ratio of about 7 significant digits to 3 leading zeros, which is expected (this is the same as saying you get about 3 leading decimal zeros for every 10 leading binary zeros — see “Where log10(2) Fits In” below). If the binary fraction has no leading zeros, then the decimal fraction won’t either; both will have the same number of significant digits no matter how you vary length or value. To emphasize the effect that starting place has on the number of significant digits, consider this example, a very small single-bit number, 2-100: It has 70 significant digits (and 30 leading zeros): - The number of significant bits it has. For any given starting place, more significant bits equates to more significant digits. For example, 0.0001 = 0.0625 (1 bit to 3 digits), 0.00011 = 0.09375 (2 bits to 4 digits), and 0.000111 = 0.109375 (3 bits to 6 digits). You almost always get just one significant digit per bit, but sometimes you get two (a leading decimal zero is replaced). From my observations, the latter only happens for some starting places, only once per starting place, and only after just a few significant bits. - The value of the significant bits. For any given combination of starting place and number of significant bits, a greater value can lead to more significant digits. For example, 0.000000101 = 0.009765625 (3 bits to 7 digits), and 0.000000111 = 0.013671875 (3 bits to 8 digits). The effect is minimal though, since it can only add up to one significant digit. From my observations, this happens about 30% of the time, when you change the value from its minimum (only its most and least significant bits set) to its maximum (all its bits set). Counting The Number of Significant Digits You can count the number of significant digits indirectly by counting the number of leading zeros and then subtracting that from the length of the binary fraction (decimal fraction). The number of leading zeros is easily deduced from the starting place of the significant digits, which is determined using a logarithm. The starting place of the significant digits of a number x is determined by taking the floor of the logarithm of x to the base i of the number: ⌊logi(x)⌋. 2 This value is the exponent of the power of i of the place containing the most significant digit. (The logarithm is negative, so remember that floor will round it towards negative infinity.) If you negate that value, you get the number of the place (1, 2, 3, etc.) at which the significant digits start, pi = -⌊logi(x)⌋. For a binary fraction b, pb = -⌊log2(x)⌋; for a decimal fraction d, pd = -⌊log10(x)⌋. 3 The number of leading zeros zi is simply the starting place of the significant digits minus one. The number of leading binary zeros is zb = pb – 1; the number of leading decimal zeros is zd = pd – 1. Knowing the starting place of the significant digits — and hence the number of leading zeros — and the length n of the binary fraction (decimal fraction), you can compute the number of significant digits si = n – zi. The number of significant bits is sb = n – zb; the number of significant digits is sd = n – zd. For example, for b = 0.00111011011, pb = 3, zb = 2, and sb = 9; for d = 0.23193359375, pd = 1, zd = 0, and sd = 11. For integers, just like for fractions, the logarithm tells you the starting place of the significant digits. But for integers, it tells you more: it also says how many significant digits there are. Furthermore, the ratio of significant digits in one base relative to another is predictable, approaching a constant as the integers get large. For example, the ratio of significant digits to significant bits converges to log10(2) ≈ 0.3. For fractional values, there is no such relationship. The logarithm does not help you count significant digits. There is no significant digit ratio in any case — it can vary from one to essentially infinite. But from the logarithm you can count leading zeros, and from that you can determine the ratio of leading decimal zeros to leading binary zeros, zd/zb, as the numbers get small: log10(2) ≈ 0.3. The Other Direction: Decimal Fraction To Binary Fraction All binary fractions are decimal fractions, but the reverse is not true. Some decimal fractions do convert to binary fractions (when put in lowest terms as a fraction their denominator becomes a power of two), so in this case, the above analysis applies. However, most decimal fractions do not convert to binary fractions, which means that their binary representations are infinite (repeating bicimals as I call them 4). The only part of the above analysis that applies is the computation of the starting place of the significant digits, and hence the number of leading zeros. 1 Significant digits are the digits following the leading zeros of the fraction — don’t think of them as digits of precision. 2 I use ⌊logi(x)⌋ and not ⌈logi(x)⌉ + 1 because the calculation using ceiling fails when i = 2 and x is a power of two or i = 10 and x is a power of ten. 3 I have not specified how to compute ⌊logi(x)⌋ programatically, but imagine that x is in an internal binary representation. 4 A binary fraction can be called a terminating bicimal, just as a decimal fraction can be called a terminating decimal. In this article, I chose to go with the standard terminology, which I think of as inferior in most contexts.

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Given its name, it’s natural to assume that everyone who develops psoriatic arthritis (PsA) also has the uncomfortable skin plaques caused by psoriasis. While that’s usually the case, it is possible for joint pain and swelling to be the first sign. What’s more, by the time you make a doctor’s appointment for one achy joint, the pain may have moved on to different one altogether. Because the symptoms of PsA can be sneaky and similar to other inflammatory conditions, it’s important to have yours evaluated by a rheumatologist who can pinpoint the source and get you on a treatment plan. And the sooner the better: With early detection and the right medication, the majority of people with psoriatic arthritis will reach remission and become symptom-free. What Is Psoriatic Arthritis Again? Let’s make one thing clear: Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and psoriasis are two related—but separate—systemic autoimmune conditions, both of which are driven by an out-of-whack inflammatory response. In psoriasis, your skin is the primary target, which leads to those uncomfortable, itchy rashes. In PsA, the immune system mistakenly zeroes in on the joints, ligaments, and tendons, causing joint pain, swelling, and stiffness. If left untreated, PsA can permanently damage the joints, seriously interfering with your ability to move or function normally. About 30% of people with psoriasis will go on to develop PsA, and while we don’t know the exact cause, scientists believe genetic susceptibility, an overactive immune system, and environmental factors (the things you’re exposed to) all play a role. What Are the Early Symptoms of Psoriatic Arthritis? Each PsA case is unique. Some people may feel only mild symptoms that come on slowly; others may experience severe symptoms that take hold very quickly. Delaying treatment by as little as six months can result in permanent joint damage, so if you notice any of the follow symptoms, have them checked out ASAP. Psoriasis. Most people with psoriatic arthritis first have psoriasis and its associated skin symptoms. While psoriatic arthritis usually starts about 10 years after psoriasis begins, it is possible to develop psoriatic arthritis without having the tell-tale skin symptoms. Joint pain and swelling. According to Arthritis Research and Therapy, 88% of those living with psoriatic arthritis have ongoing joint pain or soreness, and 60% report the pain affects more than four joints. Common locations for joint pain include: knee (41% of people with PsA experience joint pain here) Notice how we stuck to the singular in our list above. That’s because PsA typically strikes asymmetrically, meaning only one knee (or ankle or index finger) is affected at a time. Another tricky part of PsA is that the pain, stiffness, and swelling can come and go—affecting different parts with each flare. Reduced range of motion. When your joints are inflamed, they just can’t move as well. Stiffness may be especially noticeable after sitting or sleeping. You may even feel like the joint is stuck. Walking up and down stairs or getting in and out of a car may become suddenly or increasingly difficult. While some people with PsA may feel only mild discomfort, others can develop severe stiffness that prevents them from performing simple tasks. Sometimes the joint pain improves once you get going and moving, but other times it can stay sore throughout the day, depending on the level of inflammation. Tenderness in tendons. Along with your joints, the tendons that attach to your bones can also become inflamed, causing tendonitis. This symptom can easily be attributed to an injury or overuse, so it’s important to pay attention to other signs that may be cropping up. One specific type of tendonitis tightly associated with psoriatic arthritis is a sudden swelling in the fingers and toes known as dactylitis. Your affected digits will look like little sausages. Fatigue. The feeling wiped out not matter how much you’ve rested is one of the most troubling symptoms of PsA, impacting about half of those living with the disease. While there may be multiple causes for fatigue, the inflammation associated with PsA can be at least partially to blame. The proteins that are released during an inflammatory response play a role. (It’s hard work for your body to keep fighting inflammation.) Living with the stress of chronic pain can also cause poor sleep and depression, both of which contribute to fatigue. There may also be co-existing conditions such as fibromyalgia, which makes almost everyone feel tired. Fatigue by itself can be a difficult symptom to pin on psoriatic arthritis, but if you are feeling more tired than usual, and experiencing some other symptoms, telling your doctor about your exhaustion may help connect the PsA dots. Nail problems. PsA affects fingernails and toenails in at least half of those living with psoriatic arthritis. You may notice small pits on the surface of your nail, it might separate from your nail bed, or it might turn a color that’s different from usual. Eye problems. The inflammation that PsA creates throughout your body can impact your eyes and cause a range of symptoms that include: How Is PsA Different From RA? Both psoriatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are types of inflammatory arthritis so there are similarities. However, there are also differences. Most people with PsA will also have psoriasis. RA often shows up as swelling in both joints, like two knees, where PsA will present in a more asymmetrical pattern, like a right hip and left knee being sore. Dactylitis, the swelling of a finger or toe, is also more common in PsA than in RA. Bloodwork can indicate RA, but there is not yet a blood test for PsA. We don’t know as much about what causes PsA flare-ups as we do with RA. PsA flares can be sudden and make things worse, or they can also be persistently low-grade. For example, whenever you go for a walk, you need to ice a joint afterwards. With a big flare, it might be suddenly difficult to go for a walk, period. Or you may have no serious flares over the course of a year, but regularly have annoying joint symptoms. Staying in close contact with your doctor can help you adjust your treatment until you find the best fit for your PsA. What Happens If PsA Goes Untreated? Psoriatic arthritis was once thought to be a mild, non-progressive form of arthritis. We now know that PsA is a chronic and progressive disease. If it goes untreated, it will worsen and may cause permanent damage to your body, particularly your joints. Half of those with PsA will develop joint erosions within two years without treatment, according the Journal of Arthritis and Therapy. Psoriatic arthritis can also cause your joint space to narrow, leading to more pain and stiffness, and it can lead to bone deformities (think crooked fingers). More than half of those living with psoriatic disease have at least one comorbidity (a second disorder), and at least 40% have three or more comorbid conditions according to the Arthritis Foundation. The most common comorbidities related to psoriatic arthritis include: Researchers have found several causes for the coexistence of these disorders with PsA, and no surprise, high levels of inflammation is top of the list. Unfortunately, there’s no way to immediately diagnose PsA. Your doctor will perform a physical exam that will include taking your medical history to determine if psoriasis or PsA runs in your family. He or she will also check your skin for signs of psoriasis, which may appear as red or dry scaly patches, examine your joints for symptoms like swelling or tenderness, and check your fingernails for telltale pitting and flaking. Your doctor will press or probe the soles of your feet and around your heels, checking for tenderness. He or she may also run lab tests to rule out other causes of joint pain like rheumatoid arthritis or gout. These include: Blood tests. While there is no a simple blood test to detect PsA, running a blood test while you are experiencing symptoms will help with a diagnosis. If it reveals that you are carrying a rheumatoid factor (RF), your symptoms are most likely related to rheumatoid arthritis instead of psoriatic arthritis. People with PsA are almost always RF negative. Your doctor will also pay close attention to your C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, which rise when a condition is causing inflammation in the body. Joint fluid tests. Drawing fluid from a swollen joint can help your doctor rule out gout, a condition that may look similar to PsA. Our joints are surrounded by synovial fluid, a thick liquid that helps your joints move smoothly. A disorder like gout or an infection can change the way the synovial fluid looks and feels. If the joint fluid analysis comes back and the results show you have a high uric acid level, this could indicate gout instead of PsA. X-rays. While x-rays may not be useful in the early part of PsA before any changes to the bones have occurred, they may be helpful once the disease has progressed. X-ray results can show the type of joint damage that has occurred or if the bones are changing shape. Aging and other types of arthritis can also cause changes to the bones, so this information is just one piece to consider. Since X-rays are less expensive than other types of imaging, they are often ordered first. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). An MRI scan can provide a detailed image of both hard and soft tissue. Because one of the hallmark symptoms of psoriatic arthritis is inflammation of the joint tissue, an MRI can provide the doctor with specific information about if and where you have inflammation. Unlike many other diseases, no one sign or symptom will determine if you have PsA. Some detective work is required to fit all the pieces together in a possible psoriatic arthritis diagnosis.

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What is a Certified Nursing Assistant? A Certified Nursing Assistant or CNA works directly under a Registered Nurse while proving daily care for patients. CNAs will bridge the gap between patients and nurses as they care for the daily tasks of the patient. They provide quality of life care for patients in nursing homes, assisted living centers, hospice facilities, and residential settings. While they care for patients’ daily needs they gather vital information about the patient’s overall well-being which they relay to nurses and doctors. Many CNAs will use their knowledge to progress to become an LPN or RN and further their career. Table of contents How does a CNA differ from a Medical Assistant and LPN? Though may call CNA’s a Nursing Assistant they are not trained to perform the duties of a nurse, a Licensed Practical Nurse or Medical Assistant. Each profession deals with healthcare and patient assessment; they do differ in responsibilities and education required. A Medical Assistant works primarily with patient assessment, evaluation, and assisting doctors with patient care and treatment. Whereas CNA’s are responsible for direct patient care. A Licensed Nurse Practitioner or LPN takes classes similar to an RN and has more knowledge of the human body. There are tasks that LPNs can do but CNA’s cannot. What does a CNA do? The responsibilities of a CNA help a facility run smoothly, especially when there are multiple patients or residents that are in need of the care of a Registered Nurse. The following are some of the tasks that CNAs do; obtaining vital signs, gathering supplies for RN’s, dress wounds, bathe patients, clean rooms, document information, and more |1||Heart to Heart Healthcare Training||Essexville, Michigan and Ypsilanti, Michigan| |2||American Red Cross Training Services||Washington, D.C.| |3||Butler Community College||El Dorado, Kansas| |4||Healthcare Solutions and Career Group||Detroit, Michigan| |5||Bismark State College||Bismark, North Dakota| What does the future of CNA’s look like? With people living longer and entering advanced memory care facilities or assisted living centers more CNAs are needed than ever before. The average median salary for CNAs is $29,660 annually. Becoming a CNA has never been easier. Most institutions are offering 2 Week CNA classes to train individuals seeking to enter this arm of the healthcare industry. Some Memory Care facilities will even pay for training and allow students to learn on the job to help them meet the growing need they have for quality CNAs. We have gathered institutions that are state approved and will train students in 2 week CNA classes as well as 4 week CNA classes across the nation. Find a program near you to begin a rewarding career in caring for others. Heart to Heart Healthcare Training Heart to Heart Healthcare Training is a state approved and licensed as a proprietary school for training healthcare staff. The 2 week CNA class consists of lecture, lab, and clinical. The lecture portion will include a textbook and powerpoint presentations. Students will learn through hands-on experience and practice in class through repetition to guarantee they are learning the proper procedures. The clinical portion will take place at a local nursing home under the direction of the instructor where students will demonstrate their knowledge of their responsibilities as a CNA. American Red Cross Training Services Learning from the American Red Cross Training Services has a number of benefits from the many training facilities they have all over the nation to the quality of instruction students receive. This program is divided into two parts, the first covering theory. Students will learn in a classroom with small class sizes through lectures and textbook discussions. Once students complete the first section they can move to the second part. The second part is clinical experience. Students will work directly with patients ina healthcare facility under the direction of a supervisor as they gain the necessary hands-on experience. Butler Community College A public Community College, Butler Community College knows that much of the day to day care patients receive in long-term care facilities is given by CNAs and they need the proper training and experience to be caring, professional, and effective. Butlers comprehensive program is approved by the state of Kansas and prepares students to pass the state certification exam upon completing the program. Under the supervision of Registered Nurses, students will gain hands-on experience of the daily tasks they will be required to perform as a CNA. Healthcare Solutions and Career Group The Healthcare Solutions and Career Group provides a 2 week CNA class that prepares students to pass the state exam and be certified to work as a CNA in a number of various settings. Whether students are seeking to be employed at a long term care facility or work directly in residents homes, they will be certified and prepared to do the work of a CNA. Students can either do day time classes full time for two weeks or night classes for two weeks. This class consists of coursework, laboratory training, and clinical training. The clinical training will be under the guidance of a seasoned professional. Bismark State College A public community college, Bismarck State College offers both a traditional in person CNA course and a hybrid CNA course. Both courses require 80 hours to complete and can be completed in two weeks. The traditional class will have 41 hours of lecture and course instruction, 19 hours of classroom practical training, 16 hours of clinical practice, and 4 hours of review and testing. The hybrid course allows students to complete the course instruction online while they attend the clinical practice and practical training on campus. When the program is completed students will be prepared to take the certification exam. Once completing the program students can be employed at a long term healthcare facility or for home healthcare. HealthPro CNA Academy Locally owned and operated, HealthPro CNA Academy has community at the heart of everything they do. Desiring to train CNAs that are compassionate as well as skillful and knowledgeable. As the healthcare field grows the need to fill the gaps between patients and nurses increases, this is where well-trained CNAs come in, to fill that gap and help ensure that patients are well cared for. The two week program will prepare students to be able to pass the state board exams as well as provide compassionate care for patients and knowledgeable assistance to nurses. Students will participate in coursework, practicums, and clinical rotations under the supervision of a Nurse. Community College of Philadelphia A public community college, The Community College of Philadelphia offers an accredited CNA program that students can enroll in and complete in just two weeks. Students are prepared to be employed in long term care facilities or home healthcare settings once they complete the program. The program consists of classroom lecture, lab skills, and a clinical practicum. Students learn the theory, techniques, and procedures of what a CNA does in their profession. They will gain the skill set that is necessary for success through the lab and clinical practicum. Students will complete 124 hours to complete the course. Blossom Healthcare LLC Blossom Healthcare LLC focuses primarily on training CNAs. As a professional institution that teaches and provides hands-on experience, students leave prepared to be employed in either a long-term care facility or a home healthcare program. Students will participate in a hybrid model of learning, with the first week being taught online full-time and the rest being taught in person. Both a lab practice and a clinical rotation are required for students to complete the program. Once these are complete, students can take the state certification exam. Students must attend every class and cannot be late. The entire program takes three weeks to complete. National Healthcare Corporation National Healthcare Corporation in Tennessee is focused on training CNAs to fill the gaps in the healthcare system between patients and nurses. Individuals that are wanting to make a difference and are compassionate can make a difference as CNA. They are the ones that perform the daily duties of caring for those who need it most. Students will participate in coursework, labs, and clinical experiences to complete this course. Some qualify to take the course free of charge, to see if you qualify, fill out the application here. Northeast Medical Institute At Northeast Medical Institute students will learn the skills and gain the knowledge necessary to pass the state certification exam and be employed as a CNA. Students will learn basic nursing skills that revolve around the 22 ADL’s (Activities of Daily Living). CNA’s must be compassionate enough to care for every patient as if they were their own family member. CNAs also need to have excellent communication skills as they are the one that fills in the gap between the patient and head nurse. Students will complete the first two weeks online in a self paced format. The online course teaches theory. The next two weeks will be spent in labs and clinical rotations. Wings Healthcare Training Wings Healthcare Training focuses on training CNAs and CMAs to pass the state certification exam and become certified. Students will learn the theory and practice of nurse aids. Whether students desire to work in a long term care facility or in teh home health aspect of the medical field they will have the knowledge and skill set to do both. With numerous start dates throughout the year students can enroll every month in a program that works with their schedule. Each program takes two weeks to complete. The state certification exam will be taken once the class is completed. Quality Career Pathways Quality Career Pathways offers two paths to earning a CNA, either the traditional in person training method or a hybrid model. The hybrid model allows students to take the lecture and coursework online the first week and then complete the practicum in person the second week. To better meet the needs of students there are day, evening and weekend classes available. Students will be prepared to pass the state and national certification exams upon completing the course. The course is offered numerous times throughout the year. Serenity Health Training Institute Serenity Health Training Institute focuses on training those who fill the gap between the patient and nurse, primarily CNAs. Students will learn from dedicated instructors that desire their success and ensure the material is understood. Students are qualified to sit for the national and state certification exams after the course is complete. Students have three paths to choose to earn their CNA. The first is a 2 week course that students attend full time during the day. The second is a 3 week course where students attend evening classes to complete the program. The last option is 6 weeks long where students only attend on saturdays for the course. There is a path for every schedule and ability to anbale every student to succeed. Neway Directions is a regional leader in training CNAs. Students of Neway Directions receive more than just education, students can receive individualized education plans, assistance with hardware and software installation, skills assessment and evaluation, and employment services. With these added benefits students are well prepared for their careers upon course completion. The CNA program requires students to participate for two weeks full time. The first week students will learn theory, how to assist patients with activities of daily living, and more. The second week students will participate in clinical rotations to gain hands-on experience under the direction of a supervisor. Lane Community College A public institution, Lane Community College provides a state approved CNA class. The course is broken up into two parts, the first part is the coursework in the classroom by certified instructors that have had years of experience. The second part is the clinical where students learn the ropes of basic nursing care and skills. Students that go on to work in a long term care facility are eligible to be reimbursed for their education and certification for their CNA. Keep receipts! Students will be qualified to take the state and national exam to become a certified CNA. Florida Training Academy Florida Training Academy, formerly Perfect CNA provides excellent hands-on learning to prepare students to pass both the written portion of the state exam as well as the clinical. Students will be taught the theory, current privacy laws, responsibilities of CNAs and more. They will also have the opportunity to learn through hands-on experience though clinicals. This course can be completed in one week if students are able to dedicate a full week. This course is ideal for working individuals or parents that are seeking to enter the medical field. CNAs can continue their career as a CNA or use it as a springboard to become an RN or Physician’s Assistant. Legacy Health Careers Legacy Healthcare Careers provides a unique opportunity for students to earn their CNA and Phlebotomy certification at the same time. They provide separate classes for each for students that do not desire to earn both simultaneously. The CNA program lasts 10 days, the joint program takes three weeks. Students will be prepared for both the written and clinical state and national exam upon completing the program. With numerous locations throughout Texas, students have access to quality instruction with flexible day and evening schedules. Kellogg Community College A public community college in Michigan, Kellogg Community College has been offering quality medical career courses for years. The CNA program is approved through the Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs. WIth four locations and a few different schedules to choose from, students will be able to choose the program that best works for their personal schedule. There is a traditional semester long course where students attend twice a week for the duration of the semester but there are also accelerated models as well. Students can enroll in a 12 Day day class, 12 day afternoon and evening class, or a 12 day evenings only class. With the growing need for certified CNAs, Kellogg Community College is trying to fill that gap by instructing and training all who desire to be in the medical field as a career. ABC Training Center ABC Training Center is more than just a place to earn your CNA certification it is a place to jump start your career. ABC Training Center offers fast track CNA courses that prepare students to pass the state and national certification exams, but that is not all they offer. Students have access to unlimited state board exam preparation practice for free. They also receive job placement with a hiring agency at no extra cost. It is also the official testing site for Pormetrics and NHA. Students can choose to attend the two week day classes or the weekend classes, whichever one works better for their schedule. CNA Technical Center As CNAs shave become more needed in the field of home health, CNA Training Center offers an accelerated CNA course that trains home health aids. The program is accelerated and can be completed in two weeks and is dualistic in nature. Students will be learning both the theory and clinical skills of a CNA while also learning the laws and rights of assisting patients of Home Health. Students will certify to be both a CNA and a Home Health Aid in the state of Florida. When the course is completed, students will qualify to take the Florida Certified Nursing Assistant examination. Indian Hills Community College A public community college in Iowa, Indian Hills Community College offers a non-credit CNA course for students that just want to earn their CNA certification and be qualified and prepared to take the state and national exams. Participants will be introduced to scientific knowledge, technical skills, and communication techniques to function as a member of the healthcare team as well as pass the certification exams. Students will participate in laboratory practice and clinical experiences that will better prepare them to care for patients biophysical and spiritual needs. AVID CNA School A CNA school that provides flexible education for anyone desiring to become a certified nursing assistant, AVID CNA School is just that. The coursework and theory part of the class is offered in an entirely online format. Once the class work portion is completed students will participate in labs and clinical experiences where they will gain the necessary skills to practice as a CNA. AVID will also help with job placement for students once they have completed the coursework portion of the class. Most students will be placed in long term care facilities. If they have not already completed the clinical portion they can count their hours from employment as a CNA towards their certification. Once this is completed students qualify to take the state and national certification exam. Brightside Institute provides a professional accelerated three week CNA course. Students will learn how to assist residents of long term care facilities and how to handle the physical and emotional challenges that come with aging. Students learn how to record and communicate patients’ psychosocial and physical health and wellness with the head nurse. They will learn the skills necessary to properly care for patients in long term care facilities as well as in home health services. Upon completion of the course students qualify to take the state and national exam to become a certified nursing assistant. Brightside will also assist students with job placement upon completion of the program and passing the certification exam. The field of health care continues to grow rapidly and ALIA is there to fill the gaps with 2 week CNA classes that will prepare participants to be certified and qualified to work in both long term care facilities and home health settings. Instructors are carefully chosen to prepare and teach students with the most up to date and in demand healthcare practices and theory. Students learn in updated facilities with hands-on learning in a realistic patient care setting. Students will not only learn what they need to pass the state certification exam but also what they need to be successful in the current marketplace. Chase Center is a rehabilitation and nursing institution that also instructs students and prepares them to become qualified CNAs. Learning in the house of a long term care facility has benefits such as hands-on experience; clinical experiences are all in the same location as the classes are. Beyond that is the students opportunity to be placed as a CNA at the same care center they started the course in. Job placement can happen immediately upon completing the course. Some students can even begin earning an income while they are still learning. There are multiple start dates for students to choose from. Goodwill Industries provides an accredited CNA program that prepares students to take the state certification exam and be qualified to be employed as a CNA. Students will participate in both coursework and hands-on experience. With labs and clinical experiences students will learn the skills necessary to properly care for residents of long term care facilities. Some students may qualify for scholarships or other financial aid. To see if you qualify click here. For those wanting to enter the healthcare industry and fill the gaps between nurses and patients, a CNA is a perfect beginning to accomplish both. For those who want to make a difference and provide compassionate care for the aging population, becoming a CNA allows them to gain reliable employment at both long term care facilities or as a home health aid. Many programs off 2 week CNA classes that are very affordable and flexible with multiple start dates throughout the year. If caring for others is a talent of yours enroll in a CNA program near you.

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One of the first things that happened when I met the Japanese Sign Language (JSL) translation team was that they gave me my own sign name. I didn’t realize, until later on, that this was important. They saw me as part of the team. The sign that I received had to do with my curly hair; one of the staff members showed me by holding her hands up on either side of her head, slowly making a fluffing motion from top to bottom, as if outlining the hair. When I tried it, the team smiled and clapped to indicate that I had gotten it right. (Later on, one of the JSL team members would tell me that my sign name is also the sign for a popular coffee chain. I felt even more elated with my sign name after that.) To be honest, before I met the Japanese Sign Language team, I didn’t know all that much about the complex world of sign language. According to the Deaf Bible Society, there are more than 350 known sign languages in use around the world today. Yet only one of these has a full Bible in a language and format they understand and only 5% of sign languages even have Bible translation work started.* The Deaf are often considered to be the largest unreached people group for that reason. And because they’re a minority, the Deaf are often at a disadvantage when it comes to operating within a hearing culture. Some of the JSL team members have experienced hardships because of being Deaf and many expressed the same sentiments: they were taught, growing up, that they needed to speak and not sign. Even in school, JSL team members noted that they were instructed to learn written Japanese. Imagine being taught a language in school that would make everyday communication difficult. Now imagine trying to understand a Bible in that language. That’s why, in 1992, leaders of Deaf ministries in Japan gathered together to discuss the need for a Japanese Sign Language Bible. And in 1993, ViBi (which stands for “Visual Bible and Video Bible”) was born; this is the group I met with who are working to translate Scripture into Japanese Sign Language. Sign language communication involves a person’s whole body: their hands, their eyes, their facial expressions, their body movements, and even the space in front of and around them. A word can take on an entirely new or unintentional meaning depending on the facial expressions — down to the movement of the eyebrows — used to accompany a sign. For the Deaf to easily understand and engage with the Bible, it must be conveyed in video format. EVERY SIGN MATTERS When I met the JSL team, they were working on translating the book of Daniel. They had already published Daniel 1‑6 and it was available on an app for the Japanese Deaf. They began outlining Daniel 7‑12 on a grey and gloomy morning, but we were all thankful that the intermittent rain outside was cooling the city down. The team of translators and exegetical consultants gathered around two folding tables with their laptops, pens, Japanese Bibles and Post-It notes in front of them. They were huddled upstairs in ViBi’s office which consisted of a small house with two rooms upstairs and one downstairs. Because of the lack of space, the administrative staff members work in a building less than a quarter of a mile down the road above a milk delivery place. Uiko Yano, the ViBi project leader, led the group as they went back and forth among themselves trying to determine how to explain and summarize the big picture of Daniel 7‑12. Daniel chapters 1‑6 are pretty concrete and contain the stories most of us have known since we were young: Daniel and the lion’s den, the statue and the fiery furnace. Nearly everyone, Christian or not, knows those stories. But Daniel 7‑12 features so many visions with complicated details, beasts and characters. Trying to determine exactly how to portray even one verse can be difficult. Because sign languages are dependent on facial expressions, hand movements and body language, no detail is wasted. Every movement matters. Every sign matters. The workgroup broke for lunch and we sat around the table together downstairs in the ViBi conference room, dragging a variety of chairs around the office’s table. Some of the translation team members brought their lunches, while some walked nearby to a grocery store to purchase salad, chicken and desserts. When the JSL team is around the lunch table, they don’t mention work until they have to. They laugh, ask about life and try to swipe each others’ desserts. After lunch, they began to draft the first few verses of Daniel 7. It took hours. I peeked into the room a few times during the afternoon and asked my translator friend, Donna, from Deaf Bible Society, what was happening. She kindly informed me that the team was debating the meaning of Daniel 7:6, which says: “Then the third of these strange beasts appeared, and it looked like a leopard. It had four bird’s wings on its back, and it had four heads. Great authority was given to this beast” (NLT; emphasis mine). (Bet you don’t have that verse framed in your house, do you?) When I asked about why the team was debating the meaning of this particular verse, Donna elaborated: In a hearing culture, she explained, we know the Bible is open to interpretation. So when a hearing person reads a verse like Daniel 7:6, we can conjure an image in our heads of whatever we’d like. For example: What do you imagine the four wings look like? You can picture big wings, small wings, wings on the beast’s back or wings on its side. But for a Deaf person to understand a passage, they need to see it visually. And in Japanese Sign Language, there isn’t just one way to say “wings” like there is in the English written language. There are specific, different signs to say “wings on the back” or “wings on the side” or “big wings.” Context is everything. It might seem odd to us — a 15‑ or 20‑minute debate between team members over the best sign to use for “wings” in Daniel 7:6. But being clear and accurate are two things that the JSL team members value. Whether it’s Daniel 7:6 or John 3:16, every verse matters. UNBURDENED FROM STRESS When people are able to understand Scripture in a language and format that reaches their hearts, lives are transformed. But there are practical, subtle transformations that happen too. Until I watched Tadashi Nagasawa, a member of the Yamagata Deaf Christ Church, sign about his experience, I never considered that reading might be stressful for a Deaf person: “A few years ago I had a stomach ache and was hospitalized. The doctor explained to me that it was due to stress. I wasn’t sure where I got the stress. ... I think I didn’t preach for a year or something. Then later I was asked ... to preach. … It’d been a long time since I had preached, but I accepted it and opened my Bible to prepare. … So I opened my Bible, started reading and studying it. Then I felt the pain in my stomach. I thought to myself: ‘This is probably the same stress that the doctor mentioned to me when I was in the hospital.’ “After that, I was asked again to preach, but this time I said no because of the pain in my stomach. But Pastor Matsumoto kindly offered to help me and explained the content of the Bible in JSL for my preparation for preaching. And when he did that, I did not feel any pain.” Sign languages and spoken languages have completely different syntaxes. The way that we order words in spoken languages differs from the way that words and phrases are ordered in sign languages. And spoken languages are phonetic, relying on connections between text and sound. As Uiko explained: “For Deaf people ... they need something that’s visual. … As hearing people read, there’s a connection between text and sound. For us as Deaf people, we cannot hear and we’re never going to have that connection between the sound and the text. … Visually seeing the hand movement in sign language is very important for us.” THE LOVE OF GOD IN SIGN LANGUAGE The Deaf need Scripture in a format that makes sense to them: video. And they deserve to understand God’s love for them in their language. Toshie Otsubo, the administrative assistant for the ViBi team, is an older woman who acts as the team’s “grandmother”; she arranges everyone’s shoes into neat rows at the front door of the ViBi house. She cleans dishes and takes out the garbage. She takes care of the team. Toshie has spent most of her life reading the Japanese Bible. “But when I started working for ViBi, it really changed my perspective,” she signed. “What I really didn't get in [written] Japanese, I understood so easily in the JSL Bible. For example in John 3:16, it says that God so loved the world [that] he gave us eternal life. When I read this Scripture in Japanese, I thought that God gave eternal life to someone. But when I watched [it] in JSL ... I truly understood that it includes everyone.” She concluded: “I was finally able to grasp the deeper context … [and] I'm so thankful for that. It is my hope and prayer that more and more Deaf people will be reached through JSL Bible with more understanding of the Word of God.” Toshie cried after she shared her story. I did too. There’s nothing more powerful than understanding God’s love in your own language.

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When we think of New York City today we think of a liberal stronghold, the bluest of the blue. But 150 years ago, during the Civil War, it was a southern stronghold. And it got a lot of its anti-Lincoln sentiment from its feral Irish-Catholic population. Blame it all on Eli Whitney. He invented the cotton gin in 1794, which made cotton production easy and profitable. John Strausbaugh looks at New York City’s addiction to King Cotton and its consequences in "City of Sedition: The History of New York City During the Civil War" (Twelve Books). Strausbaugh points out that seven of every ten slaves worked directly or indirectly in cotton. “The city was more than just complicit in maintaining the institution,” he maintains. “The plantation system and New York City spurred each other’s exponential growth in the first half of the nineteenth century.” The south was soon pouring at least $200-million a year into the city’s economy. “Cotton came to represent,” Strausbaugh says, “a whopping 40 percent of all the goods shipped out of the port of New York.” Strausbaugh is very familiar with New York and wrote "The Village," which could be called the definitive biography of the quirky piece of real estate known as Greenwich Village. IrishCentral asked Strausbaugh if his research on the Village led him to write "City of Sedition"? “I love researching and writing about New York history,” said. “It’s so deep and rich and messy and crowded with astounding characters. After 'The Village' I was pitching a sort of companion volume, a history of the Lower East Side, when Sean Desmond, the editor of Twelve, asked if I’d be interested in doing the Civil War instead. I knew it’s a fascinating period in the city’s history and jumped at the chance.” New York during the Civil War was filled with colorful characters: Walt Whitman (the sainted poet wasn’t a great fan of the Irish either, labeling them “bog-trotters”), Fernando Wood (New York’s 75th mayor was a conman in the Trump mold), Archbishop “Dagger” John Hughes (the undisputed no-nonsense leader of the Irish), Thomas Francis Meagher (New Irelander turned Civil War general), John O’Mahony (the leader of the American Fenians), Matthew Brady (famed photographer), Herman Melville (failed novelist), Edwin Booth (famous Shakespearian actor with a brother problem) and, of course, Boss Tweed…need we say more? When asked if writing about this eccentric group made his work easier, Strausbaugh replied: “Absolutely. One story is wilder, funnier, more outrageous or inspiring than the next. It was great fun to weave their individual life stories into a tapestry.” With characters like Hughes and Meagher it’s no wonder that the Irish play a prominent part in "City of Sedition." The Irish were already in New York by the time of the Great Famine, but the famine flooded New York with more impoverished Irish in the aftermath of “Black 47.” “[The famine] had an immense impact,” conceded Strausbaugh. “There were Irish in New York from the time of the Revolution, but their numbers were relatively low—and many were lace-curtain Irish Protestants. The famine brought a tsunami of desperately poor, rural Irish Catholics into the city. It totally shifted the economic, social and political map. They went from terrible hardship in the Irish countryside to terrible hardship in the big city. Tammany Hall, the Democratic machine, scooped them up as voters and as ballot-box-stuffers; conservative leaders like James Gordon Bennett, editor of the Herald, whipped them into fear and hatred of blacks; so-called ‘native’ New Yorkers were as fiercely prejudiced toward them as they were toward blacks—more, really, because (a) there were vastly more Irish in New York than blacks, and (b) because the Irish were Catholics, and Protestant New Yorkers feared and hated Catholics.” “There, in a curious quirk of history,” Strausbaugh writes in 'City of Sedition,' “[the Irish] developed an intimate love-hate relationship with poor black New Yorkers. They lived together, worked together, played together, learned each other’s music and dances, and slept together despite the authorities’ constantly passing ordinances against race-mixing, called ‘amalgamation’ at the time. They clung together to the very lowest rung of the city’s social ladder. Racist stereotypes, bandied about with a complete lack of conscience by other New Yorkers, were startlingly similar for the Irish and the Negro: Both were lazy, drunken, sex-crazed, stupid, and apelike.” The leader of Catholic New York was one Archbishop John Hughes, maybe the most colorful prelate in the history of the New York Archdiocese. He was born in County Tyrone in 1797, was called “Dagger John” because of the stiletto-like crucifix he fashioned, wore a bad toupee, and took guff from no one—especially the nativist Know-Nothings who were fond of burning down Catholic churches. Strausbaugh colorfully wrote that Hughes “was said to act more like a Roman gladiator or an Irish chieftain than a meek follower of Christ…He famously warned that if a single Catholic came to harm, ‘we shall turn this city into a second Moscow,’ a reference to Moscow’s residents burning down their city in 1812 rather than let Napoleon have it.” IrishCentral wanted to know what made “Dagger John” unique. “His feistiness,” Strausbaugh replied without hesitation. “He was fearless in standing up to Protestant, ‘nativist’ New Yorkers on behalf of his flock.” In contrast to the Catholics were the abolitionists, a sullen lot. “Funny,” laughed Strausbaugh, “I hadn’t thought of them as ‘sullen,’ but it’s not an inappropriate description. Basically, abolitionists—white abolitionists, as opposed to black abolitionists—were of New England stock and Protestant. American Protestants lived in dread that the country was being overrun by ‘Papists,’ who would end democracy and deliver the nation to Rome. As silly as that sounds, it was quite a prevalent concern. So you get this odd-looking dichotomy of abolitionists being quite progressive and ‘liberal’ on the issue of slavery, but quite conservative and benighted regarding the Irish.” “While the abolitionists were making enemies of the Irish workers,” writes Strausbaugh, “anti-abolitionist forces in the city were wooing and exploiting them. One of their favorite tactics, which they would use right into the Civil War years, was to scare workers with terrible predictions that if the millions of enslaved blacks in the South were freed they’d flood into northern cities and take away all the work… "With the flood of Famine Irish into the Lower East Side in the 1840s and 1850s, the immigrants’ struggle to set themselves apart from blacks and be accepted by whites turned mean and hard. The Irish now developed a fierce strain of anti-black and anti-abolitionist sentiment. Clinging desperately to their low-level jobs, Irish workers hated the abolitionist movement they feared would unleash millions of freed black workers to flood the city and replace them.” And Dagger John was having none of it. “He lashed abolitionism as a dangerous ‘mischief,’ ” wrote Strausbaugh. Hughes seemed to waiver in moral authority when confronted with the evil of slavery. “Because Catholicism was so beleaguered in America at the time,” Strausbaugh told IrishCentral, “the Catholic Church was not very forthcoming about slavery, not wanting to make enemies on any side of the issue. The Church’s basic stance, which Hughes espoused, was that so long as slavery was legal in the South, owning slaves was not a sin, though mistreating them was. Also, he was Irish, head of an Irish flock, and the Irish had decided to be on the anti-abolitionist side of the issue.” With the start of the Civil War the Irish—led by Hughes and the likes of Thomas Francis Meagher, Michael Corcoran and John O’Mahony—stood by the Union. “Archbishop Hughes, no fan of Lincoln or blacks,” wrote Strausbaugh, “decided that fighting for their adopted country presented his Irish Catholic flock an opportunity to silence their Know-Nothing detractors. The leaders of the Fenian Brotherhood were of two minds about the war. Combat would give their fighters experience they could later put to good use against the British, but inevitably it would also thin their ranks, even in the short and glorious war everyone expected.” In all 150,000 Irish fought heroically for the Union, one-third of them from around New York City. The Irish contribution to the Civil War—led by men like Meagher, O’Mahony and Corcoran—helped to make the Irish “acceptable” to many Americans. “They were very visible figures,” said Strausbaugh, “and at first highly celebrated, which did a lot of good for the image of the Irish. The New York Times noted that Corcoran, specifically, one of the few Union heroes of the First Battle of Bull Run, did a lot to improve the Irish image in the city.” Later, suspicious of Lincoln’s tactics, “…Archbishop Hughes warned [Meagher] of a rumor in the city that Lincoln was really prosecuting the war to free the slaves; if it was true, [Hughes] said Irishmen ‘will turn away in disgust from the discharge of what would otherwise be a patriotic duty.’ ” Although Lincoln made his name in New York at his speech at Cooper Union in 1860, New York was not Lincoln Territory. “Principally because of New York City’s long and deep economic ties to the international cotton trade,” says Strausbaugh, “the majority of New Yorkers saw it in their personal interests to support the South and plantation slavery. They saw Lincoln as the candidate of the abolitionists, and were convinced he’d move to end Southern slavery if elected—despite his saying, many times and in many ways, that he had no intention of doing so. Thus many New Yorkers were hostile to him. New Yorkers voted against him 2-to-1 in 1860 and again in 1864.” However, with the enactment of the draft in 1863 Hughes said, “The people should insist on being drafted, and so bring this unnatural strife to a close.” The draft also brought all the simmering racial antagonism to a boil. “An explosive one,” said Strausbaugh. “After an initial flurry of signing up when the war started, the horrors of battle had reduced volunteerism in the city to a trickle. And the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation had changed the agenda of the North’s war from preserving the Union to ending slavery—a goal many New Yorkers had no interest in fighting and dying for. Furthermore, the draft allowed a man to buy his way out for $300. That was a year’s wages for a working man. Meanwhile, wartime inflation had doubled the price of staples, while workers’ wages stagnated or decreased. So a lot of grievances had been building up among the city’s white workers, and they saw the draft as the final insult. The first names in New York City were drawn on a Saturday; the rioting started that Monday. One historian has noted that while the draft was the immediate spark, it was truly more of a citywide workers’ revolt. They exploded in what’s still the deadliest rioting in American history—officially 119 deaths, though many New Yorkers believed that number was very low.” At the end of the riots Archbishop Hughes addressed his people: “Men of New York. They call you riotous but I cannot see a riotous face among you….I have been hurt by the reports that you are rioters. You cannot imagine that I could hear these things without being pained grievously. Is there not some way by which you can stop these proceedings, and support the laws, of which none have been enacted against you as Irishmen and Catholics?...Would it not be better for you to retire quietly?” Hughes would die the following year. “As for the draft riots,” says Strausbaugh, “[Hughes] was treading a fine line. Other New Yorkers were blaming the Irish for the riots. He didn’t want to play into that, but at the same time he wanted to discourage his flock from participating. It left him in rather a quandary, simultaneously denying the Irish had participated and asking them to stop.” The war, mercifully, finally came to an end in 1865. As for the Irish, they would continue to use Hughes’ schools, hospitals and orphanages as they dug themselves out of poverty to become prominent in every field of commerce and government. When last seen, the Civil War veteran Fenians were quixotically invading Canada to liberate it from British hegemony. They would soon fade, but their quest for Irish independence would be taken up by a new wave of immigrant Irishmen, men like John Devoy, Thomas Clarke, James Connolly and John MacBride—all of whom would use New York as a launching pad for the 1916 Easter Rising. New York, of course, went on to become the “Big Apple,” the greatest city in the world. But as much as things change, they seem to stay the same. The Know-Nothings are gone, but 155 years later nativism is still deeply ingrained in Americans. “I’m one of those people who believe history is valuable in its own right and doesn’t need to be ‘relevant’ to the present,” concludes Strausbaugh. “Then again, it’s sure hard not to see parallels between the racism, anti-immigration sentiments and fear-mongering demagogues then and now. (And one of those demagogues today happens to be from New York City!) I think it would take someone who knows a lot more about sociology and political science than I do to explain why some of these attitudes don’t seem to have changed, but I have to think that feelings of economic insecurity—reality-based or just imagined—have much to do with it.” *Dermot McEvoy is the author of "The 13th Apostle: A Novel of a Dublin Family, Michael Collins, and the Irish Uprising" and "Irish Miscellany" (Skyhorse Publishing). He may be reached at [email protected]. Follow him on his website and Facebook page.

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Peculiarities of treatment of bronchitis in adults Treatment of bronchitis in adults is a complex and lengthy process that requires the attention of a doctor, as any errors or ignoring recommendations can lead to a lot of complications to the human body. Bronchitis is an inflammation of the whole of the human respiratory system: bronchi, trachea, airway tubes in the lungs. The most common causes are: - viral and infectious disease (in such cases, bronchitis develops as a complication of untreated disease); - Smoking, including passive; - chemicals in enterprises; - the cold, moist air, prolonged hypothermia; - diseases associated with stagnation of blood in the pulmonary circulation; - chronic sinusitis, sinusitis; - the trauma of a thorax; - polluted air on the street. Types of bronchitis in adults In order to understand how to treat bronchitis, you need to define the view of that sick man. In medicine diagnose these types of diseases: - Allergic. The cause of the disease becomes certain allergen. Just the right definition of this allergen will allow you to learn how to cure bronchitis. - Tracheal. This disease is a combined form in which the virus first causes inflammation of the trachea and then the bronchi is striking. - Obstructive. This form is more common in children than in adults. - Sharp. The disease occurs rapidly and requires immediate treatment. - Chronic. This species occurs from improper treatment of bronchitis or other types of viral infectious diseases of the nasopharynx. This species is divided into several subtypes: - simple non-obstructive, with the breath of the person is normal; - purulent non-obstructive, breathing is also not changed; - obstructive changes in breathing, appear severe wheezing in the chest; - purulent-obstructive, in this case, the phlegm in the bronchi becomes stagnant, and becomes pus. The latter type of bronchitis is considered to be life-threatening. The wrong treatment may develop sepsis, and people die. Turning to the doctor, the patient must indicate the severity of the disease. It can be: Depending on the type of disease the symptoms will be different, but only slightly. In the early stages of all patients complain of weakness, General malaise, fatigue, can begin unreasonableheadaches. Literally in 2-3 days there is a strong dry cough, which is paroxysmal in nature. In adults there is a burning sensation, heaviness in the chest. Cough in the early stages would be counter-productive, so each attack will only strengthen the pain in the chest. Because of the strong cough, the voice becomes hoarse, irritation in the throat. This phase is characterized by fever up to 38 degrees. Headaches can become unbearable as the coughing causes an increase in intracranial pressure. Some patients complain of pain in the muscles of the abdominal, thigh region. If you begin timely and proper treatment, the sputum needs to move on day 3. Patients feel relief as it does not occur painful sensations in the body, as dry cough. At this stage it is essential to follow the nature of sputum. Even a small amount of pus may indicate a joining of a bacterial infection. The treatment of this disease is about 3 weeks. Treatment of various types of bronchitis Simple bronchitis. This kind of disease can be treated at home, but only after consultation with a specialist. Your doctor will prescribe medication, physical therapy, folk remedies. To achieve quick results, many recommend alternate methods of treatment. Of the medications, antibiotics, antimicrobial agents, analgesics and mucolytics. Of traditional medicine popular rubbing, compresses, massage, inhalation. But they can only be used after normalization of temperature of the patient. Obstructive bronchitis. This kind can be treated only in the acute phase currents after the transition to chronic to cure it completely would be impossible. The whole scheme of treatment consists of symptomatic therapy. Each patient should understand that to treat the obstruction of the bronchi would be long and difficult. For treatment, it is recommended to choose herbal medicinal products. I use thyme and essential oil from it. He not only has expectorant effect and helps to calm inflammation and kill the existing infection in the bronchi. Given that this species is characterized by swelling and narrowing of the bronchi and trachea, are appointed by bronchodilator drugs. They can be in the form of tablets or inhalation. To transform dry cough into a moist, prescribed mucolytic agent and for better discharge of phlegm - expectorant. These drugs for obstructive bronchitis should be of an artificial basis, as herbal preparations can cause additional allergies andprovoke more swelling of the bronchi. Almost all forms of this type are treated with antibiotics. They can be taken orally, but in severe illness it is recommended to be injected intramuscularly or intravenously. Bronchitis of the smoker. To win a bronchitis of the smoker is extremely difficult, as it affects not only the bronchial tree, but sections of the lung tissue. If you don't get proper and timely treatment, this type into obstructive and pathological changes in the lungs become irreversible. Modern medicine fixes the cases when bronchitis develops in humans for several years, and he has no idea about its presence. This applies to smokers with the experience. Severe paroxysmal dry cough they attributed to exposure to tobacco smoke and is considered the norm. But everyone should know that a cough is a reaction of the body, which prevents the development of serious diseases, so it has to be properly treated. In most cases, patients with smoker's bronchitis are treated at late stages, when the doctor to cure him completely can not, and only prescribe medications that soften the symptomatic manifestations. The specialist can recommend inhalation therapy, moxibustion, massage, physical therapy. These methods will bring the maximum amount of toxic substances from the bronchi. Sharp. This type of bronchitis is treated in different ways, methods and products depend on the cause of the disease. If the acute form of bronchitis is bacterial based, prescribe a course of antibiotics; if viral, it is not only antimicrobial therapy but also anti-inflammatory. When a dry cough and for a long time does not pass in the wet, it is assigned an expectorant. It helps to cleanse the mucous membrane of the bronchi and to return them to normal function. If an acute form caused by exposure to a certain allergen, there shall be additionally antihistamines. At home, you can use compresses of cabbage leaf, boiled potatoes, alcohol, camphor oil. They improve the circulation of blood in the bronchi and lead out of their sputum or pus. Since acute bronchitis can lead to serious complications, it is recommended to adhere to bed rest, drinking more liquids, such as milk, with lemon, tea, warm mineral water. If you start timely treatment of acute bronchitis, the prognosis is positive, but if you ignore all the assignments, can occur complications such as: - bronchial asthma; - the vasculitis. As the inflammatory processes and affect other organs, they gradually fall into the blood travels through the vessels, kidneys, and heart muscle. Chronic. The chronic form of bronchitis requires a thorough diagnosis. Conducted instrumental and laboratory research. These methods allow to establish the cause of the disease which passed into the chronic form due to wrong or missing treatment. Chronic bronchitis is treated with antibacterial therapy expectorate drugs. The treatment course of about 10 days. Antibacterial therapy includes antibiotics, volatile, antiseptics, sulfonamides. Widely used in the treatment of physiotherapy. Appointed warming up mustard, banks, compresses, bronchi effect UHF and quartz. Some experts recommend a method of alternative medicine - acupuncture. To reduce the appearance of unpleasant symptoms by using such folk remedies as decoctions and tinctures of licorice root, mallow, succession, rosemary. Adults are recommended to go to the Russian bath, but only in the absence of elevated temperature. Treatment of bronchitis in the elderly In the treatment of disease in the elderly therapeutic measures are selected in accordance with the severity of its course. If the patient body temperature reaches critical levels, there is intoxication, it is recommended to comply with bed rest. Assigned excessive drinking, inhalation, expectorant and dilates the bronchi drugs. If the source of the disease was the virus are prescribed antiviral therapy. Antibiotics are prescribed with caution, as the body of an elderly man, already weakened by the disease, and medications can eventually destroy the protective reaction of the organism. As soon as the body temperature normalised, older patients are encouraged to move actively, as it promotes the discharge and the conclusion of sputum. These patients also are assigned a cardiac drug cardiac actions. If the patient has insufficient blood supply, the prescribed diuretic drugs. The best treatment is prevention! Preventive measures of bronchitis is simple enough to observe the following rules: - give up bad habits: Smoking and alcohol consumption; - if the work is associated with increased risk and the use of aggressive chemicals, you need to work only in a protective mask; - as much time as possible outdoors in the form of Hiking, trips to the Park or the Park; - be enjoyedsports; - to revise the food and balance; - to perform morning exercises, including breathing; - minimize contact with sick people; - not SuperCool, do not remain for a long time in cold rooms; - regular airing and wet cleaning in the house; - not to self-medicate with a viral or infectious diseases. Bronchitis treatment should be timely and professional and undertaken only after consultation with your doctor.

