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http://www.stmargchurchmattydale.org/
| 2021-09-18T07:36:53 |
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YouTube Facebook Donate Bulletin
Syracuse Diocese Bankruptcy Notice
Welcome to St. Margaret’s Church, the Roman Catholic community in Mattydale, New York, for almost 80 years. It is our objective here to provide our parishioners and visitors with background information on programs and resources as well as the latest announcements of the happenings in our parish. Whether you are a new visitor to our website or a regular user, we are happy that you are here. It is our hope that you will find the information you need and sense the dedication, mission, love of service, and faith in Jesus that motivates our worship and activities. Please look us over, and visit our site often. May you have a blessed day, and we’ll see you at church.
Confessions are Wednesday from 6:00-7:00 PM at St. Margaret, and Saturdays 3:00-3:45 PM at St. Rose
The current weekend Mass schedule is Saturday: 5:15 PM, Sunday: 9:15 AM
Weekday Mass will be Tuesday – Thursday at 8:15am in the Chapel
If you will be watching Mass from your vehicle, we do not currently have a wifi network set up to support a large number of devices. Plan on using your own data on your device.
Scam Alert!: Recently someone has been sending texts and emails in Fr. Hyde’s name asking for gift cards. These messages are FALSE. They are not from Fr. Hyde’s number or email and he would never ask for gift cards. Please disregard this message and block the caller!
If you would like to download a copy of our BULLETIN, Please click the following link: Parishes Online
If you would like to become registered in the parish. Please click this link to download a form.
If you have not yet completed a census form, Please click this link to download a form.
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christianity
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https://www.constructionequipmentguide.com/initial-construction-begins-on-vehicle-barrier-along-border/8213
| 2021-04-16T19:33:40 |
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TUCSON, Ariz. (AP) Construction has begun on vehicle barriers that will be part of a mix of fencing along the Arizona-Mexico border to discourage illegal border crossings.
The construction started Jan. 24 and is part of a Bush administration initative announced last year that aims to provide a mix of high-tech virtual fencing and a traditional physical barrier.
The first phase of construction will be made up primarily of concrete-filled vertical tubes set into the ground to prevent vehicles from entering.
Department of Homeland Security Spokesman Russell Knocke said some portions of the barrier may also contain traditional fencing.
The first phase will be placed along 9 mi. (15 km) at the western edge of a 37-mi. (60 km) stretch of desert in southwestern Arizona.
On Jan. 12, Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff cleared the way for the work to start by waiving environmental regulations and laws impeding construction along the 2.8-million-acre (1.1-million ha) Barry M. Goldwater bombing range.
Environmentalists have criticized the fencing and barrier plans, saying that will not stop people in search of jobs but will be a step toward destroying a fragile portion of southern Arizona’s desert.
The initial construction phase could take a few months.
Today's top stories
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geography
| 1 |
https://www.examiner-enterprise.com/story/entertainment/2013/11/05/today-in-history-11-5/27393836007/
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Today in History 11-5
Today is Tuesday, Nov. 5, the 309th day of 2013. There are 56 days left in the year. This is Election Day.
Today’s Highlight in History:
On Nov. 5, 1912, Democrat Woodrow Wilson was elected president, defeating Progressive Party candidate Theodore Roosevelt, incumbent Republican William Howard Taft and Socialist Eugene V. Debs.
On this date:
In 1605, the “Gunpowder Plot” failed as Guy Fawkes was seized before he could blow up the English Parliament.
In 1781, the Continental Congress elected John Hanson of Maryland its chairman, giving him the title of “President of the United States in Congress Assembled.”
In 1872, suffragist Susan B. Anthony defied the law by attempting to cast a vote for President Ulysses S. Grant. (Anthony was convicted by a judge and fined $100, but she never paid the fine.)
In 1911, aviator Calbraith P. Rodgers arrived in Pasadena, Calif., completing the first transcontinental airplane trip in 49 days.
In 1940, President Franklin D. Roosevelt won an unprecedented third term in office as he defeated Republican challenger Wendell L. Willkie.
In 1968, Richard M. Nixon won the presidency, defeating Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey and American Independent candidate George C. Wallace.
In 1974, Ella T. Grasso was elected governor of Connecticut, becoming the first woman to win a gubernatorial office without succeeding her husband.
In 1987, Supreme Court nominee Douglas H. Ginsburg admitted using marijuana several times in the 1960s and 70s, calling it a mistake. (Ginsburg ended up withdrawing his nomination.)
In 1992, Malice Green, a black motorist, died after he was struck in the head 14 times with a flashlight by a Detroit police officer, Larry Nevers, outside a suspected crack house. (Nevers and his partner, Walter Budzyn, were found guilty of second-degree murder, but the convictions were overturned; they were later convicted of involuntary manslaughter.)
In 2009, a shooting rampage at the Fort Hood Army post in Texas left 13 people dead; Maj. Nidal Hasan, an Army psychiatrist, was charged with premeditated murder and attempted murder. (Hasan was convicted by a military jury and sentenced to death in August 2013.)
Today’s Birthdays: Actor Chris Robinson is 75. Singer Art Garfunkel is 72. Actor-playwright Sam Shepard is 70. Singer Peter Noone is 66. TV personality Kris Jenner is 58. Actor Nestor Serrano (“24”) is 58. Singer Bryan Adams is 54. Actress Tilda Swinton is 53. Actor Michael Gaston is 51. Actress Tatum O’Neal is 50. Rock singer Angelo Moore (Fishbone) is 48. Actress Judy Reyes is 46. Country singers Heather and Jennifer Kinley (The Kinleys) are 43. Rock musician Jonny Greenwood (Radiohead) is 42. Country singer-musician Ryan Adams is 39. Rock musician Kevin Jonas (The Jonas Brothers) is 26.
Thought for Today: “Examine what is said, not him who speaks.” — Arab proverb.
|
history
| 1 |
https://oldhawaiiancoffee.com/the-farm
| 2019-12-11T09:16:38 |
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There's more to growing coffee than you might think.
Turning "Coffee Cherries" into roast ready green bean probably has more steps than you'd think!
Small scale roasting and daily trips to the Honaunau Post Office make our coffee some of the freshest on the market.
Copyright © 2019 Old Hawaiian Coffee - All Rights Reserved.
Powered by GoDaddy Website Builder
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agronomy
| 1 |
http://jacobusinowicz.com/jacob-usinowicz/teaching-and-outreach
| 2022-05-29T11:19:24 |
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I have been fortunate enough to teach and be involved in several courses since starting my PhD. This includes TAing and designing course materials for Zoology 101 over several years at the University of Wisconsin, Madison and Quantitative Methods in Plant Ecology at ETH Zuerich.
Some simple tools that I have developed to help teach theory:
Code for R shiny apps for some basic population models, allowing the user to change model parameter values and immediately visualize or download data:
These are run on the R shiny server:
Leslie-Gower model: https://ecotheory.shinyapps.io/leslie_gower
Lottery model: https://ecotheory.shinyapps.io/lottery
WildResearch workshop on How to apply for graduate school in Ecology and the environmental sciences:
I like to get my hands dirty and my feet wet working whenever I can!
Using R Shiny to track Covid-19 in 2020
|
biology
| 1 |
https://websitehubs.com/vaping-over-smoking-cigarettes/
| 2024-04-25T13:51:36 |
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Vaping has become a popular alternative to smoking cigarettes over the last few years. It’s no surprise, as vaping offers many advantages over traditional cigarettes. In this blog post, we’ll discuss the three main benefits of vaping compared to smoking cigarettes: it’s cheaper, it’s healthier, and it’s more socially acceptable. Whether you’re an experienced smoker or a newbie looking for a healthier option, you’ll want to read on to learn more about the benefits of vaping. Find here JUUL
1) Vaping is less harmful to your health than smoking cigarettes
It’s no secret that smoking cigarettes is bad for your health. Tobacco smoke contains thousands of chemicals, including many that are known to be carcinogens or to cause other serious health issues. In contrast, electronic cigarettes (or e-cigarettes) contain only a handful of ingredients, including nicotine, propylene glycol, vegetable glycerin and flavorings. Many studies have found that e-cigarettes emit fewer toxins and are far less dangerous than regular cigarettes. For example, a 2020 study by the Harvard School of Public Health concluded that vaping may reduce the risk of lung cancer by up to 57%.
Furthermore, vaping does not produce any smoke, and therefore it can help you avoid some of the dangers of secondhand smoke. This means that vaping is an excellent alternative to traditional cigarettes, especially if you have family members or roommates who don’t want to be exposed to the risks of secondhand smoke.
Overall, vaping is less harmful to your health than smoking cigarettes. It is still important to be aware of the potential risks associated with vaping, however, and to make sure you are using the device properly and safely.
2) Vaping can help you save money
One of the biggest advantages of vaping over smoking cigarettes is that it can save you money. While the initial cost of purchasing a vaping device may be more expensive than buying a pack of cigarettes, it pays for itself in the long run. E-cigarettes are reusable and refillable, meaning that you only have to buy the e-liquid and replacement parts. This makes vaping much more cost-effective than traditional cigarettes.
When you purchase a pack of cigarettes, you are paying for all the taxes, packaging, and transportation associated with the product. With vaping, you only pay for the e-liquid and accessories, making it a much more cost-effective way to get your nicotine fix. Additionally, there are often discounts and promotions available for those who purchase their e-liquid in bulk or shop online.
Vaping also has the potential to save you money in the long run by helping you quit smoking cigarettes altogether. Vaping can provide a viable alternative to smoking, as it still delivers nicotine without the tar and carcinogens found in cigarettes. Quitting smoking can not only save you money on cigarette costs, but also reduce your risk of developing serious illnesses and diseases associated with smoking.
3) Vaping can help you quit smoking cigarettes
Quitting smoking cigarettes is one of the most beneficial changes you can make for your health. And electronic cigarettes, or e-cigarettes, may be one of the best tools to help you quit smoking. Research has shown that vaping is an effective way to reduce the number of cigarettes you smoke and potentially quit altogether.
Vaping is less harmful than smoking cigarettes. It contains fewer toxins and produces fewer cancer-causing chemicals than traditional cigarettes. In addition, when you vape, you have more control over your nicotine intake. This allows you to slowly reduce the amount of nicotine you consume until you are ready to quit.
Another benefit of vaping is that it can help you save money. Traditional cigarettes can be quite expensive, and vaping offers a more cost-effective alternative. You can purchase a starter kit with all of the necessary equipment, such as a vaporizer, cartridges, and liquids, for a fraction of the cost of a carton of cigarettes. Plus, when you vape, you won’t have to worry about buying lighters or ashtrays.
Finally, when you vape, you will not experience the same withdrawal symptoms associated with quitting smoking. Vaping mimics the experience of smoking, but without the toxic chemicals. Therefore, it provides an easier transition for those who are trying to quit.
Overall, vaping offers many advantages over smoking cigarettes. It is less harmful to your health, helps you save money, and can help you quit smoking cigarettes. If you’re looking for a healthier and more cost-effective way to enjoy nicotine, then vaping might be the right choice for you.
|
health
| 1 |
https://www.infinova.com/product/network-cameras/fixed-cameras/VH211-A2/2292/8
| 2024-04-22T00:32:49 |
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VH211-A2 Series HD 2MP WDR IR Smart IP Box Camera adopts a 1/2.8" progressive scan CMOS sensor and has an internal 2.7-13.5 mm HD motorized zoom lens, together with internal dot matrix LED IR illuminators covering 50m distance. The output power of IR illuminators can be automatically adjusted according to the lighting of the scene to avoid full load, greatly reducing the power consumption and extending the service life.
The camera adopts H.265/H.264/M-JPEG encoding and 3 streams, features high resolution up to 1080P@30fps and provides outstanding color rendition which helps you get richer and more accurate details.
The camera also features multiple smart functions, including detection of wire-cross, intrusion, scene change, defocus and color cast, as well as low brightness and high brightness, which makes it suitable for all kinds of high-end applications.
The camera is compact in structure and easy to install. The products can be widely used in sites that demand high-definition image quality with no lighting of ordinary buildings, supermarkets, hotels, shops, parks, schools, factories, warehouses, underground parking lots, etc.
|
electronic_science
| 1 |
https://www.jesuitnola.org/archive-2014/lacrosse-jays-seek-third-consecutive-state-championship-weekend/
| 2023-06-06T18:56:05 |
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Lacrosse Jays Seek Third Consecutive State Championship This Weekend
The Blue Jay lacrosse team travels to Lafayette on Saturday, April 26 with hopes of winning a third consecutive state championship. The state semi-finals and finals are being played at St. Thomas More.
The winner of the Jesuit vs. Byrd High School (Shreveport) semi-final game at 6 p.m., will face the winner of the St. Thomas More vs. St. Paul’s game, which will be played earlier in the day. The championship game is scheduled for Sunday, April 27 at 2 p.m.
Jesuit did not face Byrd or St. Thomas More during the regular season. The Jays beat St. Paul’s twice in 2014.
“Our young men have worked very hard all season long to prepare for this weekend,” said head coach Mike Brantley. “I expect it come down to who is the most focused, determined, and disciplined in head and heart,” he added.
It’s familiar territory for Brantley and his bunch. The Jays beat St. Paul’s to win Jesuit’s first lacrosse state championship in 2012. They beat the Wolves again in the 2013 state title game.
|
game
| 3 |
http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/pmcc/articles/PMC3404248/?lang=en-ca
| 2017-11-25T07:47:22 |
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|Home | About | Journals | Submit | Contact Us | Français|
Growing evidence of epidemiological, clinical and experimental studies has clearly shown a close link between adverse in utero environment and the increased risk of neurological, psychological and psychiatric disorders in later life. Fetal stresses, such as hypoxia, malnutrition, and fetal exposure to nicotine, alcohol, cocaine and glucocorticoids may directly or indirectly act at cellular and molecular levels to alter the brain development and result in programming of heightened brain vulnerability to hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and the development of neurological diseases in the postnatal life. The underlying mechanisms are not well understood. However, glucocorticoids may play a crucial role in epigenetic programming of neurological disorders of fetal origins. This review summarizes the recent studies about the effects of fetal stress on the abnormal brain development, focusing on the cellular, molecular and epigenetic mechanisms and highlighting the central effects of glucocorticoids on programming of hypoxicischemic-sensitive phenotype in the neonatal brain, which may enhance the understanding of brain pathophysiology resulting from fetal stress and help explore potential targets of timely diagnosis, prevention and intervention in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and other for brain disorders.
Fetal growth and development are a complex and dynamic process that depends on sophisticated interactions among the mother, placenta and fetus to ensure optimal growth and survival conditions (Warner and Ozanne, 2010). Numerous epidemiological, clinical and experimental studies have shown clearly that a compromised intrauterine environment may have subtle or drastic impact on tissue/organ ontogeny, structure and function, and alter the vulnerability or resiliency to some challenges and diseases in later life (Cottrell and Seckl, 2009; Dudley et al., 2011). Indeed, there is a wealth of evidence indicating that an adverse fetal environment, mostly manifested as intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), is closely associated with increased risks of development of hypertension, coronary heart disease, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, central obesity, hyperlipidaemia, and other neurobehavioral, neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric disorders in adulthood (Barker et al., 1993a; Barker et al., 2009; Dudley et al., 2011; Gluckman and Hanson, 2004; Gluckman et al., 2008; Harris and Seckl, 2011). The hypothesis of “developmental programming of health and disease” or “fetal origins of adult disease” was put forward to elucidate these links between adverse intrauterine environment, fetal growth and development, and disease later in life (Figure 1) (Barker et al., 1993a; de Boo and Harding, 2006; Langley-Evans and McMullen, 2010; Seckl, 1998; Wadhwa et al., 2009; Warner and Ozanne, 2010). As being stated, environmental signals can be transmitted from the mother to the fetus, impacting specific vulnerable tissues in their sensitive developmental stage, modulating normal development trajectory, remodeling their structure and function and reprogramming the resiliency or susceptibility to diseases in postnatal life (Harris and Seckl, 2011). Such programming processes may be determined by multiple factors including gestational age, duration and mode of exposure and nature of the stressor, and these processes are tissue/organ specific (Harris and Seckl, 2011). Genetic traits, epigenetic modifications and central stress mediators such as glucocorticoids may underpin such phenotypic plasticity.
Brain is one of the critical targets of stressors and is also the central organ responsible for stress responses, determining the adaptive or maladaptive responsiveness to various acute and chronic stressful events via making corresponding alterations in its structure and function (McEwen, 2008). The developing brain in the fetal stage is also highly plastic, flexible, and especially sensitive to numerous adverse environmental factors. Combined with its specific genetic traits, these changes of fetal brain contribute to high incidence of a wide spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders in the postnatal life. It has been well documented that fetal stresses, such as hypoxia, malnutrition, substances exposure (nicotine, alcohol and cocaine) and excess glucocorticoids (endogenous or exogenous), have long lasting impact on the developing brain; altering brain’s ontogeny, organization, structure and function; remodeling brain’s development trajectory, and reprogramming brain’s vulnerability or resiliency of some neurobehavioral, neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric disorders in later life (Archer, 2011; Chen and Zhang, 2011; Chiriboga, 1998; Harris and Seckl, 2011; Seckl and Meaney, 2004; Zhang et al., 2005).
Neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is one of major causes of acute mortality as well as chronic neurological disability in newborns (Chen et al., 2009b; Vannucci, 2000). Up to 25% of survivors demonstrate permanent neurological deficits such as cerebral palsy, mental retardation, learning disability and epilepsy (Perlman, 2006; Vannucci, 2000). However, there is no universally accepted therapy available for HIE except that a few studies implied that moderate hypothermia, administered in the early phase for full term neonates with mild or moderate encephalopathy, may reduce mortality and disability at 18 months (Perlman, 2006; Rees et al., 2011). Before the availability of more potent effective therapy emerges, it is essential to explore all potential modifiable risk factors that may provide us with promising targets to prevent or improve the outcome of this encephalopathy. There is strong evidence suggesting that various prenatal stress insults may be the promising candidates meriting exploration.
