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0 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
1
Edited by Baffour Ankomah
A BOOK OF AFRICAN RECORDS (BAR) PUBLICATION IN PARTNERSHIP WITH THE AFRICAN UNION COMMISSION
THE
BUSTING THE MYTHS | {
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1 | AFRICA FACTBOOK: SECTION A
2
Front cover and book design by Wisdom H T Tayengwa
First published in September 2020
All Rights Reserved
ISBN 978-1-77925-413-9
Printed in South Africa
EDITORIAL BOARD
Professor Simbi Mubako
Pritchard Zhou
Ambassador Kwame Muzawazi
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2 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
3
Published by the Book of African Records (BAR) in partnership with the African Union
Commission (AUC). BAR signed an MOU with the AUC in 2016 to produce this Factbook.
This edition was funded by the Government of Zimbabwe.
Our Special Thanks to: His Excellency President Emmerson Mnangagwa who took a
personal interest in the success of this project.
Our profound gratitude also goes to Dr Misheck J.M. Sibanda, Chief Secretary to the
President and Cabinet of the Republic of Zimbabwe, and his staff, for the unflinching
support they gave to the production of the Factbook.
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3 | AFRICA FACTBOOK: SECTION A
4
SPECIAL RECOGNITION
This Factbook was produced by the Institute of African Knowledge (INSTAK), the sister
institute of the Book of African Records which originally signed an MOU with the African
Union Commission to publish this Factbook.
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4 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
5
THE PARTNERSHIP
African Union Commission
H.E Moussa Faki Mahamat, Chairperson
Ambassador Abdoulaye Diop, Chief of Staff
Leslie Richer, Director of Information and Communication
Wynne Musabayana, Head of Communication
Gamal Eldin Ahmed A Karrar, Senior Communication Officer
Sehenemariam Hailu, Secretary, Office of the Legal Counsel
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5 | AFRICA FACTBOOK: SECTION A
6
CONTRIBUTORS
Prof Ngwabi Bhebhe
Prof Charles Finch
Hunter Havlin Adams III
Marika Sherwood
Dr Charles Quist Adade
Femi Akomolafe
Prof Sheunesu Mpepereki
Prof Gilbert Pwiti
SUB-EDITOR
Mabasa Sasa
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6 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
7
RESEARCHERS
Alexander Madanha Rusero
Dr Lucky Bangidza
Dr Sambulo Ndlovu
Ellen Maguranyanga
Eng Edmund Maputi
Juliet Gwenzi
Prof Fidelis Duri
Prof Mku Ityokumbul
Prof Sheunesu Mpepereki
Robson Sharuko
Tatenda Duncan Kavu
Tennyson Mutsambi
Vasco Chikwasha
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7 | AFRICA FACTBOOK: SECTION A
8
APPRECIATION
Our profound gratitude goes to the London-based pan-African magazine, New African, and its parent
company IC Publications, for opening their rich archives to us during the preparation of this Factbook.
New African has long been the veritable voice of Africa, and we acknowledge the huge debt of gratitude
that our continent owes to this august magazine for the revolutionary work it has done on behalf of
Africa over the last five decades.
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8 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
9
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Our special thanks go to the following historians, scholars, writers, Pan-Africanists, and journalists whose
works were quoted in extenso in this Factbook. We are greatly indebted to them. Their invaluable works are
very highly appreciated.
Dr Kwame Nkrumah
Ayi Kwei Armah
Cheikh Anta Diop
Prof Ivan Van Sertima
Dr Chancellor Williams
Dr Theophile Obenga
Dr Yosef Ben-Jochannan
Dr George G.M James
Dr Walter Rodney
Dr Jacob H. Carruthers
Ambassador Kwesi Quartey
Adam Hochschild
Robin Walker
Prof Henry Louis Gate Jnr
Hugh Thomas
Regina Jane Jere
Carina Ray
Coretta Scott King
Paulette Reed-Anderson
Janine Roberts
Erika Edwards
Osei Boateng
Lord Anthony Gifford
Lawrence Otis Graham
Amani Olubanjo Buntu
Cameron Duodu
Robert Draper
Elombe Brath
Clayton Goodwin
Kwadwo Gyan Appenteng
Leslie Goffe
Anne Bailey
Manne Granqvist
Bram Posthumus
Daniela Estrada
Beauty Lupiya
George Pavlu
Stephen Williams
Lauren Cocking
Daniela Vasco
Abdias da Nascimento
Jonathan Custodio
Ifa Kush
Stuart Price
Tom Mbakwe
Dr Runoko Rashidi
Barima Adu Asamoah
David Hughes
Robert Holtzman
Prof Kwang-chih Chang
Paul Alfred Barton
Gaoussou Diawara
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9 | Dr David Imhotep
Prof Everett Borders
Dr Andrzej Wiercinski
Dr Svetla Balabanova
Prof Nnamdi Elleh
JC Moughtin
Fred Pierce
Bruce Holsinger
Ron Eglash
Patrick Hunt
Dr Yozan Mosig
Stephen Gyasi Jnr
Evan Andrews
Kris Hirst
Dr Ivan Hrbek
Cynthia Crossen
Dr J.C. DeGaft Johnson
Prof Jean de Heinzelin de Braucourt
Vladimir Pletser
Caleb Everett
Dr Karen Carr
J.J. O’Connor & E.F. Robertson
Marilou M Barawid
John Hunwick & Alida Boye
Michael Crowder
Prof Claudia Zaslavsky
Prof Christopher Ehret
Prof Konrad Tuchscherer
Prof Gunter Dreyer
W. Bruce Willis
David Randall-MacIver
Simba Jama
African Union
United Nations Economic Commission for Africa
Word Health Organisation
United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural
Organisation
Guinness Book of World Records
Encyclopaedia Britannica
Dictionary of African Biography
Lisapo ya Kama
The New History of the Dictionary of Ideas
The New Scientist
The Guardian
Forbes
African Exponent
Ventures Africa
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10 | AFRICA FACTBOOK: SECTION A
10
EDITOR’S NOTE
At last, liberation
has arrived
“For too long, others have spoken for us.” These words by Lonnie Bunche, the
founding director of the African-American Museum of Culture and History in
Washington DC, sums up, in a way, what The Africa Factbook is all about. For six
centuries, the people of European decent have spoken and written about Africa and
for Africa in ways that have been detrimental to us. “They told us that our ancestors
added nothing to civilisation because they weren’t civilised, yet their museums are
filled with stolen treasures from all over Africa made in the image and likeness of
our African ancestors,” says an African tired of the lies that Western historians and
writers keep telling the world.
The irony in the above statement may have led Dr John Henrik Clarke, the
African-American historian, to explain that “when Africa was colonised, the
information about the continent was also subject to colonisation. Hence, much
of the history of Africa and its people are still hidden, neglected, and distorted.
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11 | misunderstanding) of African history.” This is why Ambassasor Kwame Muzawazi,
the CEO of the Institute of African Knowledge (INSTAK), insists that “an African
historian does not study history to understand the past but to liberate himself from
the past”.
Liberating ourselves from the past, a past of lies and twisting of facts, and of
confusing terminology, is also what The Africa Factbook is about. The past has been
a huge nightmare for Africa and her children. “One problem of course,” says Adam
Hochschild, the American writer and historian, “is that nearly all of this vast river
of words [about Africa] is by Europeans or Americans … and this inevitably skewed
the way that history was recorded … Instead of African voices from this time, there
is largely silence.” That silence is now broken by The Africa Factbook which you hold
in your hand. At last, Africa has responded!
This Factbook presents the continent in its true colours and addresses some
of the major myths that Euro-American historians and writers have crafted about
Africa for centuries. I repeat with all humility: This is Africa’s response to six | {
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12 | centuries of calumny spewed by European historians and their cousins in the wider
Western world.
In the words of one African Union official, after reading the first rough draft
of The Africa Factbook: “With the right promotion, the Factbook should stop the
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13 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
11
process of maligning Africa and turn things upside down in the proportion of
Darwin’s theory of evolution.”
The Africa Factbook is divided into four sections. Section A sets out to bust some
of the key myths about Africa. Section B deals with country profiles and fast facts
about Africa’s 55 nations. Section C is about African inventions, journeys, pioneers,
discoveries, innovations, writing systems, etc. Section D deals with the African
Diaspora, otherwise known as Global Africa. These are African people scattered to
the four winds. They should not be confused with the new Diaspora of continental
Africans who live outside Africa today.
The theme for this first edition of The Africa Factbook is “Busting the Myths”
– the myths that the Western world has perpetuated about Africa and its Diaspora
for the past six centuries. For clarity, we worked with the two main definitions of
myth as given by the Oxford English Dictionary: (1) “A widely-held but false belief”,
and (2) “A traditional story especially one concerning the early history of a people
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14 | worked with is the one popularised by the Jamaican singer Peter Tosh: “Don’t care
where you come from. As long as you’re a black man, you are an African.”
No cows have been sacred in the preparation of the Factbook. Tired of being
libelled and slandered for the last six centuries, Africa has roused itself from sleep
and done battle with its detractors via this Factbook. The detractors should better
stand firm because this is no ordinary Factbook – quite unlike The CIA Factbook.
The Africa Factbook has raised the bar! It has set new standards in the world of
factbooks. And we hope you will read it as such. For Africans, liberation has finally
arrived. In a world where 44 million Yorubas are a tribe and 42 million Igbos are
equally so, but 3 million Welsh are a nation and 5 million Scots are equally so, you
need an Africa factbook to remain sober. Here it is!
