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== June 2012 ==
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is invited to contribute, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Bob the Builder, did not appear to be constructive and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and read the welcome page to learn more about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. Logical Cowboy (talk)
If this is a shared IP address, and you didn't make the edit, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.
| 497,345,540 | 2012-06-13T04:42:18 |
124.148.106.175
| 2,012 |
33,806,368 |
== November 2011 ==
Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Audi. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. →Στc.
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Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at Audi, you will be blocked from editing.Your edits have been automatically marked as vandalism and have been automatically reverted. The following is the log entry regarding this vandalism: Audi was changed by 67.186.11.47 (u) (t) ANN scored at 0.953256 on 2011-11-20T02:08:35+00:00 . Thank you. ClueBot NG (talk)
| 461,524,411 | 2011-11-20T02:08:48 |
67.186.11.47
| 2,012 |
36,124,107 | 497,345,551 | 2012-06-13T04:42:25 |
Ethnic groups in South Korea
| 2,012 |
|
31,687,020 |
== Your submission at Articles for creation ==
You recently made a submission to Articles for Creation. Your article has been reviewed and because some issues were found it could not be accepted in its current form it is now located at Articles for creation/Vacansoleil - the company. Please view your submission to see the comments left by the reviewer. Feel free to edit the submission to address the issues raised, and resubmit once you feel they have been resolved. (You can do this by adding the text to the top of the article.) Thank you for your contributions to Wikipedia! -- Bk314159 (Talk to me and find out what I've done)
| 427,623,019 | 2011-05-05T18:42:50 |
Vartley
| 2,012 |
36,124,108 |
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| 497,345,588 | 2012-06-13T04:42:44 |
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Anarchists
Anarchists by nationality
Anarchism in Algeria
| 342,367,959 | 2010-02-06T22:18:06 |
Algerian anarchists
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11,337,565 |
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===29 Sep 08: More vandalism to Real estate broker article===
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== January 2009 ==
===Your edits to February 21===
Dear 216.51.166.29,
Some of your on the page
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== April 2009 ==
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== December 2009 ==
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== May 2011 ==
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== April 2012 ==
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| 525,401,940 | 2012-11-28T19:58:12 |
216.51.166.29
| 2,012 |
29,047,104 |
== October 2010 ==
Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit that you made to the page Newbery Medal has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Please use the sandbox for testing any edits; if you believe the edit was constructive, please ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing for further information. Thank you. Marek.69 talk
| 388,568,110 | 2010-10-03T23:56:18 |
76.127.3.181
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13,060,652 | 514,837,752 | 2012-09-27T17:41:20 |
David O'Sullivan (civil servant)
| 2,012 |
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33,806,370 |
== November 2011 ==
Welcome and thank you for your contributions. Your test on the page NCIS (TV series) worked, and it has been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment further, please use the sandbox instead. Please take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Thank you.
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| 492,216,121 | 2012-05-12T15:44:44 |
74.132.230.64
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36,124,109 | 497,363,247 | 2012-06-13T08:08:40 |
Ahmed Imtiaz Bulbul
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22,364,135 |
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits did not appear to be constructive and has been reverted. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and read the welcome page to learn more about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia.
== April 2009 ==
Please do not add unsourced or original content. Doing so violates Wikipedia's verifiability policy. If you continue to do so, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. -MBK004
| 283,295,261 | 2009-04-12T02:50:10 |
99.255.231.91
| 2,012 |
31,687,024 |
== May 2011 ==
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| 427,623,175 | 2011-05-05T18:43:56 |
70.27.28.114
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A crank is an arm attached at right angles to a rotating shaft by which reciprocating motion is imparted to or received from the shaft. It is used to convert circular motion into reciprocating motion, or vice-versa. The arm may be a bent portion of the shaft, or a separate arm attached to it. Attached to the end of the crank by a pivot is a rod, usually called a connecting rod. The end of the rod attached to the crank moves in a circular motion, while the other end is usually constrained to move in a linear sliding motion.
The term often refers to a human-powered crank which is used to manually turn an axle, as in a bicycle crankset or a brace and bit drill. In this case a person's arm or leg serves as the connecting rod, applying reciprocating force to the crank. There is usually a bar perpendicular to the other end of the arm, often with a freely rotatable handle or pedal attached.
== Examples ==
Familiar examples include:
=== Hand-powered cranks ===
Mechanical pencil sharpener
Fishing reel and other reels for cables, wires, ropes, etc.
Manually operated car window
The crank set that drives a trikke through its handles.
The carpenter's brace is a compound crank.
=== Foot-powered cranks ===
The crankset that drives a bicycle via the pedals.
Treadle sewing machine
=== Engines ===
Almost all reciprocating engines use cranks (with connecting rods) to transform the back-and-forth motion of the pistons into rotary motion. The cranks are incorporated into a crankshaft.
== Mechanics ==
The displacement of the end of the connecting rod is approximately proportional to the cosine of the angle of rotation of the crank, when it is measured from top dead center (TDC). So the reciprocating motion created by a steadily rotating crank and connecting rod is approximately simple harmonic motion:
x = l + r \cos \alpha \,
where x is the distance of the end of the connecting rod from the crank axle, l is the length of the connecting rod, r is the length of the crank, and α is the angle of the crank measured from top dead center (TDC). Technically, the reciprocating motion of the connecting rod departs slightly from sinusoidal motion due to the changing angle of the connecting rod during the cycle. This difference becomes significant in high-speed engines, which may need balance shafts to reduce the vibration due to this "secondary harmonic imbalance".
The mechanical advantage of a crank, the ratio between the force on the connecting rod and the torque on the shaft, varies throughout the crank's cycle. The relationship between the two is approximately:
\tau = Fr \sin \alpha \,
where \tau\, is the torque and F is the force on the connecting rod. For a given force on the crank, the torque is maximum at crank angles of α = 90° or 270° from TDC. When the crank is driven by the connecting rod, a problem arises when the crank is at top dead centre (0°) or bottom dead centre (180°). At these points in the crank's cycle, a force on the connecting rod causes no torque on the crank. Therefore if the crank is stationary and happens to be at one of these two points, it cannot be started moving by the connecting rod. For this reason, in steam locomotives, whose wheels are driven by cranks, the two connecting rods are attached to the wheels at points 90° apart, so that regardless of the position of the wheels when the engine starts, at least one connecting rod will be able to exert torque to start the train.
== History ==
=== Western World ===
==== Classical Antiquity ====
The eccentrically mounted handle of the rotary handmill which appeared in 5th century BC Celtiberian Spain and ultimately spread across the Roman Empire constitutes a crank. A Roman iron crankshaft of yet unknown purpose dating to the 2nd century AD was excavated in Augusta Raurica, Switzerland. The 82.5 cm long piece has fitted to one end a 15 cm long bronze handle, the other handle being lost.
A ca. 40 cm long true iron crank was excavated, along with a pair of shattered mill-stones of 50−65 cm diameter and diverse iron items, in Aschheim, close to Munich. The crank-operated Roman mill is dated to the late 2nd century AD. An often cited modern reconstruction of a bucket-chain pump driven by hand-cranked flywheels from the Nemi ships has been dismissed though as "archaeological fantasy".
The earliest evidence, anywhere in the world, for the crank combined with a connecting rod in a machine appears in the late Roman Hierapolis sawmill from the 3rd century AD and two Roman stone sawmills at Gerasa, Roman Syria, and Ephesus, Asia Minor (both 6th century AD). On the pediment of the Hierapolis mill, a waterwheel fed by a mill race is shown powering via a gear train two frame saws which cut rectangular blocks by the way of some kind of connecting rods and, through mechanical necessity, cranks. The accompanying inscription is in Greek.
The crank and connecting rod mechanisms of the other two archaeologically attested sawmills worked without a gear train. In ancient literature, we find a reference to the workings of water-powered marble saws close to Trier, now Germany, by the late 4th century poet Ausonius; about the same time, these mill types seem also to be indicated by the Christian saint Gregory of Nyssa from Anatolia, demonstrating a diversified use of water-power in many parts of the Roman Empire The three finds push back the date of the invention of the crank and connecting rod back by a full millennium; for the first time, all essential components of the much later steam engine were assembled by one technological culture:
==== Middle Ages ====
A rotary grindstone − the earliest representation thereof − which is operated by a crank handle is shown in the Carolingian manuscript Utrecht Psalter; the pen drawing of around 830 goes back to a late antique original. A musical tract ascribed to the abbot Odo of Cluny (ca. 878−942) describes a fretted stringed instrument which was sounded by a resined wheel turned with a crank; the device later appears in two 12th century illuminated manuscripts. There are also two pictures of Fortuna cranking her wheel of destiny from this and the following century.
The use of crank handles in trepanation drills was depicted in the 1887 edition of the Dictionnaire des Antiquités Grecques et Romaines to the credit of the Spanish Muslim surgeon Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi; however, the existence of such a device cannot be confirmed by the original illuminations and thus has to be discounted. The Benedictine monk Theophilus Presbyter (c. 1070−1125) described crank handles "used in the turning of casting cores".
The Italian physician Guido da Vigevano (c. 1280−1349), planning for a new crusade, made illustrations for a paddle boat and war carriages that were propelled by manually turned compound cranks and gear wheels (center of image). The Luttrell Psalter, dating to around 1340, describes a grindstone which was rotated by two cranks, one at each end of its axle; the geared hand-mill, operated either with one or two cranks, appeared later in the 15th century;
Medieval cranes were occasionally powered by cranks, although more often by windlasses.
==== Renaissance ====
The crank became common in Europe by the early 15th century, often seen in the works of those such as the German military engineer Konrad Kyeser. Devices depicted in Kyeser's Bellifortis include cranked windlasses (instead of spoke-wheels) for spanning siege crossbows, cranked chain of buckets for water-lifting and cranks fitted to a wheel of bells. Kyeser also equipped the Archimedes screws for water-raising with a crank handle, an innovation which subsequently replaced the ancient practice of working the pipe by treading. The earliest evidence for the fitting of a well-hoist with cranks is found in a miniature of c. 1425 in the German Hausbuch of the Mendel Foundation.
The first depictions of the compound crank in the carpenter's brace appear between 1420 and 1430 in various northern European artwork. The rapid adoption of the compound crank can be traced in the works of the Anonymous of the Hussite Wars, an unknown German engineer writing on the state of the military technology of his day: first, the connecting-rod, applied to cranks, reappeared, second, double compound cranks also began to be equipped with connecting-rods and third, the flywheel was employed for these cranks to get them over the 'dead-spot'.
One of the drawings of the Anonymous of the Hussite Wars shows a boat with a pair of paddle-wheels at each end turned by men operating compound cranks (see above). The concept was much improved by the Italian Roberto Valturio in 1463, who devised a boat with five sets, where the parallel cranks are all joined to a single power source by one connecting-rod, an idea also taken up by his compatriot Francesco di Giorgio.
In Renaissance Italy, the earliest evidence of a compound crank and connecting-rod is found in the sketch books of Taccola, but the device is still mechanically misunderstood. A sound grasp of the crank motion involved demonstrates a little later Pisanello who painted a piston-pump driven
by a water-wheel and operated by two simple cranks and two connecting-rods.
The 15th century also saw the introduction of cranked rack-and-pinion devices, called cranequins, which were fitted to the crossbow's stock as a means of exerting even more force while spanning the missile weapon (see right). In the textile industry, cranked reels for winding skeins of yarn were introduced.
Around 1480, the early medieval rotary grindstone was improved with a treadle and crank mechanism. Cranks mounted on push-carts first appear in a German engraving of 1589.
From the 16th century onwards, evidence of cranks and connecting rods integrated into machine design becomes abundant in the technological treatises of the period: Agostino Ramelli's The Diverse and Artifactitious Machines of 1588 alone depicts eighteen examples, a number which rises in the Theatrum Machinarum Novum by Georg Andreas Böckler to 45 different machines, one third of the total.
=== Far East ===
The earliest true crank handle in Han China occurs, as Han era glazed-earthenware tomb models portray, in an agricultural winnowing fan, dated no later than 200 AD. The crank was used thereafter in China for silk-reeling and hemp-spinning, in the water-powered flour-sifter, for hydraulic-powered metallurgic bellows, and in the well windlass. However, the potential of the crank of converting circular motion into reciprocal one never seems to have been fully realized in China, and the crank was typically absent from such machines until the turn of the 20th century.
=== Middle East ===
While the US-American historian of technology Lynn White could not find "firm evidence of even the simplest application of the crank until al-Jazari's book of A.D. 1206", the crank appears according to Beeston in the mid-9th century in several of the hydraulic devices described by the Banū Mūsā brothers in their Book of Ingenious Devices. These devices, however, made only partial rotations and could not transmit much power, although only a small modification would have been required to convert it to a crankshaft.
Al-Jazari (1136–1206) described a crank and connecting rod system in a rotating machine in two of his water-raising machines. His twin-cylinder pump incorporated a crankshaft, but the device was unnecessarily complex indicating that he still did not fully understand the concept of power conversion. After al-Jazari cranks in Islamic technology are not traceable until an early 15th century copy of the Mechanics of the ancient Greek engineer Hero of Alexandria.
=== 20th Century ===
Cranks were formerly common on some machines in the early 20th century; for example almost all phonographs before the 1930s were powered by clockwork motors wound with cranks.
Internal combustion engines of automobiles were usually started with cranks (known as starting handles in the UK), before electric starters came into general use.
The 1918 Reo owner's manual describes how to hand crank the automobile:
First: Make sure the gear shifting lever is in neutral position.
Second: The clutch pedal is unlatched and the clutch engaged. The brake pedal is pushed forward as far as possible setting brakes on the rear wheel.
Third: See that spark control lever, which is the short lever located on top of the steering wheel on the right side. is back as far as possible toward the driver and the long Lever an top of the steering column controlling the carburetor, is pushed forward about one inch from its retarded position.
Fourth: Turn ignition switch to point marked "B" or "M"
Fifth: Set the carburetor control on the steering column to the point marked "START." Be sure there is gasoline in the carburetor. Test for this by pressing down on the small pin projecting from the front of the bowl until the carburetor floods. If it fails to flood it shows that the fuel is not being delivered to the carburetor properly and the Motor cannot be expected to start. See instructions on page 56 for filling the vacuum tank.
Sixth: When it is certain the carburetor has a supply of fuel, grasp the handle of starting crank, push in endwise to engage ratchet with crank shaft pin and turn over the motor by giving a quick upward pull. Never push down, because if for any reason the Motor should kick back, it would endanger the operator.
==Crank axle==
A crank axle is a crankshaft which also serves the purpose of an axle. It is used on steam locomotives with inside cylinders.
== See also ==
Winch
Piston motion equations
Nothing grinder
Sun and planet gear
== References ==
=== Bibliography ===
.
== External links ==
Crank highlight: Hypervideo of construction and operation of a four cylinder internal combustion engine courtesy of Ford Motor Company
Kinematic Models for Design Digital Library (KMODDL) - Movies and photos of hundreds of working mechanical-systems models at Cornell University. Also includes an e-book library of classic texts on mechanical design and engineering.
Linkages
Mechanical engineering
مرفق (آلية)
Krumtap
Kurbel
Manivela
Kranko
Manivelle
Manovella
크랭크 (기계)
Mechanizm korbowy
Manivela
Manivelă
Кривошип
Kľukový mechanizmus
Vev
Кривошип
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Hi
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Bernard Francis Law (born November 4, 1931) is an American cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He is the Archbishop emeritus of Boston, a member of the Roman Curia, archpriest emeritus of the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore, and titular Cardinal Priest of Santa Susanna, the American Catholic church in Rome.
Law resigned as Archbishop of Boston on December 13, 2002, in response to the Roman Catholic Church sex abuse scandal after church documents were revealed which suggested he had covered up sexual abuse committed by priests in his archdiocese.
In 2004, Pope John Paul II appointed Law as Archpriest of the Papal Basilica of Saint Mary Major in Rome. Law resigned from this position in November 2011.
==Early life==
Law, an only child, was born in the Mexican city of Torreón, Coahuila, on November 4, 1931. His father was a United States Army pilot in World War I, and had moved to Torreón to run an airline. His mother, Helen, was a convert to Roman Catholicism from Presbyterianism.
He attended schools in New York, Florida, Georgia, and Barranquilla, Colombia, before graduating from Charlotte Amalie High School in St. Thomas, Virgin Islands.
He graduated from Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts with a major in medieval history, before beginning philosophy studies at Saint Joseph Seminary College in St. Benedict, Louisiana, from 1953 to 1955, and then theological studies at the Pontifical College Josephinum in Worthington, Ohio, from 1955 to 1961.
On May 21, 1961. Law was ordained a priest for the Diocese of Natchez-Jackson in Mississippi. He served two years as an assistant pastor of St. Paul's Catholic Church in Vicksburg, and was made the editor of the Mississippi Register, the diocesan newspaper. He also held several other diocesan posts from 1963 to 1968, including director of the family life bureau and spiritual director of the minor seminary.
==Civil rights activism==
Law was a civil rights activist. He was a member of the Mississippi Leadership Conference and Mississippi Human Relations Council. For his civil rights activities and his strong positions on civil rights in the Mississippi Register, of which he was editor, he received death threats. The newspaper lost many subscribers for whom his civil rights stance was repugnant.
Charles Evers, activist and brother of Medger Evers (activist assassinated in 1963), praised Law and said he acted “not for the Negro, but for justice and what is right.”
Law's civil rights activity led him to develop ties with Protestant church leaders and he received national attention for his work for ecumenism and in 1968 he was tapped for his first national post, as executive director of the U.S. Bishops' Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs.
==Bishop of Springfield-Cape Girardeau==
Pope Paul VI named him to head the Diocese of Springfield-Cape Girardeau on October 22, 1973, for which he was ordained as a bishop on 5 December 1973. Law's predecessor in Springfield-Cape Girardeau was William Wakefield Baum, another future cardinal.
In 1975, he made the news when he arranged for the resettlement in his diocese of one hundred and sixty-six Vietnamese refugees who had arrived in the United States, and who were members of a Vietnamese religious congregation, the Congregation of the Mother Co-Redemptrix.
In continuing his ecumenical work, Law formed the Missouri Christian Leadership Conference. He was made a member of the Vatican's Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity and served from 1976 to 1981 as a consultor to its Commission for Religious Relations with the Jews. In the late 1970s, Law would also chair the U.S. bishops' Committee on Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs.
In 1981, Law was named the Vatican delegate to develop and oversee a program instituted by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith in which U.S. Episcopal priests would be accepted into the Catholic priesthood. In the program's first year sixty-four Episcopal priests applied for acceptance. This brought married priests with their families into U.S. Roman Catholic dioceses for the first time (Eastern Catholic Churches, in keeping with their own traditions, have ordained married men to the priesthood for centuries).
In this period Law was also a pro-life activist and spoke out against abortion. During the 1984 presidential race, when Geraldine Ferraro, who was a Roman Catholic, was the Democratic vice presidential candidate, Law and then Archbishop of New York John Joseph O'Connor both denounced her support of abortion rights for women. Law called abortion "the critical issue of the moment".
==Archbishop of Boston==
On January 11, 1984, Cardinal Law was appointed Archbishop of Boston, by Pope John Paul II. He was installed as Archbishop on March 23, 1984.
Only a little over a year later on May 25, 1985, he was elevated in consistory as a member of the College of Cardinals, where he was also appointed the Cardinal-Priest of the Titulus S. Susannae.
It was his speech at the 1985 Synod of Bishops marking the 20th anniversary of the end of the Second Vatican Council, that led to development of the Catechism of the Catholic Church in which Law oversaw the first draft of the English translation.
In the mid-1980s, Law chaired the bishops' Committee on Pastoral Research and Practices at the time it distributed a major study report on Freemasonry. The bishops' report concluded that "the principles and basic rituals of Masonry embody a naturalistic religion, active participation in which is incompatible with Christian faith and practice."
In 1989 and 1990 Law visited Cuba. He met with Fidel Castro in 1990 and in January 1998 he led a delegation of two hundred and forty Bostonians to Cuba during the papal visit there. In 2000 he was part of an inter-American delegation of bishops that met with Castro for more than four hours.
During his time as Archbishop he continued to oppose abortion. However, in 1995, when John Salvi attacked two Boston abortion clinics, he urged a moratorium on clinic protests.
==Sexual abuse scandal==
Cardinal Law's reign as Archbishop of Boston began in popularity but quickly declined into turbulence towards the end of his term. Allegations and reports of sexual misconduct by priests of the Archdiocese of Boston became widespread causing Roman Catholics in other dioceses of the United States to investigate similar situations there. Cardinal Law's actions and inactions prompted public scrutiny of all members of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops and the steps they had taken in response to past and current allegations of sexual misconduct at the hands of priests. The events in the Archdiocese of Boston exploded into a national Roman Catholic Church sex abuse scandal.
Under questioning, the cardinal stated that, when a priest committed a sex crime, his practice was to seek the analysis of psychiatrists, clinicians and therapists in residential treatment centers before deciding whether to return a priest accused of sexually abusing a child to the pulpit.
Cardinal Law became the first high-level Church official to be accused of actively participating in the cover-up of child molestation.
The Archdiocese closed sixty-five parishes before Cardinal Law stepped down from service.
===Resignation as Archbishop of Boston===
Law submitted his resignation as Archbishop of Boston to the Vatican, and Pope John Paul II accepted his resignation on December 13, 2002. In 2003, Sean O'Malley, O.F.M. Cap. was named Archbishop of Boston.
In a statement and apology, Law said, "To all those who have suffered from my shortcomings and mistakes I both apologize and from them beg forgiveness." He remains a bishop and cardinal, which is a separate appointment. As a cardinal, he participated in the 2005 papal conclave.
In October 2012, former Irish President (and Catholic) Mary McAleese related that, on a state visit to the United States in 1998, she was publicly berated by Law for her stance on the ordination of women. The cardinal ushered McAleese and members of her delegation into a room where Mary Ann Glendon would have lectured her on the Church's views on women priests and where a heated argument then took place. McAleese rebuked him with the statement that she was "the President of Ireland and not just of Catholic Ireland". Cardinals Desmond Connell of Dublin and Cahal Daly of Armagh condemned Law's action.
==Move to Rome==
In December 2002, Law left Boston. It is often alleged
Law is also a member of the Congregations for the Oriental Churches, the Clergy, Divine Worship and Discipline of the Sacraments, Evangelisation of Peoples, Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life, Catholic Education, Bishops as well as the Pontifical Council for the Family. He held membership in all these congregations and of the council before resigning from the governance of the Archdiocese of Boston, and at that time was also a member of the Pontifical Council for Culture.