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Stanlow Abbey was not a lucky place. Built on the Mersey’s south bank, the last decade of the thirteenth century brought flooding, storm damage and fire. No surprise then that its resident monks craved calmer waters, finding them 40 miles away in north Lancashire. There, alongside the River Calder, they established new domestic ranges, outbuildings and a fine church, enclosing the site with crenellated walls and successfully exploiting local resources to flourish financially. It was a seat of genuine industry, built on crops, wool, iron and coal. But the Dissolution of the Monasteries did for it, prompting piecemeal destruction over the centuries that followed. Today the remains are listed – still significant local landmarks although somewhat overshadowed by a more recent structure of even greater scale just 70 yards beyond the surviving gatehouse. Engineering at a price 1845 saw Royal Assent for an Act that incorporated the Bolton Blackburn Clitheroe & West Yorkshire Railway (BBC&WYR) – known later as the Blackburn Railway to save time and breath. Planned as a 45-mile connection between Bolton and the North Western Railway at Long Preston, its southern section was completed in stages, opening to Chatburn – two miles north of Clitheroe – on 22 June 1850. The through route would not be advanced for another 30 years, joining the then-Midland line at Hellifield and creating a strategically important link from Manchester to Glasgow via the Settle and Carlisle. Engineered by Terrence Wolfe Flanagan, the BBC&WYR boasted two substantial structures: the 2,015-yard Sough Tunnel and a viaduct of 48 arches across the Calder valley. This stands alongside the abbey ruins and, to help harmonise it with them, Flanagan inserted brick screens beneath two of the spans, decorated with large Gothic arches. Reputedly comprising seven million bricks (it’s not known who counted them), Whalley Viaduct carries its two-track railway for 660 yards, crossing the river at a height of 70 feet and climbing to the south on a gradient of 1:82. It commands the landscape thereabouts. Contractors Nowell Hattersley & Shaw were given the job of erecting it, taking three years and earning £40,000 for their troubles. With the end in sight, two spans collapsed on 6 October 1849, killing three men and injuring a fourth. Blame was attributed to heavy rains – percolating through the brickwork to prevent the mortar from setting – compounded by the premature removal of the arches’ centring. Flaws and imperfections Defects have manifested themselves throughout the viaduct’s history, with the first recorded strengthening work taking place in 1884. Today, the undulating line of the parapet tells its own story. Timber piles support the piers: numbers 13 and 14 (in the river), 46 and 47 were underpinned as part of two projects, the first taking place in the early 1940s. The northernmost arch was also rebuilt. And evident throughout are patch repairs and recasing. Unsurprisingly then, Network Rail has a long-term monitoring plan in place, with sensors located at various points along the structure tied to the usual system of alerts and alarms. Routine inspections late in 2010 recorded significant defects in Span 34 – towards the northern end – including flattening to the west ring face of the arch barrel and a full-width transverse crack. It was immediately clear that Network Rail Infrastructure Projects would need to fast-track another intervention, with Birse Rail assigned the works under the civils framework agreement. To better understand how the structure was behaving, Datum Monitoring Services installed crack and rotation sensors around the affected span, together with two extensometers alongside the east and west faces of Pier 34. Six cores were drilled through the pier to confirm its composition: solid brickwork sitting on a sandstone raft above the timber piles. Some evidence of hay bales was also apparent. Over the spring months, movement in the arch appeared to be a function of thermal expansion – sometimes as much as 5mm in a day – but recovery was only partial so it was gradually rotating towards the north, with the crack acting as a hinge. The east-elevation spandrel face was also being pushed outwards. Subsequent 3D monitoring suggested that the deformation was actually being driven by settlement of the pier, at a rate of around 5mm per month during wetter periods. Computer modelling techniques confirmed this through analysis of the gathered data. Ground investigations, performed by BAM Ritchies, recorded a locally high water table – almost reaching ground level – the seasonal rise and fall of which could have hastened the timber piles’ deterioration through repeated cycles of wetting and drying. Additional insight was obtained using a Cone Penetration Testing truck provided by Lankelma. Sinking a borehole for a piezometer revealed that disturbance of the groundwater regime accelerated the vertical movement of the pier, adding to the future challenges confronting the project team. The rock head was encountered 6.5-8.15m below ground level, varying across the pier. A limited menu Timescales and the need for guaranteed longevity helped to define the way forward. Construction methodology was another critical factor, given the possibility of transitory instability. Whatever the permanent solution, it would have to be delivered sensitively in light of the structure’s condition. A two-phased approach was therefore adopted, first stabilising the arch with a concrete ring before then installing piles onto which the pier’s load would be transferred. Birse Rail appointed Donaldson Associates to develop the Form B design. This identified complex sequencing to mitigate the risks involved, although it was recognised that there would be some “evolution” as practical experience filled knowledge gaps. The solution reflected the viaduct’s assigned capacity of RA8 at 45mph with a heavy axle weight restriction of 20mph. Constraints came in a number of forms, the viaduct’s Grade II listed status being just one. But Ribble Valley Borough Council adopted a helpfully pragmatic position in granting consent. More significantly, the availability of only one wheels-free possession late in November 2011 – needed for initial shotcreting – created a fixed point in time around which the programme would have to be planned and executed. Welcome to Whalley Site mobilisation occurred in October with the establishment of a compound in a field alongside the viaduct. Span 34 was the other side of a lane – the west elevation being accessed through a narrow parcel of land in which the northern part of the structure stands, necessitating a section of wall to be taken down. Standard Scaffolding Specialists used a school playing field to reach the east elevation, erecting a protective screen between the worksite and very-adjacent bungalows. All this demanded land access agreements. An 11kV power cable, inconveniently passing beneath the affected arch, had to be diverted further south. Using MEWPs (Mobile Elevating Work Platforms), initial stabilisation work involved pinning, grouting and stitching to spans 33, 34 and 35. Additional monitoring was also installed. Two rows of staggered needle beams were then inserted above each of the two piers to form springers for the new 475mm concrete arch and its reinforcements, to sit beneath the existing barrel. Located at 490mm centres, each hole was core drilled, the beam inserted and fully grouted up before work began on the next, the overall process following a carefully developed sequence. This paved the way for the first spray-concrete operation during November’s crucial 29-hour possession. Recognising that, at this stage, the additional dead load of the planned arch could prompt further deterioration, it was decided only to form an intermediate ‘holding’ ring of 150mm. Concurrently, a trial pile was driven and load tested, 3.5m from the west elevation, to confirm the design suitability and proposed methodology. After a seven-day curing period, work proceeded with the structural piling, undertaken by main subcontractor APB Group – a predetermined sequence again being adopted, although this differed to that specified in the design as a consequence of the adverse ground conditions. There are 14 piles per pier; seven per elevation – each was poured in 450mm permanent steel casings, it being impractical to subsequently remove them as would generally be the case due to the inevitable disturbance it would cause. After each opposing pair was sunk, the brickwork was cored, a beam installed and the hole grouted at the earliest opportunity to start transferring the load, the intention being to reduce any settlement. This required supporting stools to be secured between the piles and the beam. Room for manoeuvre With the piles at 1.2 metre centres, the piling rig’s lateral operation became increasingly restricted as more needle beams were inserted on a ‘do one, miss two’ rotation. Mounting the coring drill suffered from similar constraints. End to end, this critical process took about four weeks during which time three wet months worth of settlement – about 15mm – was recorded. With the site closing down for Christmas, it was vital to have confidence that everything was fully supported and stabilised, with contractors remaining on standby to respond to any alarms. The pier element of the design was concluded with the installation of intermediate needle beams which would load the reinforced concrete boots around the piers’ bases once they were cast. This allowed the remaining arch reinforcement and shotcreting to be progressed – a job that APB Group subcontracted to BAM Ritchies. In terms of eccentric loading, the impact on the piers is limited, with the new arch adding around 10% to the dead load. To soften its visual impact, the elevation sections were faced in brick, with corbelled brickwork detail beneath connecting the new with the old. Years of movement had opened some of the mortar joints between the parapet and string course. As a final act, the parapets were pinned to ensure gravity couldn’t take the initiative if further movement occurred. Two expansion joints were introduced on each elevation, relieving some of the compressive forces focussed at this location. By early April the physical works were done; the site shut down on the 24th. Up against it Continuing monitoring of the installed strain gauges show the load is being progressively transferred to the piles. Any arch movement is now exclusively thermal, expanding and contracting as would be expected. And there are no signs of this new hard spot pushing problems elsewhere. Costing a little under £2 million, this scheme met no-one’s definition of cheap and cheerful. But what’s reflected in that price is the severity of the problem, the no-choice solution, the logistical complexity and the challenges thrown up by dynamic conditions to which the team had to respond. Viewed in that context, a successful and entirely non-disruptive scheme has emerged here from demanding circumstances. No mean feat. Whalley Abbey will remain the only ruin locally. Many thanks to Dan Wilcock and Mark Billington of Network Rail, and Birse Rail’s Gavin Collins and Graham Gallagher for their help with this article.

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Have you ever encountered Ook! or Brainfuck? No, we are not trying to shock you, but these are actually the names of the exotic programming languages discussed in this article. Learn more about the origin, nature, eccentricities and uses of these languages with a few examples and try-outs. The word exotic is defined by the Oxford dictionary as of a kind not ordinarily encountered. If that is so, what is meant by exotic programming languages? These are languages that are not used for commercial purposes or even for anything useful. This definition can be applied a little loosely and, hence, many different types of programming languages can be classified as exotic. So, after some consideration, I have included three types of languages as belonging to this category. Exotic programming languages include languages that are intentionally designed to be difficult to learn and program with. Such languages are often used to analyse the power of programming languages. They are known as esoteric programming languages. Some exotic languages, known as joke languages, are created for the sake of fun. And the third type includes non-English-based programming languages. The definition clearly mentions that these languages do not serve any practical purpose. Then whats all the fuss about exotic programming languages? To understand their importance, we need to first understand what makes a programming language a programming language. The Turing completeness of programming languages A language qualifies as a programming language in the true sense only if it is Turing complete. A language that is Turing complete can be used to represent any computable algorithm. Many of the so called languages are, in fact, not languages, in the true sense. Examples of tools that are not Turing complete and hence not languages in the strict sense include HTML, XML, JSON, etc. But it is often quite surprising to come across Turing complete languages in the most unexpected places. Indeed, it was surprising for me to learn that tools like Vim, sed, AWK, etc, are Turing complete. This knowledge about Turing completeness can be used to shed some light on exotic programming languages. Esoteric programming languages are tiny programming languages that are Turing complete. In laymans terms we can say that esoteric languages are powerful enough to do any task that is achievable by heavyweight languages like C, C++, Java, etc. Some of the joke languages and most of the non-English-based languages are also Turing complete. The importance and relevance of exotic programming languages Now we know that the languages we will be discussing here are Turing complete and are worthy of being called a programming language. What about their relevance in the open source arena? In my opinion, these languages truly capture the ethos of open source program development. They neither have any commercial applications nor will they ever allow the developer to earn even a single rupee. No profit-seeking company will ever develop any of these languages. But each and every one of these languages has a small but fervent group of supporters responsible for development and maintenance. This underlines the fact that the real value of open source development is broadening the frontiers of knowledge and not just monetary benefit. Another question that needs an answer is regarding the uses of exotic programming languages. If these languages are not widely used then why study or write about them? For starters, programming is not always about developing applications. Programming can also be used to test the skills of a potential candidate in an interview, to create puzzles that will baffle even the most accomplished programmer, for recreational purposes, etc. So, in essence, exotic programming languages are somewhat similar to crossword puzzles or word jumble games; they offer very good exercise for the mind. Over the years, thousands of pages have been filled about the features of different programming language paradigms like object oriented programming, structured programming, functional programming and logic programming. Also, computer magazines have published volumes about different languages like C, C++, Java, Python, etc. But none of them ever considered exotic programming languages seriously. So it will be pure fun for readers to get to know these weird languages. Esoteric programming languages Esoteric programming languages (also known as esolangs) are Turing complete languages in which program development is done with a tiny set of tokens. These languages are created to test the patience and perseverance of potential geeks. The sheer variety of languages available is quite amazing. In this section we will discuss just five esoteric programming languages. In fact, there are more than 750 entries in the wiki page about esoteric languages. We will discuss esolangs called Brainfuck, Ook!, Piet, Whitespace and Java2K. Brainfuck is the most widely used and popular esoteric language. But its awkward name often limits public discussions on it. The language is often called BF, Brainf*** or Brainf**k by the timid. So henceforth I will address the language as BF, which is known for its extreme minimalism. There are only eight commands and one instruction pointer in BF. A data pointer is used to point to the current cell being processed. The number of cells is theoretically infinite and all are initialised to zero. The eight commands are represented by the following eight symbols. They are: - < (less than to increment data pointer) - > (greater than to decrement data pointer) - + (plus to increment the byte at the data pointer) - – (minus to decrement the byte at the data pointer) - . (dot to output the byte at the data pointer) - , (comma to store one byte at the location pointed by the data pointer) - [ (opening square bracket to forward the instruction pointer to the next command after the closing square bracket if the byte at the data pointer is zero), and - ] (closing square bracket to move back the instruction pointer to the next command after the opening square bracket if the byte at the data pointer is non-zero). Thus any BF program will consist of only these eight symbols. Whitespaces are ignored by the BF interpreter. There are many open source interpreters available for processing BF. One of the most widely used interpreter and IDE for BF is an open source IDE called BFdev. The extensions for BF programs are .b and .bf. Writing programs in BF is considered a Herculean task. It is so difficult that if there is a God and if he ever lets me enter heaven, I will request him to write an operating system using BF just as proof of his omniscience. Similarly, printing an arbitrarily large BF program might take up the whole magazine. So I will stick to a trivial task. The following is a BF program to print the text OPEN SOURCE FOR YOU on the screen. +++++++[>++++++++++<-]>+++++++++. >++++++++[>++++++++++<-]>. >+++++++[>++++++++++<-]>-. >+++++++[>++++++++++<-]>++++++++. >+++[>++++++++++<-]>++. >++++++++[>++++++++++<-]>+++. >+++++++[>++++++++++<-]>+++++++++. >++++++++[>++++++++++<-]>+++++. >++++++++[>++++++++++<-]>++. >++++++[>++++++++++<-]>+++++++. >+++++++[>++++++++++<-]>-. >+++[>++++++++++<-]>++. >+++++++[>++++++++++<-]>. >+++++++[>++++++++++<-]>+++++++++. >++++++++[>++++++++++<-]>++. >+++[>++++++++++<-]>++. >+++++++++[>++++++++++<-]>-. >+++++++[>++++++++++<-]>+++++++++. >++++++++[>++++++++++<-]>+++++. The size of the program clearly illustrates the difficulty of writing even the simplest of programs in BF. Ook! is not an independent programming language. It is a derivative language of BF. What makes Ook! interesting is the fact that there are only three keywords — Ook., Ook?, and Ook!. These three keywords are taken in pairs to form the eight keywords of BF. The three keywords of the language Ook! are created in such a way that they are supposed to be writable and readable even by orangutans. There are some online interpreters freely available for Ook!. The size of programs tends to become even more longer with Ook!. The following is an Ook! program to print my name DEEPU on the screen. Ook. Ook? Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook! Ook? Ook? Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook? Ook! Ook! Ook? Ook! Ook? Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook! Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook! Ook. Ook! Ook. Ook. Ook? Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook! Ook? Ook? Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook? Ook! Ook! Ook? Ook! Ook? Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook! Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook. Ook! Ook. The program is too large for debugging and comprehension; hence, all we can do is hope and pray that the program gives the correct output. Piet is an even more bizarre esolang. The programs in Piet do not use any text-based keywords; instead, Piet uses coloured blocks as keywords. The final program obtained in the Piet language will look like an abstract painting. This is the reason why its named after the Dutch painter Piet Mondarin, who is the pioneer of geometric abstract art. The extension of a Piet program is .ppm (Portable Pixelmap Graphics), which is an open graphics file format. The most widely used IDE for Piet is the open source Piet Creator. I tried to create (the word write is not appropriate for Piet programs) a Piet program to print OPEN SOURCE FOR YOU. But after a few hours, I understood that every man has his breaking point; so I satisfied myself with printing OSFY. Figure 1 is actually the program to print the message OSFY. But I also came to know that there are interpreters for Piet created using Piet itself. I was dumbfounded at the mere thought about such a horrendous venture. Imagine the countless agonising hours spent by those geeks to develop these types of near impossible programs. I am sure if there ever were a religion for open source developers, these guys would be canonized as saints by the devotees. In almost every programming language, whitespace characters are ignored by the compilers and interpreters or have minor implications. But Whitespace is an exception to this rule. It is an esoteric programming language in which the whitespace characters alone are used to generate the program. Every non-whitespace character used in the program is considered as a comment and ignored by the compiler. This language can never be included in the academic curriculum because the answer script containing the correct Whitespace programs will look exactly like the one without any answer it will be blank! The programs are generated by using spaces, tabs and line feeds alone. The five commands in the language Whitespace are described below. [Space] is used for stack manipulation. The combination [Tab][Space] is used for arithmetic operation. The combination [Tab][Tab] is used for heap access. [Linefeed] is used for flow control, and the combination [Tab][Linefeed] is used for I/O manipulation. Since Whitespace ignores all the non-whitespace characters, programs can be easily embedded inside other free form languages like C. Thus Whitespace can be used to generate polyglot programs, which are programs written in a valid form of multiple programming languages. I will end the discussion on esoteric languages with Java2K. It is in no way related to the popular programming language, Java. Most of the languages we ever come across are deterministic programming languages. But Java2K is a probabilistic programming language. Every function in Java2K has two implementations, and the actual version of the function to be executed is selected at runtime, based on the values provided by a pseudo random number generator. So it is extremely difficult to write programs with relatively high accuracy. To make it even more difficult, the language uses a base-11 number system with whitespace as the eleventh symbol in the number system. Of all the five esoteric languages discussed in this section, I found Java2K the most annoying. So I leave the readers to experiment with this depressing language. Joke languages are those exotic languages that do not serve any practical purpose other than the potential fun that can be had by dabbling with them. They are mostly generated from existing esoteric programming languages and not usable even in theoretical scenarios. Sometimes, joke languages are created by ingenious programmers to win certain contests. There are about hundred entries in the wiki page about joke languages with languages even named ###, ***, COW, FIFTH, etc. Many of these joke languages are not Turing complete and are not programming languages in the true sense. Joke languages include those used to generate programs that will serve just a single purpose. For example, a joke language called 99 is used only to generate the lyrics of the song 99 bottles of beer. Joke languages also include languages like Malbolge, often considered the most difficult language ever invented to write an executable program with. Most well known languages have their character set based on the English alphabet. The overwhelming trend in computer science is to accept the dominance of English as the principal language. This is true even for languages that were developed in non-English speaking countries. For example, Python was developed in the Netherlands and Ruby in Japan, but even these languages adopted English-based keywords. But there is a small minority of languages that use non-English characters to form their tokens. Chinese programming languages, which were developed in the 1970s, are examples of languages using non-English characters for token generation. Its interesting to know that there are programming language systems that use Indian languages like Hindi and Bengali to form their tokens. The Hindawi Indic programming system is a scalable system, which supports many programming paradigms. Hindi and Bengali C (Shaili Guru), C++ (Shaili Shraeni), OpenJava (Shaili Kritrim), lex (Shaili Shabda), yacc (Shaili Vyaaka), x86 Assembly (Shaili Yantrik), BASIC (Shaili Prathmik) and Logo (Shaili Robot) are the different languages supported by the Hindawi system. The system uses front-end compilers that translate the Hindi or Bengali code into its English equivalent, which in turn is compiled by the GCC compiler that acts as a back-end compiler. These kinds of non-English-based programming languages are very helpful to students without an English background. This article has discussed some of the weirdest programming languages that have ever been created by humans. On the surface, it may seem that these languages are purposeless and a waste of time. But, in reality, they are useful in many different ways. They expand our knowledge of how programming languages work, they offer challenging puzzles to budding programmers and they also represent the real spirit of open source development. But the journey through exotic programming languages was slightly disappointing because none of the languages I have featured here were developed in our country. I believe that as a computing superpower we must make a contribution in every field of computing.

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The following article describes the permutation test as it is employed in Scaffold Q+S. Use the links below to navigate to specific sections of this document. - Samples and Categories - The F-statistic as a Measure of Differential Expression - The p-value and the Probability of a Contradiction - Assume No Differential Expression - The p-value as a Number of Extreme Values in a Reference Distribution - The t-test, ANOVA and their Non-parametric Cousins - p-values and Density Charts The permutation test is a quantitative assessment of whether the protein abundance is differentially expressed between categories of samples. To understand how the permutation test measures differential expression, we must: - Define how Scaffold Q+S groups samples into categories to compare them - Define the F-statistic, the measure that the permutation test uses to quantify differential expression - Understand the convoluted logic commonly employed by statistical tests - See how permutations can be used to build a reference histogram of F-statistics - Compare the actual F-statistic to the reference histogram Samples are grouped into categories when organized in Scaffold Q+S. For example, the samples R1 and R2 before treatment might be in category "Reference" and the samples after treatment, T1 and T2, in category "Treatment". The statistical tests in Scaffold operate on differences between Reference and Treatment quantitative values. These tests are not designed to tell the difference between samples T1 and T2. Figure 1. Samples R1 and R2 are in the category "Reference". Samples T1 and T2 are in category "Treatment". Differential expression is defined as the comparison between categories. Before considering differential expression, first consider how the protein abundance is estimated from the measurements. Each reporter ion channel on each of the protein's spectra for iTRAQ or TMT, or each of the proteins for SILAC, is considered a replicate measurement. The normalization done by Scaffold removes the variation caused by differences between replicate samples. This normalization also removes the variation caused by differences within a samples between the spectra (iTRAQ or TMT) or peptides (SILAC or precursor intensity). The remaining variation is that between sample categories, plus some inevitable random measurement error. Determining if the variation between categories is significant is the job of a one-way statistical analysis. A one-way analysis can have two, three or more categories. If there are two categories then the permutation test is a more robust version of the t-test. It is even more robust than the Mann-Whitney test, the non-parametric version of the t-test. If there are three or more categories, then the permutation test is a more robust version of the one-way ANOVA or its non-parametric equivalent, the Kruskal-Wallis test. Scaffold statistical tests are not designed to analyze more complex experimental designs. For example, an experiment where the samples varied by both mouse strain and dosage must be analyzed by a more powerful statistical package. Now that we understand that we are measuring differential expression between categories, let's see how the permutation test measures this differential expression. In proteomics, differential is most often given as a fold change. Scaffold Q+ converts fold changes to the log2 of the fold change for a few key reasons. The log fold change has the advantage that it is symmetric around no change. If in category "Reference", the protein is twice as abundant as in category "Treatment", the log is 1.0. If it is half as abundant, the log is -1.0. Logs have another property that makes using them convenient, namely that: log(A/B) = log(A) - log(B) This means that if we plot the log of the intensities, the log fold change can be read off as the distance between the log intensities. Figure 2. The log fold change is the distance between the log intensities. Here the Reference category is centered at 10.75 and the treated category is 9.75. The difference 10.75 - 9.75 = 1 corresponds to a log fold change of 1 or a fold change of 2. For statistical tests, the distance just discussed between the categories is one factor with the other factor being how precisely each value is known. In statistics, the imprecision is the width of intensity distribution and is usually measured by the standard deviation. For the t-test these two factors are combined by scaling the distance in units of the standard deviation. This scaled distance is called the F-statistic calculated as: F-statistic = explained variance / unexplained variance Statistical tests have a particular sort of logic that at first seems counter intuitive. The permutation test uses this logic to determine differential expression so we will take a little side journey to introduce this way of thinking. You may recall from math classes the concept of "proof by contradiction". The idea behind proof on contradiction is that you assume something and then show it leads to a contradiction. This contradiction shows that your assumption is false and so the opposite of the assumption must be right. The statistical hypothesis tests work in much the same convoluted way. In a t-test, ANOVA, or a permutation test you assume that there is no differential expression between the categories. Now you set about trying to prove that assumption wrong, or at least very unlikely. The p-value is the probability that the assumption is right. If the p-value turns out to be very small, say less that 0.05, then the assumption is most likely false. If the assumption that there is no differential expression is most likely, then there is most likely differential expression. To summarize the backwards logic, the permutation test assumes that there is no differential expression and the p-value is examined to determine if this assumption is true. A small p-value means that there is differential expression. The permutation test between categories assumes that there is no differential expression between them when the differential expression is calculated using the t-statistic. It then sets out to calculate a p-value to find out how likely this assumption is wrong. The trick the permutation test uses to calculate the p-value depends upon building a reference histogram of F-statistic values. This reference histogram is made by permuting the measurements between the categories. Let's look at an example to see how this works. Figure 3 shows example data in two categories that will be used for the permutation example. In the probability density chart in Figure 4, you can see the distributions overlap a fair amount and the confidence intervals of the medians overlap a smaller amount. Figure 3. Sample data for calculating a reference distribution Figure 4. Are these two distributions significant different? The t-statistic calculated for the distance between these two distributions is 6.1. We will now build a reference distribution to see if this is statistically significant. The assumption we are setting up to refute is that there is no differential expression. Another way of looking at this is that the data in the "Reference" samples and the data in the "Treatment" samples are part of the same distribution. Since all the data comes from the same distribution, it makes do difference if we swap some of the data between categories. This swap is shown in Figure 5. Figure 5. The table results from swapping 9.69 from the "Reference" category with 9.90 in the "Treatment" category. This lower configuration will show a slightly smaller F-statistic measuring the differential expression. Since the values in the Reference category are now larger and the values in the Treatment category are smaller, it is easy to see that the F-statistic will be swapped in this case. The value of this F-statistic is calculated and plotted on a histogram. Now this procedure is repeated with other values swapped between the "Treatment" and "Reference" categories, the F-statistic calculated, and plotted on the histogram. This is repeated over and over, swapping not just one value but any random combination of one or more values between categories. This repeated swapping or permutation gives the test its name. The histogram that results from permuting the values 1,000 times is plotted in Figure 6. This is the reference F-statistic histogram for this protein. Figure 6. Reference histogram resulting from permuting the values between the categories and calculating the F-statistic for each permutation. The reference histogram shows how often random permutations of the values between categories will result in each F-statistic distance. These F-statistic counts all arise from random changes to the original data under the assumption that there is no differential expression. The goal is to set up an assumption, that there is no differential expression and see if the data knocks it down. In this section, we have seen the differential expression that might be calculated by mere chance variations. The next section will discuss whether this evidence is enough to knock down the assumption of no differential assumption. The reference F-statistic histogram shows how the calculated differential expression varies under random permutations when it is assumed that there is no real differential expression. The F-statistic that was calculated for the actual measured intensities is 6.1. This value is plotted as a red dashed line in Figure 6. Those 34 histogram values which are greater than the red line in Figure 6 arose by chance. This says that 34 out of 1000 times, the measured differential expression (-0.26) could be explained merely by random permutations. That is the p-value, the probability that the assumption is true is 34/1000. Recall the contorted logic of p-values. A p-value of 0.034 is quite small, which therefore means that it is unlikely the assumption of no differential expression is true. In other words, it is likely that there is differential expression. A minor extension of the permutation test is to extrapolate the reference F-statistic distribution to more extreme values. As can be seen in Figure 7, this can give estimates of the p-value when the measure F-statistic is more extreme than any of the 1,000 permutations. As can also be seen in Figure 7, the data used for the extrapolation does not fit real tightly to the exponentially decreasing line which means that the resulting p-values are approximate; they may be off by an order of magnitude. Figure 7. When the measured F-statistic, the red line, is more extreme than the 1,000 permutations, the reference distribution can be extrapolated. To recap, the permutation test sets up the assumption of no differential expression and sees how often random fluctuations could result in a measurement as extreme as that actually seen. If these random fluctuations are seldom as large as the actual measured differential expression, then we believe in the differential expression. The t-test, ANOVA and those statistical tests that have somebody's name attached to them all work in a closely related manner. The principal difference is that the reference distribution was calculated fifty or a hundred years ago by assuming a number of characteristics about the data. These reference distributions are now stored in tables of numbers or computer algorithms. The permutation test is much more robust as it calculates the reference distribution directly. Scaffold provides color coding of p-value results to draw attention to those proteins whose differential expression is statistically significant. Cells colored with a green background indicate p-values that fall below the alpha level and are significant while p-values with a white background are not considered significant (above the alpha level). If multiple-test correction has been applied such as the Benjamini-Hochberg test, those p-values below the alpha level but above the multi-test corrected adjusted alpha level will be shaded orange. Figure 8. Scaffold Q+S colors green the p-values for those proteins with significant differential expression. Another sanity check on whether a protein is differentially expressed between categories is to look at its category level chart. The lines on these charts show the probability that the intensity measurements for a category fall in a certain range. The colored curve shows the confidence interval for the median of the measurements, see Figure 9. Figure 9. The probability that measurements will fall in a given range is given by the lines. The colored sections show the confidence intervals for the medians of the distributions. If the confidence intervals for the medians for the different categories do not overlap much, then the protein is most likely differentially expressed. If the confidence intervals overlap a lot, it is unlikely the proteins are differentially expressed. When there are only a few measurements for each category, then the category level charts can look differentially expressed but the permutation test may report a high p-value. These situations require more data to make an accurate determination.

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Much of modern medicine was built on racism and eugenics, and these dangerous racial disparities still plague the profession. I can distinctly remember a moment during one of those many (many) days in my first year of medical school when we were sitting in lecture and learning about a disease. Before my professor described the mechanism of the disease, which involved inflammation of the blood vessels, he paused and cleared his throat. “I want you to know that you may see this disease referred to as ‘Wegener’s granulomatosis’ in textbooks or amongst colleagues. However, we as a profession have decided that we are not calling it ‘Wegener’s’ anymore. Because Wegener, it turns out, was a Nazi.” He said this solemnly, and then proceeded with the lecture, referring to the disease by its new names. First, in the 2000s, “ANCA-associated granulomatous vasculitis” was used; now, it is often taught as “granulomatosis with polyangiitis” (GPA). Medicine is rife with old eponyms — diseases or body parts named after their discoverers or researchers — that are beginning to be replaced by more logical names for practical reasons. (The term “rectouterine pouch,” after all, tells us more precisely what we are talking about than “pouch of Douglas”). But this was the first I had heard of the entire medical profession deciding to change an eponym for the sake of revoking honor from someone whose actions were now deemed immoral. And, more than that, the name change accompanied a small but repetitive teaching of why there was a new name — actively passing on the unethical history that led to greater understanding of a rare disease. When other diseases gained new names, we were typically allowed to use the original eponym and the logical name interchangeably. But here? We were being told: Don’t use this old name. This man was a Nazi, who used tissue from Nazi prisoners to make his discoveries. And this moment of reflection on the history of this disease’s name happened almost every time I was taught about GPA. It happened again when we learned about “Club cells,” the dome-shaped cells with short microvilli which serve to protect the lining of our lung’s small airways. We were told that they were originally named “Clara cells,” after the man who first described them in 1937. But Max Clara, we were told, was a Nazi — and so the pulmonary physician community made a dedicated effort in 2012 to have a name-change take effect in January of the next year. They rolled out the change systematically: for two years, they would put “Clara” in parenthesis after “club cell.” After that, “club cell” alone would replace all mentions of the name. I started thinking about this movement to change names recently in the aftermath of the violence in Charlottesville and the national dialogue on removing monuments. The scientific name changes above signal a systematic effort to remove honor afforded to those who did immoral, horrific things to other human beings in the name of country-sanctioned medical research. As a medical student, I am proud of the profession for pushing this change and I welcome the continued mention of the change in our medical training — with little effort, it allows us the important benefit of remembering the unethical history of the disease’s discovery without honoring it. But with each of these instances, there is also a growing feeling of disparity in this remembrance. I rarely encounter the same explanation or historical interludes prefacing some of the tests we use in medicine today, which were developed in the context of racial exploitation in our own country’s history — such as spirometry to test lung function, or the immortalized cell line of Henrietta Lacks. Soon after I learned how to do a speculum and pelvic exam in medical school, I happened to listen to an NPR Hidden Brain story which detailed the work of surgeon James Marion Sims. Sims, the so-called “father of modern gynecology,” developed the first speculum out of pewter in the 1840s — it was not markedly different from the very same device we use made of steel or plastic today.There is an important benefit of remembering the unethical history of a disease’s discovery without honoring it. Click To Tweet He is also famous for perfecting and pioneering a technique using silver sutures to repair vesicovaginal fistulas—an opening between the vagina and bladder that could result from complicated childbirth, which caused women suffering and social stigma from urine leakage. In 1845, Sims purchased slave women with fistulas and housed them on his property for the purposes of medical experimentation geared towards gynecological research. In his memoirs, he names three of the at least 11 slave women he kept to experiment on — Anarcha, Lucy, and Betsey — brought to him by their owners. For the next four years, he did a series of experiments on them without anesthesia. According to physician-historian Vanessa Northington Gamble in the NPR story, “there was a belief at the time that black people did not feel pain in the same way.” In her book Medical Apartheid, writer Harriet A. Washington describes how, when the subjects of Sims’ experimental surgeries screamed in agony while he cut them with a scalpel, his medical assistants would forcibly hold them down. According to her research, women would be awake and naked while he did the procedure, often with many male assistants or interested physician colleagues watching. One subject of his experiments, Anarcha, underwent 30 surgeries before he figured out how to properly heal her fistula. After that, Sims did the procedure in clinics — with anesthesia — to heal white women with the same condition. He started a women’s hospital after he moved to New York in the 1850s, where he gained his reputation as a surgeon treating women’s gynecological issues. He reportedly repaired the fistula of a European empress, and became American Medical Association president in 1876 and president of the American Gynecological Society in 1880. According to Washington’s research, Sims also used black infants as subjects for experiments, using scalp incisions to pry skull bones into new positions based on the false belief that their skulls closed prematurely and caused lower intelligence; he was not blamed or persecuted when the infants died. Washington writes that eugenics provided a contorted rationale for Sims’ and others’ experimentation on slaves: “Many researchers argued that blacks were so different from whites — less intelligent, much less sensitive to pain, possessing numerous physical anomalies as well as markedly different patterns of disease immunity — as to constitute a separate species. Given this supposedly vast biological chasm between blacks and whites, how could scientists logically infer results of medical experiments from blacks to whites?” Throughout August and September I started to see more articles in the press about Sims beyond the NPR story; people spurred by the events in Charlottesville started to organize to protest the statues that exist in tribute to him. There is a statue of Sims across from the New York Academy of Medicine, on Fifth Ave and East 103rd St in NYC. The New York Academy of Medicine has released a statement that it supports removal of the statue, writing that it does not belong to the Academy or its property and is in the control of the Parks and Recreation department. In August, the activist group The Black Youth Project 100 held a protest in front of the statue, with protestors memorably wearing bloody-appearing hospital gowns. The statue currently still stands, though in the aftermath of Charlottesville, New York City declared that it will be going through a 90-day review of “symbols of hate on city property,” and as part of that, the Sims statue was discussed at a public city hearing in late November. Yet another statue stands on the statehouse grounds in Columbia, South Carolina, Sims’s home state, with an inscription commending him for “treating alike empress and slave.” Columbia mayor Steve Benjamin said in an interview in August that the Sims statue is the most offensive one to him of all the statues on the grounds, and that it “should come down at some point.” Kwoya Fagin Maples, creative writing instructor at the Alabama School of Fine Arts, helped to organize a protest in front of the statue that took the form of a poetry marathon, to show support for the hastening of its removal. “There have been no preparations, to my knowledge, for it to actually happen. I suppose the protest was a way to support the mayor’s words in hopes that it would move us closer to giving the eleven or more women he experimented on retribution. I think the monument should contain images of the women he used for his discoveries. Personally, I think his image should not be the focus of the monument, if there at all.” In September, Nature published an unsigned editorial originally entitled “Removing Statues of Historical Figures Risks Whitewashing History,” in which it argued that names or statues (specifically pointing out Sims) should not be removed but instead supplemented with additional plaques or “equally sized” monuments commemorating their victims: “Sims was far from the only doctor experimenting on slaves in 1849, despite the fact that the abolitionist movement was well under way in the United States. And his achievements saved the lives of black and white women alike. But some historians argue that his experiments could have been considered unethical even for his time.” The original article was met with strong backlash in many publications and on social media. Nature changed the title of the piece to “Science must acknowledge its past mistakes and crimes” with some content changes, and with an editor’s note apologizing for the original article being “offensive and poorly worded.” A few weeks later, Nature editor-in-chief Philip Campbell published an apology statement in the journal: “Removing such statues or other memorials does not erase these individuals or their acts from history. Beyond that fundamental error in the Editorial, the arguments throughout the piece — including an inappropriate framing of the example of J. Marion Sims — and its overall tone were naive and unintentionally served to reinforce the insidious notion that women, people of colour and minority groups do not have a place in science. This notion is wrong. We did not recognize how destructive the overall Editorial was and the effects that it could have.” When I read about this saga in Nature, I remembered Wegener and Clara again. Why propose to build an “equally sized” monument to stand alongside the existing one, when one could build an entirely new monument altogether? In her NPR interview, Dr. Gamble proposed that his subjects Anarcha, Lucy, and Betsey be depicted instead. “I think what the inscription would say is ‘Betsey, Anarcha, and Lucy, the mothers of modern gynecology.’” Apart from teaching medical students like me about the history behind the modern practice of gynecology, learning about the experimentation by Sims also brings up important conversations regarding the ability to consent. In the Journal of Medical Ethics in 2006, physician L.L. Wall argued that “Sims’s modern critics have discounted the enormous suffering experienced by fistula victims” and that, based on Sims’ own writings, his original patients were “willing participants in his surgical attempts to cure their affliction.” But can any people considered property actually consent? And would a woman truly “consent” to 30 surgeries without anesthesia? The argument is fallacious, dangerous, and openly ignores the intent with which Sims purposefully bought black women for his experiments, not to mention the eagerness of slaveholders to have their slaves returned in better condition for physical labor.Can any people considered property actually consent? Would a woman a truly ‘consent’ to 30 surgeries without anesthesia? Click To Tweet While Sims had been criticized by contemporaries as early as 1858 (by African-American surgeon Daniel Hale Williams, according to Washington), Wegener kept his Nazi ties secret for decades. He had joined the Nazi Party in 1932 and it is speculated that he participated in Nazi medical experimentation. The American College of Chest Physicians awarded him a “master clinician” prize in 1989, a year before his death, but rescinded it after his secret Nazi past was discovered 11 years later through the work of two physicians researching his life in preparation for an intended celebratory article. Sims, for his part, experimented on living women — further exploiting their already harrowing reality of exploitation, using eugenics-based logic to give them no pain medication. But even more important is the fact that, though Sims practiced 100 years before Wegener and Clara, American assumptions based on false theories of racial difference are still held by some physicians today. A study last year from the University of Virginia found that a substantial portion of white medical students and residents surveyed believed that black people are biologically less sensitive to pain; in their results, 40% of first and second-year medical students and 25% of residents thought blacks have thicker skin than whites.American assumptions based on false theories of racial difference are still held by some physicians today. Click To Tweet One aspect of knowing the history of American medical experimentation is also understanding and empathizing with the views of black patients who continue to endure bias today. My medical school classmate Shelley Thomas is passionate and outspoken about working towards racial justice in health care, and was one of the classmates I interviewed for this article. She cited acceptance of intrauterine devices (IUDs), a form of long-acting contraception, as one of many examples of history informing patient skepticism. “There are so many populations that are skeptical of IUDs. Some people think, ‘she’s not looking at the statistics, this is just lack of education,’ without knowing the history of forced sterilization,” she explained. “When you’re talking about putting something inside of a black woman that will stop her from having kids for 5–8 years, the history is there, and without knowing that history, we can make a lot of assumptions about why people are so hesitant about a lot of these different forms of medical advancement.” When I worked as a clinical research coordinator, my required online training included a section on research ethics that described the history of the Tuskegee trial. Wouldn’t it make sense to require us to preface our learning about, say, the speculum exam with a lesson about the man behind the device? I often wonder why these histories don’t already exist in medical curricula; why I come across it almost solely in the lay press. I interviewed Dorothy Charles, a classmate a year ahead of me who is an organizer for the national White Coats for Black Lives movement. “It would be a great to have syllabi on this in medical school,” she said. “We need medical students to learn these social justice issues in medicine, and be educated about the racial history and myths in medicine.” She suggested having people who are experts in these topics teach it — not necessarily physicians, but instead social scientists or historians. Some might argue medical school is not the place for medical history, but as both Charles and Thomas pointed out to me, then why comment on the Wegener’s name change at all? And, Thomas added, “when we don’t address it and don’t talk about it, now you’re having a child whose pain is being ignored because a resident that has gone through our medical education system thinks that black children don’t experience pain the same way that white children do.” (Studies show that black children are less likely to receive appropriate pain medication as compared to white children, even for a condition such as appendicitis.) I wonder if having increasing black representation at academic medical centers would push the process of learning about and introducing stories like that of Sims into medical curricula. In an article in the Journal of Urology in 2011, two urologists write that while lay journalists and historians have increasingly studied and critiqued Sims’s surgical discoveries and accomplishments, “relatively little mention is found in standard urology textbooks or journals.” “Medical sources have continued to portray him unquestionably as a great figure in medical history. This division keeps the medical profession uninformed and detached from the public debate on his legacy and, thus, the larger issues of ethical treatment of surgical patients.” The authors found that urological textbooks referred to Sims repeatedly as a surgical innovator in their sections on vesicovaginal fistulas. Though a more recent edition of a urological textbook did have a paragraph on the controversial ethics of his practices, it concluded with: “It is generally believed that Sims was trying to enhance the lives of these women and was in concert with accepted mores.” Before inpatient rounds one morning earlier this year, Thomas gave a short presentation on GPA, which one of her patients suffered from. “GPA used to be called Wegener’s, but they changed the name — I have some thoughts about that, which we can talk about later,” she said. After the presentation, her resident asked her about it, and we had a short discussion as we walked to the first patient room about the issues with changing some names in medicine while continuing to honor others. But these conversations are difficult to initiate as a medical student who is constantly in the position of being evaluated by our superiors. I hope that one day, across medical schools, before we are even allowed to do a pelvic exam, we are given the context of Sims and his experiments. “Just like you do with Wegener’s, give that little one slide about the complicated history here,” Thomas told me. “I think that begins the process of honoring these women who suffered.”

