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Marinobufagenin (marinobufagin, MBG) is a cardiotonic bufadienolide steroid. It is secreted by the toad species such as Bufo marinus. It also can be found in the plasma and urine of human subjects with myocardial infarction, kidney failure, heart failure, and preeclampsia. MBG is a vasoconstrictor and a sodium–potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na/K-ATPase) inhibitor with a high affinity for the alpha-1 isoform of the enzyme, the main isoform in the vascular wall and the kidney. It is produced by adrenal cortex and placenta via CYP27a1 pathway. MBG regulates the monovalent ions balance and cell homeostasis, and by binding to the Na/K-ATPase, it affects cell growth and differentiation, apoptosis, and proliferation. A novel effect of MBG is their ability to induce intracellular signaling, leading to a loss of elasticity and vascular fibrosis. One of the mechanisms of the pro-fibrotic effect of MBG is the inhibition of the activity of Fli1, a nuclear transcription factor and a negative regulator of collagen 1 synthesis. Fli1 competes with another transcription factor, ETS-1, to maintain a balance between stimulation and repression of the collagen-1 gene. The Na/K ATPase/Src/EGFR complex emerges as a signal cascade, which activates phospholipase C, resulting in the phosphorylation of PKCδ and its translocation to the nucleus. In the nucleus, PKCδ phosphorylates Fli1, which withdraws the Fli1-induced inhibition of the collagen-1 promoter and increases procollagen expression and collagen production. The antagonism of the pressor and profibrotic effects of MBG by monoclonal anti-MBG antibodies may lead to the prevention of vascular fibrosis in patients with end-stage renal disease and preeclampsia. == References == | {
"page_id": 19857410,
"title": "Marinobufagenin"
} |
The International Young Physicists' Tournament (IYPT), sometimes referred to as the "Physics World Cup", is a scientific competition between teams of secondary school students. It mimics, as close as possible, the real-world scientific research and the process of presenting and defending the results obtained. == Description == Participants have almost a year to work on 17 open-ended inquiry problems that are published yearly in late July. A good part of the problems involves easy-to-reproduce phenomena presenting unexpected behaviour. The aim of the solutions is not to calculate or reach "the correct answer" as there is no such notion here. The Tournament is rather conclusions-oriented as participants have to design and perform experiments, and to draw conclusions argued from the experiments’ outcome. The competition itself is not a pen-and-paper competition but an enactment of a scientific discussion (or a defence of a thesis) where participants take the roles of journalist reporter, opponent, and reviewer, learning about peer review early on in their school years. Discussion-based sessions are called Physics Fights and the performances of the teams are judged by expert physicists. Teams can take quite different routes to tackle the same problem. As long as they stay within the broadly defined statement of the problem, all routes are legitimate and teams will be judged according to the depths reached by their investigations. The IYPT is a week-long event in which currently around 200 international pre-university contestants participate. IYPT is associated with The European Physical Society (EPS) and in 2013, IYPT was awarded the medal of The International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) "in recognition of its inspiring and wide-ranging contribution to physics education that has touched many lives and countries, over the past 25 years". == History == The International Young Physicists' Tournament (IYPT) originated in the former Soviet | {
"page_id": 7208965,
"title": "International Young Physicists' Tournament"
} |
Union and expanded internationally in 1988. Following its European roots, the tournament expanded globally, with the first non-European event held in Brisbane, Australia, in 2004. Participation has since grown to over 38 countries, representing every continent. Over time the IYPT has transitioned from a community initiative to a formally registered corporation. National organizations now organize qualifying competitions and represent their countries within IYPT committees, with many receiving official recognition. == Tournament structure == The most important structural parts of the IYPT are the physics fights. There are five selective fights, and one final fight for the top teams at the end. The structure of these Fights can be compared to the group phase of a football competition (e.g. FIFA World Cup). Each fight consists of 3 (or 4) stages. In each stage, every team in a given Fight room has one role of the following: reporter, opponent, reviewer, and observer (if there are 4 teams in a Fight). During the 3 (of 4) stages, they "rotate", so that every team has all the roles exactly once, represented by the following tables: The following table represents the structure of a single Stage: In the last Selective PF and in the Final PF the procedure of challenge is omitted. == Timeline table == (*) the number of Nations can be disputed as some countries were midway towards a recognized independence == See also == IYPT 2011 == Footnotes == == External links == Official website Official IYPT 2019 website | {
"page_id": 7208965,
"title": "International Young Physicists' Tournament"
} |
In analytical chemistry, sample preparation (working-up) refers to the ways in which a sample is treated prior to its analyses. Preparation is a very important step in most analytical techniques, because the techniques are often not responsive to the analyte in its in-situ form, or the results are distorted by interfering species. Sample preparation may involve dissolution, extraction, reaction with some chemical species, pulverizing, treatment with a chelating agent (e.g. EDTA), masking, filtering, dilution, sub-sampling or many other techniques. Treatment is done to prepare the sample into a form ready for analysis by specified analytical equipment. Sample preparation could involve: crushing and dissolution, chemical digestion with acid or alkali, sample extraction, sample clean up and sample pre-concentration. == References == "Sample Preparation". Retrieved 2007-11-09. | {
"page_id": 14155784,
"title": "Sample preparation"
} |
Sebastian Thrun (born May 14, 1967) is a German-American entrepreneur, educator, and computer scientist. He is chief executive officer of Kitty Hawk Corporation, and chairman and co-founder of Udacity. Before that, he was a Google vice president and Fellow, a Professor of Computer Science at Stanford University, and before that at Carnegie Mellon University. At Google, he co-founded Google X along with Yoky Matsuoka and Anthony Levandowski and Google's self-driving car team with Anthony Levandowski. He is also an adjunct professor at Stanford University and at Georgia Tech. Thrun led development of the robotic vehicle Stanley which won the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge, and which has since been placed on exhibit in the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History. His team also developed a vehicle called Junior, which placed second at the DARPA Urban Challenge in 2007. Thrun led the development of the Google self-driving car. Thrun is also well known for his work on probabilistic algorithms for robotics with applications including robot localization and robotic mapping. In recognition of his contributions, and at the age of 39, he was elected into the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) and also into the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina (Leopoldina) in 2007. The Guardian recognized him as one of 20 "fighters for internet freedom". == Early life and education == Thrun was born in 1967 in Solingen, Germany (former West Germany), the son of Winfried and Kristin (Grüner) Thrun. He completed his Vordiplom (intermediate examination) in computer science, economics, and medicine at the University of Hildesheim in 1988. At the University of Bonn, he completed a Diplom (first degree) in 1993 and a Ph.D. (summa cum laude) in 1995 in computer science and statistics. == Career and research == In 1995 he joined the Computer Science Department at Carnegie Mellon | {
"page_id": 3538953,
"title": "Sebastian Thrun"
} |
University (CMU) as a research computer scientist. In 1998 he became an assistant professor and co-director of the Robot Learning Laboratory at CMU. As a faculty member at CMU, he co-founded the Master's Program in Automated Learning and Discovery, which later would become a Ph.D. program in the broad area of machine learning and scientific discovery. In 2001 Thrun spent a sabbatical year at Stanford University. He returned to CMU to an endowed professorship, the Finmeccanica Associate Professor of Computer Science and Robotics. Thrun left CMU in July 2003 to become an associate professor at Stanford University and was appointed as the director of SAIL in January 2004. From 2007 to 2011, Thrun was a full professor of computer science and electrical engineering at Stanford. On April 1, 2011, Thrun relinquished his tenure at Stanford to join Google as a Google Fellow. On January 23, 2012, he co-founded an online private educational organization, Udacity, which produced massive open online courses. He was a Google VP and Fellow, and worked on development of the Google driverless car system, after winning DARPA Grand Challenge and finishing in second place in DARPA Urban Challenge as a professor. Thrun was interviewed in the 2018 documentary on artificial intelligence Do You Trust This Computer?. === Robotics === Thrun developed a number of autonomous robotic systems that earned him international recognition. In 1994, he started the University of Bonn's Rhino project together with his doctoral thesis advisor Armin B. Cremers. In 1997 Thrun and his colleagues Wolfram Burgard and Dieter Fox developed the world's first robotic tour guide in the Deutsches Museum Bonn (1997). In 1998, the follow-up robot "Minerva" was installed in the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C., where it guided tens of thousands of visitors during a two-week deployment period. | {
"page_id": 3538953,
"title": "Sebastian Thrun"
} |
Thrun went on to found the CMU/Pitt Nursebot project, which fielded an interactive humanoid robot in a nursing home near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In 2002, Thrun helped develop mine mapping robots in a project with his colleagues William L. Whittaker and Scott Thayer, research professors at Carnegie Mellon University. After his move to Stanford University in 2003, he engaged in the development of the robot Stanley, which in 2005 won the DARPA Grand Challenge. His former graduate student Michael Montemerlo, who was co-advised by William L. Whittaker, led the software development for this robot. In 2007, Thrun's robot "Junior" won second place in the 2007 DARPA Urban Challenge. Thrun joined Google as part of a sabbatical, together with several Stanford students. At Google, he co-developed Google Street View. Thrun's best known contributions to robotics are on the theoretical end. He contributed to the area of probabilistic robotics, a field that marries statistics and robotics. He and his research group made substantial contributions in areas of mobile robot localization, such as Monte Carlo localization, simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM), and control. Probabilistic techniques have since become mainstream in robotics, and are used in numerous commercial applications. In the fall of 2005, Thrun published a textbook entitled Probabilistic Robotics together with his long-term co-workers Dieter Fox and Wolfram Burgard. Since 2007, a Japanese translation of Probabilistic Robotics has been available on the Japanese market. Thrun is one of the principal investors of the Stanford spin-off VectorMagic. == Awards and recognition == National Science Foundation CAREER Award (1999–2003) Olympus Award by the German Society for Pattern Recognition (2001) Named one of the "Brilliant 10" by Popular Science in 2005 Max-Planck-Research Award (2011) Inaugural AAAI Ed Feigenbaum Prize (2011) Named as the fifth-most creative person in the business world by Fast Company in 2011 No. | {
"page_id": 3538953,
"title": "Sebastian Thrun"
} |
4 on Foreign Policy magazine's Top 100 Global Thinkers of 2012 Thrun was the 2012 recipient of Smithsonian magazine's American Ingenuity Award in the Education category. Thrun was named by Carnegie Corporation of New York in 2013 as an honoree of the Great Immigrants Award. Fellow of the European Association for Artificial Intelligence (EurAI) Classic Paper Award at AAAI 2017 and Milestone Award at ICRA 2020 for his papers on Monte Carlo Localization for Mobile Robots Honorary doctorates from the Delft University of Technology (2016), the Instituto Politécnico Nacional (2016), and the University of Hildesheim (2020). == References == == External links == Media related to Sebastian Thrun at Wikimedia Commons Sebastian Thrun publications indexed by Google Scholar Appearances on C-SPAN | {
"page_id": 3538953,
"title": "Sebastian Thrun"
} |
Methylnaphthalene may refer to: 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene | {
"page_id": 17891338,
"title": "Methylnaphthalene"
} |
Pl@ntNet is a citizen science project for automatic plant identification through photographs and based on machine learning. == History == This project launched in 2009 has been developed by scientists (computer engineers and botanists) from a consortium gathering French research institutes (Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA), Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique (INRIA) and the network Tela Botanica, with the support of Agropolis Fondation ). == Platforms == An app for smartphones (and a web version) was launched in 2013, which allows to identify thousands of plant species from photographs taken by the user. It is available in several languages. As of 2019 it had been downloaded over 10 million times, in more than 180 countries worldwide. == Projects == In 2019, Pl@ntNet has 22 projects: == References == | {
"page_id": 63438861,
"title": "Pl@ntNet"
} |
The Lunar Receiving Laboratory (LRL) was a facility at NASA's Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center (Building 37) that was constructed to quarantine astronauts and material brought back from the Moon during the Apollo program to reduce the risk of back-contamination. After recovery at sea, crews from Apollo 11, Apollo 12, and Apollo 14 walked from their helicopter to the Mobile Quarantine Facility on the deck of an aircraft carrier and were brought to the LRL for quarantine. Samples of rock and regolith that the astronauts collected and brought back were flown directly to the LRL and initially analyzed in glovebox vacuum chambers. The quarantine requirement was dropped for Apollo 15 and later missions. The LRL was used for study, distribution, and safe storage of the lunar samples. Between 1969 and 1972, six Apollo space flight missions brought back 382 kilograms (842 pounds) of lunar rocks, core samples, pebbles, sand, and dust from the lunar surface—in all, 2,200 samples from six exploration sites. Other lunar samples were returned to Earth by three automated Soviet spacecraft, Luna 16 in 1970, Luna 20 in 1972, and Luna 24 in 1976, which returned samples totaling 300 grams (about 3/4 pound). In 1976, some of the samples were moved to Brooks Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas, for second-site storage. In 1979, a Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility was built to serve as the chief repository for the Apollo samples: permanent storage in a physically secure and non-contaminating environment. The facility includes vaults for the samples and records, and laboratories for sample preparation and study. The Lunar Receiving Laboratory building was later occupied by NASA's Life Sciences division, contained biomedical and environment labs, and was used for experiments involving human adaptation to microgravity. In September 2019, NASA announced that the Lunar Receiving Laboratory had not | {
"page_id": 1769486,
"title": "Lunar Receiving Laboratory"
} |
been used for two years and would be demolished. == See also == Moon rock Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility == Notes == == External links == Lunar Receiving Laboratory Project History NASA/CR–2004–208938, 2004 25 Years of Curating Moon Rocks, Judy Allton Apollo Lunar Quarantine | {
"page_id": 1769486,
"title": "Lunar Receiving Laboratory"
} |