Law reached age 80 on November 4, 2011, and lost the right to participate in any papal conclave and on the same day he ceased to hold his various Curial memberships. He remained as archpriest of the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore until November 21, 2011, when Archbishop Santos Abril y Castelló was appointed as the new archpriest.
==Episcopal succession==
==See also==
Roman Catholic sex abuse cases
Roman Catholic priests accused of sex offenses
List of the Catholic bishops of the United States#American bishops serving outside the United States
==References==
==Additional bibliography==
==External links==
Cardinal Bernard Law Biography
The Boston Globe
Information of the Press Office of the Holy See about Law
1931 births
Living people
People from Torreón
American cardinals
People from Boston, Massachusetts
American Roman Catholic archbishops
Vatican City people
Military brats
Harvard University alumni
Roman Catholic Church sex abuse scandal in the United States
Cardinals created by Pope John Paul II
Members of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches
Members of the Congregation for the Clergy
Members of the Congregation for Catholic Education
Members of the Congregation for Bishops
Bernard Francis Law
Bernard Francis Law
Bernard Law
Bernard Francis Law
Bernardus Franciscus Law
Bernard Francis Law
Bernard Francis Law
Bernard Francis Law
Bernard Francis Law
Лоу, Бернард Фрэнсис
Bernard Francis Law
Bernard Francis Law
Bernard Francis Law
Bernard Law
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== June 2012 ==
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| 498,847,627 | 2012-06-22T15:46:48 |
71.96.219.86
| 2,012 |
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==File:EuroAndorra.svg Nominated for speedy Deletion==
{|
|-
|
| An image used in this article, File:EuroAndorra.svg, has been nominated for speedy deletion at Wikimedia Commons for the following reason: Copyright violations
What should I do?
Don't panic; deletions can take a little longer at Commons than they do on Wikipedia. This gives you an opportunity to contest the deletion (although please review Commons guidelines before doing so). The best way to contest this form of deletion is by posting on the image talk page.
If the image is non-free then you may need to upload it to Wikipedia (Commons does not allow fair use)
If the image isn't freely licensed and there is no fair use rationale then it cannot be uploaded or used.
If the image has already been deleted you may want to try Commons Undeletion Request
This notification is provided by a Bot
|}
| 453,506,297 | 2011-10-02T10:01:05 |
Andorra in the Eurovision Song Contest 2005
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Ian Walsh may refer to:
Ian Walsh (rugby league) (born 1933), Australian former rugby league footballer and coach
Ian Walsh (Fair City character), character in soap opera Fair City
Ian Walsh (footballer) (born 1958), former Wales international footballer
Ian Walsh (ice hockey) (born 1972), National Hockey League referee
| 466,064,219 | 2011-12-15T22:04:15 |
Ian Walsh
| 2,012 |
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== May 2011 ==
Welcome to Wikipedia. It might not have been your intention, but your recent edit removed content from Laff-A-Lympics with this edit. When removing content, please specify a reason in the edit summary and discuss edits that are likely to be controversial on the article's talk page. If this was a mistake, don't worry; the content has been restored, as you can see from the page history. Take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia, and if you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. Meph.
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Welcome to Wikipedia. I have noticed that some of your recent genre changes have conflicted with our neutral point of view and verifiability policies. While we invite all users to contribute constructively to Wikipedia, we urge all editors to provide reliable sources for edits made. When others disagree, we recommend you to seek consensus for certain edits. Thank you.
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| 427,625,739 | 2011-05-05T18:59:39 |
91.125.244.202
| 2,012 |
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== June 2012 ==
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== June 2012 ==
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| 498,556,351 | 2012-06-20T20:56:48 |
66.229.104.47
| 2,012 |
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== April 2009 ==
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| 283,080,241 | 2009-04-11T00:01:36 |
59.86.170.179
| 2,012 |
31,687,031 |
== May 2011 ==
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| 427,624,122 | 2011-05-05T18:50:12 |
90.203.171.38
| 2,012 |
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The FIBT World Championships 1991 took place in Altenberg, Germany (Bobsleigh) and Igls, Austria (Skeleton). This was Altenberg's first time hosting a championship event. Igls was hosting its third, doing so previously in 1935 (Two-man) and 1963. It marked the first time a unified German team competed since World War II with East Germany and West Germany having been unified the previous year.
==Two man bobsleigh==
==Four man bobsleigh==
==Men's skeleton==
This was the first sweep in any event of the championships.
==Medal table==
{|
|-
| 1 ||align=left| || 2 || 0 || 2 || 4
|-
| 2 ||align=left| || 1 || 1 || 1 || 3
|-
| 3 ||align=left| || 0 || 2 || 0 || 2
|}
==References==
2-Man bobsleigh World Champions
4-Man bobsleigh World Champions
Men's skeleton World Champions
1991
1991 in Germany
Skeleton racing
Skeleton-Weltmeisterschaft 1991
Mistrzostwa Świata FIBT 1991
| 411,582,241 | 2011-02-02T14:37:57 |
FIBT World Championships 1991
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The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.
The result was Withdrawn by originator. Keith D (talk)
===Rugby Football League Championship===
– (View AfDView log Stats)
()
Has only one reference, which is a broken link. Majority of article is completely unsourced. Citation issue tagged since March 2010. Nouniquenames (talk) Withdrawal of nomination
Comment. Are you serious? Yes, it's poorly sourced, but this is obviously a suitable topic for an article. This is one of the main British sport leagues that lasted for 100 years before the Super League was formed.
Speedy keep, we have other instruments for improving referencing.
Speedy keep, per above comments.
Speedy Keep - No valid rationale for deletion has been presented, per DEL-REASON. See also NRVE, ..."The absence of citations in an article (as distinct from the non-existence of sources) does not indicate that the subject is not notable." Northamerica1000(talk)
Strong Keep (Formerly) the top-level professional league in a major Rugby League nation. It's as notable as e.g. the NBA Playoffs. Unless you plan to AfD virtually every sports tournament on Wikipedia, this should stay.
Note: This debate has been included in the list of Sports-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk)
''The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.
| 497,472,646 | 2012-06-13T23:47:44 |
Articles for deletion/Rugby Football League Championship
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San Francisco, California
Apartment buildings in San Francisco, California
| 461,559,289 | 2011-11-20T07:43:06 |
Residential condominiums in San Francisco
| 2,012 |
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== April 2009 ==
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits did not appear to be constructive and has been reverted. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and read the welcome page to learn more about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. Oliver Fury, Esq. messagecontributions
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| 283,080,162 | 2009-04-11T00:01:05 |
71.98.13.44
| 2,012 |
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Eno Memorial Hall is a building built in 1932 in Simsbury, Connecticut. It served historically as a
courthouse, as a city hall, as an auditorium, and as government offices. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.
It was designed by Roy D. Bassette to include formal and informal areas.
==References==
==External links==
National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
Colonial Revival architecture in Connecticut
Classical Revival architecture in Connecticut
Buildings and structures completed in 1932
Simsbury, Connecticut
| 463,194,744 | 2011-11-29T23:30:18 |
Eno Memorial Hall
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== Trivia ==
I'd say the "Other uses of the IMTA acronym" chapter should either become part of a disambiguation page or simply be deleted. Toccata quarta (talk)
| 508,156,812 | 2012-08-19T17:28:11 |
International Map Industry Association
| 2,012 |
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== June 2012 ==
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| 497,345,816 | 2012-06-13T04:44:44 |
Tocsvobal
| 2,012 |
36,124,120 |
== June 2012 ==
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| 511,630,886 | 2012-09-10T02:55:49 |
50.128.129.122
| 2,012 |
33,806,453 |
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Welcome!
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Thanks and nice work on the food-related articles. Neutralitytalk
I agree with Neutrality from above. Please consider creating a wiki user for yourself. Cheers Tal Galili (talk)
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== Your recent edits on Utah roads articles ==
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| 500,546,589 | 2012-07-03T20:32:13 |
72.193.24.148
| 2,012 |
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== May 2011 ==
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| 466,371,175 | 2011-12-17T18:25:29 |
174.63.45.197
| 2,012 |
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{| width="100%" style="background:transparent"
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| 497,345,849 | 2012-06-13T04:44:58 |
Jakebig13
| 2,012 |
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"Who Cares?" is a song composed by George Gershwin, with lyrics by Ira Gershwin, written for their 1931 musical Of Thee I Sing.
==Notable recordings==
Fred Astaire with Benny Goodman and his Orchestra (1940)
Ella Fitzgerald - Ella Fitzgerald Sings the George and Ira Gershwin Songbook (1959) and the 1983 Pablo release Nice Work if You Can Get It
Judy Garland - Judy at Carnegie Hall (1961)
Susannah McCorkle - Someone to Watch Over Me—Songs of George Gershwin (1998)
Anita O'Day - This Is Anita (1955)
Rufus Wainwright - Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall (2007)
Songs with music by George Gershwin
Songs with lyrics by Ira Gershwin
1931 songs
Fred Astaire songs
Benny Goodman songs
| 525,581,007 | 2012-11-29T19:40:46 |
Who Cares? (Gershwin song)
| 2,012 |
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Lone Wolf is a series of 28 gamebooks, created by Joe Dever and initially illustrated (books 1-8) by Gary Chalk. The series began publishing in July 1984 and sold more than 9 million copies worldwide.
The story focuses on the fictional world of Magnamund, where the forces of good and evil fight for control of the planet. The protagonist is Lone Wolf, last of his caste of warrior monks known as Kai Lords. The book series is written in the second person and recounts Lone Wolf's adventures as if the reader is the main character. As Lone Wolf, the reader makes choices at regular intervals throughout the story which then change the course, and the final outcome, of the book.
Although the series ceased publication and went out of print in 1998, a fan-operated organisation called Project Aon was established in 1999 which has subsequently converted many of the books to HTML format. Joe Dever gave his permission for Project Aon to distribute the books online via the internet. Subsequently, there has been a strong revival of interest in Lone Wolf, particularly in Italy, Spain, and France where the books were republished between 2002 and 2006. In 2007, Mongoose Publishing has announced that all of the Lone Wolf books, including books 29-32 which were never published, are being printed. Several adaptations also exist of the Lone Wolf series, including a D20-style role-playing game from Mongoose Publishing Ltd UK, the company which is currently republishing the original Lone Wolf gamebooks.
The series was also converted into different computer games. The newest project announced will see Lone Wolf going on various platforms, from PC to next-gen consoles and iPhone in 2013. Created by the Italian company Forge Reply, the new game was announced on August 18, 2011 at the Gamescom convention in Cologne.
In July 2009, Convergence Entertainment, a company best known for the live action King of Fighters film, announced that it had secured the rights to make a live-action movie based on the Lone Wolf series.
==Synopsis==
Magnamund, a planet in the universe of Aon, is the focus of battle between the powers of Good, among them Kai (God of the Sun) and Ishir (Goddess of the Moon), and Naar, the evil God of Darkness.
In the north-east of Magnamund's northern continent lies the realm of Sommerlund. Its people, the Sommlending, are devoted followers of Kai. There are those among them, known as Kai Lords or simply 'the Kai', who possess extraordinary innate abilities. Trained from childhood at the Kai Monastery, the Kai Lords are Sommerlund's greatest defense against Naar's agents.
Naar's champions upon Magnamund are the Darklords, who dwell in the scorched wastes of the Darklands, west of Sommerlund. This realm, inhospitable to most life, enables the Darklords to survive on Magnamund - though powerful, they are greatly weakened by the natural atmosphere of their world. Forced to enact their will at a distance, the Darklords wage war with armies of Drakkarim (humans devoted to Naar), Giaks (goblin-like creatures spawned in vast numbers), and other creatures, and are served by agents such as Vordaks (undead with psychic powers) and Helghasts (shapechanging undead).
At the Kai Monastery is a young initiate, given the name Silent Wolf. On the feastday of Fehmarn, when all the Kai Lords gather at the monastery, Silent Wolf is sent to cut wood from the surrounding forest as a punishment for his inattention in class. While he is gone, a surprise attack is launched from the Darklands at several places across Sommerlund. The Monastery is assaulted and the gathered Kai Lords massacred. Rushing back from the woods, Silent Wolf is knocked out by a low-lying tree branch (in the Legends of Lone Wolf novelizations based on the books, it's implied that the branch was placed there by a demi-goddess called Alyss so Silent Wolf would be spared the attack). When he awakes, he finds himself the only survivor. The last of the Kai, he renames himself Lone Wolf and sets out for the capital to inform the King of the loss of the Kai.
It is worth noting that in the re-release version of Flight from the Dark in 2007 by Mongoose Publishing, the beginning of the adventure is slightly different as Silent Wolf takes part in the battle.
The Kai Series (gamebooks 1 to 5) follows Lone Wolf as he rallies the armies of Sommerlund and her ally, Durenor, to repel the invasion, pursues and captures the traitor who brought about the invasion, and survives plots to complete the destruction of the Kai. In Flight from the Dark, Lone Wolf reaches the King in Holmgard who then dispatches him to Durenor to recover the Sommerswerd in Fire on the Water returning to defeat Archlord Zagarna, the head of the Darklords. The third book, The Caverns of Kalte, finds Lone Wolf chasing the betrayer of Sommerlund, Vonotar, in the frozen northern wastes of Kalte. In The Chasm of Doom, Lone Wolf thwarts the resurrection of the first and most powerful Darklord, Vashna. At the end of the series, in Shadow on the Sand, Lone Wolf recovers the Book of the Magnakai, the ancient text which contains the higher lore of the Kai Lords through an encounter with Haakon, the new head of the Darklords. With the massacre of the Kai, and Lone Wolf only an initiate, these teachings were thought to be lost.
The Magnakai Series (gamebooks 6 to 12) continues the tale, with Lone Wolf now a fledging Kai Master striving to understand the Magnakai teachings. The Book of the Magnakai, however, is ancient and incomplete. To perfect his understanding and train a new order of Kai Lords, Lone Wolf must follow the path of Sun Eagle, the first Kai Lord and author of the Book of the Magnakai. Sun Eagle quested for the wisdom encapsulated in the Lorestones of Nyxator, seven orbs scattered across Northern Magnamund. As Lone Wolf begins the same quest, however, war breaks out again. The Darklords have again rallied behind a new leader, Archlord Gnaag, and now hasten their invasion to defeat the Magnakai quest. In The Kingdoms of Terror, Lone Wolf pursues the quest through the war-torn realms to find the Lorestone of Varetta. Castle Death leads Lone Wolf to his first encounter with the Elder Magi and the capture of a second Lorestone in the fortress of Kazan-Oud. The third Lorestone is found in the Danarg swamp in The Jungle of Horrors. An old enemy from Shadow on the Sand is finally defeated in The Cauldron of Fear. Lone Wolf then makes the perilous journey to the edge of the Darklands, deep in the territory of the Darklords. There, in The Dungeons of Torgar, he falls into a void leading beyond the plane of Magnamund. Finding the final two Lorestones and settling the score finally with Vonotar, Lone Wolf is able return to Sommerlund, chronicled in The Prisoners of Time. When Lone Wolf returns to Magnamund, he finds that 11 years have passed and most of the world is under the grip of the Darklords under the leadership of Archlord Gnaag. Ultimately, in The Masters of Darkness, Lone Wolf enters the Darkland capital of Helgedad and brings about the destruction of the Darklords.
The Grand Master Series (gamebooks 13 to 20) continues the story of Grand Master Lone Wolf and introduces the restored order of Kai Lords. With the destruction of the Darklords, Naar and his agents abandon open warfare and seek new paths to dominance, often focused directly on Lone Wolf as the keystone of the forces of Light. In The Plague Lords of Ruel, Lone Wolf meets for the first time Archdruid Cadak, leader of the Cener Druids, and destroys the deadly virus they were creating to wipe out all life on Magnamund. Following that, the closest friend of Lone Wolf, Guildmaster Banedon, is kidnapped. The Kai Grand Master makes haste to save his friend in The Captives of Kaag. Meanwhile, Warlord Magnaarn of Nyras is trying to find the Doomstone of Darke to combine it with the Nyras Sceptre. In The Darke Crusade, Lone Wolf tries to find the Doomstone before the Drakkarim. For the second time, Lone Wolf prevents the resurrection of Darklord Vashna in The Legacy of Vashna. Shortly after, The Deathlord of Ixia comes into possession of the Deathstaff, an item to be used to resurrect Vashna. But while Lone Wolf is away from Sommerlund, Naar attempts to destroy the Kai Monastery for the second time in Dawn of the Dragons. Following his defeat, the Dark God executes a new plan for revenge on Lone Wolf by sending a doppelgänger named Wolf's Bane in the book of the same name. During the mission involving Wolf's Bane, Lone Wolf finds out that Naar had come into possession of the holy Moonstone. In his final mission, the Kai Grand Master infiltrates the Plane of Darkness to retrieve to sacred jewel in The Curse of Naar.
The New Order Series (gamebooks 21 to 32) features a new protagonist, a Grand Master in the Second Order of the Kai and a student of Lone Wolf, who is now Supreme Master. This series allows the player to 'customize' his character by allowing the choice of an individual name (originally, the name was speculated to be Falco Nero, or Black Hawk). Much of the series focuses on attempts by Naar's minions to use remnants of the power of Agarash the Damned, Naar's greatest champion and predecessor to the Darklords. The series is set in Southern Magnamund, center of Agarash's empire which was not featured in the earlier series. In Voyage of the Moonstone, the new protagonist is sent to the Isle of Lorn to return the Moonstone to its creators, the Shianti. However, this book ends midway during the trip, in Elzian. The second part of this adventure plays out in The Buccaneers of Shadaki. After completing this quest, the Grand Master is sent to the Isle of Sheasu to persuade Prince Karvas, heir of the King of Siyen, to return to his homeland to claim the throne before the evil Baron Sadanzo takes it in Mydnight's Hero. In Rune War, the Kai Order goes on a crusade to help the land of Lyris which has been invaded by the forces of Eldenora. The enemy leader, Lord Vandyan, has come into possession of the Runes of Agarash which grants him great power. At the end of the mission to destroy the runes, the Grand Master learns that Lone Wolf has been kidnapped. Similar to The Captives of Kaag, the Grand Master sets out to rescue of his leader in Trail of the Wolf. A year later, in The Fall of Blood Mountain, the Grand Master is sent to help the Kingdom of Bor. Its inhabitants, the dwarves, have freed the evil Shom'zaa who is now wreaking havoc in the caves of this subterranean land. He returns to southern Magnamund in Vampirium, to deal with Autarch Sejanoz of Bhanar, who has found the Claw of Naar, a powerful weapon. After retrieving this artefact from Autarch, the Grand Master escorts Xo-lin, emperor of Chai, to safety as Sejanoz has invaded the neighboring land. The following adventure, The Storms of Chai, which is yet to be published, takes place 18 years later. Just like for the Nyras Sceptre from The Drake Crusade, the Claw of Naar can be coupled with a mystical evil stone to increase its power. This jewel, the Eye of Agarash, is set on the throne of the Khea-Khan (emperor) of Chai and the mission of the Grand Master will be to retrieve it. The following three gamebooks to be published should bring the series to a definitive conclusion.
==Books==
===Writing===
Joe Dever was seven years old when he became a fan of a comic strip known as The Rise and Fall of the Trigan Empire, which appeared in a magazine called Look and Learn. He built armies of Airfix Roman soldiers and converted their spears to laser rifles, long before he was introduced to fantasy. Dever was introduced to "science fantasy" by his high school English tutor. He was the first and possibly only British person to compete in the Advanced Dungeons and Dragons Championship of America, which he won in 1982.
Dever has stated that his earliest inspirations for Lone Wolf were medieval classical texts such as Beowulf, Gawain and the Green Knight and Le Morte d'Arthur. In his teenage years Tolkien, Moorcock and Mervyn Peake along with military history and Norse mythology all contributed to the creation of the Kai. He also used travel books to discover images of "exotic places".
Dever developed the world of Magnamund from 1975 to 1983 as a setting for his Dungeons and Dragons campaigns. Originally called "Chinaraux", the world consisted of only northern Magnamund. The Kai lords are like "psionic rangers with special powers bestowed upon them by their gods". An individual book took 9 weeks to write, with three for mapping and plotting, and then 6 weeks of writing the story, creating an average of 12 entries per day.
===Original publication===
Dever was originally contracted by London-based publisher Hutchinsons for four books, despite having planned out at least 13 for the series. When the first books proved to be popular, Dever was allowed an extension of contract and went on to write 20 books with Lone Wolf as the main hero, and 8 more featuring a new Kai Lord. He also developed the character Grey Star during this period, and four books were written using this character by Ian Page. Dever also wrote The Magnamund Companion, in which all countries of the Lone Wolf world are described in some detail; readers are also given details on the Darklords and a trainer course in the Giak language. There are two games included, a Ragadorn Tavern Board game, and a short solo adventure that takes place immediately prior to book one, putting the player in the role of Banedon, a young magician who goes on to become a recurring character in the Lone Wolf books.
With the help of Joe Dever, Paul Barnett, whose pen name is John Grant, wrote twelve novelizations of the Lone Wolf books known as the Legends of Lone Wolf, several of which were heavily edited before publication. They have received mixed reviews from fans. Barnett was the creator of the characters Alyss, Qinefer, and Thog. Random House stopped publishing the novelizations after the twelfth book because "the books weren't selling," though the truth of this statement is contested. Barnett entered discussions with an Italian publisher about reprinting the books unedited in Italian, this finally occurring with some editing of the original text. In July 2009, he announced on his blog that Dark Quest Books would republish an upgraded version of the series in English beginning in 2010. So far, none of the twelve have been published by Dark Quest Books. An omnibus edition containing the first three novels, is currently listed on the publishers website with a notation of an estimated release date of February 2011, due to a delay with an unspecified "art issue."
There has long been uncertainty amongst fans as to which version of the series is canon. Joe Dever has stated that as the game books precede the novelization, they are the "authoritative" versions. There is still some cross over between the novelizations and the gamebooks, however; most notably in the form of Alyss, an original character of John Grant's who plays a significant role in the final books of the Grand Master series.
Only the first four volumes of the Legends of Lone Wolf were made available in the United States (though Sword of the Sun was divided into two separate volumes, The Tides of Treachery and Sword of the Sun), and only the first 20 of the core Lone Wolf gamebook series were made available in the United States; the last 8 books were never printed in the US. It should also be noted that the American editions of books 13-20 were abridged versions and thus are shorter than the UK editions. The UK versions also have color maps. The abridgements are sloppy, sometimes leaving broken links, or sections referring the reader to an incorrect new section.