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ON THIS PAGE: You will learn about the different types of treatments doctors use for people with nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer. Use the menu to see other pages. This section explains the types of treatments that are the standard of care for nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer. “Standard of care” means the best treatments known. When making treatment plan decisions, you are encouraged to consider clinical trials as an option. A clinical trial is a research study that tests a new approach to treatment. Doctors want to learn whether the new treatment is safe, effective, and possibly better than the standard treatment. Clinical trials can test a new drug, a new combination of standard treatments, or new doses of standard drugs or other treatments. Clinical trials are an option to consider for treatment and care for all stages of cancer. Your doctor can help you consider all your treatment options. Learn more about clinical trials in the About Clinical Trials and Latest Research sections of this guide. In cancer care, different types of doctors often work together to create a patient’s overall treatment plan that combines different types of treatments. This is called a multidisciplinary team. For nasal cavity or paranasal sinus cancer, the team may include: Medical oncologist: A doctor who treats cancer using chemotherapy or other medications, such as targeted therapy. Radiation oncologist: A doctor who specializes in treating cancer using radiation therapy. Surgical oncologist: A doctor who treats cancer using surgery. Neurosurgeon: A doctor who specializes in surgery on the brain and spinal cord. If a tumor in the skull or facial area needs to be removed, a neurosurgeon should also be part of this team. Otolaryngologist: A doctor who treats ear, nose, and throat problems. Dentist: A doctor who specializes in preventing and treating conditions and diseases in the mouth and oral cavity. Maxillofacial prosthodontist: A specialist who performs restorative surgery in the head and neck areas. Physical therapist: A health care professional who helps patients improve their physical strength and ability to move. Speech-language pathologist (SLP): This professional specializes in communication and swallowing disorders. An SLP helps patients regain their speaking, swallowing, and oral motor skills after cancer treatment that affects the head, mouth, and neck. Psychologist/psychiatrist: These mental health professionals address the emotional, psychological, and behavioral needs of the person with cancer and those of their family. Cancer care teams include a variety of other health care professionals, such as physician assistants, nurse practitioners, oncology nurses, social workers, pharmacists, counselors, dietitians, and others. Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer can often be cured, especially if found early. Although curing the cancer is the primary goal of treatment, preserving the function of the nearby nerves, organs, and tissues is also very important. When doctors plan treatment, they consider how treatment might affect a person’s quality of life, such as how the person feels, looks, talks, eats, sees, and breathes. Descriptions of the common types of treatments used for nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer are listed below. Your care plan may also include treatment for symptoms and side effects, an important part of cancer care. Treatment options and recommendations depend on several factors, including the type and stage of cancer, possible side effects, and the patient’s preferences and overall health. The 3 main treatment options are surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Your treatment plan may include 1 of these treatments or a combination of them. Take time to learn about all of your treatment options and be sure to ask questions about things that are unclear. Talk with your doctor about the goals of each treatment and what you can expect while receiving the treatment. These types of talks are called “shared decision making.” Shared decision making is when you and your doctors work together to choose treatments that fit the goals of your care. Shared decision making is particularly important for nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer because there are different treatment options. Learn more about making treatment decisions. Surgery is frequently used to remove a tumor in the paranasal sinus or nasal cavity. During the operation, a surgical oncologist will remove the tumor and some surrounding healthy tissue, called a margin. The goal of surgery is to remove all of the tumor and leave no trace of cancer in the healthy tissue, also called a negative margin. However, it is usually not possible to completely remove the cancer during an operation, so additional treatments may be necessary. This may include more than 1 operation to remove the cancer and to help restore the appearance and function of the affected tissues. Common types of surgery for nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer include: Excision. During an excision, the doctor performs an operation to remove the cancerous tumor and some of the healthy tissue around it, called a margin. Maxillectomy. This is a surgery that removes part or all of the hard palate, which is the bony roof of the mouth. Artificial devices called prostheses or, more recently, flaps of soft tissue with and without bone can be placed to fill gaps from this operation. A maxillectomy is sometimes recommended to treat paranasal sinus cancer. Occasionally, it is possible to save the eye on the side of the cancer. Craniofacial resection/skull base surgery. This is an extensive surgery often recommended for paranasal sinus cancer. During this operation, the surgeon removes more tissue than a maxillectomy. It requires the close cooperation of the health care team, particularly cooperation between a neurosurgeon and a head and neck surgeon. Endoscopic sinus surgery. This relatively new approach is less destructive to healthy tissue than traditional operations. Occasionally, it can be used for a nasal cavity and paranasal sinus tumor, especially if it is benign. The surgeon makes a small incision to remove the tumor using a thin, telescope-like tube inserted into the nasal cavity or sinus. As mentioned in Diagnosis, endoscopic sinus surgery is often used to treat chronic sinusitis, and cancer may be discovered during such surgery. Neck dissection. This is the surgical removal of lymph nodes in the neck area. If the doctor suspects the cancer has spread, a neck dissection may be performed, often at the same time as another surgery. A neck dissection may cause numbness of the ear, weakness when raising the arm above the head, and weakness of the lower lip. The side effects are caused by injury to nerves in the area. Depending on the type of neck dissection, weakness of the lower lip and arm may go away in a few months. Weakness will be permanent if a nerve is removed as part of a dissection. Reconstructive (plastic) surgery. If surgery requires removing large or specific areas of tissue, reconstructive surgery may be recommended. If an eye is removed, a specialist called a prosthodontist can provide an artificial replacement, called a prosthesis. When the upper jaw, called the maxilla, is removed, a prosthodontist may play a large role in the rehabilitation process. Surgery for nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer has risks because the eyes, mouth, brain, and important nerves and blood vessels are usually located near the tumor. Surgery often causes swelling of the face, mouth, and throat, making it difficult to breathe. Sometimes a hole in the windpipe, called a tracheostomy, may be necessary to make breathing easier after surgery. If lymph nodes were removed, a type of swelling called lymphedema may occur due to lymph fluid build-up. It is important to talk with your surgeon(s) about which side effects to expect before having surgery, as well as your plan for recovery. This discussion should include both physical and emotional side effects. Learn more about the basics of cancer surgery. Radiation therapy is the use of high-energy x-rays or other particles to destroy cancer cells. For nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer, radiation therapy is most often used in combination with surgery. It is given either before or after the operation. Radiation therapy may also be given along with chemotherapy (see below). For some types of tumors in the nasal cavity or paranasal sinus, radiation therapy may be the main treatment. It can also be an option if a person cannot have surgery or decides not to have surgery. External-beam radiation therapy The most common type of radiation treatment is called external-beam radiation therapy. External-beam radiation therapy is radiation given from a machine outside the body. An external-beam radiation therapy regimen, or schedule, usually consists of a specific number of treatments given over a set period of time. Specific types of external radiation therapy include: Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). IMRT allows effective doses of radiation therapy to be delivered while reducing the damage to healthy cells. Proton therapy. Proton therapy is a type of radiation therapy that uses protons rather than x-rays. At high energy, protons can destroy cancer cells. Proton therapy may be used in nasal cavity or paranasal sinus cancer when the tumor is located close to the eye or central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord. Internal radiation therapy When radiation treatment is given using implants, it is called internal radiation therapy or brachytherapy. Internal radiation therapy involves tiny pellets or rods containing radioactive materials that are surgically implanted in or near the tumor. The implant is left in place for several days while the person stays in the hospital. Side effects of radiation therapy Before beginning any type of radiation therapy, people should receive a thorough examination from a dentist experienced in treating people with head and neck cancer. Because radiation therapy can cause tooth decay, damaged teeth may need to be removed. Often, tooth decay can be prevented with proper treatment from a dentist before beginning cancer treatment. After radiation therapy for nasal cavity or paranasal sinus cancer, dental care should continue to help prevent further dental problems. People may receive fluoride treatment to prevent cavities, also called dental caries. Read more about dental and oral health. Radiation therapy to the head and neck may also cause redness or skin irritation in the treated area, dry mouth or thickened saliva from damage to salivary glands, bone pain, nausea, fatigue, mouth sores, and sore throat. Other side effects may include pain or difficulty swallowing, loss of appetite due to a change in sense of taste, hearing loss due to buildup of fluid in the middle ear, and earwax buildup. In addition, radiation therapy may cause a condition called hypothyroidism in which the thyroid gland, located in the neck, slows down. This causes people to feel tired and sluggish. Every patient who receives radiation therapy to the neck area should have their thyroid checked regularly. Researchers are conducting many studies to find ways to reduce or better relieve the side effects of radiation therapy. Learn more about the basics of radiation therapy. Systemic therapy is the use of medication to destroy cancer cells. This type of medication is given through the bloodstream to reach cancer cells throughout the body. Common ways to give systemic therapies include an intravenous (IV) tube placed into a vein using a needle or in a pill or capsule that is swallowed (orally). Chemotherapy is the systemic therapy used for nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer. Chemotherapy is the use of drugs to destroy cancer cells, usually by keeping the cancer cells from growing, dividing, and making more cells. A chemotherapy regimen, or schedule, usually consists of a specific number of cycles given over a set period of time. A patient may receive 1 drug at a time or a combination of different drugs given at the same time. Doctors frequently recommend chemotherapy before or after surgery and/or radiation therapy for nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer. Chemotherapy may also be used in combination with radiation therapy. This is called concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Chemoradiotherapy is still being researched and should be done as part of a clinical trial. Chemotherapy may also be used to treat advanced cancer or to treat symptoms. Some chemotherapy is available in clinical trials that may treat cancer at an earlier stage. The side effects of chemotherapy depend on the individual and the dose used, but they can include fatigue, risk of infection, nausea and vomiting, hair loss, loss of appetite, and diarrhea. These side effects usually go away after treatment is finished. Learn more about the basics of chemotherapy. The medications used to treat cancer are continually being evaluated. Talking with your doctor is often the best way to learn about the medications prescribed for you, their purpose, and their potential side effects or interactions with other medications. It is also important to let your doctor know if you are taking any other prescription or over-the-counter medications or supplements. Herbs, supplements, and other drugs can interact with cancer medications. Learn more about your prescriptions by using searchable drug databases. Physical, emotional, and social effects of cancer Cancer and its treatment cause physical symptoms and side effects, as well as emotional, social, and financial effects. Managing all of these effects is called palliative care or supportive care. It is an important part of your care that is included along with treatments intended to slow, stop, or eliminate the cancer. Palliative care focuses on improving how you feel during treatment by managing symptoms and supporting patients and their families with other, non-medical needs. Any person, regardless of age or type and stage of cancer, may receive this type of care. And it often works best when it is started right after a cancer diagnosis. People who receive palliative care along with treatment for the cancer often have less severe symptoms, better quality of life, and report that they are more satisfied with treatment. Palliative treatments vary widely and often include medication, nutritional changes, relaxation techniques, emotional and spiritual support, and other therapies. You may also receive palliative treatments similar to those meant to get rid of the cancer, such as chemotherapy, surgery, or radiation therapy. Before treatment begins, talk with your doctor about the goals of each treatment in the treatment plan. You should also talk about the possible side effects of the specific treatment plan and palliative care options. During treatment, your health care team may ask you to answer questions about your symptoms and side effects and to describe each problem. Be sure to tell the health care team if you are experiencing a problem. This helps the health care team treat any symptoms and side effects as quickly as possible. It can also help prevent more serious problems in the future. Learn more about the importance of tracking side effects in another part of this guide. Learn more about palliative care in a seperate section of this website. Metastatic nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer If cancer spreads to another part in the body from where it started, doctors call it metastatic cancer. If this happens, it is a good idea to talk with doctors who have experience in treating it. Doctors can have different opinions about the best standard treatment plan. Clinical trials might also be an option. Learn more about getting a second opinion before starting treatment, so you are comfortable with your chosen treatment plan. Your treatment plan may include chemotherapy or a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Palliative care will also be important to help relieve symptoms and side effects. For most people, a diagnosis of metastatic cancer is very stressful and difficult. You and your family are encouraged to talk about how you feel with doctors, nurses, social workers, or other members of the health care team. It may also be helpful to talk with other patients, including through a support group. Remission and the chance of recurrence A remission is when cancer cannot be detected in the body and there are no symptoms. This may also be called having “no evidence of disease” or NED. A remission may be temporary or permanent. This uncertainty causes many people to worry that the cancer will come back. While many remissions are permanent, it is important to talk with your doctor about the possibility of the cancer returning. Understanding your risk of recurrence and the treatment options may help you feel more prepared if the cancer does return. Learn more about coping with the fear of recurrence. If the cancer returns after the original treatment, it is called recurrent cancer. It may come back in the same place (called a local recurrence), nearby (regional recurrence), or in another place (distant recurrence). When this occurs, a new cycle of testing will begin again to learn as much as possible about the recurrence. After this testing is done, you and your doctor will talk about the treatment options. Often the treatment plan will include the treatments described above, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, but they may be used in a different combination or given at a different pace. Your doctor may suggest clinical trials that are studying new ways to treat this type of recurrent cancer. Whichever treatment plan you choose, palliative care will be important for relieving symptoms and side effects. People with recurrent cancer often experience emotions such as disbelief or fear. You are encouraged to talk with the health care team about these feelings and ask about support services to help you cope. Learn more about dealing with cancer recurrence. If treatment does not work Recovery from cancer is not always possible. If the cancer cannot be cured or controlled, the disease may be called advanced or terminal. This diagnosis is stressful, and for many people, advanced cancer is difficult to discuss. However, it is important to have open and honest conversations with your health care team to express your feelings, preferences, and concerns. The health care team has special skills, experience, and knowledge to support patients and their families and is there to help. Making sure a person is physically comfortable, free from pain, and emotionally supported is extremely important. People who have advanced cancer and who are expected to live less than 6 months may want to consider hospice care. Hospice care is designed to provide the best possible quality of life for people who are near the end of life. You and your family are encouraged to talk with the health care team about hospice care options, which include hospice care at home, a special hospice center, or other health care locations. Nursing care and special equipment can make staying at home a workable alternative for many families. Learn more about advanced cancer care planning. After the death of a loved one, many people need support to help them cope with the loss. Learn more about grief and loss. The next section in this guide is About Clinical Trials. It offers more information about research studies that are focused on finding better ways to care for people with cancer. Use the menu to choose a different section to read in this guide.

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Unfortunately this is a very neglected area in Poland where there is much to catch up – especially in the aspect of age management vs. labor market. Therefore, we can say that age management is an element of diversity management. Diversity management means a conscious use of certain practices that recognize, tolerate and yet appreciate the value posed by the differences. Diversity management in the workplace is to understand that the differences between people both in the workplace and on the labor market certainly can contribute to the benefit of the company. Diversity management means: - Exploring the potential of every employee, - Better perception of skills and abilities of people who could work in the company, - Ensuring optimal use of presence on the market and giving potential (possible) development of new markets and avoid any kind of problems that could lead to the downfall of your business. More and more companies are aware that for their own safety and position on the market they have to invest in solutions that go beyond the standard tools of personnel management. Companies are increasingly aware that their competitiveness is not determined only by market shift, but above all investing in human capital and the use of appropriate policy instruments for diversity of staff, because EVERY EXPERIENCED MANAGER CLEARLY UNDERSTANDS THAT A COMPANY IS JUST NOT A NICE OFFICE BUT ONLY PEOPLE. One of the solutions for such a strategy of diversity management is the management of age. Management of age can be described as solutions that aim at sustainable development, updating the knowledge and skills of older workers, maintaing their commitment to the objectives of the company and keeping them in good shape and health. More and more companies in Europe are aware of demographic change and they begin to implement a policy of age management. They do this because many Countries are “aging”. Management of age includes solutions in HR management that on the one hand make the company friendly for mature staff, and on the other – allow the company to exploit the full potential of their employees. Age management is based on the various activities in many areas of the company, mainly related to HR, and its main goal is to create a friendly working environment to employees regardless of their age, taking into account the needs and capabilities of the workers according to their age. Age management is a constantly growing collection of methods, investing and nurturing the human capital of the company, so that the work of individuals, regardless of their age, can be profitable for the company and can bring personal satisfaction to employees. Which is also important, age management would have no sense if the company had any age discriminatory practices. Age management is primarily prevention. Management of age is a comprehensive look at the career paths of employees and their development. It should cover all major areas of personnel management: - employment planning and recruitment, - management of development and career (education, training, reward system, wages and promotions) - organization of the workplace (health promotion, ergonomic workplace, flexible working hours and forms of employment) The above strategy also fits in with the concept of diversity management, in which one of the important factors is age. Employer who can spot the potential in a diverse team and who can provide the right conditions for its functioning and development, he is gaining nowadays. Cooperation in diverse team allows the transfer of knowledge and experience between the different generations of employees and replenishment skills and perspectives. Skills and characteristics of workers change during their lifetime and that may affect the quality and type of work performed. Physical strength and resistance decrease but instead of this knowledge, experience and wisdom of life accumulate. Studies show that the cycle work of man is divided into several stages: - trained (studying and gaining knowledge) - professional, master, teacher (“Coach”) - ambassador (knowledge and goodwill) - an experienced counselor and the carrier of good practices in the company’s history (“story teller”). Finland is one of the countries where there are conducted researches on the professional determinants according to the age (ie. Work Ability Index). They show, among other things, that even though physical predispositions and ability to concentrate get weaken with age (after 45 years old), the weight of experience and “long-term” knowledge, which have been accumulated over the years, are constantly growing. These features could be called “professional wisdom”, which in effect gives a good basis for coaching, internal forms of consultation, etc. Age management is also a division of responsibilities and strategies in the selection of tasks for employees. Experience shows that delegation of tasks to selected staff positions, taking into account the characteristics of the age and characteristics of the group of employees may also contribute to better work efficiency. Age management should include an individual approach to employees of all ages and be far from the stereotypical thinking about managing their own development and career. Not every young Polish worker can make a use of the advanced IT tools, and the elder worker can be a good counselor or mentor. It can also be quite the opposite. Introduction of management solutions takes time and is a long-term investment, but for the employer it turns out to be less expensive solution than those associated with lack of of prior actions – searching inactive people and restore them to the level of professional competence. Important instruments used in the management of age (or variety) are also flexible forms of employment, for example part-time work and teleworking. They allow adjustment of time and work environment for employees, related not only to age, but also to a child-rearing or disability. Basics of age management have been developed by Finns and they were the first to implement solutions in this field. Even though they still have not become a standard management in Europe, more and more companies introduce age management. In Poland, age management is a quite new concept. The first publications on the subject appeared a few years ago and there are just a few on the market. In Poland, there are few companies that deliberately and comprehensively apply age management and good practices in this field. These are mostly large companies such as IKEA. This means that the idea of age management should be encouraged and promoted, because it is almost unknown in Poland. - Screening, studies on awareness on the concept of age management and its implementation in the country (on local / national level) - Work measurement capabilities in the given country (by using WAITM) Institutions / expert organizations that deal with age management, ability to work or concept In search of effective solutions affecting the high activity of the elderly and measures for their participation on the labor market VLO in Opole and Opole Labour Market Observatory have developed an in-depth analysis of the phenomenon. Switzerland served here as a model solution, which stands out the second in Europe, with the employment rate of people aged over 50 (56.8%) and the second lowest rate in the unemployment rate in this group (2.9%). The effects of the study visit and the cooperation of a group of experts were presented by Krzysztof Duraj of VLO referring to the Swiss catalog of good practices and tools to enable companies to assess the personnel policy and make the appropriate changes. Developed by VLO publication points out the need to open the Opole labor market to new challenges. The problem of the aging of the regional labor market has so far been considered particularly on the supply side – ways of activation of the unemployed aged 50+, and VLO proposes an approach from the demand side – encouraging employers to hire workers at a mature age, and awareness of the strengths of this group and the ways in which you can exploit their strengths and minimize the weaknesses. Existing on the Polish labor market forms of employer support provide a wide range of implementation of age management procedures. As an example, one can point out the National Training Fund, which funds may be used for the implementation of training policy adequate to the needs of the company, including training for methods of age management. Also, promotion and information activities related to the adaptation to the changing demographics of age management procedures will be of a great importance in changing the approach of employers. Changing the false stereotypes rooted in the collective social consciousness is often needed in a situation of change in society. This is certainly the sphere of the economy and also important factor in when it is necessary to change the approach to the situation of the elderly. It is also worth mentioning the role of the silver economy, which is the market of products and services dedicated to people aged 60+, offered by three sectors: business, public authorities and non-governmental organizations. At the moment Polish silver economy is primarily concerned with health and care offers. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products dedicated to the seniors are common in consumer awareness. Simultaneously it begins to create a market for care services. There is also a market for products and services targeted at people with disabilities, but still those aimed strictly at seniors with their ailments of old age are very rare. This is painting all the seniors with the same brush: health and welfare, without the knowledge of the different needs and problems of this group And for several years we have been witnessing a rapid growth of groups of the seniors as a result of reaching a certain age by many generations born after World War II. At the same time there has been a qualitative change – generations are better educated than previous generations, and they have a different vision of their own age. They are moving away from how they spend their old age in favor of how they want to live in their sixties. This vision is much more active and pro-consumerist than their old age their predecessors, there is room for other activities than the family or a TV. This is the group, in which a lot of people aim at personal development, maintain good physical and mental fitness. Some of them are focused on the implementation of the forgotten or abandoned passions while others want to explore new interests. Many people want to acquire new skills and knowledge, they set themselves new goals and look for challenges. Finally, there is a group of the seniors who have found the courage to solve their own psychological and sexual problems. Unfortunately, there are no advertisiments of manufacturers and service providers to encourage persons 60 + to take advantage of their offer in the above mentioned areas, as most entrepreneurs are not prepared to perceive the people aged 60+ as customers and consumers. Review of research and other projects in the AM or WA - Good practice in age management and human resources with particular focus on employees + 50 http://iped.pl/pliki/publikacje/Raport_Dobre_praktyki_w_zarzadzaniu_wiekiem_i_zasobami_ludzkimi.pdf - Preliminary standards of age management in enterprises: https://www.parp.gov.pl/files/74/150/226/10730.pdf C. Age management in form of questions and answers – guide for employers: http://www.kobiety.interwencjaprawna.pl/download/zarzadzaniewiekiem.pdf

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Harar Ethiopia is a beautiful and one of the oldest cities of Ethiopia. It is found in the eastern part of Ethiopia, close to Djibouti and Somalia, at a distance of 515 kilometers to the south-east of Addis Ababa. It is a plateau with an elevation of 1750 meters above sea level, with deep gorges, surrounded by deserts and savannah. Harar Ethiopia is a fortified city with walls. The walls surrounding this sacred city, considered “the fourth holy city” of Islam, were built between the 13th and 16th centuries. There were five historic gates, which corresponded to the main roads leading to the town. These gates also served to divide the city into five neighborhoods. It is a region inhabited mainly by Muslims. History of Harar Ethiopia The evolution of Harar Ethiopia goes back to the seventh century when Muslims from Mecca migrated to Ethiopia before Medina. For more than 40 years (from 1520 to 1568), Harar Ethiopia served as the capital of the Harari Kingdom, then it became a self-serving emirate in the 17th century and was integrated into Ethiopia in 1887. From the late 16th century to the 19th century, Harar Ethiopia was an important trade center between the coast and the interior highlands and a location for Islamic learning. Harar Ethiopia is known to have experienced turmoil and bloodshed for its existence. Ahmed Gragn killed Abu Beker Mohammed who was the ruler of the city. Ahmed Gragn was a militant Muslim leader. In 1528, he used Harar Ethiopia as his base to launch his jihad and raids against the Ethiopian Christendom. He destroyed many churches and threatened the complete destruction of the Ethiopian Christian Empire. He was then killed by Emperor Gelawdewos in a Battle near Lake Tana in 1543. The incursion continued against the Christians led by Ahmed Gragn’s widow Bati Del Wambara. In 1559, Emperor Gelawdewos marched on Harar with the aim to abolish the constant religious attack taking place. As a result, Gelawdewos was killed in a battle and his head was paraded around the city on a stake. In 1647, Emir Ali ibn Daud took control of Harar Ethiopia and established an autonomous administration. Despite the continuous fight with Oromo tribes, Harar became larger; it became well populated, an important city for trade, and a center of Muslim scholarship. Harar issued its own currency. After 250 years of autonomous rule, in 1875, Egypt occupied Harar and killed the Emir. The Egyptians action resulted in a strong resistance to the Muslim community of the city. Therefore, Emir Abdullah took control and led a campaign against the Egyptians, which came to an end in 1885. In 1887, Menelik, Prince of Shewa, who later became Emperor of Ethiopia in 1889, started a war against the army of Emir Abdullah. In the end, Harar Ethiopia lost its autonomy when Menelik defeated the Emir at the Battle of Chelenko in 1887. Menelik then established a new administration which will be headed by Ras Mekonnen, the father of Emperor Haile Selassie. This new administration included several members of the emir’s family to prevent renewed religious movement. At the end of the 19th century, Harar Ethiopia began to disintegrate and lost its status as a trade centre. From 1902, Dire Dawa became the main commercial centre of Ethiopia when the railway line was built between Addis Ababa and Djibouti through Dire Dawa. Despite this, Harar Ethiopia continued being the spiritual City of Ethiopia’s Muslim community, the political capital of Hararge Province until 1994, and has become a federal city-state since 1995. The current Harar Today Harar Ethiopia is the administrative capital of the Harar Ethiopia People National Regional State (HPNRS) which is one of the nine regional states of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. This regional state is the smallest in terms of size, surface area, and population. A walled city The old city wall is the main attraction of Harar. The cityJugol wall is believed to be built somewhere between the 13th and 16th centuries and served as a protective barrier. This thick, 5 meters high and 3.5 km long wall was built to keep away the rising migration of the Oromo people, which later also served its protective purpose when Menelik tried to take control of this fortified town. This walled city once had five gates, a number supposed to represent the five pillars of the Islam: Shoa Gate, Buda Gate, Sanga Gate, Erer Gate, and Fallana Gate, each providing five pathways into five different quarters of the city. These gates known as Bari to Hararis, were located on the north, east, south-east, south, and west of the city. In the old times, the gates of Harar Ethiopia were strongly guarded and were strictly closed at night. Their locations have been determined according to defensive strategy as well as to the direction of trade routes, the location of lakes around the city, as well as the contribution of topography, rivers and springs. The northern gate was known as Assum Bari because it was used to import assu, or paper and salt, from the gulf of aden coast of Africa. The eastern gate was called Argob Bari as it served merchants handling the lucrative trade from Argobba, which is a neighboring town. Each of these gates played a different role in the economy of the city as each proceeded entry and egress to people traveling to and from different parts of the surrounding. The Harar gate, from where the main streets lead to the center, is constructed recently. The Harari and their culture The Hararis also called Geyusu (People of the city), according to linguistic classification, are one of the Semitic speaking peoples of Ethiopia in the Horn of Africa. To this day they have their own language called Gey sinan (the language of the city). So far, diverse people had lived in today’s eastern part of Ethiopia. Hararis social history is based mainly on the social life of organizations or groupings identified by age, and sex and social obligations. The core of the city society is built around kinship, friendship, and afocha, or community organizations. When it comes to kinship, the Harari does not marry non-Harari. Friendship provides the city with a small group of trusted equals who remain friends throughout their lives. Characteristically, a boy becomes close friends from other neighborhood boys his own age. A girl forms a friendship with the daughters of women who are close to her mother. The afocha, or community organizations provide the Harar Ethiopia with social, ceremonial, and economic support for such occasions as weddings and funerals. The traditional associations, i.e. the fraternities, the sororities, and the adult Jema’ah also enhance the quality of life of the Harar Ethiopia people in their own ways, as these organizations are directly concerned with the social needs and problems. The ceremonies serve the purpose of bringing people together, strengthen the tradition of helping each other, and also pave the way for public deliberations. This can be done by creating a favorable atmosphere through these events, and, thereby, maintain the continuity of the city core values. Among extraordinary elements that portray the self-identification of Hararis, the cultural dresses vibrant in color and intricate designs, are vivid. The Harar Ethiopia garment dresses for girls, married women, and the elderly appear identical yet they are distinct. The daily hyena feeding tradition is also another example of this city’s unique heritage. Harar Ethiopia is famous for its ‘Hyena Man’. Feeding hyenas is actually a tradition in this part of town. It all started in the 20th century when the people started feeding the local hyenas to stop them from decimating their livestock. Consequently, these hyenas stopped searching for their own food and started coming into the city to get their meat from the local hyena men. These Hyena men collect offal and bones to feed to the wild hyenas usually about 100 meters outside the Fallana Gate of the old city walls of the town. Hyenas appear just after sunset to take food from their hands. This tradition has continued for the past century and to this day, the hyenas still come out at night to be fed by the local people. Over a long period of time, the African and Islamic traditions influenced the development of the city and its typical urban planning and resulted in its particular character and uniqueness. The present urban layout follows the 16th-century design for an Islamic town with its central core occupied with commercial and religious buildings and a maze of narrow alleyways with colorful facades. The traditional city house has a typical, specific, and original architectural form, with exceptionally ornate interior design. At the end of the 19th century, Indian merchants built new houses with wooden verandas that created a different urban landscape and resulted in the construction of the combined Indian/Harari houses. Material for the fortification wall and the houses were rough stones of granite and sandstone from the vicinity; clay was used as mortar. A unique and distinct architectural feature in Harar Ethiopia, the traditional Adare house (derbi-gar) is a two-story structure with a flat roof made of thatch. Inside the house, the main living room always consists of five raised platforms (Nadabas) of differing level where guests and household members sit befitting their status. Sutri-nadaba is meant for the owner of the house, Gideer-nadaba is for elderly intellectuals and Sheikhs, and spiritual fathers, Amirnadaba is for the Amir or respected Alim; and the is gabti-ehernadaba which is the Nadaba behind the entrance door is for illitrates, and the lower platform in front of the house, Tit nadaba, is for students. At the first sight of this living house, the eye is met by a scene of painted and carpeted area, walls covered with the city artifacts and antiquity, revealing a remarkable Harari identity. On the walls of this living room, the balance and color composition of the display of baskets is amazing. The other ornate element of the house is the door (gambari). This door is a craft that is entirely made of wood. The door frame is decorated with carved ornaments; simple geometrical patterns and rosettes. These houses’ architectural and ornamental qualities are now part of the Harar Ethiopia cultural heritage. Harar Ethiopia is a city that has a lot to offer culturally, historically, architecturally, and more. Harar Jugol is a one of a kind case of a relatively well-preserved historic town that has retained its traditions, colorful urban fabric, and rich Harari Muslim cultural heritage to this very day, and for this, it has gotten the recognition from UNESCO. It is a city that has its own unique language, adorned architectural elements, and other identities. Its famous thick, five-meter-high walls were erected in the 16th century as a defensive response to the neighboring Christian Ethiopian Empire, resulting in a fortified city. However, today Muslims and Christians share the city in peace. With its 99 mosques, including the 16th century Grand Mosque with the twin towers and slender minaret, it is considered to be the fourth most holy city in Islam after Mecca, Medina and the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. The Harar Ethiopia people are identified by the continued cultural traditions and quality of their handicrafts, including weaving, basket making, and bookbinding. This historic town has a traditionally functioning community, forming a complex social-environmental whole where each element has its representative and practical importance. The organization of the communities through traditional systems has preserved its social and physical inheritance and, especially, the city language.

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In the present, the top three environmental issues facing the Thar are water availability, land quality and dust emission. While dwindling water reserves call for urgent attention to water management, threats of global warming and population pressure are not only deteriorating the land condition, but also increasing the sand mobility and atmospheric dust load. The Thar Desert is one of the most fragile ecosystems of India. Its low and uncertain rainfall, high temperatures, high wind speeds, and a rolling sandy topography dominated by 10 to 40 m high sand dunes, provide an awe inspiring glimpse of desolation and emptiness in the western part of Rajasthan in India and adjoining part of Pakistan, between the Aravalli Hill Ranges and the fertile Indus Valley. The Desert also has occasional small stretches of sandy alluvial plains with sparse vegetation. The plains have mostly been formed by dry streams that originate from the Aravallis, but also partly by a major Himalayan stream that has long disappeared. Because of insufficient rainfall and sandy terrain, the present day streams cannot flow for long distances, and disappear in the thickness of the sand. Despite its dryness, the Thar has its own precious natural endowments, on the strength of which it formed a hinterland to the cradle of civilization in the Saraswati-Indus Plains (circa 3300-1300 BC). Apart from its well built people, who have over the last few millennia developed a strong adaptive mechanism to the extremes of the environment, the desert also has a wealth of animal resources that thrive and perform well under dry conditions. Survival instinct under uncertain rainfall, long and severe drought, strong sun, high wind, poor soils and above all, limited water availability has compelled the desert dwellers to innovate constantly for a better sedentary life from the available land resources. This is in stark contrast to the Sahara-Sahel region of Africa where large scale transhumance is still a major adaptive mechanism. Thar Desert has a distinctive set of traditional wisdom, at the core of which lie the themes of water conservation, mixed farming of crops and livestock, agroforestry and land care. This is unlike the history of settlement in many other deserts where animal husbandry and migration were the core concepts. Proximity to the Harappan towns and cities, a large number of which grew in the then-drying Saraswati River valley (present day Ghaggar River that once used to carry the waters of the Sutlej also, but long before the Harappans settled), meant that the desert population had an added opportunity of trading in crop and animal products, and hence an urge to evolve technologies for water conservation and dryland agriculture. Since then a system of agriculture, based on mixed cropping and animal husbandry that depended on the optimum utilisation of the capricious monsoon rainfall and the management and care of the region’s fragile land resources, became a strong asset of the region. The mixed cropping helped to take care of grain production in years of monsoon aberrations, while animal husbandry helped most during droughts, not only through sales proceeds of the live animals, but also animal products. A host of practices for land care and water conservation are in-built in the traditional customs and agricultural practices of the rural population. Practices like keeping the land fallow for some seasons to regain the soil nutrients (long fallow for 2-5 years; short fallow for a year), erecting fences around fields during summer to trap the suspended silt that blows in from the fertile plains during sandstorms (aandhi) or to prevent the soil from blowing away, lopping of trees (rather than felling) for fuel and fodder, management of permanent pastures for grazing, rotational grazing practices etc. Unfortunately, the situation has started changing with population growth and modernisation. As the rate of change became faster, the first casualty was the system of land fallowing. Permanent pastures have become almost bereft of ground flora, and browse-worthy shrubs have become fewer, which has encouraged the non-browsable plant species to invade. Sparse natural woody vegetation on the sand dunes and low sandy hummocks has gradually become the target of fuel wood collectors, the loss of which has loosened the structure of sand, making the dunes more vulnerable to wind during the dry summer months. In the wake of the Green Revolution major changes started to happen in the neighbouring fertile plains of Punjab and Haryana, where science mediated crop production technologies showed the road to self sufficiency in agriculture, especially through the use of improved seeds, chemical fertilizers and pesticides, mechanisation of tillage and harvest and irrigation facilities. Soon, the echo of the Green Revolution started sounding in the arid western districts of Rajasthan as well. Farmers first opted for diesel pump sets for energising their wells, especially for winter cropping. With time, as rural electrification progressed and the state ground water department moved in to sink tube wells for drinking purposes, the farmers followed suit and started sinking their own wells for irrigation. The total sown area increased from 7.8 million hectares in 1950-51 to 10.09 in 1980 and to 10.94 by 2005. At the same time, irrigated land increased from 0.363 million hectares in 1950-51 to 1.39 in 1980 and to 2.77 in 2005, where canal networks (essentially the Indira Gandhi Canal system) accounted for 43 per cent of the irrigated area, and electrified wells the remaining 57 per cent. Tractors followed soon after electrification and their numbers swelled from 14.5 thousand in 1980 to 200 thousand by 2005. This increase is justified by the need for quick tillage and sowing operations after rains in a sandy terrain, which have to be completed within 2 days of a 30 mm rainfall event at the break of monsoon (usually early July). Otherwise, the strong sun evaporates the soil moisture and the opportunity is lost. Tractor operation, however, is antagonistic to the random distribution of trees and shrubs in a field. The easiest choice was, therefore, to uproot the trees and shrubs in the fields. The fields thus lost their uniqueness as models of traditional agroforestry. With improved irrigation, the demand for cropland increased and the tractors gradually began to climb the sand dunes, which earlier served mostly as natural rangelands and used to be brought under cropping only during good rains. Gradually, almost the whole of the sandy tract in the desert became deep ploughed by tractors, which meant destabilisation of sand over a large area. Today many sand dunes in the eastern half of the desert are under crops where tractors plough the land and sprinkler irrigation helps grow winter crops for cash. Irrigation led to an enormous increase in crop production, especially in the winter crops that fetched large income for the farmers. Groundwater was a free commodity and the farmers were enthused by the success of irrigation, as a consequence over irrigation of the fields became common. In the canal command areas misuse of water led to water logging and salinity in many parts of Ganganagar, Hanumangarh and Bikaner districts. At the same time, government efforts to provide drinking water to all the villages continued. The pipeline grids for drinking water helped people to avoid the drudgery of fetching water from long distances, but this also led to a neglect of the traditional water harvesting structures, many of which silted up and their catchments became disturbed and encroached upon. The examples of worst neglect can be found in the Sekhawati tract, especially in the districts of Sikar, Churu and Jhunjhunu. The major use of groundwater is not for drinking (<15 per cent), but for irrigation (>80 per cent). As pumping of groundwater increased, the discharge from many wells began to dwindle, and the aquifers began to dry up. The affected farmers started going deeper for water, which not only escalated the cost of lifting water, but in many cases the lifted water was also found to be of poor quality. The soils were affected and the yields were reduced. Irrigated farming then became either unremunerative or difficult to pursue due to the dried up aquifers. This forced many farmers to shift back from the irrigated winter cropping to the rain fed subsistence farming in monsoon, which led to new socio cultural problems for the affected families. Meanwhile, the sandy soil, bereft of a minimum vegetation cover and loosened by years of tractor ploughing, became more vulnerable to strong summer winds of March to June. Fortunately, the average wind speed has fallen in much of the 1990s and the 2000s from its last peak in the mid 1980s. Despite this, the atmospheric dust load has shown signs of some increase in the recent years, due mainly to the critical changes in land uses and land cover. The ferocity of the wind and the attendant sand mobility during the early 1950s and 60s are still remembered as extraordinary by the local inhabitants. The sand mobilisation was so strong that it compelled the Indian Parliament to create a Desert Afforestation Station at Jodhpur, to understand the phenomenon and to stabilise the sand dunes so that the fertile lands to the east of the desert did not get encroached upon. This Station was further developed in 1959 by the Government of India with the guidance of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), as the Central Arid Zone Research Institute (CAZRI). It is now a major international institute for all encompassing research on the desert and has not only developed technologies for sand dune stabilisation and shelterbelt plantation, but has also stabilised many dunes across the desert to demonstrate the technology. Systematic research by CAZRI over the last five decades has produced several need based and cost effective technologies for sustainable land management and agricultural development. Unfortunately, the adoption rates of the technologies are not as desired, because of socio economic considerations like inadequate finances, illiteracy, slow land reforms, lack of trained personnel, lack of market facilities, etc., as well as due to the lure of easy money from the almost free use of water. Meanwhile, the land condition is deteriorating due to human pressure, leading to desertification, especially through wind and water erosion, water logging, salinisation and vegetation degradation, which in turn is impacting the society. Industrial pollution is gradually becoming another major threat near the urban centres. In the present, the top three environmental issues in the desert are water availability, land quality and dust emission. While dwindling water reserves call for urgent attention to water management, threats of global warming and population pressure are not only deteriorating the land condition, but also increasing the sand mobility and atmospheric dust load. In fact, there is now the threat of double vulnerability – to natural process acceleration and resource usurpation by humans – that might reflect sharply on soil quality deterioration and performance of the existing plant species, including crops. Yields of some crops may decline by 20-30 per cent unless remedial interventions are made. As winter temperature increases, some high value crops like cumin and wheat are already getting affected. Growing summer crops (kharif) is becoming more speculative due to shifts in rainy days and rainfall intensity. Earlier the rainfall distribution during June-September was almost like a bell shape, where the maximum concentration was during July-August. This pattern is gradually showing signs of a shift towards a double peak, one in May-June and another in August-September, which compels farmers either to speculate for a July rain or to rush for out of season purchase of inputs like seeds and fertilizer, and then gamble for a good distribution of rain during the crop growth stages. There is every possibility that the summer wind strength will also gradually increase over the next few decades. When seen in the context of changes made in land tillage and the impact of empty aquifers, this may lead to a much higher potential for sand mobilisation than experienced during the last fifty years. If that happens, there is a fair chance that wind blown sand will start spreading beyond the eastern border of the Thar. This process may be assisted by reactivation of the presently stable sandy landscape to the east and north of the Thar that formed parts of a Mega-Thar some 10-20 thousand years ago. These eastern sandy areas became naturally stabilised when the rainfall increased 5-8 thousand years ago, and the desert area shrank to the west of the Aravalli Hills. Since population pressure is now very high in this sandy terrain, the aquifers have become almost dry and the land surface temperature is increasing, a suitable trigger could remobilise the thick sandy areas. To save the Thar and the land beyond from a disastrous situation, steps need to be taken urgently. These should include: increasing the green cover in the sandy terrain to minimise wind erosion and soil nutrient loss; improving water use efficiency of crops and developing heat and drought tolerance in them; management strategies to meet the challenges of increased drought and flood frequencies; improving the livestock production system as a strong alternative to crop based economy; a proper understanding and close monitoring of land surface processes; and above all water storage and conservation, mainly through artificial recharge.

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If the North American continent were suddenly to rupture along California’s eastern boundary, sending the Golden State plunging into the Pacific Ocean, those to the east of Nevada’s new beaches would soon feel the pain in their supermarkets. As the nation’s leading farming state, California produces more than a quarter of the nation’s table crops. Yet even without a seismic disaster, California’s bounty may soon disappear. I’d long heard of the outstanding achievements of California agriculture, but as Robert Dawson and I traveled around the state documenting its environment, it was the farming regions that troubled us the most. Seldom did we find anything resembling a Grant Wood landscape of small and prosperous homesteads; instead, we found the depopulated surrealism of de Chirico, and the same sad faces once captured by Dorothea Lange’s Depression-era photographs. California’s image of success belies its rural poverty. We realized that the key to the state’s present and future predicament lies in its history, as well as in the way that humans have perceived and used its soil. Those who explored California in the early 19th century recounted grasses and lupines rising higher than a man on horseback and similarly gigantic valley oaks and conifers. Water tables were high then, and the valley soils of California were deep and fertile. The size of the native vegetation flourishing on the Pacific slope suggested fortunes to the men who first claimed the land and forced it to yield to the cow and the plow. For the first few years, the state’s soils poured the banked solar energy of ages into monster vegetables and bonanza wheat yields; crops of up to 50 bushels of wheat per acre were not uncommon. But the strain of steady extraction quickly cut the yield to a quarter of what it had been. As early as 1901, novelist Frank Norris wrote in The Octopus that Californians worked their land like the mines that had drawn them to the Golden State. They had come not to settle, but to get rich and to move on. Soil was meant to turn a profit, and, he predicted, “When at last, the land…would refuse to yield, they would invest their money in something else; by then, they would all have made fortunes.” California was not, after all, what the Founding Fathers had intended. Thomas Jefferson’s dream of a democratic nation built upon the labor of small farmers shattered on the rocky spine of the Sierra Nevada. In this new world, circumstances created the conditions for a society more like the Old World. Lax laws, corruption, rampant fraud, and vast Mexican land grants produced a world-renowned degree of land monopoly. By the 1870s, less than half of 1 percent of California’s population owned half of the land in the state. (By 1992, the agricultural census suggested the situation had grown worse. By then, about 2,600 landowners claimed 65 percent of private farming land.) The agricultural fiefdoms of California’s Central Valley, in particular, demanded increasingly sophisticated technology and growing amounts of energy to extract maximum returns with a minimum of skilled labor. The state’s foundries produced the latest in customized reapers, seeders, and gang plows for the vast fields. Ranchers used centrifugal pumps to mine water at an ever-greater depth, clamshell dredges to dike and dry out marshlands, ditchers to excavate irrigation canals. Human ingenuity and capital turned California into the greatest food and fiber factory ever known. California agriculture, of course, resembled farming about as much as a Ford assembly plant resembles a crofter’s cottage. Then, as now, agriculture was considered an industry. (That’s why, with unintentional irony, we replace the suffix “culture” with “business.”) Small wonder that by the turn of the century, most of the valley’s artesian wells had gone dry from continual overdraft and drought. Pumps took over, dropping water tables and stanching the flow of springs upon which wildlife depended. No longer able to reach moisture, trees, grass, and bushes died, and the soil turned to dust through the age-old process known as desertification. Nonetheless, with the aid of advancing technology, the land continued to yield a phenomenal bounty, the value of which — like that of mining — obscured its environmental costs. In 1905, the San Francisco Chronicle boasted: “California’s Method of Agriculture Now a Model for the World.” Ever since, California agribusiness has served as a model for today’s energy- and chemical-intensive food production. But the state’s short-term success is precisely why its future is in doubt. The costs of damming and moving water grew prohibitive even for the largest ranchers and growers, particularly as the natural flow of artesian wells ceased. By 1902, Congress had passed the Reclamation Act, committing the federal government in perpetuity to building dams and canals to irrigate the arid lands of the West. In response to public pressure to break up hereditary fiefdoms, the act clearly stated that no one receiving publicly subsidized water could own more than 160 acres; furthermore, those farms had to be owner-occupied. For a few decades, the concentration of land ownership appeared to reverse. Agricultural colonies sprang up and older farming towns were reinvigorated by an influx of new settlers. In 1912 the town of Modesto erected a triumphal arch near the train station that announced, in electric letters, “water, wealth, contentment, health.” A growing network of electric rail lines promised to speed produce to cities, and the availability of telephones and mail delivery promised to end the traditional isolation of the farm. Stretching 180 miles from Oakland to Chico, the Sacramento Northern Railway was the longest electric interurban in the nation, with branch lines reaching out to farming towns throughout the valley. The Depression ended this period of deconcentration, throwing thousands of California farmers off the land and adding hundreds of thousands of landless immigrants from the Midwestern dust bowl and the South to an increasingly desperate labor pool. By 1936, the Transamerica Corporation alone had acquired 2,642 farms totaling more than half a million acres. The federal government unwittingly aided the creation of new land baronies. In 1944, the Bureau of Reclamation closed the outlet gates on its massive Shasta Dam, creating a gigantic reservoir — the northern linchpin of its Central Valley Project — at the head of the Sacramento Valley. Designed to store floodwaters, generate electricity, and move water at public expense to the San Joaquin Valley, the CVP gave instant value to desert lands far to the south. Agribusiness could scarcely exist without such stupendous public assistance. And through legal legerdemain and government compliance, individuals and corporations persistently evaded both the acreage limitation and residency requirements of the old Reclamation Act while applying heavily subsidized water to holdings of tens of thousands of acres. In 1960, agribusiness went for the gold. In league with Southern California land developers, industry leaders persuaded voters to pay for the greatest of all water-moving schemes, the State Water Project. The SWP was designed to dam the Sacramento River’s largest tributary, the Feather, and send water down the San Joaquin Valley via the California Aqueduct. Near Bakersfield, massive pumps would lift the water over the Tehachapi Mountains and send it to Southern California cities. The deliberate omission of acreage and residency restrictions breathed new life into the fiefdoms owned by major corporations, such as Chevron and Southern Pacific, and wealthy individuals, such as the Chandler family of the Los Angeles Times. The drain was begun but never completed. Cost and environmental objections stopped it 90 miles shy of its goal. At its premature terminus in the grasslands near Los Banos, the wastewater ponded and concentrated. Reclamation officials called the wetlands a win-win situation, providing drainage as well as a badly needed habitat for a dwindling number of waterfowl traveling the Pacific flyway. The federal government declared it the Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge. Ranchers bordering the refuge had their doubts and soon reported foul odors and sick cattle. Biologists from the Fish and Wildlife Service found high levels of dead bird embryos in the marshes and chicks with grotesque birth defects. The problem was selenium, a trace element common to desert soils throughout the arid West. Irrigation waters had dissolved selenium and, like mining debris loosened by hydraulic cannons, moved it downhill. Kesterson, it seemed, was less a refuge than a toxic dump, a death trap whose name soon joined that of Love Canal. Kesterson was only part of the dark backdrop to the apparent success of California agribusiness. In 1944, the same year Shasta Dam began operating, the Bureau of Reclamation completed Friant Dam on the San Joaquin River, shunting the river in canals along the east side of the valley as far south as Bakersfield. Friant quickly dried up the San Joaquin, turning its lower course into little more than a drainage ditch carrying agricultural waste to the pumps and starving the delta and San Francisco Bay of more than a fifth of their freshwater inflow. Within five years, salmon counts on the San Joaquin plunged from a high of 60,000 to zero. None of the promotion for agribusiness had mentioned that in order for it to grow, another leading food industry would have to die. San Francisco Bay, the delta, and the rivers that fed them had provided a nursery for fish and shellfish that once made the region one of the nation’s leading fishing ports. Frank Quan, the last of the fishermen at Marin’s China Camp State Park, noticed the change when Friant Dam choked the San Joaquin. “It was so gradual that at first we didn’t realize the effect of the diversion,” Quan told a reporter in 1992. “Now we are at about bottom today. There is no flounder out there, the bass are about gone, and the shrimp are about gone too. …[T]here is not enough fresh water getting into the Bay, and now all the Bay water is as salty as the ocean.” San Francisco Bay was not the only place salting up. Far to the south, alkali encrusted farmland like snow in the desert sun, killing crops in San Joaquin’s Tulare Basin. In the thousands of years since it destroyed the Fertile Crescent of Mesopotamia, salt has cursed the farmers of irrigated desert lands. California is no exception. Of the 3 million tons of salt that federal and state aqueducts annually carry into the San Joaquin Valley, some escapes down the ditch once known as the San Joaquin River, back to the delta. There it is picked up by the pumps and sent down the aqueducts to be reapplied to the fields. Much, however, is shipped on to Southern California to issue from the faucets of those who largely paid for the system. The San Joaquin Valley may well constitute the world’s largest salt loop. I first noticed the salt loop on a map behind the head of the regional director of the Bureau of Reclamation. I was in Sacramento interviewing David Houston in 1984 for a documentary on Kesterson, but he was so smooth that I was getting no good sound bites. Suddenly, looking at the map, I realized the bureau and the state government had connected San Joaquin’s sewage system to millions of Californians’ drinking water, and I pointed it out to Houston. Only then did he momentarily lose his cool. Nor are salts the only substance accumulating in California’s soils, aquifers, and drinking water. Agribusiness has waxed fat upon fertilizers, soil fumigants, growth hormones, herbicides, defoliants, fungicides, pesticides, and systemic poisons that turn living soil into a hydroponic medium with the nutritive qualities of cardboard. In 1993, farmers spread a reported 63,926 tons of pesticides upon the Central Valley alone. For the traveler crossing the valley, the air smells more like a chemical plant than a farming region. Severe asthma has become commonplace among residents, and clusters of childhood cancers are popping up in rural towns. For a state so long addicted to the fantasy of perpetual growth, such a pessimistic analysis could not stand in the way of tradition. In fact, the DWR report may actually have helped spur urban growth, for both developers and environmentalists were quick to point out that nearly 80 percent of the state’s captured water is devoted to farming. More than a year before the DWR issued its report, 21 water agencies supplying more than 35 million city-dwellers formed a new lobbying group called the Western Urban Water Coalition to wrest publicly funded water away from farmers. The coalition represented a historic break in the ancient alliance between California’s urban water districts and agribusiness, which had built the mighty transport systems. By the 1990s, the cities of the arid West had grown to the point that few urbanites knew much about where their food came from. They assumed it would just keep coming. But the seemingly limitless expansion of cities throws considerable doubt on that expectation. Mined for crops and cattle ever since the Gold Rush, California’s soil now produces its highest return as real estate. For all the bravado about California agriculture — the $12-$20 billion that it annually adds to the economy and the miracles of production and technical ingenuity it has accomplished — farming is on its way out. Drivers can witness a linear city of shopping malls, housing developments, and office parks spreading along Highway 80 from the Bay Area to Sacramento and into the Sierra foothills beyond. More new cities are scheduled for the dry west side of the valley. They will take more than land, for, as they grow, they will require an increasing share of the water that now goes to farms. In the inevitable drought, they will override all other priorities, and in doing so, they will finish off what remains of the state’s fish, wildlife, and orchards. Such is the logic of limitless growth and of the extractive ethos inherited from the Gold Rush. As Bob and I traveled, we met many who are attempting to re-establish an older relationship with the soil, one based on local commitment and long-term yield. All too often, however, I heard those words from The Octopus: “When at last, the land…would refuse to yield, they would invest their money in something else; by then, they would all have made fortunes.” But where, I wondered, would they go when the world has adopted that model of success? Gray Brechin and photographer Robert Dawson received the 1992 Dorothea Lange-Paul Taylor Prize from the Center for Documentary Studies at Duke University to collaborate on Farewell, Promised Land, a book about the continuing destruction of the California environment. It will be published in 1998 in conjunction with an exhibition at the Oakland Museum of California.