In this review, we summarize recent studies about the programming effects of prenatal stress on fetal brain development and its associated diseases in later life, especially the programming effects of sensitive phenotype to neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, particularly highlighting the cellular and molecular mechanisms and emphasizing the critical roles of glucocorticoids and epigenetic modification, which may enrich us with the knowledge of its underlying pathophysiology and contribute to exploration of some potential preventive and therapeutic interventions for neonatal HIE injury.
Prenatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) refers to a reduced level of oxygen (hypoxia) and a decreased blood flow (ischemia) during fetal development, which can cause various complications during pregnancy associated with neurological deficits and long-term neurodevelopmental disabilities in later life. One of these complications is cerebral palsy that occurs in 2 per 1,000 babies (Graham et al., 2008). Of these, 15% - 20% will die during the postnatal period, and another 25% will develop permanent severe neuropsychological conditions.
The hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs) are one of the adaptive mechanisms activated during the HI insult. Hypoxia stabilizes HIF-1α subunit that binds to HIF-1β subunit and induces target genes transcription to regulate oxygen homeostasis. Some of these genes associated with the HIF-1 regulation include erythropoietin (EPO) that plays an important role in cell survival, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) that activates endothelial cells leading to capillary sprouting (Vazquez-Valls et al., 2011) and glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1) that affects the cellular glucose metabolism (Wood et al., 2009). HIFs play a crucial role in stimulating vascular development, angiogenesis and metabolic adaptation during brain development, which have been demonstrated in gene knockout experiments (Milosevic et al., 2007; Tomita et al., 2003).
Fetal hypoxia affects normal brain development and induces abnormal behavioral presentations. The cerebral cortex, hippocampus and sub-ventricular zone are the most vulnerable regions to the hypoxic insult (Northington et al., 2001). A mouse model study has indicated that prenatal hypoxia produces a mild neurological deficit in a variety of behavioral tests. For example, the duration in an accelerating rotarod test was shorter for the offspring with prenatal hypoxic exposure compared to the control offspring, and they traveled a shorter distance and spent most of their time stationary compared with the control group (Ireland et al., 2010). Some structural proteins of the white matter were measured in adult offspring with prenatal hypoxic exposure during gestational days 7 to 21. These structural proteins were associated with normal development of myelin and axon, and their expression levels decreased due to maternal hypoxia while the expression of protein related to astroglia increased, predisposing the individual to white matter changes later in life (Wang et al., 2010). Hippocampus is one of the most common targets in the brain during ischemic injury. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) plays an important role in the underlying mechanism associated with the neuronal degeneration as was found in a study performed with hippocampal slices of Wistar/ST rats. The PLA2 activity was evaluated in an oxygen-glucose deprivation environment in which the most vulnerable sub-region of the hippocampus was CA1 and cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2) was associated with neuronal death (Arai et al., 2001). Another possible mechanism of fetal brain injury due to prenatal hypoxia could be associated with inflammation. A recent work reported that chronic hypoxia exposure induced an increase in the lactate:pyruvate ratio and a decrease in the GSH:GSSG ratio, a favorable pro-oxidant state, in the brain of Duncan-Harley guinea pigs. Additionally, the expression levels of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax, Bcl-2 and p53 increased as well as the levels of some pro-inflammatory cytokines (Guo et al., 2010).
Prenatal hypoxia exposure also affects other vital organs/tissues in addition to the brain, which may contribute to various pathologies in later life. Studies in rats have shown that gestation hypoxia causes fetal heart remodeling and increases heart susceptibility to ischemia and reperfusion injury in offspring (Tong et al., 2011; Tong and Zhang, 2011; Li et al., 2003; Patterson et al., 2010; Rueda-Clausen et al., 2009). In mice, maternal hypoxia resulted in a significant increase in pulmonary mRNA levels of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) 1, 2 and angiotensin II Type 1b (AT-1b) receptors and the protein levels of renin and ACE-2, but a decrease in protein levels of ACE-1 (Goyal et al., 2011). These results demonstrated that prenatal hypoxia affected the expression patterns of pulmonary renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) and suggested a possible mechanism contributing to the pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension in offspring. Hypoxia may also be associated with fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS). Maternal hypoxia has been shown to increase protein levels of interlukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) in fetal guinea pig sera and the mRNA expression in the lung, heart and brain (Yafeng et al., 2009). In the placenta, 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2) that catalyzes the conversion of cortisol to inactive cortisone, plays an important role in protecting the fetus from exposure to a high level of maternal glucocorticoids. Studies in human trophoblast cells demonstrated that hypoxia inhibited the activity of 11β-HSD2 and decreased its protein expression (Homan et al., 2006).
One of the most common hostile environmental insults for the fetus is maternal malnutrition during the gestational period. Maternal malnutrition includes maternal overnutrition (high-fat, high-energy and high-protein diets) and maternal undernutrition (caloric and protein restriction diets or low-vitamin intake), both of which may contribute to perinatal programming (Elahi, et al., 2009; Erkkola et al., 2011; Gniuli, et al., 2008; Guilloteau et al., 2009; Rasch et al., 2004).
In addition to its well-studied effects on programming of metabolic and cardiovascular disease (Barker and Osmond, 1986; Bateson et al., 2004; Gluckman et al., 2008; McMillen and Robinson, 2005), maternal malnutrition during pregnancy causes permanent brain dysfunction, especially cognitive and behavior deficits accompanied by alterations of neuronal excitability as well as structural changes in the developing and adult brain (Grantham-McGregor and Baker-Henningham, 2005; Levitsky and Strupp, 1995; Morgane et al., 1993; Morley and Lucas, 1997; Olness, 2003; Walker et al., 2007). A recent study evaluated the impact of global 30% maternal nutrient reduction on early fetal baboon brain maturation and found major cerebral developmental disturbances including neurotrophic factor suppression, cell proliferation and cell death imbalance, impaired glial maturation and neuronal process formation, down-regulation of gene ontological pathways and related gene products, and up-regulated transcription of cerebral catabolism without fetal growth restriction or marked maternal weight reduction (Antonow-Schlorke et al., 2010). This finding suggests that moderate nutrient reduction during pregnancy is an important epigenetic factor that provides suboptimal conditions for appropriate fetal brain development with potential life-long consequences.
Maternal undernutrition causes marked epigenetic changes in hypothalamic genes and increases both glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene expression in the fetal brain, which is likely to contribute to fetal programming of a predisposition to obesity via altered GR regulation of POMC and neuropeptide Y as well as to altered regulation of food intake, energy expenditure, and glucose homeostasis later in life (Stevens et al., 2010). Additionally, maternal undernutrition may affect sensorimotor functions via its action on the CNS (Sanches et al., 2011; Ba, 2005), the growth of major and minor cranial components (Cesani et al., 2006), the structure of the brain (Torres et al., 2010), and brain development itself (Melse-Boonstra et al., 2010; Ohishi et al., 2010; Ranade et al., 2011). Maternal malnutrition may selectively decrease the number of neurons in some regions of the hippocampus, for example, CA2, CA4 and DG but not in CA1 and CA3 (Florian et al., 2010). In addition to global maternal nutrient reduction, maternal choline deficiency during pregnancy alters neurogenesis and angiogenesis in fetal hippocampus (Albright et al., 1999a, b, 2005; Craciunescu et al., 2003; Mehedint et al., 2010; Niculescu et al., 2004, 2006).
Not only does maternal undernutrition have a negative impact on fetal brain development, but maternal overnutrition during gestation has also been shown to permanently alter brain structure and function in the offspring. Studies in pregnant rats fed a high-fat diet showed increased neural progenitor proliferation in the hypothalamus of fetal and neonatal brains (Chang et al., 2008). Additional studies in mice demonstrated that maternal high-fat diet altered fetal hippocampal development as indicated by region-specific changes in proliferation of neural precursors, decreased apoptosis and neuronal differentiation within the dentate gyrus, resulting in the decreased neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus in young adult offspring (Niculescu and Lupu, 2009; Tozuka et al., 2009). Neonates exposed to maternal high-fat diets also showed a negative impact on the brain development (Walker et al., 2008).
Although the negative effects of cigarette smoking on the development of the fetus and the newborn are well-known, it is estimated approximately 22% of mothers and 45% of fathers continue to smoke during the time of their children’s birth (Nelson and Taylor, 2001). Studies indicate there are about 250 million female smokers around the world and over 700,000 children born with exposure to cigarette smoking each year in the United States (Pauly and Slotkin, 2008). Thus, cigarette smoking may represent the single largest modifiable neuropharmacological exposure for the fetus and newborn (Wickstrom, 2007). Currently, nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is recommended by some obstetricians to help women quit smoking during pregnancy although there are serious concerns about its effectiveness and safety to the mother and her fetus (Pauly and Slotkin, 2008; Wickstrom, 2007).
There are more than 4,000 chemicals in tobacco including carbon monoxide, cyanide, etc., of which nicotine is the major compound with neurotoxicity (Dwyer et al., 2009). Nicotine can easily cross the placental barrier and concentrate in fetal circulation, brain, amniotic fluid and even breast milk during lactation (Wickstrom, 2007). Directly or indirectly, nicotine can exert a variety of adverse effects on fetal development. Nicotine may induce poor nutritional status of mothers via its anorexigenic effect and compromise blood flow to the placenta through enhanced release of catecholamine from adrenals and sympathetic nerve terminals, which may also contribute to chronic placenta insufficiency. More importantly, nicotine can directly affect fetal developmental patterns through the activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Ample human studies have revealed nicotine exposure during pregnancy is associated with a spectrum of adverse fetal and obstetrical outcomes: spontaneous abortion, placenta previa, placental abruption, preterm birth, stillbirth, fetal growth restriction, low birth weight, and, more severely, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) (Archer, 2011; Bruin et al., 2010; Eppolito and Smith, 2006; Slotkin, 1998).
Epidemiological, clinical and experimental studies indicate that adverse effects of prenatal nicotine exposure are far beyond the pregnancy outcomes and neonatal morbidity or mortality. Long-term adverse neurodevelopmental consequences of perinatal nicotine exposure constitute the greatest impact on society. A large amount of evidence suggests that nicotine plays a key role in mediation of long-term neurological developmental deficits resulting from maternal smoking. As one of the major psychoactive agents, nicotine exerts its effects via interaction with various subtypes of nAChRs localized in specific brain regions with programmed temporal and spatial distribution patterns, affecting a multitude of neurotransmitters’ synthesis, release, reuptake and turnover; modulating neural proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis, etc.; altering brain structure, organization and morphology; disrupting normal brain development, which finally contributes to heightened vulnerability to various neurobehavioral, neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric disorders in postnatal life (Bruin et al., 2010; Dwyer et al., 2008; Dwyer et al., 2009; Ernst et al., 2001; Pauly and Slotkin, 2008; Wickstrom, 2007).
Growing epidemiological studies have revealed that prenatal nicotine exposure is associated with various levels of motor and sensory deficits, high incidence of externalizing behavioral problems (such as oppositional, aggressive, overactive), increased risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder (CD), cognitive function impairment in memory, attention and learning, and the risk for developing drug dependence (e.g. nicotine, cocaine) (Eppolito and Smith, 2006; Ernst et al., 2001; Wickstrom, 2007). Consistently, animal studies, mostly in rodents with prenatal nicotine exposure, also demonstrate similar presentations including hyperactivity, cognitive and somatosensory impairment, exaggerated anxiety, neurochemical imbalance, nicotine self-administration, reduction of neural cell survival and aberrant synaptogenesis (Dwyer et al., 2008; Dwyer et al., 2009; Eppolito and Smith, 2006; Levitt, 1998). These detrimental brain effects can be induced without apparent birth weight reduction, a crude marker of poor intrauterine environment, implying the threshold of brain damage by nicotine is much lower than that of inducing IUGR (Slotkin, 1998).
Another problem deserving concern is the NRT during pregnancy. Recently, the NRT is widely accepted and recommended to pregnant smokers although there is a lack of convincing solid evidence for its efficacy and safety. Pharmacologically, the plasma half-life of nicotine is about 2 h (Wickstrom, 2007). However, nicotine is metabolized more quickly during pregnancy, which indicates that higher doses of NRT may be needed to attain an effect for cessation of smoking (Wickstrom, 2007). In addition, most formulations of NRT deliver nicotine continuously compared to episodic smoking in smokers. The total exposure dosage of nicotine by NRT may actually exceed those of pregnant women with mild or moderate cigarette smoking (Wickstrom et al., 2002). Furthermore, given the fact of lower threshold for altering brain development by nicotine, more extensive studies should be conducted to justify the efficacy and safety of NRT to the fetus before its continued application in pregnancy (Pauly and Slotkin, 2008; Wickstrom, 2007).
Cocaine has been one of the most popular illicit drugs over the past 30 years. It is estimated that approximately 30% of young adults reported having used cocaine at the height of the epidemic years (O’Malley et al., 1991). In some urban areas, about 10-45% of women consume cocaine during pregnancy (Chiriboga, 1998; Gressens et al., 2001). Although cocaine abuse began to decline in recent years, it is still one of the major concerns of public health because of its potential long-term adverse effects, especially for the offspring prenatally exposed to cocaine.
Similar to nicotine, cocaine is a highly psychoactive stimulating agent with various effects but has much shorter half-life compared with nicotine (Slotkin, 1998). The most prominent pharmacological effect of cocaine is the inhibition of synaptic reuptake of monoamines, such as catecholamine, dopamine and serotonin, which may contribute to disturbance of autonomic function and aberrant neurotransmission (Chiriboga, 1998; Seidler and Slotkin, 1992; Slotkin, 1998). Like nicotine, cocaine can also easily cross the placenta and concentrate in the fetus with variable levels (Chiriboga, 1998). In addition to its direct inhibitory effects on cell replication, cocaine can induce intense vasoconstriction and compromise maternal cardiovascular system, leading to significant fetal hypoxia/ischemia and/or malnutrition, exerting great impact on fetal development (Anderson-Brown et al., 1990; Chiriboga, 1998; Seidler and Slotkin, 1992).
Although there are some controversies about its negative effects on fetal development recently, large epidemiological, clinical and animal studies have shown the correlation of prenatal cocaine exposure with numerous obstetrical, pediatric and neurobehavioral abnormalities (Ackerman et al., 2010; Chae and Covington, 2009; Chiriboga, 1998; Gressens et al., 2001). For example, in early epidemic years, the term “crack/cocaine baby” was widely employed to depict the infants born to women with cocaine abuse during pregnancy although such a term lacked solid substantiation and was challenged by careful analysis (Chiriboga, 1998). Intrauterine cocaine exposure has been linked to increased risk of spontaneous abortion, abruption of placenta, stillbirth, fetal stress, meconium staining, and premature delivery (Chiriboga, 1998). More importantly, prenatal cocaine exposure is associated with microcephaly, cerebral malformation, focal hypoxic/ischemic or intraventricular hemorrhage damage and perturbation of cerebral cytoarchitecture (Chiriboga, 1998; Gressens et al., 2001; Kandall et al., 1993; Levitt, 1998). After delivery, the offspring with cocaine exposure demonstrates sleep disturbances, feeding difficulties, hypertonic tetraparesis and in some cases with seizure attacks (Chiriboga, 1998; Gressens et al., 2001). Some studies even suggested a possible correlation of cocaine exposure with SIDS (Durand et al., 1990; Gressens et al., 2001; Kandall et al., 1993). These clinical presentations are usually associated with transiently abnormal neurophysiological tests, which may disappear within the first year (Gressens et al., 2001).
It seems that the effects of cocaine exposure on the developing brain are more subtle than those of nicotine (Slotkin, 1998). However, behavioral studies in animal models and recent clinical findings in humans have revealed that prenatal cocaine exposure may also produce long-term neurodevelopmental consequences although its outcome may be subtle and need more sophisticated or challenging methodologies to revelation. The children with cocaine exposure often demonstrate some moderate but significant neuropsychological deficits at school age including difficulty in concentration, weak resistance to distracters, aggressive behavior and impulsivity (Ackerman et al., 2010; Gressens et al., 2001). However, their IQ score may be within the normal range. In addition, these children are vulnerable to development of anxiety or depression (Gressens et al., 2001). Alteration of anatomical structure and perturbation of neurotransmission induced by prenatal cocaine exposure may contribute to such deficits. In addition to its neurological effects, animal studies showed that fetal cocaine exposure resulted in programming of cardiovascular dysfunction in offspring (Bae and Zhang, 2005; Bae et al., 2005; Xiao et al., 2009a, b).
As a well-known teratogen, consumption of alcohol (ethanol) at different gestational stages can produce a wide range of adverse effects on the normal growth and development of the fetus. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) is the term used to describe many problems associated with prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) (Jones et al., 2010). In the USA, 1 in 12 pregnant women drink during the gestational period and each year around 40,000 babies are born with FASD. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is the most severe form of the alcohol spectrum disorders, associated with pre- and postnatal growth retardation and delayed neurological development, and occurs in 0.3-2.2 per 1,000 babies in the USA for the past half-century (Ripabelli et al., 2006). Ethanol crosses the placenta and circulates in the bloodstream of the fetus, affecting the development of fetal cells and tissues. The effect of ethanol in the fetus depends on a series of factors such as doses, exposure time, gestational age and others (de Licona et al., 2009; Maier and West, 2001).