Baffour Ankomah
Editor
Harare, September 2020
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15 | AFRICA FACTBOOK: SECTION A
12
PUBLISHERS’ NOTE
For over 600 years, Africa has mostly been silent whilst historians in world capitals
have taken it upon themselves to define us. They mostly succeeded because we kept
quiet. But no one could have said it better than Martin Luther King Jnr: “There
comes a time when silence is betrayal”.
We kept quiet because we were busy building the Great Zimbabwe Walls. We,
the black people, were busy building the pyramids of Sudan and Egypt. We were busy
enjoying and harnessing the vast potential of the greatest river on Earth – the Nile.
We were busy giving the world the oldest evidence of the science of mathematics in
the form of the Lebombo Bones that come from the mountains between Swaziland
and South Africa. Speaking of which - when will Belgium bring back these bones
to their rightful African home? We were busy starting and managing the world’s
oldest running research and teaching institution – the University of Al-Karaouine
of Morocco that was launched in 859 AD, 200 years before Europe’s oldest Bologna
University of Italy saw the light of the day.
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16 | does not have written or readable history. Records of our experiences exist in many
more ways than the conventional writing. We were busy experiencing our colourful
lives and rich ceremonies, our wildlife, our open skies, our long sunny days than
rushing to cut down trees to have paper to write on. As far back as thousands years
ago, we used to record history on rock paintings to save trees, yet today we hear
about going green and anti-climate change movements that must have begun in
Europe yesterday? Please!
Have you heard of the lost or destroyed letter from the revered Emperor
Tewodros II of Ethiopia to Queen Victoria? In 1865 Her Majesty sent a missionary
delegation to Ethiopia with a copy of the King James Bible (published 1611 AD)
as a present, with a request for Tewodros II to allow the missionaries to among
other things carry out the work of evangelising in his empire. The missionaries were
declined entry and later arrested, and a return letter was given to them to deliver
to the Queen. It is said to have read as follows: “Please find attached a copy of the
Ethiopian Ge’ez Bible, which was first published and printed in 600 AD, 1,000 years | {
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17 | before the English people adopted a Bible. Therefore, on the question of evangelising,
it’s me who should be sending missionaries to England, not vice versa”.
Today, we need more letters by the Tewodros of Africa to the Victorias of the
world. The Africa Factbook is written in this Tewodran spirit.
The world is experiencing an ongoing global war of information and staying
silent is no longer an option. Africa, through this factbook, is thus standing up to
have her voice heard out loud and clear. We will no longer accept being branded the
continent of just 3 things – poverty, darkness and alien exotica.
A common saying in Roman times was “ex Africa semper aliquid novi” (Out of
Africa always something new). This they said out of marvel for things African. Here
is The Africa Factbook – something new from Africa. Once again.
Amb. Kwame Tapiwa Muzawazi
CEO – Institute of African Knowledge/Book of African Records
XII | {
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18 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
13XIII
SPECIAL INTRO
Zimbabwe as a country feels privileged to have had the first opportunity to host and
support the production of the first edition of The Africa Factbook. The expectations
are high but we believe the team responsible for production did a sterling job that
for many generations to come will help in the revival of the African spirit and soul.
Education has been Zimbabwe’s forte, our competitive advantage, and The
Africa Factbook is thus an extension of this uncontested national pedigree and
heritage. This is our gift to Africa, our gift to the world and we look forward to
passing the baton stick to fellow sisterly and brotherly nations of Africa to host and
support future and subsequent editions.
In a world in which there is more heat than light, more talking than listening,
and more preparation for war than preparation for peace, educational diplomacy is
ever more necessary to world peace. As such, we find it auspicious and providential
that we launch The Africa Factbook in 2020 - the African Union’s Year of Silencing
The Guns.
The Africa Factbook illustrates that Africans are a peace-loving people, who | {
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19 | have given more to the world than taken from it. In the following pages, we see that
since day one of human existence, we as Africans have always been seeking human
progress, neighbourly co-existence and the common good.
Many of the conflicts and wars bedevilling our old and rich motherland could
be ended by simply learning more about each other through indigenous knowledge
as this Factbook. At the end of it, we can without doubt benefit from this locally
researched and produced knowledge to learn that after all, we are brothers and
sisters and silencing the guns, more than foreign aid or any help from outside, is
what we need first and foremost to take the assiduous African masses to the next
glorious level.
Long live Africa! Long live pan-Africanism!
Emmerson Dambudzo Mnangagwa
President of the Republic of Zimbabwe | {
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20 | AFRICA FACTBOOK: SECTION A
14
INTRODUCTION
The history of the world and the endeavours of the human race are told through the
stories of people and their cultures. Some stories are well known; some are still to be
told. For centuries, the story of Africa has largely been told by others, often by those
who have occupied our land and subjugated our people.
The time has come for the African voice to be heard and to champion the
African cause. A proverb among the Shona people of Southern Africa teaches us
that “mwana asingacheme anofira mumbereko” (A child that does not cry will die on
its mother’s back).
The Africa Factbook is a response to more than 500 years of silence while others
spoke on our behalf. As a result, there is a pervasive myth about Africa as a place
of war, hunger, disease, and backwardness. It is presented as a continent without a
history of its own and with few prospects for a prosperous and peaceful future.
The Africa Factbook is therefore a corrective effort. It is estimated that by 2050
half of the young people in the world will be living in Africa. There is so much
potential and it must be harnessed by both Africans and friends of Africa. This must | {
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21 | start by setting the record straight, by presenting the facts about the continent. As
part of our effort to end poverty and build a better future, we need to present Africa
as it is, as it was, and how we wish it to be.
We must challenge the myths that have for too long stood in the way of
international cooperation, friendship, development and investment. By making the
authentic voice of Africa heard more clearly on the global stage, we will be able to
promote greater understanding of the continent and create more opportunities for
our countries and citizens.
I thank the African Union Commission and their implementing partner,
the Book of African Records, and its sister-organisation, the Institute of African
Knowledge, for the great work that has produced this valuable publication. On
behalf of the African people, I also thank the Government of Zimbabwe for hosting
and supporting the production of this edition, and call on fellow African countries
to take their turn in supporting further work.
A luta continua!
Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa
President of the Republic of South Africa
Chairperson of the African Union (2020)
XIV | {
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22 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
15XV
“Until the story of the hunt is told by the lion,
the tale of the hunt will always glorify the hunter” – African proverb | {
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23 | AFRICA FACTBOOK: SECTION A
16
Section A
1. Ancient Egypt, our roots! | 1
2. Who were the Ancient Egyptians? | 27
3. Africa has a history! | 43
4. The gods are not crazy | 59
5. The Later Stone Age Cultures of Southern Africa | 69
6. Race: To be black is to be different, not inferior | 89
7. African foundations of world religions | 99
8. The Moors, Africa’s gift to Europe | 123
9. The Berlin Conference and the plunder of Africa | 157
10. The Berlin System, a call for action | 175
11. Ancient Africans in Ancient America | 181
12. Great Zimbabwe and the stone cities of Southern Africa | 201
13. The true cost of Arab and trans-Atlantic slavery | 211
14. Reparations: The case against the former slave masters | 221
15. Reparations – The legal basis | 231
16. How Africa developed Europe and America | 243
17. Africa and the revisiting of the world map | 265
Section B
1. Algeria | 281
2. Angola | 284
3. Benin | 297
4. Botswana | 305
5. Burkina Faso | 313
6. Burundi | 321
7. Cape Verde | 329
8. Cameroon | 337
9. Central African Republic | 345
10. Chad | 353
11. Comoros | 359
12. Cote d’Ivoire | 365
13. Congo, DR | 373
14. Congo, Republic | 381 | {
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24 | 15. Djibouti | 389
16. Egypt | 395
17. Equatorial Guinea | 403
18. Eritrea | 409
19. Eswatini | 417
20. Ethiopia | 423
21. Gabon | 431
22. The Gambia | 439
23. Ghana | 447
Contents | {
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25 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
17
24. Guinea | 457
25. Guinea Bissau | 465
26. Kenya | 473
27. Lesotho | 483
28. Liberia | 489
29. Libya | 497
30. Madagascar | 505
31. Malawi | 513
32. Mali | 521
33. Mauritania | 529
34. Mauritius | 537
35. Morocco | 545
36. Mozambique | 553
37. Namibia | 561
38. Niger | 569
39. Nigeria | 577
40. Rwanda | 587
41. Sahrawi | 595
42. Sao Tome e Principe | 599
43. Senegal | 605
44. Seychelles | 613
45. Sierra Leone | 621
46. Somalia | 629
47. South Africa | 637
48. South Sudan | 647
49. Sudan | 653
50. Tanzania | 661
51. Togo | 669
52. Tunisia | 677
53. Uganda | 685
54. Zambia | 693
55. Zimbabwe | 701
Section C
1. Has a black person ever invented anything? | 713
2. The Acts of the Africans | 719
Section D
1. Time for Africa to unite all her children | 738
2. Black America: Where Black lives have not mattered | 741
Epilogue | 779 | {
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26 | AFRICA FACTBOOK: SECTION A
18
For almost a millennium, Euro-American historians, writers and journalists have
told the world that Africa has contributed almost nothing to world civilisation,
even though Africans created the world’s first real civilisation in Ancient Egypt,
which taught the world almost all the things we take for granted today. In fact,
the history of Africa was already old when Europe was born. Section A, which lies
ahead of you, tries to bust some of the key myths that the Euro-American historians
and writers have created about Africa. The Section deals indepth with Ancient Egypt,
the roots of the African people today, from where the African ancestors migrated to
fill the rest of the continent, when invaders from outside Africa found it necessary
to invade Ancient Egypt again and again and again. The Section also covers Africa’s
gift to Europe – the Moors – who colonised southern Europe for almost 800 years and
ended up teaching Europe all they needed during their Dark Ages. We also cover the
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27 | representation on the world map – how Africa, the second largest continent in the world, is
represented on the world map smaller than Canada, Russia, Western Europe even, and yet
the opposite is the reality.