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The following is a chapter from the book ‘Oralities and Literacies: Implications for Communication and Education‘. A chapter will be posted here each week. Chapter 3 – Orality and Literacy Revisited by Gilles Gravelle Thirty-three years ago Walter Ong published his life’s work in Orality and Literacy. The book was republished in 2002 and again on its 30th anniversary in 2012, showing enduring interest in Ong’s scholarship and ideas. The first volume appeared at a time when people were wondering about the impact new media and communication technology had on how people learn and create knowledge. They feared these technologies were “destroyers of knowledge” (Hartley, 2012). Non-print Scripture production and distribution (oral, audio, visual) is increasingly popular. People who believe the Word of God is only trustworthy in print see non-print translation and distribution as a threat to “stable” Biblical knowledge. At best, they view non-print Scripture as supplemental for non-literate people. Some believe oral Bible storytelling is simply a lesser introduction where literacy is lacking (de Vries 2015, p. 8). This brings us to the question addressed in this article. Does Ong’s orality and literacy dichotomy still hold? Do individuals in oral cultures learn in different ways than those in literate cultures? Is a universal difference between spoken and written language now proven? These questions matter because they influence people’s perception about Bible translation and Scripture communication. For some people, it is the difference between orality and literacy that drives oral Bible storytelling. Now thirty-three years after Ong’s Orality and Literacy, what do some linguists, anthropologists, sociologists, educators, and Bible scholars think about his proposed dichotomy? Of course, it is impossible to cover Ong’s research in depth here. At best, this chapter can only provide some insights from diverse authors who have looked into these questions more deeply. Was Scripture Composition a Literary Process? Understanding how Scripture was composed, especially the New Testament, may provide a helpful background for understanding print vs non-print Scripture translation and distribution. Distribution means how a text moves into and through society (see Pym 2005). The modern assumption that New Testament composition was individual literary work is one reason why some people do not trust oral Bible translation and oral storytelling. In early Christianity writing was a service or a trade; something done by secretaries who were often bondservants or tradesmen (Ong 1982, 92, Botha, 2012, p. 67). Literacy was not necessarily individual proficiency in reading and writing. Writers were just that; people who wrote down what the oral composers said. Oral composition required proficiency much the same way good writing requires proficiency today. Readers did not necessarily know how to write. Readers were trained to read a text out loud in group gatherings, but to do this with proficiency they had to know the oral text intimately. They were present during oral composition, so they understood the implicit information, the communication situation, and importantly, how to read it, or perform it the way the oral composer intended it. These sorts of readers were necessary because the population at large were not readers. Thus reading was also a specialized form of literacy. In summary, composition and distribution in early Christianity required multiple literacies: those who could orally compose, those who could write down the oral composition, and those who could read it, meaning perform it, out loud to people in other locations. Oral composers were the authors. Servants and tradesmen were the scribes, and readers were the trusted oral distributors of the written text. If literacy is knowledge acquisition, creation, and distribution, then orality at that time was a type of literacy in that it involved knowledge creation and distribution by utilizing these people’s skills. (Botha 2012, p. 10). Evidence points to New Testament Scriptures produced following more of a scribal tradition than a literary tradition, which includes oral and aural processes. Understanding New Testament authorship as an individually authored literary undertaking ignores the complexity of written, oral, and aural interactions at the time. Orality and Literacy in the Modern Period In modern times mass literacy has made reading and writing a private or solitary practice, maybe by necessity. But modern literacy assumes individual reading and writing are superior to oral learning within a group setting. One reason for this dichotomy is because, by the modern period, orality and literacy where assumed to be binary oppositions, and orality was less than literacy in terms of human development. Ong’s view of orality and literacy was defined as “ways of managing knowledge and verbalization in primary oral cultures (those with no exposure to writing) and in cultures deeply affected by the use of writing” (1982, p. 2). Space only allows for a short, simple list of presumed orality features. Orality was paratactic (no sentence connectives), redundant (repeating themes at paragraph boundaries, repeating nouns), and homeostatic (using words only in their current stable meaning, and not using dated terms). Oral cultures used references that are minimally abstract, choosing words that “remain close to the living human world.” They were redundant and copious (1982, p. 31-48). The search was for universal dichotomies in vocabulary, syntax, and style which distinguished orality from literacy. Differences were based primarily on linguistics, anthropology and philology during the mid-twentieth century (de Vries 2015, p. 2). De Vries references Douglas Biber’s work (1988). Biber looked for properties uniquely associated with “typical” oral and written style, but he could not find any absolute differences. Memory devices and repetitive formulas were found to be used in modern societies that had no print technology for reproducing printed text (2015, p. 9-10). Rather than universal dichotomies, oral (and literate) cultures exhibited interdependencies between oral and written communication. Still, stereotypes based on presumed universal dichotomies persisted in the late modern period. Literate people were considered to be more intelligent. Literacy was a civilizing agent. It led to logic skills, analytical, critical, and rational thinking (Gee 1994, p. 169-170). Gee also asserts that different societies utilize different types of literacy which produce different social and mental effects in various contexts. Ong saw a strong dichotomy between oral cultures and literate cultures in terms of communication and expression, believing that stylistically, the two were very different, and presumably a person could only practice one or the other (Ong 1982, p. 14). De Vries and Gee make the case that orality and literacy cannot be held in binary opposition, at least not in linguistic and anthropological terms. Both are literacies that form an interface, depending on situation and context. With this orality/literacy interface, written grammar bears the burden of communication where social interaction is missing. With oral communication, social interaction and participation on the part of the hearer helps negotiate meaning (Gee 2012, p. 732). If literacy is a different way of making sense, then in this sense, orality is a form of literacy. This kind of interaction between orality and literacy is collaborative composition much as it was in early church times. With oral performance, “the text is actualized rather than fictionalized, when written” (Street 2012, p. 139-150). As Gee points out, “What is at issue in the use of language is different ways of knowing, different ways of making sense of the world of human experience, that is different social epistemologies” (2012, p. 77). Those are the opinions of some linguists. Today some anthropologists and sociologists do not see any basic characteristics that differentiate literate from preliterate cultures. Ruth Finnegan also distinguishes the ways different cultures use various communication methods at different times in history. She goes further saying, “… the once-confident assertions about the supposed differentiating features of oral and literate cultures is decidedly shaky” (2014, p.39-40). From a historical perspective, she considers orality to be a form of information technology, depending on social and cultural usage. She argues that oral traditions in terms of styles and performance change over time, but it is still a literacy medium of choice, even in modern Western society, although perhaps not always acknowledged as such. In terms of oral literature, John Miles Foley (1999, p. 3) had this to say: We now know that cultures are not oral or literate; rather they employ a menu or spectrum of communicative strategies, some of them associated with texts, some with voices and some with both. Likewise, we know that people are seldom either literate or illiterate, oral or post-oral; rather we recognize that even a single individual employs a repertoire of possible methods of communications, depending on genre, communicative strategy, audience, and other factors. Foley spoke about hearing and reading signs, such as descriptive phrases, adverbial phrases, language register, and idiomatic content, which both oral and literary traditions utilize. However, these are only linguistic signs. Oral performance more easily utilizes non-linguistic signs. Grammaticalizations are encoded orally and visually, such as emphasis using hand jesters. Aspect and mood is marked by facial expressions. Prosodic markers are a complex array of voice changes at the right points in the text. Voice weakness and intensity along with body postures denote speaker attitudes. Different cultures utilize different forms of orality, again depending on situation and context. Some are formal features while others are informal. These correlate with different desired auditory or visual effects for different audiences (Rosa, 2015, p. 211). Finnegan describes a variety of oral composition styles among Pacific cultures, which depend on certain precise genre. Like written communication, oral style and performance requires a literacy of sorts to get it right (1990, p. 171-173). For the Meyah people of Indonesia, oral performance in telling or singing is the medium of choice for communicating Scripture, for maintaining long term oral history, or for contemporary needs, such as newly written Scripture recomposed for signing. Comparing Meyah oral composition with Ong’s “psychodynamics of orality” (1982, p. 31-48), Meyah language speakers have ways of marking a number of speaker attitudes grammatically on word roots (Gravelle 2010). Yet their use of contracted speech patterns and pitch-accent prosody are stylistic features that oral telling requires in ways that writing cannot deliver. An attempt was made to write their oral traditions. Even though they could read, it was difficult reading because their oral style utilizes word contractions in complex ways. Pronouncing every word fully, which was required in written form, was less than satisfying because it lacked the non-linguistic signs used in oral storytelling. Oral style is more elegant and indeed required for proper storytelling of oral histories. But reading contracted speech was impossible without reading it out loud and painfully slow. With the Meyah, contracted speech is not simply fast speech. It is oral style. A feature of primary orality is said to be narrative with simple parataxis (Ong 1982, p. 36). At the sentence and paragraph level, Meyah oral style appears to be that way. It’s a common feature of Papuan languages. Meyah oral style utilizes parataxis and subordination. On the discourse level, narrative stories include embedded genre, such as hortatory and didactic content, with a variety of complex clause linkages. Knowing how to use these genres in storytelling is a special form of orality that needs to be acquired, much like a writer needs to develop a writing style for certain genre. Oral cultures are said to be redundant and copious (Ong 1982, p. 39), and that may be the case with some, but it is the opposite of good oral style for the Meyah. They do not like redundancy, so thematic content (who, what, when, where, how) is stated once and only occasionally referenced later in the oral text. Not repeating known information is good oral style. Finally, Meyah oral history is collective memory and not verbatim. That is, older people can recall significant parts of their history, but there are memory gaps that other people fill. Minor details may differ from telling to telling, but the general themes are consistent. Oral histories are best told in group settings, because each individual adds their part to the whole. Some negotiation takes place, correcting parts of the story, and in the end everyone agrees on the final product. This is how they have preserved their stories for hundreds of years. This is one example of how orality differs from place to place, and as a form of literacy, it is not easily replaced with print technology. As in the early Greco-Roman world of writing, the twenty-first century Meyah see writing as a way to preserve and assist what must be told. It is an orality and literacy interface where both are needed and desired. While a linguistic and anthropologic dichotomy between orality and literacy have proven to be less than so, the narrow Western construct of what literacy is also proves to be less than so. Orality is a form of literacy if we understand literacy to be something that produces different social and mental effects in various contexts (Gee 2012), or that literacy is knowledge acquisition, creation, and distribution (Botha 2012). In these ways, literacy should assume certain oral/aural practices that cannot be satisfactorily provided through reading and writing, and indeed for learning, remembering, and being functional. Assuming only “essay-text literacy” in Bible translation training and theological training “privileges one social formation as if it were natural, universal or at least the end point…” (Gee, 2012, p. 732). In non-Western settings, it assumes individualistic reading as learning in a context where learning is oral, aural, and group-oriented. Scholars have shown that oralities and literacies exist as interfaces, used in different contexts. These days, Bible translators, trainers, and consultants can improve accuracy, stability, and distribution by harnessing the possibilities afforded by a variety of oralities and literacies. My hope is this brief article helps to alleviate some of the concerns people have about orality. And rather than a defensive posture, they take on a strategic posture of working alongside indigenous people who already get the possibilities of orality and literacy. Lourens de Vries comments that biblical texts are the result of scribal cultures, not oral cultures. This does not mean that orality was not important, it was, but it received a specific place determined by how writing and speaking interact in scribal cultures when they (re)produce their (religious) literatures. Second, oral-written interfaces change constantly, and technology is an important driver of the changing dynamics of speaking, writing, listening and reading. (Personal conversation)

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Healthy vs. “Normal” Eating By Karen R. Koenig, LCSW, M.Ed. Reprinted with permission from ©2010 Gürze Books In the three decades I’ve taught and written about eating issues, I’ve noticed a sea change, not only in the eating habits of Americans, but in our orientation toward food, weight, and health. Back in the 1980s, when I first began teaching about “normal” eating, I rarely was asked about nutrition; now I’m bombarded with questions about sugar, fat, protein, Omega 3s and the like at every workshop I teach. I’m left shaking my head in wonder at how much more complicated resolving eating problems has become over the decades. Even terms are confusing. Are “normal” and healthy eating the same thing? If not, how do they differ? Are the two concepts compatible or mutually exclusive? Is one better than the other? Although people may assume that healthy and “normal” eating are the same, they’re not. The goal of healthy eating is to make sure one’s food intake is nutritious and physically nourishing—upping your intake of high-nutrient foods and lowering your intake of foods which will likely endanger your health. “Normal” eating, on the other hand, means choosing and consuming foods according to conscious and intuitive rules of appetite: 1) Eat when you’re hungry, 2) Choose foods that will satisfy you, 3) Eat with awareness and enjoyment, and 4) Stop eating when you’re full or satisfied. Think of it this way: Healthy eating teaches the what of eating and “normal” eating teaches the how of it. Nutritional information—the what of eating—is ever changing, as researchers discover more and more about the effect of food on health and longevity. For example, we were told that tuna fish is a healthy, low-fat, high protein food—until the discovery that it can contain high levels of mercury and should be eaten sparingly. Another example is how we were discouraged from eating eggs when research pointed to it increasing our “bad” cholesterol, but now are told that eating a few eggs a week is fine. While the what of eating may change, the process of how to eat is timeless. The rules of “normal” eating remain the same whether you’re eating tofu or tiramisu. Eat when you’re moderately hungry—when your body needs fuel—which predisposes you to enjoy food more. Chew food thoroughly and let it sit on your tongue so that your taste buds can do the their job of sending satiation signals to your brain. Seek pleasure in food and eat mindfully. Stop eating when you’re no longer hungry or when you sense you’ve reached a point of satisfaction. Trying to eat both for health and according to appetite can make your head hurt. You know what happens: You’re longing for a burger with fries and the little voice in your head is screaming, “Oh, no, all that saturated fat—maybe even deadly transfats—will clog my arteries.” You’re about to dive into a bowl of Cheerios drowning in milk and that same voice is reminding you that you’re still two helpings short of fruit and vegetables according to the Food Pyramid. You really enjoy full-fat Greek yogurt, but worry about elevating your triglycerides. I hear it all the time—clients lamenting that they can’t figure out how to eat healthfully and “normally.” Because they feel pressured to do both, they‘re uneasy doing one without the other. Sadly, they’re so inundated with nutritional information, that their natural appetite and ability to choose satisfying foods are compromised. This dual allegiance is further complicated by the difficulty of separating healthy eating from dieting. When you eat a salad, is it because you want to lose weight or because your body craves leafy greens? When you order fish in cream sauce, is it because you’re you fed up with broiled everything or do you have a real yen for something rich and tangy? When you forgo dessert, are you really full or are you only being mindful of calories? Another way you might get stuck is when you rebel against sticking to healthy foods. Many of my clients are so sick and tired of eating on the straight and narrow that they end up rebelling and sabotaging both their “normal” eating progress and their health by ignoring nutritious foods and heading for foods high in fat, salt and sugar—even if that’s not what their body craves. The fact is that denying yourself nourishing foods today will never make up for all the yesterdays of deprivation. That was then and this is now and it’s time to make peace with the past. If you’re angry about all the years you spent dieting, deal with that anger. If you’re saddened by all the food denial you went through, feel the sadness and regret. Direct your feelings at the diet industry and our thin-obsessed culture. Don’t shoot yourself in the foot and blame yourself. Okay, you fell for all the nonsense you were taught about needing to be slim. Well, hey, didn’t we all? Another road-block to eating “normally” and healthfully could be the all-or-nothing mindset that’s so characteristic of disregulated eaters. Too often, your natural tendency when confronted with opposing extremes is to think in terms of “or” rather than “and,” and bounce from one to the other rather than look for a way to meld both or find a middle ground. Due to all your years of dieting and overeating, you may not believe that you can pay attention to appetite and to feeding your body nutritious foods. Although there are no hard and fast rules about when to eat for nutrition and when to be guided purely by appetite, there are ways to find clarity. Begin by acknowledging your dilemma: that you’re confused about how to eat “normally” and healthfully. Recognize that you might have reactions to each process on both intellectual and emotional levels, and that if you’re frequently tugged in two directions—towards appetite or nutrition—you’ll have to grapple with this issue over and over, meal by meal, until the in-fighting stops. Give up judging yourself for either way of eating; rather explore the larger issues of how you feel about eating, food, weight, or caring for yourself. Take an observational, rather than a judgmental, stance about your mixed feelings. Explore your perspective on dieting and healthy eating—not what others tell you, but associations from your own experience. Make a list of your beliefs about diet foods, then another of your beliefs about healthy foods. How are they the same? How are they different? Where is the overlap? Does the memory of eating diet food trigger confusion and misguided thinking when you eat healthfully? If so, you’re stuck with an outdated perspective on specific foods. It’s not as if food gives itself meaning. Only you can do that. If you have a lengthy history of dieting, you’ll have to work hard to put a new spin on healthy eating. Some nutritious foods you may never want to eat again and that’s okay. Maybe you gag at the thought of downing another cottage cheese and fruit plate, but love your veggies and adore fresh fish. So be it. Concentrate on nutritious foods you crave and enjoy, not ones that remind you of your diet days. Our bodies are made to eat “normally” and wisdom tells us that it’s a good idea, in the main, to eat nutritiously. However, when you begin the process of throwing off the diet mantle, you may need to put the goal of eating healthfully on hold—for a while. I recommend that clients first get comfortable eating “normally” before tweaking their eating to be more healthful. How long will this take? Usually from many months—say, the better part of a year—to a few years. The length of this process doesn’t mean you have to wait to eat healthfully until you’re a “normal” eater, but that you’ll want to establish “normal” eating habits before adding another—often confusing—dimension to eating. Toward this end, notice how you feel when you eat healthfully, including whether you still think in terms of “good” and “bad” foods. Observe your self-talk about food and correct invalid messages to self from self. Remain aware that memories of your diet days will intrude upon your experience of how you want to feed yourself today. Talk to people about their struggles with eating for health and appetite. Never struggle alone with eating problems, but brainstorm with others and learn from them and with them how to become a healthy “normal” eater. Develop a vision of yourself eating “normally” and healthfully. Spend time visualizing eating in a way that honors both goals. Remind yourself that these goals are realistic and doable and that they belong together. By doing so, you’ll be creating a sense of wholeness about your eating, an integration of two kinds of pleasure and pride in knowing that you can use food to both please your palate and nourish your body. About the Author Karen Koenig, LCSW, M. Ed., is a psychotherapist, educator, motivational speaker, and author with nearly 30 years of experience helping chronic dieters and compulsive/emotional/restrictive eaters become “normal” eaters. Her books include: • The Rules of Normal Eating (2005, Gürze Books) • The Food and Feelings Workbook (2007, Gürze Books) • What Every Therapist Needs to Know about Treating Food and Weight Issues (2008, W. W. Norton) • Nice Girls Finish Fat (2009, Fireside)

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Coffee Enema History The Cancer Chronicles #6 and #7 The most controversial alternative procedures has to be the coffee enema. Along with other detoxification routines, the coffee enema is a central part of both the Gerson and the Kelley programs. It is always good for a laugh: "with milk or sugar?" This bizarre-sounding treatment can also be used to scare people away from alternatives in general. No quackbusting article these days is complete without a reference to "enemas made from roasted coffee beans." So what´s the story? Is the coffee enema crackpot faddism or is there some rationale behind this procedure? An enema is "a fluid injected into the rectum for the purpose of clearing out the bowel, or of administering drugs or food." The word itself comes from the Greek en-hienai, meaning to "send or inject into." The enema has been called "one of the oldest medical procedures still in use today." Tribal women in Africa, and elsewhere, routinely use it on their children. The earliest medical text in existence, the Egyptian Ebers Papyrus, (1,500 B.C.) mentions it. Millennia before, the Pharaoh had a "guardian of the anus," a special doctor one of whose purposes was to administer the royal enema. The Greeks wrote of the fabled cleanliness of the Egyptians, which included the internal cleansing of their systems through emetics and enemas. They employed these on three consecutive days every month said Herodotus (II.77) or at intervals of three or four days, according to the later historian Diodorus. The Egyptians explained to their visitors that they did this because they "believed that diseases were engendered by superfluities of the food", a modern-sounding theory! Enemas were known in ancient Sumeria, Babylonia, India, Greece and China. American Indians independently invented it, using a syringe made of an animal bladder and a hollow leg bone. Pre-Columbian South Americans fashioned latex into the first rubber enema bags and tubes. In fact, there is hardly a region of the world where people did not discover or adapt the enema. It is more ubiquitous than the wheel. Enemas are found in world literature from Aristophanes to Shakespeare, Gulliver Travels to Peyton Place. In pre-revolutionary France a daily enema after dinner was de rigueur. It was not only considered indispensable for health but practiced for good complexion as well. Louis XIV is said to have taken over 2,000 in his lifetime.Could this have been the source of the Sun King´s sunny disposition? For centuries, enemas were a routine home remedy. Then, within living memory, the routine use of enemas died out. The main times that doctors employ them nowadays is before or after surgery and childbirth. Difficult and potentially dangerous barium enemas before colonic X rays are of course still a favorite of allopathic doctors. But why coffee? This bean has an interesting history. It was imported in Arabia in the early 1500´s by the Sufi religious mystics, who used it to fight drowsiness while praying. It was especially prized for its medicinal qualities, in both the Near East and Europe. No one knows when the first daring soul filled the enema bag with a quart of java. What is known is that the coffee enema appeared at least as early as 1917 and was found in the prestigious Merck Manual until 1972. In the 1920s German scientists found that a caffeine solution could open the bile ducts and stimulate the production of bile in the liver of experimental animals. Dr. Max Gerson used this clinically as part of a general detoxification regimen, first for tuberculosis, then cancer. Caffeine, he postulated, will travel up the hemorrhoidal to the portal vein and thence to the liver itself. Gerson noted some remarkable effects of this procedure. For instance, patients could dispense with all pain-killers once on the enemas. Many people have noted the paradoxical calming effect of coffee enemas. And while coffee enemas can relieve constipation, Gerson cautioned: "Patients have to know that the coffee enemas are not given for the function of the intestines but for the stimulation of the liver." Coffee enemas were an established part of medical practice when Dr. Max Gerson introduced them into cancer therapy in the 1930s. Basing himself on German laboratory work, Gerson believed that caffeine could stimulate the liver and gall bladder to discharge bile. He felt this process could contribute to the health of the cancer patient. Although the coffee enema has been heaped with scorn, there has been some independent scientific work that gives credence to this concept. In 1981, for instance, Dr. Lee Wattenberg and his colleagues were able to show that substances found in coffee—kahweol and cafestol palmitate—promote the activity of a key enzyme system, glutathione S-transferase, above the norm. This system detoxifies a vast array of electrophiles from the bloodstream and, according to Gar Hildenbrand of the Gerson Institute, "must be regarded as an important mechanism for carcinogen detoxification." This enzyme group is responsible for neutralizing free radicals, harmful chemicals now commonly implicated in the initiation of cancer. In mice, for example, these systems are enhanced 600 percent in the liver and 700 percent in the bowel when coffee beans are added to the mice´s diet. Dr. Peter Lechner, who is investigating the Gerson method at the Landeskrankenhaus of Graz, Austria, has reported that "coffee enemas have a definite effect on the colon which can be observed with an endoscope." F.W. Cope (1977) has postulated the existence of a "tissue damage syndrome." When cells are challenged by poison, oxygen deprivation, malnutrition or a physical trauma they lose potassium, take on sodium and chloride, and swell up with excess water. Another scientist (Ling) has suggested that water in a normal cell is contained in an "ice-like" structure. Being alive requires not just the right chemicals but the right chemical structure. Cells normally have a preference for potassium over sodium but when a cell is damaged it begins to prefer sodium. This craving results in a damaged ability of cells to repair themselves and to utilize energy. Further, damaged cells produce toxins; around tumors are zones of "wounded" but still non-malignant tissue, swollen with salt and water. Gerson believed it axiomatic that cancer could not exist in normal metabolism. He pointed to the fact that scientists often had to damage an animal´s thyroid and adrenals just to get a transplanted tumor to "take." He directed his efforts toward creating normal metabolism in the tissue surrounding a tumor. It is the liver and small bowel which neutralize the most common tissue toxins: polyamines, ammonia, toxic-bound nitrogen, and electrophiles. These detoxification systems are probably enhanced by the coffee enema. Physiological Chemistry and Physics has stated that "caffeine enemas cause dilation of bile ducts, which facilitates excretion of toxic cancer breakdown products by the liver and dialysis of toxic products across the colonic wall." In addition, theophylline and theobromine (two other chemicals in coffee) dilate blood vessels and counter inflammation of the gut; the palmitates enhance the enzyme system responsible for the removal of toxic free radicals from the serum; and the fluid of the enema then stimulates the visceral nervous system to promote peristalsis and the transit of diluted toxic bile from the duodenum and out the rectum. Since the enema is generally held for 15 minutes, and all the blood in the body passes through the liver every three minutes, "these enemas represent a form of dialysis of blood across the gut wall" (Healing Newsletter, #13, May-June, 1986). Prejudice against coffee enemas continues, however. Although this data was made available to Office of Technology Assessment it was largely ignored in their box on the procedure. They dismissively state "there is no scientific evidence to support the claim that coffee enemas detoxify the blood or liver." No medical procedure is without risk and OTA is quick to point out alleged dangers of the coffee enemas. For instance, they cite one doctor´s opinion that coffee "taken by this route is a strong stimulant and can be at least as addictive as coffee taken regularly by mouth." This may indeed be true. Yet one wonders where the data is on this, and whether OTA would issue a similar warning about the perils of coffee drinking. Another potential danger, they say, is physical damage to the rectum—"fatal bowel perforation and necrosis" which have been associated with "various other types of enema." The risk of perforation comes from the insertion device used. At the Gerson clinic, for instance, they use a short nozzle which couldn´t inflict much harm; Gonzalez uses a soft rubber colon tube. In neither case would this caveat seem to apply. On thin evidence, OTA also suggests enemas can cause colitis. The agency also cites the case of the two Seattle women who died following excessive enema use. Their deaths were attributed to fluid and electrolyte abnormalities. One took 10 to 12 coffee enemas in a single night and then continued at a rate of one per hour. The other took four daily. As OTA points out, "in both cases, the enemas were taken much more frequently than is recommended in the Gerson treatment." In general, coffee enemas are an important tool for physicians who try to detoxify the body. This is not to say they are a panacea. They certainly require much more research. But coffee enemas are serious business: their potential should be explored by good research—not mined for cheap shots at alternative medicine or derisively dismissed as yet another crackpot fad.

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The proverb, “The pen is mightier than the sword” implies that the power of pen is enormous, even more than a sword. A small pen can help you achieve what a mighty sword cannot. The power of a pen is emphasized by way of this proverb. It implies that a pen is capable of achieving that what even a big sword cannot. Long and Short Essay on The Pen is Mightier than the Sword in English Here are some “The pen is mightier than the sword essays” of varying lengths to help you with the topic in your exam. You can choose any essay on The pen is mightier than the sword according to your need: The Pen is Mightier than the Sword Essay -1 (200 words) “The pen is mightier than the sword” implies that a pen is extremely powerful. Even though it is small in size, it has the power to accomplish things that a mighty sharp edged sword cannot accomplish. The Pen is Mightier than the Sword – Detailed Explanation By way of this proverb, Bulwer-Lytton wanted to state that the power of writing is much greater than the power of war and hatred. A war always ends in sufferings and loss where as writing is a gift to the mankind. The stories learned during our childhood have taught us a lot. Those teachings are a priceless possession for us. It is actually true that the peaceful act of writing with a small pen can have a bigger impact than the act of violence carried out by a sword. The power of pen and words has been emphasized by way of many other proverbs. Some of these include “Books are the way to the truth” and “Books are the best companion”. The pen certainly is more powerful than the sword. The tasks that can be completed with a small tip of a pen cannot be accomplished if we use something as mightier as a sword. The Pen is Mightier than the Sword Essay – 2 (300 words) “The pen is mightier than the sword” has been used to emphasize the power of words over violence. It indicates that the power of press is greater and more effective than that of direct violence. This is to say that the point we can put across through simple words can never be put across or explained by way of violence. The Origin of the Phrase “The pen is mightier than the sword” is a metonymic adage written by English author Edward Bulwer-Lytton in the year 1839. It found a place in his play, Richelieu; Or the Conspiracy. The play opened in March 1839 at London’s Covent Garden. The first known version of this popular phrase was coined in the early 7th century BC by Assyrian sage, Ahiqar. It read, “The word is mightier than the sword”. People do recognize the superiority of the pen over sword and the phrase is often used to emphasize the same. Here are the various interpretations of the proverb, “the pen is mightier than the sword”: - It means that the act of writing can have stronger impact on people than the act of violence. - It states that words have the ability to solve the problems more effectively than force. - Pen and writing indicate civilized behaviour which is far better than applying brutal force to achieve things. - Do not underestimate the ability and power of small things. They can at times have a stronger impact than the biggest things. - The proverb celebrates the power of pen and writing and indicates that writers are powerful than warriors. “The pen is mightier than the sword” emphasizes that we must not undervalue the power of a small thing such as a pen. It implies that a thing as small as a pen can have a huge impact on people and society as a whole; an impact that even a mighty thing like a sharp sword cannot achieve. The Pen is Mightier than the Sword Essay – 3 (500 Words) The famous proverb ‘Pen is Mightier than the Sword’ was first written by Edward Bulwer- Lytton, which later became highly popular across the world. Everyone knows that a sword is a weapon with sharp edge while pen is a writing instrument with no edge. But the power of the pen is extremely greater than a sword. What a sharp edge of a sword can’t achieve; can easily be achieved with the help of a tiny tip of a pen. While a pen and sword cannot be compared because pen is used for writing purposes and sword is used for fighting purposes. But the writer through the proverb ‘Pen is Mightier than the Sword’, intends to say that the power and strength of writing is mightier and stronger than the influence of war. A war is always destructive and ends lives. Sword can only kill and thus result into defeat, loss and death. Even though, one party in the war may win but the loss of several lives is the ultimate loss of even the winning party; whereas writing is harmony, peace and it is priceless. Books written with pen give us education, knowledge and wisdom which remain with us forever. We can never pay back for the tales and stories told to us in our childhood by our grandparents, parents, teachers, etc for those stories taught us lesson which we preserve for our lifetime. There are various quotes and proverbs written and said about books such as: ‘Books are the treasure house of knowledge’, ‘Books are the best companion’, ‘Books are the way to the Truth’ and many more. A book written in pen makes it powerful and worth reading. Not every book is useful as some may teach wrong lessons; some books may be restricted or forbidden. So, it’s the pen which makes the book powerful. Such mighty, the pen is! The power of pen can also be understood from the fact that one incorrect answer written in the answer sheet during exams, tests, etc might fall heavily on us. We are able to know about history, geography, religion, science, etc all by reading and pen plays an important role in letting the writer pen down the important knowledge and information for the generations to come. History is the proof that writers have changed the world through their writings. Mahatma Gandhi, John Keats, Swami Vivekananda, William Wordsworth and many more have created magic through their writing. Pen has the power to break the demographic barriers or a book can be written in one country and can be read across the world. Writers through their preaching and knowledge fight against various social evils and bring transformation in the society. Writing has the power of building or destroying the image of political leaders or actors, sports persons, etc. The writer must be really cautious and mindful about the strength of the pen and write wisely. No writer must display his/her personal grudge through writing. Writing can create peace during wars and may create wars during peace, since we all know that the ‘Pen is Mightier than the Sword’. The Pen is Mightier than the Sword Essay – 4 (600 Words) The famous proverb ‘Pen is Mightier than the Sword’ has a great significance since ages. It denotes that the pen is more powerful than the sword; irrespective of the fact that the sword has a sharp edge and the power to kill and win wars. From the ancient days, sword has played an important role in the history of mankind. We all know that the sword has the power of winning wars because of the great strength and valour it possesses. But a pen on the other hand, despite being delicate is much mightier and endowed with the capacity to transform history and mankind. Written by the famous author Edward Bulwer-Lytton, the proverb ‘The Pen is Mightier than the Sword’ holds great significance with simple yet profound meaning. It suggests that the writers of the world leave a greater influence on people than the soldiers; for the world recognises the name of several famous writers such as William Wordsworth, John Keats, Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Rabindranath Tagore, etc but very few will be able to recognise the names of great soldiers who won wars, battles, etc. For ages, pen has been creating wonders as written information gets spread as knowledge which is preserved with people for their lifetime. The proverb clearly indicates that the writers are more influential than the mighty fighters and the sword cannot build such impact which writers can. Writing can unite people to stand against social or national evil. Mahatma Gandhi through his preaching and knowledge united the citizens; he didn’t fight but won the nation with his power of wisdom and will. A war may result into victory to one party and defeat to the other at the cost of several lives; but a book can enlighten the world without harming even a single person, without any bloodshed. Pen is the weapon of writers, which they can use to create history. Pen is constructive, while sword is destructive. A pen has the capacity to write novels, poems, humorous, emotional stories, facts and figures related to Science, Maths, Geography, etc. One can find joy and peace by reading and gain knowledge for lifetime. Writings can induce various emotions such as love, kindness, hatred, enmity, sympathy etc. Writing is regarded with respect and writers are always considered as the strong pillars of society as they have the power to change the world through the magic of their writing. Even on national level, debates and discussions can solve various altercations amongst differing countries, but war can destroy the economical and physical strength of the countries. On personal level too, literature spreads knowledge but fighting induces hatred. In the world of political war and unrest; we need more pens than swords. The fact is that men are more influenced and guided by ideas than by the fear of sword or physical forces. It is true, that the command of the sword is restrained to a particular time period but the influence of pen is immortal and universal. The writer must use this power with utmost care, for their writing can either make or break the image of huge personalities, because pen is mightier than sword.

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‘May the Twenty-third’ by Edward Thomas is a three-stanza poem that is separated into one set of ten lines, one of twenty-eight, and another short set of eight. These lines follow a consistent rhyme scheme that conforms to the pattern of AABBCCDD, and so on, changing end sounds as the poem progresses. There is not one particular pattern of rhythm in the poem, but the lines are all around the same length. They range in syllable numbers from around 8-12. The poem begins with the speaker stating that this particular day in May is better than any other he has ever experienced. He doesn’t think that any in the future will compare either. There was a brief thunderstorm, but that only strengthened his belief in its greatness. In the second stanza, another person enters the scene. It is a man named Jack who is wandering through the countryside with cowslip flowers and cresses. These plants are just as beautiful as everything else the speaker can see around him. Jack gives them to the speaker for free and the speaker is pleased with his transaction. Jack lops away up the road after suggesting that a better day might see the speaker pay him back. The poem ends with a series of small discomforts that do not bother the speaker. The last lines explain that one of the reasons he remembers the day is due to the mysterious disappearance of Jack. Thomas makes use of a number of poetic techniques in ‘May the Twenty-third.’ They include alliteration, general repetition of images and words, anaphora, and enjambment. One of the best examples of alliteration is in line twenty-one in which “t” begins four of the words and “f” begins two. There are other examples, such as in the phrases “fairer flowers” and “May is May.” Anaphora is the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of multiple lines, usually in succession. This occurs in a few select sections of the poem in which Thomas wanted to emphasize the details of a scene. One example is in lines four and six of the second stanza, both beginning with “And.” Then again in lines twelve and fourteen, both beginning with “Like.” Another common technique is enjambment. This occurs when a line is cut off before its natural stopping point. It forces a reader down to the next line, and the next, quickly. One is forced to move forward in order to comfortably resolve a phrase or sentence. Analysis of May the Twenty-third There never was a finer day, And never will be while May is May,— The third, and not the last of its kind; But though fair and clear the two behind Seemed pursued by tempests overpast; The first stanza of ‘May the Twenty-third’ begins with the phrase, “There never was a finer day.” This is always going to be the case while “May” is as good as “May” is. Unless there is some seismic shift, he can’t imagine things getting better. The reasons for this follow, but are questionable, and somewhat confusing without context. Thomas’ speaker compares this particular May day to others, and finds that this is truly the best. The previous two he thought were good, but now when he looks back it seems as if they were stormy and terrible. And the morrow with fear that it could not last Was spoiled. To-day ere the stones were warm Five minutes of thunderstorm Dashed it with rain, as if to secure, By one tear, its beauty the luck to endure. The setting is explained more in the second half of the stanza. Thomas states that in the past, the “Morrow” or the next day, was spoiled before he spent all of the present-day worry that the “fine” weather and mood would not last. But, it is different today. The “stones,” somewhere in the landscape, “were warm.” They were at one point pounded by a thunderstorm, but that only lasted five minutes. The fact that there was this brief thunderstorm did the day well. After it happened. Thomas’ speaker felt like it disrupted the day enough to where it could “endure” At mid-day then along the lane Old Jack Noman appeared again, Jaunty and old, crooked and tall, And stopped and grinned at me over the wall, With a cowslip bunch in his button-hole And one in his cap. Who could say if his roll Came from flints in the road, the weather, or ale? The second stanza begins with the speaker encountering another man. This is “Old Jack Norman.” There are very few details about who exactly this person is, but the speaker does give some information about his appearance. He is “old, cooked and tall.” The crookedness might speak to the way he walks, or maybe even to his personality. On the fine day, Jack stopped where the speaker was resting, at mid-day, and “grinned” at him. This occurred “over the wall.” Perhaps this is the wall around the speaker’s house. A few more details about the setting make their way not the text as the speaker states that the man had “cowslip in his “button-hole” and “one in his cap.” This is a kind of plant that grows throughout Europe and Asia. It is most commonly known for its medicinal properties. It is often used to treat swollen noses and throats and bronchitis, but there is a number of other uses. The fact that he was decorated with these flowers adds to one’s perception of his personality. There is something very upbeat seeming about Jack, a fact which is confirmed in the next lines. At one point he “roll[s].” This refers to a stumble he takes in the road. The speaker doesn’t know if it was caused by flint rocks, or by the weather, or even by ale the man had drunk. He was welcome as the nightingale. Not an hour of the sun had been wasted on Jack. ‘I’ve got my Indian complexion back’ Said he. He was tanned like a harvester, Like his short clay pipe, like the leaf and bur That clung to his coat from last night’s bed, Like the ploughland crumbling red. The man’s cheery attitude is similar to a nightingale which is known for its beautiful song. Jack had been outside, soaking in the sun and using his day up with pleasure. This is something that Jack adds to by saying that he got his “Indian complexion back.” A problematic phrase today, but in Thomas’ time, Jack was simply expressing the way his skin had tanned, making him look like he was from India. The speaker takes note of this fact too. He thinks that the man was “tanned like a harvester,” someone whose main job forces him to be outside in the sun. There are other elements of Jack’s appearance that make the speaker think of a harvester. This includes the pipe he’s smoking and the leaves that are all over his clothes. There are also bits of red dirt from the “ploughland.” Fairer flowers were none on the earth Than his cowslips wet with the dew of their birth, Or fresher leaves than the cress in his basket. ‘Where did they come from, Jack?’ ‘Don’t ask it, And you’ll be told no lies.’ ‘Very well: Then I can’t buy.’ ‘I don’t want to sell. Take them and these flowers, too, free. In the next seven lines of ‘May the Twenty-Third’ the speaker goes on to describe how beautiful the flowers in Jack’s hair were. They seemed as fine as the day and that there could be no flower more perfect. They still carried some of the “dew of their birth.” Jack was also carrying some “cress” leaves in his basket, they too were of the best possible quality. The speaker expressed his interest in the leaves and asked Jack where they came from. Jack replied that unless the speaker wanted to be lied to, he shouldn’t ask. As if to encourage Jack to part with his secret, he tells him that he won’t buy them from him then. Jack is unbothered by this, in fact, he wants to give the leaves to the speaker for free. There are a few moments in these lines, such as in line fifteen, where Thomas makes use of alliteration But, the best example is line twenty-two where four words start with “t” and two with “f.” Perhaps you have something to give me? Wait till next time. The better the day . . . The Lord couldn’t make a better, I say; If he could, he never has done.’ So off went Jack with his roll-walk-run, Leaving his cresses from Oakshott rill And his cowslips from Wheatham hill. Jack finishes up his dialogue in the next lines, adding that maybe the speaker will have something for him when he comes back. He doesn’t state what he wants that something to be, but that doesn’t seem to concern him or the speaker. The man leaves after saying that “something” might be given to him on a better day. The speaker makes sure to express his belief about the day— that there couldn’t be a better one. At that point, Jack moves off, in his same loping, off-center run. He left behind his precious cowslips and cresses. ‘Twas the first day that the midges bit; But though they bit me, I was glad of it: Of the dust in my face, too, I was glad. Spring could do nothing to make me sad. Bluebells hid all the ruts in the copse, The elm seeds lay in the road like hops, That fine day, May the twenty-third, The day Jack Noman disappeared. In the final eight lines of ‘May the Twenty-third’ the speaker concludes his description of the day. There are a few more elements of the beautiful May day that might turn it bad, but don’t. This includes the speaker getting bit by midges and getting dust in his face. There was nothing that “Spring could do to make” him sad. The natural elements of the day are what makes it so perfect, but there is one final twist at the end of the poem that makes one question its perfect-ness. It was the day that “Jack Norman disappeared.” It is completely left up to the reader’s imagination of what this means or how it happened. Something bad could’ve occurred, considering the lopsided way the man was walking, or maybe he wandered off into the perfect day was happily lost amongst the elms and bluebells.