The Voluntary Human Extinction Movement (VHEMT) is an environmental movement that calls for all people to abstain from reproduction in order to cause the gradual voluntary extinction of humankind. VHEMT supports human extinction primarily because it would prevent environmental degradation. The group states that a decrease in the human population would prevent a significant amount of human-caused suffering. The extinctions of non-human species and the scarcity of resources caused by humans are frequently cited by the group as evidence of the harm caused by human overpopulation. VHEMT was founded in 1991 by Les U. Knight, an American activist who became involved in the American environmental movement in the 1970s and thereafter concluded that human extinction was the best solution to the problems facing the Earth's biosphere and humanity. Knight publishes the group's newsletter and serves as its spokesman. Although the group is promoted by a website and represented at some environmental events, it relies heavily on coverage from outside media to spread its message. Many commentators view its platform as unacceptably extreme, while endorsing the logic of reducing the rate of human reproduction. In response to VHEMT, some journalists and academics have argued that humans can develop sustainable lifestyles or can reduce their population to sustainable levels. Others maintain that whatever the merits of the idea, the human reproductive drive will prevent humankind from ever voluntarily seeking extinction. == History == The Voluntary Human Extinction Movement was founded by Les U. Knight, a graduate of Western Oregon University and high school substitute teacher living in Portland, Oregon. After becoming involved in the environmental movement as a college student in the 1970s, Knight attributed most of the dangers faced by the planet to human overpopulation. He joined the Zero Population Growth organization, and chose to be vasectomized at age 25. He | {
"page_id": 1966095,
"title": "Voluntary Human Extinction Movement"
} |
later concluded that the extinction of humanity would be the best solution to the Earth's environmental problems. He believes that this idea has also been held by some people throughout human history. In 1991, Knight began publishing VHEMT's newsletter, known as These Exit Times. In the newsletter, he asked readers to further human extinction by not procreating. VHEMT has also published cartoons, including a comic strip titled Bonobo Baby, featuring a woman who forgoes childbearing in favor of adopting a bonobo. In 1996, Knight created a website for VHEMT; it was available in 11 languages by 2010. VHEMT's logo features the letter "V" (for voluntary) and a picture of the Earth with north at the bottom. == Organization and promotion == VHEMT functions as a loose network rather than a formal organization, and does not compile a list of members. Daniel Metz of Willamette University stated in 1995 that VHEMT's mailing list had just under 400 subscribers. Six years later, Fox News said the list had only 230 subscribers. Knight says that anyone who agrees with his ideology is a member of the movement; and that this includes "millions of people". Knight serves as the spokesman for VHEMT. He attends environmental conferences and events, where he publicizes information about population growth. VHEMT's views have, however, primarily been spread through coverage by media outlets, rather than events and its newsletter. VHEMT sells buttons and T-shirts, as well as bumper stickers that read "Thank you for not breeding". == Ideology == Knight argues that the human population is far greater than the Earth can handle, and that the best thing for Earth's biosphere is for humans to voluntarily cease reproducing. He says that humans are "incompatible with the biosphere" and that human existence is causing environmental damage which will eventually bring about | {
"page_id": 1966095,
"title": "Voluntary Human Extinction Movement"
} |
the extinction of humans (as well as other organisms). According to Knight, the vast majority of human societies have not lived sustainable lifestyles, and attempts to live environmentally friendly lifestyles do not change the fact that human existence has ultimately been destructive to the Earth and many of its non-human organisms. Voluntary human extinction is promoted on the grounds that it will prevent human suffering and the extinction of other species; Knight says that many species are threatened by the increasing human population. James Ormrod, a psychologist who profiled the group in the journal Psychoanalysis, Culture & Society, notes that the "most fundamental belief" of VHEMT is that "human beings should stop reproducing", and that some people consider themselves members of the group but do not actually support human extinction. Knight, however, believes that even if humans become more environmentally friendly, they could still return to environmentally destructive lifestyles and hence should eliminate themselves. Residents of First World countries bear the most responsibility to change, according to Knight, as they consume the largest proportion of resources. Knight believes that Earth's non-human organisms have a higher overall value than humans and their accomplishments, such as art: "The plays of Shakespeare and the work of Einstein can't hold a candle to a tiger". He argues that species higher in the food chain are less important than lower species. His ideology is drawn in part from deep ecology, and he sometimes refers to the Earth as Gaia. He notes that human extinction is unavoidable, and that it is better to become extinct soon to avoid causing the extinction of other animals. The potential for evolution of other organisms is also cited as a benefit. Knight sees abstinence from reproduction as an altruistic choice – a way to prevent involuntary human suffering – and | {
"page_id": 1966095,
"title": "Voluntary Human Extinction Movement"
} |
cites the deaths of children from preventable causes as an example of needless suffering. Knight claims that non-reproduction would eventually allow humans to lead idyllic lifestyles in an environment comparable to the Garden of Eden, and maintains that the last remaining humans would be proud of their accomplishment. Other benefits of ceasing human reproduction that he cites include the end of abortion, war, and starvation. Knight argues that "procreation today is de facto child abuse". He maintains that the standard of human life will worsen if resources are consumed by a growing population rather than spent solving existing issues. He speculates that if people ceased to reproduce, they would use their energy for other pursuits, and suggests adoption and foster care as outlets for people who desire children. VHEMT rejects government-mandated human population control programs in favor of voluntary population reduction, supporting only the use of birth control and willpower to prevent pregnancies. Knight states that coercive tactics are unlikely to permanently lower the human population, citing the fact that humanity has survived catastrophic wars, famines, and viruses. Though their newsletter's name recalls the suicide manual Final Exit, the idea of mass suicide is rejected, and they have adopted the slogan "May we live long and die out". A 1995 survey of VHEMT members found that a majority of them felt a strong moral obligation to protect the Earth, distrusted the ability of political processes to prevent harm to the environment, and were willing to surrender some of their rights for their cause. VHEMT members who strongly believed that "Civilization [is] headed for collapse" were most likely to embrace these views. However, VHEMT does not take any overt political stances. VHEMT promotes a more extreme ideology than Population Action International, which argues for population reduction but not extinction. However, the | {
"page_id": 1966095,
"title": "Voluntary Human Extinction Movement"
} |
VHEMT platform is more moderate and serious than the Church of Euthanasia, which advocates population reduction by suicide and cannibalism. The 1995 survey found that 36% considered themselves members of Earth First! or had donated to the group in the last five years. == Reception == Some proponents of sustainable living argue that human extinction may be too extreme a solution, despite the movement’s critique of human consumption. They maintain that more sustainable lifestyles, paired with technological innovation, could prevent further environmental destruction without necessitating human extinction. Advocates for eco-friendly policies, such as reducing carbon footprints, promoting renewable energy, and enhancing conservation efforts, assert that these measures can significantly mitigate humanity’s negative impact on the Earth. They argue that human ingenuity and commitment to conservation are preferable alternatives to voluntary extinction, which they view as an unlikely and undesirable scenario.: 59 Knight states his group's ideology runs counter to contemporary society's natalism. He believes this pressure has stopped many people from supporting, or even discussing, population control. He admits that his group is unlikely to succeed, but contends that attempting to reduce the Earth's population is the only moral option. Writing in the San Francisco Chronicle, Gregory Dicum states that there is an "undeniable logic" to VHEMT's arguments, but he doubts whether Knight's ideas can succeed, arguing that many people desire to have children and cannot be dissuaded. Stephen Jarvis echoes this skepticism in The Independent, noting that VHEMT faces great difficulty owing to the basic human reproductive drive. At The Guardian's website, Guy Dammann applauds the movement's aim as "in many ways laudable", but argues that it is absurd to believe that humans will voluntarily seek extinction. Freelance writer Abby O'Reilly writes that since having children is frequently viewed as a measure of success, VHEMT's goal is difficult to | {
"page_id": 1966095,
"title": "Voluntary Human Extinction Movement"
} |
attain. Knight contends in response to these arguments that though sexual desire is natural, human desire for children is a product of enculturation. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York has criticized Knight's platform, arguing that the existence of humanity is "divinely ordained". Ormrod writes that Knight "arguably abandons deep ecology in favor of straightforward misanthropy". He notes that Knight's claim that the last humans in an extinction scenario would have an abundance of resources promotes his cause based on "benefits accruing to humans". Ormrod sees this type of argument as counter-intuitive, arguing that it borrows the language of "late-modern consumer societies". He faults Knight for what he sees as a failure to develop a consistent and unambiguous ideology. The Economist characterizes Knight's claim that voluntary human extinction is advisable due to limited resources as "Malthusian bosh". The paper further states that compassion for the planet does not necessarily require the pursuit of human extinction. Sociologist Frank Furedi also deems VHEMT to be a Malthusian group, classifying them as a type of environmental organization that "[thinks] the worst about the human species". Writing in Spiked, Josie Appleton argues that the group is indifferent to humanity, rather than "anti-human". Brian Bethune writes in Maclean's that Knight's logic is "as absurd as it's unassailable". However, he doubts Knight's claim that the last survivors of the human race would have pleasant lives and suspects that a "collective loss of the will to live" would prevail. In response to Knight's platform, journalist Sheldon Richman argues that humans are "active agents" and can change their behavior. He contends that people are capable of solving the problems facing Earth. Alan Weisman, author of The World Without Us, suggests a limit of one child per family as a preferable alternative to abstinence from reproduction. Katharine Mieszkowski of | {
"page_id": 1966095,
"title": "Voluntary Human Extinction Movement"
} |
Salon.com recommends that childless people adopt VHEMT's arguments when facing "probing questions" about their childlessness. Knight's organization has been featured in a book titled Kooks: A Guide to the Outer Limits of Human Belief. The Guardian journalist Oliver Burkeman said that in a phone conversation Knight seemed "rather sane and self-deprecating". Weisman echoes this sentiment, characterizing Knight as "thoughtful, soft-spoken, articulate, and quite serious". Philosophers Steven Best and Douglas Kellner view VHEMT's stance as extreme, but they note that the movement formed in response to extreme stances found in "modern humanism". == See also == == Explanatory notes == == Citations == == General and cited references == Best, Steven; Kellner, Douglas (2001). The Postmodern Adventure: Science, Technology, and Cultural Studies at the Third Millennium. Guilford Press. ISBN 978-1-57230-665-3. Ellis, Richard J. (1998). The Dark Side of the Left: Illiberal Egalitarianism in America. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1030-3. Ormrod, James S. (2011). "'Making room for the tigers and the polar bears': Biography, phantasy and ideology in the Voluntary Human Extinction Movement". Psychoanalysis, Culture & Society. 16 (2): 142–61. doi:10.1057/pcs.2009.30. S2CID 143980680. Weisman, Alan (2010). The World Without Us. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-1-4434-0008-4. == Further reading == Adams, Guy (April 19, 2007). "How to save the planet: According to some eco-extremists, the only way to really make a difference is to stop breeding and let the human race die out". The Independent. Hymas, Lisa (July 19, 2010). "Want to join the Voluntary Human Extinction Movement?". Grist. MacCormack, Patricia (2020). The Ahuman Manifesto: Activism for the End of the Anthropocene. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1350081093. "Anti-People Group Pushes for Man's Extinction". Fox News. July 29, 2001. Archived from the original on 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2014-12-17. "Experience: I campaign for the extinction of the human race". Les Knight for The Guardian. January 10, 2020. == | {
"page_id": 1966095,
"title": "Voluntary Human Extinction Movement"
} |
External links == Official website Voluntary Human Extinction Movement blog (U.S.); (India) Les U. Knight's profile at Blogger.com Les U. Knight at IMDb "Taking on the Voluntary Human Extinction Movement"—NBC News (5 December 2005) | {
"page_id": 1966095,
"title": "Voluntary Human Extinction Movement"
} |
In molecular biology mir-562 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-562 microRNA precursor family at Rfam | {
"page_id": 36372494,
"title": "Mir-562 microRNA precursor family"
} |
Fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester, often abbreviated Fura-2AM, is a membrane-permeant derivative of the ratiometric calcium indicator Fura-2 used in biochemistry to measure cellular calcium concentrations by fluorescence. When added to cells, Fura-2AM crosses cell membranes and once inside the cell, the acetoxymethyl groups are removed by cellular esterases. Removal of the acetoxymethyl esters regenerates "Fura-2", the pentacarboxylate calcium indicator. Measurement of Ca2+-induced fluorescence at both 340 nm and 380 nm allows for calculation of calcium concentrations based 340/380 ratios. The use of the ratio automatically cancels out certain variables such as local differences in fura-2 concentration or cell thickness that would otherwise lead to artifacts when attempting to image calcium concentrations in cells. == References == | {
"page_id": 4128785,
"title": "Fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester"
} |
The molecular formula C2H2N2O (molar mass: 70.05 g/mol, exact mass: 70.0167 u) may refer to: Oxadiazoles Furazan (1,2,5-oxadiazole) 1,3,4-Oxadiazole | {
"page_id": 23920653,
"title": "C2H2N2O"
} |
The molecular formula C6H8N2O2 (molar mass: 140.14 g/mol, exact mass: 140.0586 u) may refer to: Ammonium nicotinate Ammonium picolinate Dimiracetam Gaboxadol, also known as 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo(5,4-c)pyridin-3-ol (THIP) | {
"page_id": 23920656,
"title": "C6H8N2O2"
} |
A winepress is a device used to extract juice from crushed grapes during winemaking. There are a number of different styles of presses that are used by wine makers but their overall functionality is the same. Each style of press exerts controlled pressure in order to free the juice from the fruit (most often grapes). The pressure must be controlled, especially with grapes, in order to avoid crushing the seeds and releasing a great deal of undesirable tannins into the wine. Wine was being made at least as long ago as 4000 BC; in 2011, a winepress was unearthed in Armenia with red wine dated 6,000 years old. == Press types == === Basket === A basket press consists of a large basket filled with the crushed grapes. Pressure is applied through a plate that is forced down onto the fruit. The mechanism to lower the plate is often either a screw or a hydraulic device. The juice flows through openings in the basket. The basket style press was the first type of mechanized press to be developed, and its basic design has not changed in nearly 10000 years. === Horizontal screw === A horizontal screw press works using the same principle as the basket press. Instead of a plate being brought down to put pressure on the grapes, plates from either side of a closed cylinder are brought together to squeeze the grapes. Generally the volume of grapes handled is significantly greater than that of a basket press. === Bladder === A bladder press consists of a large cylinder, closed at each end, into which the fruit is loaded. To press the grapes, a large bladder expands and pushes the grapes against the sides. The juice then flows out through small openings in the cylinder. The cylinder rotates during | {
"page_id": 1048596,