During the latter period of writing, Joe Dever and Publisher Red Fox were at odds, and Red Fox ceased publishing the Lone Wolf series after book 28, The Hunger of Sejanoz, citing lack of interest in the interactive gaming genre, despite hundreds of requests for the reprinting of several Lone Wolf books that had gone out of print. This left the series unfinished, as Dever had four other books planned. He first did plan on releasing these books in some form after completing his collaboration on the new Lone Wolf RPG. Finally, Mongoose Publishing, editor of the Lone Wolf RPG, accepted to publish to last four books of the series as well as republishing the rest of the series.
In 1999, Dever gave permission for his Lone Wolf book to be published for free on the internet by the non-profit organization Project Aon. Joe Dever later gave his permission to publish the out of print New Order series. As of May 2011, 25 of his Lone Wolf books, the World of Lone Wolf series, the Magnamund Companion and several other Lone Wolf related written works are available for download. Despite the online publication, the original print copies of gamebooks 21 through to 28 and the twelfth Legends novel remain both rare and sought after and, as of November 2010, copies in "good" condition sell online for between $150 and $200 US.
===Republication and expansion===
Mongoose Publishing have started republishing the gamebooks starting in July 2007, featuring new internal artwork by Richard Longmore (books 1 to 12 and 17), Nate Furman (book 13) and Pascal Quidault (books 14 to 16). The first book has been partially rewritten and extended by Joe Dever, whilst the rest will be extended in-house. Starting with book 2, a bonus mini-adventure is added at the end of each book featuring a character that is encountered during the main adventure. These bonus adventures are written by various authors under the supervision of Dever himself. Nate Furman did the illustrations for eleven bonus adventures (books 2 to 11 and 17), with Richard Longmore illustrating the other ones. The republishing includes the final four gamebooks 29 - 32, which will be their first time in print. The republished first Lone Wolf book features a retcon of the opening of the book, where instead of Lone Wolf waking to find everyone at his monastery dead, he joins the fight. Dever has stated that, since he has the chance, and considers himself a better writer, that this is a good opportunity to make a better beginning. Longtime fan and now assistant Jonathan Blake said of the retconning that overall, despite his love of the original, the surprises, grittier illustrations, and better writing have "won him over".
===Reception===
The gamebook series was published between 1984 and 1998 in over 30 countries, translated into 18 languages, and sold in excess of 10 million copies worldwide. Each of the first 20 books had average print runs of 250,000.
The response to the Lone Wolf book series has been largely positive. Three books of the series won "Game Book of the Year" between 1985 and 1987. The series was also awarded the Gamemaster International "All Time Great" award in 1991. The high quality of Joe Dever's descriptive prose receives especial praise, as well as the fact that the books, if played together, form a cohesive continuing story, with recurring characters (something not often seen in gamebooks).
Even so, the books are not without criticism. Wavering difficulty is a common criticism made about the series. The battles tend to be either too hard or too easy. This is mostly attributed to the attainment of the Sommerswerd (a sword forged by gods) in the second book Fire on the Water which drastically increases the wielder's combat abilities. Another reason for this would be the fact that a player can start with drastically different stats. Finally, because the books were written to be functional both as a series and as stand alone adventures, the question of whether or not a player would have access to certain special weapons and abilities made difficulty hard to gauge.
==Adaptations==
Three computer games were released during the late 1980s using the Lone Wolf license. The first two, published by Hutchinson, were adapted from the first two gamebooks, while the third entitled Mirror of Death from Audiogenic Software, featured an original storyline. Mirror of Death was well received by several game magazines.
The Legends novel Eclipse of the Kai was abridged as an audio book read by Edward da Souza on May 7, 1992. Another was recorded but not released. A version narrated and composed by Joe Dever was also made, but never released.
There was also a series of telephone adventures called "Phonequest", one of which was known as "Fortress of Doom".
In 2004 the license was adapted as a role-playing game by Mongoose Publishing under the Open Game License using Mongoose's OGL System. This has met mostly with praise for its adaptation of the Lone Wolf world, though some believe that there are many overlooked problems with the RPG, such as balance between classes and "hard to interpret" rules. Dever is credited with helping the game's principal designer, August Hahn, incorporate information from his final four unreleased books into the game. A line of miniatures was also created for the game.
In March 2010, a new version of the roleplaying game, with rules closer to the ones of the gamebooks, was launched by Mongoose Publishing.
Three scripts were developed for a potential Lone Wolf film release but they did not proceed beyond the pre-production phase. However, in July 2009, a small company, called Convergence Entertainment, who produced the King of Fighters movie, announced that it had bought the rights to make a live-action film based on Lone Wolf.
An online MMORPG was in development by fans with the support of Joe Dever and a playable demo had been released for beta testing, but development abruptly stopped when it was announced that a first-person computer game was being developed by Singapore-based Ksatria Gameworks Pte Ltd. Joe Dever was cited as Lead Designer on the project, for which no official release date have ever been announced. The studio also had the license to produce more Lone Wolf games. However, the company abruptly closed its doors in 2009 because of the worldwide financial crisis. The rights to make a video game were shortly held by Red Entertainment before the Italian company Forge Reply announced in August 2011 that it was working on a game for the next-gen consoles.
An adaption of the first five books for the Nintendo DS handheld console, called LoneWolfDS, is available in homebrew format.
Two game modifications for the game Neverwinter Nights were named after the Lone Wolf book series.
== See also ==
Choose Your Own Adventure
Fighting Fantasy
Legends of Skyfall
==References==
== External links ==
Project Aon - Free downloadable Internet editions of the Lone Wolf gamebooks.
Linked 'walk-throughs' of the first twenty-two Lone Wolf gamebooks.
Official website of the Lone Wolf D20 Tabletop Game
Lone Wolf translation to Russian
Fantasy gamebooks
Gamebooks
Lone Wolf
Series of books
ZX Spectrum games
Einsamer Wolf
Lobo Solitario
Loup Solitaire (série de livres-jeux)
Lupo Solitario (librogame)
Lone Wolf (series librorum)
Ensamma Vargen
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A Lion Among Men is the third novel in Gregory Maguire's The Wicked Years and was released in the UK on October 2, 2008, October 8 in the US, and on October 14, 2008 in the rest of Europe.
Prior to the publication of A Lion Among Men, Maguire stated that "this book will be about the differing moralities... among soldiers, for one, and diplomats, for another... about decisions to wage war" and "One of the main characters is the Cowardly Lion". Maguire also stated that the novel's story "starts off about eight years after the end of Son of a Witch". Maguire's website describes the novels as "seen now through the eyes of the Cowardly Lion—the once tiny cub defended by Elphaba in The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West."
==Synopsis==
The story opens with an impending battle between the Munchkinlanders and the Emerald City (EC) troops. In the middle of the hotbed's Mauntery, the center that's been the epicenter for Elphaba, Yackle, Liir, and Candle. Yackle still lives despite losing her eyesight, and longs for death. At her request, the Maunts bury her in their crypt alive with only a few candles and some wine. She's eventually forgotten, but not by all.
Elsewhere, a young woman wanders the Land of Oz until her path crosses "the dwarf", whom she calls Mr. Boss, the caretaker of the Clock of the Time Dragon. The Clock has awakened...
Back at the Mauntery, Brrr, the Cowardly Lion, and his pet, a Glass Cat that he has nicknamed Shadowpuppet, arrive looking for Yackle. The maunts claim she's deceased but Yackle rises from the crypt, still alive. Yackle and Brrr begin a game of wits - Brrr demands information on Madame Morrible and in exchange he'll tell Yackle about himself.
Brrr doesn't remember his parents or where he's from. He grew up by himself in the Great Gillikin Forest, learning language from the hunters that travel through his forest. One day he meets a soldier, Jemmsy, who's caught in his own hunting trap that was supposed to catch Animals. He implores Brrr to go to Tenniken and get help. Instead, out of fear and the naive belief that since this is the first person he's conversed with, then Jemmsy's a friend and can't be abandoned, Brrr stays with Jemmsy until he dies, claiming the books that lie beside him and taking Jemmsy's medal for courage to give to Jemmsy's relatives. Thus begins the Lion's unhappy personage as a coward.
After Jemmsy dies, Brrr goes out to find Tenniken. Not long after he sets out, Brrr finds a terrified Bear Cub. The Bear soon reveals that his name's Cubbins, and takes Brrr to his family. They're the Northern Bears under rule by Queen Ursaless. She tells Brrr that to get to Tenniken, he must travel through the Cloud Swamp, a wet land inhabited by the Ozmists (ghost-like beings). Brrr and Cubbins have an "all but fatal" interview with the Ozmists. Brrr soon leaves Cubbins with the pile of books as he leaves the Great Gillikin Forest for the first time.
When Brrr first ventures out of the forest, he finds out he isn't in Tenniken at all, but Traum, a market town east of Tenniken. Brrr soon finds himself involved in a massacre of Glikkun trolls. Not knowing what to do, Brrr tells some trolls to play dead, as he thinks that it's the only way to bypass the slaughter, but they take his advice too late and become captured. The people of Traum celebrate the Lion for refusing to help their enemies, the Glikkuns, and Brrr safely gets out of Traum by train. While on the train, however, Brrr decides that his refusal to help the Glikkuns is really a badge of shame, and knowing that in Tenniken his reputation will precede him, he ultimately can't bring himself to go there, instead arriving in the University town of Shiz.
Brrr sets himself up in an apartment, and spends time in and around Shiz. The Lion soon finds a poem dedicated to humiliating him. Feeling embarrassed, Brrr packs up and leaves into the wilderness. Brrr wanders around the woods aimlessly for a while, until he finds a pride of Lions trying to make it in the forest. Brrr lives with the Lions for several years. But some of the Lions mock him, prompting him to leave... again.
The next group that Brrr encounters is the Ghullim, a streak of Ivory Tigers in Wend Fallows. He'd happily pass right through their tribe without stopping, but they force him to stay with them for a while, if only to assess his status as a threat. While there, he befriends and ultimately falls in love with Muhlama H'aekeem, princess and heir to the Chieftaincy of the Ghullim. But when they're discovered mating by Ivory Tiger scouts, her father Chief Uyodor H'aekeem announces that he suspects him of attempting to thwart his regime due to Muhlama being seriously wounded from the lovemaking, once again prompting him to leave, before they have his head on a trophy background.
Within the following weeks, Brrr meets a strange group of travelers. One a little girl named Dorothy, one a Scarecrow and the other was Nick Chopper, the Tin Woodman. Brrr decides to go with them to meet the Wizard of Oz. They soon find themselves on a quest to kill Elphaba, the Wicked Witch of the West. But Dorothy wants to reason with her instead. Once at Kiamo Ko, where Elphaba lives, she locks the Lion in a room with Liir while she and Dorothy have at it. They soon break out in time for Elphaba to be vanquished. The five go back to the Wizard and get their rewards. All but Brrr got what they wanted (Brrr getting a terribly manufactured Badge of Courage, even more so than Jemmsy's. Liir gets nothing for he was left outside.) Brrr promises Dorothy that he'll protect and look after Liir, but Liir vanishes in the streets and crowds of the Emerald City. Brrr then goes off on his own path, like before.
The Lion has hit the outback again. With the other members of Dorothy's party laughing it up and having their own affairs, Brrr soon meets two old bachelors; Mister Mikko, an Ape, and Professor Lenx, a Boar of some kind. The three Animals discuss current events and past events. They soon rile Brrr up to retrieve money from the banks of Oz for them. The Lion soon becomes a broker for Animals, retrieving their money that is held in the banks since before they were forced to leave Oz. The forces of Oz soon discover that Brrr is bringing money into the Free State of Munchkinland and try him for being a Collaborationist. He strikes a plea and is assigned to go find the whereabouts of the Grimmerie, which leads him to his interview with Yackle.
This recaps the first part of the book.
==Notes==
2008 novels
Novels by Gregory Maguire
Oz (franchise) books
The Wicked Years
21st-century American novels
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Camp Lake is a small alpine lake in Elmore County, Idaho, United States, located in the Sawtooth Mountains in the Sawtooth National Recreation Area. Sawtooth National Forest trail 461 leads to the lake.
Camp Lake is in the Sawtooth Wilderness, and a wilderness permit can be obtained at a registration box at trailheads or wilderness boundaries.
==References==
==See also==
List of lakes of the Sawtooth Mountains (Idaho)
Sawtooth National Forest
Sawtooth National Recreation Area
Sawtooth Range (Idaho)
Lakes of Idaho
Landforms of Elmore County, Idaho
Glacial lakes of the United States
Sawtooth Wilderness
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| 427,624,144 | 2011-05-05T18:50:21 |
97.104.186.145
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Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, as you did to East Japan Railway Company with this edit, you may be blocked from editing. Jim1138 (talk)
| 497,346,909 | 2012-06-13T04:54:16 |
66.135.91.34
| 2,012 |
33,806,459 |
== November 2011 ==
This is your only warning; if you vandalize Wikipedia again, as you did at NawlinWiki, you may be blocked from editing without further notice. →Στc.
If this is a shared IP address, and you didn't make the edit, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.
| 461,524,782 | 2011-11-20T02:11:03 |
70.110.19.97
| 2,012 |
11,337,578 |
==File:EuroAndorra.svg Nominated for speedy Deletion==
{|
|-
|
| An image used in this article, File:EuroAndorra.svg, has been nominated for speedy deletion at Wikimedia Commons for the following reason: Copyright violations
What should I do?
Don't panic; deletions can take a little longer at Commons than they do on Wikipedia. This gives you an opportunity to contest the deletion (although please review Commons guidelines before doing so). The best way to contest this form of deletion is by posting on the image talk page.
If the image is non-free then you may need to upload it to Wikipedia (Commons does not allow fair use)
If the image isn't freely licensed and there is no fair use rationale then it cannot be uploaded or used.
If the image has already been deleted you may want to try Commons Undeletion Request
This notification is provided by a Bot
|}
| 453,506,358 | 2011-10-02T10:01:56 |
Andorra in the Eurovision Song Contest 2007
| 2,012 |
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== May 2011 ==
Welcome to Wikipedia. It might not have been your intention, but your recent edit removed content from Poets of the Fall. When removing content, please specify a reason in the edit summary and discuss edits that are likely to be controversial on the article's talk page. If this was a mistake, don't worry; the content has been restored, as you can see from the page history. Take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia, and if you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. Mrmewe (talk)
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Please do not remove content or templates from pages on Wikipedia, as you did to Poets of the Fall, without giving a valid reason for the removal in the edit summary. Your content removal does not appear constructive, and has been reverted. Please make use of the sandbox if you'd like to experiment with test edits. Thank you. Mrmewe (talk)
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| 427,623,830 | 2011-05-05T18:48:19 |
89.244.229.53
| 2,012 |
36,124,126 |
{| width="100%" style="background:transparent"
{| width="100%" style="background-color:#F5FFFA"
|style="width: 50%; border:1px solid #084080; background-color:#F5FFFA; vertical-align:top"|
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Please remember to sign your name on talk pages by clicking or or by typing four tildes (~~~~); this will automatically produce your username and the date. Also, please do your best to always fill in the edit summary field. Below are some useful links to facilitate your involvement. Happy editing! SwisterTwister talk
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{| width="100%" style="background-color:#F5FFFA"
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==An invitation to the Teahouse!==
| 498,596,618 | 2012-06-21T02:27:19 |
Sylvia Savadjian
| 2,012 |
31,687,042 |
Stop editing pages to your personal taste of names
| 427,623,582 | 2011-05-05T18:46:32 |
81.109.126.244
| 2,012 |
33,806,463 |
Washington, D.C.
Apartment buildings in Washington, D.C.
| 461,559,290 | 2011-11-20T07:43:07 |
Residential condominiums in Washington, D.C.
| 2,012 |
13,060,656 |
John Decore (April 9, 1909, Andrew, Alberta – November 11, 1994) was a barrister, lawyer, teacher and a Canadian federal politician.
Decore first ran for a seat in the Canadian House of Commons as a Liberal candidate in the 1949 federal election. He would win the Vegreville district defeating incumbent Anthony Hlynka in a close 2 way race. Decore would run for re-election again in the 1953 federal election, once again defeating Anthony Hlynka. Decore would not run again after his second term was over in 1957.
Decore attempted to return to federal politics in the 1962 federal election, this time in the Edmonton East electoral district. He would be defeated by incumbent William Skoreyko. He would run one more time for a seat in Parliament the next year in the 1963 federal election in the Edmonton—Strathcona electoral district. He would be defeated in that election by incumbent Terry Nugent.
Decore's son Laurence Decore followed his fathers footsteps in politics and became Mayor of Edmonton and Leader of the Opposition in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta.
==External links==
John Decore Federal Political Experience
1909 births
1994 deaths
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Alberta
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Canadian people of Ukrainian descent
Дікур Іван
| 513,303,565 | 2012-09-18T02:07:26 |
John Decore
| 2,012 |
29,047,162 |
REDIRECT Breakup of Yugoslavia
| 388,568,554 | 2010-10-03T23:59:21 |
Partition of Yugoslavia
| 2,012 |
11,337,586 |
==Information==
Info to be incorporated:
Wabash Tunnel milestones
Sunday, December 26, 2004
1903
The Ferry Street Bridge and Wabash Tunnel, circa 1948.
Click photo for larger image.1917
1925
1931
1933
1936
1946
1971
1980
1992
1994
1995
2000
2003
Dec. 27, 2004
First published on December 26, 2004 at 12:00 am
retrieved from http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/04361/432225-147.stm —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.60.18.112 (talk)
| 450,119,731 | 2011-09-12T18:08:22 |
Wabash Tunnel
| 2,012 |
33,806,471 |
{| width="100%" style="background-color:white;"
|class="MainPageBG" style="width: 55%; border:1px solid white; background-color:lightgrey; vertical-align:top"|
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| 461,524,861 | 2011-11-20T02:11:37 |
Rhododendryn
| 2,012 |
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2013 establishments
Shopping malls by year of establishment
| 497,346,022 | 2012-06-13T04:46:33 |
Shopping malls established in 2013
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Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Lefse. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. Chris (クリス • フィッチ) (talk)
| 388,568,580 | 2010-10-03T23:59:31 |
86.159.104.73
| 2,012 |
13,060,661 |
== September 2007 ==
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to SpongeBob SquarePants (character), did not appear to be constructive and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Thank you. KGV (Talk)
If this is a shared IP address, and you didn't make any unconstructive edits, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant warnings.
| 155,182,427 | 2007-09-02T09:31:31 |
69.223.49.177
| 2,012 |
33,806,488 | 500,728,230 | 2012-07-05T00:27:40 |
Machang, Anhui
| 2,012 |
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{| width = "100%"
|-
! width="50%" align="left" | < 14 April
! width="50%" align="right" | 16 April >
|}
Guide to deletion
__TOC__
| 285,567,113 | 2009-04-23T01:42:12 |
Articles for deletion/Log/2009 April 15
| 2,012 |
36,124,130 |
== June 2012 ==
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, but at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to List of people with autism spectrum disorders, did not appear to be constructive and has been automatically reverted (undone) by an automated computer program called ClueBot NG.
Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Note that human editors do monitor recent changes to Wikipedia articles, and administrators have the ability to block users from editing if they repeatedly engage in vandalism.
ClueBot NG makes very few mistakes, but it does happen. If you believe the change you made should not have been considered as unconstructive, please read about it, , remove this warning from your talk page, and then make the edit again.
If you need help, please see our help pages, and if you can't find what you are looking for there, please feel free to place "" on your talk page and someone will drop by to help.
The following is the log entry regarding this warning: List of people with autism spectrum disorders was changed by 49.176.1.224 (u) (t) ANN scored at 0.908179 on 2012-06-13T04:46:09+00:00 . Thank you. ClueBot NG (talk)
| 497,345,988 | 2012-06-13T04:46:16 |
49.176.1.224
| 2,012 |
29,047,167 |
== October 2010 ==
Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit that you made to the page Mass has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Please use the sandbox for testing any edits; if you believe the edit was constructive, please ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing for further information. Thank you. Marek.69 talk
| 388,568,585 | 2010-10-03T23:59:33 |
71.190.96.115
| 2,012 |
33,806,493 |
== Djorn Buchholz ==
Djorn Buchholz is the Chief Executive Officer of the 2011 NASL Champion NSC Minnesota Stars.
The Hastings, Nebraska native has held the C.E.O. position since December 2010. He manages all aspects of business for the professional soccer team including management of a staff of seven full time employees, creation of a marketing plan and advertising initiatives that resulted in the sale of four times the number of season tickets from the previous season and increased game attendance, development and execution of an event atmosphere around home games, ticket sales strategies, corporate sales and sponsorship.
The NSC Minnesota Stars play their games at the National Sports Center located in Blaine, Minnesota. During the games, fans will find Buchholz walking about the stadium making sure every fan in attendance is enjoying the game. If you catch Buchholz at the right time during the game, he might buy you a beer from the beer garden that is positioned at the north end of the soccer field.
Prior to joining the NSC Minnesota Stars, Buchholz was the Chief Executive Officer of the Austin Aztex professional soccer team located in Austin, Texas from November 2009 to November 2010. During his time in Austin, Buchholz managed all aspects of business for the USSF Division 2 professional soccer team including the management of a staff of nine full time employees and operations budgets that reduced losses in this second year franchise by 38% or $550,000. He, also, assisted in the creation and organization of a youth soccer camp business that grew from 100 campers in 2009 to 600 campers in 2010 and managed the PR/Communications department.
Buchholz is no stranger to Minnesota pro soccer. Before heading south to Texas, Buchholz was the General Manager of the Minnesota Thunder from March 2005 to October 2009. While in the G.M. position, Buchholz operated a budget that was profitable in his first year. In addition, Buchholz wore many "hats" for the Thunder which included creation of team marketing and advertising initiatives, the management and direction of the advertising agency relationship, website maintenance, ticket sales strategies, corporate sales and sponsorship, league compliance and relations, travel arrangements, negotiation of season schedule, management and supervision of all game-day operations.
Buchholz held the titles of Director of Marketing and Sales Manager from November 2003 to February 2005 before becoming General Manager.
Buchholz got his first experience working in professional soccer in Indianapolis, Indiana when he worked for the Indiana Blast soccer team as their Director of Operations/Media. Buchholz worked for the Blast from November 2001 to October 2003.