Section A | {
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28 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
19 | {
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29 | AFRICA FACTBOOK: SECTION A
1
Ancient Egypt, our roots!
The Sphinx is one of the most recognisable
symbols of Ancient Egypt, from where the
ancestors of most Black Africans today
migrated over several thousands of years and
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30 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
2
Nobody mourns an unnoticed death.
F
ew controversies have hit Africa, since the death of Christ, greater than the
denial of the ownership of Ancient Egypt, one of the world’s greatest empires
that developed in the Nile Valley of northeast Africa, along the contours
of the Nile River, the world’s longest and only great river that defies the laws of
gravity and flows north for the whole of its 4,000-mile course, from its source in
the middle of Africa, going through some of the harshest terrains and deserts and
emptying into the Mediterranean sea. In the process, the Nile fertilises the bone-
dry desert land that gave birth to Ancient Egypt, that wondrous empire which
suffered more foreign invasions than any comparable empire in history. Not too
strangely, because Ancient Egypt was a high-grade civilisation, a myth has been
created and sustained over centuries by Euro-centric historians who say Ancient
Egypt could not possibly have been created by Black people – Africans! This myth
has been polished to such a sheen that a huge percentage of Africans themselves
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31 | In October 1998, one reader of the London-based pan-African magazine, New
African, took grave issue with the magazine’s Editor, Baffour Ankomah, for daring
to assert in his personal column (published in May 1998) that: “On 22 March this
year [1998], the world was astounded to ‘discover’ that on the day of the Equinox,
the sun sets directly behind the head of the Great Sphinx in Egypt. ‘It is now agreed’,
trumpeted a British TV reporter, ‘that the people who built this great pyramid were
astrological geniuses’. Although the world, and modern Egyptians themselves, have
tried for centuries to wipe out any black African connections to the pyramids, we
know that our great black ancestors built those pyramids...”
The reader, ironically an African from Sierra Leone living in London, was
hugely irritated by what he called the “extravagant claim” that “our great black
ancestors built those pyramids”, and wrote back to New African, saying: “To assert
without proof that the Great Sphinx was built by black people is an extravagant
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32 | articulated by some African-American scholars of black history.” This coming
from an African was extraordinary. But that reader is not the only African who
holds that belief.
On 8 January 2020, when Zimbabwe’s leading newspaper The Herald published
a story about the first draft of The Africa Factbook having been presented to President
Emmerson Mnangagwa by the Institute of African Knowledge (INSTAK), a reader
– a full-blooded Zimbabwean - wrote to The Herald saying: “History of Africa?
How will the people of miserable Zimbabwe benefit from modern African history?
The economy is in a mess and politicians are talking of Africa 500 years ago! Nothing
was invented in Africa. Give us a list. I am talking of Sub-Sahara Africa. Don’t tell
us about Egypt – those are Arabs. They are the ones who built the [Great] Zimbabwe
Ruins. Was Zanu PF fighting elections to re-write history? Embellished history.”
It is astounding that such Africans exist – and unfortunately there are millions
and millions of them. It is for their sake, and the sake of Africa and all its vast
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33 | – in short, it is for the sake of Global Africa that the important subject of Ancient
Egypt opens the critical work of The African Factbook. The Ethiopians say, “truth
and morning become light with time”, hence The Africa Factbook must be the right
place and time to put the alleged “pseudo-science” and “extravagant claim” to the
test.
Dr Chancellor Williams, African-American
historian of repute, who spent his entire life
teaching black people about their ancestors’
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34 | AFRICA FACTBOOK: SECTION A
3
So here we go. We start by first connecting with Chancellor Williams, one of
the greatest historians and scholars to walk the land of Global Africa. In his life-
changing book published in 1974, The Destruction of Black Civilisation: Great Issues
Of A Race, From 4500 BC To 2000 AD, Chancellor Williams (an African-American)
tells about an issue that worried him when he was a mere youth. “In a small town
surrounded by cotton fields in South Carolina,” he wrote, “a little black boy in
the fifth grade began to harass teachers, preachers, parents, and grandparents
with questions which none seemed able to answer: How is that white folks have
everything and we have nothing? Slavery – how and why did we become their slaves
in the first place? White children go to fine brick, stone and marble schools nine
months a year while we go to a ramshackle old barn-like building only five-and-a-
half months, then to the cotton fields. Why?”
The answer lay in what Chancellor Williams revealed next. “In the sixth
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35 | agent for the Crisis and the Norfolk Journal and Guide. This was like turning on
the floodlights of heaven; for the books on our race, listed on the back pages of
the Crisis, started me off on their never-ending search, raising more questions as I
The Great Pyramid of Giza remained
the tallest building in the world for over
4,000 years. This was built by Africans,
in fact it was built for King (or Pharoah
which means king) Khufu who ruled
from 2589-2566 BC. Two other pyramids
were built at Giza for Khufu’s successors,
King Khafra (2558-2532 BC) and King
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36 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
4
progressed through school, questions whose answers were even more perplexing.
For, having read everything about the African race that I could get my hands on, I
knew even before leaving high school that (a) The land of the Blacks was not only
the ‘cradle of civilisation’ itself but that the Blacks were once the leading people on
earth; (b) that Egypt once was not only all-black, but the very name ‘Egypt’ was
derived from the Blacks; (c) and that the Blacks were the pioneers in the sciences,
medicine, architecture, writing, and were the first builders in stone, etc.
“The big unanswered question, then, was what had happened? How was this
highly advanced Black Civilisation so completely destroyed that its people, in our
times and for some centuries past, have found themselves not only behind the
other peoples of the world, but as well, the colour of their skin a sign of inferiority,
bad luck, and the badge of the slave whether bond or free? And, since I had learned
that whites were once enslaved as generally as any other race, how did it come
about that slavery was finally concentrated in Africa on Blacks only? | {
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37 | “In short, no books or other studies in high school and college answered or
gave clues to answers to the problems that puzzled me the most. For no matter
what the factual data were, all the books written about Blacks by their conquerors | {
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38 | AFRICA FACTBOOK: SECTION A
5
He who gives you a rope, tie him with it.
reflected the conquerors viewpoints. Nothing else should have been expected. And,
considering how thorough-going was the capture of the minds of the Blacks, it
is really not surprising that so many Negro scholars still faithfully follow in the
footsteps of the white masters.
“I was convinced that what troubled me and what I wanted to know was what
troubled the black masses and what they wanted to know. We wanted to know the
whole truth, good and bad. For it would be a continuing degradation of the African
people if we simply destroyed the present system of racial lies embedded in world
literature only to replace it with glorified fiction based more on wishful thinking
than on the labours of historical research.”
These critical questions led Chancellor Williams, now an adult and able to
research for himself, to go on a journey of discovery in Africa itself and elsewhere
beyond that gave birth to his book, The Destruction of Black Civilisation. In this
book, Chancellor Williams tells how his “inquiry” was concerned with Black | {
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39 | civilisation alone – what the Blacks themselves achieved independently of either
Europe or Asia. “This was an entirely new approach to the study of the history of
the Blacks. It meant, first of all, segregating traditional African institutions from
those later influenced by Islamic Asia and Christian Europe.
“In this way, and in no other, we can determine what our heritage really was
and, instead of just talking about ‘identity’, we shall know at last precisely what
purely African body of principles, value systems or philosophy of life gradually
evolved from our own forefathers over countless ages, and we will be able to
develop an African ideology to guide us onward. In other words, there can be no
real identity with our heritage until we know what our heritage really is. It is all
hidden in our history, but we are ignorant of that history. We have been floating
along, basking blissfully in the sunny heritage of other peoples!”
Chancellor Williams therefore made his research a quest for specific answers
to specific questions, some of which were: “(a) How did all-black Egypt become
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40 | completely blotted out the achievements of the African race from the annals of
history – just how could this be done on such a universal scale? (c) How and under
what circumstances did Africans, among the very first people to invent writing,
lose this art almost completely? (d) Is there a single African race, one African
people? (e) If we are one race or one people, how do you explain the numerous
languages, cultural varieties and tribal groupings? (f) Since, as it seemed to me,
there is far more disunity, self-hatred and mutual antagonisms among Blacks than
any other people, is there a historical explanation for this? (g) And how, in puzzling
contrast, is the underlying love of Blacks for their European and Asian conquerors
and enslavers explained?”
These were, and still are, deep-rooted questions that need deep-rooted answers
that speak to the allegations of “pseudo-science” and “extravagant claims” levelled
against Africans who tell, from deep-rooted research, the story of their glorious
ancestors who built great civilisations thousands and thousands of years before the
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41 | capitalised here to distinguish it from modern Egypt), and no matter what myth is
created to deny its African origins, it will not succeed because facts, like prestigious
wine, become better with age. In fact, to render it correctly as the EU’s Eurostat
Statistical Yearbook, January 2003, put it: “Two things gain great respect over time:
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42 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
6
Punish him if he lies and teach him good manners.