"title": "Winepress"
} |
the process to help homogenize the pressure that is placed on the grapes. === Continuous screw === A continuous screw press differs from the above presses in that it does not process a single batch of grapes at a time. Instead it uses an Archimedes' screw to continuously force grapes up against the wall of the device. Juice is extracted, and the pomace continues through to the end where it is extracted. This style of press is rarely used to produce table wines, and some countries forbid its use for higher quality wines. === Flash release === Flash release is a technique used in winepressing. The treatment consists of heating the grapes with steam almost to boiling and then submitting them to a strong vacuum. The technique allows for a better extraction of phenolic compounds. == Gallery == == See also == History of the winepress Grape stomping Pressing (wine) == References == | {
"page_id": 1048596,
"title": "Winepress"
} |
This page provides supplementary chemical data on aluminium sulfate. == Material Safety Data Sheet == The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions. ScienceLab.com == Structure and properties == == Thermodynamic properties == == Spectral data == == References == | {
"page_id": 8323089,
"title": "Aluminium sulfate (data page)"
} |
The molecular formula C5H7NOS (molar mass: 129.18 g/mol, exact mass: 129.0248 u) may refer to: Goitrin Penam | {
"page_id": 23920658,
"title": "C5H7NOS"
} |
In molecular biology mir-569 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-569 microRNA precursor family at Rfam | {
"page_id": 36372503,
"title": "Mir-569 microRNA precursor family"
} |
Borax (also referred to as sodium borate, tincal and tincar ) is a salt (ionic compound), a hydrated or anhydrous borate of sodium, with the chemical formula Na2H20B4O7. It is a colorless crystalline solid that dissolves in water to make a basic solution. It is commonly available in powder or granular form and has many industrial and household uses, including as a pesticide, as a metal soldering flux, as a component of glass, enamel, and pottery glazes, for tanning of skins and hides, for artificial aging of wood, as a preservative against wood fungus, and as a pharmaceutic alkalizer. In chemical laboratories, it is used as a buffering agent. The terms tincal and tincar refer to native borax, historically mined from dry lake beds in various parts of Asia. == History == Borax was first discovered in dry lake beds in Tibet. Native tincal from Tibet, Persia, and other parts of Asia was traded via the Silk Road to the Arabian Peninsula in the 8th century AD. Borax first came into common use in the late 19th century when Francis Marion Smith's Pacific Coast Borax Company began to market and popularize a large variety of applications under the 20 Mule Team Borax trademark, named for the method by which borax was originally hauled out of the California and Nevada deserts. == Etymology == The English word borax is Latinized: the Middle English form was boras, from Old French boras, bourras. That may have been from Medieval Latin baurach (another English spelling), borac(-/um/em), borax, along with Spanish borrax (> borraj) and Italian borrace, in the 9th century, and from Arabic (بورق)bawraq, būraq, bōraq, as mentioned for example in Kitab al-Tabikh of Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq. The words tincal and tincar were adopted into English in the 17th century from Malay tingkal and | {
"page_id": 65560,
"title": "Borax"
} |
from Urdu/Persian/Arabic تنکار tinkār/tankār; thus the two forms in English. These all appear to be related to the Sanskrit टांकण ṭānkaṇa. == Chemistry == From a chemical perspective, borax contains the [B4O5(OH)4]2− ion. In this structure, there are two four-coordinate boron centers and two three-coordinate boron centers. It is a proton conductor at temperatures above 21 °C. Conductivity is maximum along the b-axis. Borax is also easily converted to boric acid and other borates, which have many applications. Its reaction with hydrochloric acid to form boric acid is: Na2B4O7·10H2O + 2 HCl → 4 H3BO3 + 2 NaCl + 5 H2O Borax is sufficiently stable to find use as a primary standard for acid-base titrimetry.: p.316 Molten borax dissolves many metal oxides to form glasses. This property is important for its uses in metallurgy and for the borax bead test of qualitative chemical analysis. Borax is soluble in a variety of solvents; however, it is notably insoluble in ethanol. The term borax properly refers to the so-called "decahydrate" Na2B4O7·10H2O, but that name is not consistent with its structure. It is actually octahydrate. The anion is not tetraborate [B4O7]2− but tetrahydroxy tetraborate [B4O5(OH)4]2−, so the more correct formula should be Na2B4O5(OH)4·8H2O. However, the term may be applied also to the related compounds. Borax "pentahydrate" has the formula Na2B4O7·5H2O, which is actually a trihydrate Na2B4O5(OH)4·3H2O. It is a colorless solid with a density of 1.880 kg/m3 that crystallizes from water solutions above 60.8 °C in the rhombohedral crystal system. It occurs naturally as the mineral tinkhanite. It can be obtained by heating the "decahydrate" above 61 °C. Borax "dihydrate" has the formula Na2B4O7·2H2O, which is actually anhydrous, with the correct formula Na2B4O5(OH)4. It can be obtained by heating the "decahydrate" or "pentahydrate" to above 116-120 °C. Anhydrous borax is sodium tetraborate proper, | {
"page_id": 65560,
"title": "Borax"
} |
with formula Na2B4O7. It can be obtained by heating any hydrate to 300 °C. It has one amorphous (glassy) form and three crystalline forms – α, β, and γ, with melting points of 1015, 993 and 936 K respectively. α-Na2B4O7 is the stable form. == Natural sources == Borax occurs naturally in evaporite deposits produced by the repeated evaporation of seasonal lakes. The most commercially important deposits are found in: Boron, California; and Searles Lake, California. Also, borax has been found at many other locations in the Southwestern United States, the Atacama Desert in Chile, newly discovered deposits in Bolivia, and in Tibet and Romania. Borax can also be produced synthetically from other boron compounds. Naturally occurring borax (known by the trade name Rasorite–46 in the United States and many other countries) is refined by a process of recrystallization. == Uses == Borax is used in pest control solutions because it is toxic to ants and rats. Because it is slow-acting, worker ants will carry the borax to their nests and poison the rest of the colony. Borax is more effective than zinc borate for termite control but a 1997 paper concluded that exposing at least 10% of the total colony population was needed for effective treatment. In Japan the practice of laying newspapers treated with o-boric acid and borax under buildings has been effective in controlling Coptotermes formosanus and Reticulitermes speratus populations. Decaying wood treated with 0.25 to 0.5 percent DOT was also found to be effective for baiting Heterotermes aureus populations. The paper concluded: "Borate baits would undoubtably be helpful in the long-term, but do not appear sufficient as a sole method of structural protection." Borax is used in various household laundry and cleaning products, including the 20 Mule Team Borax laundry booster, Boraxo powdered hand soap, and | {
"page_id": 65560,
"title": "Borax"
} |
some tooth bleaching formulas. Borate ions (commonly supplied as boric acid) are used in biochemical and chemical laboratories to make buffers, e.g. for polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of DNA and RNA, such as TBE buffer (borate buffered tris-hydroxymethylaminomethonium) or the newer SB buffer or BBS buffer (borate buffered saline) in coating procedures. Borate buffers (usually at pH 8) are also used as preferential equilibration solutions in dimethyl pimelimidate (DMP) based crosslinking reactions. Borax as a source of borate has been used to take advantage of the co-complexing ability of borate with other agents in water to form complex ions with various substances. Borate and a suitable polymer bed are used to chromatograph non-glycated hemoglobin differentially from glycated hemoglobin (chiefly HbA1c), which is an indicator of long-term hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus. Borax alone does not have a high affinity for hardness cations, although it has been used for water-softening. Its chemical equation for water-softening is given below: Ca2+(aq) + Na2B4O7(aq) → CaB4O7(s)↓ + 2 Na+(aq) Mg2+(aq) + Na2B4O7(aq) → MgB4O7(s)↓ + 2 Na+(aq) The sodium ions introduced do not make water "hard". This method is suitable for removing both temporary and permanent types of hardness. A mixture of borax and ammonium chloride is used as a flux when welding iron and steel. It lowers the melting point of the unwanted iron oxide (scale), allowing it to run off. Borax is also mixed with water as a flux when soldering jewelry metals such as gold or silver, where it allows the molten solder to wet the metal and flow evenly into the joint. Borax is also a good flux for "pre-tinning" tungsten with zinc, making the tungsten soft-solderable. Borax is often used as a flux for forge welding. In artisanal gold mining, borax is sometimes used as part of a process known as | {
"page_id": 65560,
"title": "Borax"
} |
the borax method (as a flux) meant to eliminate the need for toxic mercury in the gold extraction process, although it cannot directly replace mercury. Borax was reportedly used by gold miners in parts of the Philippines in the 1900s. There is evidence that, in addition to reducing the environmental impact, this method achieves better gold recovery for suitable ores and is less expensive. This borax method is used in northern Luzon in the Philippines, but miners have been reluctant to adopt it elsewhere for reasons that are not well understood. The method has also been promoted in Bolivia and Tanzania. A rubbery polymer sometimes called Slime, Flubber, 'gluep' or 'glurch' (or erroneously called Silly Putty, which is based on silicone polymers), can be made by cross-linking polyvinyl alcohol with borax. Making flubber from polyvinyl acetate-based glues, such as Elmer's Glue, and borax is a common elementary science demonstration. Borax, given the E number E285, is used as a food additive but this use is banned in some countries, such as Australia, China, Thailand and the United States. As a consequence, certain foods, such as caviar, produced for sale in the United States contain higher levels of salt to assist preservation. In addition to its use as a preservative, borax imparts a firm, rubbery texture to food. In China, borax (Chinese: 硼砂; pinyin: péng shā or Chinese: 月石; pinyin: yuè shí) has been found in foods including wheat and rice noodles named lamian (Chinese: 拉面; pinyin: lāmiàn), shahe fen (Chinese: 沙河粉; pinyin: shāhéfěn), char kway teow (Chinese: 粿條; pinyin: guǒ tiáo), and chee cheong fun (Chinese: 肠粉; pinyin: chángfěn) In Indonesia, it is a common, but forbidden, additive to such foods as noodles, bakso (meatballs), and steamed rice. Other uses include: Ingredient in enamel glazes Component of glass, pottery, and | {
"page_id": 65560,
"title": "Borax"
} |
ceramics Used as an additive in ceramic slips and glazes to improve fit on wet, greenware, and bisque Fire retardant Anti-fungal compound for cellulose insulation Mothproofing 10% solution for wool Pulverized for the prevention of stubborn pests (e.g. German cockroaches) in closets, pipe and cable inlets, wall panelling gaps, and inaccessible locations where ordinary pesticides are undesirable Precursor for sodium perborate monohydrate that is used in detergents, as well as for boric acid and other borates Tackifier ingredient in casein, starch and dextrin-based adhesives Precursor for boric acid, a tackifier ingredient in polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol-based adhesives To make indelible ink for dip pens by dissolving shellac into heated borax Curing agent for snake skins Curing agent for salmon eggs, for use in sport fishing for salmon Swimming pool buffering agent to control pH Neutron absorber, are used in nuclear reactors and spent fuel pools to control reactivity and to shut down a nuclear chain reaction As a micronutrient fertilizer to correct boron-deficient soils Preservative in taxidermy To color fires with a green tint Traditionally used to coat dry-cured meats such as hams to improve the appearance and discourage flies Used by blacksmiths in forge welding Used as a flux for melting metals and alloys in casting to draw out impurities and prevent oxidation Used as a woodworm treatment (diluted in water) In particle physics as an additive to nuclear emulsion, to extend the latent image lifetime of charged particle tracks. The first observation of the pion, which was awarded the 1950 Nobel Prize, used this type of emulsion. == Toxicity == According to one study, borax is not acutely toxic. Its LD50 (median lethal dose) score is tested at 2.66 g/kg in rats, meaning that a significant dose of the chemical is needed to cause severe symptoms or death. | {
"page_id": 65560,
"title": "Borax"
} |
The lethal dose is not necessarily the same for humans; human studies in three borate exposure-rich comparison groups (U.S. Borax mine and production facility workers, Chinese boron workers, Turkish residents living near boron rich regions) produced no indicators of developmental toxicity in blood and semen tests. The highest estimated exposure was 5 mg B/kg/day, likely due to eating in contaminated workplaces, more than 100 times the average daily exposure. Borax is absorbed poorly through intact skin, although fatalities have been recorded in persistent treatment of rashes and open wounds with boric acid-containing ointments and bath solutions. Borax is readily absorbed orally, well above 90%, and mostly excreted through the urine. Fatal cases attributed to ingestion include small children mistakenly drinking pesticides or suicide attempts with large volumes of crystals. No genotoxicity or carcinogenicity has been recorded in studies. Borax has been in use as an insecticide in the United States with various restrictions since 1946. All restrictions were removed in February 1986 due to the low toxicity of borax, as reported in two EPA documents relating to boric acid and borax. EPA has determined that, because they are of low toxicity and occur naturally, boric acid and its sodium salts should be exempted from the requirement of a tolerance (maximum residue limit) for all raw agricultural commodities. Although it cited inconclusive data, a re-evaluation in 2006 by the EPA still found that "There were no signs of toxicity observed during the study and no evidence of cytotoxicity to the target organ." In the reevaluation, a study of toxicity due to overexposure was checked and the findings were that "The residential handler inhalation risks due to boric acid and its sodium salts as active ingredients are not a risk concern and do not exceed the level of concern", but that there | {
"page_id": 65560,
"title": "Borax"
} |
could be some risk of irritation to children inhaling it if used as a powder for cleaning rugs. Overexposure to borax dust can cause respiratory irritation, while no skin irritation is known to exist due to external borax exposure. Ingestion may cause gastrointestinal distress including nausea, persistent vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Effects on the vascular system and human brain include headaches and lethargy but are less frequent. In severe cases, a "beefy" red rash affecting the palms, soles, buttocks and scrotum has occurred. The Indonesian Directorate of Consumer Protection warns of the risk of liver cancer with high consumption of borax over a period of 5–10 years. Borax was added to the Substance of Very High Concern (SVHC) candidate list on December 16, 2010. The SVHC candidate list is part of the EU Regulations on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals 2006 (REACH), and the addition was based on the revised classification of borax as toxic for reproduction category 1B under the CLP Regulations. Substances and mixtures imported into the EU which contain borax are now required to be labelled with the warnings "May damage fertility" and "May damage the unborn child". It was proposed for addition to REACH Annex XIV by the ECHA on July 1, 2015. If this recommendation is approved, all imports and uses of borax in the EU will have to be authorized by the ECHA. A review of the boron toxicity (as boric acid and borates) published in 2012 in the Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health concluded: "It clearly appears that human B [boron] exposures, even in the highest exposed cohorts, are too low to reach the blood (and target tissue) concentrations that would be required to exert adverse effects on reproductive functions." A draft risk assessment released by Health Canada | {
"page_id": 65560,
"title": "Borax"
} |