Buchholz' soccer experience is not just off the field. Buchholz has plenty of on-field experience.
He was selected to All-State Shrine Soccer Bowl as a High School Senior and Played forward on NAIA Intercollegiate Soccer Team at Hastings College (Nebraska). Buchholz has coaching history, too. He was an assistant coach at Hastings (Nebraska) High School boys' team and Hastings College men's team.
Djorn Buchholz (talk)
==Proposed deletion of Djorn Buchholz==
The article Djorn Buchholz has been proposed for deletion because, under Wikipedia policy, all newly created biographies of living persons must have at least one reference to a reliable source that directly supports material in the article.
If you created the article, please don't be offended. Instead, consider improving the article. For help on inserting references, see Referencing for beginners, or ask at the help desk. Once you have provided at least one reliable source, you may remove the tag. Please do not remove the tag unless the article is sourced. If you cannot provide such a source within ten days, the article may be deleted, but you can when you are ready to add one. Ankit Maity Talk • contribs
| 461,552,445 | 2011-11-20T06:15:09 |
Djorn Buchholz
| 2,012 |
13,060,662 |
== September 2007 ==
Welcome, and thank you for experimenting with the page Narnaul on Wikipedia. Your test worked, and it has been reverted or removed. Please take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. If you would like to experiment further, please use the sandbox. Thank you. King Lopez Contribs
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| 155,182,464 | 2007-09-02T09:31:50 |
124.7.86.201
| 2,012 |
31,687,043 | 507,892,866 | 2012-08-17T21:06:35 |
Leonard S. Paoletta
| 2,012 |
|
11,337,596 |
=== May 2007 ===
Please do not add unhelpful and unconstructive content to Wikipedia, as you did to c (programming language). Your edits appear to be vandalism and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. Mmernex
If this is a shared IP address, and you didn't make the edit, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.
| 132,432,568 | 2007-05-21T13:20:14 |
122.164.22.14
| 2,012 |
36,124,132 |
{| width="100%" style="background:transparent"
{| width="100%" style="background-color:#F5FFFA"
|style="width: 50%; border:1px solid #084080; background-color:#F5FFFA; vertical-align:top"|
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| 497,346,009 | 2012-06-13T04:46:28 |
Carmen Santoro
| 2,012 |
22,364,159 |
== April 2009 ==
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits did not appear to be constructive and has been reverted. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and read the welcome page to learn more about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. CardinalDan (talk)
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== February 2010 ==
Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit that you made to the page Frida Kahlo has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Please use the sandbox for testing any edits; if you believe the edit was constructive, please ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing for further information. Thank you. Tim1357 (talk)
| 344,717,553 | 2010-02-18T00:06:49 |
65.10.91.187
| 2,012 |
29,047,168 |
== Summary ==
== Licensing ==
| 388,568,602 | 2010-10-03T23:59:40 |
Killthemusicians.jpg
| 2,012 |
33,806,499 | 514,156,552 | 2012-09-23T12:44:36 |
James Bowen (artist)
| 2,012 |
|
36,124,133 |
{| width="100%" style="background:transparent"
{| width="100%" style="background-color:#F5FFFA"
|style="width: 50%; border:1px solid #084080; background-color:#F5FFFA; vertical-align:top"|
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| 497,346,056 | 2012-06-13T04:46:53 |
Roy pardee
| 2,012 |
33,806,508 |
==Welcome==
Hi, Kingnick84. Welcome to Wikipedia!
I hope you like it here and decide to stick around. If you see something on Wikipedia that you want to change, just press the edit button and change it!
For the basic principles, see the five pillars of Wikipedia. And if you're ready to make some edits, this Wikipedia cheatsheet may come in handy.
Cheers, ChzzBot IV (talk)
== Your submission at Articles for creation ==
I noticed your submission in Articles for creation, Articles for creation/Music is me. Thanks! It will be reviewed by a volunteer soon.
Before it can be added to Wikipedia, your submission should have references. All articles on Wikipedia should have inline, numbered references after facts, showing the 'reliable source' (a newspaper, book, etc.) where the information can be checked, so that all information is verifiable.
Here's an example of how to add references:
Chzz is 98 years old.<ref> "The book of Chzz", Aardvark Books, 2009. </ref>
He likes tea.<ref> Smith, John. "Interview with Chzz", Foo News, 1 April 2010. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
== References ==
That makes the references automatically display as small numbers which will link to the details in the section titled == References == at the end. You can see that example in action here.
Please add references to your submission, which will be reviewed as soon as possible. See also, Referencing for beginners. If you need any help, just put at the end of this page, followed by a question or get into our live help chat chanel at .
Best, ChzzBot IV (talk)
== Your submission at Articles for creation ==
You recently made a submission to Articles for Creation. Your article has been reviewed and because some issues were found, it could not be accepted in its current form it is now located at Articles for creation/Music is me. Please view your submission to see the comments left by the reviewer. Feel free to edit the submission to address the issues raised, and resubmit once you feel they have been resolved. (You can do this by adding the text to the top of the article.) Thank you for your contributions to Wikipedia! Alpha_Quadrant (talk)
| 461,532,142 | 2011-11-20T03:09:05 |
Kingnick84
| 2,012 |
31,687,044 |
Women representing Denmark who are or have been Members of the European Parliament.
Denmark
European Parliament
Female MEPs for Denmark
| 521,147,840 | 2012-11-03T02:35:59 |
Women MEPs for Denmark
| 2,012 |
29,047,169 |
== October 2010 ==
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to contribute to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Fastener, did not appear to be constructive and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and read the welcome page to learn more about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. Thank you. Wizard191 (talk)
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| 388,568,607 | 2010-10-03T23:59:43 |
217.139.21.158
| 2,012 |
36,124,134 |
{| width="100%" style="background:transparent"
{| width="100%" style="background-color:#F5FFFA"
|style="width: 50%; border:1px solid #084080; background-color:#F5FFFA; vertical-align:top"|
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Please remember to sign your name on talk pages by clicking or or by typing four tildes (~~~~); this will automatically produce your username and the date. Also, please do your best to always fill in the edit summary field. Below are some useful links to facilitate your involvement. Happy editing! SwisterTwister talk
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==An invitation to the Teahouse!==
| 498,591,538 | 2012-06-21T01:43:14 |
Willshears
| 2,012 |
33,806,512 |
== Summary ==
== Licensing ==
| 518,214,799 | 2012-10-16T23:15:43 |
Ellery Queen-1975.jpg
| 2,012 |
11,337,598 |
Jan Herman "Caius" Welcker (July 9, 1885 – February 13, 1939) was a Dutch football (soccer) player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics.
He was born in Alkmaar and died in Schiedam.
Welcker, who formed the famous right wing of his club side Quick and the national team with Edu Snethlage, won 15 caps, scoring five times.
He was a member of the Dutch team, which won the bronze medal in the football tournament.
==References==
==External links==
profile
1885 births
1939 deaths
Dutch footballers
Netherlands international footballers
Footballers at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers of the Netherlands
Olympic bronze medalists for the Netherlands
Sportspeople from Alkmaar
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Caius Welcker
Caius Welcker
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Caius Welcker
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After doing a bit of research, it's possible this is a notable publication. I'm going to look into it a bit more. --Fang Aili talk
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Art Teatral
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Blavatsky's racism
Why is it claimed in the article that the criticism against Balvatsky is not documented? It is in her own writings.
http://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/sd/sd2-1-23.htm — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.162.133.112 (talk)
==Rewrite by a native speaker, please==
Half the sentences in this article would score a d-minus on any fifth grade writing test. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.232.191.16 (talk)
==Riddle me This==
If the use of "Aryan" is not enough to prove that Blavatsky influenced Hitler (directly or indirectly), then riddle me this
Aryan is the terminology of self description,that Certain Iranian minority groups,use to delineate themselves from the majority population of that particular nation state. Sochwa
Aryan was a well known word at the time describing a racial/linguistic group having originated in the Caucausus and Iran region. Iranian and Aryan are synonymous, but in the early 19th century, linguists and comparative religion scholars from Europe began to understand the connections between Iranians with Indians and Europeans. The ancient Aryans practiced a religion which split into the later Vedas (Hindu) and Avesta (Iranian) religious authorities. The language of the ancient Aryans is not known precisely, but it's descendants include Old Persian and Sanskrit, as well as Latin, German, and Russian, from which modern European languages (including English) descended. Hitler didn't have to discover the word "Aryan" from an obscure source, because it was well known. However, many of Hitler's associates (Dietrich Eckhart, Alfred Rosenberg, etc.), including the founders of the NSDAP, were interested in occultism, and particularly Aryan-based occultism (typically via ancient Roman, Norse, Teutonic, and Iranian religion), and pretty much every Western occultist of the early 20th century was influenced by Madame Blavatsky, who was a pioneer in the field.WingedEarth 11:20, 21 August 2007
Also, it is a well known fact that Adolf Eichmann based much of the Nazi organizational structure on Hinduism. To suggest that because Blavatsky was referring to Indian cultures, and that the Nazi's were not influenced by Blavatsky is utter nonsense. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.185.181.62 (talk)
I have heard these accusations before however unable to verify them I thought I might contact the Theosophical Society to hear their view on the matter to begin with.
"Hitler seems to have been familiar with some of Blavatsky's writings, but did not study them in depth as far as we know. He may very well have based some of his concepts of races on a warped interpretation of HPB's views of the "root races, " which is completely different from the term "races" that we use commonly. The Theosophical Society was not in any way connected to the Nazi Movement. The Society was persecuted by the Nazis, and Theosophists from the Netherlands, Greece, and Java were interned in concentration camps during World War II. Headquarters buildings of the European sections of the Society were closed during the war, and their records and libraries were looted by the Germans."
This response comes from the e-mail at [email protected] and the e-mail itself is dated at Mon, January 25, 2010 1:41:38 PM. Here is the file for download for anyone to view. Though the e-mail states at the very beginning that "these are my own interpretations, intended to assist you in your research, and should not be treated as bearing any special authority." I just thought this information could be helpful to determine as to whether or not this would be of any importance to find out if this claim was true.
Voiceofreason467 5:49pm August 1, 2010 —Preceding undated comment added .
I cannot help but recommend you the excellent book The Occult Roots of Nazism. The influence of Blavatsky on Himmler and the ideology of SS is discussed in a clear way. −81.65.159.132 (talk)
== Influences and the Influenced ==
The swastika was not "Indian," but an ancient Aryan symbol that passed to India when the Aryans invaded the local Dravidian population. Hitler used the Swastika as part of his Aryan symbology, claiming that the Germans are an Aryan race with ancient and powerful roots, and that the German people again be elevated to that level and beyond. The Swastika was just another part of the Aryan theme that the Nazi movement revolved around, as were the other various ancient Roman, Norse, Teutonic, and Iranian symbols employed by the Nazi Party.
In the late 19th and early 20th century, the swastika was a popular symbol in occultism. They called it "The Wheel of Mithra", and it was a symbol for good luck. Mithra is an an ancient Iranian sun god (and son god) whose worship spread through the Roman Empire (imported to the West by Alexander the Great's invasion of Persia) until Mithraism became Rome's official religion in the centuries before it was replaced by Christianity.
WingedEarth 11:34, 21 August 2007
The reasons why are that the use of the swastika and colors of the Nazi flag are an undeniable link to the works of Madame Blavatsky.
That is like comparing the Nazi use of the Swastika to the older Hindu Symbolism behind it. Attributing Blavatsky to the Swastika in the use of Nazism and Hitler, rather than in the context which she as a Buddhist and Theosophist considered it, is completely out of context and misleading to the reader. To quote another article: (Red, white, and black were the colors of the flag of the old German Empire.) The use of the swastika was associated by Nazi theorists with their conjecture of Aryan cultural descent of the German people. Following the Nordicist version of the Aryan invasion theory, the Nazis claimed that the early Aryans of India, from whose Vedic tradition the swastika sprang, were the prototypical white invaders. It was also widely believed that the Indian caste system had originated as a means to avoid racial mixing. The concept of Racial purity was an ideology central to Nazism though it is now considered unscientific. For Rosenberg, the Aryans of India were both a model to be imitated and a warning of the dangers of the spiritual and racial "confusion" that, he believed, arose from the close proximity of races. You can see that if anything, Hitler determined his use of the Swastika from a misunderstanding of Vedic Tradition - Not from Blavatsky. (I also added a subheading to deal with the Hodgson Report, Under Criticisms.)Misoshiru Misoshiru
Note that the Theosophical Seal also contains a much larger Star of David! Actually both are used as ancient Indian symbols and have nothing to do with either Nazism or Judaism. Given the many available sources for the swastika, to attribute the Nazi use of it without any real evidence to Theosophy seems unfair. (The Theosophical Society in Germany was never large, and was suppressed when the Nazis came to power.)
The same goes for the race ideas. It must be recognized that in the 19th century the word Aryan was very widely used to mean what is now meant by Indo-European, including in many German books much more linked to German nationalism than Blavatsky, who wrote mainly in English, ever was. Moreover, in the 19th century "race" was often used in a more in the way we would use nationality or even culture than in a strictly biological sense. Thinking of it as a culture, the technology of the fifth root race has indeed swept across the world, for better or worse. But it should also be noted that Blavatsky did not absolutize any of the "races"
Re Judaism one also has to look at the whole picture. Her use of the Kabbalah as a philosophical mainstay is certainly a tribute. In Isis Unveiled she expresses deep sympathy for the Jews in their persecutions and wanderings, I suspect somewhat identifying with them in her own life as an oft-abused wanderer. Olcott in Old Diary leaves ch 1 tells of her repeated expressions of appreciation to an elderly Jew her gave her employment when she arrived virtually penniless in New York (a Russian noblewoman working for a New York Jew!), and says another learned Jew talk with her for hours about the Kabbalah and was amzed by her knowledge of it.
"It seem important to be aware of that H. P. Blavatsky's references on inferiority among cultural groups was related to a groups spiritual level of development and not its genetic outfit as assumed by some superficial readers of her teachings." i do not understand this to be relevent in criticisms of Ms. Blavatsky. being that she was a mystic and not a biologist i think it is somewhat evident that any theory she had would have been on a spiritual level not a physical one, most importantly can some one explain why it would be in any way less biggoted to believe any particular race as spiritualy inferior as opposed to physicaly inferior. if any thing it only strikes me as more offensive as this does not only minimize there humanity on a mere intelectual or technological level but calls there very souls indeed the essance of what makes them human into question.
As for Satan, it needs to be understood in those isolated passages she is just expounding the Gnostic package; no doubt she sympathized withit, but it was only one metaphor she used for her worldview.
"Satan, the Serpent of Genesis, is the real creator and benefactor, the Father of Spiritual mankind (Brooke, Harvest House Publishers, 1989, pg 175-176)." I put that quote into the main bio and had it deleted several times. When I first read Madame Blavatsky's bio, it read more like a fanpage. I felt that it was only fair to present an alternative. The way it read, there was nary a negative piece of information. I never inserted name-calling into the bio. I simply referenced a quote from her writings to add to discussion.
As for my additions to the list of those influenced by Madame Blavatsky: I did add Adolf Hitler, Alfred Kinsey, Jimmy Page and Robert Plant, and deleted Van Morrison. The reasons why are that the use of the swastika and colors of the Nazi flag are an undeniable link to the works of Madame Blavatsky. I added Kinsey because Blavatsky heavily influenced Aleister Crowley's writings on sex, which in turn influenced Alfred Kinsey. Robert Plant and Jimmy Page were added because one only need look to their body of musical work to see the influences of the occult and religious relativism. I removed Van Morrison because he often pronounces his faith in God during concerts, so it seemed pointless to have Van Morrison on the list when there is no real discussion in Morrison's page on his religious beliefs.
But, even if that sentence is wrirren in the book, are you sure it is the core of the Theosophical Society? It sais nothing about satan in the Theosophical Society's page, nor does it seem to be of that importance to that that society. 84.108.57.189
(Going to delete claims of Satan; This is most certainly not a key principle of Theosophy and will be taken in the wrong light out of context and without citation by the passing reader with no previous knowledge.
Also reference to Hitler will be deleted. 'Aryan' in Theosophical terms refers to the Fifth root race, rather than to the 'White race' as popularised by Nazism.
Response: The fact is, Helena Blavatsky popularized and glorified the Aryan race and clearly used the Swastika in Theosophy. You cannot deny that her works influenced Adolf Hitler. If you think that Hitler twisted her work than DISCUSS that rather than hide from DISCUSSION. I have read the Secret Doctrine, and was horrified by the use of the term "mud people."
Merely the fact that they had a few similar concepts is not sufficient evidence for "influence". You are free to do more research on this idea and come up with something more clear-cut however. We can say that Gandhi was influenced, because he actually stated that he went to Theosophy meetings. Those were his own words. Here you're making a lot of unfounded assumptions. The Swatiska was a very old symbol, Blavatsky didn't come up with it. Wjhonson
>>Once again, the reference to Hitler will be removed; Hitler has in no way used Theoosphical priniciples in his forming of Nazism, and the Swastika indeed was used previously by Hindu and Buddhist symbolism. Hitlers definition of 'Aryan' to be a 'Superior white race' in the vain of extremism does not hold in common the Theosophical view that the 'Ayran' fifth root race is mearly the most recent wave of man kind, and that some pure races in africa can be traced back to the 4th root race which are not Ayran. (But not prejudiced or racist or anything in the sence that Hitler propogated.)
COUNTER
Not too long ago, a correspondent of mine asked me a question regarding Adolf Hitler and Helena Petrovna Blavatsky. The correspondent had seen a television documentary which strongly implied a connection between Blavatsky and Hitler. I too, saw the documentary in question: "The Occult History of The Third Reich", and like almost all television "documentaries" it was shallow and superficial and wrong on most counts. The television program in question is not the only source of this rumor, there are a number of books, some of them, not necessarily hostile to theosophy per se, that nevertheless echo the charge. Originally I rejected the charge entirely, but now after extensive research on the matter, I am forced to conclude that while there is no direct connection between my Cousin Yelena and Totalitarian Philosophy, there is an indirect possibility that she may have influenced certain Fascist philosophers in a direction she never intended, and there is a quite clear direct connection between The theosophical Society (as it came to be after Yelena's passing) and both contemporary totalitarian elements such as National Socialism in Germany, and the Fascist Movement in Italy as well as with continuing totalitarian and hierarchical elements in society today. My research indicates that the primary channel for the connection between National Socialism and Theosophy was Charles Webster Leadbeater and his various closest associates and followers..
- Nunh-huh
The author is Alexis Dolgorukii. Who is he? — goethean ॐ
As he states in that very paragraph, Madame Blavatsky's cousin, and one who is predisposed to believe only good about her, but nonetheless is forced to concede the connection between Theosophy and National Socialism.- Nunh-huh
==A.L.F.==
Paul Fusco the voice and chief puppeteer of ALF had a character on the animated series on NBC named Madame Poughkeepsie,a fairly blatant parody of Madame Blavatsky,should we include him in the influenced category as well? Also many culurual references to the gypsy fortuneteller are allusions to Madame Blavatsky,especially in speaking,since she would most likely have spoken with a fairly noticeable Slavic accent.
You need to source this. See Attribution, SqueakBox
==First marriage==
Is it three weeks or three months she was married? The paragraphs first states it's weeks, but later contradicts itself saying it's three months. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Guillep2k (talk • contribs)
==Citations==
Footnotes 10, 11, and 12 go to anonymous postings to theos-talk.com, the archive of a Theosophical email list. These are not reliable sources. They should be removed. Additionally, the linked text only make allegations of plagiarism, it doesn't provide any evidence for the allegatons in the form of quotations from Blavatsky. — goethean ॐ
==Madame Blavatsky in Ostend==
She lived for 10 months in Ostend and wrote the biggest part of the Secret Doctrine at the hotel
Villa Nova, Van Iseghemlaan 10 and in the Weststraat where she moved in August. This house was newly contructed as the Van Iseghemlaan was build in the 1870's but the Villa does not exist anymore. Then she went to Weststraat 17 (now Adolf Buylstraat, it is now the "Crêmerie Geoges"), one of the main shopping streets of Ostend. In the newspaper 'La Saison d'Ostende' whe find her name back in the list of strangers on the 15th July 1886: Blavatsky H., rent. St Petersbourg, Villa Nova.
She had her revelation to finish the book at the Weststraat (and so not to die) where the doctor and the laywer came, ten days before her departure for London 1 May 1887. 213.118.76.126
==Rm'vd Plant and Page from "Influences"==
Robert Plant has rarely, if ever, expressed any particular spiritual stance; the best you might say is that he's influenced by Norse mythology. Page, on the other hand, has stated publicly many times (and it's otherwise well-documented) that he has been inspired by Aleister Crowley; I'm not aware of him ever mentioning the Mme. as an influence. So, I removed them both from the "Influences" section. If anything, you might consider adding Jon Anderson and Yes (band) (read the lyrics of Close to the Edge and Tales from Topographic Oceans in particular). But then, that would be OR, too, I reckon. Eaglizard
NB:Dang, I thought for sure there'd be some disagreement with this. I guess I've just been editing Alice Bailey for too long, I see edit-wars everywhere I go now. lol Eaglizard
I'm quite familiar with Close to the Edge and Tales, and you are blowing smoke, talking out the back of your neck and talking through your hat. I prefer to listen to the LPs and commune with my Tokemaster. Lady Helena also had a well-known fondness for some good 'shish. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.171.176.238 (talk)
==Tulpa??==
Whats this about Madame Blavatsky and a tulpa she apparently created? Anyone else ever heard of this?
That wasn't Madame Blavatsky. That was Alexandra David-Neel. It is one of the best-known stories about tulpas.
=="Madame" Blavatsky?==
With all due respect, I'm having a difficult time understanding why "Madame" is being used in the title of this article, rather than the most common representation of her name in English, which is by far in terms of general usage some form of "Helena Blavatsky" as per NCNT and MOSBIO. I don't wish to offend, but Wikipedia does have specific policy relating to the use of honorific titles and at the moment, in my opinion, the title of this article is both non-neutral and in violation of policy pertaining to these matters. cheers Deconstructhis (talk)
I would support moving the article. — goethean ॐ
If anyone cares to re-visit this, I am supporting moving the article as well.—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); 14:21, June 18, 2009 (UTC)
OK, let's move it then.