In the beginning
“The reliable facts” about Ancient Egypt say that the subjugation of Africa and its
peoples began in earnest with the control of their minds which to date has reaped
surplus dividends to outsiders, especially the European colonisers. Therefore, the
basis of African emancipation or the much-talked about “African Renaissance”,
must of necessity, begin with the decolonisation of the African mind through the
restoration of African history. The truth is that we have been educated, and still
being educated 60 years after political independence, using books whose writers
have reason to write Africa and its peoples out of history. Therefore, the re-writing
of African history to expose the real truth of what Africa contributed, and still
contribute, to the world will empower Africa’s current and future generations with
a clear and true perception of their forebears, and so of themselves.
As Cyril Lionel Robert James (popularly known as C.L.R. James), the
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43 | thundered: “Think, think, think, my son. Do not lose hold of what you as an
African has achieved by the unstinting sacrifices and struggles of those whose
shoulders you stand today. Unless you take possession of your own history and
love the memories flowing from it, you will lose confidence in yourself.”
The Kenyan writer, Ngugi wa Thiong’o, another great African, puts it another
way: “Colonialism tried to control the memory of the colonised, or rather, to
borrow from the Caribbean thinker, Sylvia Wynter, it tried to subject the colonised
to its memory, to make the colonised see themselves through the hegemonic
memory of the colonising centre. Put another way, the colonising presence tried
to mutilate the memory of the colonised and where that failed, it dismembered it,
and then tried to re-member it to the coloniser’s memory: his way of defining the
world, including his take on the nature of the relations between the coloniser and
the colonised. Whatever has been gained, including independence and national
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44 | and it behoves us, the inheritors of any and every benefit of those sacrifices, never
to forget. A people without memory are in danger of losing their soul.”
Ngugi then asks: “Is the task in front of us – that of the recovery of the African
historical memory and dreams – too difficult a task? There is no way out of
this.” Such a restoration of African history or “African memory” will be a service
to humanity itself, because the historical consciousness of humanity has suffered
for more than 600 years of deliberate distortion by Western scholars and writers.
They were able to do so through falsifying primarily the history of the great African
civilisation of Kemet (also known as Ancient Egypt). For years, Western historians
have tried to divorce Negro Africans from Ancient Egypt, while attributing its
illustrious accomplishments to a people they call Hamites (or Indo-Europeans who
came from Asia).
But the “Hamitic myth” was invented in the 1920s by Charles G. Seligman, an
English anthropologist and author of Races of Africa. According to him: “Negroes
were too primitive to be capable of any advanced thought”. He claimed that Kemet | {
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45 | was created by Hamites whom he regarded as “Caucasians [belonging] to the same
branch of mankind as almost all Europeans.” Seligman was in fact continuing
from where Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, professor at Gottingen University
in Germany, had left. In 1795, Blumenbach had put forward the “superiority of
Caucasians”, a term he coined for Europeans in his classification of human races.
Incidentally, he included the Ancient Egyptians among his “Caucasians”. Strangely,
Blumenbach’s myth has held sway in academia for over 200 years. | {
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46 | AFRICA FACTBOOK: SECTION A
7 | {
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47 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
8
But the Ancient Egyptians called themselves Kemmui, which meant black, written
in their language Medu-Neter or hieroglyphics as a block of wood charred at the
ends. For the early Greeks, to whom Europe gives credit for having been the
founders of European civilisation, the idea of distorting the history of Kemet was
impractical because they were well aware that the birth of science, mathematics,
philosophy, etc, was too ancient in Kemet to contest, and would have been absurd
to advance a contrary opinion.
This is evident in the entire Greek account of Ancient Egypt, which glorifies
the Black civilisation of Kemet. It was, after all, in Kemet that the Greeks got their
education in practically every conceivable field of knowledge. In fact, many Greek
philosophers came to Kemet to study. In effect, there was never a “Greek miracle”
as it is claimed today. What is now known as “the Greek miracle” was prepared
by millennia of work in the arts and sciences in the very bosom of what was later
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48 | and elsewhere on the continent. Inherent in this distortion is a flawed principle
that implicitly admits the truth of the Negro-Egyptian civilisation, hence the very
need for concealment.
Crucially, the concealment saturated 18th century European consciousness.
For, Europe is aware that almost half of the recorded history of humanity had
passed before anyone in Europe could read or write. Greek civilisation and its entire
intellectual output, which are accepted today as the source of European civilisation,
are directly located in Kemet, the great African civilisation which occurred along
the River Hapi or Ar (which was renamed by the Greeks as the Nile). As Sir E.A.
Wallis Budge attests in his book, Egypt: “The prehistoric native of Egypt, both in
the old and new Stone Ages, was African, and there is every reason for saying that
the earliest settlers came from the South. There are many things in the manners
and customs and religions of historic Egyptians that suggest that the original home
of their ancestors was in a country in the neighbourhood of Uganda and Punt.”
Europe’s awareness of this fact was to fabricate the history of Africa and | {
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49 | erect a false edifice, which has to be maintained at all cost. Today, based on this
edifice, there is a school of thought that says since Africans have no history of any
real significance to the rest of the world, they are a non-essential factor for the
advancement of the human race. In other words, the Africans are an expendable
and disposable commodity in the context of human advancement. Thus, whether
it is an IMF loan, UN programme, nuclear testing in the Sahara Desert, HIV-Aids,
the dislocation of Africans in Brazil, USA, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands,
Diego Garcia, or East Timor; or genetically modified crops, the principle of Africa’s
expendability is adhered to with religious zeal.
Kemet (also known as Ancient Egypt)
The origins of Ancient Egypt lay in several kingdoms in Upper Egypt, at Abydos
and Hierakonpolis, which then spread northwards towards Memphis and the
Mediterranean. In ancient times, Egypt was called by indigenous names – Ta Meri
(beloved land), Tawi (two lands), and more often Kemet (the black nation). This
is the civilisation that rose for over 3,000 years along the River Hapi or Ar (Nile | {
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50 | to the Greeks), a river whose sources are deeply embedded in the valleys of East
Africa, from two great lakes – the first and the largest in Africa known by the Luo
people of Kenya as Namlolwe and as Nalubaale by the Lugandans, but is known as
Lake Victoria by the British explorer John Hanning Speke who arrogantly changed
the lake’s African name(s) in 1858 and called it Lake Victoria after his Queen in
London. The second lake is Tana, located in the eastern highlands of modern
Ethiopia.
Map (left): Ancient Egypt consisted
of two main geographical parts (or
kingdoms): Upper Egypt, which is where
the River came from or everywhere south
of Cairo (or 30th parallel N) all the way
to the Sudan border, and Lower Egypt,
everywhere from Cairo northwards where
the River flows into the Mediterranean
Sea through the fertile delta.
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51 | AFRICA FACTBOOK: SECTION A
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52 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
10
The Africans themselves did not call the country Egypt. Originally, they called
it Chem or Chemi and later Kemet. Records show that it was the Greeks who
unwittingly contributed to the use of the name Egypt for the entire country. Egypt
was originally the second name of the city of Memphis. Chancellor Williams
explains that the Greek contribution to the name change “was accidental, one of
those accidents of history that turns out to be highly important. In this case, the
Greeks unwittingly applied the second name of the City of Menes (Memphis),
‘Aigyptos’ to the whole country. For Memphis was also called Hikuptah, or the
‘Mansion of the Soul of Ptah’, the god-protector of the city.
“From the Greek ‘Aigyptos’, Memphis became Egypt, and Egypt became the
name of the ‘Two Lands’, extending from the Mediterranean to the [Nile’s] First
Cataract. There was no ‘Egypt’ before the black king [Pharoah Narmer, also called
Aha Mena or Menes] from whose name it was indirectly derived. Before that, the
country was called Chem or Chemi, another name indicating its Black inhabitants, | {
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53 | and not the colour of their soil, as some writers have needlessly strained themselves
in asserting,” Chancellor Williams cares to emphasise.
The name Nile is also Greek. The black, indigenous people of Kemet called the
Nile “Hapi” or “Ar”. The Greeks changed the name to Nile after they invaded Kemet
and occupied it in 332 BC. At certain points in time, the empire of Kemet spread
all the way to the Euphrates River in Iraq, then called Assyria and later Babylon.
To the south of Kemet was Kush, another great black civilisation that occupied
what is modern Sudan, Ethiopia, and Somalia. In later centuries, Kush came to be
known as Nubia. Again, at certain times Kush’s empire, after it conquered Egypt,
also spread all the way to the Euphrates River in Iraq, covering all of modern Egypt,
Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Israel, Syria and part of Iraq.
To the east of Kush was Seba (or Sheba) located in modern-day Ethiopia. To
the west of Kemet was Put (which occupied modern-day Libya, Tunisia, Algeria,
Morocco). Much later, Put came to be known as Cyrene where the Simon who
was pressed into carrying Jesus’ cross at the crucifixion came from (Matthew 27:3;. | {
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54 | Mark 15:21; Luke 23:26). All these black lands were sometimes generically or
collectively referred to as Ethiopia, which is different from modern-day Ethiopia
(that used to be called Abyssinia).
It was Pharoah Narmer (also called Menes), a Black man, who built Memphis,
the capital city named after him that became so famous and the pride of the Black
world. Memphis was located at where modern Cairo now stands. Memphis later
became the border between Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt, the two main divisions
of Ancient Egypt. Standing in Cairo (or Memphis), one sees the Nile flowing from
deep inside Africa going into the Mediterranean Sea where it ends its 4,000-mile
journey from Uganda. Where the Nile comes from became known as Upper Egypt,
even though on a map Upper Egypt was located south of Memphis. This area
consisted of the entire Nile valley starting from modern Cairo and south to Lake
Nasser which was formed when the Aswan High Dam was built.