Neurocognitive deficits have been related constantly to PAE. Epidemiology studies also reported that adults with FAS exhibit various neurobehavioral problems. FAS patients present a lot of social problems and don’t have friends, but on the other hand, they feel vulnerable and need care and assistance. Their academic performance is also very poor, most of them drop out or fail school, while aggressiveness is the most common emotional disorder in them (Freunscht and Feldmann, 2011). Rats in PAE demonstrate anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors similar to FAS, and a mechanism that involved oxidative stress has been suggested to induce this effect (Brocardo et al., 2011). Low levels of human alpha-fetoprotein (HAFP) in pregnant women have been associated with FAS in the offspring (Halmesmaki et al., 1987). Although the physiological role for HAFP is not clear, it is known that this protein binds to some transcription factor initiators (e.g., Retinoic acid and estradiol). Thus it may be associated with gene regulation as part of epigenetic mechanisms (King, 2011).
Glucocorticoids during development are essential for normal maturation of various vital organs and contribute to immediate survival after birth. However, overexposure of the fetus to glucocorticoids at the critical developmental window of specific organs may alter normal developmental trajectory and lead to permanent reprogramming of structure and function (Cottrell and Seckl, 2009; Harris and Seckl, 2011; Seckl and Meaney, 2004). Glucocorticoids bind to their specific intracellular receptors (glucocorticoid receptor, GR and mineralocorticoid receptor, MR, respectively), acting as nuclear transcription factors to control target gene expression, regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and survival.
Maternal stress, psychosocial or adverse environmental factors can easily trigger the release of various levels of glucocorticoids or disrupt uteroplacental barrier, such as 11β-HSD2 (Mairesse et al., 2007). During glucocorticoids therapy, which is usually employed in conditions such as preterm delivery when immature lung may threaten neonatal survival or antenatal treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), synthetic glucocorticoids (dexamethasone, betamethasone) may be administered prenatally (Whitelaw and Thoresen, 2000). Although the antenatal glucocorticoids treatment is critical for facilitating the maturation of vital organs and tissues and favoring short-term survival, it may also confer on the fetus adverse levels of glucocorticoids and impair normal fetal development with long-term adverse consequences.
A plethora of evidence has indicated that overexposure to glucocorticoids during vulnerable periods of fetal development correlates with low birth weight, increased risk of premature delivery and adverse outcomes in the offspring. In human studies, there are substantial descriptions of linkage between low birth weight and increased risk of development of cardio-metabolic syndrome, such as hypertension, coronary heart disease, obesity, hyperlipidaemia, insulin resistance, type2 diabetes, stroke, etc., in adulthood (Barker et al., 1993a; Barker et al., 1993b; Cottrell and Seckl, 2009; Fall et al., 1995; Harris and Seckl, 2011; Moore et al., 1996; Rich-Edwards et al., 1997). Such association is independent of other adult life-style risk factors, including smoking, alcohol abuse, lack of exercise, obesity, and poor socioeconomic status (Harris and Seckl, 2011; Leon et al., 1996; Levine et al., 1994; Osmond et al., 1993). Consistently, a wide variety of animal studies also supported these results. For example, enhanced exposure of cortisol from maternal or fetal origins is associated with elevated blood pressure in sheep fetuses (Tangalakis et al., 1992). Dexamethasone treatment during pregnancy in rats demonstrates lower birth weight, increased blood pressure and glucose intolerance in adulthood (Benediktsson et al., 1993). Similar results are found in pregnant baboons treated with repeated doses of betamethasone (Koenen et al., 2002). Lower birth weight may not be the cause of these diseases, which may be considered as a crude indicator of suboptimal intrauterine environment and predictor of increased risk of pathophysiology in later life.
The brain is a major target of glucocorticoids. Both types of glucocorticoid receptors (GR, MR) are widely expressed in the brain, such as in hippocampus, amygdala, lateral septal nuclei and some other cortical areas. Glucocorticoids play a crucial role in normal fetal brain development via initiating terminal maturation, remodeling axon and dendrite growth and affecting cell survival (Harris and Seckl, 2011; Meyer, 1983; Yehuda et al., 1989). Sustained high levels of glucocorticoids in the fetus may exert an adverse impact on brain cell and structure by disturbing the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, neurotransmitter balance and synaptic plasticity, which may contribute to abnormal neurodevelopment and the heightened brain vulnerability to diseases in the postnatal life (Weinstock, 2008). Studies including a wide range of species demonstrate that prenatal glucocorticoids exposure impairs intrauterine growth, re-sets the HPA axis sensitivity, and increases the risk of cardio-metabolic and affective disorders in later life. The greatest effects of glucocorticoids on birth weight usually occur in late pregnancy when fetal growth is accelerating. Prenatal glucocorticoids exposure may result in programming of heightened HPA axis sensitivity to stressful events in later life, leading to permanently increased levels of cortisol or corticosterone in offspring. Higher HPA axis activity confers enhanced response to stress and challenge, underpinning some neurobehavioral and psychiatric abnormalities (Cottrell and Seckl, 2009; Harris and Seckl, 2011; Seckl and Meaney, 2004).
Numerous studies also revealed the correlation between low birth weight and affective, psychiatric and cognitive disorders, such as schizophrenia, attention deficit/hyperactivity (ADHD), antisocial behavior, increased susceptibility to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety disorders, lower IQ score or learning disability, and depression-like behaviors (Cannon et al., 2002; Famularo and Fenton, 1994; Harris and Seckl, 2011; Jones et al., 1998; Lahti et al., 2009; Raikkonen et al., 2008; Thompson et al., 2001; Wiles et al., 2005; Wust et al., 2005). These findings in humans have been corroborated in substantial animal model studies. For example, maternal prenatal stress is correlated with attention deficits in offspring of non-human primates. Rodent model studies demonstrated increased anxiety and depressive-like behavior and compromised cognitive capability in adulthood (Meaney and Szyf, 2005). It seems plausible that excess fetal glucocorticoids exposure may at least partly represent one common pathway in which adverse environmental cues transferred from the mother to the fetus, altering brain developmental trajectory, permanently affecting cerebral structure and function, and reprogramming the vulnerability to later challenges and diseases (Cottrell and Seckl, 2009).
Brain development consists of a series of progressive and regressive events tightly regulated by the interaction between cellular and environmental factors. Fetal brain development is especially susceptible to environmental perturbations. Prenatal stress exposure affects various neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, neurotrophic factors and cell adhesion molecules, etc., at specifically susceptible stages to alter neuronal development via both acute and chronic effects on cellular behavior and gene expression patterns (Levitt, 1998). Aberrant cellular behavior and gene expression confer permanent structure remodeling and function reprogramming, which may lead the brain to be more vulnerable to later challenges.
Nicotine exerts effects mainly through triggering the release of acetylcholine via stimulation of specific subtypes of nAChRs. The most abundant subtypes of nAChR in vertebrate brain are α4β2 and α7, of which α7 is highly expressed in the immature brain. These are implicated in the response to brain injury and inflammation and participate in regulating the rate of apoptosis, and thus may be a potential candidate mechanism in abnormal fetal brain development caused by nicotine exposure (Pauly et al., 2004; Pauly and Slotkin, 2008; Verbois et al., 2000). Acetylcholine acts as a neurotrophic factor in brain development and is involved in cell proliferation, cell differentiation, survival, apoptosis, neuritic outgrowth, neuronal migration, synaptogenesis, and establishment of neuronal circuitry and modulation of other neurotransmitters releasing. Inappropriate premature stimulation of nAChRs during fetal development may disrupt normal prescheduled program of time and/or intensity of these neurotrophic effects and induce abnormal brain development with long-term consequences.
Human and animal studies have shown that prenatal nicotine exposure can up-regulate nAChRs’ density in specific brain regions. However, such up-regulation may be only a compensatory response accompanied by lower function (Wickstrom, 2007). Fetal nicotine stimulation may cause target cells to prematurely switch from proliferation to differentiation and thus alter synaptogenesis. Additionally, nicotine stimulation can induce inappropriate apoptosis in several cell types, such as undifferentiated hippocampus progenitor neurons, dentate gyrus neurons in rats and murine neurons in olfactory bulb (Pauly and Slotkin, 2008). These cellular damages may be dependent on distribution patterns of nAChRs in the brain, leading to region specific abnormality of cell number and other macromolecular contents. The damages of nicotine to cells in the brain can be indicated by increased levels of cell damage markers (ornithine decarboxylase activity) and reduced DNA levels. In addition, these damages may be accompanied by increased gliogenesis, in which glial cells not neuronal cells replace the missing cells and lead to abnormal function (Pauly and Slotkin, 2008; Slotkin, 1998). Thus, structural alterations such as reduction of brain weight, thinner cortical thickness and smaller cell size ensue.
The adverse effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on brain development are more controversial among major drug abuse. Some clinical data suggest that cocaine might exert minimal effects on body size, brain structure and behavioral abnormality compared with alcohol and nicotine (Levitt, 1998; Richardson, 1998). However, recent animal studies revealed some consistent adverse changes in brain development. Experimental studies in mice and monkeys demonstrated that prenatal cocaine exposure resulted in attenuation of neuronal production, disturbance of neuronal migration and differentiation, aberrant gliogenesis and long-term anatomical, molecular and biochemical changes of aminergic systems (Gressens et al., 1992; Gressens et al., 2001; Kosofsky et al., 1994; Levitt, 1998; Lidow, 1995). Most of studies suggest that these neuroanatomical changes are consistent with the distribution patterns of the dopamine (DA) system in the brain, and DA rich brain regions such as the anterior cingulated cortex (ACC) and medial prefrontal cortex (MPF) are predominantly affected, implying that the DA system is the major target of cocaine and confers its major adverse effects on behavior and emotion programming (Dewar and Reader, 1989; Goldman-Rakic and Brown, 1982; Jones et al., 1996; Levitt, 1998; Levitt et al., 1984). Prenatal glucocorticoids exposure also exerts pronounced effects on brain cellular behavior and structure alteration, which will be discussed in the following part.
Maternal protein restriction (MPR) adversely affects fetal brain development by altering astrocytogenesis, the extracellular matrix, neuronal differentiation and programmed cell death (Gressens et al., 1997). In a recently study, it was reported that maternal protein-restricted diet during pregnancy altered the expression patterns of proteins and mRNA related with brain RAS in the fetus, which could be associated with pathogenesis of hypertension (Goyal et al., 2010). Additionally, maternal low-protein diet decreases the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), in fetal rat cerebellums,, which in turn increases the lipid oxidation damage, affecting normal cerebral functions such as coordination control, posture, fine adjustment and cognition process (Bonatto et al., 2006; Torres et al., 2010). It has been further demonstrated that maternal protein-restricted diet decreases lipid levels and DHA in fetal rat brains. These studies suggest that MPR may have a negative impact on fetal brain development. The neuronal metabolic activity is decreased by a low iron diet, and this may affect the recovery of the brain after a brain injury (Rao et al., 1999). MPR also affects the expression of proteins involved in the mitochondrial function, neurogenesis and synaptogenesis. The expression of proteins associated with oxidative pathways in the hippocampus was regulated by MPR (Alexandre-Gouabau et al., 2011). For example, Bcs1L is down-regulated, which is consistent with a decrease in cytochrome c oxidase activity. The expression of NdUf8, a subunit of mitochondrial complex I, is also suppressed by MPR. Another group of proteins involved in the regulation of cellular processes, known as 14-3-3, were also down-regulated as well as PrdX 3, a protein with antioxidant function localized in the mitochondria. It has also been reported that MPR downregulated the expression of Arp3 in the fetal brain, which is part of the Arp2/3 complex involved in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton, as well as Arp1, the fascin and the MAPKK1. Interestingly, MPR upregulated MAP2 and TCP1, playing a significant role in the synaptic activity.
Brain cells consume 20% of the total oxygen available for all the organs, which makes the brain one of the organs with a significant production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Sokoloff, 1999). Additionally, the brain tissue is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, which could be the substrate for lipid peroxidation (Halliwell, 1992). Another reason that makes the brain an organ that could produce high levels of ROS is due to the oxidization of neurotransmitters such as DA, serotonin and norepinephrine. In the fetus, brain cells are prone to be affected by neurotoxic effect due to oxidative stress than in adults because the levels of antioxidant agents are lower in fetal brains than those in adult brains (Bergamini et al., 2004; Henderson et al., 1999). Liver is the organ where ethanol is mostly metabolized, and this process can affect the intracellular redox state of the central nervous system due to a direct dysregulation of mitochondrial bioenergetics. Interestingly, mitochondrial dysfunction has been found in cerebral tissues of fetal mice exposed to ethanol (Xu et al., 2005). One of the enzymes that can metabolize ethanol in the liver is cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1). It was reported that PAE increased the activity of CYP2E1 in the fetal liver and mitochondrial fractions in guinea pigs (Hewitt et al., 2010). Neuronal loss is one of the most prominent alcohol-induced pathological changes. PAE could make the brain more vulnerable by affecting the expression or neuroprotective role of nitric oxide (NO) (Bonthius et al., 2004) associated with the cGMP pathway (Karacay et al., 2007). Studies in mice have shown that deficiency in nNOS may induce neuronal loss and microencephaly (de Licona et al., 2009).
Intrauterine programming of the HPA axis may be one of the key common mechanisms underpinning prenatal stress and increased risk of diseases later in life (Figure 2). Fetal HPA axis is highly susceptible to programming actions during development. Prenatal stress, such as nicotine, cocaine, alcohol, hypoxia, malnutrition and glucocorticoids, can directly or indirectly alter the “set point” of the HPA axis, and enhance the activity of the HPA axis in basal and stressful conditions throughout life. Glucocorticoids play the pivotal role in such programming processes, which may be also associated with other stress mediators, such as catecholamines (Lee et al., 2008). Structures of the limbic system, including hippocampus, hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and amygdala, express high levels of GR, constituting the major target of endogenous or exogenous glucocorticoids in the brain. These GRs, particularly in hippocampus, exert crucial negative feedback regulation on the activity of the HPA axis. Maternal stress or synthetic glucocorticoids administration result in high levels of glucocorticoids exposure to the fetus, leading to down-regulation of GR in hippocampus and attenuation of negative feedback of the HPA axis and enhancement of the HPA axis activity. The overall effects of programming allow body being exposed to sustained elevated endogenous glucocorticoids in both basal and stress conditions, resulting in alteration of behavior, cognition, learning, memory, emotion and predisposing the individual to a variety of cardiovascular and metabolic syndromes in later life (Harris and Seckl, 2011).
The programming effects of HPA function by prenatal stress may be correlated to the exposure’s severity, time, duration, and genetic factors (Harris and Seckl, 2011). Notably, some studies indicate there is a transient period of blunted HPA response during pre-weaning stage in ethanol-exposed offspring followed by a long-term hyper-responsive property (Zhang et al., 2005). Importantly, postnatal events including early handling or maternal behaviors also exert profound effects on programming of HPA function. Weaver (2004) reported the association between early maternal behaviors (licking and grooming, LG and arched back nursing) and alteration of behaviors and HPA responses in adult offspring. The offspring with high LG manipulation demonstrate low levels of fearful behaviors and better-adjusted HPA responses to stress compared with that of offspring with low LG manipulation. Such differences are correlated with altered expression of GR in hippocampus and involve two epigenetic programming mechanisms: demethylation in promoter region of GR gene and hyperacetylation of histones surrounding GR gene. Early maternal behaviors (LG) (within 2 weeks after delivery) can lead to demethylation of the exon 17 promoter region of GR in rat hippocampus, enhance the binding of NGFI-A to exon 17 promoter, up-regulate the expression of GR, strengthen negative feedback regulation of the HPA axis, and result in more optimal glucocorticoids and HPA response to stress challenges in adulthood. These changes between adult offspring with high LG and low LG manipulations can be eliminated by the central infusion of histone deacetylase inhibitor, trichostatic A (TSA), suggesting a reversible potential for genes with long-lasting epigenetic modification (Weaver et al., 2005).
The activity of HPA axis in the fetus can be altered by maternal alcohol exposure. In a study of sheep model, it was reported that PAE during third-trimester-equivalent increased the levels of ACTH and cortisol in the fetus (Cudd et al., 2001). Interestingly, the HPA axis of females is more susceptible to be affected by insults in the fetal environment (McCormick et al., 1995; Szuran et al., 2000). Prenatal alcohol exposure induced sexually dimorphic effects as reported in some studies where females were found more susceptible than males to some effects of maternal exposure (Nelson et al., 1986; Weinberger and Martinez, 1988). One possible mechanism associated with these effects was examined in a study of rat models in which the level of 11β-HSD2 in the placenta of the female pups was found lower than that in the placenta of the male pups (Wilcoxon and Redei, 2004). Additionally, PAE has shown some sexually dimorphic effects on the glucocorticoids-regulated genes where ethanol increases the expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in female but not in male pups, and. interestingly, the mRNA levels of pro-opiomelanocortin were suppressed in male but not in female pups (Aird et al., 1997).