Madame in French is a title given to married women and women over a certain age (i'm not sure if there is an exact age at which this takes place). Madame may also be used to address the wife of a foreign leader or dignitary. Helena Blavatsky fits both of these criteria. She began to be addressed as Madame Blavatsky after arriving in NY and starting the Theosophical Society with Colonel Olcott. She is generally known as Madame Blavatsky not Helena Blavatsky. I do not believe the title is evidence of a "lack of neutrality." Granted, other items within the body of the article do seem to fit that argument. Perhaps this subject is being clouded by the other more unbalanced portions.
Emmeline Pankhurst is commonly known as Mrs Pankhurst, but that is not the title of her article. The same logic applies here and the guidelines are quite clear.
I don't know about Emmeline Pankhurst, but I agree that "Madame Blavatsky" is a well used common name and it did not not need to be changed. However, the new name is not less correct. How about "Madame Helena Blavatsky" to satisfy both camps. The wikipedia policy against sir names need not override its policy of common use. - Steve3849 talk
:Mrs Pankhurst is at least as commonly used as Madame Blavatsky. I would suggest that your suggestion of a rename to "Madame Helena Blavatsky" is likely to satisfy noone. The Encyclopedia Britannica also calls its article "Helena Blavatsky", not "Madame Blavatsky". The article's title is just fine as it is.
::I recognize that it is common for editors to discuss opinion in absolutes. However, I disagree that "no one" would be satisfied; I, for one, would be satisfied. I do appreciate the mention of Encyclopedia Britannica. I am not pressing for a change. - Steve3849 talk
:::Silly of me. As it was your suggestion I imagine that it might satisfy you. :-) Madame Blavatsky redirects to this article anyway, so I really can't see the problem.
==Lacking in objectivity==
This article misleads the reader. Compare its content to the book published by the University of California Press 1980 Ancient Wisdom Revived A History of the Theosophical Movement by Bruce F. Campbell.
Wiki readers would appreciate Mr. Campbell's objectivity that clearly contradicts much of this article.
I have noticed that the Theosophy and Rudolf Steiner/ Anthroposophy articles are edited or written to remove or downplay negative information. In the Blavatsky article, the fraud perpetrated by Blavatsky and that of her immediate followers is sadly missing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jhilliard (talk • contribs)
I fully agree. Just a few more references that dispute Blavatsky's story: Guenon, R. Theosophy (2004): History of a Pseudo-Religion Sophia Perennis/TRSP Publications, Goodrick-Clark (1994): The Occult Roots of Nazism: Secret Aryan Cults and Their Influences on Nazi Ideology, New York University Press (he also showed Blavatsky's cut and paste technique), Washington, P. (1996): Madame Blavatsky's Baboon: A History of the Mystics, Mediums, and Misfits Who Brought Spiritualism to America, Schocken. I admit that some of these are fairly partisan, but certainly not more partisan than the theosophical literature so frequently referred to in the article.
Oh hats off to your objective thinking! Just because many people have written or claimed Blavatsky as Fraud does not make her Fraud. These are in times of 1890s and we know which organizations have been falsely safe guarding their vested interests against true esoteric wisdom. No wonder that they were able to create such a organized attempt against Madame. What do we know of the circumstances then? Did we have media then? No? The media was under the control of "these organizations" (it can be understood) and how can we trust the claims made by such media and committees formed by them. When we criticize someone just know that you are criticizing a human being. We may have the right to criticize someone, if we are 100% sure that she has committed such Frauds and we have experienced and seen her performing those Frauds. None of these authors fall under these categories, then how can we call them Objective Thinkers? Especially we have to learn to respect and have dignity for human beings and their efforts and especially women when we speak against them. Sailpra (talk)
== Un-did Removal of Influences Section ==
Whoever removed the Influences section is clearly trying to cover-up the important discussion about the influence of Helena Blavatsky.
It is a well known fact that the Nazi's modeled much of the Nazi culture and government after the Hindu caste system.
The question as to whether Blavatsky influenced the Nazi's is an important debate, to claim otherwise, is just insane bias. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.185.181.62 (talk)
If it's a "well known fact" then you'll presumably have no difficulty in providing relaible sources to verify it. As you have been asked to do repeatedly.
== Fools in the Dark Never See the Light ==
I recently attempted to address an issue in which I was maliciously attacked for merely presenting a real controversy about the work of Helena Blavatsky
I for one believe that the symbol of Theosophy is offensive. The symbolism suggests that Egyptian heritage should be at the center of Jewish heritage (and whom enslaved the Jews?), and above both is the heritage of the Swastika, whether the swastika used by Blavatsky intended to refer to Indian or Chinese culture is uncertain, but the geometric design is similar to the Chinese design. Either Blavatsky influenced the future, or by strange coincidence, the symbol of Theosohy incorporates Judaism and their two biggest enemies in history (Egyptians and Nazi's).
The Egyptians certainly didn't enslave 'the Jews'. The whole thing is a legend, only supported in the Torah and the Bible. And you're seeing a 'conspiracy', are you? Your logic here is very odd! 124.170.252.20 (talk)
By the way the talk page cannot be a place for our interpretations of Theosophical Society's symbols or who are Jew's enemies. Please stop such nonsense in H.P.Blavatsky's biographical talk page. Sailpra (talk)
I do believe that Hitler was influenced by Theosophy, because any honest researcher will say that the Nazi party incoporated many elements of different religions, as did Blavatsky. And the fact is, Blavatsky promoted an Aryan race as superior. Hitler used a swastika to represent Aryanism and the Nazi Party, and the swastika is not rooted in Europe. Moreover, Blavatsky believed that the Aryan race originated in Atlantis, which would suggest that her idea of Aryan was not just India and the Far East.
Also, it is a well known fact that Adolf Eichmann based much of the Nazi organizational structure on Hinduism. To suggest that because Blavatsky was referring to Indian cultures, and that the Nazi's were not influenced by Blavatsky is utter nonsense.
Hitler's ideas were not original, and beg the question as to whether Hitler took from Blavatsky. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.185.181.62 (talk • contribs)
::"Beg the question" does not mean "raise the question." "Beg the question" means "presuppose" or "assume beforehand." Lestrade (talk) Lestrade
Nobody has said any such thing, and it is irrelevant whether you or anyone else finds the symbol of Theosophy "offensive". Your opinions and beliefs have no place in an encyclopedia article; if you believe that Hitler was influenced by Theosophy—bearing in mind this is an article about Blavatsky, not Theosophy—then you must find reliable sources to support your view. If you further believe that being asked to provide reliable sources amounts to a "malicious attack", then I'm afraid it's likely that there's no place for you in wikipedia.
Nobody has said such thing
Published sources exist claiming Nazi adoption of these beliefs though they are the usual sort of poorly sourced fringe writers. For example:
Someone may care to include such sources, as the article already relies heavily on badly written books from self-publicists, it can hardly make the content any less encyclopaedic.—Ash (talk)
Just because the article's poorly sourced now doesn't mean that we should add even more dubious sources. If the claim about Nazi influence is true then it ought to be able to be sourced to reliable sources. If it can't be, then it shouldn't be included. But this is an article about Blavatsky anyway, not about Theosophy. This claim, if it can be substantiated, would be relevant in the Theosophy article, but the question here is did Blavatsky have any on the Nazism?
: I classed the sources as poorly sourced, I made no claim that they fail to meet RS. Looking at the how Icke's book is cross-referenced in Google Scholar, I would expect that it would be a suitable source for evidence that such a theory exists. Perhaps you have specific grounds to class these as unreliable sources? Perhaps you could find grounds to dismiss these other published books that make the same claim that various Nazis specifically adopted Blavatsky's ideas (rather than just Theosophy in general):
:*
:*
:—Ash (talk)
::The Levenda book seems like a reasonable source to support the notion that Theosophy was influential in pre-war German secret occult societies, and likely in the occult aspects of Nazism, and that should be reflected in the Theosophy article of course. This, however, is a biography of Helena Blavatsky, not an account of Theosophy. If you're going to make the claim that specific Nazis, rather than Nazism in general, were influenced by Blavatsky's ideas, rather than by Theosophy, then that's a whole different ball game.
::: You seem to be making the assumption that Levenda links Nazi beliefs with Theosophy rather than Blavatsky. Looking at page 40 he specifically mentions Blavatsky 8 times, stating that the beliefs in question (in particular the spiritual struggle between races) originated in Blavatsky's publications. I'm not that interested in re-writing the article but the sources seem clear and specific enough not to dismiss these claims out of hand and the later influence of Blavatsky's publications would seem quite relevant to a biographic aritcle (c.f. Isaac Newton which has a lengthy section about the influence of his work after his death).—Ash (talk)
::::I am making no assumptions whatsoever, I am simply guided by what is actually said in Levanda's book. The fundamantal point is that no evidence has yet been brought forth to support the notion that Hitler or other leadings Nazis were influenced by Blavatsky, as opposed to Theosophy. I quote from page 362: "Indeed, both directly and indirectly, that fabulous creation of Madame Blavatsky—her Theosophical Society—can be found at the root of virtually all of the occult societies that gave rise to the Thulle Gesselschaft and, eventually, to the Third Reich itself." I see no support for the claim that Hitler was influenced by Blavatsky, but if such a claim can be reliably sourced, then of course it should be reintroduced into the article, properly cited. It would probably be relatively easy to make a credible case that the occult aspects of Nazism were influenced by Theosophy, but by Blavatsky herself?
Hitler and the Nazis were opposed to Masonry because it was asocciated with the left-wing politically. I know Blavatsky wasn't a Mason, but a lot of her asocciates were, and her views were influenced by Masonic philosophy. So I find it hard to believe that the Nazis were influenced by her.
I do know though that Blavatsky wrote a chapter in Isis Unveiled attacking Masonry so maybe what I said is wrong.
Madame had never criticized or was against Masonry, her point was that in the current age none of the so called Free masons have the actual knowledge about the ancient civilizations for that matter the actual design and secrets behind Solomon's temple etc compared to the actual founders of masonry. Sailpra (talk)
==Helena or Elena==
It is certainly possible I suppose that her name in Russian or something might be rendered as "Elena", however in English-language articles on her, her name is always given as Helena. Since this is the English-language article on her, here, I've reverted the use of "Elena" in the Family section to be "Helena". I believe we strive to use the most-common form, even if some linguists feel that that was never the correct form. I can't speak on that point myself, as I don't know.Wjhonson (talk)
I have rewritten the intro to be more logical. Her official name in the US is mentioned with translations into Russian and Ukrainian. The paternal Petrovna is commonly used in Russian and Ukrainian, but is not used in the US where she was a naturalized citizen. She was born as Helena von Hahn, and as a descendant of a family of the Baltic nobility, her official name was rendered in German, i.e. latin characters. In Russian and Ukrainian the letter H is mute, so Helena von Hahn renders as Elena Petrovna von Gan - always using the paternal middle name. Hope this clarifies on the use of names. Talk/♥фĩłдωəß♥\Work
Her patronymic is missing from her married Russian name. Is this an oversight, or should it be Елена Петровна Блаватская? Isidore (talk)
:I have put back Petrovna in her English name and Петровна in her Russian name. She is commonly referred to as HPB, as in the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Isidore (talk • contribs)
== The Illusionist ==
Is the movie The Illusionist based off of Madame Blavatsky? Pg. 16 - 19 of The Esoteric World of Helena Blavatsky, is a witness account of her 'weighing a coffee table down,' much like the sword scene. Also, the Madame's brother is named Leonid (whom was there during this alleged incident, and a devout skeptic until then), and the antagonist of the movie is Leopold. Huffstuff (talk)
== The List of Seven ==
Blavatsky (aka HPB) also appears as a character in Mark Frost's The List of Seven wherein her work is influential to his main character - Arthur Conan Doyle - creating a work of fiction that leads to a Sherlockian supernatural adventure. Doyle's manuscript in the novel supposedly lifts much "straight out of Blavatsky." In Chapter 7 of the novel, HPB and Dr. Doyle meet and discuss her work. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.54.93.244 (talk)
==Lemurian subcontinent Madasgar? Was Darwin Right?==
I noticed madasgar shifted a couple of times in the southern ocean, so its a perfect example of isolated nature. It has at least 5 water marks on the antarctic floor from its origin in the indian lemuria. It broke off from lemuria when it was a part of the pacific ocean dwipa, then settled in the atlantic. It helped form the southern tip of africa. Then it went to its position it is now in. This continent seems to have moved quit a bit. A valid cause for the human species or third race maybe? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Asfd777 (talk • contribs)
== Controversies Vs The Rest of Her Life ==
Dear Editors,
I would like to get it to your notice the observation that why does this article carry so much of controversies as against the rest of the biography and the article? Wikipedia cannot be a page of fight between Illuminati and the Christian or between Christian Dogmos and Pagan Beliefs. It has to be edited with due respect to the person and the life. If Madame Blavatsky's life was worth of only controversies why should the article, at first place, be written as a wikipedia biographical article? We can as well remove it. The reason for Madame Blavatsky getting such a high fame and attention is because of her contribution to theosophy. We respect Madame for her contribution and revival of Eastern Esoteric wisdom. She was a historian, contemporary philosopher and miracle worker. It is a shame that people are using Wikipedia to make their whims and fancies shadow the biographical notes. Please do ponder on these thoughts without any bias. Thank you. Sailpra (talk)
I agree with this former statement. The general tone of the article is purely negative and the reader gets no inkling about why theosophy was so important in spiritual research. It looks like an article about the Vatican that would dedicate half of its content to the problem of pedophily among the catholics clerics. It ascribes more importance to the reception of Ms Blavastky work than to her work properly.
== In need of attention! ==
This page needs some critical attention. I've tried to remove some of the worst POV-pushing from the racial theories section, but the article still reads like it was written by partisans of theosophy. There are quite a few critical works on Blavatsky and theosophy available, so there isn't really an excuse for such blatant POV. Elrith (talk)
Especially the "Criticism" section seems to be completely POV. Elrith (talk)
New suggestion as of 12/24/11 by JoeDetweiler: — Preceding unsigned comment added by JoeDetweiler (talk • contribs)
This article needs to be completely thrown out and rewritten by someone who...
A........Speaks English.
B........Doesn't have a genealogy fetish. — Preceding unsigned comment added by JoeDetweiler (talk • contribs)
==Additional Information Added, and Need for Further Edits==
During the course of working on the Theosophy main page, it was decided that the theosophy presented by Blavatsky should be located here, just as the philosophy of Plato, for instance, is located under Plato and not under Philosophy. Therefor, I have moved much of what was found under theosophy to here. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Theosophy#Proposed_outline for the history of this decision.
I have left several subsections under Theosophy empty; they are in need of material. What we really need here is a faithful and sincere (and impartial) outline of Blavatsky's theosophy, and my hope is that we can slowly work towards that. Existing sections need to be reviewed and any information not specifically related to Blavatsky's writings needs to be removed (i.e. what her followers said belongs under their own pages, not under the theosophy of Blavatsky - just as Aristotle's ideas are not muddled in with Plato's ideas on Plato's page). It is of benefit to separately describe Blavatsky's theosophy here, then describe other theosophists ideas elsewhere - this will give the inquirer a clear picture of the theosophy of various theosophers, just as a student of philosophy is able to get a clear picture of the philosophy of various philosophers.
Lastly, the section titled "Main Creative Period" needs to be scrapped and replaced with a more accurate biographical section on Blavatsky during the days of the Theosophical Society (1875-1891) (with links to the main Theosophical Society page and it's history). JFergus (talk)
===Blavatsky===
(Copied from Discussion located at Talk:Theosophy)
Hi JEMead and Sunray. Just catching up on your conversation. Sunray: I disagree that the description of Blavatsky's theosophy may not belong on her page, so I'll try to give a good explanation why I see it that way. I've mentioned Plato a few times in order to provide an example. See his page (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato) for how it's laid-out and compare to what we're trying to do with Blavatsky's page. The main problem here is that there is a misunderstanding of what Theosophy is. Theosophy is not the doctrine of Blavatsky. Theosophy is a disicpline, just as philosophy is. Within that discipline there are various ideas presented by various individuals, just as in philosophy, and never are any two presentations the same, just as in philosophy. So, what needs to be done, imho, is for various theosophies to be located under the theosopher who gave them, just as various philosophies are located with the philosophers. This step is important in getting wikipedia away from presenting theosophy as a dogmatic new religion, as has thus far been done. Nobody would stand for having one, single individual's ideas presented as "philosophy", as though that is all philosophy is, and the exact same thing goes here. Currently, the description of Theosophy is a muddling of several individual's ideas on certain fundamental questions that theosophers ask, and is presented as dogma, as though this is what all theosopher think. It would be as though someone muddled together the ideas of Plato, Socrates, Kant and Wittgenstein and supplied that as the definition of philosophy. There are already pages for several theosophers, and within each of those pages can be a section on their specific ideas (which will not match one another and thus shouldn't be mixed).
Your note that Blavatsky was not the only one who developed this version of theosophy is valid, but easily compared and clarified as well: neither was Plato the only one to have developed the philosophies of the Platonic Academy, but his philosophy is still located under his page, Aristotle's under his, and the other ancient greek philosophers under theirs. The comparison is identical to our situation here: Blavatsky, Sinnet, W Judge, Besant and many others were all part of the same 'academy' of theosophy (the TS), just as the greek philosophers were part of the same academy of philosophy. It does not mean they all thought the same way or presented the same ideas in their writings. The parallels between the Theosophical Society and the Academy are many. If we can approach our current situation in the same way as one would approach writing the sections on the Academy and its philosophers/philosophies, we'll be on the right track, imho.
I hope these illustrations help in understanding the grandure of the problem we're trying to work through here (it's more than just moving a few things around). This is why there needs to be an effort to re-categorize theosophy away from religion (it is not a religion). Also, the current 'series' called 'Theosophy' (based on the category) should be renamed to a series on "the theosophical society", as it is the society that is the common factor there. It is evident that this series is based on the Theosophical Society, as the first thing mentioned are the "founders of the TS" and everything after is from Theosophical Society members and writings. See this page (right hand side) for the series in question: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_de_Purucker.
These are my views, anyway, for consideration. JFergus (talk)
Plato is a good example, IMO. When an individual has been been very influential in a particular field, it is often best to summarize their thought in their biography. There seem to me to be two limiting factors. When someone's thought is important and voluminous, it is often best to use summary style and create a new article, or articles, for their contribution to a particular field. The Plato article does this to a limited extent, however, at 97+ Kb, it will probably need more subarticles before it can advance in rating beyoned "C" class. Another example is Aristotle. The article makes extensive use of subarticles. It is 86 kb and is rated "B" class.
The Blavatsky article doubled in length when the material from the former Theosophy article was added. At 98 Kb, it is somewhat large as articles go (she is, after all, not as important as Plato or Aristotle). Another concern I have is that her thought was added to, and developed, by others (Leadbeater, Besant), so that to cover that brand of Theosophy one needs to explain the contributions of several people. Biographies usually avoid this. I should add that much of her thought was taken from other sources (i.e., Vedanta—see the discussion about her having used several sources in The Theosophical Glossary) and, along with other issues, this needs to be discussed in any article about her thought—all of which add up to a very long article if the material is left in the "Helena Blavatsky" article.
I agree with you that there is a major re-categorizing effort here. We need to re-think the content for several articles. I will start a new section for that discussion. Sunray (talk)
Sunray, I've copied over our conversation from the Talk:Theosophy page, to continue it here, as it's specifically applicable to this article.
Seems that we're on the same page here overall. It's just a matter of working out the layout details.
For the Blavatsky article, I would propose:
# We create a "Blavatsky (Biography)" subarticle (or perhaps "Blavatsky Lineage" would be better), in order to dump much of what is there now into a subarticle. The biography part of her page is far too voluminous, and hardly even touches on her most well known years! It's really an account of lineage, and not a biography at all. What I'd like to see is either:
::# A Biography summary, with a link to a full article, or
::# A full biography here with a link to a lineage article, or
::# A summary biography with link to full article, and a lineage summary with a link to full article
Note: I'm attempting to locate an expert on Blavatsky, to come here and help with the biography material.
# The "Theosophical Society" subsection on Blavatsky page should give only a summary account of her specific relationship to the Society, and then link to the main Theosophical Society article.
# The section "Theosophy" should remain, with each subsection providing a brief summary and link to full articles (when required). You're right, Aristotle's article is a good example of use of subarticles. There we find subarticles such as "Politics (Aristotle)", "Metaphysics (Aristotle)", "Aristotelean Ethics", etc. I could easily see the Blavatsky page going in a similar direction.
So, I see two alternatives here:
::# Theosophy subarticles with summaries and links to topic pages that include the ideas of various theosophers. For instance: "Karma/Reincarnation (Theosophy)" could be one subarticle, "Cosmic Evolution (Theosophy)" could be another (not sure how this would fit within Wiki's guidelines for naming, etc.). In this case, I would propose that we write each subarticle in an internally sequential manner (i.e. historical basis (brief note on sources from Vedanta, Buddhism, etc. that influenced theosopher's ideas), then Blavatsky said such-and-such, then so-and-so added this idea, then so-and-so added that idea, etc.). This would demonstrate a sort of evolution of the idea, which, imho, would accurately reflect the reality of this movement of theosophical thought. In this way, we could link to these subarticles from Blavatsky's page, from William Judge's page, from Besant's page, from Leadbeaters page, etc., as each of them would be represented there as supplying part of the evolution of the idea. Or,
::# Theosophy subarticles with summaries and links to topic pages restricted to Blavatsky's ideas, as we see with Aristotle (i.e. Karma/Reincarnation (Blavatsky), Cosmic Evolution (Blavatsky), etc.).
What is the preference between these two options? Or are there other options we should explore?
Also, I have recruited two (possibly three or four) experts on Theosophy who are interested in helping out with the section on Theosophy. I've sent an email to them asking for each to give what they think to be an appropriate outline of the Theosophy section (i.e. what are the subsections needed, etc., including which subarticles to include, in which order, etc.). From there, we can attempt to come up with one outline, and from there we can begin writing/editing the various sections. I think we'll be able to sort out the overall use/need of subarticles as we go along.
Thoughts? JFergus (talk)
:I admit I arrived at these comments after depleting myself on the comments above, so I read these quickly but they seem to make sense. I agree with the sentiment that some of this article is (unnecessarily) bloated biography.
:The article is about Blavatsky and a wikipedia article on that should answer all the main questions that people are looking for about Blavatsky...in brief. Those who want more can turn to book or other references. The key then to writing a good article is to anticipate what a variety of partially informed people would hear about Ms. Blavatsky and to respond
:The grammar is in need of immediate help.