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Join AARP and MediaWise at 1 p.m. ET Tuesday to learn how to be a better digital citizen and help rebuild the civil discourse. Register here. by Carol Kaufmann, AARP Bulletin, February 2010 In 1951, a poor black woman went to Johns Hopkins University to be treated for cervical cancer. While a doctor was giving her a radium treatment, he took a sample of her tumor and gave it to a researcher looking for a cure for the deadly disease. The researcher had been trying to grow cancer cells outside the body for decades, with no success. But the cells from this patient, Henrietta Lacks, were different. Not only did they multiply, they wouldn’t stop growing. These cells, known today as HeLa, were the first to become what scientists call immortal. They would continuously divide, multiply and never die. Henrietta died shortly after her 31st birthday in the same year she was diagnosed, but her cells traveled all over the world for cancer research. Soon, scientists engaged in other pursuits learned of their value, and medical research on cells exploded. The cells helped Jonas Salk and his team discover the vaccine for polio. They have helped scientists better understand how innumerable viruses and cancers works. They’ve aided in the development of in vitro fertilization and gene mapping. They’ve been exposed to chemotherapy, massive doses of radiation and fevers that killed American troops abroad. They even rode into the zero gravity of space on early shuttle missions—all to gauge how such things might affect humans. “They’re part of so many scientific landmarks, from helping scientists get a basic understanding of how a cell works to cloning,” says Rebecca Skloot, a science reporter and author of the just-released The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. “It’s inconceivable to think about all the advances her cells were a part of.” Today, trillions upon trillions of HeLa cells—descendents of the originals from Henrietta Lacks—are still helping scientists unlock secrets to medical mysteries. Their monetary value, Skloot says, is absolutely incalculable. “And I’ve tried to count,” she says. When Skloot first heard the story of the cells in her high school biology class in 1988, she couldn’t figure out why no one knew anything about the woman they came from—not even her correct name. Years later in graduate school, Skloot decided to find out more about the mysterious donor, and set out to convince the Lacks family to tell their story. She found a family mired in poverty, often unable to afford health care, and hesitant to talk to a reporter searching for information about Henrietta or their own lives. But gradually throughout her decade of research, Skloot learned about Henrietta, the woman: the daughter of a tobacco farmer, raised by her grandfather in a log cabin in rural Virginia; a brave wife who got on a train to Baltimore where her husband’s job in a steel plant promised a better life; a kindhearted friend who loved to dance and play bingo. According to Henrietta’s cousin, Sadie, “she was a person that could really make the good things come out of you.” Skloot also persuaded Henrietta’s younger daughter, Deborah, to join her on a journey to learn what happened to Henrietta Lacks, her immortal cells’ extraordinary contribution to science and the current controversies they started. (Read an excerpt here.) Rebecca Skloot talked to the AARP Bulletin about her book. Q. Why were these particular cells so indestructible? A. No one knows. They’re very hearty and hard to kill. Scientists used to joke you could grow them in a sink drain or on a doorknob. Q. Doctors never told Henrietta, or her family, they were taking a sample. Why not? A. Look at the mind frame in 1950. Consent wasn’t required to do really anything to anyone. People were being injected with radioactive materials. Rather than treating people for syphilis, doctors were studying their patients to see how they died. Taking cells from a person wasn’t even on their radar as something that might be objectionable. Q. The Lacks family didn’t know anything about these cells for 25 years. A. Yes, some scientists decided to track down Henrietta’s family because they thought research on her relatives would teach more about HeLa cells and Henrietta’s DNA. A postdoctoral researcher ended up calling Henrietta’s husband. Q. And her English wasn’t very clear, right? A. She had come to the U.S. recently from China, had a pretty thick accent and didn’t know that Mr. Lacks didn’t know about the cells. Mr. Lacks understood the phone call like this: “We’ve got your wife, she’s lying in a laboratory for the past 25 years and now we need to test your kids to see if they have cancer,” which wasn’t what she said at all. Neither understood what the other was saying. But Mr. Lacks called his kids and told them to give blood. Q. The family was never compensated for anything—their blood, their mother’s prolific cells. A. That became an enormous issue for the family. They didn’t pay that much attention to it until they read in an article that the HeLa cells were selling for a certain amount per vial and that really got them angry. Money had been a struggle for them their whole lives. Q. In taking Henrietta’s cells, was an element of discrimination at work? A. It’s hard to say. If Henrietta had been white and wealthy, would this have happened? Doctors were trying to figure out what cervical cancer was and were taking samples from pretty much anyone who came into Hopkins with cervical cancer. They weren’t just looking at black women. Q. But Henrietta was also poor and uneducated. A. Yes, those were the people who usually ended up in the public wards at Hopkins where the study was being done. This was a charity hospital, so you can’t take out the factors of race and class because a white woman with money probably wouldn’t have gone there in the first place. We just don’t know. Q. Could doctors take cells from you or me today without our consent? A. Absolutely. Doctors often keep tissues from patients who’ve had a mole removed or a tonsillectomy or any number of routine procedures; most Americans have their tissues on file somewhere. It’s been mandatory for any child born after the early ’60s to test for genetic disorders, and those samples are often kept and stored for future research. Q. Are patients aware of this? A. People are starting to find out what’s happening, and it’s becoming a big issue. In Texas, a group of parents sued because their children’s samples were stored and were being used for research. A few weeks ago, the court ordered those samples destroyed. Q. Wouldn’t most people be glad to contribute to the collective body of scientific knowledge? A. A lot of people think using their cells in culture is just great. One scientist I heard from posted a note on the Virology blog that said, “You’re kidding! These are cells that are totally disembodied from the person. How could anyone have a problem with this?” But there are others who say, “That’s part of me and it has my DNA in it and you didn’t ask.” So there are legitimate concerns on both sides. When I talk to people who have lawsuits over cells, it often comes down to “if they had asked me, I would have been fine with it.” Q. Deborah, Henrietta’s younger daughter, felt very tied to the HeLa cells. A. She was traumatized by not having a mother. So much of this story is about her emotional attachment to the cells and her belief that this is part of her mother that is alive. Could she get to know her this way? Could she see her somehow? Q. Couldn’t doctors ask for patients’ consent to take cell samples? A. That’s been a very thorny issue for science since the late ’60s and early ’70s. For scientists, it’s a nightmare. A. Right now, millions and millions of samples stored in tissue banks, in some guy’s basement lab, in hospitals, in a small town in Iowa—they’re all being used for research. You can’t go back and get permission for all this. So what are you going to do? Destroy them all? That would be horrific for science. And that would cause financial and all kinds of damage for research. Q. If all the human tissue that’s used in research were destroyed, what wouldn’t we have? A. Vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, rabies, for sure. A lot of drugs. They’d start growing new cell lines, but some existing ones are particularly useful for this stuff. One line from an aborted fetus—and the mother certainly didn’t know the cells were taken—is used to grow a majority of our vaccines because it has particular properties. It’s inconceivable to think about what research studies would have to stop. Q. Couldn’t we just grow more cell cultures with tissue from people who give consent? A. Who knows how long it would take to find a valuable, important cell line like HeLa? There are tons of cells that will grow now, but not many of them are particularly valuable. Q. Other issues of consent appear in the book. What happened to Elsie, Henrietta’s older daughter? A. When she was 14 or 15, she was institutionalized when Henrietta’s fifth child was born, which was also the year Henrietta was diagnosed with cancer. Q. So Henrietta’s doctors convinced her and her husband that the best thing to do was send Elsie to a mental institution in Crownsville, Md. A. Yes, it was originally called the Hospital for the Negro Insane, for any black person with syphilis, epilepsy or a variety of conditions considered insane. Q. What was wrong with Elsie? A. It’s very hard to know because it was never discussed. Deborah always thought she was deaf because all the Lacks children have some level of hearing loss. Elsie was epileptic—she had seizures, and Henrietta could no longer handle her—and was born with syphilis. Her parents were first cousins so she also could have been born with mental problems. No one knows because no one ever communicated with her. Henrietta visited her once a week. Elsie would cry and cling to her. Q. You and Deborah learned what happened there. A. It was horrific. Patients were crammed together, children were mixed with adults, girls with boys. Children were used for research without their parents’ permission. This included doctors probing their brains during epileptic seizures to figure out what was going on. It was unthinkably painful and awful. We didn’t expect to learn this at all. Q. How did Deborah react? A. That moment when we discovered what was actually done to Elsie was so shocking and traumatic. Deborah knew something had happened to her sister, but no one had ever talked about it, just like no one ever talked about her mother. Q. But at least in her mother’s case, she learned that no one hurt her mother. A. Deborah suspected that doctors had given her mother cancer because they knew her body would create these valuable cells. She learned that wasn’t true. When I was helping her learn about the HeLa, she would say that if she had studied this stuff, it wouldn’t have been as traumatizing. Q. And you had a lot of fun learning about Henrietta Lacks. A. Deborah is so funny! And lively, and a beautiful character. During these years of research, there was all this sadness, but also moments that were just delightful, listening to the family stories. Carol Kaufmann is a contributing editor at the AARP Bulletin. Please leave your comment below. You must be logged in to leave a comment. You are leaving AARP.org and going to the website of our trusted provider. The provider’s terms, conditions and policies apply. Please return to AARP.org to learn more about other benefits. Your email address is now confirmed. 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The late Dr. Chris Winder, then Associate Professor at the School of Safety Science, University of New South Wales, discussed chemicals management in workplaces: the role of OHS reps and others in the prevention and control of exposure to hazardous substances. There were some interesting findings from the 167 questionnaires returned to the ACTU as part of their 2000 National Survey of Health and Safety Representatives (HSRs): - 88% say they use chemicals at work; - 33% say that people at their workplaces have suffered health effects from chemicals at work; - 75% have not had training about the safe use of chemicals at work; - 66% say they are aware of legislation and associated responsibilities; - 23% say that chemicals in their workplaces are not clearly labeled; - 15% say that the label is not easy to understand; - Most respondents do not know the difference between "poisons," "hazardous substances" and "dangerous goods"; - Over 50% believe that they have not been given adequate information about the chemicals in their workplace; - 70% indicated that they would like more information; - 81% said that not enough is being done by employers, employees and/or governments to ensure chemical safety at work; - These problems were much worse in smaller businesses. The assertion that there is adequate control of chemicals in the workplace is not borne out by the experience. These days we talk about risk management as the accepted approach for controlling workplace health and safety hazards. Risk management can be all things to all people, but for health and safety, it is (at least) three things: identify, assess, control (IAC). IAC can be used to reduce the chemical risks in the workplace. Chemical Hazard Identification Remember: You cannot control hazardous substances properly unless you have concise, relevant, accurate and proper information. So: Who's responsible? The Supplier: Even before a chemical arrives in a workplace, it is supposed to have undergone a hazard assessment by the person or company, that puts the chemical into its container, such as a manufacturer or importer (usually called the supplier). That hazard assessment includes classification of hazard (for example, danger properties, risk of death, long term health problems, environmental effects) to international standards. These may vary according to use or potential exposure. For example, the difference between 1000 mls of Xylene (a hazardous substance) will have a risk of harmful vapours in use, whereas 10,000 L of Xylene (a dangerous good) has a risk of flammability in storage. If this classification process finds that the chemical is hazardous and/or dangerous, the suppliers must then accurately label the container warning users of the hazards. Suppliers must also prepare a material safety data sheet (MSDS), and make the MSDS available before or when they supply the chemical to their customers. If a chemical is going into a workplace, the customer is the employer. The Employer: Employers must aim to eliminate exposure to hazardous substances at work. Once any chemicals and their MSDS arrive in the workplace, they should be evaluated again for health and safety problems before use. The label and MSDS should be checked for likely hazards, and to ensure existing controls are adequate and suitable. MSDS must be placed in a hazardous substances register that is accessible to all workers with the potential for exposure. The Role of the HSR in this Process: Read the label and MSDS for all chemicals to work out what needs to be done in your workplace. Question inadequate warnings on labels or MSDS that do not show health problems, especially if you are observing them in your workforce. Make sure all "downstream" containers are labeled properly. Check with your union if you are not satisfied with the information supplied by the employer. Chemical Risk Assessment Remember: You cannot eliminate or reduce chemical risks properly unless you have assessed the hazards and worked out how to control any risks arising from use of the chemicals. Every chemical that is a hazardous substance must undergo a risk assessment, to be carried out by the employer in conjunction with workers. So: Who's responsible? The Employer: There are different types of risk assessments, such as "tick and flick" assessments for chemicals not considered a risk (who decides? - the employer, if workers don't get involved). More importantly, more formal assessments are required for chemicals that are known to be a risk and not under suitable control in the workplace. These risk assessments must be conducted by a competent person (this can include HSRs). These risk assessments must be recorded and authorised by a responsible person. These risk assessments must be accessible to workers. All workers must comply with any recommended controls stipulated in such risk assessments. The Role of the HSR in this Process: Take part in risk assessments being conducted in your workplace. Insist on seeing the risk assessments that have been completed for hazardous substances in your workplace (don't be surprised if none have been completed - employers are erring on the side of convenience). Demand that risk assessments be carried out or revised whenever co-workers are showing signs and symptoms of chemical exposure. The 2000 ACTU survey noted that a third of HSRs reported that people at their workplaces have suffered health effects from chemicals at work. Ensure that co-workers comply with the recommendations made in risk assessments that have been finalised. Chemical Risk Control Remember: Hazardous substances are not defined as hazardous because they are safe. They will cause harm to the people who are exposed unless controlled properly. If anybody is showing symptoms, then by definition exposure is already too high - even if only a few people are showing symptoms, something has to be done to either eliminate or better control the offending chemical(s). Where any unacceptable risk from exposure to hazardous substances cannot be eliminated, it must be controlled. There are a range of controls that are available for controlling chemical risks. Some are better than others. General principles of risk control are outlined in the hierarchy of controls: - Substitution: This is the preferred way of dealing with toxic chemicals. For example, replacement of materials with less hazardous materials and/or processes, and/or re-organisation of tasks or processes to make them less risky; - Isolation: This is where hazards or risks are located away from everyday activities. Isolation may be by location (carrying out the activity at an isolated area) and/or by time (carrying out the risk activity at a time when few people are around); - Engineering controls: These are controls that rely on plant or equipment (such as machine guards, process enclosure, booths, fume cupboards) to prevent or reduce exposure to the chemical/s - Administrative controls: These are controls that rely on safe systems of work to minimise risk. Examples include safe work procedures, tag and lock out procedures, job rotation, competency training and so on; - Personal protective equipment: These are the last line of defence, and should never be relied upon to prevent exposures, but it's the approach most often favoured or advocated by employers. PPE includes helmets, safety glasses, respirators and masks, ear muffs, impervious gloves, aprons, safety boots and harnesses for fall protection. PPE can introduce other hazards, such as fogging in safety glasses, thermal discomfort communication problems and so on, and unless scrupulously maintained - as is often the case - can cease to function properly. Where a risk assessment specifies that controls, such as isolation, engineering control, safe working procedures or PPE is recommended, they must be used, and must be used properly. The Role of the HSR in this Process: Don't just accept that the current controls for the hazardous substances in use in your workplace are good enough. This is especially true if workers are showing signs and symptoms of exposure to chemicals. Use risk assessments and the hierarchy of controls to improve health and safety at work. Case study: Glutaraldehyde In the late 1980's the specialist applications of glutaraldehyde (electron microscope fixative, X-ray film developer and so on) meant it was a chemical with fairly narrow uses. The advent of HIV in the early 1980s demanded biocides that could destroy the virus. Claims that glutaraldehyde was an effective biocide meant that this chemical was more widely used, more people were using it and worker exposures were increased, in some cases excessively so. The number of workers exposed increased dramatically, and cases of ill health (including asthma and dermatitis) began to increase. Firstly, Glutaraldehyde had not been classified fully - an example of why we should always be wary of supplier classifications and use other sources. The label/MSDS did not mention the chemical was a sensitiser- that it could cause asthma and allergic dermatitis and other sensitivity problems. However, few (if any) employers had carried out proper risk assessments, users knew the chemical was irritating and if at all, exposures were poorly controlled. Here are examples at all levels of the Hierarchy of Controls when applied to Glutaraldehyde: - Elimination: Use as a surface biocide on walls and floors must cease. - Substitution: Bleach re-introduced as a biocide. More dilute solutions of Glutaraldehyde can be used where absolutely necessary. - Isolation: Fully enclosed systems using Glutaraldehyde (or other sterilants) must be used. - Engineering Controls: Ventilation/fume hoods must be used in places where exposures can be excessive, such as endoscopy units. - Safe Working Procedures: Written working procedures for effective hazard control where tasks involving glutaraldehyde exposure can be minimised to the lowest possible level. - Other Administrative Controls: Training of operators, job rotation and the like. - Personal Protection: Skin, eye and respiratory protection where (and if) necessary. There are a few chemicals that can never be used safely and as a community, we should move to prohibit their use. We should not take everything that hazardous chemical suppliers tell us uncritically. We should not take everything that employers tell us uncritically. The priority they might give to worker safety is probably not the same priority that workers would give to worker safety. However, most chemicals can be used safely in the workplace, provided that: - Hazards are known and understood. - Chemicals are used correctly. - The correct equipment for processing chemicals is available, used and maintained. - Workers are informed about hazards and are trained in the correct procedures to control chemical risks (and they use them). - Any problems that do arise (spills, splashes and the like) are fixed quickly. Just make sure you can say this for all the chemicals you use at work. IAC for chemicals is not brain surgery. And, it is required implicitly in OHS legislation - duty of care, and explicitly in hazardous substances regulation. More information on the hierarchy: a Safe Work Australia podcast Managing chemical hazards using the hierarchy of controls Under the OHS/WHS laws, workplaces handling or using hazardous chemicals must manage health and safety risks by using the hierarchy of controls - that is, seek to eliminate the hazard/risk first. This video demonstrates what to consider when applying the hierarchy and how to go about choosing the appropriate controls. SWA says that employers and businesses should review their chemical management strategies and use controls higher in the hierarchy in combination with lower level controls for the greatest effect. Employers should also ensure that workers receive training and supervision and consider the risks associated throughout the life of the chemical, for example, during storage, handling and disposal. Last updated, December 2017 Important Chemicals Information - Hazardous Substances - An introduction to Legislation - Dangerous or Hazardous? What's the difference? - Material Safety Data Sheets - Exposure Standards for Chemicals - Chemicals - Useful websites - Cancer - what causes it? - Occupational cancer and Workers' Memorial Day - Chemicals and contact lenses - Dust masks - how effective are they? - Dermatitis & other skin conditions - Multiple Chemical Sensitivity - Perfumes and scents: chemicals too!

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PATTY BLACKBURN SEMPLE Educator, Suffragist, Civic Leader First President of The Woman's Club of Louisville First President of The Woman's Club of Louisville Submitted as a Biosketch for the Kentucky Woman Suffrage Project by Dr. Carol Mattingly, Professor Emerita, Department of History, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky Patty Blackburn Semple was born May 20, 1853 to Alexander Bonner and Emerine Price Semple, owners of a local hardware store. According to one biographer, “Her parents were from two of the old and socially prominent families of the Blue-grass.” Semple graduated from Vassar College. She married J. Fred Effinger, of Washington D.C., in 1882, but the couple were divorced after a short, unhappy marriage and the birth of one daughter. Semple returned to Louisville and retook her birth name, subsequently using the appellation Mrs. Patty Semple. She named her daughter Bonner Semple, giving her daughter her own surname rather than that of Effinger. In 1885, Semple began teaching, initially at Louisville Female Seminary, where she taught history, literature and elocution. The following year she taught history and literature at Hampton College but in 1893 founded the Semple Collegiate School, a college preparatory for girls, which she kept for seven years, selling it in 1900. Semple encouraged girls and young women to further their education, at her school but also by founding the Vassar Club, a local club for Vassar graduates that promoted the college, and by joining the Kentucky Women’s College Club. She supported both clubs throughout her lifetime. The clubs gave scholarships to young women who entered post-secondary education. Patty Semple’s daughter Bonner and her granddaughter Patricia Dunkerson both graduated from Vassar. Semple became active in many civic causes. She promoted literacy--for children but also for adults through the Moonlight schools. She was a member and at times officer of Neighborhood House, Louisville Lyceum, and the Art Club; she became the first woman trustee of the Louisville Free Public Library. Semple helped to found the local branch of such organizations as the Drama League, the Girl Scouts, and Legal Aid Society. She was first president of the Woman’s Club of Louisville, founded in 1890, again serving as president from 1910-1913; she remained an active member. Semple gave parlor lectures on a variety of subjects for adults of the “prominent class and society women.” Her interest in drama found an outlet in the many dramatic readings she did for women’s groups, such as the Louisville Woman’s Club, and at fundraisers for the many causes she supported. An excellent orator, she honed her speaking skills to promote causes she believed in. At a time when many in Kentucky, and in the South in general, argued against woman’s suffrage because extending the vote to women would enfranchise black women, Patty Blackburn Semple, along with two other leading Louisville suffragists, Eleanor Tarrant Little and Adelaide Schroeder Whiteside, encouraged black women to register and vote after Kentucky women were given the school vote in 1912. Among them, they spoke at the “Colored Library,” now Western Branch of LFPL; at the Eastern branch of the library (also a “colored” library); at Beargrass Baptist Church, an African American church; and at the Colored Branch of the Y.W. C. A. Semple would have worked with African American women in her many educational endeavors. For example, she was an active member and one-time president of the Louisville Free Kindergarten Society. The Association had founded a kindergarten class for African American children in 1895, and worked with members of the African American branch, The Louisville Colored Kindergarten Association, in offering kindergarten training classes for African American women. During the war, Patty Semple sold Liberty Bonds as part of the Woman’s Liberty Loan Legion. She represented both the State Council of National Defense and the Red Cross, served as vice chair of the Woman’s Committee of the National Defense Council and as Kentucky chair of the War Work at Home Department of the U.S. Food Administration. In the latter role, she promoted the conservation of food, especially sugar and wheat flour, traveling the state to encourage conservation with her “home card campaign,” whose purpose was to place a conservation card with instructions and hints on conservation in every home. According to the local newspaper, Washington authorities proclaimed the Kentucky program the most successful in the country. Semple seems to have been chosen for that position at least partly because of her previous work among African Americans. Rumors that German spies were infiltrating African American communities in an attempt to turn them against their government were rampant. She spoke to African Americans across the state--in their churches, libraries, and schools. In Louisville, February 1918, she spoke with African Americans invited to the Louisville mansion of Mrs. J.B. Speed and in June of that year addressed a patriotic meeting of African Americans at Phoenix Hill. The Courier Journal reported that “mindful of Mrs. Semple’s oft displayed friendship,” the African American community had “called upon her and presented an urgent invitation to deliver an address.” The event was well-orchestrated: the large crowd was joined by several African American military companies that marched from Camp Zachery Taylor through the city to Phoenix Hill. A Courier Journal report in that month claimed Semple had spoken “to large audiences of Negroes” fifteen times. Semple insisted, “I have met through the State some of the most remarkably fine, efficient [N]egroes I ever saw in my life. The [N]egroes are just as loyal as anyone in this country.” Semple’s work with African Americans may be the more remarkable as her sister, Ellen Churchill Semple, who taught for a period in Patty Semple’s school, was a proponent of environmental determinism, and in many of her works suggested that humans born in tropical zones suffer arrested development. “Nellie” Semple, a celebrated geo-anthropologist, was not unusual; such theories as those to which she ascribed were popular in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and allowed for a seemingly justified racism. The ideas followed on two popular late-ante-bellum theories advanced by pro- slavery proponents: the “paternalistic” claim that blacks were childlike and needed supervision, and the “scientific” claim that blacks were biologically inferior mentally and emotionally. Patty Semple encouraged literacy among African Americans, encouraged African American women to register to vote, and spoke to many groups of African Americans as part of her war work. Her work with African Americans between 1912 and 1919 appears to demonstrate the evolution of her ideas about race. In 1901, when the National Federation of Women’s Clubs considered permitting African American Club Women to join their Federation, the Kentucky Club voted against the recommendation. Semple pleaded against the Club’s strongly worded denunciation of the National’s effort, which read, “The Kentucky Federation of Women’s Clubs protests against the admission of colored women to the General Federation.” Some Louisville women, led by Mary D. Anderson, argued against the statement because of its racism, but Patty Semple, who seemed to support Anderson on the first day of the convention, made clear the following day that she would vote against the National’s proposal, that she was personally against the admission of African American clubs, and simply thought the protest from the State organization was “a little too strong” and presented Kentucky out of step. Ellen Semple, ten years Patty’s junior, likely influenced Patty less than did her peers. A stronger influence seems to have been the young women closer to her age, such as Whiteside and Little, and especially Susan Look Avery, who is generally credited with founding the Woman’s Club of Louisville, although Semple is sometimes seen as co-founder. Avery, a staunch abolitionist and proponent of equal treatment for African Americans, had refused the post of President when the club was founded. Semple was elected to that position and would have worked closely with Avery, who was her senior. In a piece published in May 1923, shortly before her death, Patty Semple wrote a glowing, lengthy tribute to Avery, remarking the “great” influence Avery had on those around her: “people went away uplifted and inspired to nobler effort. And it is significant they carried away less the sense of her than of what she stood for.” Semple also would have come to know many of the leading black women in the community in her early reform work and in her registration efforts for the school vote. Later, during her war work, newspapers reported on her meetings with black leaders, sometimes claiming she met with “fifty leading [N]egroes.” African American leaders in the Louisville community, both men and women, were highly educated and sophisticated, very much representing the social values Semple would have approved. Patty Blackburn Semple died June 4, 1923 and is buried in Cave Hill Cemetery. The family plot includes her father, mother, sister Ellen, daughter Bonner Semple Marquis, and her daughter’s first husband, Casselberry Dunkerson. Family members, including her mother, have relatively simple headstones; however, in an unusual gesture for the very early twentieth century, the large monument identifying the family plot bears the mother’s name, Emerine Price Semple, rather than the father’s name or simply the family name, which were customary. The monument gives Emerine’s dates of birth and death with the inscription, “Her children arise up and call her blessed.” Ancestry.com: Patty Blackburn Semple; J. Fred Effinger; Bonner Semple Caron’s Directory of the City of Louisville. Louisville: C. K. Caron Publisher, 1884-86; 1910-20. University of Louisville Archives and Special Collections. “Ellen Churchill Semple file, Pamphlet B, S47.3T. Filson Historical Society. “Ellen Churchill Semple.” In Louisville Free Public Library Kentucky Author files. Louisville Courier Journal: 29 August 1897; 22 September 1898; 1 March 1899; 30 November 1892; 6 June 1901; 7 June 1901; 16 February 1918; 22 April 1918; 12 May 1918; 28 May 1918; 3 June 1918; 12 June, 1918; 2 September 1918; 30 September 1918; 5 October 1918; 21 October 1919; Louisville Times 25 October 1921; 2 June 1960. “Patty Blackburn Semple.” In Kentucky Work Projects Administration Library Project. A Dictionary of Prominent Women of Louisville and Kentucky. Louisville: The Louisville Free Public Library, 1940. 216-18.

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Brazeau, G. A. (2007). Teaching, Practice, and Technology. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 71(3), 57.We will write a custom Learning, Practice and Technology in Education specifically for you for only $14.00 $11,90/page 308 certified writers online Learn More This article entails both the discussion on the negative and the positive side of technology. Some of the main variables examined in this article include the impacts of technology on the learning process of students, its advantages, disadvantages, and effectiveness of technology in health care. The author believes that teaching is all about human interaction, although it, sometimes, occurs in large classrooms and might not entail individual communication with the faculty members. Also, he states that teaching should entail individual touch than just technological exchanges (Brazeau, 2007). To offer a qualitative projection of effective communication and the impact of technology, he has relied on a prize-winning text on ‘Society and Education’ by Ken Bain. Ken suggested that the best college teachers are successful since they come up with a ‘natural critical learning environment’ in their educational efforts. According to Ken, this is the environment in which, students are challenged to always rethink what they thought they knew on imperative tasks or problems in an accommodating environment that they may not be able to receive feedback. Nonetheless, they still have control over their learning. He states that effective teaching is also caring for students (Brazeau, 2007). The author found out that the technology, utilized in the classroom, is not shown generally. He further claims that teaching concerns about human interaction. Although, it, more often, does not occur in places where exists a larger classroom and may not entail individual communication with the faculty members. For every student, teaching is the tool needed for learning and requires human interactions. He firmly states that teaching must have a personal touch. Therefore, the application of most technology in the classrooms ought not to be considered the engine through which society derives its teaching efforts or define what they consider excellence in learning and teaching. Farquharson, A. 1995. Teaching in Practice: How Professionals Can Work Effectively with Clients, Patients, and Colleagues. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass This Publication provides an overview of teaching practices and discusses extensively how students apply the knowledge they learn, what sustains and stimulates learners Motivation, what fosters a positive attitude for the learning experience. Also, he looks into whether learning an event increases and sustains a learner’s sense. He also looks into the learning, as a process, can reinforce the student’s future (Farquharson, 1995).Get your 100% original paper on any topic done in as little as 3 hours Learn More Some of the variables examined in this publication include the Teaching practices, Malcolm Knowles’s principal (1985) that is working for the adults verifying that the design has entailed some the Raymon Wlodkowski’s opinions (1991) about gaining learner’s motivation and attention to learn. This publication considers that students who learn should not be exposed to harsh conditions, because, those conditions affect the learning process of learners, and hinder the learning process (Farquharson, 1995). This report conducted both empirical and theoretical studies to come up with its findings. The team that carried out the research conducted interviews with key communities that allowed their students to engage in thorough to assess their mental ability and their acceptance of new knowledge. Also, the findings from the local educational organizations were being used (Farquharson, 1995). This author found out that teaching is frequently an embedded aspect of human service. It, usually, consists of comparatively spontaneous and brief teaching episodes. This demands an active engagement of both the students and the learners. His encounters attempt to demand a more emergent, and constructivist learning formats than anything. He firmly states that the key players, the teachers, and the learner must feel an equal measure of shared ownership over the outcome and the process of learning. He states that even the occasional glitches maybe end up being occasions for comradely creative problem-solving occasions. Mullen, E. J., Bellamy, J. L., Bledsoe, S. E., & Francois J. J. (2007). Teaching Evidence-Based Practice. Research on Social Work Practice, 17(5), 574-582. The main objective of the author of this work is to offer a comprehensive summary of our understanding of how EBP training could be improved in agency-based practice. The authors have implemented a pilot project (Bringing Evidence to Social Work Training, aka BEST) which has engaged in a dynamic partnership between the Columbia University’s Department of Social Work, and three New York City agencies (Mullen, Bellamy, Bledsoe, & Francois 2007). The paper has explored the possibility of teaching agency teaming the fundamentals of EBP. Some of the variables assessed in this publication include EBP and social work. These are all central issues when it comes to how learning can be made effective (Mullen et al., 2007). This publication draws Weissman’s report that most of the social work programs (61%, n = 38) at present do not require students to learn in class and field any evidence-based psychotherapies. Only 14.5% (n = 9) reported requiring more than one EBT to be taught in both class and field. He states that in keeping with the spirit of teaching students to be lifelong adult learners, the graduate schools of the social worker will have to provide evidence-based education opportunities for their graduates, in conjunction with the other practitioners in their communities. This lifelong learning can be supported (Mullen et al., 2007).We will write a custom Learning, Practice and Technology in Education specifically for you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The author states clearly that the new context, when it comes to learning and practice, is characterized not only by, the access and transmission of data into the new digital forms, but also by an explosion of ready information of varying relevance and quality. It is against the above-mentioned backdrop that most of the individuals are eagerly searching for new ways of managing the data deluge. The author states that the profession’s knowledge base has become enormously lively that most practitioners now opt to start from the assumption that knowledge is always rapidly evolving and that skills are required for keeping alongside each other of new knowledge as it changes and evolves quickly over time. The authors, however, tend to agree with Proctor’s caution that the adoption of EBP by the profession might not occur because of the isolated solution and simple. Rather, actions are essential at manifold levels, which focus on producing more agencies based on practice-relevant research, relevant class, improved organizational infrastructures, and field education (Mullen et al., 2007). The paper argues that Education programs ought to give a higher priority to teaching the skills required in locating and using such synopses and systems. Secondarily, children or students must learn skills for critically locating and assessing systematic reviews. However, concludes that the changes in our educational programs must always be accompanied by changes in various other sectors of the profession for EBP to be fully implemented in agency performance. A mindful and complete developed blueprint for implementing EBP in social work ought to include a full complement of coordinated strategies and goals for all its stakeholders, more so to the key organizations. Rasmussen, J. (2001). The importance of communication in teaching: a systems-theory approach to the scaffolding metaphor. Curriculum Studies Review, 33(5), 569-582. This article tries to indicate how the metaphor scaffolding can be understood within the framework of a constructivist interpretation and the systems theory. The author has used two theories, the activity theory and the systems theory do admit the significance of the social intrigues for the learning and development of individuals. However, the two theories differ widely in their interpretations of the relationship between psychic and social factors. The author focuses on this difference chiefly from the systems theory perspective; he accomplished in such a way that the system theory approach accentuates by comparison and contrast to the approach of the activity theory (Rasmussen, 2001). According to the author, the focus on scaffolding, as a form of support for the development and learning of both children and young individuals is found, mostly, within the framework of activity theory. He has derived the term from the work of the American psychologist Bruner and developed it out of “Vygotsky’s notion of the zone of proximal development, a notion” (Rasmussen, 2001) that is at present enjoying a great return when it comes to the debate on education.Not sure if you can write Learning, Practice and Technology in Education by yourself? We can help you for only $14.00 $11,90/page Learn More Some of the main variables examined in this essay include ‘collaborative learning, communities of practice’, reciprocal teaching, mutual appropriation, children as apprentice learners’, and distributed expertise in the classroom’. These are all slogans for endeavors to support the students’ learning through their social environment. The empirical evidence shows that the metaphor, scaffolding like all metaphors, does more than merely elevating the speed of communication by compressing a lengthy explanation into an image that is easily understood. The author also showed what lies behind: indicating how the person using the metaphor conceives the issue that is rejected by the metaphor in question. Also, the author has identified instances in which Scaffolding may be used, in the literal sense, he says that scaffolding may be applied to work above the ground, and it consists of a layer of boards resting on several posts and bars. Builders stand on scaffolding to repair old buildings (or to build new ones). While when the same word gets connected to education, the scaffolding rejects an awareness of the fact that students may need support in the learning process, as well as indicating that such support ought to be given by the use of a scaffold on which, the respective teacher may stand at a higher level than the learners (Rasmussen, 2001). The author blames the various understandings of the scaffolding on the modern systems theory. However based on the findings of the article communication can safely be viewed as scaffolding that invites participants to enlarge and evaluate their constructions in communication with other determinants, such as draft hypothesis, individual interpretations, or other possible solutions that can be discussed. Sargeant, J., MacLeod, T., and Murray, A. (2011). An Inter-professional Approach to Teaching Communication Skills. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 31(4), 265–267. This journal article describes an evaluation of a novel based role-play CST program that was developed in response to the provincial needs, evaluated by the Cancer Care Nova Scotia, Dalhousie University’s Continuing Medical Education, and Irondale Ensemble Theatre, Canada, Nova Scotia Halifax (Sargeant, MacLeod, and Murray 2011). The variables that the author has looked into include; the provincial needs assessment by Cancer Care Nova Scotia, and Dalhousie University’s Continuing Medical Education. The assessment was conducted by the health professionals caring for patients with cancer and identified communication skills as a priority learning need across professions. This also contributes to learning in an inter-professional manner with others. Together, the partners developed inter-professional communication skills workshops for the Nova Scotia health practitioners working with families and cancer patients. The chronological span of this article, therefore, constrained the accessibility of the appropriate sources. This article draws from various sets of test records, concerning the inter-professional workshops included “(1) Essential Communication Skills, (2) Delivering Difficult to News and Providing Support, (3) When Patients and Families Are Angry, and (4) Managing conflict in the Workplace” (Rasmussen, 2001). The key lessons learned from the article apart from being positive includes - Communication skills and behavior improved by a 2-hour interactive workshop; - Communication skills instruction sought and valued by the health professional participants; - Learning communication skills, interactively, from each other in an inter-professional setting enhanced learning system. The Author’s program element attempts to develop sustainable teams of volunteer health professional facilitators using a “train the trainer” approach. A facilitator-training program was developed using the highly skilled facilitators and actors from the Irondale Theatre Ensemble. Health professionals (n = 26) completed the 3-day training and offered 6 workshops in teams of 3 to 5. While the facilitator training was well-received, it was insufficient for facilitator sustainability beyond the first year (earlier for some facilitator teams). Volunteer facilitators identified that the institution and the direct management support were critical for the sustainability of the facilitator teams, important lessons when implementing a new program.

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The most rigorous requirements in car emissions are implemented in California because of the state’s pollution levels. Of all car manufacturers, BMW is the first one to introduce a technology that satisfies the state’s emission requirements. This technology is called SULEV. What is BMW SULEV? BMW SULEV (Super Ultra-low Emissions Vehicle) cars are manufactured by BMW with the SULEV technology. This technology is the carmakers’ latest effort to make their vehicles produce 90% fewer emissions than conventional cars using gasoline engines. Not all BMW cars are SULEV cars. Most BMW cars are of the LEV type. LEV means Low Emission Vehicle. It is worth noting that most cars under the BMW brand can meet the regulator’s low emission targets. Read on to learn more about what SULEV means on a BMW, the BMW SULEV warranty, and BMW SULEV problems. What Is BMW SULEV? The term SULEV means Super Ultra-low Emissions Vehicle. BMW and other car manufacturers were required to develop a system that produces fewer emissions from their motorized vehicles. This spurred the development of this technology. SULEV is also a classification system applied to vehicles that can produce 90% fewer emissions than the common cars powered by gasoline engines. BMW was the first of the major car manufacturers in the world that produced this kind of technology. Not all vehicles produced by BMW are SULEV types. But almost all their vehicles are LEVs or low emission vehicles. The entire model range of BMW can meet the low emission targets of the law. LEV cars produce The performance of a car that has SULEV technology is not affected. This technology focuses on the fuel tank’s evaporative system and other volatile vapor emissions, including vehicle warranty. It does not do anything that relates to engine performance. How to know if your BMW is SULEV? You will know if your BMW is a SULEV car by looking under the hood. A SULEV engine will have ‘SULEV’ etched on it somewhere in the engine block. If you see this word, it is a BMW N51 engine. But if you see the word ‘LEV’ instead, your engine is a BMW N52. You can also check your BMW VIN (vehicle identification number) if it’s a SULEV or an LEV. Why Did BMW Develop SULEV Technology? The idea of a super clean automotive engine started in California because of the overabundance of harmful particles in the environment. To keep its metro areas clean, this state thought of implementing a law regulating vehicles’ emission of particulates. So, SULEV technology was born. What does SULEV mean on a BMW? This word means Super Ultra Low Emissions Vehicle. Only vehicles that can produce 90% fewer emissions are allowed to bear this tag. It quickly became the standard in the early 2000s. The engineers at the BMW plant in Bavaria, Germany, quickly took the challenge. Eventually, they came up with a new tech that answers the challenge of 90% fewer emissions for cars – the SULEV technology. They started installing it in their 2003 BMW E46 3-series. How BMW Developed Its SULEV Vehicles When California implemented the SULEV requirement, BMW immediately jumped ahead of the others. But they did not design a completely new engine. They know that the law only orders them to satisfy the new and stricter emission standards. So, they modified their existing vehicle lineup instead. The legendary M54 engine was the first that BMW revamped. This is the go-to model that enabled BMW to implement the changes at that time. To them, this engine was the easiest to convert into a SULEV. When the motor was redesigned into a SULEV, BMW called it the M56. They used it as the powerhouse for cars in the United States that require SULEV engines. However, as time went on, BMW saw several weaknesses in the M56. The design of the M56 is more complex than the M54 because of the emission standard requirements. But it also exhibited the same weaknesses as the M54. But the issues of the M56 are more expensive to resolve. BMW 3 Series Line Up with SULEV Several BMW vehicles are equipped with SULEV engines. The models in the different series have grown over the years. But the rear-wheel drives are the best overall and also provide the best in fuel economy. Several BMW 3 series variants have different body styles and power trains. They include the hatchback Gran Turismo, the sedan, and the wagon. There is also the BMW 4 series which consists of a convertible and a coupe. BMW sedans all come with rear-wheel drives as standard. The all-wheel-drive variant is available with the xDrive. Another standard is the 8-speed automatic transmission. However, there are the 6-speed manual versions for those who want to be more active when driving. Manual transmissions are available for the 340i xDrive, the 340i, the 328i, and the 320i for the same price. How a BMW Car Becomes a SULEV A BMW car is classified as a SULEV vehicle if it is equipped with this technology and passes the regulator’s strict emission requirements. It will also have the following features: 1. Fuel System The SULEV technology has a completely closed fuel system where all the parts are integrated. It has a closed fuel tank where the fuel pump and a ‘long-life’ fuel filter are integrated. That’s why if the fuel filter or the fuel pump fails, you have to replace the tank and all the things inside it. 2. Intake System The intake system of a SULEV car has an upgraded air box. It comes with an additional carbon-lined filter as well. This filter keeps out excess hydrocarbon from polluting the atmosphere. There are also additional components and more complicated installations in this system. 3. Exhaust System It is in its exhaust system that SULEV cars are markedly different from conventional cars. There is a catalytic converter at the end of the exhaust manifold. This catalytic converter needs to be warmed up before it can attain its optimum operating efficiency. It is designed to burn the most amounts of residual particles as soon as the system has attained its peak operating temperature. 4. Engine Cooling In BMW SULEV cars, there are also different components compared to conventional cars. For instance, the radiator in a SULEV car is different. It has a special manganese dioxide coating. There is an integrated sensor built into the core of the radiator too. If you use a conventional radiator in a SULEV car, your car will throw codes that will only confuse you. BMW 328i xDrive SULEV Specs and Features One of the most popular cars that belong to the BMW SULEV lineup is the BMW 328i xDrive SULEV 4-door All-wheel Drive Sedan 2016 model. It belongs to BMW’s 328 series. Here are its specifications and features: - Engine – 2.0 liters gasoline engine, I-4 - Horsepower – 240 hp at 5,000 RPM. - Torque – 255 lb.-ft at 1,250 RPM. - Drive Type – All-wheel drive - Transmission – 6-speed manual w/OD transmission - Fuel – Gasoline - Fuel tank capacity – 15.8 gallons - EPA mileage estimates – 22 mpg city, 34 mpg highway - Payload – 900 lbs. - Turning Radius – 19.2 inches - 17″ silver aluminum wheels - Sensatec leatherette seat trim - ABS and driveline traction control - Front air conditioning, dual-zone automatic - Rear air conditioning, with separate controls - Windshield wipers – rain sensing - Front Fog/driving lights - 1st row LCD monitor - AM/FM/HD/Satellite-prep, seek-scan Radio - Heated mirrors - Keyfob (all doors) Remote keyless entry Regarding drivability, the BMW sedan and wagon handle just like you would expect a BMW should. In terms of comfort, nothing in BMW’s fleet can beat the Gran Turismo. It is surefooted more than a tall crossover. The 328i variant with its 2-liter turbo engine provides precise-shifting manual transmission. It can attain 60 mph in just 5.7 seconds. Peak torque comes at 1,250 RPM. This car works well with the standard 8-speed transmission. You can shift to Sports mode if you want faster shifts. The 340i variant is quicker than the 328i because it can pick up speed from zero to 60 mph in just 4.5 seconds. All variants have Driving Dynamics Control, enabling you to choose either the Eco Pro, Comfort, Sport, and Sport + mode. Comfort is the default drive. Overall, the 328i seems to be the best buy for most car buyers. It has the best combination of reasonable price, good mileage, and available power. Here is a video of the 2016 BMW SULEV 328i. This video shows the essential specs and features of this SULEV car, making it a good and safe car to drive: So we’ve looked at what SULEV means on a BMW; next, let’s look at problems with BMW SULEV. BMW SULEV Problems While BMW SULEV’s have been protective of the environment, its desire to do so has also resulted in certain problems. Here are some of the most common BMW SULEV problems that their owners have encountered: 1. Dealers May Not Honor the BMW SULEV Warranty An owner of a BMW SULEV with only 48,000 miles encountered a problem when the car’s fuel pump failed. The dealer does not know anything about the warranty, and the dealer said it would cost $8,130 to have it repaired. But the current value of the car is only about $11,000. The thing is, they can’t repair the fuel pump without replacing the tank, which is not plastic but stainless steel. So, they had to argue with the dealer so that their warranty will be honored. Some dealers will say they do not cover the warranty. They would like to avoid the huge repair cost. If this happens, you really need to insist that this warranty should be honored. And geography does not limit this warranty, as one BMW SULEV owner discovered when fighting for the warranty rights. 2. Repair Costs Are Typically Expensive There are BMW car owners who found out that SULEV repair costs can cost more than their cars’ value. But the SULEV BMW warranty covers most of the parts. However, not all states honor this warranty. 3. Revs Are Harder with SULEV Cars Some BMW SULEV owners compared its revs with the revs of their non-SULEV cars. They found out that the revs of non-SULEVs are easier. They could not feel the turbo kicking in with their SULEVs like it is with their non-SULEVs. 4. The Pump and Tank Are Dealer Only Parts There are BMW SULEV owners who found out that SULEV pumps and tanks are only available from dealers. They are expensive at $6,000 a set. They tried searching for more affordable parts and found one at $5,500. But they have to pay for shipping and had to install the system themselves. BMW SULEV Warranty BMW provides a special warranty to its vehicles that are equipped with SULEV Technology. However, if you are not aware of this BMW SULEV warranty and something happens to your BMW’s fuel system that requires repair or replacement, BMW or its dealer will leave you holding the bag. All BMW cars with SULEV technology have a warranty of 15 years or 150,000 miles. That means if your SULEV BMW car is still less than 150,000 miles, you can claim this warranty if there is something wrong going wrong with your car that is emission-related. But be also aware that some owners of BMW SULEVs have to go through the eye of a needle, so to speak, to claim this warranty. Why? As mentioned earlier, repairing this SULEV technology or anything connected to it is very expensive. So is with its replacement parts. Another thing you need to know about the BMW SULEV warranty is that not all states in the US honor it. California and New York do. For other states, check Google to find out. Conclusion: BMW SULEV Specs and Review BMW cars that are branded as BMW SULEV vehicles are equipped with the SULEV technology. BMW developed this technology to make cars friendlier to the environment. If a BMW car or other cars, for that matter, is equipped with this technology, it will produce 90% fewer emissions than ordinary cars that are powered by gasoline engines. If you choose to get yourself one of the BMW SULEV vehicles, then look out for the common problems associated with it: - Dealers May Not Honor the Warranty - Repair Costs Are Typically Expensive - Revs Are Harder with SULEV Cars - The Pump and Tank Are Dealer Only Parts

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Al Mohler, Tuesday, May 1, 2012 The emergence of the megachurch as a model of metropolitan ministry is one of the defining marks of evangelical Christianity in the United States. Megachurches — huge congregations that attract thousands of worshipers — arrived on the scene in the 1970s and quickly became engines of ministry development and energy. Over the last 40 years, the megachurch has made its presence known, often dominating the Christian landscape within the nation’s metropolitan regions. The megachurch came into dominance at the same time that massive shopping malls became the landmarks of suburban consumer life. Sociologists can easily trace the rise of megachurches within the context of America’s suburban explosion and the development of the technologies and transportation systems that made both the mall and the megachurch possible. On the international scene, huge congregations can be found in many African nations and in nations such as Brazil, South Korea, and Australia. In London, where the megachurch can trace its roots back in the 19th century to massive urban congregations such as Charles Spurgeon’s Metropolitan Tabernacle, a few modern megachurches can be found. For the most part, however, the suburban evangelical megachurch is an American phenomenon. Theologically, most megachurches are conservative in orientation, at least in a general sense. In America, a large number of megachurches are associated with the charismatic movement and denominations such as the Assemblies of God. Many are independent, though often loosely associated with other churches. The largest number of megachurches within one denomination is found within the Southern Baptist Convention, the nation’s largest non-Catholic denomination. The emergence of the megachurch was noted by sociologists and church researchers attempting to understand the massive shifts that were taking place in the last decades of the 20th century. Researchers such as Dean M. Kelley of the National Council of Churches traced the decline of the liberal denominations that once constituted the old Protestant “mainline.” This decline was contrasted with remarkable growth among more conservative denominations and churches — a pattern traced in Kelley’s 1973 landmark book, Why Conservative Churches Are Growing. Kelley argued that conservative churches were growing precisely because of their strict doctrine and moral teachings. The early megachurches were the leading edge of the growth among conservative churches, especially in metropolitan and suburban settings. The megachurches were not without their critics. Theologian David Wells leveled a massive critique of the doctrinal minimalism, methodological pragmatism, and managerial culture of many megachurches. Os Guiness accused the megachurch movement of “flirting with modernity” to a degree that put the Christian identity of the massive congregations at risk. On the other hand, there is evidence that the megachurches have also helped to anchor conservative Christianity within the social cauldron of the United States in recent decades. The evangelistic energies of most megachurches cannot be separated from a deep commitment to conversionist theology and conservative doctrinal affirmations. Within the Southern Baptist Convention, megachurches played an essential role in what became known as the Conservative Resurgence — the movement to return the Convention and its institutions to an affirmation of biblical inerrancy. The most intense years of this controversy (1979-1990) saw the Convention elect an unbroken stream of conservative megachurch pastors as SBC president. In the main, the megachurches provided the platform leadership for the movement, even as the churches themselves became symbols of denominational aspiration. Sociologically, the megachurch model faces real challenges in the present and even greater challenges in the future. The vast suburban belts that fueled megachurch growth in the last few decades are no longer the population engines they once were. Furthermore, cultural changes, demographic realities, and technological innovations have led to the development of megachurch modifications such as churches with multiple locations and sermons by video transmission. From the beginning, the megachurches led in the embrace of new technologies, and these now include the full array of digital and social media. What about theology? This question requires a look at the massive shifts in worldview now evident within American culture. Trends foreseen by researchers such as James Davison Hunter of the University of Virginia and others can now be seen in full flower. The larger culture has turned increasingly hostile to exclusivist truth claims such as the belief that faith in Christ is necessary for salvation. One megachurch pastor in Florida recently told me that the megachurches in his area were abandoning concern for biblical gender roles on a wholesale basis. As one pastor told him, you cannot grow a church and teach biblical complementarianism. Even greater pressure is now exerted by the sexual revolution in general, and, more particularly, the question of homosexuality. The homosexuality question was preceded by the challenge of divorce. By and large, the story of evangelical Christianity in the United States since the advent of legal no-fault divorce has been near total capitulation. This is certainly true of the megachurches, but it is unfair to single them out in this failure. The reality is that the “Old First Church” and smaller congregational models were fully complicit — and for the same basic reason. Holding to strict biblical teachings on divorce is extremely costly. For the megachurches, the threat was being called judgmental, and the perceived danger of failing to reach the burgeoning numbers of divorced persons inhabiting metropolitan areas. For smaller churches the issue was the same, though usually more intimate. Divorced persons were more likely to have family members and friends within the congregation who were reluctant to confront the issue openly. Church discipline disappeared and personal autonomy reigned triumphant. Is the same pattern now threatening on the issue of homosexuality? No congregation will escape this question, but the megachurches are, once again, on the leading edge. The challenge is hauntingly similar to that posed by divorce. Some churches are openly considering how they can minister most faithfully, even as the public and private challenge of homosexuality and alternative sexual lifestyles has radically transformed the cultural landscape. Other churches, both large and small, are renegotiating their stance on the issue without drawing attention to the changes. A shot now reverberating around the evangelical world was fired by Atlanta megachurch pastor Andy Stanley in recent days. Preaching at North Point Community Church, in a sermon series known as “Christian,” Stanley preached a message titled “When Gracie Met Truthy” on April 15, 2012. With reference to John 1:14, Stanley described the challenge of affirming grace and truth in full measure. He spoke of grace and truth as a tension, warning that “if you resolve it, you give up something important.” The message was insightful and winsome, and Andy Stanley is a master communicator. Early in the message he spoke of homosexuals in attendance, mentioning that some had shared with him that they had come to North Point because they were tired of messages in gay-affirming churches that did nothing but affirm homosexuality. Then, in the most intense part of his message, Stanley told the congregation an account meant to illustrate his message. He told of a couple with a young daughter who divorced when the wife discovered that the husband was in a sexual relationship with another man. The woman then insisted that her former husband and his gay partner move to another congregation. They did move, but to another North Point location, where they volunteered together as part of a “host team.” The woman later told Andy Stanley that her former husband and his partner were now involved as volunteers in the other congregational location. The story took a strange turn when Stanley then explained that he had learned that the former husband’s gay partner was still married. Stanley then explained that the partner was actually committing adultery, and that the adultery was incompatible with his service on a host team. Stanley told the two men that they could not serve on the host team so long as the one man was still married. He later told of the former wife’s decision not to live in bitterness, and of her initiative to bring the whole new family structure to a Christmas service. This included the woman, her daughter, her former husband, his gay partner, and his daughter. Stanley celebrated this new “modern family” as an expression of forgiveness. He concluded by telling of Christ’s death for sinners and told the congregation that Jesus does not condemn them, even if they cannot or do not leave their life of sin. Declaring the death of Christ as atonement for sin is orthodox Christianity and this declaration is essential to the Gospel of Christ. The problem was that Stanley never mentioned faith or repentance — which are equally essential to the Gospel. There is indeed no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus, but this defines those who have acted in repentance toward God and faith in our Lord Jesus Christ (Acts 20:21). As for those who are not in Christ, they stand condemned already (John 3:18). The most puzzling and shocking part of the message was the illustration and the account of the homosexual couple, however. The inescapable impression left by the account was that the sin of concern was adultery, but not homosexuality. Stanley clearly and repeatedly stressed the sin of adultery, but then left the reality of the homosexual relationship between the two men unaddressed as sin. To the contrary, he seemed to normalize their relationship. They would be allowed to serve on the host team if both were divorced. The moral status of their relationship seemed to be questioned only in terms of adultery, with no moral judgment on their homosexuality. Was this intended as a salvo of sorts? The story was so well told and the message so well constructed that there can be little doubt of its meaning. Does this signal the normalization of homosexuality at North Point Community Church? This hardly seems possible, but it appeared to be the implication of the message. Given the volatility of this issue, ambiguity will be replaced by clarity one way or the other, and likely sooner than later. We can only hope that Andy Stanley and the church will clarify and affirm the biblical declaration of the sinfulness of homosexual behavior, even as he preaches the forgiveness of sin in any form through the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. His affirmation of grace and truth in full measure is exactly right, but grace and truth are not actually in tension. The only tension is our finite ability to act in full faithfulness. The knowledge of our sin is, in truth, a gift of grace. And grace is only grace because of the truth of what God has done for us in Christ. And yet, even as we know this is true, we also know that the Christian church has often failed miserably in demonstrating grace to those who struggle with same-sex attractions and those who are involved in homosexual behaviors. We have treated them as a special class of sinners and we have assured ourselves of our moral superiority. The Gospel of Jesus Christ destroys that pretension and calls for us to reach out to all sinners with the message of the Gospel, declaring the forgiveness of sins in Christ and calling them to faith and repentance. The Gospel is robbed of its power if any sinner or any sin is declared outside its saving power. But the Gospel is also robbed of its power if sin — any sin — is minimized to any degree. What does Andy Stanley now believe about homosexuality and the church’s witness? We must pray that he will clarify the issues so graphically raised in his message, and that he will do so in a way the unambiguously affirms the Bible’s clear teachings — and that he will do so precisely because he loves sinners enough to tell them the truth — all the truth — about both our sin and God’s provision in Christ. Biblical faithfulness simply does not allow for the normalization of homosexuality. We desperately want all persons to feel welcome to hear the Gospel and, responding in faith and repentance, to join with us in mutual obedience to Christ. But we cannot allow anyone, ourselves included, to come to Christ — or to church — on our own terms. The current cultural context creates barriers to the Gospel even as it offers temptations. One of those temptations is to use to use the argument that our message has to change in order to reach people. This was the impetus of theological liberalism’s origin. Liberals such as Harry Emerson Fosdick claimed that the Christian message would have to change or the church would lose all intellectual credibility in the modern world. Fosdick ended up denying the Gospel and transforming the message of the Cross into psychology. Norman Vincent Peale came along and made this transformation even more appealing to a mass audience. Fosdick and Peale have no shortage of modern heirs. Theological liberalism did not set out to destroy Christianity, but to save it from itself. Is the same temptation now evident? The Great Commission, we must remind ourselves, is not a command merely to reach people, but to make disciples. And disciples are only made when the church teaches all that Christ has commanded, as the Great Commission makes clear. The megachurches are once again on the leading edge of these questions, but they are not alone. The urgency to reach people with the Gospel can, if the church is not faithful and watchful, tempt us to subvert the Gospel by redefining its terms. We are not honest if we do not admit that the current cultural context raises the cost of declaring the Gospel on its own terms. Given their size and influence, the megachurches have an outsize responsibility. I am a member and a teaching pastor in a megachurch, and I am thankful for its faithfulness. I know a host of faithful megachurch pastors who are prepared to pay whatever cost may come for the sake of the Gospel. I know that my own denomination was regained for biblical fidelity under the leadership of brave megachurch pastors who used their pulpits to defend the truth. We desperately need these churches as both theological anchors and missiological laboratories. The times now demand our most careful and biblical thinking, and they demand our clearest conviction matched to a missiological drive to reach the world with the Gospel. We must embrace the truth with the humility of a sinner saved only by grace, but we must embrace it fully. Once again, the megachurches are on the leading edge. We must pray that they will lead into faithfulness, and not into a new liberalism.