in July 2016 has found that overexposure to boric acid has the potential to cause developmental and reproductive health effects. Since people are already exposed to boric acid naturally through their diets and water, Health Canada advised that exposure from other sources should be reduced as much as possible, especially for children and pregnant women. The concern is not with any one product, but rather multiple exposures from a variety of sources. With this in mind, the department also announced that certain pesticides that contain boric acid, which are commonly used in homes, will have their registrations cancelled and be phased out of the marketplace. As well, new, more protective label directions are being introduced for other boric acid pesticides that continue to be registered in Canada (for example, enclosed bait stations and spot treatments using gel formulations). == See also == Borax bead test John Veatch List of cleaning agents Sodium borohydride Ulexite == Explanatory footnotes == == References == == External links == International Chemical Safety Card 0567 International Chemical Safety Card 1229 (fused borax) National Pollutant Inventory – Boron and compounds NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards Sodium Borate in sefsc.noaa.gov | {
"page_id": 65560,
"title": "Borax"
} |
The molecular formula C6H14N2 may refer to: 1,2-Cyclohexanediamine, a mixture of the two diastereoisomers trans-1,2-Diaminocyclohexane cis-1,2-Diaminocyclohexane 1,5-Diazacyclooctane, a cyclic diamine | {
"page_id": 32309269,
"title": "C6H14N2"
} |
"Candidatus Heimdallarchaeum" is a genus of archaea that in turn forms a distinct group within the Promethearchaeati kingdom. Named after the mythical Norse god, Heimdall, one of the sons of Odin, it is considered the closest relative of eukaryotes. The first specimens were discovered by a team of microbiologists at the Uppsala University, Sweden from the marine sediments at Loki's Castle (hydrothermal vents in the mid-Atlantic Ocean) and Bay of Aarhus (a waterway in Denmark), and some other species from Auka hydrothermal vent field in the Pacific Ocean. Its class, "Candidatus Heimdallarchaeia" is the group of archaea that eukaryotes emerged. A later study reports that their newly developed data shows that the Asgard ancestors of eukaryotes are rooted in a group older than the Heimdallarchaeia. The genus and its family, order and class are not recognized by LPSN as "pro-correct". == References == | {
"page_id": 77856795,
"title": "Candidatus Heimdallarchaeum"
} |
Natural Justice: Lawyers for Communities and the Environment is a non-profit organisation based in Cape Town, South Africa, with additional offices in Nairobi, Kenya, and Dakar, Senegal. It takes its name from the legal principle of natural justice and it works at the local level to legally empower communities to pursue social and environmental justice. It also works at the national and international levels to promote the full and effective implementation of environmental laws and policies such as the Convention on Biological Diversity. Natural Justice was founded by Harry Jonas and Sanjay Kabir Bavikatte in 2007. Natural Justice has been developing a process and tool known as community protocols in order to enable communities to understand the laws and policies that affect them, particularly those developed by government and industry without consultation. Protocols help communities illustrate their biological, cultural and spiritual resources, norms and values and assert their existing rights under local customary, domestic and international laws. Such protocols have been developed with several indigenous and local communities in Africa and Asia in order to ensure the continued practise of their customary ways of life that contribute to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, in line with the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity. Community protocols are gaining recognition in international negotiations on access and benefit-sharing of genetic resources and reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD), endogenous development practice, and traditional health care. == See also == South African environmental law == References == == External links == Official website Community protocols website | {
"page_id": 26148895,
"title": "Natural Justice: Lawyers for Communities and the Environment"
} |
This page provides supplementary chemical data on carbon tetrachloride. == Material Safety Data Sheet == The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as SIRI, and follow its directions. MSDS for carbon tetrachloride is available at Fisher Scientific. == Structure and properties == == Thermodynamic properties == == Vapor pressure of liquid == Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 47th ed. Note that "(s)" annotation indicates equilibrium temperature of vapor over solid. Otherwise the temperature is equilibrium of vapor over liquid. == Distillation data == == Spectral data == == References == Linstrom, Peter (1997). "NIST Standard Reference Database". National Institute of Standards and Technology. doi:10.18434/T4D303. Retrieved 17 May 2007. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) | {
"page_id": 11272223,
"title": "Carbon tetrachloride (data page)"
} |
In molecular biology mir-572 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-572 microRNA precursor family at Rfam | {
"page_id": 36372515,
"title": "Mir-572 microRNA precursor family"
} |
Nucleosome Remodeling Factor (NURF) is an ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex first discovered in Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) that catalyzes nucleosome sliding in order to regulate gene transcription. It contains an ISWI ATPase, making it part of the ISWI family of chromatin remodeling complexes. NURF is highly conserved among eukaryotes and is involved in transcriptional regulation of developmental genes. == Discovery == NURF was first purified from the model organism Drosophila melanogaster by Toshio Tsukiyama and Carl Wu in 1995. Tsukiyama and Wu described NURF’s chromatin remodeling activity on the hsp70 promoter. It was later discovered that NURF regulates transcription in this manner for hundreds of genes. A human ortholog of NURF, called hNURF, was isolated in 2003. == Structure == The NURF complex in Drosophila contains four subunits: NURF301, NURF140, NURF55, and NURF38. NURF140 is an ISWI ATPase, distinguishable by its HAND, SANT, and SLIDE domains (SANT-like but with several insertions). The NURF complex in Homo sapiens has three subunits, BPTF, SNF2L, and pRBAP46/48, homologous to NURF301, NURF140, and NURF55, respectively. There is no human homolog for NURF38. == Function == NURF interacts with chromatin by binding to modified histones or interacting with various transcription factors. NURF catalyzes nucleosome sliding in either direction on DNA without any apparent modifications to the histone octamer itself. NURF is essential for the expression of homeotic genes. The ISWI ATPase specifically recognizes intact N-terminal histone tails. In Drosophila, NURF interacts with the transcription factor GAGA to remodel chromatin at the hsp70 promoter, and null mutations in the Nurf301 subunit prevent larval metamorphosis. Other NURF mutants cause the development of melanotic tumors from larval blood cells. In humans, hNURF is involved in neuronal development and has been shown to enhance neurite outgrowth in vitro. == References == | {
"page_id": 52953124,
"title": "Nucleosome remodeling factor"
} |
The omega meson (ω) is a flavourless meson formed from a superposition of an up quark–antiquark and a down quark–antiquark pair. It is part of the vector meson nonet and mediates the nuclear force along with pions and rho mesons. == Properties == The most common decay mode for the ω meson is π+π0π− at 89.2±0.7%, followed by π0γ at 8.34±0.26%. The quark composition of the ω meson can be thought of as a mix between uu, dd and ss states, but it is very nearly a pure symmetric uu-dd state. This can be shown by deconstructing the wave function of the ω into its component parts. We see that the ω and ϕ mesons are mixtures of the SU(3) wave functions as follows. ω = ψ 8 sin θ + ψ 1 cos θ {\displaystyle \omega =\psi _{8}\sin \theta +\psi _{1}\cos \theta } , ϕ = ψ 8 cos θ − ψ 1 sin θ {\displaystyle \phi =\psi _{8}\cos \theta -\psi _{1}\sin \theta } , where θ {\displaystyle \theta } is the nonet mixing angle, ψ 1 = u u ¯ + d d ¯ + s s ¯ 3 {\displaystyle \psi _{1}={\frac {u{\overline {u}}+d{\overline {d}}+s{\overline {s}}}{\sqrt {3}}}} and ψ 8 = u u ¯ + d d ¯ − 2 s s ¯ 6 {\displaystyle \psi _{8}={\frac {u{\overline {u}}+d{\overline {d}}-2s{\overline {s}}}{\sqrt {6}}}} . The mixing angle at which the components decouple completely can be calculated to be arctan 1 2 ≈ 35.3 ∘ {\textstyle \arctan {\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\approx 35.3^{\circ }} , which almost corresponds to the actual value calculated from the masses of 35°. Therefore, the ω meson is nearly a pure symmetric uu-dd state. == See also == List of mesons Quark model Vector meson == References == | {
"page_id": 4587555,
"title": "Omega meson"
} |
The molecular formula C3H5NO2 (molar mass: 87.08 g/mol, exact mass: 87.0320 u) may refer to: Glycidamide 2-Oxazolidone Dehydroalanine, or 2-aminoacrylate | {
"page_id": 23920679,
"title": "C3H5NO2"
} |
In molecular biology mir-575 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-575 microRNA precursor family at Rfam | {
"page_id": 36372523,
"title": "Mir-575 microRNA precursor family"
} |
Behavioral clustering is a statistical analysis method used in retailing to identify consumer purchase trends and group stores based on consumer buying behaviors. == Traditional versus behavioral clustering == === Traditional clustering === Historically, retailers and manufacturers have grouped stores based on top-down constraints such as store size, total store sales volume, retail banner, or supply chain requirements to ensure the chain is operating efficiently. In other cases, a strategy to group stores into common demographic or geographic clusters is followed. The major benefit of using a top-down traditional approach is that, by using averages to group stores, it ensures the chain is operating at maximum efficiency. The risk when using this approach is in not meeting localized demand on a store-by-store basis, resulting in a potential loss in sales. === Behavioral clustering === When performing behavioral clustering, store clusters are formed based on analyzing the actual performance (e.g. sales dollars, units sold) of items, categories or departments, in every store within a network. This approach enables store groups to be created based on actual consumer buying behaviors. After placing each store in a cluster, individual consumer-centric strategies can then be created to facilitate targeted marketing, advertising, merchandising, pricing, and promotion plans. In addition, once store groups are formed, retailers and manufacturers can analyze the resulting store clusters to identify demographic, psychographic, or geographic similarities. For instance, analysis of one group of stores may highlight that they are all located in a similar geographic location (in the Northeast or near large population centers) or that a particular demographic similarity may exist i.e. a specific ethnic, age or income group may have a strong preference to a particular brand or style. This allows the retailer to determine which categories will be represented in similar stores, how they will be marketed and | {
"page_id": 26148908,
"title": "Behavioral clustering"
} |
promoted, and where they will be positioned and priced within the store. The major benefit of using a bottom-up behavioral clustering approach is that it enables the retailer to quickly identify clusters of stores with similar demand patterns, enabling them to develop truly customer-centric marketing, merchandising, space, and pricing strategies. The risk when using this approach is a potential loss in operational efficiency if too many clusters are established. The key to behavioral clustering is to find the right balance of localization to meet consumer demand while still maintaining operational efficiency. == References == Erickson, D., and Weber, W. (2009). "Five Pitfalls To Avoid When Clustering". Chain Store Age.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) == External links == Behavioural Clustering 101: Here's What You Need To Know Personalize Content on Your Website with Behavioral Clustering A two-step segmentation algorithm for behavioral clustering of naturalistic driving styles | {
"page_id": 26148908,
"title": "Behavioral clustering"
} |
The Turner Controversy was a dispute within the Socialist Party of Great Britain (SPGB) regarding the nature of socialism instigated by party member Tony Turner. The dispute ultimately led to an exodus of members who formed the short-lived Movement for Social Integration. When membership and activity was at a peak in the period after the Second World War, Turner began giving lectures for the party on what he envisioned socialism would be like. The content of these lectures led him to develop a position that caused controversy in the party by the early to mid-1950s and which was elaborated by Turner and his supporters in articles in the party’s internal discussion journal of the time, Forum. Three interlocking propositions underpinned the ‘Turnerite’ viewpoint: that the society of mass consumerism and automated labour which capitalism had become had to be swept away in its entirety if alienation was to be abolished and a truly human community created. This meant a return to pre-industrial methods of production, on lines inspired by Tolstoy and William Morris’ News From Nowhere. that the creation of the new socialist society was not simply in the interests of the working class but was in the interests of the whole of humanity, irrespective of class, a proposition they thought it essential for the Party to recognise in its everyday propaganda, and the means of creating the new peaceful and cooperative society had to be entirely peaceful, indeed pacifist (and in the view of some, possibly even gradual). This view was in direct contradiction to the party's 'Declaration of Principles', which identifies socialism as being the product of class struggle and which claims that the socialist movement will organise for the capture of political power, including power over the state’s coercive machinery, which can be wielded to repress those | {
"page_id": 8912941,
"title": "Turner Controversy"
} |
who resist the imposition of socialism. A series of acrimonious disputes between the ‘Turnerites’ and the majority of the party culminated in a party referendum and then a resolution being carried at the 1955 party conference to the effect that all members not in agreement with the Declaration of Principles be asked to resign. Turner, having survived a previous attempt to expel him, promptly did so, along with a number of other members including Joan Lestor (later to become a Labour minister) and the psychologist John Rowan. Some of these ex-members formed a short-lived Movement for Social Integration, though the impact the dispute had on the party as a whole was almost entirely disruptive and negative. == See also == Socialist Party of Great Britain breakaway groups#The Movement for Social Integration Luddism == References == == Bibliography == Barltrop, Robert (1975). The Monument: The Story of the Socialist Party of Great Britain. London: Pluto Press. pp. 144–153. ISBN 0-904383-00-8. DAP (June 2004). "Getting Splinters". Socialist Standard. 100 (1198). Socialist Party of Great Britain: 38–41. ISSN 0037-8259. | {
"page_id": 8912941,
"title": "Turner Controversy"
} |
The saccule is the smaller sized vestibular sac (the utricle being the other larger size vestibular sac); it is globular in form, and lies in the recessus sphæricus near the opening of the scala vestibuli of the cochlea. Its anterior part exhibits an oval thickening, the macula of saccule (or saccular macula), to which are distributed the saccular filaments of the acoustic nerve. The vestibule is a region of the inner ear which contains the saccule and the utricle, each of which contain a macula to detect linear acceleration. Its function is to detect vertical linear acceleration. The macula of saccule lies in a nearly vertical position. It is a 2mm by 3mm patch of hair cells. Each hair cell of the macula contains 40 to 70 stereocilia and one true cilia, called a kinocilium. A gelatinous cover called the otolithic membrane envelops the tips of the stereocilia and kinocilium. The otolithic membrane is weighted with small densely packed protein-calcium carbonate granules called statoconica. The macula of the utricle is in a horizontal position and detects horizontal acceleration. The coordinated sensory perception of acceleration both vertically and horizontally along the vestibular nerve, allow for the perception of linear acceleration in any direction. In vertical linear acceleration, the weighted otolithic membrane lags behind the stereocilia and kinocilium. This bends the stereocilia, which is interpreted by the brain as vertical linear acceleration. == References == This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 1052 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918) | {
"page_id": 11599917,
"title": "Macula of saccule"
} |