== New Age spiritual leader? ==
In the article about New Age it is written that The New Age movement is a Western spiritual movement that developed in the second half of the 20th century. Blavatsky passed away much earlier - in 1891, so it is not precise to categorize her in "New Age spiritual leaders". I suggest to move her into a new category - "New Age precursors" or "New Age predecessors", where Swedenborg, Vivekananda and others can also be placed.
Done. Other predecessors also included.
== Thevatat redirects here? ==
The link 'Thevatat' at the bottom only redirects back to this same page. But that link is the only reference to Thevatat in the article, and no dragon (if that is what Thevatat is) is mentioned at all. I was originally redirected to this page while looking for information on that name, but it looks like a complete dead end. 50.30.49.13 (talk)
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== October 2010 ==
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This is the discussion/talk page for: Psychosis.
=Topics from 2003=
==older entries==
These really don't have anything to do with psychosis
The Problem of Defining Sanity for a discussion of the problems of defining reality in this context. This article, however, is fatally flawed in that sanity is a legal term and not a medical one
see the works of the science fiction author Philip K. Dick for a view from inside (Dick suffered from psychotic syptoms throughout his later life)
Readded line distinguishing bipolar and schizophrenia. It's rare for someone with schizophrenia to appear completely normal between psychotic episodes unless they are medicated. It's rather common for this to happen with people with bipolar disorder.
Was Joan of Arc psychotic, according to the article's definition? Shall we mention this in the article?
I suspect this question was written a couple of years ago, but to answer for the current editors - there was a school of scholarship in the twentieth century that proposed various psychological explanations for Joan of Arc's religious visions. This view was by no means universal among historians. Significantly, the people who met her during her lifetime often marveled at her mental acuity. It wouldn't be possible to maintain NPOV in this article with a short mention and an adequate treatment would probably be too digressive for an page devoted to psychosis. Durova
We could include a number of other prophets in this question Fred Bauder
Could someone include a citation for this and include the fact that this view is not generally accepted by psychiatrists?
Traditionally, psychosis was seen as arising exclusively from severe mental disturbance, however more recent evidence has shown that psychotic phenomena may be normally distributed throughout the population. It is usually only when someone becomes significantly distressed, or distresses others that psychotic experiences are considered as medical problems and become labelled as psychosis.
Yep, for example:
Johns LC, van Os J. (2001) The continuity of psychotic experiences in the general population. Clinical Psychology Review, 21(8), 1125-41
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11702510&dopt=Abstract
Verdoux H, van Os J. (2002) Psychotic symptoms in non-clinical populations and the continuum of psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 54(1-2), 59-65.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11853979&dopt=Abstract
Changed info on link between cannabis use and psychosis in light of recent review and additional studies publishes in January 2003 edition of Psychological Medicine.
Of particular interest is the editorial which reviews the evidence for such a link:
Degenhardt, L. (2003) Editorial: The link between cannabis use and psychosis: furthering the debate. Psychological Medicine, 33, 3-6.
See also July 28. 2007 Lancet. —Preceding unsigned comment added by (talk)
Also reworded info on amphetamines / hallucinogens and psychosis at top of article as it was a little ambiguous and could be interpreted as saying that LSD / mescaline caused psychosis by nature of their effect. The LSD / etc experience is not considered psychotic in itself, but psychosis may arise as an unwanted long term side effect in certain individuals
Could someone explain why those two paragraphs were removed? They contained useful information and I don't see anything objectable (or even controversial) in them.
No idea. Thanks for putting them back in.
"Psychosis is a psychiatric classification for a mental state in which the perception of reality is distorted." This is an all-time champion in the field of question-begging! Who is saying what reality is?
Trust me, if you'd ever had a psychotic episode and recovered, you wouldn't be asking that question. "What is reality" is a good and important question, but I can tell you that part of the answer is "it's not psychosis" Aaargh
I am one who has been perceived as psychotic (by a psychiatrist) and to me the statement is very question-begging! (Please dont try telling me that my own perception of the statement is distorted). Laurel Bush .
Just noticed that the psychosis article got added to the Brilliant Prose page. Well done to all who have contributed. Top teamwork.
=Topics from 2004=
== Begin NPOV dispute discussion ==
I've removed the following, I don't think it's worth trotting out Szasz's views in quite such detail in every entry on mental illness, as this is done in more detail in Thomas Szasz, schizophrenia and anti-psychiatry.
However, not everyone agrees. Dr. Thomas Szasz (author, The Manufacture of Madness) is perhaps the leading critic of the psychiatric profession. He says, "The term 'mental illness' refers to the undesirable thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of persons. Classifying thoughts, feelings, and behaviors as diseases is a logical and semantic error, like classifying the whale as a fish. ... The classification of misbehavior as illness provides an ideological justification for state-sponsored social control as medical treatment." This view can be seen as congruent with the work of Chomsky, whose works Necessary Illusions and Manufacturing Consent address thought control in democratic societies, but via propaganda instead of psychiatric treatment.
However, I think it's important to mention the general point, so I've replaced it with the following summary and included a little about R. D. Laing's criticisms as these are specific to psychosis.
Psychosis has been of particular interest to critics of mainstream psychiatric practice who argue that it may simply be another way of constructing reality and is not necessarily a sign of illness. For example, R. D. Laing has argued that psychosis is a symbolic way of expressing concerns in situations where such views may be unwelcome or uncomfortable to the recipients. Thomas Szasz has focused on the social implications of labelling people as psychotic, a label which he argues unjustly medicalises different views of reality so such unorthdox people can be controlled by society.
- Vaughan
Some people may make that claim but they would be in essence saying that the entire field of psychology is wrong. There are clear medical features of these mental illnesses. Although psychology, like any science, is not and cannot be 100% correct (since perfection is denied to humans and their creations) none the less it is difficult for a doctor to waive her hand over someone and pronounce them as psychotic without proof and rational backing her diagonsis up.
I am going to put 'inability to cope in ' back in. If we were smart we would get a copy of the DSM-4 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-IV-TR) and quote them on their definition of psychosis is. Anyone diagnosed with mental illness must be done in accordance with this book.
you wrote "There are clear medical features of these mental illnesses". Really? What are the medical features and can you cite a source of this research and documentation?
I just noticed my secton on Szasz was removed. While I agree that a lengthy section is probably not warranted on every page on Psychiatry, I do not consider one paragraph to be excessive. Also, while I appreciate your inclusion of a Szasz link further down, your commentary is rather weak. To say he "has focused on the social implications" is secondary to the fact that he considers most aspects of Psychiatry fraudulent, IMHO. I think for NPOV reasons, something in the introduction should indicate that this branch of science is dubious.
Bhuston
Hi Bhuston
My problem is not with the content, but it just seems a little too much detail in the psychosis article as Szasz's arguments don't apply to psychosis specifically, but are general to all of what others call mental illness. Since his arguments are covered more fully on other pages, I'm not sure of the value of including them in such detail here. The same with mentioning the opinion that psychiatry may be dubious. Surely the place for that is on the psychiatry or anti-psychiatry pages, rather than on every page about psychopathology ? However, I certainly think that the point is important, perhaps it might be worth including a bit mentioning that these arguments are better covered on his personal page (for example) ? - Vaughan
Hi Vaughan,
In answer to the above, I disagree, as even the notion of "psychopathology" is considered by some (including me), BAD SCIENCE.
I'm adding the NPOV dispute tag until the following can be resolved:
General tone that psychiatry in general, and specifically this topic, are foregone conclusions based on sound science, which they are not. Simple thought experiments can show that axioms of psychiatry are opinion and not demonstratable scientific fact
weak mention of Szasz
"Psychosis has been of particular interest to critics of mainstream psychiatric practice who argue that it may simply be another way of constructing reality and is not necessarily a sign of illness." The premise here again is that "psychosis" is a scientifically valid concept, even amongst the anti-psychiatric people, which it is not.
The following argument is presented:
psychosis is a symptom of extreme mental illnesspsychosis is a distorted view of reality psychosis can be induced with LSD, mescaline, and marijuana conclusion: LSD, mescaline and marijuana induce (symptoms of) mental illness This is one possible interpretation, but not the only valid one, such as the interpreatation that hallucinogenic substances produce transcendental, entheogenic, shamanistic visions, or other mystical or religous states, which are quite valid and not to be thought of as "disease"
references to United States government sources supporting such "halucinogenic plants produce mental disease", which is really WOD propaganda
Really, I am of the anti-psychiatric camp. I've seen too many people, good friends of mine, forced into barbaric treatment, electrochocked, placed into restraints, removed from their homes, forced to take psychotropic drugs, etc. and worse, all against their will. These people were not threats. The laws are barbaric, and this is based on the bad scienctific premise that there is such a thing as "normal mental states", and that such things can be defined. I will not advocate removal of the NPOV dispute until these topics are addressed in a significant fashion.
Bhuston
There seems to be a difference between the field of psychology as a science, and the practice of psychology by scientists (psychologists, etc.).
Psychosis seems to be a well defined collection of symptoms (behavioural, chemical, and neurological). However, problems arise when trying to measure these symptoms in people and then assigning a diagnosis to them. Putting in a section on the practice of psychology and how these professionals incorrectly diagnosis and (abuse patients in the process of this incorrect diagnosis) with well backed up information / stats is useful.
Hi Buston
I think your points are good ones, but they apply to the classification of ALL MENTAL ILLNESS by psychiatrists, not just psychosis. I think this objection is quite fundamental when we are discussing where your points should go.
The premise here again is that "psychosis" is a scientifically valid concept, even amongst the anti-psychiatric people, which it is not.
I don't think anyone has ever argued that the classification of psychosis is based on science and the article certainly doesn't, as the classification of anything is a pre-scientific concept. In other words, to classify anything you have to set your criteria before-hand and then use science to see if things fit into your classification. So this is not a problem with psychosis per se, but with all types of classification, and especially with the classification of any type of human behaviour. For example, the classification of what consititutes remembering and therefore what is classified as amnesia is subject to exactly the same objection.
Psychosis is a concept (not a 'scientific fact' - i.e. the result of a tested hypothesis), and even anti-psychiatry advocates understand what is meant by it, even if they don't agree with the implications of its use.
Since it is the psychiatric implications you disagree with, rather than (I presume) the classifying human behaviour, I would argue that this is not the place for your original comments.
However, I think you've raised an important point mentioning hallucinogenic drugs, as this case shows some of the shortcomings of the article in describing the psychiatric concept. Experiences caused by such drugs are not considered to be a sign of psychosis because they are short term and abate when the body metabolises the drug out of the bloodstream. I think it should be mentioned in the article that psychosis is considered to be a a reaction beyond the immediate psychotropic influence of any drug and is in some way impairing or distressing.
references to United States government sources supporting such "halucinogenic plants produce mental disease", which is really WOD propaganda
? - I see no references to any government sources in the article.
- Vaughan
I'd like to removed the The neutrality of this article is disputed notice. Since it was added I think the points of contention have been addressed, however perhaps any objections can be voiced here. If none are made, I'll remove the notice during the next few weeks. - Vaughan
I've reverted the following additions to the introductory paragraph:
"there is extensive disorder of the personality"
"and an inability to effectively cope in society"
This is the traditional psychaitric view and is considered increasingly outdated. For example, see the Johns and van OS (2001) paper (reference 10), Bentall's work and the work by Fromme and Escher with the 'Hearing Voices Network'. i.e. Many people may fulfill the diagnostic criteria for a psychotic illness despite functioning perfectly well and maintaining an integrated personality.
- Vaughan
There is a reason why many psychotic people are in mental institutions: they cannot cope in society. To pretend that they could is disingenuous.
If you prefer (after citing a scientific webpage that shows what % of psychotic paitents are able to cope so we can use the correct adjective) I'd have no objections to it being changed to '*sometimes accompanied* with an inability to cope in society' if a majority of people diagnosed with a psychotic illness can indeed function in society.
Hi there Shaun,
The DSM entry for psychosis is here. Specific diagnostic criteria is not outlined in the DSM because it is not a diagnosis in itself. It is a feature of, or a reaction to other conditions such as schizophrenia, or for example stress (in the case of brief reactive psychosis) and so on.
As for percentages, if we define psychosis as including hallucinations or delusions (as per the DSM, although it is not the final world in diagnosis, there are many other diagnostic systems used throughout the world), a study by Ohayon (2000) showed that 39% of people in the general population reported hallucinations. A study measuring delusional ideation in the general population by Peters et al (1999) reported that "The ranges of scores between the normal and deluded groups (i.e. inpatients) overlapped considerably".
The disintegration of personality and inability to cope in society is part of the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia (see criteria B of the DSM-IV-TR criteria here) but psychosis can exist without these features and they do not define it in any way.
Very good then "an inability to cope in society" should be in the introduction since schizophrenia is a significant fraction of people with psychosis. As i've already stated if you want to add "sometimes/often/in the case of many disorders/etc. accompanied by...an inability to cope in society" then that is fine with me.
For example, delusional disorder is a psychotic disorder (see its DSM entry under 'Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders' here) but specifically states that general functioning should not be impaired.
Is delusional disorder a significant fraction of the psychosis patients like schizophrenia (~25%) is? I hope you are not using the exception to prove the rule.
In fact, there are even moves to remove the signs and symptoms of psychosis from the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia, in favour of specific neurocognitive deficits. This is discussed at length in a recent article by Tsuang et al's and in Green's recent book Schizophrenia Revealed (ISBN 0393703347).
Yes, so?
Just because there are some people with psychosis who can't cope in society, doesn't mean that it is necessarily a defining feature of it. -
Vaughan
Just because some people with psychosis can cope in society doesn't mean it isn't necessarily a defining feature of it.
Additionally, I found a study which found that suggests that the minority of people who fulfill the criteria for psychosis are clinically impaired in any way. Abstract here.
I propose removing the "disorder of the personality" and "inability to cope in society" description from the introductory paragraph as is seems neither supported by the DSM nor recent research. However, I think these are interesting points and would like to suggest a section titled "Is psychosis an illness ?" (or similar) where these points can be discussed, alongside the bits elsewhere in the article about Laing and Szasz's view of psychosis and Jfdwolff's suggestion incorporating non-psychiatric aetiologies into the article.
I'll make a start shortly, so please voice any objections here or edit once it's in place. - Vaughan
Secondary psychosis
I've introduced a small list of diseases that can induce psychosis, e.g. Lupus Erythematosus and Sarcoidosis. I did not have the time to find a more complete list, but I felt this belonged here. Jfdwolff
Unfortunately, the list would be very long indeed as psychosis has been reported to occur in association with almost every form of disease known, including ones traditionally thought to be relatively benign and not usually associated with neurotoxicity, such as flu, mumps and rickets. In fact, almost any combination of 'psychosis' and another randomly selected disease will bring up a case on PubMed.
I'm also a little uncomfortable about the use of the term 'Somatic diseases' as it suggests that mental illnesses aren't located in the body which seems to smack of dualism for me.
So, I'm not entirely sure such a list would be useful. However, perhaps some others could give their views here ? - Vaughan
Thanks Vaughan, I'll be more specific. Of course any disease can also luxate psychosis (there's a seperate DSM code for this phenomenon). There are, however, some diseases which are very prone to cause psychosis. Up to 25% of all Lupus patients have a psychosis at some point through their disease, which is very high indeed. Most 'flu' patients do not get psychosis :-).
The use of the word "somatic" is entirely because this is the way psychiatrists talk. Allright, the brain is also an organ, but psychiatry has benefitted immensely from the distinction of "psychiatric" and "somatic". The third axis in DSM diagnosis is reserved for so-called "somatic" diagnoses.
Hope this clarifies my contributions. Jfdwolff
Hi again Jfdwolff,
Good point. Perhaps it would be better to have a 'top 10' or similar of conditions most associated with psychosis, rather than an open list as I fear it may simply be continuously added to over time and become increasingly useless as the list becomes excessively large and, like you say, full of rare cases.
Unfortunately, after a quick literature search has brought up nothing of obvious relevant that might provide this information, however I will continue looking both on and offline and see what I find. If you know of any such sources, please post them !
As to your second point, although psychiatry may have benefitted from the distinction between 'somatic' and 'psychiatric' in the past, I would argue it is becoming increasingly redundant. More importantly I don't think a wikipedia should simply uncritically reproduce psychiatric definitions, especially where they are confusing. Perhaps a note on 'secondary psychoses' and a mention of Tsuang et al's influential paper on etiology of psychosis might be informative on this issue ? - Vaughan
Hi Vaughan.
Unfortunately I lack the time to compile an authoritive list of disorders associated with psychosis. Cerebral Lupus and Sarcoid definitely belong here, though.
In order to meet with your objections, the header could be changed to read: "Non-psychiatric disease associated with psychosis" (to eliminate the "somatic" bit).
Tsuang et al seem to focus mainly on the classification of schizophrenia, which - although the most important - is only one of the causes of psychosis. I would agree that this is an important reference, but more properly in the Schizophrenia entry.
Jfdwolff
Hi Jfdwolff,
Excellent suggestion. I am in the process of compiling a list and will certainly add your information and perhaps you can check it over once completed? The Tsuang article is focused on the classification of schizophrenia but makes wider points about the separation of psychosis and schizophrenia. - Vaughan
Vaughan, I'm embarrassed to say that I've not properly read the Tsuang article, and I beg to understand what light it might shed on secondary psychosis. I've personally never heard of secondary schizophrenia, nor does it sound plausible. I'm very interested about your list! Jfdwolff
Hi,
It gives a suggestion for hearing voices - internal voices that are mislabeled. I've had a possible idea about that. You know when you leave on the microphone on voice recognition software, and it tries to make words out of background noise. The software makes sure it generates gramatically correct sentences. What if that is happening in real life? An over sensitive recognition system, combined with hearing what you think you should hear.
I know this is offtopic, sorry about that. Does anyone know if this has been suggested, and is it a theory? Could this idea be added in someway?
Thank you for your time. JohnFlux 19:22, 24 Apr 2004 (GMT)
What's the deal with the PC treatment? Is it taboo to call psychosis a disease/disorder/ailment?
It's not PC treatment. People have different definitions for disease and disorder. Some consider mental illness a disease, while others claim a persons non physical mind can not be diseased. Diseases have lab tests to detect them ,mental illness has no lab tests. Peoples injured souls have been directly linked with peoples physical brains in biological psychiatry.
== Psychotic experience ==
An anon user deleted the following:
Although usually distressing and regarded as an illness process, some people who experience psychosis find beneficial aspects and value the experience or revelations that stem from it.
I have not personally heard of anyone saying this but someone has added this to the article and I believe that should be respected and thus reinstated. How does everyone else feel about this?
Hi CloudSurfer,
I've reinstated it, as it is plainly clear from the work of people like R. D. Laing and others (whatever you think of his theories) that some people do find beneficial aspects to psychosis. I've personally met many patients who found insights they gained from the experiences were positive, even if the majority of their psychotic experience was distressing or impairing. - 131.251.37.132
=Topics from 2005=
==Add ICU psychosis==
Requesting that someone add "ICU psychosis" to the article.
Hi SueNami,
I think 'ICU psychosis' is a bit of a misnomer (albeit a commonly used one) as it usually refers to a state of delirium. Nevertheless, it might be useful to add a section on the more esoteric uses of the term 'psychosis' in the medical literature (such as so-called 'airport psychosis') and a note on the fact that the term may be used more loosely in these situations.
- Vaughan
The article is lovely!
Is there a cure, I can't be bothered to read the above paragraphs to find out
According to R.D. Laing, psychosis itself could be the cure.
=Topics from 2006=
== Removed 'Hearing voices' section ==
I removed the following section that was recently added, as it seems to be someone's personal experience of psychosis. However, it reminded me that the article doesn't particularly address the magical thinking / apophenia aspect (see connections everywhere) very well, which probably needs a bit more elaboration. - Vaughan
Hearing Voices - Explained
Individuals that "Hear Voices", contrary to what's listed above, very rarely hear ACTUAL voices inside their head. More often than not, the term 'hearing voices' is used to explain a phenomena un-explainable by current medical knowledge; When going through a period of Mania, or Depression, it's common when experiencing psychosis to have a feeling of 'a greater power' controlling the things in daily reality. Things such as lights flickering, television reception, etc. When a person experiencing psychosis has racing thoughts (thoughts moving much faster than normal), often co-incedances are sought after as everything is believed to have meaning to a greater purpose. When certain things happen, such as say a poster comes loose from a wall and falls to the floor, it's believed by the psychotic person that 'the higher power', whatever it may be, caused the poster to fall, which then causes the attention of the psychotic person to start paying close attention to all their senses, looking for signs that the higher power is trying to tell them something. If for example they are wondering if they should go and get a drink of water because they are thirsty but are indecisive as they are currently engaged in an activity, the poster falling off the wall depending on where it is hung would be the determining factor on them getting a drink. If the poster was hung close to a sink or next to the fridge, it would be a 'sign' that they should get a drink. If it was opposite them, it would be perceived to continue their activity and ignore their bodies request for fluid.
Combine all external stimuli, from fans going on and off in an office space, to the volume level of a television program in between commercials, people experiencing psychotic symptoms often portray these stimuli as something/someone trying to communicate with them - hence being spoken to, aka, hearing voices.
I definitely agree with the removal of this text. It is clearly one person's guess as to what is happening. I know from my experiences with manic psychosis that I definitely heard voices speaking in complete clear sentences and seeming to come from specific locations around me, even though I could not locate the speaker. They were not nonspecific noises or stimuli that I interpreted as having meaning or being signs! I admit I do NOT know what was happening, but I remember the experiences very clearly.
== Reference format ==
Hello all. I'm a newcomer to this article and thought it would be good to give references in the way I've been doing in the etymology section; can get back to the main text after clicking on the reference link. I haven't had time to sift through the references yet. The page Citation templates may be useful. Thanks. I've made a start at this. Will come back to finish it off (unless someone else wants to). MP (talk)
== Recent reference additions ==
Just a note for people adding new references to the article. Most are fantastic, but please read them through to get an idea of their signficance, as some are a bit outside of the mainstream literature for the point being referenced.
For example, the article "Chronic phencyclidine administration induces schizophrenia-like changes in N-acetylaspartate and N-acetylaspartylglutamate in rat brain" is not great evidence that PCP is linked to psychosis. PMID 6725621 is a much better reference to support this claim (actually describes cases of people with phencyclidine-induced psychosis).
Other than that, it's looking good and I'll sift through the article myself shortly.
- Vaughan
== Neurotoxicity? ==
In the section "Brain function", following is written:
"Findings such as these have led to debate about whether psychosis is itself neurotoxic and whether potentially damaging changes to the brain are related to the length of psychotic episode."