Growing evidence indicates that various neurotransmitters are also profoundly implicated in the programming effects of fetal brain. Appropriate neurotransmitter signals are essential for normal brain development. Perturbation of the time and intensity of neurotransmitter signals at critical developmental stages may result in aberrant cell behavior, changing developmental trajectory and alteration of brain structure and function. Normally, via interaction with their specific receptors, neurotransmitters exert a variety of fundamental effects on brain development through inducing neural cell proliferation, promoting the switch between proliferation and differentiation, modulating axonogenesis and synaptogenesis, triggering or inhibiting apoptosis, initiating appropriate migration and accurate localization of cell groups in specific brain regions (Pauly and Slotkin, 2008). There are a number of neurotransmitters including acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, glutamate and GABA, most of which present in early stages of fetal development. Prenatal stress may directly or indirectly affect the release, synthesis, reuptake and turnover of these neurotransmitters and/or modify their receptors to program fetal brain development. By direct activation of nAChRs, nicotine triggers the release of acetylcholine. Indirectly, nicotine can also regulate other neurotransmitter release by modulation of the presynaptic nAChRs (Wickstrom, 2007). Brain slice preparation studies have shown that nicotine increases presynaptic release of acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, glutamate and GABA (Gauda et al., 2001; Xu et al., 2001). Furthermore, prenatal nicotine exposure can exert more extensive effects through altering some receptor-mediated signaling pathways (Yanai et al., 2002). Compared with nicotine, the major targets of cocaine are the monoaminergic system. Cocaine can act as a competitive antagonist of the transporters of dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine, resulting in disturbance of dopaminergic circuits in the brain. Chronic prenatal alcohol exposure increases glucocorticoids concentration and induces glutamate release in hippocampus of fetal guinea pigs, presumably as a consequence of enhanced glucocorticoids receptor expression (Iqbal et al., 2006). Additionally, alcohol increases the expression of NMDA receptors, which could be neurotoxic for brain development (Naassila and Daoust, 2002).
Glucocorticoids are extraordinary hormones with numerous effects affecting many vital organs/systems, including the brain, heart and kidney, etc., and may regulate expression patterns of approximately 10% of human genes (Buckingham, 2006). Glucocorticoids are essential for life and play a crucial role in the regulation of growth and development, but also are implicated in various pathogenesis. There are two major endogenous glucocorticoids, cortisol and corticosterone, both synthesized in mammalian species but with different distribution predominance between species. Cortisol is predominant in humans while its counterpart corticosterone is principally produced in rodents. As the key mediators of stress responses, glucocorticoids are mainly synthesized from cholesterol in cells of zona fasciculate of adrenal cortex (Buckingham, 2006). In normal conditions, glucocorticoids levels are strictly regulated by negative feedback of glucocorticoids on the HPA axis. Disturbance of such feedback regulation loop may result in maladaptive impacts on the brain and other organs, contributing to numerous pathophysiological changes throughout life.
The effects of glucocorticoids are mainly mediated via binding to their intracellular receptors. There are two receptors with distinct affinity, glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor (GR and MR, respectively), both belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily and modulating target gene expression. Normally, before binding to their specific receptors, about 95% of endogenous glucocorticoids are bound to a carrier protein (corticosteroid-binding globulin, CBG) in circulation, which allows only a small part of free glucocorticoids reaching target cells. Some transporter proteins, belonging to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family, also called multidrug-resistant P-glycoproteins (MDR P-glycoproteins), can actively extrude steroids from cells and lower intracellular levels of glucocorticoids (Buckingham, 2006). However, the most important regulation mechanism of glucocorticoids to their receptors is local pre-receptor metabolism within the target cells by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) that catalyzes the interconversion of cortisol/corticosterone and its inactive metabolites cortisone/11-deoxycorticosterone, respectively. Two isoforms of 11β-HSD have been identified, 11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2, showing counteracting effects (Buckingham, 2006). 11β-HSD2, mainly acting to inactivate endogenous glucocorticoids, presents in some tissues such as the placenta and developing brain, which may offer crucial protection for fetus from exposure to excess of glucocorticoids. However, most synthetic glucocorticoids, such as dexamethasone or betamethasone, are not the selective substrates for 11β-HSD2, which may readily cross the utero-placental barrier and add additional detrimental effects on the fetus compared with the same levels of endogenous or other 11β-HSD2 sensitive glucocorticoids (Buckingham, 2006; Holmes et al., 2003; Seckl and Meaney, 2004).
Glucocorticoids are highly lipophilic and easily cross biological barriers. However, in most normal pregnant conditions, glucocorticoids levels in the fetus are much lower than those in the maternal circulation. Such transplacental concentration gradient is principally maintained by placental 11β-HSD2, which actively captures and converts endogenous glucocorticoids into its inactive metabolites and acts as a primary “barrier” to prevent untimely premature and/or inappropriate intensity of glucocorticoids exposure to sensitive tissues during fetal development (Seckl, 2001; Seckl and Meaney, 2004). However, this enzyme is not a perfect barrier, and it varies considerably with progression of gestation in both placenta and brain under physiological conditions and is readily influenced by various environmental factors (Holmes et al., 2003; Seckl and Meaney, 2004; Seckl and Walker, 2001). For example, in vivo and/or in vitro studies have indicated that the level/activity of 11β-HSD2 is downregulated by malnutrition (e.g., maternal protein restriction), hypoxia, catecholamine, pro-inflammatory cytokines and other endocrine factors (Chisaka et al., 2005; Hardy and Yang, 2002; Homan et al., 2006). Given the significant concentration gradient underlying between the mother and her fetus, only a little alteration of 11β-HSD2 in the placenta may result in a great impact of glucocorticoids on the fetal brain development. Indeed, increased fetal glucocorticoids exposure may result from maternal administration (exogenous), increased maternal levels due to prenatal stress, decreased placental 11β-HSD2 level/activity or increased synthesis by fetal adrenal in late gestational stage (Fowden and Forhead, 2004). Inhibition of 11β-HSD2 during pregnancy is closely correlated with reduced birth weight, the increased risk of hypertension and glucose intolerance, elevated HPA axis activity and anxiety-related behaviors, very similar to actions of excess glucocorticoids exposure. Furthermore, the programming effects of 11β-HSD2 inhibition can be reversed by maternal adrenalectomy and metyrapone administration to block glucocorticoids synthesis, implying the critical role of maternal endogenous glucocorticoids in fetal development (Cottrell and Seckl, 2009; Fowden and Forhead, 2004; Seckl and Meaney, 2004).
Glucocorticoids affect fetal brain development mainly via interaction with their receptors, GR and MR. GR and MR are highly expressed in the developing brain with dynamic and complicated ontogeny. During fetal development, GR presents from the early embryonic stage in most tissues, but expression of MR is relatively limited and presents during later stages of development (Holmes et al., 2003). MR is responsible for mediating effects of very low concentrations of glucocorticoids usually in physiological conditions, and GR mediates effects of relatively high levels of glucocorticoids when MR has been saturated, especially in stress response (Buckingham, 2006). Synthetic glucocorticoids are relatively selective for GR. Therefore, GR is likely to be the major player in glucocorticoids overexposure. After processes such as ligand binding, dimerization and phosphorylation, the glucocorticoid receptor-ligand complex translocates into the nucleus and binds to various GREs (glucocorticoids response elements) in the gene promoter region, resulting in activation or repression of target gene expression. These genomic effects usually occur slowly in onset compared with the rapid nongenomic effects possible mediated by novel membrane receptors (Buckingham, 2006).
Genomic studies have identified a large-scale profile of glucocorticoids responsive gene classes in neural tissues that are implicated in diverse functions of neural plasticity and brain development. These genes mediate processes including neurotransmitter release and exocytosis (PCLO, SYT1, SYT4, CLTB, AP2B1, SNAP25); neurotransmitter turnover (MAO-A); neuronal structure, neurite outgrowth, spine formation (GPM6A, LIMK1, TUBB2, MAP1B, NEFL, CHN1); axonal transport; motor activity (DNCLC1, DNCIC1, LIS1, KIF5C, SYT4); and neural cell adhesion molecules (OBCAM, SC1, LAMP, ICAM5, NRXN3, CX3CL1) (Datson et al., 2008; Datson et al., 2001; Morsink et al., 2006). The effects of glucocorticoids on these gene expressions are time, cell, and environmental context dependent, showing significant disparity between specific brain regions under different types of stressors (Datson et al., 2008).
Glucocorticoids exert effects at cellular and molecular levels to affect tissue/organ growth and differentiation. During fetal development, high levels of glucocorticoids exposure change the expression patterns of various receptors, enzymes, ion channels and transporters in most of cell types as well as alteration of various growth factors, cytoarchitecture proteins, binding proteins and other essential components of the intracellular signaling pathways (Fowden and Forhead, 2004). Such changes significantly impact the basal cellular functions and their responses to numerous stimuli, contributing to alteration of cell size, number, proliferation rate and terminal differentiation. Indirectly, glucocorticoids can also affect tissue proliferation and differentiation via altering cellular secretion of proteins, hormones, growth factors and metabolites, which can greatly amplify its programming effects on fetal development (Fowden and Forhead, 2004). At the molecular level, glucocorticoids regulate target gene transcription, mRNA stability, translation/post-translation modifications, etc., which may be mediated by directly controlling via GREs in promoter regions of responsive genes or indirectly via other transcription factors or glucocorticoids dependent hormones (Fowden and Forhead, 2004). All of these changes induced by glucocorticoids will confer an integration of function at the system level, suggesting that glucocorticoids-mediated programming may result in dynamic, multifaceted, co-ordinated and interdependent changes in different tissues (Fowden and Forhead, 2004).
Sufficient glucocorticoids are vital for normal maturation in most regions of the developing CNS. However, during vulnerable stages of development, inappropriate levels of glucocorticoids may remodel developmental trajectories of specific brain structures and alter corresponding functions accompanied by long-lasting adverse consequences, notably disturbance of behavior, cognition and disease susceptibility in later life (Harris and Seckl, 2011; Seckl and Meaney, 2004). For example, prenatal glucocorticoids administration reduces brain weight at birth, delays myelination of the corpus callosum, retards astrocyte and vasculature maturation in sheep, and decreases cortex convolutions index and surface area in humans (Antonow-Schlorke et al., 2009; Modi et al., 2001). Prenatal stress can also diminish dendritic spine density in the anterior cingulated gyrus and orbitofrontal cortex in rats (Murmu et al., 2006). Studies in both humans and animals have revealed that hippocampus is a highly vulnerable structure particularly sensitive to prenatal glucocorticoids exposure, leading to variable memory and behavior deficits. For example, prenatal stress in rats can reduce synaptic spine density in hippocampus, which is associated with impairment of reversal learning (Hayashi et al., 1998). Betamethasone administration in fetal baboons inhibits neurogenesis and impairs neuronal plasticity via downregulation of critical proteins such as cytoskeletal microtubule-associated proteins and synaptophysin, resulting in cognition deficits (Antonow-Schlorke et al., 2003). In addition, antenatal administration of dexamethasone results in neuronal degeneration in the hippocampus subfields and reduces the hippocampus volume in a dose-dependent manner (Uno et al., 1990). It seems that chronic low levels of glucocorticoids exposure may be more deleterious than its short, sharp impact on fetal brain development (Harris and Seckl, 2011). Thus, the alteration of hippocampus structure and function may offer a plausible neuroanatomical basis for the programming effects of glucocorticoids on cognitive ability, behavior and the risk of psychological and psychiatric disorders in later life.
Long-term prenatal glucocorticoids exposure may permanently alter the “set point” and sensitivity of endocrine axis, such as the somatotrophic and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axes (Fowden and Forhead, 2004; Meaney et al., 2007). The HPA axis is an important programming target in the brain. It is strictly controlled by a negative-feedback mechanism in which glucocorticoids from peripheral adrenal cortex interact with GR in hippocampus, hypothalamus and pituitary to modulate its final level and activity of HPA axis in stress. Maternal malnutrition, inhibition of 11β-HSD2 and other prenatal stress may reduce tissue-specific expression of GR, particularly in hippocampus and impair the negative feedback regulation of glucocorticoids, thus altering the “set point” of the HPA axis (Harris and Seckl, 2011; Meaney et al., 2007; Seckl and Meaney, 2004). A large variety of animal studies have shown prenatal glucocorticoids exposure permanently increases basal corticosterone/cortisol levels in plasma and enhances the activity of HPA axis in adult rats, sheep, guinea pigs and primates (Hawkins et al., 2000; Levitt et al., 1996; Seckl and Meaney, 2004; Uno et al., 1994). Such changes are dependent on gestational age of exposure and also show sex-specific features. Prenatal dexamethasone exposure also stimulates CRH expression in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVN) and in central nucleus of the amygdala, increasing corticosterone and ACTH levels in rat offspring (Levitt et al., 1996). Additionally, prenatal stress may heighten the vulnerability of CRH neuron in PVN and also program the development of the HPA axis (Tobe et al., 2005). HPA programming may be a common pathway shared by other prenatal challenges. Furthermore, prenatal glucocorticoids exposure may have effects beyond the CNS and elevate 11β-HSD1 levels in hepatic, visceral adipose tissues, which regenerates more active glucocorticoids from its inactive metabolites and further enhances adverse effects of glucocorticoids on the developing brain (Cleasby et al., 2003; Nyirenda et al., 2009). Given its wide spectrum of physiological and pathophysiological functions, it is predictable that chronic excess of glucocorticoids during fetal development and overactivity of the HPA axis may increase risks of development of hypertension, hyperglycemia, obesity, other metabocardiovascular syndrome, stroke, cognitive impairment, affective and other neuropsychiatric disorders in later life, similar to what is expected in Cushing’s syndrome (Harris and Seckl, 2011).
Excessive glucocorticoids exposure may also lead to reprogramming of offspring behavior in postnatal life. Glucocorticoids can reprogram expression patterns of several key molecules implicated in the regulation of neuronal development, HPA axis and other higher cerebral functions (Drake et al., 2007). For example, prenatal glucocorticoids exposure increases CRH and GR expression in the amygdala, a central structure mediating emotional response such as fear and anxiety (Welberg et al., 2000, 2001). Through elevated CRH and GR, amygdala may positively drive the HPA axis activity, which has been supported by transgenic study in mice (Tronche et al., 1999). Prenatal glucocorticoids exposure can also influence the development of dopaminergic system, contributing to the development of schizo-affective, attention-deficit hyperactivity, extrapyramidal disorders and drug addiction (Drake et al., 2007). Some studies also suggest that prenatal dexamethasone treatment may enhance vulnerability of cholinergic neurons to toxic challenges in later life (Diaz et al., 1995). Human studies have revealed the correlation between stressful events during the second trimester of pregnancy and incidence of schizophrenia. Of importance, such programming effects are also time-dependent (Koenig et al., 2002).
Given its deep involvement in various acute and chronic stress responses, it is easy to assume the critical position of catecholamines in programming of fetal development by prenatal stress. However, up to now, only a few studies are available to indicate the effects of catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine) in fetal stress-mediated programming of the developing brain. Predictably, prenatal stress can evoke enhanced maternal release of norepinephrine via activation of the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary system, resulting in significant maternal vasoconstriction and/or disturbance of maternal cardiovascular function. This will lead to compromised delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus and exaggerate adverse effects of other stress stimuli on the fetus. More importantly, Sarkar (2001) reported that both norepinephrine and epinephrine rapidly repressed 11β-HSD2 mRNA expression in early and late gestational human trophoblast cell lines, which might increase exposure levels of glucocorticoids to the fetus in uterus. The downregulation of 11β-HSD2 by catecholamines is mainly mediated by activation of α1 and α2 adrenoreceptors and is not dependent on β-adrenergic stimulation. However, no similar studies in vivo have been reported yet. There are studies implying that catecholamines may exert programming effects on the HPA axis in offspring of a fetal ethanol exposure model (Lee et al., 2008). However, most of these studies only confer indirect evidence of programming effects of catecholamines. Notably, some studies have indicated that maternal catecholamines can cross the placenta, and catecholamines are released by the fetus of later stage in stress (Morgan et al., 1972; Thomas et al., 1995), suggesting it is plausible that catecholamines may exert direct programming effects on fetal brain and other organ development via interaction with their specific regionally expressed α and/or β adrenoceptors. Indeed, a recent study in pregnant rats demonstrated a key role of increased norepinephrine in nicotine-mediated promoter methylation and PKCε gene repression in the developing heart and its sustained effect on heightened cardiac vulnerability to ischemic and reperfusion injury in adult offspring (Lawrence et al., 2011).
One of the important adaptive mechanisms that the human body could be evoked to react to some adverse environments is through epigenetic modification of gene expression patterns. The fetal developmental stage is the most critical period for the human being because in the uterus the fetus could be exposed to inadequate or inappropriate environments that could be chemical/nutritional or non-chemical. These epigenetic changes could be associated with conditions or diseases during adulthood (Joss-Moore et al., 2011; Nistala et al., 2011; Pinney and Simmons, 2010).
The fetus is a critical developmental stage in which different events occur in a way to induce repression or activation of gene transcription via epigenetic mechanisms (Chen and Zhang, 2011). Epigenetic modifications regulate the expression of genes without altering the DNA sequence. The chromatin-based epigenetic is very important to ensure the correct integration of developmental signals at gene regulatory regions in which chromatin modifications play very important roles. Some of these chromatin modifications are mediated by DNA methylation and histone posttranslational modifications (HPTMs), including histone methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, sumoylation and propionylation (Jungel et al., 2010; Ouvry-Patat and Schey, 2007). Other important chromatin modifications and processes are the histone variants, the chromatin remodeling and RNA interference.
Many of these modifications have been associated with disease programming. Studies in mice showed that a low-protein diet in pregnant animals during the second trimester of gestation induced hypomethylation in the CpG islands of the ACE-1 gene promoter in the fetal brain (Goyal et al., 2010). It has also been reported that low-protein diet during pregnancy alters the expression of mmu-mir-27a, mmu-mir27b and mmu-mir-330, which are important miRNAs in the regulation of mRNA stability. These results suggest that the effect of these epigenetic changes may play an important role in the manifestation of brain dysfunction and other disorders later in life. Studies in pregnant rats showed that a low-protein diet during gestation decreased the expression of DNA methyl transferase (DNMT) 1 and the methylation levels of exon 110 at glucocorticoids receptor gene promoter and increased the expression of GR in offspring at postnatal day 34 (Lillycrop et al., 2007).