In mathematical physics and harmonic analysis, the quadratic Fourier transform is an integral transform that generalizes the fractional Fourier transform, which in turn generalizes the Fourier transform. Roughly speaking, the Fourier transform corresponds to a change of variables from time to frequency (in the context of harmonic analysis) or from position to momentum (in the context of quantum mechanics). In phase space, this is a 90 degree rotation. The fractional Fourier transform generalizes this to any angle rotation, giving a smooth mixture of time and frequency, or of position and momentum. The quadratic Fourier transform extends this further to the group of all linear symplectic transformations in phase space (of which rotations are a subgroup). More specifically, for every member of the metaplectic group (which is a double cover of the symplectic group) there is a corresponding quadratic Fourier transform. == References == | {
"page_id": 65470508,
"title": "Quadratic Fourier transform"
} |
Physics of financial markets is a non-orthodox economics discipline that studies financial markets as physical systems. It seeks to understand the nature of financial processes and phenomena by employing the scientific method and avoiding beliefs, unverifiable assumptions and immeasurable notions, not uncommon to economic disciplines. Physics of financial markets addresses issues such as theory of price formation, price dynamics, market ergodicity, collective phenomena, market self-action, and market instabilities. Physics of financial markets should not be confused with mathematical finance, which are only concerned with descriptive mathematical modeling of financial instruments without seeking to understand nature of underlying processes. == See also == Econophysics Social physics Quantum economics Thermoeconomics Quantum finance Kinetic exchange models of markets Brownian model of financial markets Ergodicity economics == References == | {
"page_id": 50069550,
"title": "Physics of financial markets"
} |
The Lilliput effect is an observed decrease in animal body size in genera that have survived a major extinction. There are several hypotheses as to why these patterns appear in the fossil record, some of which are: simple preferential survival of smaller animals, dwarfing of larger lineages, and evolutionary miniaturization from larger ancestral stocks. The term was coined in by Urbanek (1993) in a paper concerning the end-Silurian extinction of graptoloids and is derived from an island in Gulliver’s Travels, Lilliput, inhabited by a race of miniature people. The size decrease may just be a temporary phenomenon restricted to the survival period of the extinction event. Atkinson et al. (2019) coined the term Brobdingnag effect to describe a related phenomenon, operating in the opposite direction, whereby new species evolving after the Triassic-Jurassic mass extinction that began the period with small body sizes underwent substantial size increases. The term is also from Gulliver's Travels, where Brobdingnag is a place inhabited by a race of giants. == Significance == Trends in body size changes are seen throughout the fossil record in many organisms, and major changes (shrinking and dwarfing) in body size can significantly affect the morphology of the animal itself as well as how it interacts with the environment. Since Urbanek's publication several researchers have described a decrease in body size in fauna post-extinction event, although not all use the term "Lilliput effect" when discussing this trend in body size decrease. The Lilliput effect has been noted by several authors to have occurred after the Permian-Triassic mass extinction: Early Triassic fauna, both marine and terrestrial, is notably smaller than those preceding and following in the geologic record. == Potential causes == === Extinction of larger taxa === The extinction event may have been more severe for the larger-bodied species, leaving only | {
"page_id": 51707953,
"title": "Lilliput effect"
} |
species of smaller-bodied animals behind. As such, organisms in the smaller species which then make up the recovering ecosystem, will take time to evolve larger bodies to replace the extinct species and re-occupy the vacant ecological niche for a large-bodied animal. Taxa whose animals are larger may be evolutionarily selected against for several reasons, including high energy requirements for which the resources may not longer be available, increased generation times compared to smaller bodied organisms, and smaller populations, which would be more severely affected by environmental changes. === Development of new organisms === Stanley (1973) hypothesized that newly emerged animal taxa tend to develop at an originally small size, hence a sudden proliferation of new species would tend to produce many initially small organisms. === Shrinking of surviving taxa === It is possible that the extinction event selectively removed larger individuals within any single lineage, without extinguishing the entire species, but leaving as survivors only the individuals with a naturally smaller body size. The smaller survivors then form the new breeding population, and pass on that trait to their descendents. Because of the selection during the extinction, compared to the previously "normal"-sized members of the species who lived before the extinction event occurred, later members of that species living after the extinction, who are descended only from the smaller survivors, would be reduced in size, constituting a "new-normal". == References == | {
"page_id": 51707953,
"title": "Lilliput effect"
} |
Photoblasticism is a mechanism of seed dormancy. Photoblastic seeds require light in order to germinate. Once germination starts, the stored nutrients that have accumulated during maturation start to be digested which then supports cell expansion and overall growth. Within light-stimulated germination, Phytochrome B (PHYB) is the photoreceptor that is responsible for the beginning stages of germination. When red light is present, PHYB is converted to its active form and moves from the cytoplasm to the nucleus where it upregulates the degradation of PIF1. PIF1, phytochrome-interaction-factor-1, negatively regulates germination by increasing the expression of proteins that repress the synthesis of gibberellin (GA), a major hormone in the germination process. Another factor that promotes germination is HFR1 which accumulates in light in some way and forms inactive heterodimers with PIF1. Although the exact mechanism is not known, nitric oxide (NO) plays a role in this pathway as well. NO is thought to repress PIF1 gene expression and stabilises HFR1 in some way to support the start of germination. Bethke et al. (2006) exposed dormant Arabidopsis seeds to NO gas and within the next 4 days, 90% of the seeds broke dormancy and germinated. The authors also looked at how NO and GA effects the vacuolation process of aleurone cells that allow the movement of nutrients to be digested. A NO mutant resulted in inhibition of vacuolation but when GA was later added the process was active again leading to the belief that NO is prior to GA in the pathway. NO may also lead to the decrease in sensitivity of Abscisic acid (ABA), a plant hormone largely responsible for seed dormancy. The balance between GA and ABA is important. When ABA levels are higher than GA then that leads to dormant seeds and when GA levels are higher, seeds germinate. GA known | {
"page_id": 72745010,
"title": "Photoblasticism"
} |
to substitute the requirement of light for germination in positive photoblastic seeds. == References == | {
"page_id": 72745010,
"title": "Photoblasticism"
} |
In (automotive) vehicle dynamics, slip is the relative motion between a tire and the road surface it is moving on. This slip can be generated either by the tire's rotational speed being greater or less than the free-rolling speed (usually described as percent slip), or by the tire's plane of rotation being at an angle to its direction of motion (referred to as slip angle). In rail vehicle dynamics, this overall slip of the wheel relative to the rail is called creepage. It is distinguished from the local sliding velocity of surface particles of wheel and rail, which is called micro-slip. == Longitudinal slip == The longitudinal slip is generally given as a percentage of the difference between the surface speed of the wheel compared to the speed between axle and road surface, as: slip = r e Ω − v x v x {\displaystyle {\text{slip}}={\frac {r_{e}\Omega -v_{x}}{v_{x}}}} where Ω {\displaystyle \Omega } is the longitudinal component of the rotational speed of the wheel, r {\displaystyle r} is wheel radius at the point of contact and v x {\displaystyle v_{x}} is vehicle speed in the plane of the tire. A positive slip indicates that the wheels are spinning; negative slip indicates that they are skidding. Locked brakes, r e Ω = 0 {\displaystyle r_{e}\Omega =0} , means that slip = − 1 = − 100 % {\displaystyle {\text{slip}}=-1=-100\%} and sliding without rotating. Rotation with no velocity, r e Ω ≠ 0 {\displaystyle r_{e}\Omega \neq 0} and v = 0 {\displaystyle v=0} , means that slip = ∞ {\displaystyle {\text{slip}}=\infty } . == Lateral slip == The lateral slip of a tire is the angle between the direction it is moving and the direction it is pointing. This can occur, for instance, in cornering, and is enabled by deformation in the | {
"page_id": 11665456,
"title": "Slip (vehicle dynamics)"
} |
tire carcass and tread. Despite the name, no actual sliding is necessary for small slip angles. Sliding may occur, starting at the rear of the contact patch, as slip angle increases. The slip angle can be defined as: α = arctan ( v y | v x | ) {\displaystyle \alpha =\arctan \left({\frac {v_{y}}{|v_{x}|}}\right)} == References == == See also == Contact patch Frictional contact mechanics Aristotle's wheel paradox Explanation with animation of the elastic slip website tec-science.com | {
"page_id": 11665456,
"title": "Slip (vehicle dynamics)"
} |
In molecular biology mir-580 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-580 microRNA precursor family at Rfam | {
"page_id": 36372533,
"title": "Mir-580 microRNA precursor family"
} |
Genetic erosion (also known as genetic depletion or genomic erosion) is a process where the limited gene pool of an endangered species diminishes even more when reproductive individuals die off before reproducing with others in their endangered low population. The term is sometimes used in a narrow sense, such as when describing the loss of particular alleles or genes, as well as being used more broadly, as when referring to the loss of a phenotype or whole species. Genetic erosion occurs because each individual organism has many unique genes which get lost when it dies without getting a chance to breed. Low genetic diversity in a population of wild animals and plants leads to a further diminishing gene pool – inbreeding and a weakening immune system can then "fast-track" that species towards eventual extinction. By definition, endangered species suffer varying degrees of genetic erosion. Many species benefit from a human-assisted breeding program to keep their population viable, thereby avoiding extinction over long time-frames. Small populations are more susceptible to genetic erosion than larger populations. Genetic erosion gets compounded and accelerated by habitat loss and habitat fragmentation – many endangered species are threatened by habitat loss and (fragmentation) habitat. Fragmented habitat create barriers in gene flow between populations. The gene pool of a species or a population is the complete set of unique alleles that would be found by inspecting the genetic material of every living member of that species or population. A large gene pool indicates extensive genetic diversity, which is associated with robust populations that can survive bouts of intense selection. Meanwhile, low genetic diversity (see inbreeding and population bottlenecks) can cause reduced biological fitness and increase the chance of extinction of that species or population. == Processes and consequences == Population bottlenecks create shrinking gene pools, which leave | {
"page_id": 12845111,
"title": "Genetic erosion"
} |
fewer and fewer fertile mating partners. The genetic implications can be illustrated by considering the analogy of a high-stakes poker game with a crooked dealer. Consider that the game begins with a 52-card deck (representing high genetic diversity). Reduction of the number of breeding pairs with unique genes resembles the situation where the dealer deals only the same five cards over and over, producing only a few limited "hands". As specimens begin to inbreed, both physical and reproductive congenital effects and defects appear more often. Abnormal sperm increases, infertility rises, and birthrates decline. "Most perilous are the effects on the immune defense systems, which become weakened and less and less able to fight off an increasing number of bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic, and other disease-producing threats. Thus, even if an endangered species in a bottleneck can withstand whatever human development may be eating away at its habitat, it still faces the threat of an epidemic that could be fatal to the entire population." == Loss of agricultural and livestock biodiversity == Genetic erosion in agricultural and livestock is the loss of biological genetic diversity – including the loss of individual genes, and the loss of particular recombinants of genes (or gene complexes) – such as those manifested in locally adapted landraces of domesticated animals or plants that have become adapted to the natural environment in which they originated. The major driving forces behind genetic erosion in crops are variety replacement, land clearing, overexploitation of species, population pressure, environmental degradation, overgrazing, governmental policy, and changing agricultural systems. The main factor, however, is the replacement of local varieties of domestic plants and animals by other varieties or species that are non-local. A large number of varieties can also often be dramatically reduced when commercial varieties are introduced into traditional farming systems. Many | {
"page_id": 12845111,
"title": "Genetic erosion"
} |
researchers believe that the main problem related to agro-ecosystem management is the general tendency towards genetic and ecological uniformity imposed by the development of modern agriculture. In the case of Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, major causes of genetic erosion are reported to include indiscriminate cross-breeding, increased use of exotic breeds, weak policies and institutions in animal genetic resources management, neglect of certain breeds because of a lack of profitability or competitiveness, the intensification of production systems, the effects of diseases and disease management, loss of pastures or other elements of the production environment, and poor control of inbreeding. == Prevention by human intervention, modern science and safeguards == === In situ conservation === With advances in modern bioscience, several techniques and safeguards have emerged to check the relentless advance of genetic erosion and the resulting acceleration of endangered species towards eventual extinction. However, many of these techniques and safeguards are too expensive yet to be practical, and so the best way to protect species is to protect their habitat and to let them live in it as naturally as possible. Complicating matters, the conservation of substantial amounts of genetic diversity often requires the maintenance of multiple independent populations across a species distribution. For example, to conserve at least 90% of the genetic diversity of the northern quoll requires the conservation of at least eight populations across the continent of Australia. Wildlife sanctuaries and national parks have been created to preserve entire ecosystems with all the web of species native to the area. Wildlife corridors are created to join fragmented habitats (see Habitat fragmentation) to enable endangered species to travel, meet, and breed with others of their kind. Scientific conservation and modern wildlife management techniques, with the expertise of scientifically trained staff, help manage these protected ecosystems and | {
"page_id": 12845111,
"title": "Genetic erosion"
} |
the wildlife found in them. Wild animals are also translocated and reintroduced to other locations physically when fragmented wildlife habitats are too far and isolated to be able to link together via a wildlife corridor, or when local extinctions have already occurred. === Ex situ conservation === Modern policies of zoo associations and zoos around the world have begun putting dramatically increased emphasis on keeping and breeding wild-sourced species and subspecies of animals in their registered endangered species breeding programs. These specimens are intended to have a chance to be reintroduced and survive back in the wild. The main objectives of zoos today have changed, and greater resources are being invested in breeding species and subspecies for then ultimate purpose of assisting conservation efforts in the wild. Zoos do this by maintaining extremely detailed scientific breeding records (i.e. studbooks)) and by loaning their wild animals to other zoos around the country (and often globally) for breeding, to safeguard against inbreeding by attempting to maximize genetic diversity however possible. Costly (and sometimes controversial) ex-situ conservation techniques aim to increase the genetic biodiversity on our planet, as well as the diversity in local gene pools. by guarding against genetic erosion. Modern concepts like seedbanks, sperm banks, and tissue banks have become much more commonplace and valuable. Sperm, eggs, and embryos can now be frozen and kept in banks, which are sometimes called "Modern Noah's Arks" or "Frozen Zoos". Cryopreservation techniques are used to freeze these living materials and keep them alive in perpetuity by storing them submerged in liquid nitrogen tanks at very low temperatures. Thus, preserved materials can then be used for artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, embryo transfer, and cloning methodologies to protect diversity in the gene pool of critically endangered species. It can be possible to save an endangered | {