Use of term "neurotoxic" as such is inappropriate here; neurotoxicity, or toxicity in general applies only to a substance i.e. a poison/toxin/venom. Toxicity is a characteristic of a substance, it can not be used to describe a condition. That means, that patological processes can't be described as "-toxic" unless they are caused by a poison/toxin. Thus, I suggest to change this term with "neurodegenerative", which, in my opinion, describes the situation related to psychosis better/more accurate than "neurotoxicity".
Hi there,
The progression of conditions can be described as neurotoxic when a toxin is theorised (even if it has not been identified) and there is an ongoing debate in the psychosis literature about whether psychosis is neurotoxic or not. e.g. see this review article. - Vaughan
Even in the quoted article abstract, it is stated that "...Synaptic plasticity, not neurotoxicity, appears to be the mediating process.". Neurotoxicity as such necessarily implies an action of a poison, not hypothesis about it. Neurodegeneration, in turn, may be an effect of neurotoxicity as well as other causes, and is therefore more appropriate, in my opinion.
Hi there,
As I mentioned before it is possible to talk about a condition being neurotoxic, if one suspects an unknown neurotoxin at work. The reason the article says "Synaptic plasticity, not neurotoxicity, appears to be the mediating process" is not because you can't talk about neurotixicity in this instance (if that were the case, how could you write a review article in a scientific journal using this exact terminology?) but because it argues that there is no evidence for neurotoxicity.
Neurodegenerative is not appropriate because the debate about whether idiopathic psychosis is neurodegenerative has been largely rejected (e.g. when Bleuler changed the named from dementia praecox to schizophrenia exactly because there was no evidence of neurodegeneration).
The sentence in the article "Findings such as these have led to debate about whether psychosis is itself neurotoxic and whether potentially damaging changes to the brain are related to the length of psychotic episode" is accurate because it accurately describes the debate in the medical literature. If you don't agree with how the term is being used, this doesn't change the fact that it is being used in that way.
- Vaughan
==Post-partum psychosis==
(aka puerperal psychosis) Hi. Years ago I worked on a PPP research project at the Institute of Psychiatry in London. Whilst I note that two of the cited articles deal with this condition, there's nothing about it in the main text. Would someone who feels qualified to do so like to add something on PPP? I trained as a biochemist rather than a psychologist or psychiatrist, so I don't feel able to undertake this task. Thanks and regards, Notreallydavid
=Topics from 2007=
==Dreams and Psychosis==
I am reading a book on the relationship between states of dreaming consciousness and psychosis by J. Allan Hobson called The Dream Drugstore. I realize it's not a journal, however I also feel like he makes some interesting parallels that are backed up by observation. Would it be alright to add a section or is it too fringe or covered somewhere else? I'd hate to mess up an FA. Thanks, LilDice 19:15, 25 January 2007
== Hamlet and 'intentional psychosis' ==
Someone added the following to the intro, but as I've no idea what it means ('intentional psychosis'?), I've moved it here for discussion:
There are superficial forms of psychosis, for example the kind of "intentional psychosis" that Hamlet suffered in the Shakespeare play.
- Vaughan
I did not see withdrawal from neuroleptics (discontinuation syndrome)in the list of things that cause psychosis. R. Tranter, D. Healy, Neuroleptic discontinuation syndromes, J. Psychopharmacology, 1998, 12(3), 306-311 — 24.177.111.117 (talk)
==Psychoanalysis and Psychosis==
I am replacing this entry in the historical section which Vaughan deleted. This is a valid historical entry outlining psychoanalysis as an alternative view on psychosis. Deleting it is no more than censoring the historical record
Psychoanalysis has a detailed account of psychosis which differs markedly from Psychiatry. Freud and Lacan outlined their perspective on the structure of psychosis in a number of works Lacan and Freud on the structure of psychosis : —Opendish (talk • contribs)
== This topic is also available in Arabic ==
This topic (Psychosis) is available in Arabic at this URL: http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86
but I couldn't find the place to link them together. Would some one experienced help with linking, please?
Ai.unit
Done! Added ذهان. As-Salāmu `Alaykum, CopperKettle
== Larium (mefloquine) ==
This drug for malaria can cause psychosis and there are a lot of news articles concerning the miltary and travelers taking this drug and becoming mentally ill including killing people. Bronayur
BNF 53 lists psychosis as a side effect, but is does not say how frequent it occurs. Snowman (talk)
Mefloquine can be added under substances, psychosis is an uncommon but serious side effect of this medicine. a citation would be nice to put along with it, it anyone has one, many be a link to one of the news articles from aboveExpo512 (talk)
==Much room for improvement==
I think that the article is generally good and there are many references. I think that it can be improved a lot. there are several thinks that need to be made clearer:
1. There is no universally accepted definition of what is psychosis, even by current mental health professionals. A good reference is the first page of the 'psychotic disorders' chapter
of the DSM-IV-TR. I think more of emphasis needs to be placed on the fact that psychosis it a broad concept.
2. The concept of "psychosis" is a very general sign or symptom, which may or may not be the sign of mental illness.
3. I'm not sure listing treatment of a symptom is really appropriate. It may be like listing the treatment for chest pain. Reasonable people would want to know if chest pain is related to the heart, the stomach, a muscle tear or another cause, before treatment. Really the treatment is for the underlying cause, and that should probably go in the corresponding articles.
Problem I see that many 'psychotic" episodes are the result of 'causes' that create mental illness symptoms. Much like a flu virus can cause light headness, a minor form of mental illness. Why this 'bridge is not made' is a question of education ?
==psychosis and violence==
There is a reference about psychotic people not being more violent than others. Both citations refer to "first episodes". I think that psychosis and particularlly acute psychosis is a significant risk factor for violence (along with intoxication and past history of violence). However I know this is controversial and I do not want to put up anything wtihout citations. Any help here?
There is a valid observation, that is logical. A psychosis (no fault to the patient) that originates by disease or drugs, can cause a paranoia of sorts. So the patient reacts to his or her alse sense of 'threat'.
It is sad that media does not explain this, why ? there must be a reason.
Anyway, as noted this is a high importance subject and by what I read it is very well done.
=Topics from 2008=
==Document deleted==
Lacan and Freud on the structure of psychosis :
I deleted this document as it's not very clearly written and shouldn't have been in the main text anyway. A section on Lacan and Freud's theories would be very welcome though. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Camuser (talk • contribs)
==Retrofit topic-year headers==
21-Aug-2008: I have grouped older topics above using headers "Topics from 2003" (etc.) to emphasize age of topics. Older topics might still apply, but using the tactic of yearly headers to note the age helps avoid rehashing old news, without archiving any ongoing issues. Also, new topics are more likely to be added to the bottom, not top. Afterward, I moved several topics into date order. -Wikid77 (talk)
== Paradoxical effects of Benzodiazepines ==
Hi there Caesarjbsquitti,
I've looked at the articles you cite and they make only passing reference to psychosis and cite single case studies when they do. This information would seem to be much better suited in the benzodiazepine article, rather than the psychosis one, and owing to the strength of the evidence, is perhaps worth including in an abbreviated form. - Vaughan (talk)
== ICU Psychosis ==
Somewhere in the beginning of this article it should be mentioned that no one knows the cause of psychosis in mental illness. A clear differentiation should be made between substance caused physical and biological mental conditions that have psychotic-like behavior and true psychosis with no known cause.
ICU Psychosis is not understood by physicians. Some claim it is delirium but others point to the fact that the delusional episode sometimes continues after the subject leaves the ICU. A very few victims have life long disability from ICU Psychosis. Understanding the cause of ICU Psychosis is critical to understanding psychotic mental states.
While in the ICU patients do little besides daydream. In that eyes-open mental state they can subliminally detect movement around them as nurses and others approach. That is a description of Subliminal Distraction exposure. Subliminal Distraction is explained in college psychology under psychophysics. Although arising from the basic facts in the physiology of sight and hearing, it is little known by the general population. Visual Subliminal Distraction was discovered to cause mental breaks for office workers in the 1960's. Most victim quickly recover with no treatment once the stimulus of the subconscious from failed attempts to trigger the vision startle reflex stop.
In psychology it is treated as something that happened once a long time ago. In Design it is understood to be a current problem but believed to cause only a harmless temporary episode that remits with no treatment. Once you understand it is a problem of human physiology you will realize it will happen any place you create the "special circumstances" of those 1960's office workstations.
Similar psychotic mental events happen to those who perform too many Qi Gong sessions in a compact time frame. There too the concentration to use eyes-open meditation engages a mental state that allows threat-movement to be subliminally detected. It is difficult for some to conceive that the groups of moving meditating people are creating the circumstances for SD exposure.
Beliefs that acolytes can throw Chee energy from their fingertips to strike others is psychotic but not recognized as such. This is one of the cases where it is believed the subject just has a different reality.
In Kundalini Yoga the belief that you can overcome gravity by the will of your mind and levitate is also psychotic but again not recognized as such. Kundalini Yoga is another group exercise with eyes-open meditation and movement in peripheral vision. This is the same special circumstances as Qi Gong. Both exercises have been known for mental problems for about 3000 years. VisonAndPsychosis.Net is the first to propose a physical cause for the two exercise's mental events and bizarre beliefs.
Since 1977 there have been studies in an attempt to explain why sitting in the audience at a seminar, The Forum, causes mental breaks. Landmark Education warns potential seminar participants about the mental problems but they do not understand why they happen. While attending the lecture or participating in group activities mental investment allows Subliminal Distraction exposure. Only a few have the mental events but there has been one murder of a postal worker caused by the psychotic episode from this seminar. The shooter recovered completely in one week and had no other episodes during his confinement in a mental institution.
Significant in this seminar is that it is a classroom-like situation. No school is aware of this problem and they do not provide Cubicle Level Protection or warn students.
There is no mention of this phenomenon or that it is unknown in medicine or psychiatry.
Researcher44 (talk)
This talk page should focus on discussion of the article. Since the material above does not appear to have been published except on a personal web site, it can't be used in the article, I'm afraid. looie496 (talk)
== Localisation of details (legality of certain drugs) ==
In the "Psychoactive drug use" section, the drugs are sorted into verious categories of legal drugs, and an "illegal drugs" category. I assume this refers to legality in America, where most users seem to be from, but this puts unnecessary bias on some readers, and it is plausible that these categories differ between English speaking countries, and therefore some sort of disclaimer should be made, or the categorisation should be scrapped altogether. 121.73.164.116 (talk)
tr — Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.139.154.214 (talk)
== Early intervention in psychosis ==
my first wikipedia - have now added article on early intervention. Help please. Cheers Earlypsychosis (talk)
=Topics from 2009=
== Postpartum psychosis ==
I think it should be mentioned and a wikilink should lead to the article, but I'm not sure to what category it belongs.
== classification of psychosis ==
this is an article about the concept of psychosis - not the DSM classification concept of psychosis. I propose either a rewrite to incorporate a more balanced view of psychosis (other than just diagnostic categories) or delete the section
Earlypsychosis (talk)
How about sketching out here, before you do it, the thrust of the rewrite you would like to do? DSM is an attempt to capture the consensus of the psychiatric community, so it's not clear to me that you can legitimately say it has NPOV issues
I'm new to wikipedia and havent read the discussion history on this page...but it does appear to me that there is a massive content fork for mental health conditions -
This article on psychosis is a good example. The entire piece is almost entirely written from a DSM perspective, with a very strong balance toward clinical psychiatry. Kraepelin originally conceptualised mental disorders as distinct categories (e.g. Dementia praecox and manic depression) with their own underlying biological disease process. These views have had a major influence on psychiatry, and form the basis of the operational diagnostic criteria.
Apart from the 4 lines in the introduction on psychosis in the general population and the history section - the inclusion of sections basically follows these diagnostic assumptions
but all too easy to say what is not right...suggest the following sections:
Earlypsychosis (talk)
The section appeared to have quite a bit of original research in it which I have deleted. It may need a further rewrite or even deleted altogether as has been suggested but I think that I have resolved the most glaring problems with it.
:it wasn't original research. In fact, you deleted one of the only statements about psychosis as a symptom (and not an illness) - making it even more unbalanced, as per the tag. Maybe better to add a tag. Earlypsychosis (talk)
I don't mind if you want to add back in about psychosis being a symptom, not an illness.
Yes psychosis can be a symptom, but we would most commonly use it as an adjective - saying 'psychotic symptoms' rather than as a noun. Psychotic symptoms can exist in mania, depression and as a brief reaction in some personality disorders (borderline and schizotypal in particular). Casliber (talk · contribs)
Looks like this has been resolved. Sorry for deleting it. I think the issue is how it is worded. Casliber do you think that it needs rewording further? I am not sure that it sounds right. If so feel free to give it a quick tweak. Maybe it should say something like,,,,,, psychotic symptoms or episodes can occur in several mental health disorders without a person meeting the criteria of having a psychotic disorder.....
How does that sound?
Reword needed, but also need to include the perspective that psychosis can occur without distress or impairment of functioning - i.e. psychotic experiences that are not considered a clinical disorder - such as hearing voices. That is why I added the NPOV tag. Earlypsychosis (talk)
True true, people can hear voices without actually being psychotic. They can still be in touch with reality and not even be distressed by the voices. This subject is more complicated than what first meets the eye! Thank goodness I am not a psychologist or psychiatrist!!! ;-)
Maybe it should read "psychotic symptoms or episodes can occur without a person meeting the criteria of having a psychotic disorder."? Minus the mental health disorder.
Right - facts:
the psychoses are a group of disorders where the main disturbance is deterioration on function psychotic symptoms (AH, delusions or thought disorder, or catatonia)
they include schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform psychosis mainly, and psychoses secondary to meds or drugs.
One can also get psychotic symptoms in mood disorders and some personality disorders (postpartum psychosis is often seen as part of a mood disorder spectrum)
One can have nonpsychotic AH (hypnogogic and hypnopompic are normal), also occur in BPD, hwere they are often described as dissociative in character.
Yes the classification of psychosis has changed and evolved and it needs to be in the article - the definition used to be much broader in Kraepelin's day etc. and include what is now BAD and melancholic or major depression.
APART from classification, we have psychotic symptoms. Yes they can also occur in delirium and dementia, but we often don't call them that there, also character is different - eg visual hallucinations are not usually associated with schizophrenia.
Just some notes - that is how the term is seen psychiatrically these days. Casliber (talk · contribs)
right, more factors!
psychotic symptoms. common in the general population. might not result in decline in functioning. not widely considered within psychiatric profession
psychotic disorder. psychotic symptoms regarded as a clinical condition (ie where functioning is impaired)
formal psychotic conditions as defined by various manuals (DSM or ICD) Earlypsychosis (talk)
References to the "DSM-IV-TR" verge on jargon, confusing to the layperson. I've changed the reference to refer to the "most recent version of" the DSM and relegated "IV-TR" to a footnote.
== lack of insight deleted ==
this is the deleted section on insight. Five of the six references provided were for schizophrenia, not psychosis. Kept this section for review. Earlypsychosis (talk)
Lack of insight
One important and puzzling feature of psychosis is usually an accompanying lack of insight into the unusual, strange, or bizarre nature of the person's experience or behavior. name=Carpenter_et_al_1973>. Even in the case of an acute psychosis, people may be completely unaware that their vivid hallucinations and delusions are in any way "unrealistic". This is not an absolute, however; insight can vary between individuals and throughout the duration of the psychotic episode.
It was previously believed that lack of insight was related to general cognitive dysfunction name=Lysaker_et_al_1994> or to avoidant coping style. name=Lysaker_et_al_2003>. Later studies have found no statistical relationship between insight and cognitive function, either in groups of people who only have schizophrenia, or in groups of psychotic people from various diagnostic categories. name=Cuesta_et_al_2006>
== Thought disorder ==
is thought disorder necessarily a symptom of psychosis? Might be more accurate to exclude from this article. Earlypsychosis (talk)
Not entirely clear what question you are asking. Is it "Can there be psychosis without thought disorder?" or "Can there be thought disorder without psychosis?"? Looie496 (talk)
It is a psychotic symptom, just as much as auditory hallucinations or delusions - eg hebephrenia (now disorganized schizophrenia) is a psychosis where the predominant symptom is thought disorder. Casliber (talk · contribs)
:yes - thought disorder is more commonly only associated with serious mental illness, such as disorganised schizophrenia. Psychosis could be sufficiently explained in simply terms of delusions and hallucinations. Earlypsychosis (talk)
::The fact is that thought disorder is a psychotic symptom, and one which may define any psychotic illness. It is not a delusion nor a hallucination. You may want to restrict psychosis to delusions and hallucinations but that would be original research. have you got some scholarly publication which does this? Casliber (talk · contribs)
So if I find one, then I can delete thought disorder? Earlypsychosis (talk)
Ahem (a) let's see what it is (i.e should be some form of review article or authortiative text) and (b) get a consensus. Casliber (talk · contribs)
If medical science and psychiatry include thought disorder as a form of psychosis, wiki editors shouldn't choose to present incomplete info just because it's a preference, easier, or to be like other websites. If peer review articles are found, they merit notation, not deletion of the section unless the symptom is officially no longer part of psychosis. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kfcinca (talk • contribs)
No. Psychosis as used by the medical community denotes many abberant experiences that cannot be explained. Drugs, mental illnesses, sleep deprivation, sensory deprivation, loss of blood, increased ICP, basically anything altering the normal relationship between the thalamus and the cortexies. In my opinion, as defined by the DSM-IV, masturbation/orgasm is considered a form of psychosis. Catatonia, ataxia, thought disorder, delusions, its all there. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Guywholikesca2+ (talk • contribs)
== edited lead section ==
deleted this sentence and references
This disease link has led to the metaphor of psychosis as the 'fever' of CNS illness—a serious but nonspecific indicator.
Earlypsychosis (talk)
== Does anyone find this biased? ==
"However, increasing evidence in recent times has pointed to a possible dysfunction of the excitory neurotransmitter glutamate, in particular, with the activity of the NMDA receptor. This theory is reinforced by the fact that dissociative NMDA receptor antagonists such as ketamine, PCP and dextromethorphan/detrorphan (at large overdoses) induce a psychotic state more readily than dopinergic stimulants, even at "normal" recreational doses. The symptoms of dissociative intoxication are also considered to mirror the symptoms of schizophrenia more closely, including negative psychotic symptoms than amphetamine psychosis. Dissociative induced psychosis happens on a more reliable and predictable basis than amphetamine psychosis, which usually only occurs in cases of overdose, prolonged use or with sleep deprivation, which can independently produce psychosis. New antipsychotic drugs which act on glutamate and its receptors are currently undergoing clinical trials."
I suspect this is someone with a personal ax to grind against dissociative drugs. Specifically because it has no sources and it's written from an anti-drug perspective. As someone who has actually done research on this I've yet to find any scientific info claiming ketamine, PCP, or DXM cause psychosis —Preceding unsigned comment added by YVNP (talk • contribs)
I'm not an expert in this area, but a Google Scholar search for "ketamine-induced psychosis" turns up lots of references, including rather definitive things such as PMID 9167508. There are also reviews discussing this topic, for example PMID 17349858. Looie496 (talk)
I looked around too and it does seem there are mentions of dissociatives causing psychosis. The problem I have is it seems to be suggesting that the dissociative experience is basically the psychotic experience. The problem I have is that generally when someone hallucinates from dissociatives they are aware that there hallucinations are personal where as a psychotic patient usually wouldn't. YVNP (talk)
:If that point can be referenced to a high-quality source (i.e., something like a review article in a top-level journal), it would probably be worth adding to the article. Looie496 (talk)
::On erowid I found some articles discussing dissociatives. According to those articles dissociatives usually induce "closed eye visuals" and "detached" states of mind. I'll try adding them. YVNP (talk)
its fixed a bit. YNPV, i'd say NMDA antagonists with sigma receptor agonistsic capabilities are as close to (exo)chemically induced psychosis as we're gonna get. But they key difference between a schizophrenic's psychosis and a drug induced state is that a shizophrenic's brain is pretty normal, in terms of nuerotransmitter concentration and release from individual nuerons. Its the arrangement, how their brains have plasticisized from a combination of social isolation and extrememly strongly held delusional beilifs, which creates a permanent psychosis once it advances beyond a certian point. A dissasociative is reversible, once it's metabolized, ignoring the synaptic plasticity that occoured under the influence, you return to normal. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Guywholikesca2+ (talk • contribs)
==Religious delusion?==
Somebody who is familiar with the Moore & Gordon "audio essay" (whatever that is) cited here might want to double-check that the "Jesus's twin" statement actually is used in the context of delusions. Perhaps it is, but to me that sounds far more like a classic case of clanging. Also, on an unrelated note, somebody who is familiar with MiszaBot might want to get some archiving going on this page. The current format is a tad unwieldy. Cosmic Latte (talk)
==extreme?==
explain immediately what is meant by "extreme form of consciousness" or I'll delete it as unrepresentative of the views of the scientific community, and an illdefined phrase unfairly weighted towards the views of a minority. if you know what consciousness is, let us know. if not, it's not teneble to ascribe magnitude to it. If you're about to give me some r.d. laing nonsense or give me the "arrogant ignorant scientist" spiel, then: don't. very kindest wishes 86.26.173.195 (talk) (colin reveley, sackler centre for consciousness science Univ. Sussex)
== Differences from delirium ==
I think the introduction should say how psychosis is different from delirium.Stefan Udrea (talk)
== Susac's syndrome ? ==
Susac's syndrome - seems to manifest as psychosis in some cases.
=Topics from 2012=
== Issues with the "Causes" section ==
I just made a lot of small changes to the quality of the writing in the "Causes" section - things like correcting bad grammar and style, and rewording so that every sentence makes sense and can be followed without difficulty. However, the style still seems idiosyncratic and the form/wording of many sentences could be improved. Additionally, this section could use a partial rewrite, or at least a close reading, by an expert in the subject. I say this mostly because the this section does not follow a clear organizational scheme, but I don't feel qualified to work on that because one might have to actually change the content and the points made in order to reorganize it, and I don't know enough about the subject to do that.
Brad Gibbons (talk)
== Subanesthetic dose ==
I just expanded "subanesthetic doses" to "subanesthetic doses (doses insufficient to induce anesthesia)".
I did this partly because the article was marked and partly because I did not know what this meant myself before I looked it up.
I would rather have made "subanesthetic doses" into a wiki link and avoid the explanation in parentheses, but "subanesthetic doses" does not exist as an article.