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by wilhelm S. Price, Jr.Reprinted through permission indigenous the Tar heel Junior Historian. Loss 1992.Tar heel Junior chronicler Association, NC Museum that HistoryTrouble Brewing By 1774, the year leading up to the Revolutionary War, problem was unavoidable in America. Conference (England\"s Congress) had been passing legislations placing taxes on the colonists in America. There had actually been the street Act in 1764, the stamp Act the following year, and a range of other legislations that were meant to obtain money native the homesteaders for an excellent Britain. The homesteaders did not like these laws. You are watching: What idea did both the regulators and stamp act congress share? Great Britain was passing this laws because of the French and also Indian War, i beg your pardon had finished in 1763. The war, which had been fought in north America, left good Britain through a substantial debt that had to it is in paid. Parliament said it had fought the long and costly war to defend its American subjects from the powerful French in Canada. Parliament said it was right to taxes the American colonists to help pay the bills because that the war. In 1774 much of this unrest had actually calmed down, specifically in the southern colonies. Most North Carolinians lugged on their day-to-day lives on ranches raising crops and also tending herds, and in urban shopkeeping, cooking, sewing, and performing dozens of various other occupations and tasks. They go not regularly think around the king that England or his imperial governor in north Carolina. But in ~ this calm surface there to be problems. Simply three years earlier at an excellent Alamance Creek, 2,000 Tar heel farmers dubbed Regulators had led one uprising, the largest equipped rebellion in any English colony to the time. They wanted to \"regulate\" the governor\"s corrupt regional officials, that were charging large fees and seizing property. The imperial governor, wilhelm Tryon, and also his militia crushed the rebellion at the fight of Alamance. Another difficulty beneath the surface ar calm lay v the huge African and also American Indian populations. Countless in this two groups hated their low positions in a culture dominated by powerful whites. Some white colonists believed that if a war through England damaged out, these other Tar Heels would assistance the king in hopes of gaining much more control end their own lives. Finally, Tar Heels knew that other nests were continuing to stand up to English control. In 1773, homesteaders in Boston, Massachusetts, had actually thrown shipments of tea into the harbor rather than pay Parliament\"s counting on the tea. The Boston Tea Party aroused all the colonies against Parliament, i beg your pardon was continuing to show its scorn because that the colonists\" welfare.North Carolina and the Continental Congress In June 1774, the Massachusetts legislature authorize a contact for every one of the colonies to accomplish at Philadelphia to consider these problems. But Royal branch Josiah Martin refuse to contact a meeting of phibìc Carolina\"s legislature over time to pick delegates to walk to Philadelphia. Therefore the colony\"s Whigs (those who favored independence) developed a provincial congress that sent representatives to the continent Congress in Philadelphia in September.The change begins in North Carolina North Carolina join the war the adhering to month. In new Bern on may 23, Abner Nash (who later came to be governor) led a team of Whigs to Tryon palace to grab the cannon there. Eight work later, governor Martin became the first royal branch in the colonies to flee office. He sought refuge in fort Johnston at the mouth that the Cape fear River. In July he had to leaving the fort and also fled come the security of a British delivery anchored offshore. For eight year the Old phibìc State was the step of suffering brought about by the battle for independence. There were battles and also bloodshed: the fight of Moore\"s Creek leg in February 1776, the destruction that summer that the Cherokee Indian villages in western north Carolina by Patriot leader Griffith Rutherford, and also the battles at kings Mountain and Guilford Courthouse. There were deaths and injuries, terrible shortages that food and warm clothing, destruction and loss the property, and continuous fear.Halifax Resolves While soldiers dealt with the war on the field, phibìc Carolina\"s publicly leaders fought for independence, too. In April 1776 phibìc Carolina\"s provincial congress met at Halifax and also decided come send a blog post to the continent Congress. The group referred to as for all the colonies to proclaim their independence from great Britain. These Halifax Resolves to be the an initial official action by any colony calling for a joined drive because that independence. Now there to be no turning back. When the members that the continental Congress signed the declaration of Independence, just the spilling of lot blood would clear up the matter.Tories and also Whigs But phibìc Carolinians were considerably divided. There to be bitter combat in between the Whigs and Tories (those faithful to England), every trying to pressure the various other to your views or at least to prevent them from helping the various other side. John Adams, who became the 2nd president of the unified States, claimed that in the change one third of the civilization were Whigs, one third Tories, and also one third did not take either side. This to be not precisely true for all colonies, of course, and perhaps north Carolina had much more Whigs 보다 Tories.A brand-new Government In the middle of war, and with a split population, north Carolina started trying to develop a brand-new government. The king\"s governor had fled. If the king to be no longer the sovereign, the facility of authority and order, then who would be? whereby would the government come from? All the swarms faced this problem. They knew around English law and understood about governors, legislators, and also judges. The new \"twist\" in 1776 to be the practice of put the power of federal government in the people rather than in a monarch. The questions of just how this popular sovereignty would certainly be expressed through elections, and also how often, and who would be eligible come vote, would become locations of substantial debate. In November 1776 the provincial congress at Halifax met to breeze a bill of rights and a constitution and also to develop a brand-new government for the state. First, the declaration of legal rights was adopted, and on the adhering to day the brand-new constitution was accepted. The statements of civil liberties guaranteed personal freedoms—the appropriate to select one\"s type of spiritual worship, come write and also say what one believed, and to organize peaceful publicly meetings, amongst others. The constitution provided for a kind of government with three equal branches: an executive, management to operation the state government, a legislative branch to do the laws, and a judicial to enforce the laws. The constitution additionally had provisions applying to holding windy office, voting, and public education. When the Patriots embraced their bill of civil rights prior to they embraced their type of government, they verified how vital individual liberties were to a people who were fighting versus what they felt was the opening government implemented by the king and Parliament. In both its bill of rights and also its constitution, phibìc Carolina—like the various other states—showed a deep distrust of government. Tar Heels thought that an individual freedoms needed to be proclaimed in writing. They thought that each branch of government had to it is in independent the the rather so the a solitary individual or group might not have too lot power. In producing the brand-new government, revolutionary Americans got to their best achievement. They made decision that sovereignty would certainly lie with the human being of the nation, not in any solitary person (such together the king) or institution (such as Parliament). Democracy would be the ideal. The device devised was no perfect then, no one is it perfect now. However the best of \"government by the citizens and also for the citizens\" was the fuel that fired the revolutionary vision of a simply society. It is the ideal that permits for adjust when the civilization desire change. For example, in those days, only complimentary men that owned a certain amount of building were permitted to vote. But because then, the necessity of owning property has actually been dropped. Women are permitted to vote. Enslavement was abolished. Now all adult citizens of the United says (with the exemption of those who have actually committed serious crimes) are allowed to vote. Expanding suffrage—the ideal to vote—to a greater variety of people way that citizen have better power over their very own government. Many Tar Heels life in 1776 would be horrified to check out that everyone has actually the best to vote. Various other revolutionaries of the moment would it is in pleased that the democratic government they produced has become solid and functions so well. The great legacy of the American revolution is that a federal government was established that permitted for debate and also differences that opinion. This federal government is able come develop and improve as society progresses. It appears strange and wrong come us this particular day that the men at Halifax can talk about an individual freedom and also a far better government if holding afri Americans in slavery and also denying voting and other rights to women and to guys without property. But the dramatic fight because that constitutional legal rights in the 1780s to be staged by an all-white, all-male cast. See more: Knuckle-Like Process At The End Of A Bone, Chap 15 Quizes Flashcards By Vivian Nguyen However lot we might question the ideas of few of the founders, we have to acknowledge the importance of what they achieved. They embraced the United states Constitution, which produced a government based upon written principles with the opportunity of amendments. Thus, they established a an approach to achieve an essential changes in the future, such together the abolition the slavery and also the expansion of the right to vote.

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Ralph Fasanella, Lest We Forget NEW YORK CITY — It is always exciting when an underappreciated self-taught artist with talent and important messages to convey comes to light. That is emphatically the case with the oeuvre of Ralph Fasanella (1914–1997), who chronicled the struggles of America’s working people, as well as his patriotic ideals for society as reflected in complex issues of post-World War II America. Fortuitously, “Ralph Fasanella: Lest We Forget,” organized in honor of the artist’s centenary by Leslie Umberger, curator of folk and self-taught art at Smithsonian American Art Museum, is on view at American Folk Art Museum (AFAM) through November 30. It comprises 17 of Fasanella’s most significant, large paintings, along with a selection of relevant drawings, sketches, photographs and other archival material. Relatively well known to members of the labor movement, this will be the first exposure for many people to this special artist, one of the great American self-trained painters of the Twentieth Century. “Ralph Fasanella was a consummate New Yorker and self-taught artist who represented the very best of American ideals,” says Dr Anne-Imelda Radice, executive director of AFAM. “He cared about people who did not have a voice, so he gave them a voice through his paintings.” The son of Italian immigrants, Fasanella was born in the Bronx and grew up in working-class neighborhoods of Manhattan’s Lower East Side, notably on Sullivan Street. A rambunctious child who avoided school when possible, he was picked up for persistent truancy and sent to a reform school in the Bronx run with prisonlike harshness by the Catholic Diocese of New York. During his time there, Fasanella “chafed against the strict discipline and developed a lasting mistrust for organized religion, as well as a lifelong resentment of authority,” says Umberger. Years later, he painted poignant scenes of a baseball game and a regimented lineup of inmates within the walls of the New York Catholic Protectory. When he emerged in his late teens, he had a firm understanding of right and wrong, much of it inculcated by his mother, a progressive thinker and social activist. She raised her son to believe in the rights of common folk and the view that Americans should constantly strive for a better society. Fasanella’s heartfelt homage to his mother, “Family Supper,” clearly draws on Leonardo da Vinci’s “The Last Supper.” It shows his large family gathered around a table headed by the matriarch, tired from a day’s work at a garment factory and burdened with keeping house for her large brood. Beginning around the age of 8, Fasanella helped his father with the arduous task of delivering ice in pre-refrigerator days. This experience, which exposed him to a back-breaking, demanding line of work, profoundly influenced Fasanella’s beliefs — and his art. In “Iceman Crucified #4,” he associated his father with Christ on a cross, suggesting the hardships and sacrifices of the working class. The painting drives home his message by inserting the phrase “Lest We Forget.” Fasanella viewed the Depression as a calamity “caused by greed and perpetuated by the indifference of government and the wealthy toward the working class,” observes Umberger. “Like millions of Americans, he was receptive to the exhortations of activists who sought to fight, rather than endure, the economic realities of the day.” Fasanella was particularly attracted by the arguments of communist party organizers on behalf of the working class, and in the early 1930s he joined the Young Communist League. He demonstrated his ideals at the age of 23 when he joined the Abraham Lincoln Brigade and fought against fascism in the Spanish Civil War. Returning to New York, he worked as a union organizer, truck driver and, finally, as an attendant — later owner — of a gas station in the Bronx. Seeking therapy for painful sensations in his hands in the early 1940s, Fasanella began sketching, which he found came naturally and captivated him. From the start, as he learned the rudiments of painting, he regarded art as an extension of his activism — a way in which “paint could talk.” Fasanella’s paintings, observes curator Umberger, “were not meant to be rarified works of fine art, but rather a practical means of conveying messages about right and wrong, raising consciousness and inspiring solidarity among his working-class peers.” Completely self-trained, Fasanella found inspiration in such diverse sources as Greek sculpture, the work of British visionary artist William Blake (1757–1827) and photographers like Walker Evans, Lewis Hine and Helen Leavitt, who conveyed powerful commentary on social issues in their photos. By the late 1940s, his large-scale depictions of New York City street life, political rallies, factories, union halls, bustling tenement buildings, kids playing in the street, riders on the subway and historic strikes were exhibited alongside such important Social Realist painters as Philip Evergood and Ben Shahn. In 1950, he married Eva Lazorek, a schoolteacher, who became a vital supporter of his artistic career. In an eye-popping tour de force in which he sought to capture the pulse of his hometown, Fasanella created an expansive, detailed urban panorama, “New York City,” measuring 50 by 110 inches. The image carries viewers’ eyes across the 59th Street Bridge to Manhattan, and then Queens and Long Island. In the foreground, nostalgic vignettes recall areas where the artist had lived. Fasanella authority Paul D’Ambrosio calls it “one of the most visually arresting images of New York City in the history of American art.” In the 1950 and 1960s, Fasanella developed protest paintings relating to major current controversies, notably US Senator Joseph McCarthy’s reckless witch-hunt for communists in government and the conviction and execution in 1953 of alleged atomic spies Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. “His goal,” posits Umberger, “was not to make martyrs out of the Rosenbergs, but rather to illuminate the injustice of their death.” Fasanella’s alarm over the newspaper frenzy about McCarthy and the Rosenbergs is reflected in “McCarthy Press” in which he placed within a giant A for “atom bomb” headlines reflecting outsized newspaper fixation with “Reds” and other alleged subversives. At the bottom, two eyes peer out from a wall at a construction site, a reminder of the widespread surveillance of the McCarthy era. The right side is devoted to symbols of American government and suggestions of the virtues of democracy and freedom. Firmly convinced of the innocence of the Rosenbergs, a cause celebre of the left, Fasanella created several other powerful, symbol-filled paintings. “The Rosenbergs — Grey Day” features the convicted couple holding hands and seated on a kind of a throne under an enormous “A” and much smaller figures at the bottom of the painting, seated on electric chairs at opposite ends of death row cells populated by others awaiting execution. Interpreting the painting, the artist said, “I put the power structure, coming out of a courtroom, shaking hands with each other. To the left are workers in a factory, laboring to keep the nation moving.” The assassination of President John F. Kennedy in 1963 alarmed Fasanella and led to an enormous work, “American Tragedy,” which suggested that JFK was the victim of a right-wing conspiracy. “In the mid-1960s, responding to the needs of his growing family, Fasanella moved to Ardsley, a suburb of New York, displacing him from full-time exposure to the urban sources of his imagery. Among other things, he fretted about the growing gulf between the era’s youthful counterculture movement, which he found arrogant and narcissistic, and those like himself who had shared the hardships of the Depression and World War II. Fasanella resented that many in the elitist art world had categorized him as “primitive and stupid.” He was convinced that art did not have to be aloof or conceptual, that it was a tool to be wielded like a hammer. Fasanella’s big breakthrough came in 1972 when New York magazine put him on its cover surrounded by several large paintings, with the caption “This man pumps gas in the Bronx for a living. He may also be the best primitive painter since Grandma Moses.” After 25 years showing his work in union halls, churches and other small venues, the artist started to have exhibitions in larger venues. This “resulted in a period of fantastic success; the transformation from obscurity to celebrity was instantaneous,” observes Umberger. Around this time Fasanella was able to sell his service station and devote full time to painting. Seeking to highlight a significant event in labor union history, he spent three years in Lawrence, Mass., researching, sketching and interviewing survivors of the epic Bread and Roses strike of 1912. In that two-month struggle, 20,000 immigrant workers challenged textile mill owners over fair pay and improved working conditions. In the end, in spite of bloody confrontations with Pinkerton agents, the union won the day. It was the first successful industrial strike in American history. Themes of organized resistance and martyrdom permeate the 18 major canvases Fasanella completed on the subject. These paintings brought Fasanella lasting recognition. “Toward the end,” says the artist’s son Marc, an eloquent advocate of his father’s work, “he made a good living.” Early on Fasanella realized that art images could be as powerful a means of conveying ideals and promoting working-class solidarity as books, photographs, speeches and songs. He dedicated himself for the rest of his life to creating narrative views advocating social justice for working people, and then sought to place them in union halls and meeting rooms to serve as incentives for unity and activism. He worked with labor organizer Ron Carver to increase public exposure of his work through the Public Domain project, a grassroots effort begun in 1986 to acquire Fasanella works from private collections and donate them to museums, unions, institutions and public buildings. Raising more than $1 million in various ways, Carver — a passionate advocate — has distributed more than 20 Fasanellas to appropriate organizations, including Ellis Island Immigration Museum, a New York subway station and the University of Southern Maine. “I didn’t paint my paintings to hang in some rich guy’s living room,” the artist said. Marc Fasanella continues to be an articulate champion of his father’s legacy. Toward the end, Fasanella’s declining health made it difficult to paint; he returned to such familiar subjects as city neighborhoods, sandlot and major league baseball and labor strikes. He died in 1977, aged 63. Today, his works occasionally come on the market. Ralph Fasanella deserves recognition as one of America’s most important self-taught artists of the Twentieth Century. His unique and lasting legacy is a body of work that honors the working class and encourages social activism to build a better society. Fasanella’s oeuvre demands we pay attention, “Lest We Forget.” He put it best in the epitaph on his grave: “Lest we forget Remember Who You Are Remember Where You Came From Don’t Forget the Past Change the World Artist of the People” Ralph Fasanella (1914–1977)

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Why this matters Once, baseball was accessible to Black youngsters in cities like Oakland and Washington. No longer. Today, high participation costs and a lack of representation at all levels of the sport discourage participation. Major League Baseball, the new Players Alliance, and other organizations are attempting to reverse this trend. But more work – and more investment – will be needed. Drake Lewis, a recent graduate of Maret School in Washington, D.C., noticed something peculiar as he played travel baseball for many years. He struggled to find stores where he could buy baseball equipment in his predominantly Black neighborhood. “Baseball isn’t valued where I live,” said Lewis, who is Black. Among Black youth living in urban areas, Lewis’ story isn’t unique. While Black and White students report playing high school baseball at the same rate – 10 percent – research from the Aspen Institute’s Reimagining School Sports initiative has identified stark differences based on where those students live. Only 6 percent of Black students at urban public schools have played high school baseball, a lower percentage than for Black students at rural (14 percent) and suburban (11 percent) schools. By contrast, 10 percent of White students from urban schools have played baseball, nearly the same rate as rural (11 percent) and suburban (13 percent) students who are White. That gap both reinforces and helps to explain the growing disconnect between baseball and Black America. And it largely stems from a parallel crisis of affordability and accessibility, generated by the highly commercialized youth sports industry. “When you see people who look like you, that makes you enjoy playing even more, and it feels like you belong.” Years ago, Black kids in America’s cities could play baseball with friends on neighborhood fields. They could compete in community-driven local leagues, receiving quality coaching and instruction. But those days are long gone. In the here and now, travel ball dominates the youth baseball culture. Most of those teams are based in White communities, not Black ones. They are expensive, too: Lewis’ team, DC Dynasty, charges $1,850 to play on its 16U Gold team – and that’s before equipment and travel fees. The result? Many Black children are left behind, simply because they can’t afford to participate. “Unfortunately, now you don’t see access to fields. You see chain-linked [fenced] fields,” former Major League Baseball player Jeffrey Hammonds, associate director of player programs at the MLB Players Association, said at the Aspen Institute’s Project Play Summit in 2020. “Understand that the growth and the profit that has been generated through youth and travel sports, they’re putting a lot of money on these fields. These fields are not for the public to go practice and just play on. “I don’t understand how you have to pay $10, $15, or $25 just to go out there and play, or you’re being pushed off the field because you don’t have parental supervision or didn’t sign up on a website for that block of time. We’re reducing kids from organically playing.” Consider the state of baseball in Oakland, California. For decades, Oakland produced many elite Black MLB players, such as Frank Robinson, Rickey Henderson, Dave Stewart, Joe Morgan, Curt Flood, Jimmy Rollins, and many more. They honed their skills with long-running organizations like the Babe Ruth League. At its peak from the mid-1980s to mid-1990s, Oakland’s Babe Ruth League had 1,200 players and 92 percent of them were Black, according to KTVU Fox 2 in Oakland. Today, the league has fewer than 250 players and has 40 percent Black representation, mirroring the community’s changing demographics. Many Black families moved out of once-predominantly Black neighborhoods due to rising home prices and gentrification. Recently, Oakland-based Coaching Corps launched its Racial Equity and Access in Youth Sports Task Force to help level the playing field in Oakland. In addition, the Aspen Institute’s Project Play will produce in 2022 a State of Play Oakland report, in partnership with Stephen and Ayesha Curry’s Eat. Learn. Play. Foundation, that will offer recommendations on how to get more quality sports access to underserved youth. Then there’s the reality that too many Black kids don’t see themselves in baseball. That’s true in the major leagues, where Black players accounted for just 8 percent of the players on Opening Day rosters in 2020, down from a 1981 peak of 19 percent, according to the Society for American Baseball Research. And it’s true at the lower levels of the sport.. “What’s weird about Dynasty is we have a decent number of minority baseball players on the team even though we played a lot of all-White teams,” said Lewis, the young Washington, D.C., baseball player. “When you see people who look like you, that makes you enjoy playing even more, and it feels like you belong.” Baseball is not the only sport with accessibility problems. Across the flawed U.S. youth sport development system, children are ejected at young ages based on their playing ability and/or ability to pay. It’s the up-or-out model of management consulting firms, applied to America’s kids: Either you’re talented or wealthy enough to keep moving up in your sport, or you’re discarded and forgotten. For a child to enjoy what many parents view as a quality sports experience, their family must possess certain luxuries: the financial luxury to spend thousands of dollars a year on equipment and team fees as well as the luxuries of time and transportation to ferry their child to countless practices, games, and tournaments. Black kids in low-income areas often lack all three. “We need parks and recs to know we need them,” Hammonds said. “Hold free clinics, give out free equipment and gloves.” The White-Black divide in baseball is hardly new. In 2003, a Gallup poll found that 5 percent of Black Americans said baseball was their favorite sport to watch, down from 43 percent in 1960. And while economic disparities play a major role, there are other driving factors. In 1986, Bo Jackson was the No. 1 overall pick in the National Football League Draft and a fourth-round selection in the MLB Draft. He played both sports professionally, something almost unheard of today. Patrick Mahomes, Russell Wilson, Kyler Murray, Jameis Winston, and Colin Kaepernick were all drafted or pursued by MLB teams before choosing football, even though football has a shorter career shelf life and higher injury risk. In the eyes of many Black youngsters, there are two paths to professional sports fortune and fame: football and basketball. Baseball is an afterthought. “These kids don’t feel sometimes that they can be seen [in baseball],” Baseball Hall of Fame member and current MLB advisor Ken Griffey Jr. recently told The Washington Post. “Nick Saban, John Calipari – all these great [college football and basketball] coaches can come to a kid’s house and have dinner with them. The [National Collegiate Athletic Association] allows that. “But the NCAA doesn’t allow a professional [baseball] team to go visit a kid they may or may not draft. If Nick Saban shows up at your house, everybody in the neighborhood knows it, so the notoriety is there. We don’t have that.” Research shows that Black children start in organized sports nearly a year later than their White peers, after age 8. Once they begin, their parents are more motivated to keep them in sports to realize long-term rewards. According to 2019 research by the Aspen Institute and Utah State University, Black parents rated the pursuit of a college scholarship as 23 percent more important than White parents did, and Black parents rated a pro sports opportunity as 26 percent more important. Similarly, Aspen Institute research has found that 50 percent of Black high school students list college scholarships as a motivation for their choice to play sports, compared to 36 percent of White students. As such, it’s hardly surprising that Black youth have migrated away from baseball and toward football and basketball. In a given season, NCAA Division I baseball teams can offer up to 11.7 scholarships split among 27 to 35 players. Football teams can offer 85 scholarships and basketball teams 13. The upstream result? College sports look a lot like professional sports: In Division I, football and basketball players are majority Black, while baseball players are 79 percent White. “Baseball has become too White,” University of Michigan baseball coach Erik Bakich said at the Aspen Institute’s Project Play Summit in 2019. “There’s a lot of great athletes out there, and I think it’s ridiculous the costs of travel ball and some of these showcases. It negates opportunities for a lot of kids.” Michigan is trying to change that dynamic – not only for racial equity but also to win games. Bakich intentionally recruits from inner cities, and in 2019, the Wolverines reached the College World Series with a roster of 20 percent minority players. Bakich talks often about how he wants a team that looks like America, a country in which more than two-fifths of the population now identify as people of color. Michigan built a pipeline from the Amateur City Elite program sponsored by the Chicago White Sox and MLB’s regional prospect development events. These events, such as the Hank Aaron Invitational, invite some of the nation’s top Black youth players to learn the game from retired major league coaches and players. Pro and college scouts are also invited to attend. This year, MLB announced it would donate up to $150 million to the Players Alliance, a nonprofit formed in 2020 by more than 100 Black current and former players in the wake of George Floyd’s death. That money is intended to boost Black participation in baseball by funding leagues, equipment, tournaments, clinics, playground activities, and educational grants and scholarships, as well as programs to help support baseball in city and public schools. MLB also has urban youth academies in Cincinnati, Compton, Dallas, Houston, Kansas City, New Orleans, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C. In New Orleans, Xavier University of Louisiana, a historically Black institution, is playing college baseball for the first time since 1960 – and using MLB’s Urban Youth Academy at Wesley Barrow Stadium for practices and games. In February, 10 of the school’s 43 players were alumni of the academy. “Kids can now see the whole pipeline,” Eddie Davis, academy’s director, told The New York Times. “The younger kids can see former academy kids playing high school on the same field and now playing college on the same field. It’s tangible. Before, it was kind of grayish; you really can’t touch it. But now, you can.” The lesson? Accessibility matters. So does representation. Children are more likely to play a sport when it’s affordable to do so – and when they see people who look like them playing and coaching. If you want to grow Black youth participation in baseball, then show kids like Lewis that they are truly valued. Jon Solomon is editorial director of the Aspen Institute Sports & Society Program, whose main initiative is Project Play. Learn more about Project Play here. For baseball to survive as America’s pastime, the sport known for tradition and nostalgia will need to broaden its appeal across racial, cultural, and gender lines. For the kid who swings a bat for the first time; the front office data analyst looking for the next big star; the minor leaguer hoping to make it to the bigs; and the major league manager looking to stay on top, can a centuries-old sport become more diverse and inclusive in new ways?

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Cocoa producing countries all over the world face similar challenges: An over-aging rural population is maintaining over-aging cocoa plantations. Productivity is low and farmers hardly have the chance to develop out of poverty. The factors contributing to this low productivity are little or no investments into inputs, no replanting and neglect of the plantation. Once the plantation has reached a low level of yields, it is very difficult to convince the farmers to engage themselves again in cocoa farming. In light of these challenges actors from an organic cocoa project in Ghana decided to take direct action. The Swiss State Secretariat of Economic Affairs (SECO) encouraged stakeholders to look for creative solutions to combat the particularly challenging aspect of neglected plantations and supported the identified innovation financially. In neglected plantations, trees have frequently grown taller than 6 metres, whereas around 2.5–3 metres is regarded as reasonable height for a well-maintained plantation that is easy to manage and harvest. In a neglected plantation canopies form a “maze” of cocoa tree branches and epiphytic plants like mistletoes. Since light, air and sun hardly reach the plantation, fungus diseases occur frequently. Unsurprisingly, the yields in such plantations are disappointingly low. 250–400 kg of dried cocoa beans per hectare is reported as typical for the Eastern region in Ghana, whereas the potential of a well-managed plantation can be around 1 ton or even more. Hand-tools for pruning do exist, and their use is being taught by several cocoa research and extension organisations throughout West Africa. Nevertheless, the adoption rate of systematic pruning activities by farmers is extremely low, and most of the trees remain unpruned. The work with hand tools is tedious, and at the end of a tough pruning day, progress in the plantation is frustratingly hard to see. The innovation of the mentioned cocoa project was to initiate an experiment with mechanised pruning machines. The German company Stihl, recognised for their quality tools for forestry and gardening, had developed small and robust chain saws (the blade is just 30 cm long) on a 3.5 metre shaft. Originally invented for forestry, these so-called pole pruners turned out to be light and easy to handle in dense cocoa plantations. Unlike hand tools, they allow different sizes of branches to be cut rapidly and large amounts of epiphytic biomass to be removed even when difficult to access. Avoidance of any climbing increases the efficiency of the operations and their safety. But as with many mechanisation innovations, the pole pruners themselves are only one component in a complex socio-economic and institutional setting. The project actors were aware of the essential role of education and training from the very beginning. Therefore many actors joined forces to organise a training course for 14 participants from farmer-based organisations, Yayra Glover Ltd (the company implementing the mentioned organic cocoa project) and from the governmental cocoa extension service. The course had to master the challenge of balancing the gaining of experience on the machines with profound knowledge of cocoa pruning and machine maintenance. Four days were deemed suitable to teach these practical and theoretical elements in order to prepare the participants for their first real-life mechanical pruning season. Sixty farms from the Yayra Glover organic cocoa project were selected from a much higher number of farmers willing to participate as pilots to be pruned after the harvesting season 2013/2014. Smallholders are well aware that their plantation management is sub-optimal and appreciate any help coming from familiar and reliable partners. Since cocoa trees need more than one vegetation period to recover from a radical pruning intervention, only half of the acreage of any of the participating farms was pruned, with the other half to be left unpruned. One reason was that farmers should still have the opportunity to generate income from the unpruned acreage in the season following the pruning. The other reason was the better comparability of the pruning results on the farm itself. Whereas the full results regarding the reduction of fungus disease infestation and productivity gains will only be quantifiable after the harvesting season 2015/2016 (the evaluation report of the SECO funded project will compile these results), the participating farmers as well as many other project farmers are asking for mechanised pruning options. They know their plantations well enough to be aware of the long-term benefits even though the detailed results of the pilot are not yet available. The pilot has already turned out to be very successful from the point of view of efficiency of the machines in comparison to hand implements. In a period of 20 working days, three trained teams of two people each took turns operating the machines and managed a stunning amount of 23,000 pruned trees, reaching an average of 45 to 65 trees per hour per team. Of cause the state of neglect among plantations varies considerably, limiting the transferability of this average figure. Nevertheless, one can conclude that the pole pruners can reach an approximate tenfold increase in the effectiveness of pruning operations as compared to hand-tools. Furthermore the pilot revealed the success of the thoughtful training. Throughout the entire pilot phase and despite the intensive use of the machines, there has not been any damage to the machines beyond the usual wear of chains and guide bars. Based on the encouraging results of this pilot, the project partners developed three different models of how the mechanised pruning could be implemented on a wider scale on smallholder cocoa farms in West Africa. Whereas buying a machine for the average one-hectare plantation would mean considerable over-mechanisation and would by no means be affordable to smallholders, the following models were developed with a view to the social and organisational contexts in which such a mechanisation could work: Farmer group model. A farmer-based organisation buys a machine jointly. Several people in the group are trained in machine handling, maintenance and pruning. However, this model requires an established and well-organised farmer group. Rural service centre. Small businesses are created that could offer pruning as a payable service to the surrounding smallholder farms. The interesting aspect is that such a micro-enterprise could offer much more than pruning alone. One could think of land preparation and cleaning for new plantations, selling tree seedlings or providing plant protection services. Since the ideal pruning phases are limited time windows during a vegetation period, such a broader range of services might be very suitable. This model requires a good understanding of agronomics on a cocoa farm to find suitable price ranges for the various services that are accepted and embraced by the farmers. Service by the licensed buying company. The company licensed to buy cocoa in a region could also have trained teams moving from village to village to perform the pruning as a service to “their” farmers. Indeed, the companies are looking for such additional benefits to raise farmers’ loyalty towards them. Nevertheless, this model bears the risk that farmers could be selling to other companies and the investment of pruning teams would be lost. This is the model practised right now by Yayra Glover Ltd. Since they have made efforts to establish a trustful relation to the farmers for years, they can offer this service without having to fear that the farmers are selling aside. Regardless of advantages and challenges of these different models, the pilot also revealed another big opportunity for such a mechanisation approach: the idea of a professional plantation or pruning service creates a new vision for young people to engage in the cocoa sector. In many rural areas the temptation for young people to migrate to the cities is high, even though the outlook for reasonable job opportunities might be grim. A concept of a new profession that is not only economically interesting, but also locally appreciated, will be a very welcome element for the social cohesion in the rural areas of the West African cocoa belt. Agricultural scientist and HELVETAS Swiss Intercooperation Innovations within the development sector that are truly embedded in the local context require thoughtful collaboration between many actors. Though looking simple, the training and implementation for the described introduction of pole pruners requires contributions from the following actors: Cocoa Research Institute Ghana (CRIG): The Institute is the research arm of the Ghanaian Cocoa Board and runs facilities for all kinds of education and trainings around the cocoa sector. The described training took place at the Institute’s Bonsu College in the Eastern Region of Ghana, which was sufficiently close to cocoa farms to ensure that the training could contain practical elements of work in the plantations. CRIG provided highly experienced instructors who could explain the biology of the cocoa plantation and the resulting principles of pruning. More information: https://cocobod.gh/oursubsidiaries.php Andreas Stihl & Co KG, Germany: The company produces a wide range of machines and tools for forestry and gardening recognised for their practicability and robustness. Stihl contributed a highly experienced instructor to the training who knows the working conditions in African countries and the resulting requirements extremely well to train the most relevant aspects of the machine in a short period. More information: http://www.stihl.com/about-stihl.aspx C. Woermann, Germany: The company is the licensed importer to West Africa for recognised technology brands like Stihl. They helped to conduct the initial trials with the pole pruners in cocoa plantations and thereby facilitate the decision to start the training on the machines. During the pilot their team supervised the use of the machines and the supply of consumable items like chains, oil and correct fuel. More information: http://www.c-woermann.com/en/germany/company/?cid=25 HELVETAS Swiss Intercooperation: This Swiss NGO is implementing development projects oriented on the vision of a just world in which all men and women determine the course of their lives in dignity and security, using environmental resources in a sustainable manner. They contributed to the cocoa project with technical assistance, developed the idea to utilise pole pruners and crafted together the didactics of the training. More information: www.helvetas.org Swiss State Secretariat of Economic Affairs SECO: Through its economic co-operation with middle-income developing countries and with former Eastern Bloc and Central Asian states, SECO seeks to ease its partner countries' integration into the world economy and promote economic growth that is socially responsible as well as environmentally and climate-friendly. SECO supports the project to up-scale organic cocoa in Ghana with a Public-Private Partnership approach. The local SECO office in Ghana helped to co-ordinate the realisation of the training course with the Ghana Cocoa Board. SECO in Ghana: http://www.seco-cooperation.admin.ch/laender/05148/05157/index.html?lang=en Yayra Glover Ltd.: The licensed buying company implements the project to up-scale organic cocoa in Ghana funded by the Swiss State Secretariat of Economic Affairs SECO. They train farmers in the organic cocoa production system, purchase the beans for certified organic value chains and take care of innovations and improvements of farmers’ livelihoods. More information: www.yayraglover.com

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"Enormous gamma-ray flares--such as this giant flare from magnetar SGR 1806-20--affect our lower ionosphere to such a massive degree that by simply watching and measuring its response to and recovery from the flare, we are bound to learn more about the dynamics of these upper atmospheric regions, which are ultimately so important for our quantitative understanding of space weather, as well as communication and navigation systems," said Inan in a recent interview. With more than 250 technical publications, he is a pioneer in the discovery of atmospheric electrical phenomena known as "elves" (horizontally expanding discharges at high altitudes), "red sprites" (diffuse blobs that begin at the base of the ionosphere) and "blue jets" (branches that shoot up from cloud tops). His talk is part of a symposium, "A Giant Flare from a Magnetar: Blitzing the Earth from Across the Galaxy," that includes astrophysicists Kevin Hurley of the University of California-Berkeley, David Palmer of Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bryan Gaensler of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics and Lynn Cominsky of Sonoma State University. For the astrophysicists, the colossal flare is a window into the workings of a neutron star. They observed the gamma-ray flare using two orbiting spacecrafts and will use new knowledge about the event to hone their theories about these distant objects. Inan, in contrast, employs Earth-based equipment to measure very-low-frequency (VLF) radio waves that remotely detect ionospheric effects produced by lightning discharges, including precipitation of high-energy electrons from the Van Allen belts, and luminous high-altitude discharges such as elves, sprites or jets. He and his VLF research group in Stanford's Space, Telecommunications and Radioscience Laboratory (a.k.a. STAR Lab) continuously monitor the ionosphere for localized effects. They didn't expect to see the massive effect the flare had on the ionosphere--illuminating an entire half of the global ionosphere--but their vigilance enabled them to capture it nonetheless. "In the course of our studies of ionospheric effects produced by lightning of this type--sprites, elves and electron precipitation--this effect basically fell on our lap," Inan said. Probing the 'ignore-o-sphere' Solar wind is an important component of space weather. When the sun acts up through flares and coronal mass ejections, it transmits streaming energetic particles toward the Earth's magnetosphere, greatly increasing the fluxes of energetic electrons trapped in the Van Allen radiation belts, and also causing large changes in the Earth's ionosphere. The ionosphere is the highest region of the upper atmosphere, which is maintained by ionization of neutral air by solar photons and cosmic rays. When cosmic rays hit the two nitrogen atoms bound together in a nitrogen gas molecule, the molecular components separate into positively charged nitrogen atoms and negatively charged electrons. "At higher altitudes, there isn't enough air for ionized molecules to combine and become neutral again, so the region stays ionized," Inan said. "That's what the ionosphere is." It's 60 to 90 kilometers up, where the atmospheric drag is too great for satellites to orbit. At the same time, the air is too thin for aircraft or research balloons. Ionization is too weak to provide detectable echoes for even the largest radars. "This region has been called the 'ignore-o-sphere' because it isn't an easy region to measure," Inan said. "The VLF technique that we have developed is particularly suitable for looking at this altitude range, which is not otherwise measurable." The Van Allen belts consist of energetic electrons trapped in the Earth's magnetic field, which extends into space and shields the Earth from cosmic radiation. "One of the things that lightning does is to remove electrons from the radiation belts," Inan explained. Without electron removal, the belts would become more and more intense, he said. When lightning flashes on the Earth's surface, it launches electromagnetic waves up to the Van Allen radiation belts. En route, the electromagnetic waves interact with energetic electrons trapped along the magnetic field lines of the Earth in the Van Allen belts and scatter these electrons into the ionosphere. Interactions between the electromagnetic waves change the energy and direction of momentum of the electrons, causing them to precipitate from the belts as a result of energy input by lightning discharges. The precipitating electrons in turn produce patches of enhanced electricity in the ionosphere. Scientists detect these localized disturbances with VLF radio waves propagating along the Earth's surface. The ionosphere, like a metal, is a good electrical conductor. It acts as a guide for radio waves. That's why the Earth's curvature is no barrier, as VLF radio waves bounce off the ionosphere and can propagate to long distances around the globe, in the so-called Earth-ionosphere wave guide. "[Guglielmo] Marconi discovered global communication because of reflections from the ionosphere," Inan explained. "Back at the turn of the century, he sent signals from England to the United States by reflecting them from the ionosphere." Inan and his colleagues record VLF radio waves that propagate from one or more transmitters on the Earth's surface to 25 receivers whose locations include Japan, France, Israel, Greece, Turkey, Hawaii, Midway and Kwajalein islands, the continental United States, Alaska and Antarctica. The transmitters launch waves that propagate in the wave guide formed between the surface of the Earth and the ionosphere. When lightning strikes, it launches an electromagnetic signal that propagates through the ionosphere to the Van Allen belts, and can propagate from one hemisphere to another along the Earth's magnetic field lines. When played through a loudspeaker, these signals have a distinct sound and are called whistlers. At night, lightning has a notable effect in causing ionization at altitudes of 60 to 90 kilometers, as a result of precipitation of energetic electrons by whistler waves. During the day, however, solar ionization drowns out the effects of lightning-induced electron precipitation and renders them negligible. For 2007, "The International Heliospheric Year," the United Nations has launched an initiative aimed at deployment of Inan's inexpensive receivers in every member country so even scientists and students in developing nations can host receivers, post data and access this rich data set. Efforts are currently under way for fundraising from private foundations to facilitate this global educational and outreach effort. Flares hit Earth in 1998 and 2004 In a 1999 issue of the journal Geophysical Review Letters, Inan and his STAR Lab colleagues reported the ionospheric effects of a giant gamma-ray flare from another star. It occurred on Aug. 27, 1998, in the middle of the night (as recorded at Stanford in the Pacific Daylight Time zone), but it ionized the atmosphere to levels usually found only during daytime. Like a lighthouse whose spinning beam hits a specific point on shore at regular intervals, this neutron star had a periodicity. It spewed gamma rays every 5.16 seconds. "We observed the ionosphere respond to that," Inan said. "The ionosphere was in fact pulsating at night." The star responsible for the 2004 burst was about the same distance as the star responsible for the 1998 burst but was within 5 degrees of the sun as viewed from Earth. Therefore its gamma rays arrived on the day side of our planet. Neither star's gamma rays reached the Earth's surface, according to Inan. Neither flare posed a danger to people, he said. "The amazing part for the new [daytime] event is even during daytime, even in this solar-illuminated ionosphere, the effect of the flare was huge," said Inan. "It was much, much more intense than the sun in terms of producing ionization." Scientists didn't observe the ionosphere pulsating with the 2004 burst, although they did see that the gamma rays arrived in pulses. "Because the gamma rays were on the solar, day side of the ionosphere, we didn't see the periodicity," Inan said. "We saw a massive effect that created new ionization." The pulsing was at lower levels than the initial peak and was drowned out by solar ionization, he said. More powerful and brighter than the nighttime flare, the daytime flare pumped 1,000 times as much energy into the atmosphere, Inan said. "There's nothing like this [the magnetar that delivered flares in 2004], I understand from my astrophysics colleagues, in our part of the woods--in other words, near our galaxy," Inan said. If there was, he says, we would be inundated with gamma rays, which are high-energy X-rays from which the atmosphere shields us by creating ionization. "If the flare was intense enough, then it would penetrate--the atmosphere couldn't hold it." The 2004 flare was brighter and more energetic than the sun but lasted for just a brief period. It ionized the atmosphere down to an altitude of 20 kilometers (about 50,000 feet), just above where airplanes fly. (Solar photoionization is not effective at such low altitudes because the atmosphere is too thick, Inan said.) Its most intense effects in ionizing the atmosphere (called the "peak") lasted a few seconds. The second-most-intense effects (the "oscillating tail") lasted five minutes. And the least intense effects (the "afterglow") lasted an hour. The flare changed the ionic density at an altitude of 60 kilometers from 0.1 to 10,000 free electrons per cubic foot--an increase of six orders of magnitude. Normally, it takes hundreds of seconds for the ionosphere to recover from the electromagnetic waves launched by lightning. "The remarkable thing is that it took an hour for it to come back from this disturbance," Inan said. "It's a very unusual event and was three orders of magnitude more intense than the one, which we thought was very intense." Of detectors, both satellite and planetary In 1988, the journal Nature published a report of the first observed effect of a gamma-ray burst on the ionosphere by Inan and Gerald Fishman of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center. On Dec. 27, 2004, it was Fishman who contacted Inan to tell him that a satellite had detected a colossal burst. The satellite's detector was designed to identify high-energy X-rays and gamma rays from the sun. That day, the detector counted a huge amount of gamma rays, became saturated and stopped counting. When impinging gamma rays from the flare began to wane, the detector began to count again. During the period the detector wasn't counting, the astrophysicists had no data. But Inan's group, continuously monitoring VLF waves propagating across the planet to measure the ionosphere, did, and therefore had data to share. "Our response continued because the Earth of course didn't saturate. The Earth is much too large a detector to saturate," Inan said. The 1998 gamma-ray flare had a low-energy component, Inan said. While satellite detectors look for high-energy rays (20keV and above), the earthly VLF system could detect low-energy rays as well. "Our modeling told us that without presuming a low-energy component that was in place that was missed by our colleagues in the spacecraft measurements, we couldn't explain the ionospheric effect," Inan said. "That's not the case for this new event. For this new event, we are able to explain the ionospheric disturbance using the fluxes and energies that people have measured on spacecraft. So this particular flare might be different from the previous flare in terms of its energy content. Not in terms of its intensity--which has to do with the number and energy of photons-- because we know that this new one is much more intense; but in terms of the energy of photons, the previous one may have had low-energy photons as well as higher-energy photons." The scientists also saw for the first time a phenomenon--an intense, short-burst (less than a second), low-frequency signal--that they don't yet understand. To better understand the phenomenon, Inan will model the ionosphere and make a wish on a star--but it's a star rarer than a blue moon: "We are going to see whether we can get an effect like this theoretically. But we don't have it yet. And of course another event would be very useful." By Dawn Levy Umran S. Inan, Electrical Engineering: (650) 723-4994 office, (650) 804-0928 cell, [email protected] Inan is speaking Sunday, Feb. 19, in a session titled "A Giant Flare from a Magnetar: Blitzing the Earth from Across the Galaxy" that runs from 10:30 a.m. to noon Central Time in the America's Center, Level Two, Room 227. The title of his talk is "Ionospheric Disturbances." A photo of Inan is available on the web at http://newsphotos.stanford.edu. RELEVANT WEB URLS: UMRAN S. INAN VERY LOW FREQUENCY GROUP LISTEN TO A WHISTLER EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE until Sunday, Feb. 19, at 10:30 a.m. Central Time News Service website: Stanford Report (university newspaper): Most recent news releases from Stanford:

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Tools of detection come in all shapes and sizes. Magnifying glass? Check. Fingerprint powder? Check. Notebook and pen? Check. Superior deductive reasoning and a dry wit? Check. Sherlock Holmes may have had a toolbox stocked with such essential items, but if he were a real inspector working today, he might be expanding his repertoire to include the tools of detection that Virginia Tech faculty use for gathering, visualizing, future-forecasting, and fact sharing. Faculty members in the far-reaching College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences use particularly diverse investigative concepts to illuminate a range of mysteries. Take the case of a suspicious excess of illnesses in the small French seaside town of Fos-sur-Mer, an area home to dozens of heavy petrochemical industries. As Barbara Allen presented her grand research reveal, suspense mounted. How would the mayor react to her findings? He had not supported her investigation, and as he stood to speak, Allen held her breath. “This is the research study we have been waiting for,” he said. The town had endured more than a dozen state-sponsored health studies, all of which had concluded that no negative environmental factors surrounded the town’s 18,000 residents. The mayor had no patience for another survey of the same. And the citizens believed it was the industrial environment that was causing health issues to populations near Marseille, one of France’s largest cities. Allen, a professor in Virginia Tech’s Department of Science, Technology, and Society, had used a different approach to collect and analyze the clues that formed her research. The French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety funded her community-based participatory research in two polluted towns, Fos-sur-Mer and Port-Saint-Louis-du-Rhône. To start, Allen and her team of doctoral students held focus groups that enabled community members to voice what details they wanted to know about the environment and their own well-being. The team then traveled door to door to interview more than 800 people in the communities. The survey comprised questions based on the public meeting results. Once the team members had compiled the information, they held more than 30 focus groups to analyze the data. “What happens,” Allen says, “is that people, in the context of their lives, can look at data and make links we as scientists would miss because we’re not living it.” The focus groups asked, for example, whether the data showed coexisting illnesses. The researchers determined that, indeed, many people had clusters of illnesses, such as throat cancer, skin conditions, and adult-onset asthma. They turned this information into a new diagnostic tool for local health care providers, who are in turn now applying for funding to study relationships among the conditions. In response to the results, the French health care system has asked Allen’s team to train others in community-based participatory research. “This work,” Allen says, “has the potential to change France’s national approach to measuring health in regions in which citizens had previously raised concerns about health, to no avail.” Tools for Visioneering Another mystery has been unraveling in France, near the small northeastern city of Verdun, where a multidisciplinary team of Virginia Tech investigators is using immersive technologies to walk in history’s footsteps. While working on a project with the American Battle Monuments Commission’s mandate to remember the sacrifice of U.S. soldiers, David Hicks, a professor in the School of Education, became interested in the remains of Vauquois, a World War I–era village. “The village went from fighting in the street to below ground in the cellars,” Hicks says. “The cellars then became trenches, which in turn became tunnels.” With a grant from Virginia Tech’s Institute for Creativity, Arts, and Technology, Hicks and the other investigators on his team have turned Vauquois into a collaborative research project. They have combined ground-penetrating radar, photogrammetry, and laser scanning with archival work to create a digital recreation of the above- and below-ground features of the craters, trenches, tunnels, and galleries. Their goal is to incorporate these technologies into an immersive experience that answers the question, If this place could talk, what would it say about life during the First World War? The team has also built a virtual-reality simulation that allows participants to experience being in the tunnels. Team members have expanded that simulation to incorporate a physical structure with tactile sensations, along with point-cloud technology to reconstruct the surface and geography of the space. Hicks believes these immersive-technology tools help bring history to life. “If you can think about people in the past and understand what life was like for them,” he says, “you can better consider others today with empathy and respect.” Tools for Seeing Sound The same immersive technologies that bring hidden histories into view can also render sound visible. From the files of Ivica Ico Bukvic, an associate professor in the School of Performing Arts, comes the curious investigation of seeing spatial audio. Bukvic is part of a Virginia Tech team that studies user interactions with data in mixed-reality environments. Team members received a grant from Microsoft to explore the company’s HoloLens potential, which Bukvic is combining with another venture called the Spatial Audio Data Immersive Experience project. HoloLenses look like bulky, wraparound sunglasses that allow the real and virtual worlds to be viewed simultaneously. “You still see everything around you, but when you look through the lens, you might discover something else, such as a virtual pet you can view only through those glasses,” Bukvic says. “And the system recognizes your head motions, so as you move your head, the image of the pet realigns itself to appear in the same position.” But instead of seeing a puppy, in Bukvic’s research in the Cube at the Moss Art Center, viewers “see” the location of sound. Although this work has implications for visual entertainment, it also creates a more intuitive way of composing music for the Cube, whose sound system incorporates more than a hundred loudspeakers. “With the HoloLens, I can just glance toward the sound and see a visual manifestation,” Bukvic says. “It may be a pulsating light or an orb. I can grab it, move it, and record it. Over time, I can have multiple people moving sound so it becomes like an orchestra of spatialized sounds.” Bukvic describes the HoloLens-and-Cube combination in terms of decision theatre, an immersive environment that provides a space for collaboration and technologies to assist human reasoning for group decision-making. The HoloLens allows participants to see and hear data, which increases their ability to process the information. Even without the HoloLens, decision theatre enables investigators to devise strategic outcomes. Those working in a control center during a crisis, for example, must coordinate decisions with quickly evolving data. Aaron Brantly, an assistant professor in the Department of Political Science, creates disaster simulations to help Virginia Tech students think beyond the borders of the traditional classroom. “The idea is to break down barriers between different disciplines in each college,” he says, “so computer science, social science, and business students can interact with complex issues related to security challenges.” To do this, Brantly creates a computerized disaster scenario with preprogrammed data, and each student takes on a mock emergency management role, ranging from a local sanitation commissioner to the U.S. Secretary of Defense. The simulated case of Hurricane Sandy, for example, begins pre-storm, and the students must create an emergency plan. Who should they evacuate? How should they prepare resources? How will they handle electrical outages, water contamination, and data compromised by computer hackers? Then the students deal with the storm itself and the vulnerabilities it creates within the infrastructure. National and international crises occur, including cyberattacks. The students must work through these complicated issues, which simultaneously involve businesses, government, and individuals. “The idea is to give students a controlled yet realistic simulation that allows them to think way outside the box,” Brantly says. “This type of project leverages their interdisciplinary studies to prepare them to succeed in the workforce in a manner beyond what a focus on a single discipline can provide.” Decrypting the Socialsphere While Brantly is training the next generation of cybersecurity sleuths, social media runs rampant with fearsome cries of fake news and propaganda. But never fear, Virginia Tech investigators are also on that case. James Hawdon, a professor of sociology and director of the Center for Peace Studies and Violence Prevention, is using his detective skills to help predict crises caused through social media before they happen. He is part of a university team investigating threat-detection methods on Twitter. Through a National Science Foundation grant, the team uses computational algorithms to sort data gleaned from the social media platform to learn how polarizing tweets pose a threat to both geographic and social communities. “Our research model will track how polarizing information flows through time and space,” Hawdon says. “We will track the origin of the information and its dissemination across geographic and social space.” The team’s theory is that polarizing information is a barometer of social threat. The computer scientists involved are working on the algorithm to sift through the data and classify the tweets as positive, negative, or neutral. Hawdon’s role is to analyze traditional research on the measurement of social capital through community surveys, census tracking, voter turnout, and philanthropic giving. The traditional research measures the effects of social-media polarization, and the team will use these data to align the algorithm’s results. “What we’re hoping to find,” Hawdon says, “is a way to detect, in near real time, threats to the social fabric of communities in the larger society.” One of Hawdon’s graduate students — Stacey Clifton, a doctoral student in criminology — has seen the benefit of using powerful technological tools in her own research. Applying urban-computing methods to her work, Clifton explores how police-training programs shape officers and their immersion in the police subculture, affecting their beliefs and attitudes. Clifton also explores officer coping strategies. Like Hawdon, she uses social-network analysis and other tools to gain understanding into criminology theories. To predict traffic-stop searches, for example, she applies decision trees to map out the outcomes of police choices. “Applying data science has afforded me an opportunity to use concepts I would have previously disregarded,” Clifton says. “I can now see and appreciate how multiple disciplines come together to explain complex phenomena.” Mapping the System The use of technology as an investigative tool goes beyond past or future visualizers. The amassing of data can help users see unexpected truths, such as the classic phenomenon of gerrymandering. LaDale Winling, an associate professor of history, collaborates with colleagues at the University of Richmond to shed light on political boundary manipulations. The team has used digital data visualization to map more than a century’s worth of election returns for the U.S. House of Representatives. “With these visualizations and resources, you can see the effects of redistricting over time in a way that has never been possible,” Winling says. “You can see where landslides happen because of redistricting and how changes can turn a blue area red and vice versa.” The online map, “Electing the House of Representatives,” shows a timeline and a graph of how districts across the United States voted throughout history. The website uses a geographic information system and a shapefiles format to display the information in a dynamic, intuitive way. “This website,” Winling says, “makes years of redistricting—and the manipulation of boundary lines based on a location’s political leanings—more transparent to the public.” Digital Humanities Tools Whereas detectives of yesteryear met in clandestine places to exchange information, the web has become a gathering place of information and investigators. E. Thomas Ewing is an advocate for digital humanities tools to help sleuth out nuances in history. In addition to using computational tools for analyzing large-scale interactions between people, organizations, and ideas, Ewing, a history professor, uses online resources for digital publishing. In a workshop called “Viral Networks,” supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities grant, Ewing convened a group of medical historians to create an open-source scholarly publication at the National Library of Medicine. “This workshop addressed many of the university’s priorities,” Ewing says. “Virginia Tech is placing emphasis on transdisciplinary research, new approaches to digital publishing, innovative applications of data analysis, and scholarship on the human dimensions of disease, medicine, and health.” During the workshop, participants used virtual-editing activities to increase the community of scholars who are using current digital technologies and resources to expand historical medical research. The Mysteries Never End The college’s faculty investigators solve a variety of puzzles with tools that even Sherlock Holmes would envy. Whether they use innovative data-gathering techniques or present research in inventive ways, their information sheds light on issues and complexities the modern world faces. “It’s essential to have experts in the liberal arts fields involved in collaborative research because they’re the ones who can question assumptions that are built into the technology, the data, and the digitized media,” Ewing says. “They’re the ones who can put all the pieces together and say what it all means.” Written by Leslie King

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In This Article In This Article The trillions of bacteria in your gut are hard at work to keep you healthy. These bacteria affect your immune system and brain function. The quality of your gut bacteria can affect your mood, weight, and even your mental health. A gut test will tell you if your gut is healthy. In this post, we'll go through some of the tests that show you the most, and what to do with the results. Your gut’s microbiome plays a vital role in many aspects of your health. It: Understanding gut function and testing for problems in your gut help you evaluate your current health status and determine what you can do to improve your situation. Thryve gets our recommendation for the best microbiome test because they've been around the longest, they specialize in only testing microbiome, and they also have a good follow-up service (personalized probiotics and other items). You might think of your stomach when you hear the term gut, but this is only a part of your body’s gut. The gut encompasses your entire gastrointestinal tract. It begins at the mouth and ends at the anus. The gut is responsible for processing food. The process begins when you take a bite and ends when the waste that isn’t used is passed out as stool. If the gut handles any part of the process inefficiently, it affects your overall health. This includes mental and emotional health. Poor gut health also triggers symptoms including: The gut’s microbiome includes everything in the gut’s environment. This includes microorganisms, bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi, and their collective genetic material present in the gut. All of these things play an important role in: Gut health is the state of your gut microbiome and how they influence your overall health. Gut health is a novel concept for most health enthusiasts. Some people feel they don't need to pay attention because they don't have any gastrointestinal issues. But, this can be misleading. Most diseases that result from gut bacteria imbalance rarely show early signs. Some brain-related conditions such as fatigue, poor concentration and memory, stress, anxiety, and depression can all be symptoms of an unhealthy gut. A healthy gut contains a healthy amount of the gut microbiome. These gut microbiomes promote lots of healthy body processes, right from infancy and throughout human life. A lot of factors can affect gut health. They include: It is necessary to maintain a healthy gut. A healthy gut influences health and well-being in so many ways. Keeping it healthy should be on your to-do list for healthy living. If you experience any of the symptoms listed above, it could indicate a problem with gut health. But sometimes symptoms are subtle or you might have so many you aren’t sure exactly what is going on. In these cases, a microbiome test might help. A gut microbiome test can reveal a variety of information about the status and health of your gut. A microbiome test can also possibly improve skin, increase energy, improve sleep, and lose weight. This doesn't happen for everyone, but testing your gut bacteria can help you and give you information about what to improve on. Health experts have varying opinions concerning the effectiveness of microbiome testing kits. Some recommend using more than one test and comparing the results to provide you with a more complete picture of your gut health. It’s also important to review with your doctor any results you get from a test before making significant changes to improve your gut health. If you decide to use an at-home microbiome test, look for tests that: Testing your gut microbiome from the comfort of home can be done by following these four simple steps: How to take a Microbiome Test: Order one of the best at-home microbiome test kits. Not all tests check for the same things, so pick one that matches your needs. All the tests we mention in this article can be ordered online and should arrive at your door in around five days. Collect a sample to be tested. Make sure to follow your test kit's directions during this step. While most kits ask you to submit a stool sample, some, such as Ixcela’s Internal Fitness Test Kit, analyze your blood. Submit your sample and wait for it to be tested. It will generally take around a month for your sample to be analyzed, but this can vary depending on the company and testing methods used. Wait two to four weeks And receive your results. Microbiome test kits differ from each other when it comes to price, use, coverage, and other factors. In this list, we give you the top six microbiome test kits with their corresponding key features to help you make a great choice. If you're having difficulty concentrating, chronic diarrhea, headaches, and nutritional deficiencies, then you may be suffering from a condition known as leaky gut syndrome. By taking Verisana's leaky gut test at home, you can narrow down if this common ailment is the cause of your discomfort. And luckily, with dietary and lifestyle changes, leaky gut syndrome can usually be healed. Viome's Gut Intelligence Test analyzes your gut health using a small stool sample. The test offers more information than many of its competitors, things like the number of organisms living in your gut and what they do to affect your health. With Viome, your analysis includes a 90-day nutrition plan and personalized supplement recommendations to help you take charge of your gut health. This at-home gut test is also less expensive than many of the others on the market. With Wellnicity's My Gut - Health test you can identify yeast, bacteria, and other factors that can negatively affect your gut’s microbiome. Their state-of-the-art laboratory can identify thousands of different microorganisms that call your body home, including parasites. If you're experiencing any digestive symptoms, this test can find gluten antibodies and unique GI inflammation markers to help you narrow down the cause. While it's a bit more expensive than the competition, they offer some things you won't find elsewhere. This includes the ability to speak with a clinical nutritionist. Ixcela's at-home microbiome test can tell you about your gut's health simply by analyzing a drop of blood. Their test measures 11 different metabolites found in your blood so you can better understand your microbiome. Using your results, Ixcela provides you with loads of actionable insights to help you improve your overall health. This includes things that the competition doesn't offer, such as a workout plan. Using the power of science, and a small stool sample, Biohm’s Gut Test gives you a unique look into your digestive health. This includes actionable insights, such as dietary recommendations, personalized supplements, and the foods you should and shouldn’t be eating. Biohm’s gut health test will issue you an overall gut score, on a scale from 1 to 10, which will more or less grade your microbiome diversity. Additionally, Biohm’s gut bacteria test will compare your bacterial and fungal communities with the normal levels of a healthy gut. Even with this list of reliable at-home microbiome tests, you might still struggle to pick the best test for your needs. Tests, despite their similarities, offer a variety of different assessments. One of the best ways to choose a test is to consider what gut health issues you want to be assessed. For example: A variety of lifestyle and diet changes can help you improve your gut’s microbiome. For example: Additionally, you’ll want to incorporate gut-healthy foods into your diet as often as possible. Some of the best good gut health foods include: Many people find that adding a daily probiotic supplement helps them manage gut health. Medical experts have varying opinions concerning the effectiveness of probiotics, but if you choose to try one, opt for one that is from a reputable manufacturer that offers science-backed information about the product. How do you know you have an unhealthy gut? Most people take probiotics without having any known symptoms of an unhealthy gut. This is not an entirely bad practice, but you could be wasting your money. The good bacteria in your gut almost present no problems. They control important functions in your body and keep the bad bacteria in check. However, sometimes the bad bacteria can take over and dominate your gut. This is where things go wrong. When the bad bacteria take over, your gut sends a distress warning telling your body system that your gut is in bad shape. These signals usually translate to symptoms that are noticeable to most people. Most symptoms of an unhealthy gut are usually familiar. They include: These symptoms are common to poor gut health. If you witness any one of the symptoms, it's necessary to consult your healthcare provider. How you deal with a gut health problem varies based on the severity of the problem. For instance, if you feel less-than-optimal and experience digestive symptoms like bloating or nausea, a few simple dietary changes can be enough to improve your gut’s microbiome. If lifestyle and diet changes do not improve your symptoms, you should undergo a medical evaluation. It’s also important to seek medical attention if you have severe symptoms. Long-term gut health problems put you at an increased risk of serious health issues. This includes colitis, colon polyps, cancer, and more. Many of these issues can be prevented or minimized by maintaining a healthy lifestyle, practicing good bowel habits, and getting screened for cancer. When the environment is perfect for them, they give you all the benefits you need. Since these bacteria influence lots of body processes, you will benefit from keeping them healthy. These are the rewards of a healthy gut. It's necessary to undergo a gut test to know if your gut is healthy enough. This test will determine whether you need professional help or some lifestyle changes.

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Vaccinations are given for three primary reasons – to prevent our pets from becoming infected, to significantly reduce the severity of the disease if infection occurs, and to prevent the spread of diseases between pets and people. Effective vaccination programs have been responsible for dramatically reducing death and suffering in our pet and human populations. Though in general vaccines are incredibly safe, in very rare circumstances they can cause mild to life threatening allergic reactions or instigate certain autoimmune diseases. Therefore it is wise to give vaccines when necessary but equally wise to withhold vaccines when unnecessary. These concerns have caused the veterinary community to shift from “one size fits all” vaccine recommendations, to recommendations tailored to the needs and risks of each individual pet. Not all dogs and cats have the same risk factors for infectious disease, nor the same risks of vaccine related complications. At Well Pets, we will recommend vaccinations based on your pets lifestyle and risk factors. Rabies is a core vaccine for both cats and dogs. It is a deadly neurologic disease that can infect all mammals and once symptoms are seen there is no cure. Rabies is a significant public health concern because it can be transmitted from pets to people. Therefore it is a federally regulated vaccine and vaccination of pet cats and dogs is mandatory in most states. If a pet bites someone and is not current on its rabies vaccination, this can result serious legal liability/consequences for the pet owner. Cats and Dogs can be vaccinated after 3 months of age and annually after that. 3 year vaccines can be used on dogs after they have received at least one rabies vaccine as an adult animal. Canine Parvovirus is a highly contagious virus that causes severe vomiting, bloody diarrhea, and is often fatal. Puppies should receive parvovirus every 3-4 weeks from the age of 6-16 weeks. Canine Distemper is a highly contagious virus that may appear first as an upper respiratory infection before progressing to a fatal neurologic disease. Puppies should receive Distemper vaccinations every 3-4 weeks from the age of 6–16 weeks. For both Distemper and Parvovirus, unvaccinated dogs over 12 weeks of age require an initial vaccine and then a booster vaccine 3-4 weeks later. Historically Distemper and Parvovirus vaccines have been boostered annually in dogs, but more recent thought is once they’ve received two vaccines as an adult, most dogs can be given Distemper and Parvovirus booster vaccines on an every three year basis. However, many boarding kennels and grooming facilities still require annual vaccinations so this must be taken into account when considering how frequently to booster these vaccines. Non Core Vaccines Canine Bordetella/Parainfluenza (aka “Kennel Cough”) is a highly contagious upper respiratory infection similar to whooping cough in people. It is seldom fatal, but can cause a bronchitis that lasts for weeks and occasionally can lead to a more severe pneumonia. “Kennel Cough” – like signs can be caused by a number of infectious agents so this vaccine will not prevent every type of upper respiratory infection. However, Bordetella and Parainfluenza are by far the most common causes and create the most severe signs. All dogs that come in contact with other dogs can become infected, but those dogs that are groomed or housed with other dogs regularly, visit pet stores or go to bark parks are at higher risk and should be vaccinated. Bordetella vaccine is highly recommended for all puppies and annual booster vaccines are recommended. The intranasal version of Bordetella vaccine is given once to dogs 12 weeks of age and older and then boostered annually. The injectable version of Bordetella vaccine is also given to dogs over 12 weeks of age but requires a booster vaccine 3-4 weeks after the initial vaccination. After that it should be boostered annually. Some boarding kennels and groomers require revaccination every 6 months and this is also recommended for dogs competing in dog shows or agility competitions. Canine Influenza is a less common but more severe respiratory infection because it attacks the lungs, causing severe pneumonia, and can be fatal. Since the incidence of Canine Influenza in Indiana is currently fairly low, we recommend this vaccine primarily for those dogs that are frequently in high intensity dog environments (grooming, boarding, dog shows, puppy daycare, bark parks, etc….). It is initially given as a two-vaccine series (3-4 weeks apart) to unvaccinated adults or puppies starting at 9 weeks of age, and then boostered annually. Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection dogs can contract by coming in contact with urine of infected wildlife such as raccoons, skunks, possums, rats, and squirrels; as well as cattle and other farm animals. The bacteria can cause severe life threatening liver and kidney infections and unfortunately several strains of Leptospirosis can spread from dogs to infect people. We recommend Leptospirosis vaccine be given to dogs that live or are walked in areas where raccoons or possums are common, or if they live in or near rural areas or near livestock. We recommend more modern vaccines that protect against 4 strains of Leptospirosis be used, as opposed to older 2 strain versions. Initially Leptospirosis is given in a 2 vaccine series then boostered once annually. Typically puppies 12 weeks old and older, and unvaccinated adult dogs receive 2 vaccines 3-4 weeks apart and then annual boosters. Lyme Disease is a bacterial infection in dogs and people and is spread by certain tick species. It is most common in the northeastern states and several Great Lake states including Michigan and Wisconsin. Though not as common, Lyme disease is definitely present in Indiana. It causes intermittent fevers, painful swollen joints and can cause damage to internal organs. Dogs with high exposure to ticks (particularly in areas where deer are plentiful) are most at risk. Dogs that go hiking, camping, hunting, or live near woods or fields frequented by deer should receive this vaccine. Dogs over 12 weeks of age should receive 2 vaccines 3-4 weeks apart and then be boostered annually. ** Important Safety Note – Vaccine reactions, though very rare, occur more commonly in toy breed dogs less than 10 pounds and certain breeds such as Pugs, Dachshunds, Boxers and Bull dogs. The risk of vaccine reactions also increases if more than three injectable vaccines are given at one time. Bacteria and viruses do not care whether your dog is small or large so if risk factors determine your dog needs certain vaccines, they should be given. However, wisdom dictates that safety trumps convenience, so at times it is wise to spread out the administration of vaccines to reduce the chances of a reaction rather than giving them “all at once.” If it is necessary to ask a client to return so that vaccine administration can be spread out, the full price for the vaccine package will be charged at the initial visit and the client will be advised to return for the delayed vaccine at the next scheduled clinic. Since there should be no additional exam needed, the returning client will not have to wait in line as those delayed vaccines can be given by the veterinarian or staff in between other clients. It is common, for dogs, like people, to have some soreness at the injection site, perhaps run a very mild fever, be mildly lethargic or uncomfortable (panting/pacing sometimes seen,) and not have much of an appetite for 24-36 hours after vaccinations. Profound lethargy, extreme soreness or anxiety, or any sort of allergic reaction (multiple vomiting episodes, hives or facial swelling, etc.) are not normal and the pet should be taken to a veterinary hospital or after-hours emergency center if allergic reaction signs are observed. Please report any such events to us, because even though we cannot accept financial responsibility for these events (as they are a known risks associated with vaccination), the event should be documented in our records and reported to the vaccine manufacturer. Occasionally vaccine manufacturers will help offset the costs associated with emergency care, but this cannot be guaranteed. More importantly, administration of future vaccines will need to be modified to prevent further complications or harm. Rabies is a core vaccine for both cats and dogs. It is a deadly neurologic disease that can infect all mammals and once symptoms are seen there is no cure. Rabies is a significant public health concern because it can be transmitted from pets to people. Therefore it is a federally regulated vaccine and vaccination of pet cats and dogs is mandatory in most states. If a pet bites someone and is not current on its rabies vaccination, this can result serious legal liability/consequences for the pet owner. Cats can be vaccinated after 3 months of age and annually after that. 3 year vaccines, though available, are generally not recommended for cats. Feline Distemper (or Panleukopenia) is a highly contagious disease similar to parvovirus in dogs. It can cause severe diarrhea, and compromise of the immune system leading to overwhelming infection and death. Feline Distemper vaccines typically also contain protection against Herpesvirus and Calicivirus, viruses that can cause severe upper respiratory infections, oral ulceration, and conjunctivitis. Feline Distemper-upper respiratory vaccines are typically given as a three vaccine series in kittens from 6-16 weeks of age. Typically, adult cats receive annual boosters, but low risk indoor or geriatric cats can receive boosters every 2-3 years at the owners and veterinarian’s discretion. Non Core Vaccines Feline Leukemia is a viral disease that attacks the immune system of cats and is incurable, and in most cases fatal. Infected cats can show no symptoms for many months thus they can appear healthy yet spread the disease to other cats. Symptoms of disease may include fever, weight loss, sudden severe anemia, aggressive tumor formation, fluid accumulation in the chest or abdomen, and death. We recommend that all kittens and cats be tested for Feline Leukemia when adopted or prior to receiving vaccine (the vaccine has no benefit to infected cats). All kittens and young adult cats should be vaccinated to create immunity to the disease. Strictly indoor cats that have no possible exposure to potentially infected cats do not need continue receiving vaccines, but any cat that goes outside or has potential exposure to outdoor cats (even through a screened in porch or window) should be revaccinated annually. Remember that even if the risk is low, this is a fatal, incurable disease. The initial vaccine should be given to cats over 9 weeks of age followed by a booster in 3-4 weeks. Feline AIDS (FIV)a Feline Aids (FIV) Feline Immunosuppressive Virus is similar to HIV in humans. It attacks the immune system, is incurable, and has symptoms similar to Feline Leukemia. FIV is spread by close contact with an infected animal and most commonly through bite wounds. Cats that are outside a great deal or those that get into fights with other cats are most at risk. A vaccine is available for FIV but the major downside to giving it is that once vaccinated, they test positive for FIV (the vaccine, like the virus, creates antibodies and our current test reads “Positive” when antibodies are present/detected). Therefore, it is important to always test cats before they are initially vaccinated, and it is highly recommended to implant an identification microchip in cats once they are vaccinated. We recommend FIV vaccine on a limited basis and primarily for those cats that are outdoors a great deal and may fight with other cats. Our goal at Well Pets is to understand your cat’s lifestyle and risk factors and tailor our vaccine recommendations to maximize its safety. If your cat’s lifestyle changes, its vaccine needs may change as well, so inform our staff if your formerly indoor only cat is now going outside (or vice versa), or if it has gotten into fights and has gotten bitten recently, or other changes such as the addition of other cats to the household who go outdoors. Though it is not uncommon for pets to experience mild to moderate lethargy or tenderness at the injection sites for 24 – 36 hours after vaccination, please let us know if past vaccinations have left your cat exceedingly tired or lethargic as we may wish to alter the timing of the vaccines to minimize this. **Please Note: If your cat ever develops a lump at the injection site several weeks after receiving a vaccine, please let us know about this. The vast majority (99+%) of these lumps are called granulomas – they are a localized inflammatory reaction to the vaccine and are quite benign. Granulomas can occur several weeks after vaccination in dogs or cats, are typically about the size of a lima bean, are non-painful and usually shrink down or go away about 6-8 weeks after they appear. However, in exceedingly rare occasions (typically 1 in 10,000 cats) an aggressive mass called a sarcoma may form at an injection site months or even years after vaccines are given. These masses tend to grow rapidly, are life threatening and should be removed surgically as soon as possible if they occur. Early on it was believed that the use of adjuvants, a substance that enhances the immune response to vaccines, might increase the risk of vaccine related sarcomas. However, the majority of recent research indicates that certain cats are genetically predisposed to form sarcomas, and anything that causes inflammation under the skin (vaccines, bite wounds, foreign bodies, antibiotic injections etc.) may enhance the possibility of sarcoma formation. Since adjuvants increase the potency of vaccines by increasing the inflammatory response to a vaccine, some believe that the use of non-adjuvanted vaccines may decrease the risk of vaccine related sarcomas. This is a hotly debated topic in veterinary medicine, and though there is logic to the theory, the reality is that there is currently no hard data to support it. Our position at Well Pets is the risk of disease far outweighs the extremely small risk of developing a sarcoma, but we also acknowledge that statistics are meaningless if your cat is the 1 in 10,000 that develops a sarcoma. All of the vaccines we utilize are extremely safe vaccines, however, we do currently offer a non-adjuvanted rabies vaccine alternative for cats and it may be substituted for our regular vaccine for an additional fee. Please ask our assistants if this is something you would like to consider.

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« السابقةمتابعة » means of observing the manners of the people, as well as the nature of the country. Accordingly there are found among them many who are stored with curious and useful information. In their own profession they seem to be judicious, according as they have more or less discarded the absurd theories of their books, and proceeded on their own observations, and the practical remarks current in the quarters they have visited. Although surgery be on the whole in a low state, there are some operations which are here performed with great judgment. There are parts of the country in which continual strife prevails, and wounds are generally received, and yet scarcely one professed surgeon is to be found. 85. The Cabul Mission left Delhi on the 12th of October, 1808, and arrived at Beekaneer on the 5th of November. During its stay there many natives of the escort and camp followers were buried. This was not attributable to the unhealthiness of the place or season, but to some preceding circumstances,--severe marching in sand, bad or indifferent water on the route, and great vicissitudes of heat and cold between day and night in the month of October; but, above all, the incautiously eating water-melons and drinking water after heat and fatigue. In passing the desert some individuals were affected with Nyktolopia, but by proper treatment they speedily recovered. Diseases in Buhawulpoor, Mooltan, and Dera, and Ismaul-Khan are generally the same as those of our provinces, with the addition of eye complaints, which are comparatively rare in them. Coughs and catarrhs are common in Buhawulpoor. The natives of the detachment experienced during their stay in this country, a cold somewhat greater than that of their own. In the march to Peshawur they were exposed to severe rain, cold, and fatigue, combined. In Peshawur they were but ill accommodated, and exposed to heat and closeness, yet during all this time they were never unhealthy. They marched through the Punjab during the rains, a circumstance which far from being unfavorable, probably preserved them in greater health than they would have enjoyed if halted ; there is therefore no reason to conclude the countries they passed through to be unhealthy for strangers. 86. The water of the upper Punjab indeed, is celebrated both by natives and strangers, and the climate vaunted as remarkably salubrious. This boast is not altogether unjust, for here we find but little of the eye complaints so common in similar climates to the west and south. The Sikhs seem a healthy race, and there are found among them some fine persons and faces. They appear built, however, more for activity than strength. They do not accustom themselves to foot service, and probably could not undergo great fatigue except on horseback. This is still more true of the natives of Toorkistan. Such is the plenty of horses in that country, and so much are they reckoned a necessary of life, that even beggars travel on horseback. The natives of Khoorasan have a great aversion to foot service, and do not excel in that spe. cies of travelling, in which the natives of India are generally acknow. ledged to surpass all their western neighbours. This is absurdly attributed to their foot, when it can be more naturally deduced from the state of their country and their mode of life. Among them none are equal to the Bhutties, or people of Bhutner, where there are said to be some who will travel 30 kos, and after robbing a village or a caravan return the same distance without halting. The people of Hurreeana are in this respect somewhat inferior, but are a robust nation, and in bravery surpass all their neighbours. Being now under our Govern. ment, it beloves us to consider how we shall make use of these qua. lities, or at least prevent them from being turned against us by an enemy. The hill tribes among the Afghans, and others, excel in climbing and in travelling among mountains. The Khyburees are employed in hill warfare as far east as Kot-Kangra, which is situated near the right bank of the Hyphasis before it leaves the mountains; but the Kohistanees are reckoned to excel all others in such operations, and have been known to fight well even in the plain. It is a common observation in the country, that the inhabitants of hills make little figure in war when they venture into the plains, and during the late broils more than one instance has occurred to confirm it. None is more striking than the defeat of Shooja-ool-Moolk, when in the spring of 1802 he brought a force of Khyburees against Peshawur. It is said their inability to bear the heat of the climate was the chief cause of their discomfiture, which terminated in many of them dying of thirst. The natives of the cold and temperate climates express the utmost dislike to the summer heat of that of the warm, but their impatience under it is not always in proportion to the coldness of their native places. The Cabulies support it better than the hill Afghans, or even the Dooranees, whose climate is much warmer than Cabul. This part of the Dooranee character has been very manifest in their history, and productive of important effects. The Persians, though inferior in courage, excel them in steadiness, another good quality of a soldier, and bear the extremities of heat and cold with equal patience. The poverty, ingenuity, and enterprising disposition of the Kushmeerees annually disperse considerable numbers of that nation over the greatest variety of climates; and in pursuit of gain, they seem little to regard the heat or cold to be endured. 87. The natives of the warm climates do not manifest the same impatience of the winter cold climates; on the contrary, Cabul and Kushmeer are the theme of their praises. It seems doubtful whether this quality of the warm climates, by which those born in them are adapted to both species of climates, can be brought forward more in their commendation, or as an argument of their being plainly inferior to the others. It will be found generally true, that in cold climates there are more numerous diseases, perhaps more unhealthiness; but the natives are more robust and enjoy longer life. In these countries it is remarked that the hair sooner turns grey, and life is shorter in the warmer districts ; eye complaints, moreover, are most common in them. When known in the cold, they usually proceed from travellers having exposed themselves to the glare of the snows ; but the summer is the season of this complaint in the warm districts. Even those patients in whom they have become chronic, feel a remission of their pains in winter. The natives have no rational theory to account why they are more prevalent in some warm countries than in others. Because they affect moist districts rather than dry, these theorists maintain them to arise from the eating of rice, not adverting that they are not peculiarly severe in Kushmeer, and that there are places in which, though rice be the chief food, they are rarely known. It is a singular fact that ophthalmia begins to be common where the summer rains of India become scanty and uncertain. I am inclined to be of opinion with Volney, that it is caused by the dews and breezes to which those who sleep on the terraces expose themselves. 88. Fever is an universal complaint. Fevers are most common at the equinoxes, but those of the spring are generally of the hot species, where agues and low fevers prevail in the autumn-which, on the whole, is the unhealthiest season of the year. The former species of fe. vers are commoner in the cold than in the warm districts, and the reverse is true of the latter. The effusion of cold water in the paroxysms of hot fevers, though practised in Persia for ages, is here unknown, except to the Kafirs. It is a general practice to take purging medicines and to draw blood in the spring. Under another subject (see para. 51 and 58) a few places have been mentioned as unhealthy; there now remain very few to be added. There are many diseases in Kushmeer, a fact less owing to an unhealthy air than to filthiness, poverty, and the degraded condition of the inhabitants. The Kashmeerees are at the same time a robust race, and excelled by none in carrying burdens over moun. tains. The Huzaras and Oozbucks, especially the former, are broad in their persons, and strong. The water drawn in the interior of Cabul disagrees with strangers, and there is a good deal of sickness among the poor by reason of their being ill accommodated, and the town too closely built, otherwise the climate is not unhealthy, and Peshawur is not inferior to it. Scrofula, a complaint little known in India, is not uncommon among the Daoodzyes, and some other tribes. 89. Khoorasan is undoubtedly a healthy country; and in Toorkistan we can name only a few situations which deserve to be called unhealthy. The most remarkable is Bulkh, which is afflicted with eyecomplaints, all species of fevers, consumptions, the Guinea-worm, dropsy, and many other diseases; yet some of its villages have a good air. The most remarkable complaint of Bokhara is the Guinea-worm, which appears in some other situations in the east of Toorkistan and Bactria, in some villages of Candahar, in certain parts of Huzara and of the Pahar-turee of our provinces (see paragraph 71), in Hureeana Haroutee, and many other quarters of India. In all cases it is commonly ascribed to the quality of the water. In Toorkistan the inhabi. tants of those cities in which it is most prevalent drink from tanks, the water of which is only occasionally renewed. Where running water is to be had the disease disappears; yet I have heard it pretended that there is something in the air of Bokhara which occasions it, and a pleasing story is told of a certain Moolla who was sceptical in this particular. Being persuaded the water only was to blame, he resolved to use none but that of water-melons, and confidently expected to escape ; but before he had passed a year in Bokhara he had a number of worms extracted from his body. The only other local complaints deserving of mention is the Goitre, which is now supposed to be the consequence of drinking water impregnated with certain minerals; it is not unknown in Bactria, but its chief seats are the banks of the Kishun Gunga, Sirn, and Pech. The waters of the Uba Seen have somewhat of the same bad quality, and Goitres are common in certain parts of the Gukhur and Khatir countries. It is asserted, that on the banks of the Pech even the dogs and tame birds are affected. (To be continued.) Art. II. - March between Mhow and Saugor, 1838. Many of the places visited in this journey, were unavoidably visit. ed (it may be almost said) at a gallop; the descriptions are not therefore offered as minute and faultless details, but rather as sketches claiming every indulgence; whose aim is to stimulate the curiosity of future travellers over the same ground, who may have more leisure to pursue the inquiry. Some apology seems also necessary for the digressive nature of the notes. Their best excuse will be their proving either interesting or instructive. Nothing was observed worth noticing till the fourth march,-unless we except a warm spring* between Duttoda and Oouchade, known by the name of the “ Kiaura Koond” from a few of the so-called trees, whose flowers perfume its banks, and which give a title to a Ling temple near it, “Kioureswar.” Some time after leaving Akberpoor, the road crosses a range of low wooded hills, issuing from which the small village of Kurnawud is seen, half-hidden in foliage on the right. It boasts itself to derive its name and origin from one who plays a conspicuous part in the Bharut,” the ear-born son of Kunti-the 6th Pandoo-the gallant and generous Kurun. Not content with the wonderful adventures of which he is the hero in “the great war,” the inhabitants of the vicinity possess a goodly store of silly local cheritras regarding him, which they eagerly recite, and believe with perhaps a more lively faith, than will elicit from them the more orthodox, but less familiar, fables of Vyasu. One of the legends they told us, was that which is found in Conolly's overland journey,+ and the others were of a like stamp. A Ling temple close to the village, honored by the name of the hero, appears—the lower part of it at least to be of considerable antiquity; though a plastered roof now covers the Subha, and a modern brick dome supplies the place of the doubtless once pyramidal Sikra; the Springs of this kind are not uncommon in the offsets of the Vindhya. They rarely are of higher temperature than 8), and have no remarkable chemical properties. † Vol. ij. page 286. The story is however not in the Bhagawut. It may possibly be found in the “ Kurun Upakian.” A Basha poem, the “Gurb Chintamani” describing the inconstancy of human glory, thus speaks of Kurun's charity, and his end, in popular doggrelRaja Kurun bihoto Death has seized as his prey

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In today’s optical network topologies, the advent of fiber optic splitter is significant in helping users maximize the performance of optical network circuits. Fiber optic splitter, or sometimes called as beam splitter, is a passive optical component that can split an incident light beam into two or more light beams, and vice versa. The device contains multiple input and output ends. Whenever the light transmission in a network needs to be divided, fiber optic splitter can be implemented for the convenience of network interconnections. Fiber Optic Splitter Overview A fiber optic splitter is a device that splits the fiber optic lights into several parts by a certain ratio. For example, when a beam of fiber optic light transmitted from a 1X4 equal ratio splitter, it will be divided into 4-fiber optic light by equal ratio that is each beam is 1/4 or 25% of the original source one. A fiber optic splitter is different from WDM. WDM can divide the different wavelength fiber optic light into different channels. Fiber optic splitter divides the light power and sends it to different channels. From a technology standpoint, there are two commonly used types of optical splitters: FBT (Fused Biconical Taper) and PLC (Planar Lightwave Circuit). Figure 1: A single optical input is split into multiple output Five Steps to Manufacture A Fiber Optic Splitter In all, there are five steps to manufacture a fiber optic splitter. Each step requires strict control and management on various parameters like environment, temperature, and detailed precision on assembly and equipment. Step One: Components Preparation Generally three components are needed. The PLC circuit chip is embedded on a piece of glass wafer, and each end of the glass wafer is polished to ensure highly precise flat surface and high purity. The v-grooves are then grinded onto a glass substrate. A single fiber or multiple ribbon fiber is assembled onto the glass substrate. This assembly is then polished. Step Two: Alignment After the preparation of the three components, they are set onto an aligner stage. The input and output fiber array is set on a goniometer stage to align with the PLC chip. Physical alignment between the fiber arrays and the chip is monitored through a continuous power level output from the fiber array. Step Three: Cure The assembly is then placed in a UV (ultraviolet) chamber where it will be fully cured at a controlled temperature. Step Four: Packaging The bare splitter is aligned and assembled into a metal housing where fiber boots are set on both ends of the assembly. And then a temperature cycling test is needed to ensure the final product condition. Step Five: Optical Testing In terms of testing, three important parameters such as insertion loss, uniformity and polarization dependent loss (PDL) are performed on the splitter to ensure compliance to the optical parameters of the manufactured splitter in accordance to the GR-1209 CORE specification. How to Test the Quality of A Fiber Optic Splitter The quality of a fiber optic splitter is mainly determined by six specifications, namely optical bandpass, insertion loss, return loss, uniformity, and directivity. The following part outlines how to test each specification. The optical bandpass can be tested by connecting the optical splitter to an optical spectrum analyzer with a high-powered light source having a central wavelength of the required bandpass. The attenuation across the required bandpass shall meet the splitter requirements.The insertion loss is tested by using a light source and power meter. The reference power level is obtained and each of the output port of the optical splitter is measured.The return loss is tested by using a return loss meter. The input port of the splitter is connected to the return loss meter and all the output ports are connected to a non-reflective index matching gel.The uniformity of the optical splitter can be determined by referring to the results from the insertion loss test to ensure that the difference between the highest loss and the lowest loss is within the acceptable uniformity value.Directivity can be measured in a manner similar to the insertion loss test. However, the light source and power meter are connected to each of the input ports and two output ports. How Does Fiber Optic Splitter Work? Fiber optic splitter is a key optical device in passive optical network (PON) systems, also know as passive optical splitter. As for the working principle of fiber optic splitter, it can be generally described in the following way. When the light signal transmits in a single-mode fiber, the light energy can not entirely concentrated in the fiber core. A small amount of energy will be spread through the cladding of fiber. That is to say, if two fibers are close enough to each other, the transmitting light in an optical fiber can enter into another optical fiber. Therefore, the reallocation technique of optical signal can be achieved in multiple fibers. And this is how fiber optic splitter comes into being. Figure 2: The basic principle of fiber optic splitter PLC Splitter vs FBT Splitter: What’s the Difference? Splitter technology has forged ahead in the past few years by introducing PLC splitter. It turned out to be a more reliable type of device compared to the traditional FBT splitter. Similarly, both of them are alike in size and outer appearance, and both types of splitters provide data and video access for business and private customers. However, internally the technologies behind these splitters vary, thus giving service providers a possibility to choose a more appropriate solution. Splitting Ratio Principle The FBT splitter uses two (or more) fibers. The fibers' coating layer is removed. Both fibers, at the same time, are stretched under a heating zone thus forming a double cone. This special waveguide structure allows control of the splitting ratio via controlling length of the fiber torsion angle and stretch. The PLC splitter is a micro-optical element using photolithographic techniques to form optical waveguide at medium or semiconductor substrate for realizing branch distribution function. Upsides and Downsides Equal splitter ratios for all branches Losses are not sensitive to the wavelength Adjustable splitting ratio Suitable for multiple operating wavelengths (1260nm-1650nm) Can work on three different operating bands (850nm, 1310nm, and 1550nm) Higher spectral uniformity Compact configuration; smaller size; small occupation space Complex device fabrication process Losses are wavelength-dependent Costlier than the FBT splitter in the smaller ratios Poor spectral uniformity Transmission distance can be affected because of the uncertain equal ratio Susceptible to failure due to extreme temperatures or improper handling The larger the split, the larger the encapsulation module Consists of one optical chip and several optical arrays depending on the output ratio. The optical arrays are coupled on both ends of the chip. Two or more pieces of optical fibers are bound together and put on a fused-taper fiber device. The fibers are then drawn out according to the output branch and ratio with one fiber being singled out as the input. 850nm, 1310nm, and 1550nm Bare optical fiber, 0.9mm, 2.0mm, 3.0mm Bare optical fiber, 0.9mm, 2.0mm, 3.0mm One or two inputs with an output maximum of 64 fibers. One or two inputs with an output maximum of 32 fibers. -40℃ to 85℃ -5℃ to 75℃ Up to 1:64 Up to 1:8 (can be larger with higher failure rate) Steel Tube (used mainly in equipment); ABS Black Module (Conventional) Steel Tube (used mainly in equipment); ABS Black Module (Conventional) How to Choose the Right Fiber Optic Splitter? In the previous text, we’ve discussed the difference between FBT and PLC splitters. If you are still confused about which one is the better option for your network, you may find the answer in this part. Variable and unbalanced optical ratio is the most outstanding advantage of FBT splitter. Sometimes, considering the quantity of user and different transmitting distance, the fiber optical splitter should be adopted for the distribution of optical power in the line. Since the PLC splitter cannot afford the different optical ratio, it is the time to adopt the FBT splitter. However, comparing with FBT splitter, PLC splitter has the advantages in some other important aspects. Insensitive at different wavelengths, so PLC splitter can work at different wavelength and won’t cause much loss. Single component can be split in many channels, reaching 64 or more. And PLC splitter has lower cost for multichannel. The more the channels are, the lower the cost is. Considering the cost, split configurations below 1×4 are advised to use FBT splitter, while split configurations above 1×8 are recommended for PLC splitters. If only for a single wavelength transmission or dual, FBT splitter is better for save cost. If for PON broadband transmission, considering the future expansion and monitoring needs, PLC splitter is better. Fiber Optic Splitter In Centralized and Cascaded PON Architectures In the PON network, there are two common splitter architectures—centralized and cascaded architecture. The centralized splitter uses single-stage splitter located in a central office in a star topology. The cascading splitter approach uses multi-layer splitters in a point to multi point topology. Fiber Optic Splitter In Centralized Architecture The centrlized architecture generally uses a 1×32 splitters in the central office. The central office may be located anywhere in the network. The splitter input port is directly connected via a single fiber to a GPON/GEPON optical line terminal (OLT) in the central office. On the other side of the splitter, 32 fibers are routed through distribution panels, splice ports and/or access point connectors to 32 customers’ homes, where it is connected to an optical network terminal (ONT). Thus, the PON network connects one OLT port to 32 ONTs. Figure 3: Fiber optic splitter in centralized architecture Fiber Optic Splitter In Cascaded PON Architecture A cascaded architecture may use a 1×4/1×8 splitter residing in an outside plant enclosure/terminal box. This is directly connected to an OLT port in the central office. Each of the four fibers leaving this stage 1 splitter is routed to an access terminal that houses a 1×8/1×4, stage 2 splitter. In this scenario, there would be a total of 32 fibers (4×8) reaching 32 homes. It is possible to have more than two splitting stages in a cascaded system, and the overall split ratio may vary (1×16 = 4 x 4, 1×32 = 4 x 8, 1×64 = 4 x 16, 1×64 = 8 x 8). Figure 4: Fiber optic splitter in cascaded PON architecture Fiber optic splitters enable a signal on an optical fiber to be distributed among two or more fibers. Since splitters contain no electronics nor require power, they are an integral component and widely used in most fiber optic networks. Thus, choosing fiber optic splitters to help increase the efficient use of optical infrastructure is key to developing a network architecture that will last well into the future.