"page_id": 12845111,
"title": "Genetic erosion"
} |
species from extinction by preserving only parts of specimens, such as tissues, sperm, eggs, etc. – even after the death of a critically endangered animal, or collected from one found freshly dead, in captivity or from the wild. A new specimen can then be "resurrected" with the help of cloning, so as to give it another chance to breed its genes into the living population of the respective threatened species. Resurrection of dead critically endangered wildlife specimens with the help of cloning is still being perfected, and is still too expensive to be practical, but with time and further advancements in science and methodology it may well become a routine procedure not too far into the future. == See also == Center of origin Conservation biology Crop wild relative Gene bank Genetic pollution Genetics Mutational meltdown Neglected and underutilized crops Population genetics == References == | {
"page_id": 12845111,
"title": "Genetic erosion"
} |
Appearance energy (also known as appearance potential) is the minimum energy that must be supplied to a gas phase atom or molecule in order to produce an ion. In mass spectrometry, it is accounted as the voltage to correspond for electron ionization. This is the minimum electron energy that produces an ion. In photoionization, it is the minimum photon energy of a photon that produces some ion signal. For example, the indene bromide ion (IndBr+) only loses bromine at an incident photon energy of 10.2 eV, so the product, indenyl, has an appearance energy of 10.2 eV. == See also == Ionization energy == References == | {
"page_id": 20971576,
"title": "Appearance energy"
} |
MindSpore is a open-source software framework for deep learning, machine learning and artificial intelligence developed by Huawei. == Overview == It has support for custom OpenHarmony-based HarmonyOS NEXT single core framework system built for HarmonyOS, includes an AI system stack that comes with Huawei's built LLM model called PanGu-Σ with full MindSpore framework support. Alongside, OpenHarmony Native device-side AI support for training interface and ArkTS programming interface for its NNRt (Neural Network Runtime) backend configurations via MindSpore Lite AI framework codebase introduced in API 11 Beta 1 of OpenHarmony 4.1. MindSpore platform runs on Ascend AI chips and Kirin alongside other HiSilicon NPU chips. CANN (Compute Architecture of Neural Networks), heterogeneous computing architecture for AI developed by Huawei. With CANN backend in OpenCV DNN, giving developers ability to run created AI models on the Ascend, Kirin and other HiSilicon NPU enabled chips. It supports cross platform development such as Android, iOS, Windows, global OpenHarmony-based distro, Eclipse Oniro, Linux-based EulerOS alongside OpenEuler Huawei's server OS platforms, macOS and Linux. == History == On April 24, 2024, Huawei's MindSpore 2.3.RC1 was released to open source community with Foundation Model Training, Full-Stack Upgrade of Foundation Model Inference, Static Graph Optimization, IT Features and new MindSpore Elec MT (MindSpore-powered magnetotelluric) Intelligent Inversion Model. == See also == Comparison of deep learning software Differentiable programming TensorFlow Keras CUDA == References == == Bibliography == == External links == Official website Learning MindSpore Web Deep Learning and Practice with MindSpore Book (ENG) | {
"page_id": 76087353,
"title": "MindSpore"
} |
Fluorescence guided surgery (FGS), also called fluorescence image-guided surgery, or in the specific case of tumor resection, fluorescence guided resection, is a medical imaging technique used to detect fluorescently labelled structures during surgery. Similarly to standard image-guided surgery, FGS has the purpose of guiding the surgical procedure and providing the surgeon of real time visualization of the operating field. When compared to other medical imaging modalities, FGS is cheaper and superior in terms of resolution and number of molecules detectable. As a drawback, penetration depth is usually very poor (100 μm) in the visible wavelengths, but it can reach up to 1–2 cm when excitation wavelengths in the near infrared are used. == Imaging devices == FGS is performed using imaging devices with the purpose of providing real time simultaneous information from color reflectance images (bright field) and fluorescence emission. One or more light sources are used to excite and illuminate the sample. Light is collected using optical filters that match the emission spectrum of the fluorophore. Imaging lenses and digital cameras (CCD or CMOS) are used to produce the final image. Live video processing can also be performed to enhance contrast during fluorescence detection and improve signal-to-background ratio. In recent years a number of commercial companies have emerged to offer devices specializing in fluorescence in the NIR wavelengths, with the goal of capitalizing upon the growth in off label use of indocyanine green (ICG). However commercial systems with multiple fluorescence channels also exist commercially, for use with fluorescein and protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). === Excitation sources === Fluorescence excitation is accomplished using various kind of light sources. Halogen lamps have the advantage of delivering high power for a relatively low cost. Using different band-pass filters, the same source can be used to produce several excitation channels from the UV to | {
"page_id": 38273081,
"title": "Fluorescence image-guided surgery"
} |
the near infrared. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have become very popular for low cost broad band illumination and narrow band excitation in FGS. Because of their characteristic light emission spectrum, a narrow range of wavelengths that matches the absorption spectrum of a given fluorophore can be selected without using a filter, further reducing the complexity of the optical system. Both halogen lamps and LEDs are suitable for white light illumination of the sample. Excitation can also be performed using laser diodes, particularly when high power over a short wavelength range (typically 5-10 nm) is needed. In this case the system has to account for the limits of exposure to laser radiation. === Detection techniques === Live images from the fluorescent dye and the surgical field are obtained using a combination of filters, lenses and cameras. During open surgery, hand held devices are usually preferred for their ease of use and mobility. A stand or arm can be used to maintain the system on top of the operating field, particularly when the weight and complexity of the device is high (e.g. when multiple cameras are used). The main disadvantage of such devices is that operating theater lights can interfere with the fluorescence emission channel, with a consequent decrease of signal-to-background ratio. This issue is usually solved by dimming or switching off the theater lights during fluorescence detection. FGS can also be performed using minimally invasive devices such as laparoscopes or endoscopes. In this case, a system of filters, lenses and cameras is attached to the end of the probe. Unlike open surgery, the background from external light sources is reduced. Nevertheless, the excitation power density at the sample is limited by the low light transmission of the fiber optics in endoscopes and laparoscopes, particularly in the near infrared. Moreover, the ability of | {
"page_id": 38273081,
"title": "Fluorescence image-guided surgery"
} |
collecting light is much reduced compared to standard imaging lenses used for open surgery devices. FGS devices can also be implemented for robotic surgery (for example in the da Vinci Surgical System). === Clinical applications === The major limitation in FGS is the availability of clinically approved fluorescent dyes which have a novel biological indication. Indocyanine green (ICG) has been widely used as a non-specific agent to detect sentinel lymph nodes during surgery. ICG has the main advantage of absorbing and emitting light in the near infrared, allowing detection of nodes under several centimeters of tissue. Methylene blue can also be used for the same purpose, with an excitation peak in the red portion of the spectrum. First clinical applications using tumor-specific agents that detect deposits of ovarian cancer during surgery have been carried out. === History === The first uses of FGS dates back to the 1940s when fluorescein was first used in humans to enhance the imaging of brain tumors, cysts, edema and blood flow in vivo. In modern times the use has fallen off, until a multicenter trial in Germany concluded that FGS to help guide glioma resection based upon fluorescence from PpIX provided significant short-term benefit. == See also == Endoscopy Fluorescence Image-guided surgery Laparoscopy Near infrared Near-infrared window in biological tissue Surgery == References == | {
"page_id": 38273081,
"title": "Fluorescence image-guided surgery"
} |
Mycelium Running: How Mushrooms Can Help Save the World is the sixth book written by American mycologist Paul Stamets. In Mycelium Running (Ten Speed Press 2005), Stamets explores the use and applications of fungi in bioremediation—a practice called mycoremediation. Stamets details methods of termite and ant control using nontoxic mycelia, and describes how certain fungi may be able to neutralize anthrax, nerve gas, and smallpox. He includes the following with regard to the mycelium: Is this the largest organism in the world? This 2,400-acre (9.7 km2) site in eastern Oregon had a contiguous growth of mycelium before logging roads cut through it. Estimated at 1,665 football fields in size and 2,200 years old, this one fungus has killed the forest above it several times over, and in so doing has built deeper soil layers that allow the growth of ever-larger stands of trees. Mushroom-forming forest fungi are unique in that their mycelial mats can achieve such massive proportions. == See also == List of books about mushrooms == References == | {
"page_id": 31457339,
"title": "Mycelium Running"
} |
Dynamin is a GTPase protein responsible for endocytosis in the eukaryotic cell. Dynamin is part of the "dynamin superfamily", which includes classical dynamins, dynamin-like proteins, Mx proteins, OPA1, mitofusins, and GBPs. Members of the dynamin family are principally involved in the scission of newly formed vesicles from the membrane of one cellular compartment and their targeting to, and fusion with, another compartment, both at the cell surface (particularly caveolae internalization) as well as at the Golgi apparatus. Dynamin family members also play a role in many processes including division of organelles, cytokinesis and microbial pathogen resistance. == Structure == Dynamin itself is a 96 kDa enzyme, and was first isolated when researchers were attempting to isolate new microtubule-based motors from the bovine brain. Dynamin has been extensively studied in the context of clathrin-coated vesicle budding from the cell membrane. Beginning from the N-terminus, Dynamin consists of a GTPase domain connected to a helical stalk domain via a flexible neck region containing a Bundle Signalling Element and GTPase Effector Domain. At the opposite end of the stalk domain is a loop that links to a membrane-binding Pleckstrin homology domain. The protein strand then loops back towards the GTPase domain and terminates with a Proline Rich Domain that binds to the Src Homology domains of many proteins. == Function == During clathrin-mediated endocytosis, the cell membrane invaginates to form a budding vesicle. Dynamin binds to and assembles around the neck of the endocytic vesicle, forming a helical polymer arranged such that the GTPase domains dimerize in an asymmetric manner across helical rungs. The polymer constricts the underlying membrane upon GTP binding and hydrolysis via conformational changes emanating from the flexible neck region that alters the overall helical symmetry. Constriction around the vesicle neck leads to the formation of a hemi-fission membrane state | {
"page_id": 4128827,
"title": "Dynamin"
} |
that ultimately results in membrane scission. Constriction may be in part the result of the twisting activity of dynamin, which makes dynamin the only molecular motor known to have a twisting activity. == Types == In mammals, three different dynamin genes have been identified with key sequence differences in their Pleckstrin homology domains leading to differences in the recognition of lipid membranes: Dynamin I is expressed in neurons and neuroendocrine cells Dynamin II is expressed in most cell types Dynamin III is strongly expressed in the testis, but is also present in heart, brain, and lung tissue. == Pharmacology == Small molecule inhibitors of dynamin activity have been developed, including Dynasore and photoswitchable derivatives (Dynazo) for spatiotemporal control of endocytosis with light (photopharmacology). == Disease implications == Mutations in Dynamin II have been found to cause dominant intermediate Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Epileptic encephalopathy–causing de novo mutations in dynamin have been suggested to cause dysfunction of vesicle scission during synaptic vesicle endocytosis. == References == == External links == Dynamins at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) | {
"page_id": 4128827,
"title": "Dynamin"
} |
The Blum–Ittah aziridine synthesis, also known as the Blum–Ittah-Shahak aziridine synthesis or simply the Blum aziridine synthesis is a name reaction of organic chemistry, for the generation of aziridines from oxiranes. == Mechanism == The oxirane is first converted into a 2-azidoalcohol with the use of an azide such as sodium azide. The azido alcohol is then reduced with the use of a trialkylphosphine such as triphenylphosphine in a manner similar to the Staudinger reaction, concomitant with loss of N2. The resulting phosphanimine (formerly called iminophosphorane) intermediate is then attacked by the alcohol, with oxygen forming a bond with the phosphorus atom. Forming a ring intermediate. After a proton transfer, a pair of electrons from the oxygen atom shifts onto the phosphorus atom, and the phosphorus-nitrogen bond breaks, with the electron pair shifting onto the nitrogen atom. The negatively charged nitrogen atom attacks the carbon atom that the oxygen atom is connected to. This gives us our desired aziridine and a trialkylphosphine oxide as a side product. == Applications == The Blum-Ittah aziridine synthesis has been used in the synthesis of α-methylserine and 6-Azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes. == References == | {
"page_id": 67829818,
"title": "Blum–Ittah aziridine synthesis"
} |
Huawei PanGu, PanGu, PanGu-Σ or PanGu-π (Chinese: 盘古大模型; pinyin: pángǔ dà móxíng) is a multimodal large language model developed by Huawei. It was announced on July 7, 2023. The name of the large learning language model, PanGu, was derived from the Chinese mythology and folklore of Pangu, a primordial character related to the creation of the world. == History == === Early development === In April 2023, Huawei released a paper detailing the development of PanGu-Σ, a colossal language model featuring 1.085 trillion parameters. Developed within Huawei's MindSpore 5 framework, PanGu-Σ underwent training for over 100 days on a cluster system equipped with 512 Ascend 910 AI accelerator chips, processing 329 billion tokens in more than 40 natural and programming languages. PanGu-Σ incorporates Random Routed Experts (RRE) and the Transformer decoder architecture, allowing easy extraction of sub-models for various applications like conversation, translation, code production, and natural language interpretation. The model achieves 6.3 times faster training throughput compared to MoE models with the same hyper-parameters. In the Chinese domain, it outperforms previous state-of-the-art models across 16 tasks in a zero-shot setting. Trained on datasets from 40 domains, including Chinese, English, Bilingual, and code, PanGu-Σ excels in few-shot natural-language understanding, open-domain discussion, question answering, machine translation, and code creation. === Launch === During the Huawei Developer Conference on July 7, 2023, Huawei introduced PanGu 3.0, a large language model (LLM), tailored for sectors like government, finance, manufacturing, mining, and meteorology utilizing Huawei Cloud solutions. In the subsequent month, Huawei launched the Celia Virtual Assistant with advanced AI features, capable of generating long text replies based on user voice commands and set to release with HarmonyOS 4.0 for eligible devices. The LLM was designed for enterprises seeking advantages in the AI industry, focusing on task execution over creative work, unlike traditional models | {