Other examples of fetal stress-mediated epigenetic modifications of gene expression patterns include the regulation of PKCε gene expression in the developing heart. Several animal models of fetal stress, including hypoxia, cocaine, and nicotine exposure, have demonstrated PKCε gene repression in the developing heart and increased heart vulnerability to ischemia and reperfusion injury in offspring, suggesting a common mechanism of PKCε in fetal programming of heart disease in later adult life (Lawrence et al., 2011; Meyer et al., 2009; Patterson et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2009). It has been well-documented that PKCε plays a critical role in cardioprotection during cardiac ischemia and reperfusion injury (Heusch et al., 2010; Murriel and Mochly-Rosen, 2003). Fetal stress caused highly specific changes in CpG methylation patterns at PKCε gene promoter and induced subtle epigenetic modifications of PKCε gene repression in the developing heart with pathophysiological consequences in the offspring heart (Lawrence et al., 2011; Meyer et al., 2009; Patterson et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2009).
Epigenetic regulation is also associated with programming of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Chromatin remodeling has been found in cells of IUGR rats. A decrease on histone acetylation in H3 and H4 at the proximal promoter Pdx1, which plays a critical role in the development of endocrine and exocrine pancreas, was observed in the islets isolated from IUGR fetuses (Park et al., 2008). This modification affected the binding of USF1, an activator of Pdx1, and the resulting decrease of Pdx1 transcription causes a significant repercussion in the aberrant development of the pancreas (Li et al., 2006).
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a vital role in the brain development. An epidemiologic study in adolescents whose mothers smoked during pregnancy revealed that prenatal nicotine exposure increases DNA methylation of the BDNF-6 exon, and this may lead to changes in the plasticity and development of the brain (Toledo-Rodriguez et al., 2010). A recent study evaluated the DNA methylation patterns of the genes coding GR, 11β-HSD2, neuronatin and reelin in hippocampus of the offspring rats from pregnant animals that had been treated with a deficient methyl donor diet (MDD). Though the behavior differences were demonstrated between MDD and the control groups, the DNA methylation patterns of these genes were not altered (Konycheva et al., 2011). However, it has been shown that maternal stress of pregnant rats during gestational days 12-16 increases the levels of DNA methylation in frontal cortex and hippocampus in offspring, which is associated with behavioral changes in offspring rats (Mychasiuk et al., 2011). Additionally, it has been found that fetal exposure to bisphenol A (BPA), a xenoestrogen, induces changes in DNA methylation patterns in the 2500 Notl loci, suggesting that the maternal BPA exposure may also exert some programming effects on brain development (Yaoi et al., 2008).
The most common cause of neonatal brain damage is HIE, which is also the most clearly recognized cause of cerebral palsy (Bracci et al., 2006; Perlman, 1997, 2006). Severe HIE disrupts normal brain development, leading to a wide variety of neurodevelopmental deficits presented as various motor and sensory abnormality, learning disability, mental retardation and seizure attacks (Vannucci, 1990; Vexler and Ferriero, 2001). The incidence of asphyxia is approximately 20% in full-term infants and up to 60% in premature infants with low birth weight, of which 20 – 50% asphyxiated infants showing HIE symptoms and signs will die and about 25% of the survivors will be accompanied by permanent severe neuropsychological disability (Vannucci, 2000).
Compromised cerebral blood flow (CBF) is the dominant pathogenetic mechanism for neuropathophysiology due to hypoxia-ischemia, which may arise from acute reduced materno/feto-placental blood flow or from chronically compromised fetal oxygen and energy supply (Perlman, 2006; Terzidou and Bennett, 2001). The resulting patterns of HIE injury consist of periventricular white matter lesions in preterm newborn; cortico-subcortical lesions, particularly in the sensomotor cortex, parasagittal region, and deep gray matter lesions of basal ganglia and thalamus in near-term and term newborns. Such patterns of injury are associated with brain maturation stage and nature of hypoxic-ischemic injury.
The etiology of brain damage secondary to HIE is complicated and multifaceted. It is well documented that energy failure due to reduction of CBF and oxygen delivery initiates the principal pathways contributing to brain cell death. In acute phase, energy depletion (primary energy failure) results in increased neuronal release of glutamate and reduced reuptake of glutamate by astrocyte, lactate acidosis, glutamate receptor (NMDA) activation, intracellular calcium accumulation, generation of ROS, lipid peroxidation, NO formation and neurotoxicity, disruption of cell essential components, and immediate or delayed cell death. Typically, about 6 – 48 h later, a second phase of injury (secondary energy failure) ensues. During this phase, accumulated mitochondrial dysfunction secondary to extended injury from primary insults (calcium influx, excitotoxicity, oxygen free radicals or NO nitrosative stress) leads to release of various cytotoxic enzymes and pro-apoptotic proteins from mitochondria causing delayed cell death (Perlman, 2006; Rees et al., 2008, 2011; Vexler and Ferriero, 2001). Evidence suggests that some circulatory and endogenous inflammatory cells/mediators may also contribute to such ongoing brain injury (Palmer, 1995; Perlman, 2006).
It is also notable that compared with the adult brain, the neonatal brain shows some differences in physiological structure organization, ontogeny, function, cellular composition and signaling pathway related to gene and protein expression, demonstrating more sensitive and plastic features to challenges (Chen et al., 2009b). Such features determine that its response to brain injury is also significantly different from the adult brain, resulting in distinct acute and chronic neurological consequences, which deserves a careful consideration in experimental and clinical studies. For example, the neonatal brain shows more permeable immature blood-brain barrier (BBB) that allows readily cross of various solutes and small insoluble molecules in blood (Chen et al., 2009b). The major responses to injury and cell death mechanisms are different in the neonatal brain, favoring more apoptotic features (Vexler and Ferriero, 2001). Additionally, the response to the treatment in the neonatal brain may be also different from that in the adult brain. In general, compared with the adult brain, the neonatal brain is more resistant to HI damage (Vannucci and Hagberg, 2004).
Up to now, no universally definite effective therapy is available to intervene with this severe neonatal encephalopathy. The only accepted therapy for HIE in clinical practice is moderate hypothermia. A recent meta-analysis of 10 randomized controlled trials confirmed the neuroprotective effects of moderate hypothermia administered within 6 h after birth for full-term newborns with mild or moderate HIE, showing reduced mortality and neurological deficits at 18 months of age (Edwards et al., 2010; Rees et al., 2011). However, it does not improve mortality and neurological outcomes in neonates with severe HI brain injury and is contraindicated in pre-term neonates. Furthermore, the narrow administration time window also greatly restricts its clinical application. Other intervention strategies, such as application of excitatory amino acid antagonists, oxygen free radical inhibitors and scavengers, inhibition of nitric oxide formation, blockade of apoptosis cascades, application of growth factors and neurosteroids, are either still in the experimental stage or in early, ongoing, small scale clinical studies or have already failed in clinical trials, showing the lack of solid evidence to justify their extensive application (Perlman, 2006; Rees et al., 2011).
A wealth of human and animal studies has indicated the close link between prenatal stress and enhanced risk of development of cardiometabolic syndrome, stroke, neurobehavioural, neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric pathogenesis in adolescence and/or adulthood. However, little research concerns the potential harmful effects of fetal stress on the susceptibility of neonatal HIE. Given the profound impact of prenatal stress on programming of brain structures and functions as discussed above, it is plausible to presume that fetal stress may induce the sensitive phenotype of HIE in the neonatal brain via reprogramming expression patterns of some key functional genes and/or proteins involved in the pathophysiology of HIE. Indeed, recent studies lend necessary supports to such a hypothesis.
Multiple mechanisms may be involved in the fetal stress-mediated increase in the susceptibility of neonatal HIE (Figure 3). Prenatal stress may enhance the vulnerability of neonatal HIE via reprogramming expression patterns of essential components of the reninangiotensin system (RAS) in the brain (Mao et al., 2009a). It is well accepted that RAS is both a circulating and tissue/organ specific hormonal system implicated in various physiological and pathophysiological processes via the major peptide angiotensin II (Ang II) stimulating its specific AT1R and AT2R, which demonstrate opposite effects in many conditions (Sokol et al., 2004; Dasgupta and Zhang, 2011; Shi et al., 2010). Both AT1R and AT2R are present in the brain with different expression patterns and signaling pathways during different developmental stages. Clinical trials and experimental studies indicate that RAS plays an important role in the development and progression of cerebrovascular diseases, but most of these studies were conducted in the mature brains. For example, clinical trials such as LIFE and MOSES have demonstrated that chronic blockade of RAS can offer neuroprotection with the prevention of first or recurrent stroke in high-risk populations, independent of its blood pressure-lowering effects (Lindholm et al., 2002; Schrader et al., 2005). Numerous studies have revealed that AT1R antagonists exhibit anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant effects and improve cerebral perfusion, demonstrating vascular-dependent and -independent neuroprotection in acute stroke (Ando et al., 2004; Dai et al., 1999; Lou et al., 2004; Zhou et al., 2005). Less is known about the role of AT2R in neurological pathophysiology. Emerging evidence indicates that AT2R also confers beneficial effects in a variety of pathologies including various neurological disorders. Some studies reported that AT2R was up-regulated in stroke, particularly in the ischemic area of the brain, implying its potential role in neuroprotection (Mogi et al., 2006). Increased activation of AT2R may be responsible for some neuroprotective effects of AT1R antagonism (Li et al., 2005). In vitro stimulation of AT2R promotes intense neurite outgrowth, which can be antagonized by PD123319 (Laflamme et al., 1996). Moreover, McCarthy et al. (2009) demonstrated centrally direct stimulation of AT2R with CGP42112 conferred a neuroprotective role in a conscious rat model of stroke, which was beyond blood pressure regulation. The underlying mechanisms of AT2R in neuroprotection remain to be elucidated. Some studies indicated that it may be related to its complicated interaction with AT1R in apoptotic modulation, neuronal regeneration and vasodilation in ischemic regions following stroke (Jones et al., 2008; Saavedra et al., 2006). Stressful stimuli in pre- or perinatal developmental stages may reprogram the expression patterns of AT1R and AT2R in vital organs such as the heart, vasculatures, kidney and brain, contributing to later pathologies. Such programming effects may be glucocorticoids dependent and sometimes with sex diversity and involve complex epigenetic mechanisms. For example, nicotine exposure alters expression patterns of AT1R and AT2R in the kidney and vessels, and enhances vascular response to vasoconstrictors, which maybe contribute to development of hypertension in adulthood (Mao et al., 2009a, b; Xiao et al., 2007, 2008, 2011). In addition, maternal hypoxia during gestation can downregulate glucocorticoid receptors in the heart of fetuses and offspring and decrease GR binding to the GREs at the AT2R promoter region, resulting in increased expression of AT2R and heightened cardiac susceptibility to ischemicreperfusion injury in adult offspring (Xue et al., 2011). Our recent preliminary studies have shown the neuroprotective effects of stimulation of AT2R in the brain by intracerebroventricular injection of its selective agonist and antagonist in postnatal 10 day rat pups with HIE. More importantly, we have revealed that perinatal nicotine exposure significantly affects expression patterns of AT2R in postnatal 10 day neonatal brain in a sex-dependent manner, suppression in male pups and upregulation in female pups, which closely parallels to the exaggerated brain HI-induced infarction size in male pups in nicotine-treated animals. This sex-dependent difference of heightened brain HI injury in neonate rats induced by nicotine can be reversed by intracerebroventricular administration of AT2R agonist or antagonist, which further confirms a key role of AT2R in fetal stress-mediated programming of ischemic-sensitive phenotype in the neonatal brain and suggests a novel mechanism in heightened vulnerability of HIE in neonates. Interestingly, similar findings were obtained in a rat model of fetal hypoxia, showing that prenatal hypoxic stress also enhanced HI-induced infarction size in neonatal pups of HIE model, which was accompanied by significant alteration of expression patterns of AT1R and AT2R in the brain. These studies suggest a common mechanism of Ang II receptors in programming of the vulnerability of neonatal HIE.
Another promising candidate mediator with potential role in heightened vulnerability of neonatal HIE is glucocorticoids, either cortisol or corticosterone. As discussed above, glucocorticoids exert profound effects on the programming of fetal stress and brain development, particularly their programming effects on the HPA axis activity as well as other important organs and tissues. Sustained overexposure to glucocorticoids down-regulates GR levels in hippocampus, attenuates negative feedback of the HPA axis, permanently resets the activity of HPA axis and enhances basal and stressful glucocorticoids responses in the postnatal life. These will cause the brain to be exposed to chronically high level of glucocorticoids, resulting in aberrant gene regulation and cell behavior and programming of vulnerability of HIE injury. Paradoxically, glucocorticoids show bidirectional effects on the brain, which may be implicated in both neurodegenerative and neuroprotective processes (Abraham et al., 2001). On the one hand, glucocorticoids may inhibit key nutrients such as glucose uptake, modulate both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission, increase intracellular calcium concentrations, enhance excitotoxicity and induce perturbation of 11β-HSD, which may retard fetal brain growth, delay myelination, promote synapse degeneration and enhance neuronal vulnerability to hypoxic/ischemic insults (Abraham et al., 1996; Doyle et al., 1993; Joels and de Kloet, 1994; Moghaddam et al., 1994; Seckl and Walker, 2001). On the other hand, some studies indicate via modulating calcium currents, increasing synthesis of neurotrophic factors, such as lipocortin-1, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and decreasing lipid peroxidation, glucocorticoids may be neuroprotective (Flower and Rothwell, 1994; Joels and de Kloet, 1994; Mocchetti et al., 1996; Young and Flamm, 1982). There are experimental findings suggesting that glucocorticoids affect the vulnerability of fetal and neonatal brain to hypoxiaischemia challenge. However, the results were inconsistent, contradictory, and dependent on experimental protocol, dosage, time, animal age, strains and species (Flavin, 1996; Kauffman et al., 1994; Tombaugh et al., 1992; Tuor, 1995, 1997; Whitelaw and Thoresen, 2000). It appears that the concentration and duration of glucocorticoids treatment are the two key factors determining the detrimental or beneficial effects of glucocorticoids in the brain. Exposure to long-term and high levels of glucocorticoids enhances neurotoxic effects in brain injury, such as in HIE, whereas physiological or slightly higher (slightly supraphysiological elevated levels in a narrow concentration window) levels of glucocorticoids may confer on the brain protective potential to challenges (Abraham et al., 2001). Although there are some controversial reports in the literature, the notion has been widely accepted that overexposure to glucocorticoids enhances neuronal degeneration (Abraham et al., 2001). Given that most prenatal stress increases both basal and stressful glucocorticoids levels in offspring mainly via reprogramming of the HPA axis, which may contribute to enhanced vulnerability of neonatal HIE and other challenges, it is plausible that glucocorticoid itself may be a pivotal mediator in such pathophysiological processes. However, such effects may be variable depending on the duration, timing, severity and types of prenatal stresses.
Fetal stress may also reprogram expression patterns of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the neonatal brain, which contribute to the enhanced vulnerability of HIE. MMPs belong to a family of zinc-dependent proteases that exert pronounced effects in the ECM turnover. These enzymes remodel almost all components of the matrix and play an essential role in cell signaling regulation, cell survival and cell death. MMPs, especially MMP-2, MMP-3 and MMP-9, may target the extracellular matrix of blood vessels, basal lamina, and tight junctions in endothelial cells, increase the permeability of the blood-brain barrier in neuroinflammation due to hypoxiaischemia, multiple sclerosis and CNS infection, which can result in cytotoxic and vasogenic edema, promote hemorrhagic transformation, induce apoptosis of neurons and oligodendrocytes (Cunningham et al., 2005; Rosenberg, 2009). However, in later stage of such pathology, MMPs play critical roles in tissue repair and remodeling process via inducing angiogenesis and neurogenesis. Growing evidence suggests that overly upregulated activity/expression of MMPs, particularly MMP-2 and MMP-9, are deleterious in the acute phase of stroke. Inhibition of MMPs in the acute phase may reduce the damage to BBB (Gasche et al., 2001). There is a report indicating decreased damage to BBB and reduced infarct size in a focal ischemic MMP-9 knockout model (Asahi et al., 2001). More importantly, a recent study in a neonatal rat HIE model revealed that early inhibition of MMPs conferred acute and long term beneficial effects via reducing tight junction proteins degradation, attenuating the permeability of BBB, improving brain edema, and preventing brain atrophy (Chen et al., 2009a). Fetal hypoxia reprograms expression patterns of MMPs in the heart and brain and increases activities/expressions of both MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the neonatal brain (Tong et al., 2010, 2011; Tong and Zhang, 2011). Considering the evident detrimental effects of MMPs in the acute stroke models and other neurological pathophysiologies, it is plausible that altered expression patterns of MMPs by prenatal stress is another important mediator in programming of ischemic-sensitive phenotype and increased susceptibility of HIE in the neonatal brain.
Hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), a key regulator in response to cellular hypoxia and oxygen homeostasis (Wang et al., 1995), may be profoundly involved in the programming effects of prenatal stress on the vulnerability to neonatal HIE. Being a heterodimeric transcription factor, HIF-1 consists of an oxygen-sensitive HIF-1α and a constitutively expressed HIF-1β. The normal oxygen level results in a rapid degradation of HIF-1α, but hypoxia can enhance the stability of HIF-1α and promote the transactivation of its target genes. More than 100 HIF-1α targeted genes have been identified up to now, including erythropoiesis (EPO), angiogenesis (VEGF), cell proliferation (IGF-2), glucose metabolism (Glut-1,3), inflammation (COX-2), cell apoptosis (BNIP3, P53), vascular tone and matrix metabolism, etc. (Ke and Costa, 2006). Based on its regulation of a wide spectrum of genes in diverse contexts, the effects of HIF-1α activation may be very complex and variable, to some extent similar to those of glucocorticoids. During brain challenges, such as in hypoxia-ischemia, HIF-1α may be both anti-apoptotic via enhancing the transcription of EPO, VEGF, IGF-2 and GLUT-1, etc., but it also can be pro-apoptotic by upregulation of factors such as COX-2, BNIP3 and P53 that contribute to cell death (Chen et al., 2009b; Fan et al., 2009). Notably, VEGF promotes the permeability of BBB and enhances brain edema in the acute phase of HI, which is different from its later beneficial effects such as neovascularization (Chen et al., 2009b). The bidirectional effects of HIF-1α in hypoxia may be affected by some factors, such as the duration and severity of hypoxia, and the type of pathological stimuli. Mild hypoxia may predominantly induce anti-apoptotic gene expression, but more sustained and severe hypoxia promotes pro-apoptotic gene expression (Chen et al., 2009b; Fan et al., 2009). In addition, effects of HIF-1α in HI may be cell type specific. In vitro studies suggest that functional loss of HIF-1α may be neuroprotective for astrocyte but enhances neuronal vulnerability to HI injury (Vangeison et al., 2008). Under normal conditions, HIF-1α is essential for normal fetal brain development via the activation of genes such as VEGF because of the relatively lower physiological oxygen level in uterus (Fan et al., 2009; Lee et al., 2001; Trollmann and Gassmann, 2009). In addition to maternal hypoxia, some other prenatal stresses, such as nicotine, cocaine, and ethanol exposure, may also trigger the release of catecholamines, resulting in various degrees of ischemia/hypoxia insult to the fetus and leading to a sustained or episodic upregulation of HIF-1α. Long-term and supraphysiological high levels of HIF-1α in the fetus, combined with its adverse impacts on the developing brain, may persist into the postnatal developmental stage and enhance the vulnerability of neonatal HIE injury.
There are some studies indicating that aberrant development of the monoaminergic system in specific brain regions and/or peripheral organs such as the heart and adrenals also weakens the tolerance to hypoxia/ischemia insults in neonates. It is well recognized that prenatal nicotine exposure is a major risk factor for SIDS in which defective arousal and cardiorespiratory response adjustment are considered to be the potential mechanisms (Milerad and Sundell, 1993; Slotkin, 1998; Wickstrom, 2007). Prenatal nicotine exposure exerts negative effects on the development of central and peripheral catecholaminergic system by decreasing synthesizing enzymes and reducing synthesis and release of catecholamines in brainstem nucleus, adrenals and heart, which may particularly impact the crucial defensive response to acute stress including hypoxia/ischemia and enhance the vulnerability of neonatal HIE (Slotkin et al., 1987; Wickstrom et al., 2002). These detrimental effects in defensive responses appear to correlate with functional loss of some subtypes of nAChRs via activity-dependent desensitization (Cohen et al., 2002). A recent study in rhesus monkey also reported that prenatal nicotine exposure compromises the brainstem serotonergic pathways, another important neural structure implicated in autonomic function, arousal and cardiorespiratory responses to acute hypoxic/ischemic challenge (Slotkin et al., 2011).
Evidently, the impacts of prenatal stress on fetal and neonatal brain development are very complicated, dynamic, variable and multifaceted, which may also be subtle or drastic, and are profoundly affected by exposure age, duration, protocol, severity and nature of stress stimuli, and genetic traits. The underlying mechanisms of neonatal HIE remain to be further elucidated. In addition to the common potential mediators mentioned above, there are other possible factors that may be involved in programming of the vulnerability of neonatal HIE under different types of prenatal stressor. For example, the decreased expression of some neurotrophic factors, such as BDNF; perturbation of neurotransmitters and their receptors, such as glutamate, GABA and NMDA; enhanced oxidative stress; dysfunction of mitochondria; and inflammatory factors, may all act as potential mediators to alter the vulnerability of HIE in the neonatal brain (Archer, 2011; Levitt, 1998; Warner and Ozanne, 2010).
Another factor deserving consideration is the methodologies employed to assess the vulnerability of neonatal HIE. As discussed above, the effects may be varied greatly depending on the methods used. Some changes may be significant enough so that some preliminary methods can reveal the underlying differences, such as quantification of infarction size by TTC staining, brain water content measurement and BBB permeability detection. However, some changes may be so subtle that we may readily deny their existence. In such conditions, more sensitive and challenging methods must be explored and employed, such as histological techniques; neurobehavioral, psychological and psychiatric assessments; and long-term structural and functional evaluations, to reveal or reject the distinction.
Trying to avoid potential stress stimuli during pregnancy is essential for effectively preventing or ameliorating the adverse programming effects on fetal development. Quitting use of ethanol, cocaine and nicotine should be encouraged, which can be further supported by behavioral modifications and counseling strategies. Owing to the lack of solid evidence of its efficacy and safety, NRT should not be readily recommended to pregnant women until carefully weighing its potentially adverse effects on the fetus (Pauly and Slotkin, 2008; Slotkin, 1998). For pregnant women who are strongly indicated for glucocorticoids therapy, the selection of glucocorticoids and administration protocol are vital. Normally, 11β-HSD2 sensitive glucocorticoids should be favored and betamethasone may be preferred to dexamethasone, and low dosage administration and fewer times of injection may be more beneficial to the fetus based on available clinical studies (Gulino et al., 2009; Heine and Rowitch, 2009; Whitelaw and Thoresen, 2000). It is also important to treat underlying systemic diseases to prevent or attenuate possible placental insufficiency and fetal ischemia/hypoxia and to improve maternal nutrition status with an optimal balanced diet supplying nutrients including various macro and/or micro nutrients when necessary.
A wide variety of emerging evidence has suggested that epigenetic modifications of gene expression patterns exhibit a central role in fetal stress-mediated programming of neurological and cardiometabolic disorders in later life. Predictably, pharmacological manipulations of epigenetic mechanisms present a promising interventional strategy. Indeed, several experimental studies offered exciting results. As mentioned above, programming of the HPA axis provides an important common pathway for the alteration of vulnerability to various pathophysiologies in later life in which epigenetic modification of GR gene expression patterns in hippocampus plays a critical role. Animal studies conducted in high or low maternal LG offspring have revealed that central infusion of a HDAC inhibitor, trichostatin A (TSA) or methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), can reverse the epigenetic modification status in GR promoter region, rescue the binding capacity of NGFI-A to exon 17 region, recover GR expression in hippocampus, restore the HPA axis activity, and reverse the increased vulnerability of neurological dysfunction in later life (Weaver et al., 2004; Weaver et al., 2005). More importantly, these studies imply that it is still reversible for some gene expression controlled by lasting epigenetic modifications, and enriching postnatal environment, or providing pharmacological interventions may restore long-term aberrant programming effects. In addition to HDAC inhibitors and DNA methylation inhibitors, other agents, such as plant-derived isoflavone genistein, leptin, folate, fish oil, omega-3 and vitamin D, can alter the corresponding abnormal epigenetic modification status and improve the adverse programming effects caused by prenatal stress (Gregorio et al., 2008; Hypponen et al., 2007; Torrens et al., 2006; Vickers et al., 2008; Wyrwoll et al., 2007). However, up to now, most of epigenetic therapy compounds exert nonspecific modifications on genes and transposable elements, and thus their adverse effects should not be neglected, including inducing or inhibiting other non-responsible genes expression, the potential tumorigenesis and mutagenesis properties, as well as promoting cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis (Karpf et al., 2001; Laird et al., 1995). In general, current epigenetic therapy is still in its infancy.
For the neonates at risk of HIE or already harmed by HIE, prevention and therapy are complex and somewhat frustrating. Timely diagnosis and therapy are crucial but are also very challenging, which greatly affects the final outcomes. If possible, various available clinical techniques, such as advanced neuroimaging, EEG, some reliable biomarkers of brain damage (e.g., S-100, NSE), should be employed to identify and monitor HIE injury in a timely manner (Perlman, 2006; Rees et al., 2011). Despite apparent limitations, moderate hypothermia is the only currently established available therapy for full-term newborns with mild to moderate HIE. A wealth of animal studies have conferred some promising interventional strategies, such as NMDA receptor blockade, NOS inhibition, prevention of apoptosis and free radical formation, administration of neurotrophic factors and growth factors, AT2 receptor stimulation, as well as early inhibition of MMPs and HIF-1α, all of which should enrich our understanding of HIE pathophysiology and provide us with more potentially promising therapeutic options (Chen et al., 2009a; Chen et al., 2009b; Perlman, 2006; Rees et al., 2011).
Both human and animal studies have supported the notion of developmental origins of adult health and disease. Prenatal stress including hypoxia, malnutrition, nicotine, cocaine, ethanol and glucocorticords exerts great impacts on the fetus during the vulnerable developmental stage at multifaceted levels, resulting in adverse programming of ischemic-sensitive phenotype in the developing brain and heightened vulnerability of neonatal hypoxicischemic encephalopathy and long-term neurodevelopmental disorders, in addition to cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in later life. All of these fetal stress insults, individually and/or combined, act at cellular and molecular levels to alter normal brain cell behavior and specific cerebral structure, reconstruct the HPA axis, and disturb vital neurotransmissions, which in the end, to various extents, change normal brain development trajectory and enhance the susceptibility of neonatal HIE and long-term neurological disorders. Although there are diverse stress stimuli, strong evidence has suggested that reprogramming of the HPA axis by glucocorticoids may at least in part represent a common underlying pathway, and epigenetic modifications of GR gene expression patterns play a key role in such a process. This provides us with the promising interventional targets although epigenetic pharmacological manipulation is just at the beginning and is mainly tested in animal studies. To protect pregnant mothers from harmful stress exposure is still a critical interventional strategy, which may at least prevent or attenuate the brain injury of HIE in some cases. Because of current deficiency in potent and effective therapy, the prognosis and outcome for most neonatal HIE are less than optimal at the best, which makes further exploration and investigation of pathophysiology and underlying mechanisms for the heightened neonatal HIE in various species of animals and humans particularly urgent. The combination of limited successful diagnostic and therapeutic techniques currently available, plus newly emerged knowledge of fetal programming and potential epigenetic manipulations, as well as improved maternal care and active perinatal intervention strategies, may confer us a further hopeful future in the management of such a catastrophic disease of neonatal HIE.
This work was supported in part by National Institutes of Health Grants HL067745 (LZ), HL082779 (LZ), HL083966 (LZ), HL089012 (LZ), HL110125 (LZ), and HD031226 (LZ). We greatly appreciate Dr. Susan Gardner and Dr. Xiangqun Hu for their valuable suggestions in editing the manuscript. We apologize to those authors whose excellent studies covered by the scope of this review were unable to be cited due to space restriction.
Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Conflicts of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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biology
| 1 |
https://www.hkma.gov.hk/eng/news-and-media/speeches/2022/01/20220126-2/
| 2023-12-04T10:30:21 |
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en
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“Connecting the Digital Islands—Next Steps in Trade Finance”
- Good afternoon everyone. Thank you, Dr Fung, for inviting me to speak, and the HKMA is very pleased to support today’s event. It would have been a pleasure to meet you all in person, but I am thankful that this event could go ahead as planned.
- Today’s topic is the future of trade finance, and I believe we all agree that, to elevate global trade finance to the next level, the recurring pain points of the existing trade finance system need to be fixed. The issues—including a paper-based system that is inefficient, prone to fraud and human error—have been discussed many times; so I believe by now, we all have a basic understanding of the problems. Indeed, various stakeholders, including the HKMA, have been attempting to solve the pain points by using emerging technologies.
- For example, in 2018, the HKMA facilitated the launch of eTradeConnect, which is a blockchain-based platform that aims to digitise paper‑based documents and automate the trade finance process. The platform was subsequently connected to a similar platform built by the People’s Bank of China to facilitate cross-boundary trade finance processes.
- Similar platforms have proliferated around the world, but the trade finance gulf continues to widen. According to the Asian Development Bank, about 10% of global trade suffer from the trade financing gap.1 To put this into perspective, the value of the gap amounted to USD $1.7 trillion in 2020, marking a 15% increase from just two years before. SMEs, in particular, accounted for an alarming 40% of rejected trade finance requests. These figures illustrated that global efforts are nowhere near enough, and we should all rethink why the gap is continuing to widen, and how to make our efforts as effective as possible.
- A recent report published with the support of Fung Business Intelligence suggested a possible reason: the various digital trade finance platforms mostly work independently and do not synergise with each other, resulting in what we call digital islands. It is as if we are all putting our heads down and concentrating on developing our own platforms, forgetting that it is equally important for the platforms to communicate and work with each other. As suggested in the report, interoperation between the platforms could help to further modernise the global trade finance ecosystem and close the gap.
- The Commercial Data Interchange, also known as CDI, which the HKMA is building, is precisely designed with enhancing interoperability in mind. By way of introduction, CDI aims to enhance the sharing of commercial data. Currently, every time a bank wants to connect to a data provider, it has to set up a new, separate connection. With CDI, each bank and data provider will only need a single connection to the CDI platform, allowing banks to quickly access the business data of corporates. Banks will also be able to conveniently and swiftly set up connections with new data providers because CDI uses standardised APIs and data models, and adopts existing mainstream industry standards such as the Legal Entity Identifier.
- I mentioned that CDI is designed with improving interoperability in mind. Because the platform can link up scattered digital islands and smoothen data sharing, it has great potential to enhance trade financing process and improve SMEs’ access to financing. Let me show you how this could be achieved with the aid of a story.
- Mr Chu runs a small business called Chu Kee with the help of his wife and parents. Chu Kee imports chilled chicken from Guangdong and sells them to supermarkets all around Hong Kong. The delicious taste of the chilled chicken and the Chus’ impeccable service quickly earned Chu Kee a big group of loyal customers.
- A few years ago, when Mr Chu was trying to apply for loans from banks to expand the business, he was unable to produce the financial statements required because he had never properly prepared one before. The loan approval process ended up taking almost six months, and the experience left Mr Chu rather upset, unfortunately.
- Last year, Mr Chu was ready to further expand Chu Kee, and decided to give CDI a try. This time, the banks, instead of asking for financial statements, obtained alternative data from various data providers through CDI. For instance, from integrated online shopping platforms, banks learnt the amount of chilled chicken Chu Kee supplied to different supermarkets, and their value.
- With the data, the banks understood Chu Kee’s latest operating conditions better and made credit decisions speedily. Needless to say, before the data was used and shared, prior consent from Chu Kee was obtained. In the end, Mr Chu secured a substantial loan at a competitive interest rate, and was very pleased with the hassle-free experience.
- Now, what if I tell you that the above is based on a true story?2 Yes, during the technical exploration stage, CDI has already, in real life, helped SMEs in Hong Kong take more control of their own digital footprint, and use their own data to improve their access to financial services. Importers of chilled food and sneakers, and manufacturers of phone accessories have already enjoyed the benefits of CDI firsthand. As more and more banks and data providers join CDI, we expect that an increasing number of SMEs will benefit from the platform.
- For CDI to reach its full potential and successfully connect the digital islands, your active participation is crucial. CDI is definitely a team sport, and we all have a role to play as members of Team Hong Kong.
- The HKMA, as a regulator, will facilitate a conducive environment, and we are doing that by building the infrastructure and offering guidance. To banks, we urge you to embrace fintech, and join the CDI platform. To data providers, we invite you to contribute meaningful data, such as logistics data and procurement data between buyers and suppliers, to enrich the types of data available. To SME owners, we encourage you to contact your bank and understand more about CDI. Together, we can take Hong Kong’s data ecosystem to new heights, and ultimately contribute to bridging the global trade financing gap.
- The benefits of a more digitally integrated trade finance system are plentiful, that much is certain; and the HKMA strives to help bring about an enhanced system in collaboration with different stakeholders. We look forward to working with the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) and the Fung Group in this regard so that the needs of the underserved segments can be better catered for.
- Before I close, I’d like to take this opportunity to offer you a glimpse of the HKMA’s vision of digitalising cross-border trade. For those of you who have been following our CBDC developments closely, you will know that we are working on a project called mBridge. We have already developed a trial CBDC platform, and it has proven ability to speed up cross-border payments from multiple days to near real-time.
- We are now exploring the feasibility of connecting eTradeConnect, CDI, and mBridge to strengthen the synergy between the three and further digitalise the cross-border trade process. First, eTradeConnect will provide the infrastructure for digitalising trade finance, as well as support cross-boundary trade between Hong Kong and Mainland China. Second, CDI will link up various digital islands to form a seamless data ecosystem. And finally, mBridge will expedite cross-border payments while reducing costs.
- We believe that the combined power of the three infrastructure would pave the way for digitalising cross-border trade in the trade corridor between Hong Kong, Mainland China, and other APAC regions. I hope to share further updates with you in the not-so-distant future, and in the meantime, I welcome your feedback and suggestions.
- Thank you, and an early Happy Chinese New Year to you all. Wishing you all health, happiness, and good fortune in the Year of the Tiger.
1 Asian Development Bank, 2021 Trade Finance Gaps, Growth, and Jobs Survey.
2 Mr Chu’s story is based on the true story of Joe Chu, a local importer of Qingyuan chickens. Here is the web link to the interview of Mr Chu and a few entrepreneurs who have used CDI: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fp6HLkUd3Xo
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computer_science_and_technology
| 1 |
https://www.breonnaqueen.com/upgrade-your-candle-pillar-game-with-dollar-tree-supplies/
| 2019-07-22T21:15:22 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195528220.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20190722201122-20190722223122-00382.warc.gz
| 0.799659 | 188 |
CC-MAIN-2019-30
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webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-30__0__4943615
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en
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Oh Dollar Tree…. the one place I can go and throw some thangs’ in the bag and still be able to afford my mortgage.