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*Guest editorial by the Children’s Health Defense Team. Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the Earth’s crust. For most of human history, aluminum was not bioavailable; however, it became so in the late 1880s when chemists developed and patented the smelting process that helped turned the metal into the fixture of modern life—and the omnipresent “ecotoxin”—that it is today. Roughly 130 years later, it is no exaggeration to say that aluminum has become an active (albeit unhelpful) “participant in human evolution.” Not only does aluminum constitute a ‘significant component of newborns’ exposure to xenobiotics and contaminants,’ but the consequences of aluminum overload in the perinatal period can have pathological consequences that persist into adulthood. The scientist citing aluminum’s outsized biological influence—Professor Chris Exley of the United Kingdom’s Keele University—is one of the world’s foremost aluminum experts. He points out that because aluminum exposure is largely insidious, complacency about aluminum’s effects persists despite the nearly universal body burden that human beings now carry. While the metal’s effects appear to be “invariably deleterious,” variables such as age and gender also shape vulnerability. Infants in their first year of life are particularly susceptible to aluminum bioaccumulation, raising concerns about the high levels of absorbable aluminum reported in infant formula and in the parenteral (intravenous) nutrition solutions given to premature babies. Suggesting that these reports represent the “tip of an iceberg,” one group of researchers cautions that not only does aluminum constitute a “significant component of newborns’ exposure to xenobiotics and contaminants,” but the consequences of aluminum overload in the perinatal period can have pathological consequences that persist into adulthood. Two routes of early exposure Studies documenting aluminum contamination of infant formula date as far back as the mid-1980s, and many have recommended doing something about it. Yet, a quarter of a century later, when Professor Exley and a coauthor examined the aluminum content of fifteen leading brands of formula, they found that 2010 levels remained virtually unchanged—and were about 10 to 40 times higher than the amount of aluminum in human breast milk. Depending on the brand, the aluminum content ranged from 200 to 700 micrograms per liter of formula—the equivalent of up to 600 micrograms ingested per day based on standard formula intake. At these levels, a healthy six-month-old boy weighing 7.9 kilograms would take in almost 80 micrograms of aluminum per kilogram per day (μg/kg/day), far in excess of the maximum daily dose of 4 to 5 μg/kg/day recommended by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the prevention of “accumulation and toxicity.” Infants—including preemies—are more vulnerable to aluminum toxicity than adults for several reasons. One out of every 10 U.S. infants is born preterm, and the preterm birth rate has risen every year since 2015. These premature babies face a particularly elevated risk of “systemic aluminum intoxication.” Due to the immaturity of their gastrointestinal (GI) system, it is common practice to administer nutrients parenterally, sometimes for weeks on end. However, parenteral nutrition (PN) solutions exhibit the same “unresolved” (and decades-old) aluminum toxicity problems as infant formula. One study reported that keeping within the FDA’s recommended aluminum limit of no more than 5 μg/kg/day would only be “feasible” in PN patients weighing 50 or more kilos—and most preterm infants weigh well under three kilograms at birth. Even worse, after premature infants leave the hospital, they often transition to a diet of aluminum-containing formula. Infants—including preemies—are more vulnerable to aluminum toxicity than adults for several reasons. First, infants have a blood-brain barrier that is highly susceptible to disruption by drugs and toxins. Second, infants lack adequate GI protection, and oral ingestion of aluminum worsens the problem by damaging gut homeostasis (to the point that researchers consider it a risk factor for various inflammatory bowel diseases). Third, whereas the kidney is the organ that the body relies on to excrete aluminum (both ingested and intravenous), the neonate’s kidney is “functionally immature,” making aluminum accumulation “inevitable.” Even in adults with normal kidney function, studies show that only 30% to 60% of the PN aluminum load gets excreted, resulting in build-up of aluminum in the bones and tissues (notably the brain, liver and kidney). Early exposure to high levels of aluminum can have varied harmful effects, increasing children’s longer-term disease susceptibility as well as contributing to conditions such as uremia (a type of kidney disease), bone disorders and neurologic disorders, among others. Inertia and its consequences Taking stock of manufacturer inertia with regard to infant formula’s aluminum content, Professor Exley speculated in 2010 that manufacturers either are failing to monitor their products’ aluminum content or “are not concerned at these levels of contamination.” In either case, he notes, manufacturers have little excuse for their inaction: “Manufacturers of infant formulas have been made fully aware of the potentially compounded issue of both the contamination by aluminium and the heightened vulnerability, from the point of view of a newborn’s developing physiology, of infants fed such formulas.” Early exposure to high levels of aluminum can have varied harmful effects, increasing children’s longer-term disease susceptibility as well as contributing to conditions such as uremia (a type of kidney disease), bone disorders and neurologic disorders, among others. A study that followed preterm infants for 15 years into adolescence found that the teens who had been exposed to parenteral aluminum had reduced bone mass in the lumbar spine and hips—risk factors for later hip fractures and osteoporosis. A two-month-old infant may receive up to 1,225 micrograms of aluminum from the vaccines administered at a single well-baby visit and a cumulative 4,925 micrograms by 18 months of age. Other routes of exposure Infant formula and PN are not babies’ only routes of exposure to high levels of aluminum. Studies point to possible toxic effects for the embryo and fetus (including effects on fetal metabolism) resulting from maternal use of antacids and other aluminum-containing pharmaceutical products. Moreover, common components of a pregnant woman’s diet (such as the citric acid found in fruit) increase absorption of the aluminum in these products. Aluminum adjuvants in vaccines and the newborn vitamin K shot are also significant sources of early exposure. The package insert for Pfizer’s vitamin K formulation warns that the product “contains aluminum that may be toxic,” and it also notes that “premature neonates are particularly at risk,” yet it is standard practice to administer vitamin K shots to preterm infants. Young children go on to receive multiple aluminum-containing vaccines in their first three years, and more as adolescents. A two-month-old infant may receive up to 1,225 micrograms of aluminum from the vaccines administered at a single well-baby visit and a cumulative 4,925 micrograms by 18 months of age. Regulators have never properly assessed these astronomical levels of aluminum for safety. Co-exposure to aluminum and mercury (still present in influenza vaccines) makes matters synergistically worse. Evidence indicates that the body does not easily eliminate vaccine forms of aluminum, which can make their way into the brain; in fact, manufacturers have expressly designed the aluminum used in vaccines to provide “long-lasting cellular exposure.” Injection as the route of exposure is another important consideration. Toxicologists note that “Depending on the type and route of exposure,” aluminum clearance may have multiple half-lives estimated in hours, days—or years. Evidence indicates that the body does not easily eliminate vaccine forms of aluminum, which can make their way into the brain; in fact, manufacturers have expressly designed the aluminum used in vaccines to provide “long-lasting cellular exposure.” In 2018, Exley published another groundbreaking study that confirmed the presence of consistently high levels of aluminum in the brains of individuals who had been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Other studies have linked aluminum to autism severity. In a recent letter published in the Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology by an independent scientist, the writer describes three converging lines of evidence supporting a link between aluminum adjuvants (Al-adjuvants) and ASD: ecological correlations of vaccination and aluminum adjuvants; experiments in mice; and the discovery of aluminum in ASD brains. He concludes: While there may not be enough “hard data” evidence to claim that Al-adjuvants in vaccines are responsible for ASD, there is even less evidence supporting the opposite conclusion that Al-adjuvants are completely safe to use without any long-term downfall. Thus far, regulators and manufacturers—whether of infant formula, PN solutions, vaccines or other aluminum-containing products—have been largely tone-deaf to the crescendo of studies pointing to aluminum toxicity in the very young (or, for that matter, in individuals across the life span). Among those sounding the alarm, many have taken pains to distance themselves from conceding the potential risks of aluminum adjuvants, cavalierly dismissing the aluminum in vaccines as a “relatively small amount.” Even without accounting for adjuvant risks, though, aluminum experts recognize the importance of banishing complacency. Reducing “aluminum-related human pathology, not only in neonates but even in children and adults,” they admit, is also likely to contribute to “the prevention of the epidemic increase of neurodegenerative diseases of elderly people.” Sign up for free news and updates from Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. and the Children’s Health Defense. CHD is planning many strategies, including legal, in an effort to defend the health of our children and obtain justice for those already injured. Your support is essential to CHD’s successful mission. © [12.04.2019] Children’s Health Defense, Inc. This work is reproduced and distributed with the permission of Children’s Health Defense, Inc. Want to learn more from Children’s Health Defense? Sign up for free news and updates from Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. and the Children’s Health Defense. Your donation will help to support us in our efforts.

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Nearly 30 years of teaching evolution in Kansas has taught Brad Williamson to expect resistance, but even this veteran of the trenches now has his work cut out for him when students raise their hands. That's because critics of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection are equipping families with books, DVDs, and a list of "10 questions to ask your biology teacher." The intent is to plant seeds of doubt in the minds of students as to the veracity of Darwin's theory of evolution. The result is a climate that makes biology class tougher to teach. Some teachers say class time is now wasted on questions that are not science-based. Others say the increasingly charged atmosphere has simply forced them to work harder to find ways to skirt controversy. On Thursday, the Science Hearings Committee of the Kansas State Board of Education begins hearings to reopen questions on the teaching of evolution in state schools. The Kansas board has a famously zigzag record with respect to evolution. In 1999, it acted to remove most references to evolution from the state's science standards. The next year, a new - and less conservative - board reaffirmed evolution as a key concept that Kansas students must learn. Now, however, conservatives are in the majority on the board again and have raised the question of whether science classes in Kansas schools need to include more information about alternatives to Darwin's theory. But those alternatives, some science teachers report, are already making their way into the classroom - by way of their students. In a certain sense, stiff resistance on the part of some US students to the theory of evolution should come as no surprise. Even after decades of debate, Americans remain deeply ambivalent about the notion that the theory of natural selection can explain creation and its genesis. A Gallup poll late last year showed that only 28 percent of Americans accept the theory of evolution, while 48 percent adhere to creationism - the belief that an intelligent being is responsible for the creation of the earth and its inhabitants. But if reluctance to accept evolution is not new, the ways in which students are resisting its teachings are changing. "The argument was always in the past the monkey-ancestor deal," says Mr. Williamson, who teaches at Olathe East High School. "Today there are many more arguments that kids bring to class, a whole fleet of arguments, and they're all drawn out of the efforts by different groups, like the intelligent design [proponents]." It creates an uncomfortable atmosphere in the classroom, Williamson says - one that he doesn't like. "I don't want to ever be in a confrontational mode with those kids ... I find it disheartening as a teacher." Williamson and his Kansas colleagues aren't alone. An informal survey released in April from the National Science Teachers Association found that 31 percent of the 1,050 respondents said they feel pressure to include "creationism, intelligent design, or other nonscientific alternatives to evolution in their science classroom." These findings confirm the experience of Gerry Wheeler, the group's executive director, who says that about half the teachers he talks to tell him they feel ideological pressure when they teach evolution. And according to the survey, while 20 percent of the teachers say the pressure comes from parents, 22 percent say it comes primarily from students. In this climate, science teachers say they must find new methods to defuse what has become a politically and emotionally charged atmosphere in the classroom. But in some cases doing so also means learning to handle well-organized efforts to raise doubts about Darwin's theory. Darwin's detractors say their goal is more science, not less, in evolution discussions. The Seattle-based Discovery Institute distributes a DVD, "Icons of Evolution," that encourages viewers to doubt Darwinian theory. One example from related promotional literature: "Why don't textbooks discuss the 'Cambrian explosion,' in which all major animal groups appear together in the fossil record fully formed instead of branching from a common ancestor - thus contradicting the evolutionary tree of life?" Such questions too often get routinely dismissed from the classroom, says senior fellow John West, adding that teachers who advance such questions can be rebuked - or worse. "Teachers should not be pressured or intimidated," says Mr. West, "but what about all the teachers who are being intimidated and in some cases losing their jobs because they simply want to present a few scientific criticisms of Darwin's theory?" But Mr. Wheeler says the criticisms West raises lack empirical evidence and don't belong in the science classroom. "The questions scientists are wrestling with are not the same ones these people are claiming to be wrestling with," Wheeler says. "It's an effort to sabotage quality science education. There is a well-funded effort to get religion into the science classroom [through strategic questioning], and that's not fair to our students." Teaching that humans evolved by a process of natural selection has long stirred passionate debate, captured most famously in the Tennessee v. John Scopes trial of 1925. Today, even as Kansas braces for another review of the question, parents in Dover, Pa., are suing their local school board for requiring last year that evolution be taught alongside the theory that humankind owes its origins to an "intelligent designer." In this charged atmosphere, teachers who have experienced pressure are sometimes hesitant to discuss it for fear of stirring a local hornets' nest. One Oklahoma teacher, for instance, canceled his plans to be interviewed for this story, saying, "The school would like to avoid any media, good or bad, on such an emotionally charged subject." Others believe they've learned how to successfully navigate units on evolution. In the mountain town of Bancroft, Idaho (pop. 460), Ralph Peterson teaches all the science classes at North Gem High School. Most of his students are Mormons, as is he. When teaching evolution at school, he says, he sticks to a clear but simple divide between religion and science. "I teach the limits of science," Mr. Peterson says. "Science does not discuss the existence of God because that's outside the realm of science." He says he gets virtually no resistance from his students when he approaches the topic this way. In Skokie, Ill., Lisa Nimz faces a more religiously diverse classroom and a different kind of challenge. A teaching colleague, whom she respects and doesn't want to offend, is an evolution critic and is often in her classroom when the subject is taught. In deference to her colleague's beliefs, she says she now introduces the topic of evolution with a disclaimer. "I preface it with this idea, that I am not a spiritual provider and would never try to be," Ms. Nimz says. "And so I am trying not ... to feel any disrespect for their religion. And I think she feels that she can live with that." The path has been a rougher one for John Wachholz, a biology teacher at Salina (Kansas) High School Central. When evolution comes up, students tune out: "They'll put their heads on their desks and pretend they don't hear a word you say." To show he's not an enemy of faith, he sometimes tells them he's a choir member and the son of a Lutheran pastor. But resistance is nevertheless getting stronger as he prepares to retire this spring. "I see the same thing I saw five years ago, except now students think they're informed without having ever really read anything" on evolution or intelligent design, Mr. Wachholz says. "Because it's been discussed in the home and other places, they think they know, [and] they're more outspoken.... They'll say, 'I don't believe a word you're saying.' " As teachers struggle to fend off strategic questions - which some believe are intended to cloak evolution in a cloud of doubt - critics of Darwin's theory sense an irony of history. In their view, those who once championed teacher John Scopes's right to question religious dogma are now unwilling to let a new set of established ideas be challenged. "What you have is the Scopes trial turned on its head because you have school boards saying you can't say anything critical about Darwin," says Discovery Institute president Bruce Chapman on the "Icons of Evolution" DVD. But to many teachers, "teaching the controversy" means letting ideologues manufacture controversy where there is none. And that, they say, could set a disastrous precedent in education. "In some ways I think civilization is at stake because it's about how we view our world," Nimz says. The Salem Witch Trials of 1692, for example, were possible, she says, because evidence wasn't necessary to guide a course of action. "When there's no empirical evidence, some very serious things can happen," she says. "If we can't look around at what is really there and try to put something logical and intelligent together from that without our fears getting in the way, then I think that we're doomed." Critics of evolution are supplying students with prepared questions on such topics as: • The origins of life. Why do textbooks claim that the 1953 Miller-Urey experiment shows how life's building blocks may have formed on Earth - when conditions on the early Earth were probably nothing like those used in the experiment, and the origin of life remains a mystery? • Darwin's tree of life. Why don't textbooks discuss the "Cambrian explosion," in which all major animal groups appear together in the fossil record fully formed instead of branching from a common ancestor - thus contradicting the evolutionary tree of life? • Vertebrate embryos. Why do textbooks use drawings of similarities in vertebrate embryos as evidence for common ancestry - even though biologists have known for over a century that vertebrate embryos are not most similar in their early stages, and the drawings are faked? • The archaeopteryx. Why do textbooks portray this fossil as the missing link between dinosaurs and modern birds - even though modern birds are probably not descended from it, and its supposed ancestors do not appear until millions of years after it? • Peppered moths. Why do textbooks use pictures of peppered moths camouflaged on tree trunks as evidence for natural selection - when biologists have known since the 1980s that the moths don't normally rest on tree trunks, and all the pictures have been staged? • Darwin's finches. Why do textbooks claim that beak changes in Galapagos finches during a severe drought can explain the origin of species by natural selection - even though the changes were reversed after the drought ended, and no net evolution occurred? • Mutant fruit flies. Why do textbooks use fruit flies with an extra pair of wings as evidence that DNA mutations can supply raw materials for evolution - even though the extra wings have no muscles and these disabled mutants cannot survive outside the laboratory? • Human origins. Why are artists' drawings of apelike humans used to justify materialistic claims that we are just animals and our existence is a mere accident - when fossil experts cannot even agree on who our supposed ancestors were or what they looked like? • Evolution as a fact. Why are students told that Darwin's theory of evolution is a scientific fact - even though many of its claims are based on misrepresentations of the facts? Source: Discovery Institute

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Now that we have tested this blog for a few days it is time to tell you what this blog is actually all about. So this will be a rather lengthy blog entry providing some background information. In the next weeks we will blog about our field campaign in the high Arctic fjord Rijpfjorden. This field campagain is part of the project “CLimate Effects On PlAnktonic food quality and trophic TRAnsfer in the Arctic marginal ice zone”, or short CLEOPATRA II. Where is Rijpfjorden? Our field campaign takes place in Svalbard, an archipelago located between 76 and 81 N in the European Arctic at edge of the Arctic Ocean. Rijpfjorden is a north-facing fjord with a wide opening towards the broad shallow shelf (100–200 m deep), which extends to the shelf-break of the Polar Basin at approx. 81oN. For all of you not familiar with this region have a look at the map below. Map of Arctic and Svalbard. Rijpfjorden will be our home for two weeks. (Figure: M.Daase) A very simple field station is situated in Rijpfjorden consisting of a small wooden hut (“Bjørnehiet”) build by polar bear researchers in the 1970s and a four square meter hut (“Sukkerbiten” =” Sugar cube”) and a container set out by UNIS in 2006 for the International Polar Year field campaign. Living conditions will be rather simple. Due to limited space in the helicopter that will fly us out, we will largely live of dry tech (and chocolate). We’ll have to be aware of polar bears passing by our camp and communication with the real world will be once a day via Iridium phone. Rijpfjorden field station February 2013 (photo: M.Daase) Bjørnehiet, Rijpfjorden field station, September 2006 (Photo: M.Daase) The field campaign is organized by scientists from the University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS) which is located in Longyearbyen, the northernmost city in the world. (http://www.unis.no/) You may wonder why are we going all the way to Rijpfjorden if we have a fjord right in front of Longyearbyen (or we also could just go a bit further north to Kongsfjorden and reside in Ny Ålesund, an international research station)? Well, the “problem” with the fjords along the west coast of Svalbard is that these fjords are not very “Arctic” despite their high north location. Warm Atlantic water from the Gulf Stream is transported all the way to Svalbard and flows along the western coast of Svalbard keeping the waters here rather warm and the fjords are largely ice free even during winter. We are however interested in ice covered ecosystems. And that we find in Rijpfjorden where the influence of Atlantic water is less extenisive. So why are we doing this field campaign and what are we actually doing? To answer this question some background information on arctic marine ecology is needed: We are interested in a copepod species called Calanus glacialis which is about 3-4 cm long and one of the larger copepod species in the Arctic. It is a key species in Arctic shelf seas, making up 70-80% of the available biomass in the water column, and an important food item for other zooplankton, fishes and birds. Calanus glacialis (Photo: M.Daase) To survive in the Arctic organism here have to be able to deal with a highly seasonal environment. Calanus glacialis is herbivorous, i.e. it eats microscopic algae (phytoplankton) produced in the water column or in the ice (ice algae). Algae can only grow if there is enough light and nutrients. Thus algae production is low during the polar night (autumn and winter) and as long as an ice cover prevents light from penetrating into the water column. Consequently the productive season is very short (from ice break up in late spring (May-June) to late summer (August)). Organisms need to adapt their life cycle in a way that they can deal with these constraints. Calanus glacialis has evolved a number of adaptations to deal with the seasonal limitations in food availability: it accumulates large lipid reserves during the summer so it can survive long periods without food supply and overwinters in an inactive state at greater depth where it doesn’t waste any energy. In ice covered sea two main blooming events happen in spring: as soon as enough light is available to penetrate through the ice algae start to grow within the ice and form an ice algae bloom. Later in the season when the ice breaks up a phytoplankton bloom occurs in the water column. Thus Calanus glacialis has two food source available in spring. While reproduction can be fuel with the energy stored in the lipids, C. glacialis also uses the energy provided by ice algae to produce eggs. By the time these eggs have developed to stages that can eat the phytoplankton bloom has set on and can thus be efficiently utilized for growth and development of the new generation. This is a very efficient way to make the best of the brief productive season. The general life cycle of Calanus glacialis in relation the two blooms is summarized in this figure. Conceptual life cycle of Calanus glacialis in the Arctic. (CI-CV: copepodite stages I-V; AF: adult female) (Figure: M.Daase) There are a lot of unanswered question when it comes to the life history strategies of Calanus glacialis. We like to know more about how important the two blooms are for the reproductive success but also more about physiological process, enzyme activities, the lipid storage in particular during the polar night and spring. Calanus glacialis is well adapted to an ice covered ecosystem. But what will happen if the ice disappears? Or if the ice breaks up earlier in the season, shortening the ice algae growth period and pushing the phytoplankton bloom ahead of time? Will Calanus glacialis be able to start reproduction earlier, will internal lipid stores be enough to compensate for the lost of the ice algae bloom? And how will increase water temperatures affect this cold water species? Within CLEOPATRA II we combine field and laboratory investigations with model development to ultimately arrive at an improved understanding of C. glacialis adaptations to a warmer climate with less sea ice. We particularly focus on winter and early spring ecology which at present is poorly known. The main objective is to obtain a better knowledge of C. glacialis physiology and life history strategies to predict the degree of match/mismatch of key biological processes at the base of the Arctic marine food web in a changing Arctic. During the last year we have conducted monthly sampling in Billefjorden, a fjord closer to Longyearbyen (accessible with boat or snow scooter in day trips) to document the full annual cycle of Calanus glacialis. We also had the chance to visit Rijpfjorden last autumn, and this January and February. During the International Polar Year (2007-2008) a number of field campaigns were conducted in Rijpfjorden but we missed out on the main ice algae season (coming either to early or too late in the season). So we go now in May in the hope to hit the ice algae bloom peak. Parallel to our field campaign similar samples will be taken in Billefjorden and Kongsfjorden so we can compare our observations over a wide spatial and environmental range Details about our sampling program will follow in future blog entries, but briefly: we will work on the sea ice close to where a mooring is deployed in Rijpfjorden. Our sampling program consists of net hauls to sample the zooplankton community at different depth in the water column and we will bring live Calanus to our field-lab for different kind of measurements. We will take water samples and ice cores to measure chlorophyll and nutrient concentration, to analyse the algae species composition and for DNA analysis of micro organisms. And we will run some experiments on sites with and without ice cover. Who is “We”? The project is lead by UNIS with participation from the Norwegian Polar Institute. Janne Søreide (UNIS) is the principle investigator of CLEOPATRA II and our fearless leader. She is in charge and the reason this whole field campaign is happening. Janne is a marine biologist, with over 15 years of experience doing fieldwork in the Arctic and a broad scientific background including plankton ecology, trophic biomarker, lipids biochemistry, sympagic-pelagic-benthic coupling, and much more. Janne was a Post Doc during the IPY project CLEOPATRA, the prequel to CLEOPATRA II. Janne Søreide taking ice cores, Billefjorde April 2013 (Photo: M.Daase) Josef Wiktor joins us form the Institute of Oceanography, Polish Academy of Science (IOPAS). He is a specialist when it comes to phytoplankton and ice algae and due to many decades of experience conducting field work everywhere in the Arctic he is a very resourceful person to have in the field (i.e. he knows how to improvise when equipment is not working in the middle of nowhere). Josef Wiktor (Photo: Eva Leu) Daniel Vogedes (UNIS, University of Tromsø) is a marine biologist with a background in plankton ecology and Calanus life history and >10 years of field experience from Svalbard. He is also heading the secretary of the ARCTOS network (http://www.arctosresearch.net/). Daniel is very handy to have around when it comes to deal with all kind of technical equipment. If it’s chargeable he can charge it, if it’s connectable to the internet he will have it online in no time. He also brings along his ROV so we can have a look what’s under the ice, and he is the technical person behind this blog. Daniel Vogedes and a WP2 net (Photo: M.Daase) Malin Daase (Norwegian Polar Institute) is another marine biologist with a background in Calanus life history and with 15 years of experience from field work in Svalbard. She’s the “girl for everything”, and will also be in charge for the photo-documentation of this field campaign and later on for producing nice graphs of the data we’ll obtain. Malin Daase (Photo: M.Daase) Miriam Marquardt (UNIS) is our youngest team member. She is a PhD student working with marine microorganism within the MicroFun project. She probably will spend most of the time in Rijpfjorden in the lab container filtering water. Miriam Marquardt (photo: M.Marquardt) Einar Johansen joins us from the logistic section of the Norwegian Polar Institute. He is the only non-scientist in our team which probably makes him the most useful person. His main task is to get the two old snow mobiles going that are stored in Rijpfjorden and which are essential to get us and our equipment out to the sampling site. He is also in charge for camp safety, and being a professional cook it will be interesting to see if he can do any magic to dry tech. (sorry, no picture yet) So, that’s it for the background information. We are busy packing and the plan is to fly out with the helicopter on 1st May and stay until 14th May. We will try to keep this blog updated via Iridium, so it may not always work. But stay tuned to find out if the ice algae bloom has started, how many eggs Calanus is producing, how many liters of water Miriam will filter, if the snow mobiles are still alive, how deep the station is snowed in at our arrival, when the first bear will show up, and how soon we will get sick and tired of dry tech (Daniel probably never, Malin already after half a package during last weeks Billefjorden trip…).

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IN THIS ARTICLE What are newborn reflexes? | What do newborn reflexes mean? | How many newborn reflexes are there? | How long do newborn reflexes last? | What reflex symptoms should I contact my doctor about? | Are there any exercises I should do to help my baby’s reflex development? What are newborn reflexes? Reflexes are involuntary movements in response to stimulation, and we all have them. What you may not know is that there is a special set of reflexes that are specific to our little bundles of joy. The presence of newborn reflexes, which are sometimes referred to as primitive reflexes, are signposts of how well your baby is growing. These milestones are good benchmarks to measure and keep an eye on as your little one develops. What do newborn reflexes mean? Reflexes are common at all ages. In fact, some reflexes from infancy last into adulthood. One example is the gag reflex, which causes gagging when the throat is stimulated. However, other reflexes are unique to infants, and they typically grow out of these reflexes within a few months of birth. How many newborn reflexes are there? While some people only list five or six newborn reflexes, there are actually nine primitive reflexes you can expect baby to have during their infancy. Some may be obvious, and some may be so slight that you don’t notice them. 1. Newborn Moro reflex - What causes the Newborn Moro reflex? The Moro reflex happens when baby is on their back and their head becomes unsupported. - What does Newborn Moro reflex look like? Often confused or combined with the startle reflex, your baby will look startled and extend their arms with palms up and thumbs flexed. - What could the absence of Newborn Moro reflex mean? If this reflex isn’t witnessed during baby visits with your pediatrician, it may indicate a shoulder bone or nerve injury or a more serious problem with the brain or spinal cord. It’s best to consult with your doctor if you suspect anything is amiss. 2. Newborn sucking reflex - What causes the sucking reflex? Something touching baby’s lips or the roof of the mouth—like a nipple, bottle or even pinky–prompts the sucking reflex. - What does sucking reflex look like? You’ll notice that baby will automatically start to make a sucking movement with their mouths. It’s a reflexive response to believing they are about to be fed. Sucking triggers swallowing, which is also calming. Some babies may swallow air with their sucking reflex, which may cause baby gas, but it’s nothing to worry about. - What could the absence of the sucking reflex mean? A weak sucking reflex is typically related to a lack of oxygen at birth or premature birth. If your baby isn’t showing the reflex, it can be more serious and often an indicator of other congenital syndromes that are present immediately after giving birth. Contact your pediatrician if they aren’t already aware. 3. Newborn rooting reflex - What causes the newborn rooting reflex? Stroking your baby’s cheek will cause the response. - What does the rooting response look like? Your baby will turn toward the side of the cheek that was stroked, open their mouth, and begin sucking and searching or “rooting” for what may be a food source. If they don’t find it right away, they will turn their heads and root from side to side to try to find the food source, in decreasing head turns until the nipple or bottle is found. - What could the absence of the rooting reflex mean? Premature babies may need to develop their rooting reflex, but since this reflex is not one that baby needs to retain for very long, a poor rooting reflex shouldn’t typically be a cause for concern. 4. Newborn startle reflex - What causes the newborn startle reflex? The reaction is anything that also might startle a child or adult. It can be a loud noise or quick movement—anything unexpected and surprising. - What does the startle reflex look like?The response looks like sudden, jerky motions and cries. While it’s sometimes confused with the Moro reflex, the startle reflex causes baby to pull their arms and legs in rather than spread them out. - What could the absence of the startle reflex mean? Not seeing baby startle could be due to a neurological issue, but more often it’s thanks to baby only being subtly startled. This is often the case for little ones who are used to noise thanks to a family dog, music or the radio being on frequently or nearby construction, for example. 5. Newborn stepping reflex - What causes the newborn stepping reflex? Sometimes called the walking or dance reflex, you’ll see this reflex in action when one of baby’s feet is firmly on a flat surface and the other is not. - What does the newborn stepping reflex look like?Your little one will appear to "walk" the unsupported foot forward. - What could the absence of the newborn stepping reflex mean? If your baby doesn’t seem to have the step reflex in their first two months, it may be an indication of lingering birth trauma or an illness—or perhaps simply your baby hadn’t had a chance to show off their little steps. If it goes away after roughly 8 weeks, there’s no need to worry because the reflex fades after two months. 6. Newborn grasp reflex - What causes the newborn grasp reflex? You’ll see the reaction when you place a finger or item in the palm of baby's hand (known as the “palmar grasp reflex”), or on the underside of a foot (known as the “plantar grasp reflex”). - What does the newborn grasp reflex look like?Your baby will tightly grab ahold of whatever’s been placed in the palm (or curl their toes toward the item pressed to the foot). You may be surprised at how strong it is! Grasping is a common milestone parents look for from birth to three months. This is one of the most noticeable and talked about reflexes. - What could the absence of the newborn grasp reflex mean? The appearance of the grasp reflex is sometimes affected by birth trauma, illness or medications that baby may be on. 7. Newborn tonic neck reflex - What causes the newborn tonic neck reflex? Lying on their back prompts baby to move their head to the side. - What does the newborn tonic neck reflex look like?If baby’s head is facing right, the right arm will reach out and the left will be rigid with a clenched fist (and vice versa). Fun fact: this pose mimics that of a fencer’s, which leads to this reflex sometimes being called the fencer’s position. En garde! - What could the absence of the newborn tonic neck reflex mean? Around the five-to-seven-month mark, the reflex goes away, so it’s sometimes difficult to spot. If you do notice it and it persists asymmetrically, your little one may need medical evaluation. 8. Newborn truncal incurvation reflex - What causes the newborn truncal incurvation reflex? While it may be a mouthful, this reaction is also known as the Galant reflex. It’s caused if you stroke or touch either side of baby’s spine while they are on their tummy. - What does the newborn truncal incurvation reflex look like?Your little one’s hips will shift toward the touch in a movement that looks a bit like shimmying or dancing. - What could the absence of the newborn truncal incurvation reflex mean? The lack of this reflex may point toward nerve or brain damage, it’s best to book an appointment with your pediatrician to check it out. 9. Newborn parachute reflex - What causes the newborn parachute reflex? In older infants, this reflex is prompted when baby is quickly moved into a forward-facing position—as though they’re falling. - What does the newborn parachute reflex look like?Baby will extend their arms forward to break the perceived fall, similar to the body position skydivers adopt during a free fall. - What could the absence of the newborn parachute reflex mean? The parachute reflex is one newborn reflex that never goes away. If you don’t notice it in your little one, it may indicate the need for neurological testing and treatment. How long do newborn reflexes last? Some newborn reflexes will be integrated and become voluntary movements as early as two months, while others will continue on until roughly 12 months. That said, some of your baby’s reflexes that started from birth will last long into adulthood. Think of any reflexes or involuntary reactions you have. Here’s some examples of lifelong reflexes: - Blinking in response to light or eye irritation - Coughing when the mouth, throat or airway is stimulated - Gagging when the throat or back of mouth are irritated - Sneezing when the nose or nasal passages are irritated (interestingly, 18 to 35 percent of the population sneeze when exposed to bright light as well!) - Yawning to deliver more oxygen to the body; for example, if you’re tired or breathing too slowly. Yawning also happens when you see another human or animal yawning. Fun fact: scientists have yet to explain why the second yawning phenomenon (called yawn contagion) happens–their best guess is that it’s a kind of social mirroring. What reflex symptoms should I contact my doctor about? Talk to your doctor if you notice any movements or reflexes that don’t seem normal to you. If a reflex that should disappear as baby ages continues into toddlerhood and beyond, that may be a sign of an issue with the brain or nervous system. Your baby’s doctor will monitor reflexes as your little one ages to ensure appropriate development and ensure timely intervention if something is amiss Are there any exercises I should do to help my baby’s reflex development? All of the reflexes noted above are normal. You don’t need to do anything to help them develop or go away. You will likely notice most of them in your daily interactions with your baby, and they can be fun to watch for. Over time, the reflexes will naturally disappear, so enjoy them while you can! There’s some other fascinating newborn development tips to keep an eye out for. Newborn senses and newborn milestones can also help you keep track of your baby’s remarkable (and sometimes adorable!) development.

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People around the world are witnessing firsthand how climate change can wreak havoc on the planet. Steadily rising average temperatures fuel increasingly intense wildfires, hurricanes, and other disasters that are now impossible to ignore. And while the world has been plunged into a deadly pandemic, scientists are sounding the alarm once more that climate change is still the greatest threat to human health in recorded history. As recently as August—when wildfires raged in the United States, Europe, and Siberia—World Health Organization Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said in a statement that “the risks posed by climate change could dwarf those of any single disease.” On September 5, more than 200 medical journals released an unprecedented joint editorial that urged world leaders to act. “The science is unequivocal,” they write. “A global increase of 1.5°C above the pre-industrial average and the continued loss of biodiversity risk catastrophic harm to health that will be impossible to reverse.” Despite the acute dangers posed by COVID-19, the authors of the joint op-ed write that world governments “cannot wait for the pandemic to pass to rapidly reduce emissions.” Instead, they argue, everyone must treat climate change with the same urgency as they have COVID-19. Here’s a look at the ways that climate change can affect your health—including some less obvious but still insidious effects—and why scientists say it’s not too late to avert catastrophe. Climate change is caused by an increase of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere, mostly from fossil fuel emissions. But burning fossil fuels can also have direct consequences for human health. That’s because the polluted air contains small particles that can induce stroke and heart attacks by penetrating the lungs and heart and even traveling into the bloodstream. Those particles might harm the organs directly or provoke an inflammatory response from the immune system as it tries to fight them off. Estimates suggest that air pollution causes anywhere between 3.6 million and nine million premature deaths a year. “The numbers do vary,” says Andy Haines, professor of environmental change and public health at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and author of the recently published book Planetary Health. “But they all agree that it’s a big public health burden.” People over the age of 65 are most susceptible to the harmful effects of air pollution, but many others are at risk too, says Kari Nadeau, director of the Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University. People who smoke or vape are at increased risk, as are children with asthma. Air pollution also has consequences for those with allergies. Carbon dioxide increases the acidity of the air, which then pulls more pollen out from plants. For some people, this might just mean that they face annoyingly long bouts of seasonal allergies. But for others, it could be life-threatening. “For people who already have respiratory disease, boy is that a problem,” Nadeau says. When pollen gets into the respiratory pathway, the body creates mucus to get rid of it, which can then fill up and suffocate the lungs. Even healthy people can have similar outcomes if pollen levels are especially intense. In 2016, in the Australian state of Victoria, a severe thunderstorm combined with high levels of pollen to induce what The Lancet has described as “the world’s largest and most catastrophic epidemic of thunderstorm asthma.” So many residents suffered asthma attacks that emergency rooms were overwhelmed—and at least 10 people died as a result. Climate change is also causing wildfires to get worse, and wildfire smoke is especially toxic. As one recent study showed, fires can account for 25 percent of dangerous air pollution in the U.S. Nadeau explains that the smoke contains particles of everything that the fire has consumed along its path—from rubber tires to harmful chemicals. These particles are tiny and can penetrate even deeper into a person’s lungs and organs. (Here’s how breathing wildfire smoke affects the body.) Heat waves are deadly, but researchers at first didn’t see direct links between climate change and the harmful impacts of heat waves and other extreme weather events. Haines says the evidence base has been growing. “We have now got a number of studies which has shown that we can with high confidence attribute health outcomes to climate change,” he says. Most recently, Haines points to a study published earlier this year in Nature Climate Change that attributes more than a third of heat-related deaths to climate change. As National Geographic reported at the time, the study found that the human toll was even higher in some countries with less access to air conditioning or other factors that render people more vulnerable to heat. (How climate change is making heat waves even deadlier.) That’s because the human body was not designed to cope with temperatures above 98.6°F, Nadeau says. Heat can break down muscles. The body does have some ways to deal with the heat—such as sweating. “But when it’s hot outside all the time, you cannot cope with that, and your heart muscles and cells start to literally die and degrade,” she says. If you’re exposed to extreme heat for too long and are unable to adequately release that heat, the stress can cause a cascade of problems throughout the body. The heart has to work harder to pump blood to the rest of the organs, while sweat leeches the body of necessary minerals such as sodium and potassium. The combination can result in heart attacks and strokes. Dehydration from heat exposure can also cause serious damage to the kidneys, which rely on water to function properly. For people whose kidneys are already beginning to fail—particularly older adults—Nadeau says that extreme heat can be a death sentence. “This is happening more and more,” she says. Studies have also drawn links between higher temperatures and preterm birth and other pregnancy complications. It’s unclear why, but Haines says that one hypothesis is that extreme heat reduces blood flow to the fetus. One of the less direct—but no less harmful—ways that climate change can affect health is by disrupting the world’s supply of food. Climate change both reduces the amount of food that’s available and makes it less nutritious. According to an Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) special report, crop yields have already begun to decline as a result of rising temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events. Meanwhile, studies have shown that increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can leech plants of zinc, iron, and protein—nutrients that humans need to survive. Malnutrition is linked to a variety of illnesses, including heart disease, cancer, and diabetes. It can also increase the risk of stunting, or impaired growth, in children, which can harm cognitive function. Climate change also imperils what we eat from the sea. Rising ocean temperatures have led many fish species to migrate toward Earth’s poles in search of cooler waters. Haines says that the resulting decline of fish stocks in subtropic regions “has big implications for nutrition,” because many of those coastal communities depend on fish for a substantial amount of the protein in their diets. This effect is likely to be particularly harmful for Indigenous communities, says Tiff-Annie Kenny, a professor in the faculty of medicine at Laval University in Quebec who studies climate change and food security in the Canadian Arctic. It’s much more difficult for these communities to find alternative sources of protein, she says, either because it’s not there or because it’s too expensive. “So what are people going to eat instead?” she asks. As the planet gets hotter, the geographic region where ticks and mosquitoes like to live is getting wider. These animals are well-known vectors of diseases such as the Zika virus, dengue fever, and malaria. As they cross the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, Nadeau says, mosquitoes and ticks bring more opportunities for these diseases to infect greater swaths of the world. “It used to be that they stayed in those little sectors near the Equator, but now unfortunately because of the warming of northern Europe and Canada, you can find Zika in places you wouldn’t have expected,” Nadeau says. In addition, climate conditions such as temperature and humidity can impact the life cycle of mosquitoes. Haines says there’s particularly good evidence showing that, in some regions, climate change has altered these conditions in ways that increase the risk of mosquitos transmitting dengue. There are also several ways in which climate change is increasing the risk of diseases that can be transmitted through water, such as cholera, typhoid fever, and parasites. Sometimes that’s fairly direct, such as when people interact with dirty floodwaters. But Haines says that drought can have indirect impacts when people, say, can’t wash their hands or are forced to drink from dodgier sources of freshwater. A common result of any climate-linked disaster is the toll on mental health. The distress caused by drastic environmental change is so significant that it has been given its own name—solastalgia. Nadeau says that the effects on mental health have been apparent in her studies of emergency room visits arising from wildfires in the western U.S. People lose their homes, their jobs, and sometimes their loved ones, and that takes an immediate toll. “What’s the fastest acute issue that develops? It’s psychological,” she says. Extreme weather events such as wildfires and hurricanes cause so much stress and anxiety that they can lead to post-traumatic stress disorder and even suicide in the long run. Another common factor is that climate change causes disproportionate harm to the world’s most vulnerable people. On September 2, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) released an analysis showing that racial and ethnic minority communities are particularly at risk. According to the report, if temperatures rise by 2°C (3.6°F), Black people are 40 percent more likely to live in areas with the highest projected increases in related deaths. Another 34 percent are more likely to live in areas with a rise in childhood asthma. Further, the effects of climate change don’t occur in isolation. At any given time, a community might face air pollution, food insecurity, disease, and extreme heat all at once. Kenny says that’s particularly devastating in communities where the prevalence of food insecurity and poverty are already high. This situation hasn’t been adequately studied, she says, because “it’s difficult to capture these shocks that climate can bring.” Why there’s reason for hope In recent years, scientists and environmental activists have begun to push for more research into the myriad health effects of climate change. “One of the striking things is there’s been a real dearth of funding for climate change and health,” Haines says. “For that reason, some of the evidence we have is still fragmentary.” Still, hope is not lost. In the Paris Agreement, countries around the world have pledged to limit global warming to below 2°C (3.6°F)—and preferably to 1.5°C (2.7°F)—by cutting their emissions. “When you reduce those emissions, you benefit health as well as the planet,” Haines says. Meanwhile, scientists and environmental activists have put forward solutions that can help people adapt to the health effects of climate change. These include early heat warnings and dedicated cooling centers, more resilient supply chains, and freeing healthcare facilities from dependence on the electric grid. Nadeau argues that the COVID-19 pandemic also presents an opportunity for world leaders to think bigger and more strategically. For example, the pandemic has laid bare problems with efficiency and equity that have many countries restructuring their healthcare facilities. In the process, she says, they can look for new ways to reduce waste and emissions, such as getting more hospitals using renewable energy. “This is in our hands to do,” Nadeau says. “If we don’t do anything, that would be cataclysmic.”

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Focusing on Pushing for Political Solution By Gong Xiaosheng Since the end of World War Two, no region in the world has been like the Middle East which has suffered from unending wars, conflicts and volatilities. The Palestinian issue that has lasted for over 70 years is always a bleeding and unrecoverable trauma in the Middle East. This year has seen consistent conflicts in Gaza between armed groups in Palestine, such as Hamas, on one hand and Israel on the other. Meanwhile, the complicated and confusing situation in other hotspots, such as Syria, Libya and Yemen, has continued to deteriorate, with intermittent wars, making the process of political solution more difficult. Following the change of government in Algeria and Sudan, many are worried about a looming, spreading and intense turmoil, or, even worse, an evolution like the “Arab Spring” which erupted in West Asia and North Africa in 2011. A volatile Middle East, intertwined with non-traditional security threats such as spreading terrorism and refugees, harms the countries in the region and also jeopardizes its neighborhood, posing a serious threat to world peace, stability and development. At present, terrorist forces like the “Islamic State” have been foiled and defeated across the board in the Middle East thanks to the joint attacks by regional and international parties, but the remnants are trying hard to shift to Africa, Central Asia and South Asia. They launched terrorist attacks in Egypt, Afghanistan, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Europe, aiming more at soft targets, to maximize the deterrence of terror. They have become flowing dangers to international security. The fleeing Islamic extremists also pose a spreading threat. Therefore, the international counter-terrorism cause is still a long and uphill journey. More worryingly, the Middle East has been increasingly the main source of global refugees, with an estimated displaced population of 12 million in the region, five times that in 2005. The region, with only 8% of the world population, provides over 50% of global refugees. Huge numbers of refugees are moving to neighboring countries and Europe. In fact, it has resulted in Europe facing the greatest refugee inflow since World War Two. What is noteworthy now is the new US policy on the Middle East and its corresponding moves this year. After moving its embassy in Israel to Jerusalem and recognizing Israeli sovereignty over the Golan Heights, the US announced a new Middle East peace plan. On the Iranian issue, the US pulled out of the comprehensive Iran nuclear deal last year and has since then spared no efforts to pressurize Iran by continuously intensifying unilateral sanctions against Iran, designating the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps a “foreign terrorist organization”, vowing to bring Iranian oil exports to zero and sending a US aircraft carrier strike group and B-52 and F-35 fighters to patrol over the Gulf. Iran has reacted tit for tat. The confrontational arrangements of the two sides have shrouded the Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz with clouds of war, continuously escalating the tensions. The recent attacks on Gulf oil tankers and pipelines have also furthered the danger of military conflicts. There are growing risks for arms race, military confrontation and even all-round military conflicts in the Middle East. A land of abundance, the Middle East is the bridge connecting Europe, Asia and Africa, with a crucial strategic position. The world would not be tranquil without stability in the Middle East. The explosive situation of tension and volatility has made the international community and countries in the region concerned about the future of the Middle East, and, more importantly, any further turbulence in the region which will have considerable implications for the peace and stability in the neighborhood and beyond. How will the Middle East situation evolve? Where is the Middle East heading for? Will it repeat a century of volatility and unending wars, or move towards peace, stability and development? This question about the Middle East is of global interest. China believes that the Middle East is now at the crossroads. Countries in the region and the whole international community are all facing a serious challenge and choice and they must work together to build a focus on seeking political solution. That is the only way out for resolving the Middle East hotspots and there is no alternative. As President Xi Jinping pointed out during his visit to the Arab League headquarters in 2016, “in their past exchanges across time and space, the Chinese and Arab peoples have been sincere with each other, forging friendship along the ancient Silk Road, sharing weal and woe in the fight for national independence, and helping each other in building their own countries”. As President Xi stressed, with regard to China’s policy measures toward the Middle East, China decides its position on issues on the basis of their own merits and the fundamental interests of the people in the Middle East, and it is not China’s policy to look for a proxy, seek any sphere of influence or attempt to fill the "vacuum" in the Middle East. With its historical experience similar to the Middle East countries, China deeply sympathizes with them for the sufferings they are now in. We are deeply concerned and worried about the escalating conflicts in the Middle East hotspots. China believes that peace in the Middle East is in the interest of all countries in the region and is also important for the stability and development in China. China, therefore, sincerely hopes for early realization of peace, stability, cooperation and development in the Middle East countries instead of confrontation, conflicts or turmoil. China has made unremitting efforts to push for a relaxed situation in the Middle East and early solution to the regional hotspots. China has maintained friendly ties with all countries in the region, kept up dialogue with relevant parties and called on the international community to work together for stronger actions to revitalize the talk process politically and promote the reconstruction process economically so as to give hope to the people in all Middle East countries at an early date. With regard to the Middle East hotspots, China has consistently taken an open and inclusive attitude, emphasizing that pursuing political solutions to conflicts and disputes through dialogue, negotiation and other peaceful means is the best way for resolving the hotspots. It has also underlined that all peace initiatives, active moves and diplomatic efforts will have the backing of China as long as they help ease the tensions, cool down the situation, serve the interests of the people in the region and are welcomed by the international community. China believes that the Middle East hotspot issues must be resolved in a comprehensive way. Palestine, Iraq, Syria, Libya, Yemen and other hotspots should get equally important attention from the international community. The international community should not focus just on one hotspot while neglecting or marginalizing others. With regard to the Palestine issue, which is an issue of fundamental importance to peace in the Middle East, the international community should work even harder to settle the disputes, not only promoting the resumption of talks and implementation of peace agreements, but also upholding fairness and justice. The international community should stick to the principle of fairness and justice, and address historical injustice as soon as possible. China firmly supports the Middle East peace process and supports the just cause of the Palestinian people in restoring their legitimate national rights. We understand the legitimate aspirations of Palestine to integrate into the international community as a state. And we support the establishment of an independent State of Palestine enjoying full sovereignty on the basis of the 1967 borders and with East Jerusalem as its capital. That is the key to solving the Palestine issue. And at the same time, China believes that Israel’s right to survival and legitimate security concerns should also be fully respected. China supports the guideline that the two countries of Israel and Palestine coexist in peace and share peace and security. Only that can provide for the comprehensive, just and lasting solution to the Palestine issue. China’s position on promoting the Middle East peace process is unequivocal. Over 70 years ago, the United Nations passed the partition resolution, thus the United Nations holds a special responsibility for the Middle East issue. We always stand for resolving the Middle East issue in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and basic principles of international law and comprehensively advancing the Middle East peace process based on existing outcomes, such as the relevant UN resolutions, the “land for peace” principle, the “two-state solution” and the “Arab Peace Initiative”. China has all along held that dialogue and negotiation should be the only path toward peace between Palestine and Israel. The two sides, Palestine and Israel, should follow the trend of the era and commit to peace talks with mutual understanding and accommodation in an effort to move toward each other. What is imperative now is to take concrete measures to stop building settlements, stop violent activities against the innocent, lift the blockade of Gaza, properly resolve the issue of Palestinians in detention and provide emergency humanitarian assistance to the Palestinians, thus creating favorable conditions for the restoration of peace talks. On the urgent Iran nuclear issue, which attracts much international attention, China, as a permanent member of the UN Security Council and a party to the comprehensive Iran nuclear deal, always takes an objective, fair and responsible position. China supports and upholds the comprehensive Iran nuclear deal, opposes the use or threat of force and urges the US and Iran to resolve differences through dialogue and negotiations with a view to safeguarding regional peace and stability. Wars are dangerous. China believes that sustained tension in the Gulf is bad for all, that confrontation is no way out and that dialogue and consultation is the only solution. The current situation in Syria is unsustainable. There is no winner in conflicts and it is the people in the region who suffer. Therefore, ceasefire is imperative, political dialogue is the fundamental path forward and humanitarian assistance is urgent. On the Syria issue, China always stands for a political solution as the only practical way out. China firmly upholds international justice and international law, believing that the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of Syria should be upheld and respected and that the future of the country should be decided by the Syrian people. China supports the United Nations as the main channel of mediation. China calls on all parties concerned to seek a solution that reflects Syria’s reality and accommodates all parties’ concerns through inclusive political dialogue. The development issue is at the root of the volatility in the Middle East, thus the final solution relies on development. And the key is to accelerate development, which concerns the life and dignity of the people. This is a race against time, a fight between hope and despair. The people in the region will choose dialogue and political solution over violence, extremism and terrorism, only when they, the young in particular, are given hope and dignity of life in the process of development. At present, what all countries in the Middle East want is peace, reform and development and what all the Middle East people long for is stability, tranquility and happiness. China is committed to a path of peaceful development, an independent foreign policy of peace and a mutual beneficial and win-win strategy of opening up. China is ready to work with all countries in the region and the international community to play a bigger, more active role on the Middle East issue. China adheres to the concept of “promoting peace through development”. In responding to the strong desire of the people in the Middle East for peace and development, the Belt and Road Initiative which is connected to regional realities, will not only provide new opportunities for economic development in all countries in the Middle East but also make important contribution to the settlement of the Middle East hotspots. The Middle East people aspire for more of tranquility and dignity but less of conflict and suffering. In the past century, the Middle East has gone through too much painful turbulence. In the coming century, China sincerely hopes that Middle East countries will forge a sense of a community of shared destiny, break away from the historical burdens, move forward amidst difficulties and jointly build a better future of lasting peace and common prosperity for the region. Gong Xiaosheng is China’s Special Envoy on the Middle East Issue.

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