"page_id": 76087358,
"title": "Huawei PanGu"
} |
used for general purposes like chatbots, poetry, and visual content creation. Using the same technology as ChatGPT, Huawei's LLM features a hierarchical architecture, allowing customers to adapt the model to various tasks and train it on their own datasets, making it versatile across various industries. === Updates === On August 5, 2023, Huawei partnered with European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) to launch a global weather forecasting AI model. This model used Huawei Cloud solutions and the PanGu-Weather Model with MindSpore. It is accessible on the ECMWF website and aims to provide accurate weather data. On December 19, 2023, Huawei announced its financial services on the PanGu-powered AI Finance platform for the global market. The tech giant introduced this product at the 2023 Huawei Cloud Fintech Summit, aiming to reshape the digital finance industry with efficient features to boost Fintech firms worldwide. The platform incorporated a variety of advanced technologies, including AI, big data analytics, and blockchain. On June 21, 2024, at HDC 2024, Huawei announced upgraded PanGu 5.0 alongside HarmonyOS NEXT. This version integrated with Harmony Intelligence, which features a smarter Celia (Xiaoyi) and focuses on generative AI updates to its LLM platform for creating new content, such as text, code, or images. Aiming to make PanGu accessible to a wide range of developers and businesses, it offered scalable options: smaller models requiring less computational power for those with limited resources, and larger models with increased capacities for complex tasks requiring more processing power. == Technical specifications == PanGu Large Model 3.0, designed for industry use, was structured with a 5+N+X three-tier architecture. First Layer (L0): Comprises PanGu's five basic large models to provide a variety of capabilities for different industry scenarios. These include Natural Language Processing (NLP) models, Visual models, Multimodal models, Prediction models, and Scientific Computing | {
"page_id": 76087358,
"title": "Huawei PanGu"
} |
models. Second Layer (L1): Consists of N large industry-specific models. These models are trained using public data from various industries, such as government, finance, manufacturing, mining, and weather. Additionally, it uses customers' own data from L0 and L1 to train proprietary models tailored for each customer. Third Layer (L2): Provides customers with detailed scenario-specific models. This layer focuses on specific applications or business needs, offering ready-to-use model services. The updated Huawei PanGu Model 5.0 by Huawei Cloud business division offered three key features: adaptability for different business scenarios, multi-style modeling, and advanced intelligence. Huawei divided the AI model platform into four series, each with different parameter scales: PanGu E Series: The Embedded version supports smart apps on phones, tablets, PCs, and other devices, with a parameter scale of 1 billion. PanGu P Series: The Professional version features a 10-billion parameter scale, ideal for low-latency and low-cost reasoning conditions. PanGu U Series: The Ultra version comes in two variants, with 135 billion and 230 billion parameters, capable of handling complex tasks and serving as a base for large models. PanGu S Series: The Super PanGu is the top-tier edition, featuring trillion-level parameters, designed to manage advanced AI technology scenarios such as cross-domain or multi-tasking applications. == See also == Large Language Model Gemini GPT-4 == References == | {
"page_id": 76087358,
"title": "Huawei PanGu"
} |
The Volhard–Erdmann cyclization is an organic synthesis of alkyl and aryl thiophenes by cyclization of disodium succinate or other 1,4-difunctional compounds (γ-oxo acids, 1,4-diketones, chloroacetyl-substituted esters) with phosphorus heptasulfide. The reaction is named after Jacob Volhard and Hugo Erdmann. An example is the synthesis of 3-methylthiophene starting from itaconic acid: == References == | {
"page_id": 15204411,
"title": "Volhard–Erdmann cyclization"
} |
This is a list of things named after the Austrian theoretical physicist Erwin Schrödinger. == Quantum physics == Einstein–Schrödinger equation, see Wheeler–DeWitt equation Schrödinger's cat, a thought experiment devised by Schrödinger that illustrates what he saw as the problem of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics applied to everyday objects Schrödinger equation, an equation formulated by Schrödinger that describes how the quantum state of a physical system changes in time Schrödinger–Pauli equation Schrödinger field, a quantum field which obeys the Schrödinger equation Schrödinger–HJW theorem, a result about density matrices Schrödinger method, a method used to solve some problems of distribution and occupancy Schrödinger operator, see Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics) Schrödinger paradox, the paradox that living systems increase their organization despite the second law of thermodynamics Schrödinger picture, a formulation of quantum mechanics in which the state vectors evolve in time, but the operators (observables and others) are constant Schrödinger's pure-affine theory Schrödinger–Newton equation Rayleigh–Schrödinger perturbation theory Robertson–Schrödinger relation === Related mathematical concepts and equations === Logarithmic Schrödinger equation Nonlinear Schrödinger equation Schrödinger functional Schrödinger group, the symmetry group of the free particle Schrödinger equation == Astronomy == Schrödinger (crater), a lunar impact crater Vallis Schrödinger, a long, nearly linear valley that lies on the far side of the Moon 13092 Schrödinger, a main belt asteroid == Other == Schrödinger logic The Erwin Schrödinger International Institute for Mathematical Physics Erwin Schrödinger Prize of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (1956) Schrödinger Medal Schrödinbugs, a type of software bugs, related to Heisenbugs, that manifest themselves in running software only after a programmer notices that the code should never have worked in the first place. "Schrödinger" – A Dirac codec implementation developed by David Schleef. Schrödinger (company), a scientific software company Schrödinger (Hellsing), a fictional character in the Hellsing manga series by Kouta Hirano === | {
"page_id": 41091129,
"title": "List of things named after Erwin Schrödinger"
} |
Popular culture === Schrödinger's Cat trilogy == See also == Schrödinger (disambiguation) == References == | {
"page_id": 41091129,
"title": "List of things named after Erwin Schrödinger"
} |
Vibrio adaptatus is the name given to a Gram-negative species of bacteria first described from the ocean by ZoBell and Upham in 1944. It was later shown to be genetically very different from other species of Vibrio (which belongs to Gammaproteobacteria), suggesting it belongs in a different genus, However, it has not been further studied and assigned to a genus, and remains an unclassified bacterial strain within the Alphaproteobacteria, just like Vibrio cyclosites. == References == | {
"page_id": 40108097,
"title": "Vibrio adaptatus"
} |
In physical cosmology, fractal cosmology is a set of minority cosmological theories which state that the distribution of matter in the Universe, or the structure of the universe itself, is a fractal across a wide range of scales (see also: multifractal system). More generally, it relates to the usage or appearance of fractals in the study of the universe and matter. A central issue in this field is the fractal dimension of the universe or of matter distribution within it, when measured at very large or very small scales. == Fractals in observational cosmology == The first attempt to model the distribution of galaxies with a fractal pattern was made by Luciano Pietronero and his team in 1987, and a more detailed view of the universe's large-scale structure emerged over the following decade, as the number of cataloged galaxies grew larger. Pietronero argues that the universe shows a definite fractal aspect over a fairly wide range of scale, with a fractal dimension of about 2. The fractal dimension of a homogeneous 3D object would be 3, and 2 for a homogeneous surface, whilst the fractal dimension for a fractal surface is between 2 and 3. The universe has been observed to be homogeneous and isotropic (i.e. is smoothly distributed) at very large scales, as is expected in a standard Big Bang or Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker cosmology, and in most interpretations of the Lambda-Cold Dark Matter model. The scientific consensus interpretation is that the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) suggests that things do indeed smooth out above 100 Megaparsecs. One study of the SDSS data in 2004 found "The power spectrum is not well-characterized by a single power law but unambiguously shows curvature ... thereby driving yet another nail into the coffin of the fractal universe hypothesis and any other models predicting a | {
"page_id": 15794238,
"title": "Fractal cosmology"
} |
power-law power spectrum". Another analysis of luminous red galaxies (LRGs) in the SDSS data calculated the fractal dimension of galaxy distribution (on a scales from 70 to 100 Mpc/h) at 3, consistent with homogeneity, but that the fractal dimension is 2 "out to roughly 20 h−1 Mpc". In 2012, Scrimgeour et al. definitively showed that large-scale structure of galaxies was homogeneous beyond a scale around 70 Mpc/h. == Fractals in theoretical cosmology == In the realm of theory, the first appearance of fractals in cosmology was likely with Andrei Linde's "Eternally Existing Self-Reproducing Chaotic Inflationary Universe" theory (see chaotic inflation theory) in 1986. In this theory, the evolution of a scalar field creates peaks that become nucleation points that cause inflating patches of space to develop into "bubble universes," making the universe fractal on the very largest scales. Alan Guth's 2007 paper on "Eternal Inflation and its implications" shows that this variety of inflationary universe theory is still being seriously considered today. Inflation, in some form or another, is widely considered to be our best available cosmological model. Since 1986, quite a large number of different cosmological theories exhibiting fractal properties have been proposed. While Linde's theory shows fractality at scales likely larger than the observable universe, theories like causal dynamical triangulation and the asymptotic safety approach to quantum gravity are fractal at the opposite extreme, in the realm of the ultra-small near the Planck scale. These recent theories of quantum gravity describe a fractal structure for spacetime itself, and suggest that the dimensionality of space evolves with time. Specifically, they suggest that reality is 2D at the Planck scale, and that spacetime gradually becomes 4D at larger scales. French mathematician Alain Connes has been working for a number of years to reconcile general relativity with quantum mechanics using noncommutative | {
"page_id": 15794238,
"title": "Fractal cosmology"
} |
geometry. Fractality also arises in this approach to quantum gravity. An article by Alexander Hellemans in the August 2006 issue of Scientific American quotes Connes as saying that the next important step toward this goal is to "try to understand how space with fractional dimensions couples with gravitation." The work of Connes and physicist Carlo Rovelli suggests that time is an emergent property or arises naturally in this formulation, whereas in causal dynamical triangulation choosing those configurations where adjacent building blocks share the same direction in time is an essential part of the "recipe." Both approaches suggest that the fabric of space itself is fractal, however. == See also == Invariant set postulate Large-scale structure of the Universe Scale invariance Shape of the universe == Notes == == References == Rassem, M. and Ahmed E., "On Fractal Cosmology", Astro. Phys. Lett. Commun. (1996), 35, 311. | {
"page_id": 15794238,
"title": "Fractal cosmology"
} |
The neomammalian brain is one of three aspects of Paul MacLean's triune theory of the human brain. MacLean was an American physician and neuroscientist who formulated his model in the 1960s, which was published in his own 1990 book The Triune Brain in Evolution. MacLean's three-part theory explores how the human brain has evolved from ancestors over millions of years, consisting of the reptilian, paleomammalian and neomammalian complexes. MacLean proposes that the neomammalian complex is only found in higher order mammals, for example, the human brain, accounting for increased cognitive ability such as motor control, memory, improved reasoning and complex decision-making. MacLean's theory explores how in higher order mammals, the neomammalian brain works interdependently with the reptilian and paleomammalian complexes to allow sophisticated thought processes to occur. The theory of the neomammalian brain is based on MacLean's vast research conducted through comparing the structural differences between human brains and other organisms, including monkeys and a range of reptiles. MacLean's research was built upon previous neuroscience researchers' findings, including James Papez, which led to the formulation of the triune theory of the human brain and the limbic system, the two major contributions that MacLean made to the faculty of neuroscience. == Paul MacLean == Paul Donald MacLean was an American physician and neuroscientist who was born in Phelps, New York, on May 1, 1913, into a Presbyterian minister's family, thus, ultimately becoming a religious man himself. MacLean married Alison Stokes and lived in Mitchellville, Maryland, with their five children Alison, Alexander, David, James and Paul. MacLean died in Potomac, Maryland, in 2007, aged 94. MacLean is famous for his significant contributions to brain research, psychiatry and physiology. He spent a large amount of his working life at Yale Medical School and the National Institutes of Health, where through his research he | {
"page_id": 58785859,
"title": "Neomammalian brain"
} |
was able to publish neuroscience texts, reports, photographs and audio-visual material on his neurological findings. MacLean spent two years during World War 2 serving as a medical officer for the Yale Unit, which later became known as the 39th General Hospital. This experience helped to shape MacLean's perspective on the impacts of post-traumatic stress disorder on fallen soldiers, which would ultimately shape his future studies into the way the human brain functions and how it can be easily damaged through life experiences, with particular focus on sleeping disorders and other mental health issues, including anxiety and depression. MacLean had a deep fascination with the natural human instinct, and the role that the brain plays with rational human thinking. MacLean believed that there was a connection between a human's violent actions and rational behaviour. In addition, MacLean coined the idea of the limbic system, the set of brain structures that surround the hypothalamus and are responsible for human emotions, memories and arousal. The research made by MacLean was based on previous studies by Dr James Papez, a neuroscientist who during the 1930s and 1940s delved into the circuit between the hippocampus, thalamus and cingulum, and how their connection is the basis for human emotion. MacLean proposed that the limbic system had developed over time in early mammals to control both fight and flight responses. MacLeans findings and proposals on the limbic system are both still questioned and debated by modern-day neuroscience researchers, failing to conclude whether MacLeans’ proposal is of accuracy. == Structure == The Triune Brain is divided into three sections: Reptilian, Paleomammalian and Neomammalian. MacLean proposed that the human skull doesn't just contain one single brain, according to his Triune Brain Theory, it in fact holds three. These three separate brains work interdependently, interconnected by nerves, each of which | {
"page_id": 58785859,
"title": "Neomammalian brain"
} |
operate differently with different capacities. === Reptilian === The Reptilian Brain was referred to by MacLean as the ‘R Complex’ or the primitive brain. This is the oldest brain in the Triune Theory and anatomically is made up of the brain stem and the cerebellum. In reptiles, both the brain stem and cerebellum dominate and are the control centres for basic function. It has been found that these two parts of the brain are responsible for emotions such as paranoia, obsession and compulsion. Further, being essential in regulating heart rate, body temperature and space orientation. For example, if a human holds their breath and carbon dioxide levels rise, the primitive brain initiates the lungs to start breathing to achieve a state of homeostasis. === Paleomammalian === The Paleomammalian brain is known as the intermediate or ‘old mammalian’ brain. The Paleomammalian brain anatomically consists of the hypothalamus, amygdala and the hippocampus. It is responsible for subconscious emotions such as fear, joy, fighting and sexual behaviour. The old mammalian brain is found in a large percentage of mammals and is believed to have a strong intricate connection with the neocortex. MacLeans idea of the ‘limbic system’ is based on the role the paleomammalian brain plays in brain function, where an individual's judgement of right and wrong stems from. MacLean had a particular influence on the role that the limbic system plays on mental health when it translates messages incorrectly, for example, how an individual can enter a state of deep distress when there is no stimuli to cause such a response, relating directly to MacLeans research into the causes of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. === Neomammalian === The neomammalian brain consists of the cerebral neocortex, which is found in higher mammals, especially in the human brain, and is not found in birds or | {