Watch the video below to see 5 different ways to upgrade your candle holder game with supplies from the dollar tree (you welcome, boo!) :
Items used :
– 4″ Candlestick Holder
– Round Glass Tealight Candleholders with Metallic Finish
– twine rope
– Glass Cylinder Vases with Flared Rims
– Rust-Oleum 245221 Universal All Surface Spray Paint, 11 oz, Metallic Pure Gold http://amzn.to/2F66nL7
Here a few ways I styled my candle pillars:
If you are inspired by the video and make a candle pillar, share it with me by tagging #breonnaqueen and @breonnaqueen on IG. I’ld love to see it!
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artistic
| 1 |
http://www.shopwiki.co.uk/l/burberry-brit-for-men-summer-100ml-edt-spray
| 2014-09-17T19:41:50 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657124356.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011204-00321-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz
| 0.76757 | 282 |
CC-MAIN-2014-41
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webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2014-41__0__60698568
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en
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Burberry Brit For Men Summer 100ml Edt Spray
[4 results priced between £10 – £75]
4 burberry brit for men summer 100ml edt spray £10 £75
Burberry Brit Men Summer 100Ml Edt Spray For Men. Exclusive product from Burberry
Burberry, Burberry Classic for Men brings tranquillity, elegance and passion with masculine warmth. It opens with a freshness of bergamot, mint and thyme before an aromatic heart of lavender, geranium and moss. The fragrance lies on a warm base of amber, tonka bean, sandalwood and cedar that complete this classic and casual scent. read more Hide
Nonchalant Burberry Brit for Men is a perfect illustration of modern English spirit inwrought with tradition. Young English actor Hugh Dancy sitting in front of a fabulous oldtimer embodies to perfection the laidback, elegant spirit and philosophy of this new scent for men demureness and irony, a classic turned into casual fragrance. Citrusy freshness of mandarin and bergamot and cool, spicy notes of ginger and cardamom preceed a masculine heart of cedar and nutmeg with a touch of refined wild rose... read more Hide
Price search results for Burberry Summer for Men 2010 Eau de Toilette Spray 100ml
Shop Today's Finds!
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beauty
| 1 |
https://citytrend.com.ng/dj-skipo-aye-sped-up/
| 2023-06-03T17:56:04 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649302.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603165228-20230603195228-00010.warc.gz
| 0.887504 | 113 |
CC-MAIN-2023-23
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webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__247815479
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en
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DJ Skipo Aye (Sped Up) Mp3 Download Audio
Nigerian music Disk Jockey, “ DJ Skipo ” makes his way into the section with a new thriller dubbed “ Aye (Sped Up) ”.
In the end, this unique composition is a blockbuster that you should add to your playlist if you enjoy decent music.
Listen and Download ” Aye (Sped Up) ” by ” DJ Skipo “.
Download, Share and Enjoy!!!
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entertainment
| 1 |
http://larrybrownsports.com/college-football/blocked-extra-point-return-helped-usc-beat-arizona-state/38084
| 2018-05-23T01:14:27 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865023.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20180523004548-20180523024548-00042.warc.gz
| 0.990074 | 326 |
CC-MAIN-2018-22
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webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-22__0__161715807
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en
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Blocked Extra Point Return Helped USC Beat Arizona State
If I were to tell you that the kicking game was a big reason a team lost in a USC game, you wouldn’t have been surprised. What is surprising is that it was the other team’s kicking game that blew the ballgame for a change.
USC and Arizona State were matched almost identically when it came to the stats. They had a similar amount of first downs, total yards, penalties, and punts, and they were each sacked and intercepted the same amount of times. Oddly enough, it was a blocked extra point that helped give the Trojans a 34-33 win. Arizona State scored three straight touchdowns to rally and take the lead 33-29 on USC with about seven minutes left. Their extra point attempt following a 10-yard touchdown pass was blocked, and Torrin Harris returned it the other way for a two-point conversion. Instead of being up 34-29, Arizona State was then up just 33-31.
USC drove 68 yards to set up Joe Houston’s go-ahead 29-yard field goal, which made him 1-for-3 on the game. After missing his first two kicks, Houston became the hero because his adversary, Thomas Weber, not only had the extra point blocked, but he also missed the potential winning field goal for Arizona State from 42 yards away. The NFL doesn’t have the same rule as college where the defending team can return a ball the other way for a two-point conversion. Maybe college football will rethink their policy.
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game
| 3 |
https://www.realmomkitchen.com/instant-pot-chicken-fried-rice/
| 2023-09-26T10:05:03 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510179.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926075508-20230926105508-00879.warc.gz
| 0.953761 | 148 |
CC-MAIN-2023-40
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webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__6530985
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en
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Today, I have an instant pot chicken fried rice recipe for you. It can all be made in the instant pot with the exception of scrambling the eggs. That you can just do in a skillet right before it finishes cooking in the instant pot.
This fried rice includes chicken. However, if you want to use this as a side instead of a main dish, you can just leave the chicken. This comes together super fast because you just use frozen peas and carrots as the veggies in addition to some onion.
Now I used Jasmine rice, but if you want to use long grain or basamati you probably would need to increase the cook time for a minute or two.
The recipe is adapted from Paint the Kitchen Red.
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food
| 1 |
https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/A-tower-that-Superman-would-love-3174786.php
| 2022-12-07T16:28:28 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711200.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20221207153419-20221207183419-00193.warc.gz
| 0.867514 | 171 |
CC-MAIN-2022-49
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webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__279838450
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en
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This streamlined shaft premiered with a far grander finale: six stories of cupolas and friezes and a dome topped, cherry-like, by an ornamental lantern. Built by Claus Spreckels for the Call newspaper, it survived the 1906 earthquake but not architectural fashion: a 1938 renovation lopped off the dome and replaced the splashy summit with new office floors pulled back from the base. A loss, to be sure. Yet the telescoping verticality captures the excitement to which every good tower aspires - onward, upward, to the heavens until we stop.
Central Tower 703 Market St.
Architect: Reid Brothers/Albert Roller | Style: Baroque-turned-moderne | Size: 21 stories | Date built: 1898, 1938
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artistic
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economics
| 1 |
http://dancingmoth.blogspot.com/2014/03/barking-mad-socks-finished-with-spring.html
| 2018-07-18T10:42:48 |
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Here's what I found:
My tension/gauge of using 2.75 mm needles was very close to that on the pattern for 2.5 mm, but despite that, they are a little baggy, particularly around the heel as the heel flap seemed quite long, at 36 rows.
I have very wide feet (24 cm, same as my foot length) and large ankles, and these socks have more than enough room!
The twisted 1/1 rib seems to stretch out and stay there (instead of shrinking back), something which I've found on a pair of mitts using the same rib, so I might avoid that and perhaps do a longer rib on the cuff for my next pair of socks, and maybe also do the rib on a size smaller needles but with a stretchier cast on, or something.
I found I needed to pick up 18 or 19 stitches on each side of the flap to avoid holes, instead of the 17 given in the pattern.
At 9 or 10 stitches, the point of the heel is a little narrow for my round heels.
I can understand why Ulla magazine doesn't publish an English translation. Why should they, when there is so much available in English but very little in Finnish (or should that be Suomi?)? And although it seems like doing things the hard way to select a Finnish pattern and translate it, I've also got another couple of patterns from Ulla queued up, both featuring leaves and crying out for green sock yarn (which I currently don't have, hence the reason these socks weren't done in the original, lovely green!)
So, with thanks to Kristel Nyberg for her original pattern, here is my translation of the pattern into English [with editor's additions in square brackets, where I've remembered! I've included a few of my own observations, which might be useful to beginners and are probably completely self-evident to knitters with some experience in sock making!]. I haven't reproduced the charts or written them out as instructions. It was my first time for using charts and I was impressed with how easy they were to read, so suggest you visit the Ulla online magazine for the charts, and to see how lovely the original Spring Green Socks look.
Spring Green [Barking Mad] Socks
by Kristel Nyberg, published in Ulla 02/08
Spring Green socks lace pattern reminded me of fern fronds. The gently undulating pattern is also suitable for graduated yarns. The pattern continues to the toe of the sock and the toe decreases have the lace pattern arranged between them. If in doubt about colour pooling, knit alternately from two different balls.
Shibui Knits Sock (100 % merino wool; 50 g / 175 m), 100 g green (7495, Wasabi) Fingering/4 ply; [300 - 350 m/328 - 383 yards]
About 34 sts and 48 rows in lace pattern in the round = 10 cm [4”]
Sock needles, 2.5 mm or to get gauge
A woman's wide, describing size 41.
The model is designed to fit wide feet. You can narrow the socks by using thinner yarn and knitting needles or by adding gusset decreases.
Cast on 72 sts on double pointed needles and share the stitches, 18 stitches per needle.
Knit in Twisted Rib (P1, K1 tbl) for about 2 cm. [I did 8 rows]
Next, knit lace pattern according to chart 1. Repeat the 20 rows of the chart twice, or until the sock leg is as long as desired. With two repetitions the sock length should be about 10 cm. Each pattern repeat extends the leg by about 3-4 cm. [Tip - Finish after an even-numbered row]
Start the heel flap on the next row.
Slip first st knitwise. Knit the next 35 sts. Turn the work.
Slip first st [purlwise]. Purl the next 35 s. Turn the work.
Repeat these two rows, until the heel height is 36 rows and the last row is WS row.
Slip first st knitwise. Knit the next 20 sts.
SSK decrease, K1 , turn the work.
Slip next st [purlwise]. P7, P2 tog, P1, turn.
* Slip first st knitwise. Knit to the stitch before the gap from the previous decrease. SSK, K1, turn the work.
Slip first st [purlwise]. Purl along to the stitch before the gap from the previous decrease. P2 tog, P1, turn. *
Repeat from * to * until all heel sts are once again involved in the work. Heel flap is now 22 sts.
Slip first stitch knitwise and knit the heel sts.
Pick up 17 sts along the heel edge. [I picked up 19]
Knit the instep according to the row on chart 1. [If you did 40 rows for the leg, this will be row 1, otherwise it will be the next row from where your leg left off and preferably should be an odd-numbered row.]
Start working with another needle. [This will be needle 4]
Pick up 17 sts along the other heel edge and knit 11 sts with the same needle up to the next needle. [Needle 1]
Mark this row as the starting point for the gusset. [This will be the mid point of the heel]
Knit until 3 sts are left on needle 1.
K2 tog and knit the last st.
Keep knitting sts on needles 2 and 3 according to chart 1.
On needle 4 K1, SSK and knit the remaining sts on the needle.
Knit the next row sts. [The pattern is for plain knitting on odd-numbered rows.]
Repeat gusset decrease every other row until needles 1 and 4 each have 18 sts remaining. [So the gusset decreases happen on even numbered rows, where there are also pattern increases and decreases from the charts.]
After the gusset decreases, the starting point for subsequent rows goes back to the side of the foot. [And needles are therefore renumbered.]
Knit needles1 and 2 in stocking stitch for the sole, and needles 3 and 4 lace pattern according to chart 1.
When the foot length is about 6 cm less than the desired length of the sock, start toe decrease according to chart 2.
Work decreases on chart rows 1, 10, 20, 23, 25, and 26 on both the sole of the foot and instep needles. Continue with lace pattern, however, only on the instep needles.
After chart 2 row 26, cut the yarn, pull it through the remaining sts and fasten off. [The Ravelry tags include Kitchener. I did some sort of 3 needle cast-off.]
Weave in ends. If you want, lightly moisten the socks and spread out to dry into shape. [That is, block them. But I didn’t, they went straight on my feet!]
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hobby
| 1 |
https://construct-yourself.com/improvement/buildings-in-the-garden/greenhouse-polycarbonate-own-hands-self-made-frame-for-polycarbonate.html
| 2022-12-02T13:21:44 |
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Greenhouses and other structures with the use of polycarbonate is now popular among gardeners and private home owners. Polycarbonate is relatively new inexpensive material, which has a lot of advantages, which is why the greenhouse is made of polycarbonate with their hands for many is the best choice. To build it yourself it is possible to serve just, and grow crops in it – a pleasure. Today, many tend to grow vegetables for fear of GMO, and any fairly advanced host country site always proud of his harvest and is happy to be working in the greenhouse.
If you compare the polycarbonate with other plastics, it is inexpensive, and looks very attractive and modern. That is, in addition to functionality, the greenhouse will also aesthetically attractive object on the plot.
Polycarbonate — a modern material, and most advanced materials he has aesthetic appeal. Such a greenhouse, in addition to the direct purpose, and it will look good on the site
The material has good ability to scatter light, a high degree of thermal insulation. Resistance to wind and snow loads, impact resistance, resistance to ultraviolet radiation – also a lot of pros polycarbonate.
Homemade greenhouse made of polycarbonate conveniently build, getting ready arch kits. Before you begin construction, consider the size of the future greenhouse based on the size of the elements made of polycarbonate, based on these parameters will need to equip a simple Foundation and basement.
The most common size of polycarbonate sheet 2,1/6 m. bending of the leaves makes an arch with a radius of about 2 m, the height of the greenhouse will be the same, and the width will be approximately 4 meters. To create a model of the greenhouse enough 3 sheets, its length will be on average 6 m. On request it is possible to slightly reduce the size of the greenhouse, or increased by adding another leaf. And if you want to increase the height of the structure, the base can be raised on the plinth. Most convenient for greenhouses width is 2.5 m. This size allows you to put in two beds and you give them a pretty spacious passage, where it is possible to transport the cart.
Important! Polycarbonate – transparent material to keep the inside of the structure the flow of light and direct it to the patch, not allowing it to dissipate, it would be appropriate to use to cover the walls of special structure with reflective properties.
In the construction of greenhouses made of polycarbonate sheets advise to choose form, where flat areas alternate with arched, as on flat sites the effect of reflection of sunlight is minimized, glare will be less and the light will give its heat to the plants, not to dissipate, which is typical of the arched structure. With proper combination of curved and flat elements of the greenhouse you can achieve the effect when the absorption coefficient of light and heat will be very close to optimal.
Features manufacturer greenhouses:
- the space inside should be arranged in an optimal way;
- polycarbonate sheets need to use it is advisable that the amount of waste was minimal;
- the Foundation and basement are constructed based on the selected dimensions;
- the climate in the greenhouse is humid and warm, on this basis, you need to choose the material for the frame is the most convenient galvanized profile, when choosing wood it should be pre – treated with special solutions of copper sulphate, antiseptics.
Tools and materials required for the work:
- polycarbonate (thickness 4-6 mm);
- materials for the frame (steel pipe, wood or galvanized profile is optional);
- jigsaw, screwdriver, drill (4 mm) screws for polycarbonate (for metal frame – with a drill down).
Greenhouse should be located on flat, well-lighted place. Best location in length – from East to West. Variants of arrangement of the Foundation there are several.
Is that the place for the greenhouse is only on a bumpy surface — in this case you can use additional bars or other material for leveling of the soil, then add more dirt, tamping until the surface becomes smooth
If you want a wooden Foundation for a greenhouse made of polycarbonate, whose service life is five years, a vertical support should just be submerged in soil, you can attach them to the steel corners are driven into the ground. Is used beam size 100/100 mm, it is mounted on the perimeter of the greenhouse. But such a Foundation, even if the handle wood preservatives, will not last long.
To create a more practical Foundation used kerbstones, blocks of foam or aerated concrete, brick. If the soil in the designated greenhouse area is loose, the clutch is made around the perimeter. If dense, can be limited to individual columns, which are set at the level.
The most expensive but the most durable is the monolithic reinforced concrete Foundation, made around the perimeter of the greenhouse. To install it, you need to dig a trench, install reinforcement cage, and concreting to do. The design will allow you to avoid repairs will be sustainable, issues such as distortions, just not there.
Consider three of the most convenient options of frame greenhouses under polycarbonate.
This option looks most attractive and is used by vacationers more often. It is convenient because in the winter the snow on the roof will not be delayed, the bearing elements are free from overload, the load on the Foundation will also be reduced. When selecting a standard sheet length of 6 meters, the width of the greenhouse will be 3.8 m, height – 2 m.
Ventilation for the greenhouse is necessary, therefore, in addition to doors, it is desirable to make the window. This greenhouse three vents — two side and one top
The scheme of construction of the greenhouse with an arched frame. For covering you can use a rolled film two layers or sheets of polycarbonate, which is a more practical option
This design with a gable roof and vertical walls. If you choose this option the frame for the greenhouse from cellular polycarbonate, the greenhouse can do any size, but you’ll need more material.
Such a greenhouse with a frame in the form of a house passes the light and heat, the hatches on the roof perform the function of ventilation — all the conditions for good growth of seedlings and vegetables
Wood is a popular material for the construction of inexpensive greenhouses. But its major drawback – the fragility and need for constant repair. The tree is not often used to create polycarbonate greenhouses.
This lean-to greenhouse — ideal for small area, you can build one even if you have a plot of 6 acres, placing it in a convenient corner
Frame welded steel pipes — galvanized square pipe size mm. 20/20/2 When correctly installed, this frame will last a long time. When selecting arch forms for bending the pipes will need special machine, you must also be able to work with a welding machine. Today, we can bend tubes to order and in special organizations.
Omegoobraznoy galvanized profile is a very good option, pretty easy to install, and the design is durable and lightweight. But the profile for the arch to bend and do a lot of bolt holes.
Done by means of ropes and pegs layout. Then, using a garden drill, make along the length of four holes (depth 1.2 m), and a couple of holes to install door – on the distance of its width. Asbestos cement pipes are cut into pieces (length 1.3 m), in an upright position are installed in holes in the ground. The cracks fill with sand, tamp well.
The bars are cut into pieces one and a half meter long. One end of each piece should be astrogate ax to its diameter equal to the diameter of the pipe. Impregnated protective structure columns vertically installed in the pipe, make a frame of boards, which will fasten the posts at the bottom.
Truss frame vystragivaetsja for the roof to be more durable, it should be covered with a protective impregnation. For binding posts at the base of the greenhouse nailed lower harness – tape, galvanised iron, width 25 cm cutting, you can use metal shears. Tape shall be 5 cm overlap one another.