Geographically, Upper Egypt was made up of all the land between the 30th
parallel north and the Aswan Dam in the south. Lower Egypt thus referred to
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55 | the Mediterranean Sea. King Menes united the “Two Lands” under African rule
and began the historic First Dynasty of Egypt. As Chancellor Williams insists:
“There was in fact no ‘Egypt’ before Menes built Memphis. Historians of Ancient
Egypt would do well to pause and ponder longer over the question of the ‘Two
Lands’. Those who are interested in the truth about the black man’s history would
be compelled to do so, for the most significant part of the black African’s history
developed in Egypt.”
To Chancellor Williams, “the strong predilection of both Europeans and
white Asians to replace the names of other peoples and places with their own
Pharoah Narmar, also known as Menes,
built his capital at Memphis (modern
Cairo) which was named after him.
Photo montage (left page): The source
of the great River Nile as it comes out of
Lake Victoria near Jinja, Uganda, and
makes its way up north via 4,000 miles
(6,400 km) of forest and desert to Egypt.
This main arm of the Nile is called the
“White Nile” by Europeans. In Khartoum,
the capital of Sudan, this Nile is joined
by another arm from Ethiopia, called the
“Blue Nile” whose source is Lake Tana in | {
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56 | northeast Ethiopia.
Knowledge is not the main thing, but deeds. | {
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57 | AFRICA FACTBOOK: SECTION A
11
terminologies was at once a blessing and a curse in the history of the Blacks. Not
knowing the racist twist that modern history was to take, these early historians,
geographers and travellers reported what they found and described peoples in their
own terms of speech. In doing so, they established beyond question that the Blacks
were the first Egyptians and the builders of that ancient civilisation. For it was these
early writers, and not the Blacks, who made it clear that although the invading
Euro-Asians had firmly established themselves in about one-fourth of Lower Egypt
as early as the fourth millennium BC, the Blacks with equal firmness held all the
rest of the 29th North parallel to the 10th South. It was the whites, not the Blacks,
who called Africa the ‘Land of the Blacks’ until Asian and European invasions
made it expedient to change this to mean ‘African countries not yet taken over by
Caucasians’, and later to ‘Africa South of the Sahara.’
“The early whites, again, not the Blacks – not only defined all Upper Egypt as
black to distinguish it from predominantly white Lower Egypt, but they settled the | {
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58 | matter for posterity by calling Egypt the Thebald and the Blacks Thebans because
Thebes (Nowe) was the oldest and greatest centre of black civilisation. The ‘curse’
referred to above concerns the amazing success of modern writers in so blotting
out, obscuring, or reinterpreting the earlier writers on Africa so that the actual role
of the Blacks in their own land was practically erased from memory. Their strategy
of silence worked, and it must have worked more successfully than they could have
dreamed. The Great Silence even fell over the monumental fact that the Blacks
themselves started the whole dynastic system in Egypt about 3100 BC, and that
the great civilisation of world acclaim developed after these black regimes began.
Greek and Arabic names and the accepted ‘caucasoid’ features in the conventional
style of royal portraits all furthered the great deception.”
The “great deception” nothwithstanding, the fact still remains that for
generations, Memphis was almost entirely an all-black city, with white Asian
villages slowly growing up around the outskirts. Chancellor Williams explains | {
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59 | that the Asians who had come to settle in Lower Egypt as travellers and refugees
were a very smart and cunning people. “Once conquered, they feigned complete
and humble acceptance of African rule. Far from showing the slightest signs of
any feeling of racial superiority, they were such masters of the art of dissembling
that they could hoodwink the Africans, often under the guise of brotherhood, by
capitalising on their often-dark complexions, similar institutions, intermarriages,
and mixing with the black population, generally, as far as possible.
“That all this was the direct route to repeated Asian ascendency on the continent
few Africans seemed to see. For they were, as a race, too ready to forgive and forget
the past evils committed by foreigners; whereas, on the other hand, a fellow African
tribe could easily become a ‘traditional enemy’ and continue as such for so many
generations that no one could remember what the original quarrel was all about!”
Chancellor Williams goes on: “The Blacks, then, were apparently unconcerned
about the Asian villages springing up just outside Memphis, the largest one rapidly | {
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60 | developing across the river on the right bank. This community was to become the
Asian city of Fostat that would challenge the supremacy of the capital city and
eventually help to change its African character and cause its final destruction.
Fostat now behold the modern city of Cairo where ancient Memphis once stood,
wiping away nearly 3,000 years of glorious history. Memphis remained the capital
and one of the greatest cities of the world, from the First to the 20th Dynasty when
it yielded to Thebes again. But it was still a great city when Alexander the Great
arrived in 332 BC. Its death-knell was sounded only when Arab tribes overran the
land and Cairo rose to overshadow it.”
When building a house, don’t measure the timbers in the forest. | {
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61 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
12
Chancellor Williams urges Africans to consider the time continuum in the history
of the Blacks in reference to the state of civilisation in the lands from which the
Asians and the other invading groups came during the first 1,000 years of Black
ascendancy in Egypt and ancient Sudan. “The record is quite clear,” says Chancellor
Williams, “that the incursive groups were largely tent-dwelling nomads. They had
no tradition of great cities with imposing temples, obelisks, pyramids or, indeed,
stone masonry at all. In particular, one should note the number of centuries after
Thebes and Memphis before other ancient cities were founded: Nowe (or Thebes)
was founded in prehistory. Memphis was founded in 3100 BC. Rome was a village
in 1000 BC, it became a town only in 250 BC. Athens was a village in 1200 BC and
became a city only in 360 BC. Antioch became a city in 400 BC, Jerusalem in 1400
BC, and Babylon 2100 BC.
“By the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt, the Blacks, who were the first brick and stone
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62 | that had been characteristic of Southern Ethiopia [now Sudan] from the earliest
times. The Great Pyramid remained the tallest building in the world for over 4,000
years. In short, what great contributions did these roaming nomads have to make
to an already highly developed black civilisation? Since even Jerusalem was not in
existence, what people in Lower Egypt came from a country with a city as great as
Thebes or Memphis?”, asks Chancellor Williams, before adding that: “The Second
and Third Dynasties of Egypt were also African, most writers will not flatly state
this. They generally designate these dynasties as ‘Thinite’, ‘Memphite’ or ‘Followers
of Seth’. One has to know that the First Dynasty was African and ‘Memphite’ or
‘Thinite’, so called after the name of their sacred city Thinis, and the cults of Seth
and Amon were African.
“That the Fourth Dynasty [of Egypt] was indigenous is equally clear. These
were the chief pyramid builders, the Great Pyramid being the largest and tallest
building on earth until modern times. It was built during the reign of Khufu (2590-
67 BC). Khufu’s nephew, Khafre, whose African identity is generally disguised by | {
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63 | historians with the name ‘Cephren’, carried on and built the second Great Pyramid.
But he went farther. He built the Great Sphinx and, as though he intended to settle
the question of his racial identity for all ages to come, he had his African features so
boldly and clearly carved into a portrait statue that not even a fool could seriously
doubt that this mighty monarch was a ‘Negro’. He was therefore among the first
to break with the classical Caucasoid stereotypes in Egyptian portraits. Note,
however, the long and arduous labour that was required for the invaders to chip
away the massive flat nose of the Great Sphinx.”
Chancellor Williams underscores the fact that: “Having determined what
periods Africans were referred to as ‘Thinites’, ‘Memphites’, ‘Thebans’, ‘Cushites’,
‘Libyans’, ‘Ethiopians’, ‘Nubians’, etc, a major problem in African history was
near solution. Some of the disguising masks were thus removed. But much still
remained to be done in developing guidelines to identification because the work
of effacing the black man’s role in world history was so thoroughly done over for | {
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64 | so many centuries that it is amazing how so universal a consensus was reached by
Caucasian writers in almost every age.”
Chancellor Williams then turns his attention to the people of Egypt proper,
the people who populated the “Two Lands”, and says: “The fact of Black rulers,
however, is not as important as the fact of an indigenous Black population from
which they sprang. For these early Blacks were themselves a great people, excelling
on many fronts from a line of builders so distant in the past that it seems to have
extended into the stone ages.
If the State is going to fall, it is from the belly. | {
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65 | AFRICA FACTBOOK: SECTION A
13
President Anwar Sadat,
an indigenous Egyptian
“It was a society of scientists, scholars, organised religions with organised
priesthoods, mathematicians, scribes, architects, engineers, standing armies and
generals, stone and brick masons, carpenters, artists, sculptors, cloth makers,
slaves, farmers, teachers, gold and silversmiths, blacksmiths, and so on, through
the widest spectrum of an advanced society. Africa as the ‘Cradle of Civilisation’
meant exactly that. These Blacks developed one of the oldest written languages.
The Egyptian language was an African language with later Asiatic influence
similar to that of Arabic or the African language known as Swahili. And it was so
totally destroyed and replaced by a non-indigenous tongue as were other African
creations.”
The native people
It is important to underscore the fact that the ancestors of Ancient Egypt (or Kemet)
were of indigenous African Negroid stock. This was during the native period which
some historians now call the Archaic and Old Kingdoms (3100-2100BC). In the
New Kingdom (1500-1087BC) the kings were called Per aa (meaning Great House) | {
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66 | which was later corrupted into Pharoah by foreigners to refer to the Egyptian kings
on account of the great buildings in which they lived. In their attempt to whiten
the Ancient Egyptian civilisation, Western historians have found it necessary to
blatantly ignore the many stupendous primeval monuments in both modern Sudan
and Ethiopia that so clearly proclaim a civilisation earlier than that of Ancient
Egypt. These historians have misled the world into believing that the Ancient
Egyptian civilisation emerged from the shores of Europe through Greece. This is
in spite of the fact that all the accounts by ancient Greeks themselves confirm that
black Africans had lived throughout the length and breadth of Africa (including
north of the Sahara) for as long as the continent had been known to the world.