"page_id": 58785859,
"title": "Neomammalian brain"
} |
reptiles. The neomammalian brains structure is of great complexity, and has evolved over time allowing humans to reach the top of the food chain. The neocortex is made up of grey matter consisting of folds to increase the surface area and memory retention, these folds in humans are 80% excitatory and 20% inhibitory. The arrangement of these folds differs from human to human, and is believed to account for the differing cognitive abilities of individual humans. It has been found by neuroscientists that the cerebral neocortex accounts for roughly 76% of the human brains total volume. The neocortex is predominately associated with high order brain functions such as motor control, sensory perception and cognition. The neocortex can be divided into two sections; the proisocortex and the true isocortex. The Proisocortex is transitional between both the true isocotex and periallocortex, it can be found mainly in the cingulate gyrus, insula and the subcallosal areas of the brain. The true isocortex is a six layered cytoarchitecture that is predominately located in the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe and occipital lobe. Another unique feature of the neocortex is the way in which the matter is arranged together in columns. In the human brain, the six neocortex layers are 2.5mm thick which contain thousands of different types of cells. Neuroscientists over the many years of research have struggled greatly to reach an agreed conclusion as to why the Neocortex is arranged in such a way; however, many suggest that the columns act as channels for intricate communication between cells and differing layers, this is believed to be another neurological explanation as to why higher order mammals have such a complex order of thinking in comparison to lower-order mammals, reptiles and birds. == Development == The neomammalian brain (neocortex) is the newest addition to | {
"page_id": 58785859,
"title": "Neomammalian brain"
} |
the Human Brain. MacLean proposed that as animals evolved over the hundreds of millions of years, in order for an increased chance of survival, higher order animals developed an increased cognitive ability, which resulted in an increase in brain size. MacLean firmly believed that the driving force in the development of the neocortex was the development of social behaviours, such as the separation cry between infant and mother during the development phase of offspring. It followed the idea that mammals evolved through learning about different methods of survival, as these mammals learnt various methods of survival through particular encounters, their brains developed into far more complex cytoarchitectures. MacLeans model is based on the idea of the larger the brain size, the higher the order of thinking, thus, an increased cognitive ability. The neomammalian brain is in charge of all ‘rational thinking’, his model follows Charles Darwin's natural selection idea of ’survival of the fittest’, where those mammals that developed characteristics of the neomammalian brain survived and then passed this trait onto their offspring, until a stage was reached where the majority of the population of higher order mammals attained the survival trait, a process that occurred over millions and millions of years. Archaeologists have discovered and are still discovering fossil records that allow comparative anatomy to occur between the modern-day Homo sapiens and primate ancestors. The tissue that the human brain is made up of decomposes once the organism has died, so old brain tissue cannot be analysed, however, due to the large percentage that the neomammalian brain takes up in the human brain, estimated to be 76%, comparative anatomy shows that the Homo sapiens has a much larger cranial size than early primate ancestors. It must be noted that many neuroscientists believe that MacLean's theory of the Triune Theory | {
"page_id": 58785859,
"title": "Neomammalian brain"
} |
is false, however, what is a mutual agreement between the majority of neuroscientists, is that the features that McLean has described of the neomammalian brain is the reason as to why humans have such a high-level order of thinking. == Clinical significance == Through comparing the three different sections of MacLean's Triune Theory, neuroscientists have been able to account for the complexity of the human brain in comparison to reptiles, birds and other lower order mammals. Animal scientists have dissected a vast array of organism's brains and through comparison ultimately concluded that the cerebral cortex (neomammalian Brain) has a different column structure to other organisms’. The discovery of the six layered neomammalian brain has allowed neuroscientists to research into their differing roles, and how each function interdependently to allow for complex thought to occur. The six layers have been separated into three different sections according to the role they play in the survival of a human. Layers one to three are referred to as the supragranular layers and play a vital role in the origin and termination of intercortical connections. Layer one is known as the molecular layer and is made up of very few nerve cells. Layer two is the external granular layer that is made up small, dense neurons. Layer three is the pyramidal layer and is made up larger pyramidal shaped neurons. These three layers are composed of pyramidal cells, cells that have a pyramidal shaped axon with long dendrites connecting to other cells in neighbouring columns. The second section of the neomammalian brain is the Internal Granular Layer, and is known as layer four by neuroscientists; this layer is responsible for receiving afferent signals from the hypothalamus and sends messages to the other layers. For example, layer four would receive messages about external temperature changes. The | {
"page_id": 58785859,
"title": "Neomammalian brain"
} |
Internal Granular Layer acts as a medium which receives, processes and the sends signals to other parts of the brain, allowing the body to respond in such a way to combat the change in environment. The final section is composed of layers five and six and is known as the infragranular layers; it connects the cerebral cortex with the subcortical regions of the brain, these regions are responsible for long-term memory, motor control and behavioural and emotional responses. Damages to layers five and six can be detrimental to the overall fitness of the mammal, usually resulting in some form of retardation or loss in cognitive processes. These six layers of the neomammalian brain work interdependently to process neurological messages at an extremely fast and high-quality level. These six layers are only found in the modern day human brain; however, other higher order mammals have features of these layers that give allow them to have a high cognitive processing ability. == References == | {
"page_id": 58785859,
"title": "Neomammalian brain"
} |
In molecular biology mir-584 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-584 microRNA precursor family at Rfam | {
"page_id": 36372552,
"title": "Mir-584 microRNA precursor family"
} |
Cyclotron is the name of two different characters appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Though a minor character, he holds an important place in the history of the Justice Society as a source of power and inspiration for both the Atom and Atom Smasher. == Publication history == Terry Curtis was originally an obscure one-shot Superman character in Action Comics #21 (1940) who was a scientist who was kidnapped by Ultra-Humanite and forced to build an "atomic disintegrator". Roy Thomas reinvented the character as Cyclotron, a reluctant supervillain, in All-Star Squadron #21 (1983) from DC Comics. He was one of the few original villains retroactively added to DC's Golden Age era in the series. == Fictional character biography == === Terry Curtis === Terry Curtis is an atomic scientist who the Ultra-Humanite kidnaps and experiments on, giving him superhuman abilities. While battling the All-Star Squadron, Curtis exposes Atom to large amounts of radiation, which eventually gives him superpowers. Curtis is killed while attempting to stop the Ultra-Humanite, with the Atom adopting a costume based on his. Curtis' daughter Terri eventually has a son, Albert, who gains superpowers from her and Terry's exposure to radiation. === Cyclotron II === A new incarnation of Cyclotron named Clarence Simms appears in "DC Rebirth". He is a member of the Suicide Squad before Amanda Waller kills him for attempting to betray her. == Powers and abilities == The first Cyclotron has immense strength, the ability to fly, project blasts of atomic energy, and manipulate matter on a molecular level. He can even sap his opponent's physique by touching them. He additionally possesses expertise in science. The second Cyclotron is capable of generating energy. == In other media == An original incarnation of Cyclotron appears in the Super Powers Collection action figure | {
"page_id": 7405641,
"title": "Cyclotron (character)"
} |
line and its tie-in comic. This version, also known as Alex LeWitt, is an android built by Superman who has knowledge of every superhero and supervillain, can perform a powerful "twister punch", and is mostly incapable of independent thought. A figure of Cyclotron was released in the DC Universe Classics line in April 2010. == References == == External links == Cyclotron at Comic Vine | {
"page_id": 7405641,
"title": "Cyclotron (character)"
} |
The National Society of Hispanic Physicists (NSHP) was established in 1996 with the goal of promoting the participation and advancement of Hispanic-Americans in physics and celebrating the contributions of Hispanic-American physicists to the study and teaching of physics. == Brief history == The Pan-American Association for Physics received support to establish the National Society of Hispanic Physicists (NSHP) in the form of grants from the Sloan Foundation. Initial financial support of 30 K USD was reported in the Sloan Foundation's Annual Report 1995. An initial organizing meeting was held at the University of Texas at Austin in May 1995, under the leadership of David Ernst, Carlos Ordonez, and Jorge Lopez. The Founding Meeting of the Society was held at the University of Texas at Austin in April, 1996 and the first annual meeting was held in Houston, Texas in October 1997. Also in 1997, The Hispanic Physicist, the official newsletter of the NSHP, was first published. The US-Mexico Workshop on Teaching Introductory Physics, the first major project undertaken by the Society, was held the same year in Monterrey, Mexico. The project was a bilingual joint venture between the NSHP and the Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM) to explore the goals of the introductory physics sequence and recent pedagogical developments to meet those goals. The NSHP meets jointly with other societies organizing sessions, hosting social functions, promoting discussions of diversity and inclusion issues in the physics community, and recognizing achievements of Hispanic-American physics students and faculty. The National Society of Hispanic Physicists has met annually with the Society for the Advancement of Chicanos and Native Americans in Science (SACNAS) since 1997 and twice with the American Association of Physics Teachers (AAPT) (in Austin, TX in 2003 and Albuquerque, NM in 2005). In addition, the NSHP has met | {
"page_id": 11862091,
"title": "National Society of Hispanic Physicists"
} |
at sectional meetings of the American Physical Society (APS) and the American Astronomical Society (AAS). From 2004-2006, the Society has met annually with the National Society of Black Physicists. The National Society of Hispanic Physicists was incorporated under the umbrella of the Southeastern Universities Research Association (SURA) in August 2014, giving it tax exemption status as an incorporated 501(c)(3) organization. == Presidents == 2023: Mario F. Borunda, Oklahoma State University 2022-2023: Mario Diaz, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley 2018-2019: Ramon E. López, University of Texas, Arlington 2010-2016: Luz Martínez-Miranda, University of Maryland 2008: David J. Ernst, Vanderbilt University 2006-2007: Sergio Ulloa, Ohio University 2003-2005: Luz Martínez-Miranda, University of Maryland 2000-2003: Jorge A. Lopez, University of Texas at El Paso Charter President, Jose D. Garcia, University of Arizona in Tucson == Mission and goals == The purpose of this society is to promote the professional well-being and recognize the accomplishments of Hispanic physicists within the scientific community of the United States and within society at large. The Society seeks to develop and support efforts to increase opportunities for Hispanics in physics and to increase the number of practicing Hispanic physicists, particularly by encouraging Hispanic students to enter a career in physics. ... from the Constitution of the National Society of Hispanic Physicists, 1997 The Society pursues its mission through four very broad activities. 1) Promoting the study of physics among Hispanic students. 2) Recognizing the accomplishments of Hispanic physics faculty and students in all areas of physics research, teaching, study, mentoring, and outreach. 3) Bringing Hispanic faculty and students together to celebrate both science and shared culture. 4) Working with the larger physics community to make it more inclusive and diversified. == See also == American Association of Physics Teachers American Astronomical Society American Physical Society National Society of Black | {
"page_id": 11862091,
"title": "National Society of Hispanic Physicists"
} |
Physicists == References == == External links == National Society of Hispanic Physicists National Society of Black Physicists American Association of Physics Teachers American Astronomical Society American Physical Society Society for the Advancement of Chicanos and Native Americans in Science | {
"page_id": 11862091,
"title": "National Society of Hispanic Physicists"
} |
The molecular formula C10H10O3 (molar mass : 178.185 g/mol, exact mass : 178.062994 u) may refer to : Calone Coniferyl aldehyde Mellein, a dihydroisocoumarin 3,4-(Methylenedioxyphenyl)-1-propanone 3,4-(Methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-propanone 3-Acetyl-6-methoxybenzaldehyde | {
"page_id": 23920722,
"title": "C10H10O3"
} |
Chrysomallon squamiferum, commonly known as the scaly-foot gastropod, scaly-foot snail, sea pangolin, or volcano snail, is a species of deep-sea hydrothermal-vent snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Peltospiridae. This vent-endemic gastropod is known only from deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the Indian Ocean, where it has been found at depths of about 2,400–2,900 m (1.5–1.8 mi). C. squamiferum differs greatly from other deep-sea gastropods, even the closely related neomphalines. In 2019, it was declared endangered on the IUCN Red List, the first species to be listed as such due to risks from deep-sea mining of its vent habitat. The shell is of a unique construction, with three layers; the outer layer consists of iron sulphides, the middle layer is equivalent to the organic periostracum found in other gastropods, and the innermost layer is made of aragonite. The foot is also unusual, being armored at the sides with iron-mineralised sclerites. The snail's oesophageal gland houses symbiotic gammaproteobacteria from which the snail appears to obtain its nourishment. This species is considered to be one of the most peculiar deep-sea hydrothermal-vent gastropods, and it is the only known extant animal that incorporates iron sulfide into its skeleton (into both its sclerites and into its shell as an exoskeleton). Its heart is, proportionately speaking, unusually large for any animal: the heart comprises approximately 4% of its body volume. == Taxonomy == This species was first discovered in April 2001, and has been referred to as the "scaly-foot" gastropod since 2001. It has been referred to as Chrysomallon squamiferum since 2003, but it was not formally described in the sense of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature until Chen et al. named it in 2015. Type specimens are stored in the Natural History Museum, London. During the time when the name was not yet | {
"page_id": 17367123,
"title": "Scaly-foot gastropod"
} |
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