Personally I would prefer to create a very short article called "Subanesthetic dose" with a very short explanation, something like "A subanesthetic dose is a dose of a pharmacological drug that is insufficient to induce anesthesia." But I feel there is a resistance of very short articles here on Wikipedia – I don't quite know why, because sometimes a subject can be explained very shortly and to the point. And in this case we could avoid an explanation in parentheses that is just annoying for people that know what "subanesthetic" means.
Would it be very bad to create a new article as suggested?
It does seem rather like a dictionary entry than an article. But... I bet it could be expanded; why are such doses used? Are they common? Part of specific regimes? Pros, cons? Etc. Just a thought. This current article, btw, is actually a complete mess. lol I might get the urge to de-jargonize it some. Or not; who knows what edit lurks in the hearts of men?? Eaglizard (talk)
==Grammar Issues==
I'm fairly new to Wikipedia, but I think it's necessary to put this here and point out that the whole introductory section is FILLED with grammatical errors. Someone (with more knowledge than myself) needs to look into cleaning it up. Using the word "thus" three sentences in a row isn't professional or attractive. We can try to diversify our word usage. Speaking of word usage, did someone spend an hour with a thesaurus to write this thing. Half of the words here are completely out of touch with most users. I could call it gradiloquent, but I think it's for the best that we all just call it wordy and bring this back to the non-English/non-Psychology majors. We come to this page to be educated, not overwhelmed.
Thanks 76.108.101.22 (talk)
The lede is awful. By paragraph three it is deep into meaningless (to the lay reader) jargon, and as the above poster mentions, is full of grammatical errors. Someone both literate and'' familiar with the topic might be able to help. Sadly, the merely literate cannot decide what of this gibberish goes where and what it means, if anything.
This article, simply, lacks a clear lay language introduction, that, say, a high school or college student could easily understand. Huw Powell (talk)
==Strong emotions can cause temporary psychosis/delusions/hallucinations==
I strongly remember reading about very or extremely intense emotions causing temporary psychosis, in this article. I remember reading it in a list which also includes sleep deprivation. I found this letter one, but nothing about the emotion part. Actually I can't even find the section, just one for delusions. So was it removed or am I looking at the wrong article. Dqeswn (talk)
== Psychoactive drugs section: THC ==
I removed an incomplete sentence, along with its two refs, which were also not properly formatted:
Older studies indicate that certain strains containing large proportions of tetrahydrocannabinol and low proportions of cannabidiol
Hopefully someone can finish this sentence and format the refs. It was not immediately obvious to me what the sentence would have been, based on looking through those two papers. Eflatmajor7th (talk)
Good that you saw this. However, usually, when sentences are cut in half, there is a version in the history of the page in which the sentence was complete. Instead of removing sentences, or start looking at the sources, it can be better to check history. With friendly regards! Lova Falk talk
Thanks for the advice, and the recent edits! I did a couple more things: I replaced a sentence to be more consistent with a reference, re-phrased the next sentence, and deleted two references, which I will put here. None of the references had to do with "strains" of cannabis as the deleted sentence suggested. One reference was a dead link, although I found the paper that was meant to be cited, below. The other deleted reference had nothing to do with the topic of THC versus CBD, also below. The findings of the reference I kept are now more accurately summarized in the article.
http://www.bmj.com/content/332/7534/172
and Eflatmajor7th (talk)
:Good job! Lova Falk talk
| 529,956,891 | 2012-12-27T09:57:24 |
Psychosis
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Heart Lake is a small alpine lake in Elmore County, Idaho, United States, located in the Sawtooth Mountains in the Sawtooth National Recreation Area. The lake is accessed from Sawtooth National Forest trail 461.
Heart Lake is in the Sawtooth Wilderness, and a wilderness permit can be obtained at a registration box at trailheads or wilderness boundaries. Heart Lake is a heart-shaped lake in the Flyrip Creek basin, which also contains several others small lakes including Camp Lake.
==References==
==See also==
List of lakes of the Sawtooth Mountains (Idaho)
Sawtooth National Forest
Sawtooth National Recreation Area
Sawtooth Range (Idaho)
Lakes of Idaho
Landforms of Elmore County, Idaho
Glacial lakes of the United States
Sawtooth Wilderness
| 467,850,000 | 2011-12-27T02:49:38 |
Heart Lake (Idaho)
| 2,012 |
31,687,048 |
==Summary==
==Licensing==
Members of the First Quorum of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
People excommunicated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
| 518,686,116 | 2012-10-19T11:38:46 |
George P. Lee.jpg
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Bakreshwar Thermal Power Station (বক্রেশ্বর তাপবিদ্যুৎ কেন্দ্র) of West Bengal Power Development Corporation Limited is a power station with an installed capacity of 630 MW and it is undergoing expansion of capacity to the extent of 420 MW.
==Location==
Bakreshwar Thermal Power Station is located at in Chinpai and Bhurkuna gram panchayat areas of Birbhum district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is located off the Panagarh–Morgram Highway, on the bank of Bakreshwar River some distance downstream from the hot springs and temple at Bakreshwar. Chinpai railway station on the Andal-Sainthia Branch Line is nearby.
==Capacity==
Five units of 210 MW each were commissioned in 1999, 2001, 2008 and 2010. For the first three units Japan Bank for International Cooperation gave a loan of 80.8 million yen or around Rs. 2,525 crore. The first unit was completed in a record time of 37 months and commissioned on 17 July 1999. The yardstick of Central Electricity Authority for construction of power units of 200–250 MW is 48 months.
Bakreshwar power project stage II involves installation of two units of 210 mW each at an estimated cost of Rs 2,000 crore.
==Neel Nirjan==
The reservoir formed by erecting a dam in Bakreshwar River named Neel Nirjan (meaning blue solitude), for providing water to the thermal power plant, is gaining in popularity as a tourist spot.
==Political imbroglio==
Bakreshwar Thermal Power Station was embroiled in political tussle for many years. It was initially proposed to be set up with central assistance but central funding was not forthcoming, in spite of the best efforts of the West Bengal leadership. Once the Left Front formed its government in 1977, Bakreshwar was in deeper political trouble. The delays over providing central funds for the project were cited by the Marxist leaders as another instance of the Centre’s “step-motherly” attitude to West Bengal. For several years, the Bakreshwar project was held up because the Soviet Union was requested to provide financial assistance. The Soviet funds never came even after several years of wait and negotiations. It was finally built by the state government,
==References==
Birbhum district
Economy of West Bengal
Coal-fired power stations in West Bengal
বক্রেশ্বর তাপবিদ্যুৎ কেন্দ্র
| 528,906,618 | 2012-12-20T04:06:06 |
Bakreshwar Thermal Power Station
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A virtuous circle and a vicious circle (also referred to as virtuous cycle and vicious cycle) are economic terms. They refer to a complex chain of events that reinforces itself through a feedback loop. A virtuous circle has favorable results, while a vicious circle has detrimental results.
Both circles are complexes of events with no tendency towards equilibrium (at least in the short run). Both systems of events have feedback loops in which each iteration of the cycle reinforces the previous one (positive feedback). These cycles will continue in the direction of their momentum until an external factor intervenes and breaks the cycle. The prefix "hyper-" is sometimes used to describe these cycles if they are extreme. The best-known example of a vicious circle is hyperinflation.
==Example in macroeconomics==
===Virtuous circle===
Economic growth can be seen as a virtuous circle. It might start with an exogenous factor such as technological innovation. As people get familiar with the new technology, there could be learning curve effects and economies of scale. This could lead to reduced costs and improved production efficiencies. In a competitive market structure, this will probably result in lower average prices. As prices decrease, consumption could increase and aggregate output also. Increased levels of output lead to more learning and scale effects and a new cycle starts.
===Vicious circle===
Hyperinflation is a spiral of inflation which causes even higher inflation. The initial exogenous event might be a sudden large increase in international interest rates or a massive increase in government debt due to excessive spendings. Whatever the cause, the government could pay down some of its debt by printing more money (called monetizing the debt). This increase in the money supply could increase the level of inflation. In an inflationary environment, people tend to spend their money quickly because they expect its value to decrease further in the future. They convert their financial assets into physical assets while their money still has some purchasing power. Often they will purchase on credit. Eventually, the currency loses all of its value. Because of this, the level of savings in the country is very low and the government could have problems refinancing its debt. Its solution could be to print still more money starting another iteration of the vicious cycle.
==Example in management==
===Virtuous circle===
An employer's investment in his employees’ ability to provide superior service to customers can be seen as a virtuous circle. Effort spent in selecting and training employees and creating a corporate culture in which they are empowered can lead to increased employee satisfaction and employee competence. This can result in superior service delivery and customer satisfaction. This in turn will create customer loyalty, improved sales levels, and higher profit margins. Some of these profits can be reinvested in employee development, thereby initiating another iteration of a virtuous cycle.
===Vicious circle===
A harvesting strategy which can be an example of a vicious circle is rather than reinvesting in employee development, new product development, and market research, management could decide to harvest its investment by reducing costs then increasing dividends or increasing executive compensation. The consequence of this could be reduced employee wages, minimal training, an outdated product line, and a failure to understand the needs of the customer. This will probably result in employee dissatisfaction, employee incompetence, and high employee turnover. This could cause poor service delivery, customer dissatisfaction, high customer turnover, and loss of market share. Reduced sales and lower profit margins may require a further reduction in investment, thereby initiating another iteration of the vicious circle.
==Vicious circles in the subprime mortgage crisis==
The contemporary subprime mortgage crisis is a complex of vicious circles, both in its genesis and in its manifold outcomes, most notably the late 2000s recession. A specific example is the circle related to housing. As housing prices decline, more homeowners go "underwater", when the market value of a home drops below the mortgage on it. This provides an incentive to walk away from the home, increasing defaults and foreclosures. This, in turn, lowers housing values further, reinforcing the cycle.
The foreclosures reduce the cash flowing into banks and the value of mortgage-backed securities (MBS) widely held by banks. Banks incur losses and require additional funds, also called “recapitalization”. If banks are not capitalized sufficiently to lend, economic activity slows and unemployment increases, which further increase the number of foreclosures.
Economist Nouriel Roubini described the vicious circles within and across the housing market and financial markets during interviews with Charlie Rose in September and October 2008.
==Other examples==
Other examples include the poverty cycle, sharecropping, and the intensification of drought. In climate change science, feedback loops involve positive feedbacks and negative feedbacks that respectively serve to intensify or dampen the effects of global warming.
==See also==
Causal loop diagram
Closed timelike curve
Positive feedback
List of economics topics
List of finance topics
List of management topics
List of marketing topics
List of production topics
Endogeneity (econometrics)
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Spiral of silence
Subprime mortgage crisis
=== Analogous concepts ===
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Matthew effect (sociology)
Matthew effect (education)
Predestination paradox
==References==
==External sources==
Schlesinger, L. and Heskett, J. (1991) Breaking the cycle of failure in services, Sloan Management Review, vol. 31, spring 1991, pp. 17 – 28.
http://william-king.www.drexel.edu/top/prin/txt/gro/gro21b.html - An introduction to 20th century virtuous circle theory.
Rational Choice with Passion:Virtue in a Model of Rational Addiction - In this link the author uses Aristotelian virtue as a mediator between passion and reason in the construction of utility/consumption functions in an esoteric part of consumer behaviour theory related to decision making in addictive situations.
China: A Stabilizing or Deflationary Influence in East Asia? The Problem of Conflicted Virtue - In this link the author is using virtue in the sense of a positive outcome (balance of payments surplus) that conflicts with long term regional growth and stability.
http://www.bioenergycentres.com/resources.shtml - an essay in 3 parts by Polarity Therapist Andrew Harry, Bath, UK. Defining The Virtuous Cycle as an integrated healing process.
Economics terminology
Management
Macroeconomics
Microeconomics
Finance
Marketing
Behavioral and social facets of systemic risk
Cercle viciós
Circulus vitiosus
Teufelskreis
Dialelo
Cercle vicieux
Circolo virtuoso e circolo vizioso
Vicieuze cirkel
循環論法
Círculo vicioso
Noidankehä
Circulus vitiosus
วงจรอุบาทว์
| 529,623,725 | 2012-12-24T17:37:33 |
Vicious circle
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Al Perkins (born January 18, 1944) is a Texas-born American guitarist. Known primarily for his Steel Guitar work, the Gibson guitar company called Perkins "the world's most influential Dobro player", and even began producing an "Al Perkins Signature" Dobro in 2001 - designed and autographed by Perkins.
==The Early Years==
Al Perkins was born and raised in Texas and learned to play Hawaiian steel guitar at the age of 9. In the 1950s Perkins was considered a child prodigy, playing with regional country and western bands, appearing on TV/radio, and winning several talent contests. In the early 1960s, Perkins began playing electric guitar with west Texas rock bands. By 1968, he enlisted into the Army National Guard and was discharged from the US Army Reserves in 1972
==The Seventies==
In 1970, Perkins joined the east Texas country rock band Shiloh and moved to California. The band included Don Henley and future producer/record executive Jim Ed Norman. Perkins was then hired hired to play in the new incarnation of the Flying Burrito Brothers and recorded the live album The Last of the Red Hot Burritos in 1972. Perkins, along with former Byrd Chris Hillman went on to join Manassas. Led by Stephen Stills, Manassas incorporated Latin jams, rock, blues, country, folk, and bluegrass influences.
With Stills working with Crosby Stills and Nash, Perkins and Hillman joined Richie Furay (Buffalo Springfield and Poco founding member) and J.D. Souther in the Souther–Hillman–Furay Band. Perkins moved into record production in the mid-1970s, but did tour again with Michael Nesmith and McGuinn & Hillman. As a session player, Perkins contributed to many notable albums, including the Eagles' On The Border.
==The Eighties==
Continuing his production work into the 1980s, Perkins also toured with Chris Hillman as a duo which later developed into the Desert Rose Band, before joining Dolly Parton in 1986, touring and recording with her for several years before moving to Nashville.
In Nashville Perkins reunited with Emmylou Harris on a new project, The Nash Ramblers, having previously worked with Emmylou and playing on the two solo albums recorded by Gram Parsons. (It was his association with Parsons that led to Perkins being called in to play on the sessions for the Rolling Stones' Exile on Main Street ). The Live at the Ryman album was to win Perkins his first Grammy award in 1992.
==Current and Recent Projects==
Al Perkins continues to tour and record. To date, other artists Al Perkins has played for are: James Taylor, Bob Dylan, Tori Amos, Garth Brooks, Dwight Yoakam, Dan Fogelberg, Joe Walsh, Mike Love, Solomon Burke, Patty Loveless, Cher, Rita Coolidge, Iris DeMent, Michael Martin Murphey, Buddy Miller, & Jim Lauderdale.
In 2002 Perkins released a collection of studio outtakes and rare recordings. Snapshots features recordings by the Nash Ramblers and the Flying Burrito Brothers among others. Triple Play was Perkins' first solo album of his own music, released in 2003, revealing blues, country, bluegrass gospel and Cajun influences.
Perkins appeared on stage alongside James Burton and Keith Richards at the Gram Parsons tribute show in California in the summer of 2004.
In 2009 Perkins' formed Big Dog 3, a trio with bassist Chris Donohue and drummer Brady Blade. Big Dog 3's self-titled debut album features guests such as Jim Lauderdale and Emmylou Harris. Today Al Perkins performs with The HiPower Band, which includes vocalist Kristine Arnold (Sweethearts Of The Rodeo).
==Awards==
===Grammy Awards===
1997 - Producer on Best Southern, Country, or Bluegrass Gospel Album
1992 - Best Country Performance By A Duo Or Group With Vocal
1991 - Best Bluegrass Album
===Other Awards===
2007 - 'Musician of the Year' Texas Music Awards
1997 - Induction to The Texas Steel Guitar HALL OF FAME
1993 - Induction to Opryland’s STARWALK
1985 - Indie Award for album production on Desert Rose
==External links==
Official Website
HiPower Band Website
Big Dog 3 Website
== References ==
1944 births
Living people
Musicians from Texas
American country guitarists
Pedal steel guitarists
The Flying Burrito Brothers members
Souther–Hillman–Furay Band members
The Desert Rose Band members
Al Perkins
| 529,905,430 | 2012-12-27T00:40:10 |
Al Perkins
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== November 2011 ==
Welcome and thank you for your contributions. Your test on the page New Deal worked, and it has been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment further, please use the sandbox instead. Please take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Thank you. --Kbh3rdtalk
| 461,525,244 | 2011-11-20T02:14:30 |
124.89.10.182
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29,047,176 |
== October 2010 ==
Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit that you made to the page Perry Smith (murderer) has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Please use the sandbox for testing any edits; if you believe the edit was constructive, please ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing for further information. Thank you. Marek.69 talk
| 388,568,644 | 2010-10-03T23:59:55 |
76.252.34.219
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==New Goyden==
This is an automated message from MadmanBot. I have performed a web search with the contents of New Goyden, and it appears to be a substantial copy of http://ukcaving.com/wiki/index.php/New_Goyden_Pot.
It is possible that the bot is confused and found similarity where none actually exists. If that is the case, you can remove the tag from the article. The article will be reviewed to determine if there are any copyright issues.
If substantial content is duplicated and it is not public domain or available under a compatible license, it will be deleted. For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material. You may use such publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences. See our copyright policy for further details. (If you own the copyright to the previously published content and wish to donate it, see Donating copyrighted materials for the procedure.) MadmanBot (talk)
==New Goyden==
The information provided on http://ukcaving.com/wiki/index.php/New_Goyden_Pot. is my contribution I have provided all the information on that wiki for Nidderdale caves and so copied over the descriptions. I will have a look at how to donate it as indicated, may need help new to all this Chris Fox (Goydenman) (talk)
The source is my material on the UK Caving site. I did write on each of the UK caving pages that I contributed "The text of this page is available for modification and reuse under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License and the GNU Free Documentation License (unversioned, with no invariant sections, front-cover texts, or back-cover texts)." on each page but got into trouble they pointed out that there is a (a GNU FDL icon)on the bottom of each page and that should suffice. Si I removed the text.
==New Goyden pot==
This is an automated message from MadmanBot. I have performed a web search with the contents of New Goyden pot, and it appears to be a substantial copy of http://ukcaving.com/wiki/index.php/New_Goyden_Pot.
It is possible that the bot is confused and found similarity where none actually exists. If that is the case, you can remove the tag from the article. The article will be reviewed to determine if there are any copyright issues.
If substantial content is duplicated and it is not public domain or available under a compatible license, it will be deleted. For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material. You may use such publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences. See our copyright policy for further details. (If you own the copyright to the previously published content and wish to donate it, see Donating copyrighted materials for the procedure.) MadmanBot (talk)
== Wikipedia is not a guide ==
Apart from copyright issues, the content of articles you have recently created is not suitable for Wikipedia. Wikipedia is not a manual or travel guide, and such content as "Parking is at the farm or on the road. Follow the Nidderdale way from the farm up the valley", "Presently permission for access has been granted by Mr Harker of Thrope Farm, no need to call", and so on, does not belong in a Wikipedia article. Whether this kind of content is suitable for the ukcaving wiki I have no idea, but it is not in line with Wikipedia's style. JamesBWatson (talk)
Re: Copyright I have writtent the material for the UK caving wiki it is my material. I looked up what was required and put the following on each UK Caving wiki page "The text of this page is available for modification and reuse under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License and the GNU Free Documentation License (unversioned, with no invariant sections, front-cover texts, or back-cover texts)." They then told me this was not required because on each page a a GNU FDL icon was displayed.
Re: 'Travel guide' information. The first thing is I was willing to remove it but you did not give me the chance before deleting the pages. The second is that you failed to get more information - those instructions are in line with national and local agreements and if people do not park/approach the caves using the information whether for research or sport then access will be denied by the farmers.
Contrary to your profile on yourself I have not found you helpful or supportive as a new person doing this. Literally as I was removing the parking/approach to the cave details and you deleted the page before I had even finished doing it. Am a person not worth your time to help? To help me learn and make improvements to provide accurate information to all on the caves of Nidderdale. Chris Fox (Goydenman) (talk)
Looking at the editing history of the article "New Goyden Pot" in the ukcaving wiki, I see that the wording you refer to about the Creative Commons license was shown from 19:08 on 9 July to 09:38 on 12 July. It was long since gone by 20 July, when I deleted the corresponding Wikipedia article. With the best will, I really don't think it is reasonable to expect a Wikipedia administrator to search all through the history of a page on another wiki to see if suitable copyright permission had ever been shown and then removed. I don't know who told you that "this was not required", but content you post to Wikipedia is released under a Creative Commons SA license, and the GNU FDL does not fully cover the provisions of that, so such a license is not good enough for content which is to be used on Wikipedia.
I'm afraid I failed to make the point about Wikipedia not being a guide as clearly as I intended. Whether or not "instructions are in line with national and local agreements", the point is that Wikipedia articles do not contain instructions to readers or guide-like information about how to proceed when visiting places. If you put such information as I quoted above into articles, or "Follow the stream from either the Main Entrance or...", "Note the water coming in from your left...", etc, then it is likely to be removed. I told you this in order to help you to avoid spending your time on writing content which was doomed from the start to almost certainly be removed.
I am sorry that you "have not found helpful or supportive", and that you suggest that I don't regard you as "a person not worth time to help". I found an article you had written was tagged as a copyright infringement. On investigation I found that some other articles suffered from the same problem. I could very easily have simply deleted them and moved on: I was under no obligation to do anything else. Instead, I chose to spend a little of my time composing and writing a message for you about why some of the content would probably be regarded as unsuitable for a Wikipedia article. The reason that I chose to spend my time doing that was that I thought it would help you in the future to write articles in a form that would be accepted. I am sincerely sorry that my time and effort was wasted, and that you regard my message as unhelpful. I have spent significantly more time writing this message, and I do hope you will find this one helpful.
I have restored the articles, and "userfied them at Chris Fox (Goydenman)/New Goyden and Chris Fox (Goydenman)/New Goyden pot. You can edit them there and move them back into main article space when they are ready. (At the right hand end of the row of tabs at the top of the page there is a link labelled "Move". If you can't see it, point your mouse at the little downward pointing triangle.) For the article that, immediately before deletion, contained a copyright infringement notice, I have removed that notice and given an edit summary with a link to the past version of the ukcaving wiki page containing the CC by SA licensing information.
Once again, I hope that you find this message helpful, unlike my previous attempt to help you. Please feel free to contact me again if I have still not made things clear enough. JamesBWatson (talk)
| 503,437,723 | 2012-07-21T13:59:35 |
Chris Fox (Goydenman)
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