These facts have been well documented and attested to by Persian and
Byzantine historians of the 5th century, who wrote that the people of North Africa
were black, until the first invasion of North Africa in 647 AD by the Arabs, ordered
by Abdallah ibn Sa’d, that culminated in the Umayyad victory in 705 AD in North | {
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67 | Africa. In fact, Hannibal (247-183 BC) from Carthage (Tunisia) who fought against
Rome and Spain, and who has been so “whitened” by Europeans, issued a coin after
he defeated the Romans at Trasimene which showed a Negro African on one side
and an elephant on the other (Polybius, Book 3). Ernest Babelon, a numismatist (a
person who studies or collects coins) attested: “The Negro [on Hannibal’s] coin
has a definite characteristic that leaves no doubt of the ethnographic intention of
the engraver. He has rings in his ears, flat nose, thick lips, hair arranged in rows of
knots. I think the effigy on the coin was Hannibal himself.”
It is, in fact, easier to prove that Ancient Egypt was a Negroid civilisation
than Europe’s claim to Greek civilisation. For, there was no recorded history of
Europe in ancient times. The Europe we know today was divided by the frontier
formed by the two rivers, Rhine and Danube. South and west of the frontier lay
the civilised world, and north and east the barbarians of whom the then civilised
world (principally Africa at the time) knew almost nothing about. At best, at the | {
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68 | twilight of the Neolithic Age, Europeans were dwelling in caves. When pastoral
existence began in Europe, Africans had, for centuries, harvested corn, made wine,
wrote philosophical treatises, studied the stars, built complex buildings, produced
mystics and divine incantations (sages, gurus, prophets), and laid down the first
creed of the salvation of the soul.
An elephant does not die of one broken rib. | {
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69 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
14
Queen Hatshepsut
The French writer, Count Constantin de Volney in his book, The Ruins of
Empires, clearly states that the black people of Kemet were the first to “attain the
physical and moral sciences necessary to civilised life”, adding: “It was, then, on
the borders of the Upper Nile, among a Black race of men, that was organised
the complicated system of worship of the stars, considered in relation to the
productions of the earth and the labours of agriculture; and this first worship,
characterised by their adoration under their own forms and national attributes,
was a simple proceeding of the human mind.”
When a few nomadic communities banded to settle in Rome around 1000 BC,
the African civilisation was more than 2,000 years old – its religion, philosophers,
scientists, etc, were already ancient. When the Greek pantheon was in rudimentary
stage - the Olympiad yet to be held; Hinduism yet to appear, Gautama Buddha yet
to be born around 560 BC, Prophet Mohammed yet to be born; when Jacob in the
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70 | who left 430 years later as a three-million-strong Jewish community, acquiring all
the elements of its future tradition (including monotheism and circumcision), the
pyramids of Kemet were already a collector’s item.
Land of the Blacks
The Greeks themselves confirmed – right from Herodotus, Isocrates to Plutarch
- that the Egyptians “were very black” and had “woolly hair”. These eyewitness
accounts were made when Egyptian civilisation had already been in existence for at
least 2,000 years. The Egyptians themselves stated in various texts, notably the Edfu
text - an inscription still found in the Temple at Edfu – that: “Several thousand
years ago, we were led by our king from the South to settle up the Nile valleys.”
Another account, the Papyrus of Hunefer (the philosopher and high priest), which
is now exhibited in the British Museum in London, states: “We came from the
beginning of the Nile where God Hapi dwells at the foothills of the Mountains
of the Moon”. The furthest point or “the beginning” of the River Hapi (Nile) is in
Uganda, as an outlet of Lake Nalolwe or Nalubaale (which is known oddly today
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71 | Queen Maatkare Hatshepsut (1778 – 1458 BC, 18th Dynasty), the daughter
of King Tutmoses II, wrote in her tomb: “I have restored what was cast down. I
have built up what was uncompleted. Since the Asiatics arrived in this land, and
the barbarians were among them, destroying buildings, while they governed, not
knowing Ra.” Hatshepsut sent a fleet of ships to visit Punt (which covered the
entire region comprising modern Uganda, Kenya Somalia, and Tanzania), the land
which the Egyptians themselves referred to as “the sacred land”. Hatshepsut was, in
effect, honouring the long-held African tradition of paying homage to the ancestral
homestead. Nowhere in this detailed account found in her Temple, was it said that
it was a military expedition.
This time-honoured journeys were in practice as far back as the 5th Dynasty
(2510-2460 BC), from the days of King Asakaf to King Pepi II, when the journeys
were made inland, affirming an earlier African civilisation that preceded Ancient
Egypt. The Nubians who occupied that land are today accepted as the ancestors
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72 | antiquity and modern times. The Negro of the Nile Delta inbred gradually with
Mediterraneans who continually infiltrated Egypt at a time when all the major
Kemetic civilisations had been in place.
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73 | AFRICA FACTBOOK: SECTION A
15
The Rosetta Stone
During the 18th century, there was a renewed interest by Europe in Egyptian
gold and artefacts. This made possible the decipherment of the Rosetta Stone
(which is currently in the British Museum). It was found in 1799 at the mouth of
the River Nile by members of Napoleon’s expedition. On the Stone was a decree
issued by Ptolemy Ephihanes V in Greek and MeduNeter which was deciphered
by the Frenchman Jean-Francois Champollion who, in turn, while still in Egypt,
wrote to his brother Jacques Joseph Champollion-Figeac about what he saw in the
temples. Jean-Francois died in 1832. His brother, Figeac, who later became the icon
of European Egyptology, published the full text of Jean-Francois’ letter in 1883.
Europeans were baffled to discover a firsthand account by the Ancient Egyptians
themselves, pointing to Negro Egypt. It was at the same time that Europe was
enslaving Negro Africans and sending them to the Americas and the Caribbean
islands. As a result, Europe could not admit to a Negro Egypt, the source of ancient
Greek civilisation, even if the Ancient Egyptians themselves had affirmed this. | {
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74 | Figeac’s publication of Jean-Francois’ correspondence established a major piece
of evidence from a European which should render all suppositions unnecessary
regarding Negro Egypt. As early as 233 BC (18th Dynasty), the Egyptians
continuously represented the two groups of their own race in a manner that could
not possibly be confused by anybody. Significantly the order in which the four
The Rosetta Stone: Currently housed
in the British Museum, London, it
was found in 1799 at the mouth of the
River Nile by members of Napoleon’s
expedition, and deciphered by the
Frenchman Jean-Francois Champollion.
This made it possible for scholars to
read and understand Ancient Egyptian
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75 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
16
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy
nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat
races then known to the Egyptians (Kemmui, Nahasi, Namou, and Tahmou) are
consistently arranged in relation to the god, Horus, also bestowed on them their
social hierarchy.
Jean-Francois affirmed this in his letter to his brother, Champollion-Figeac:
“Right in the valley of Bibanel Moluk,” Jean-Francois wrote, “we admired like all
previous visitors the astonishing freshness of the painting and the fine sculpture
of tombs. I had a copy of the peoples represented on the bas-relief. According to
legend, they wished to represent the inhabitants of Egypt and those of foreign
lands. Thus, we have before our eyes the images of various races of man known
to the Egyptians, established during that early epoch. Men led by Horus, belong
to four races; the first, the one closest to the god, has a dark red colour, a well-
proportioned body, kind face, long braided hair, slightly aquiline nose, designated
men par excellence. There can be no uncertainty about the racial identity of the | {
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76 | man who comes next: he belongs to the black race designated Nahasi. The third
man present a very different aspect; his skin colour borders on yellow or tan; he
has a strong aquiline nose, thick, black pointed beard and wears a short garment
of varied colours; these called Namou. Finally, the last one, what we call the flesh-
coloured, a white skin of the most delicate shade, a nose straight or slightly arched,
blue eyes, blond or red bearded, tall stature, very slender and clad in hairy ox-skin,
a veritable savage tattooed on various parts of his body, he is called Tahmou.
“I hasten to seek the tableau corresponding to this one in the other royal
tombs and, as a matter of fact I found several, convincing me of the fact that the
Egyptians were representing namely: (1) Egyptian, (2) Black Africans, (3) Asians,
(4) finally - and I am ashamed to say so, since our race is the last and most savage
in the series - Europeans, who in those remote epoch, frankly did not cut too
fine a figure in the world. This manner of viewing the tableau is accurate, because
on the other tombs, the same generic names reappear always in the same order. | {
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77 | We find there, Egyptians and Africans represented in the same way, which could
not be otherwise; but Namou [the Asian] and Tahmou [Indo-European] present
significant and curious variants. I certainly did not expect, on arriving here to
find sculptures that could serve as vignettes for history of primitive Europeans, if
ever one has the courage to attempt it. Nevertheless, there is something flattering
and consoling in seeing them, since they make us appreciate the progress we have
subsequently achieved.”
How the Ancient Egyptians represented
themselves and those of foreign lands in
relation to the god, Horus: To the Ancient
Egyptians, human beings belonged to four
races: The first and closet to Horus was the
Ancient Egyptian, followed by other black
people (ie, other Africans), then Indo-
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78 | AFRICA FACTBOOK: SECTION A
17
Even the gods were painted black
The Ancient Egyptians went as far as painting the images of their gods in coal-
tar black. There are records showing that early Christendom worshipped and
converted the Kemetic “divine mother” Aset (Isis) and Horus, her son, as blacks
until the era of the European Renaissance. Jocely Rhys, an English scholar affirms
that: “In catacombs of Rome, Black statutes of this Egyptian divine mother and
infant still survive from early Christendom, which they converted to the Virgin
Mary.” Will Duran (in the Story of Civilisation IV) also wrote that: “Statutes of Isis
and Horus were renamed Mary and Jesus; the Roman Lupercalia and the Feast of
Isis became the Nativity; the Saturnalia became Christmas celebration.”
For artistic and ceremonial purposes, the Ancient Egyptians painted
themselves in dark red for men and yellow for women. There are numerous existing
paintings in the Temple of Ramses III, and the famous Abu Simbel paintings where
the Ancient Egyptians and Nubians are painted solid black. Scientifically speaking,
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79 | an expression of two Negro shades. The Ancient Egyptians did not differentiate
themselves from the Nubians as a separate race. When foreigners, principally the
Assyrians, Persians and the Hykos (Indo-Europeans) invaded Egypt, the natives
sought refuge in Nubia to drive them out. It was as natural a kinship as Britain’s
“special relationship” with America.
It was also an “unwritten law” since inheritance was matrilineal in Kemet to
the extent that all foreign usurpers to the throne sought to marry into the royal
household to legitimatise their claim by having “golden blood”, not “blue blood”,
and having the “golden Horus name” - an ancestral name legitimising the royal
strain. Ptolemy Lago, the first of the Roman rulers, married into the royal African
household to legitimise his claim. Julius Caesar did the same and had a child with
Cleopatra. Mark Antony later abandoned his wife for Cleopatra for the same
reasons.
The essential core of the Ancient Egyptian civilisation is spirituality, which
permeated every aspect of life including science; hence Aton, the appellation of
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80 | science has confirmed beyond doubt that atom particles contain elements of light
which the Ancient Egyptians portrayed as a ray of the sun, and also makes the
“plants grow green” (Great Hymns of Aton-King Akhenaton). Yet science, in the
hands of the Western world, has become inimical to the spirit. This centrality of
the spirit, being embodied in all aspects of the living is abundantly clear in Black
Africa, to the point that “superstition” has become synonymous with Africans.
The capability to ascribe the universe to one supreme being (monotheism), and
to embrace the gods (polythesism, which the Europeans called idol worshipping)
and divine kingship, had all been in practice by black Africans across the continent,
long before the Europeans arrived on their alleged civilising mission in the 15th
century. The Dogon of Mali knew how to determine mathematically and graphically
the position of the sun on the ecliptic just as their great ancestors had done in the
Nile Valley.
A colossal volume of books (papyrus) on practically every subject has survived
from the Kemetic civilisation, which are currently in the possession of Western | {
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81 | scholars and institutions. The very calendar of 365 days, the division of the day into
12-hour cycles, all created by Kemetic scientists and astrologers 4,000 years ago,
based on the movement of the sun, are still in use today, as if they were invented
A fly that has no one to advice it, follows the corpse into the grave. | {
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82 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
18
by European scientists. Imhotep (2980 BC), mystic, poet and scientist, who lived
in the court of King Djoser, is the father of medicine, not Hippocrates as the world
has been led to believe. Imhotep diagnosed and treated diseases, and wrote a
number of books on the bladder, liver, skin colour, eyes, abdomen, and tracked the
circulation of blood 2,000 years before it was known in Europe.
Other testimonies
TimeMap, a website devoted to history, asserts boldly that: “The Ancient Egyptian
civilisation produced the first government to rule an entire nation. The Sumerians,
who were the only other people to have a literate and urban civilisation by 3000
BC, lived in small city-states, each numbering no more than a few tens of thousand
people. The unified kingdom of Egypt, on the other hand, covered an entire country
thousands of square miles in size and with millions of inhabitants. The Pharaoh
was the ruler of Ancient Egypt, both politically and religiously. The Pharaoh held
the title ‘Lord of the Two Lands’, meaning that he ruled all of Upper and Lower
Egypt; and was a ‘high priest of every temple’. | {
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83 | “In Egyptian eyes, the Pharaoh was a god himself, who stood between heaven
and earth. His personal welfare and the welfare of the entire people were bound
tightly together. The Pharaoh was in charge of the army, and would go to war when
his lands were threatened – demanding valuable gifts from the conquered people,
if victory was obtained. To help the Pharaoh in governing the land, an elaborate
organisation of officials, scribes and overseers – the world’s first civil service –
developed, bringing the reach of government down to the lowliest villager. Egypt
was divided into 42 nomes, which were administrative regions, each governed by
a nomarch. The Pharaoh himself was surrounded in his palace by high officials,
ministers and courtiers. For much of Ancient Egypt’s history, the Pharaoh was
served by a powerful chief minister called a vizier. He represented the Pharaoh in
the administration of the land, treasury and legal system.
“The ancient Egyptians worshipped many gods and goddesses. These included
Ra, the sun god; Isis, the goddess of nature and magic; Horus, the god of war; and
Osiris, the god of the dead and resurrection. The pantheon of gods and goddesses | {
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84 | gradually changed over time, as new gods became more important, and some less
so. The rise and fall of gods and goddesses seem to have mirrored the political
fortunes of the different temples and priesthoods.
“For example, when the rulers of Thebes became kings of all Egypt, and founded
the New Kingdom, its local god Amun became the chief god, and was united with
Ra to become Amun-Ra. [Amun is mentioned in the Bible, at Jeremiah 46:25 -
“The Lord Almighty, the God of Israel, says: ‘I am about to bring punishment on
Amun, god of Thebes, on Pharaoh, on Egypt and her gods and her kings, and on
those who seek their lives, to Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon and his officers].
The controversial Pharoah Amenhotep IV (c.1379-1362), of the late 18th dynasty,
undertook a religious revolution, disbanding the priesthoods dedicated to Amun-
Ra and forcing the exclusive worship of another sun-god, Aton. Renaming himself
Akhenaton (“servant of the Aton”), he built a new capital in Middle Egypt called
Akhenaton, known later as Amarna. Upon Akhenaton’s death, the capital returned
to Thebes and Egyptians returned to worshiping a multitude of gods.” | {
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85 | Continuing, the TimeMap website explains what made Ancient Egypt tick:
“As with all pre-industrial civilisations, Ancient Egypt’s economy was based on
agriculture. The great majority of the people were peasant farmers. Because of the
fertile nature of the Nile Valley, they were able to produce large surpluses which
A man who uses force is afraid of reasoning. | {
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86 | AFRICA FACTBOOK: SECTION A
19
sustained the refined lifestyle of the Pharaoh and his court, his officials, the priests
and all the other members of the elite. Peasants also provided the mass labour
which built the pyramids and temples along the Nile Valley.
“Farming in Egypt was dependent completely on the Nile River. Just a few miles
away from the river, on both sides, was bone-dry desert. The flooding season
lasted from June to September, depositing a layer of wonderfully fertile silt on the
land beside the river. As much as possible, the flood water was stored in tanks and
ponds. After the flood waters had receded, the growing season lasted from October
to February. Egypt receives very little rainfall, so farmers irrigated their fields with
river water from the reservoirs, and from the river itself. Ditches and canals carried
the water to the fields.
“Numerous towns dotted the river bank, centres of local administration, and
of local markets. Egypt has often been regarded as a civilisation without cities. This
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87 | however, there were numerous urban settlements in the Nile Valley, and Memphis
was one of the largest cities in the world, if not at times the largest. In the Bronze
Age, international trade was almost the same as diplomacy, taking the form of
exchanges of ‘gifts’ between rulers. The Egyptians were ideally situated to take full
advantage of this. Before the development of long-range trade routes across the
Sahara, the Nile Valley functioned as the only ‘pinch point’ through which trade
goods from sub-Saharan Africa could flow north to the Mediterranean.
“As in all societies of the ancient world, peasant farmers made up the bulk of
the population. However, the land was owned by the Pharaoh, or by one of the
temples, which were immensely wealthy, or by a noble family... Craftsmen seem to
have had a higher status than farmers. Most of these probably worked for temples
or the state. Scribes and officials were of high rank in ancient Egyptian society.
Within this elite group were also priests, physicians and engineers; and from them
were drawn the leading priests, ministers and courtiers.
“At the very top was the royal family, below which was a powerful class of | {
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88 | hereditary landowners (nobles). Slavery was known in Ancient Egypt, but its extent
is unclear. Most slaves seem to have been used as domestic servants in wealthy
households rather than as agricultural workers. By law, slaves were able to buy and
sell, like other people, or work their way to freedom. Women seem to have had
a comparatively high status in Egyptian society. Like men, they could own and
sell property, make contracts, marry and divorce, receive inheritance, and pursue
legal disputes in court. Married couples could own property jointly. Some women
enjoyed huge status as high priestesses. On the other hand, as in virtually all ancient
societies, public office was almost always reserved for men.”
Normally when African scholars write glowingly about their history, they are
often accused of practising “pseudo-science” or making “extravagant claims”. The
TimeMap’s testimony above did not come from an African writer, therefore it is
devoid (supposedly) of “extravagant claims”. We had better let it continue. “The
clearest evidence for the legacy of Ancient Egypt can be seen in architecture,” the | {
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89 | TimeMap went on. “It has been suggested that the Ancient Greeks got the very idea
of monumental building in stone from the Egyptians.
“What is unmistakable is that this ancient civilisation has exercised an
unmatched spell upon future civilisations. The Greeks already regarded Egypt as
a land of wisdom and mystery, and the Ancient Roman fascination with Egypt
can be seen in the number of obelisks to be found in the city of Rome to this day
(some of them shipped from Egypt to the imperial capital, others are copies of
Egyptian models). The medieval Arabs wrote about the Egyptian civilisation, and
The mask of the boy-King Tutankhamun,
showing him holding the Ancient
Egyptian symbols of office: the fly-whisk
and the shepherd’s crook. They are held
with the hands crossed: the fly-whisk in
the right hand and the shepherd’s crook
in the left, so that the fly-whisk is always
on the right shoulder and the shepherd’s
crook on the left.
If you watch your pot, your food will not burn. | {
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90 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
20
the modern European fascination with Egypt was fuelled by [the French emperor]
Napoleon’s conquest of the country in 1798. Modern Egyptology started at that
date, and has continued ever since.
“The civilisation of Ancient Egypt is known for its stupendous achievements
in a whole range of fields, including art and architecture, engineering, medicine
and statecraft. Its great buildings on the banks of the Nile River still strike awe into
those who see them. Ancient Egypt is usually held to have begun around 3000 BC.
By this date the only other people in the world to have a literate, urban civilisation
were the Sumerians in Mesopotamia [today’s Iran and Iraq].
“As well as being one of the earliest civilisations, Ancient Egypt was one of
the longest lasting civilisations in world history. Its greatest days fell between
c.3000 BC and c.1000 BC, but the civilisation remained very much a going concern
for centuries after this. The achievements of the civilisation involved innovations in
writing – hieroglyphics; in administration; in quarrying and surveying, maths and | {
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91 | architecture; in irrigation and agricultural methods; as well as in developing some
of the earliest ships. They built many temples which were used as places of worship
and also as granaries and treasuries where grain and goods were stored.
“So, what, in sum, is the place of Ancient Egypt in world history? It is surely this
– here, almost at the very beginnings of recorded history, was a great civilisation
which produced wonderful art, architecture, engineering, literature, medicine and
so on. The wide range of highly-developed practical techniques these involved
were transmitted to other peoples and later cultures; but more than this, what an
inspiration it must have been for the civilisations which came after! We know that
many Greeks and Romans travelled to the land of Egypt, and were awed by the
magnificent remains they saw there. In short, Ancient Egypt set the bar high!”
Similarly, the New World Encyclopaedia writes glowingly about Ancient Egypt
and quotes the prominent British historian, Arnold Toynbee, to have said that:
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92 | successor. Arguably, however, the successor to Egyptian civilisation was humanity
itself, since Egypt bequeathed many ideas and concepts to the world, in addition
to mathematical and astronomical knowledge. One example is the impact of
Egypt upon the Old Testament, which continues to affect the lives of many people
today. Egyptian belief in the afterlife does not seem to have impacted much on
Jewish thought, but this did find its way into much African spirituality, where a
similar view of the spiritual world is still widely accepted – for example, the idea
of returning spirits.
“The pyramids were fashioned in such a way that the returning spirits could
easily find their way back to the body. The Egyptian view of returning ancestors
and naming grandchildren after grandparents as a form of spiritual liberation of
the grandparents is still prevalent in Africa today. Evidence of mummies in other
civilisations and pyramids outside Ancient Egypt indicate reflections of Ancient
Egyptian belief values on other prehistoric cultures, perhaps transmitted over the
Silk Road. It is possible that Egyptians travelled to the Americas.” | {
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93 | Tonybee went on to say: “Israel’s period of slavery in Egypt resulted in especial
concern for the gerim (stranger) in their midst. Egypt may have influenced Hebrew
writing, while Egyptian understanding of the role of the King as mediator between
heaven and earth may have informed the Hebrew’s understanding of society as
subject to divine law. There are also parallels between Egyptian and Hebrew ethics.
The [belief in one god] experiment failed in Egypt but flourished through the
two related faiths of Judaism and Christianity. Both of these faiths acknowledge a
certain indebtedness to Egypt, where the Septuagint (Greek version of the Bible)
He who loves money must labour. | {
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94 | AFRICA FACTBOOK: SECTION A
21
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy
nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat
was translated (300-200 BC). It is also in Egypt where Philo, Origen, and Clement
of Alexandria, among other significant contributors to Jewish and Christian
thought, flourished.”
Another Western writer attests that: “… The Macedonian conqueror Alexander
the Great felt the need to have himself crowned as pharaoh in 332 BC – which
suggests that the civilisation of the Pharaohs still had life in it. Alexander’s general,
Ptolemy, on becoming the independent ruler of Egypt in 305 BC, was also crowned
pharaoh, and his line lasted down to the famous queen, Cleopatra, who died in 31
BC. Some may regard the civilisation of Egypt under the Ptolemies as being more
Greek than Egyptian, but the older civilisation was still vital enough for the kings
to feel the need to present themselves to their subjects in the traditional style of the
pharaohs.”
The invasions of Ancient Egypt
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95 | by foreigners as Ancient Egypt. One writer sums up the invasions as follows:
“During the 18th dynasty, Egypt restored its control over Nubia and began military
campaigns in Palestine, clashing with other powers in the area such as the Hittites.
Egypt went on to establish the world’s first great empire, stretching from Nubia
to the Euphrates River in today’s Iraq. In addition to powerful kings such as
Amenhotep I (1546-1526 BC), Thutmose I (1525-1512 BC) and Amenhotep III
(1417-1379 BC), Egypt’s New Kingdom was notable for the role of royal women
such as Queen Hatshepsut (1503-1482 BC), who began ruling as a regent for her
young stepson (he later became Thutmose III, Egypt’s greatest military hero), but
Queen Hatshepsut rose to wield all the powers of a pharaoh.
The Temple of Abu Simbel, one of
Ancient Egypt’s best. Compare the size
of the statues guarding the Temple’s
entrance and the human beings walking
through the doors. These are huge images
celebrating the kings of Egypt. | {
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96 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
22
“In 728 BC, Nubian pharaohs beginning with Shabako, ruler of the Nubian
kingdom of Kush, established their own dynasty in Egypt – the 25th – at Thebes.
Under Kushite rule, Egypt clashed with the growing Assyrian empire. In 671 BC,
the Assyrian ruler Esarhaddon drove the Kushite king Taharka out of Memphis
and destroyed the city; he then appointed his own rulers out of local governors and
officials loyal to the Assyrians. One of them, Necho of Sais, ruled briefly as the first
king of the 26th dynasty before being killed by the Kushite leader Tanuatamun, in
a final, unsuccessful grab for power.
“Beginning with Necho’s son, Psammetichus, the Saite dynasty ruled a reunified
Egypt for less than two centuries. In 525 BC, Cambyses, king of Persia, defeated
Psammetichus III, the last Saite king, at the Battle of Pelusium, and Egypt became
part of the Persian Empire. Persian rulers such as Darius (522-485 BC) ruled the
country largely under the same terms as native Egyptian kings: Darius supported
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97 | “The tyrannical rule of Xerxes (486-465 BC) sparked increased Egyptian
uprisings under him and his successors. One of these rebellions triumphed in
404 BC, beginning one last period of Egyptian independence under native rulers
(dynasties 28-30). In the mid-fourth century BC, the Persians again attacked
Egypt, reviving their empire under Ataxerxes III in 343 BC. Barely a decade
later, in 332 BC, Alexander the Great of Macedonia defeated the armies of the
Persian Empire and conquered Egypt. After Alexander’s death, Egypt was ruled
by a line of Macedonian kings, beginning with Alexander’s General Ptolemy and
continuing with his descendants. The last ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt – the legendary
Cleopatria VII – surrendered Egypt to the armies of the Roman Emperor Octavian
(later called Augustus) in 31 BC. Six centuries of Roman rule over Egypt followed,
during which Christianity became the official religion of Rome and its provinces,
including Egypt.”
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98 | the Assyrians came in 671 BC (as prophesied by Jeremiah and Ezekiel in the Bible),
then Babylon (under Nebuchadnezzer) twice invaded Egypt in 601 BC and 569
BC, then Eygpt was conquered by the Persians in 525 BC, then the Greeks in 332
BC (under Alexander the Great, until his death in 232 BC, then his generals took
over the governance of Egypt, calling themselves the Ptolemy), then the Roman
Empire under Emperor Augustus conquered Egypt in 31 BC from the Greeks; the
Romans ruled Egypt for more than 600 years. In 313 AD, Emperor Constantine,
the then head of the Roman Empire, founded a new capital at Constantinople
(today’s Istanbul in Turkey).
The Roman Empire then broke into two – East and West) and Egypt fell under
the control of the Eastern Roman Empire whose seat was at Constantinople, an
empire which, out of its ashes, rose the Byzantine Empire which ruled Egypt until
the Arabs conquered Egypt in 641 AD; only for the Ottoman Empire (another
Turkish Empire as the Byzantine, founded in 1299 AD) took over Egypt in 1517.
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99 | occupation from 1882 after the Anglo-Egyptian War until 1952, even though
modern Egypt got its independence from Britain on 28 February 1922.
During the thousands of years of the invasions, the core people of Ancient
Egypt remained black. Though the invaders came with immigrant populations
who mingled with the natives through marriage, etc, the core population of Egypt
remained stubbornly black. It was no different from the European colonisation of
A bust of Alexander the Great, the
Macedonian king who invaded Ancient
Egypt in 332 BC, conquered it, and ruled
over it until his death in 232 BC.
An old man who by himself carries one load on the head
and another in his hand, must have played away his youth. | {
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