Now you can start the covering of walls of polycarbonate. Drill sheets holes with a sharp knife cut the sheets based on the size of the roof, fasten them with screws to the rafters
The metal strip will need for the roof, but their width will be 15 cm for horse. Strips are bent at an angle of 120 degrees with a mallet, place between the leaves a small gap considering thermal expansion, the gaps can be closed with tape to protect the insulation.
The next step is the stitching of the polycarbonate walls, openings for doors we leave open. Greenhouse with straight walls for insulation over time, you can sheathe a layer of polycarbonate.
The drawing gives an idea of how to build sustainable practical greenhouse with intermediate pillars and a gable roof
Boards made for the door, dissolve in half with a saw, making doors and to fasten him for a loop. The door frame is placed on the polycarbonate sheet, according to its size make cutting material with a knife and fasten to the door leaf. The doors are ready, they can hang, set and handle constipation, if plan. Greenhouse polycarbonate constructed, the ground around it needs to go straight and get to the internal arrangement.
Some important tips for construction:
- if you use non-galvanized profile paint it to prevent rust;
- in the greenhouse must be well ventilated, therefore, in addition to the front door, not stopping to make the window on the opposite side of the building;
- the minimum width of the greenhouse at a comfortable operation – 2.5 m (space for foot passage and two beds 0.8 m);
- for greenhouse lighting is convenient to use energy saving light bulbs that give white light;
- if you plan to use heating, suitable heating, water heating, «stove» or heat source, depending on the circumstances.
To create such a greenhouse will not need much time and high cost of materials. But it will serve you long and will be a great help in the garden, the farm, and fresh produce grown on their own, or seedlings for garden decoration, will delight and uplift.
|
agronomy
| 1 |
https://thewallstreetmagazine.com/when-to-plant-bulbs-in-massachusetts-2/
| 2024-04-16T20:05:56 |
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Plant bulbs in massachusetts in early to mid-fall for optimal growth and blooms. Bulbs should be planted approximately two to three times their own depth in well-draining soil with adequate sunlight.
In massachusetts, a vibrant and colorful garden can be achieved by planting bulbs at the right time. By following proper planting techniques, you can ensure that your bulbs flourish and produce beautiful blooms. One important factor to consider is the timing.
Planting bulbs in early to mid-fall is ideal for massachusetts, as this allows them to establish roots before winter sets in. It is recommended to plant bulbs at a depth of two to three times their own size in well-draining soil that receives ample sunlight. By adhering to these guidelines, you can enjoy a stunning display of flowers in your massachusetts garden.
Importance Of Timing
Seasonal Blossoms: When To Expect A Burst Of Colors
In massachusetts, the beauty of blooming flowers is a sight to behold. To ensure that your bulb garden dazzles with vibrant blossoms, it’s crucial to understand the importance of timing. Here are some key points to keep in mind:
- Spring is the prime time for bulb planting, typically falling between september and november. This allows bulbs to establish their roots and prepare for the upcoming growing season.
- Different bulbs have varying blooming times. For example, daffodils and tulips typically bloom in early spring, while lilies and gladiolus may bloom later in the season. By selecting bulbs with staggered flowering periods, you can enjoy a more extended display of colors in your garden.
- It’s important to consider the climate of your specific region in massachusetts before planting bulbs. Factors such as frost dates and average temperatures can significantly impact the success of bulb growth and blooming.
- Tip: Check with your local agricultural extension office or consult a gardening guide specific to your area for precise planting times and varieties to ensure optimal blooming.
Climate-Dependent Growth: Understanding The Impact Of Weather
Massachusetts experiences a range of climate conditions throughout the year, which directly affects the growth and blooming of bulbs. Here are some key points to bear in mind:
- Bulbs rely on a period of cold dormancy to thrive. Harsh winters in massachusetts provide the perfect conditions for bulbs to establish strong roots and go through their required rest period.
- Did you know? This cold period is known as “vernalization” and is essential for flowers like tulips to reach their full potential.
- Extreme weather events, such as late frosts or heatwaves, can disrupt the growth cycle of bulbs. It’s important to monitor weather forecasts and take measures to protect your bulbs from sudden fluctuations in temperature.
- In regions with milder winters, such as coastal areas of massachusetts, certain bulb varieties may require special care or protection to ensure successful growth and blooming.
Optimizing Growth Cycles: Maximizing Bulb Potential
To get the most out of your bulb garden and ensure robust growth and abundant blossoms, consider these optimization tips:
- Choose high-quality bulbs: Select bulbs that are firm, free of mold or blemishes, and have a solid weight. This indicates they are healthy and will have a better chance of thriving and blooming beautifully.
- Plant bulbs at the correct depth: Each type of bulb has its preferred planting depth. As a general rule, bulbs should be planted at a depth that is three times their diameter. This allows for proper root development and support for the growing plant.
- Provide adequate drainage: Bulbs do not thrive in waterlogged soil. Ensure your planting area has good drainage to prevent rot and ensure the bulbs receive the necessary oxygen.
- Fertilize appropriately: Incorporate organic compost or bulb-specific fertilizer into the soil before planting. This helps provide essential nutrients for healthy growth.
- Monitor watering: During the growing season, bulbs require consistent moisture but not excessive watering. Aim for soil that is evenly moist, but avoid overwatering, which can lead to rot.
- Tip: Consider companion planting bulbs with shallow-rooted perennials to maximize the use of space and create stunning floral combinations.
By understanding the importance of timing when planting bulbs in massachusetts, considering climate impacts, and implementing growth optimization techniques, you can create a breathtaking burst of colors in your garden. Happy planting!
Early Spring Planting
Optimal Conditions: Preparing The Ground For Early Bloomers
To ensure your early spring bulbs thrive and bloom beautifully, it’s essential to create the optimal conditions for their growth. Here are some key points to consider:
- Choose a location with well-drained soil that receives at least 6 hours of direct sunlight each day.
- Prepare the soil by removing any weeds, rocks, or debris that may hinder bulb growth.
- Enhance the soil’s fertility by incorporating organic matter, such as compost or aged manure.
- Loosen the soil to a depth of 8-10 inches, allowing for ample root development.
- Consider using a slow-release bulb fertilizer to provide essential nutrients to the bulbs throughout the season.
Frost Considerations: Protecting Delicate Bulbs From Late Frosts
Late frosts can pose a threat to delicate early spring bulbs. To protect your bulbs from potential damage, keep in mind these helpful tips:
- Monitor weather forecasts to stay informed about potential frost occurrences.
- Consider planting bulbs in containers that can be moved to a sheltered location during frosty nights.
- Apply a layer of mulch around the bulbs to insulate the soil and provide some protection against extreme temperature changes.
- Cover planted areas with frost blankets or horticultural fabric when frost is expected.
- Keep an eye on emerging shoots and cover them with cloches if necessary to shield against late frosts.
Recommended Bulbs: Types That Thrive In Early Planting
Choosing the right bulbs for early spring planting is crucial to ensure successful growth and vibrant blooms. Here are some bulb varieties that thrive when planted early:
- Daffodils: These cheerful, trumpet-shaped flowers come in various colors and sizes, providing a dazzling display in early spring.
- Crocuses: Known for their vibrant hues, crocuses bloom in various shades of purple, yellow, and white, adding a splash of color to your garden.
- Tulips: With their elegant and diverse range of colors, tulips create a stunning visual impact when planted early.
- Hyacinths: Known for their heavenly fragrance, hyacinths produce clusters of colorful, bell-shaped flowers that enliven any garden.
- Snowdrops: These delicate white flowers are one of the earliest bloomers, often appearing as early as late winter, signaling the arrival of spring.
Remember to select bulbs that are well-suited for your local climate and hardiness zone to ensure their successful growth.
By providing optimal conditions, protecting against late frosts, and choosing suitable bulb varieties, you can enjoy a gorgeous early spring garden filled with colorful blooms.
Planning Ahead For Early Spring
When it comes to planning ahead for early spring, timing is key when planting bulbs in massachusetts. Getting started in the right season will ensure beautiful blooms in the months to come. In this section, we will explore choosing varieties that require early planting, preparing the soil for success, and protective measures to shield bulbs from unpredictable spring weather.
Choosing Varieties: Selecting Bulbs That Require Early Planting
- Tulips: These popular spring flowers should be planted in the fall for early spring blooms. They come in a wide variety of colors and shapes, making them a versatile choice.
- Daffodils: Known for their vibrant yellow blossoms, daffodils should also be planted in the fall. They are hardy and can withstand the cold temperatures, providing a burst of color early in the season.
- Crocuses: These petite flowers are the first to emerge in early spring. Plant them in the fall to enjoy their delicate blooms as soon as the weather starts to warm up.
- Hyacinths: With their strong fragrance and beautiful clusters of flowers, hyacinths are a fantastic choice for early spring planting. Make sure to get them in the ground before winter sets in.
Soil Preparation: Preparing The Soil For Early Planting Success
- Clear the area: Start by removing any existing plants, weeds, or debris from the planting area. This will give your bulbs the best chance for growth and development.
- Loosen the soil: Use a garden fork or tiller to loosen the soil to a depth of about 8-10 inches. This will provide a loose and well-aerated environment for the bulbs to grow.
- Amend the soil: Massachusetts soil is typically acidic, so it’s a good idea to add lime to raise the ph level. Incorporate organic matter such as compost or well-rotted manure to improve drainage and fertility.
- Fertilize: Before planting, apply a slow-release bulb fertilizer according to the package instructions. This will provide the necessary nutrients for healthy bulb development.
Protective Measures: Shielding Bulbs From Unpredictable Spring Weather
- Mulch: After planting your bulbs, apply a layer of mulch to protect them from temperature fluctuations and frost. Use organic materials such as straw or shredded leaves to provide insulation and retain moisture.
- Pest control: Install a wire mesh or use bulb cages to prevent squirrels, chipmunks, and other animals from digging up your bulbs. Additionally, you can spray a deer repellent to deter deer from eating your plants.
- Watering: While bulbs don’t require excessive watering, they do need some moisture to establish their roots. Water the planting area well after planting and continue to water as needed throughout the fall and winter months.
By selecting bulbs that require early planting, preparing the soil properly, and implementing protective measures, you’ll be well on your way to enjoying a vibrant display of flowers in early spring. Start planning ahead now, and you’ll be rewarded with a beautiful garden that will brighten your days as winter melts away.
Late Fall Planting
Late fall is an ideal time to plant bulbs in massachusetts to ensure beautiful spring displays. While most bulb planting is done in early fall, late planting can still yield stunning results. Here are some key factors to consider for late bulb planting:
Weather And Temperature: Factors To Consider For Late Bulb Planting
- Soil temperature: The soil should be consistently cool but not frozen when planting bulbs in late fall. This allows the bulbs to establish roots before winter dormancy.
- Frost risk: Late fall planting should be done when the risk of frost has passed. Check local weather forecasts to determine the optimal time for planting.
- Rainfall: Late fall often brings more rain, which helps bulbs settle into the soil and promotes healthy growth. Be mindful of heavy rainfall that may result in waterlogged soil.
Winter Hardiness: Bulbs That Survive Cold Massachusetts Winters
- Tulips: Tulips are a popular choice for late fall planting in massachusetts due to their hardiness. Look for varieties like darwin hybrids, which are known for their ability to withstand cold temperatures.
- Daffodils: Daffodils are another excellent option for massachusetts winters. These resilient bulbs can withstand frost and even light snow, making them a reliable choice for late fall planting.
- Alliums: Allium bulbs, such as the ornamental onion, are known for their winter hardiness. These bulbs can tolerate cold temperatures and often emerge in early spring with eye-catching blooms.
Spring Rewards: Late-Planted Bulbs For Stunning Spring Displays
- Snowdrops: Snowdrops are a charming bulb that can be planted late in the fall. These delicate white flowers are among the first to bloom in spring, adding a touch of elegance to your garden.
- Crocuses: Crocuses are early bloomers that thrive even with late planting. These vibrant flowers come in a variety of colors and create a beautiful carpet-like effect when planted in clusters.
- Hyacinths: Late-planted hyacinth bulbs can still produce stunning blooms in spring. These fragrant flowers come in an array of vibrant colors and are sure to make a statement in your garden.
Late fall planting in massachusetts can still result in breathtaking spring displays. Consider the weather and temperature, opt for winter-hardy bulbs, and choose late-planted varieties for stunning rewards come spring. Happy planting!
Tips For Late Fall Planting
Ideal Timing: Finding The Sweet Spot For Late Planting Success
Late fall planting can be a great opportunity to get your bulbs in the ground, even if you missed the ideal planting window in early fall. To ensure successful growth and beautiful blooms, it’s important to find the perfect timing for late planting.
Here are some key points to consider:
- Take advantage of the cooler temperatures: Late fall is an excellent time to plant bulbs in massachusetts because the cooler temperatures help promote root growth without the stress of extreme heat.
- Aim for before the ground freezes: Ideally, you should aim to plant your bulbs at least six weeks before the ground freezes. This allows enough time for the roots to establish themselves before winter sets in.
- Consider the specific bulb variety: Different bulbs have different planting timelines, so it’s important to do some research on the specific types of bulbs you want to plant. Some bulbs, like tulips and daffodils, can tolerate later planting better than others.
- Monitor the weather: Keep an eye on the weather forecast and choose a time when there is no immediate threat of frost or extreme temperature drops. This will give your bulbs the best chance of survival and growth.
- Adjust planting depth accordingly: When planting bulbs in late fall, it’s important to adjust the planting depth to compensate for the shorter growing time. Follow the instructions provided with your bulbs to determine the appropriate planting depth for late planting.
Planting Techniques: Ensuring Proper Depth And Spacing
Proper planting techniques are crucial for the successful growth of your bulbs. Here are some key points to keep in mind when planting bulbs in massachusetts:
- Dig the right-sized hole: Use a garden trowel or bulb planter to dig a hole that is two to three times deeper than the height of the bulb. This will ensure the bulb has enough room to develop roots and establish itself.
- Place the bulbs correctly: Position the bulbs with the pointed end facing upwards. This is where the stem and leaves will emerge from, so it’s important to plant them in the right direction.
- Space them appropriately: Bulbs should be spaced according to their specific requirements. Generally, smaller bulbs can be planted closer together, while larger bulbs need more space. Check the packaging or do some research to determine the ideal spacing for your bulbs.
- Cover and water: Once you have placed the bulbs in the holes, cover them with soil, gently firming it down to remove any air pockets. Water the bulbs thoroughly after planting to settle the soil and provide them with moisture.
Mulching For Insulation: Protecting Bulbs During The Winter Months
Mulching is an effective way to protect your bulbs during the winter months and ensure their survival. Here’s why mulching is important and how to do it right:
- Insulation against extreme temperatures: Mulch acts as a blanket, providing insulation for the bulbs and protecting them from extreme temperature fluctuations during the winter.
- Choose the right mulch material: Use organic materials, such as straw, shredded leaves, or pine bark, as mulch for your bulbs. Avoid using heavy materials that may smother the bulbs.
- Apply an adequate layer of mulch: Spread a layer of mulch that is about 2-3 inches thick over the planted area. This will provide enough insulation without suffocating the bulbs.
- Mulch after the ground has cooled: Wait until the ground has cooled down in late fall before applying mulch. This will help preserve soil moisture and prevent premature growth.
- Remove mulch in spring: Once spring arrives and the threat of frost has passed, remove the mulch gradually to allow the emerging foliage to receive sunlight.
By following these tips for late fall planting, you can ensure your bulbs have the best chance for success and enjoy a stunning display of spring blooms in your massachusetts garden.
Bringing Spring Indoors: Creating A Mini-Garden During Winter
Even in the cold massachusetts winter, you can bring a touch of spring indoors by forcing bulbs to bloom. Creating a mini-garden during the winter months not only adds beauty to your home but also allows you to enjoy the colorful blossoms ahead of time.
Here are the key points to keep in mind when it comes to bringing spring indoors:
- Choose the right bulbs: Opt for bulbs that are suitable for indoor forcing, such as hyacinths, tulips, daffodils, and crocuses. These varieties are more likely to bloom indoors and can withstand the controlled environment.
- Timing is crucial: To successfully force bulbs indoors, timing is essential. It’s recommended to start the process in late fall or early winter—around october to november—to ensure they have enough time to grow and bloom.
- Preparing the bulbs: Before planting the bulbs, they need to go through a process called pre-chilling. This involves storing the bulbs in a cold location, like a refrigerator or basement, for a specific period. Pre-chilling “tricks” the bulbs into thinking they’ve gone through winter, which encourages growth and blooming.
Bulb Selection: Choosing Varieties Suitable For Indoor Forcing
When it comes to indoor forcing, not all bulbs are created equal. Certain varieties are better suited for this purpose to ensure successful bloom. Consider the following when choosing bulbs for indoor forcing:
- Hyacinths: These fragrant flowers are renowned for their stunning blooms and come in a range of colors, from deep blues to vibrant pinks and purples.
- Tulips: With their vibrant hues and graceful shape, tulips are a popular choice for indoor forcing. Look for early-blooming varieties such as ‘red riding hood’ or ‘white triumphator.’
- Daffodils: Known for their bright yellow trumpets and delicate fragrance, daffodils can bring cheer to any indoor space. Opt for smaller varieties like ‘tete-a-tete’ or ‘baby boomer’ for indoor forcing.
- Crocuses: These charming flowers are among the earliest bloomers, adding bursts of purple, yellow, or white to your indoor garden. Consider varieties like ‘jeanne d’arc’ or ‘yellow mammoth’ for forcing.
Remember, when selecting bulbs for indoor forcing, choose those that are specifically labeled as suitable for this purpose. These varieties have been cultivated to bloom reliably in indoor conditions.
Timing And Preparation: Steps To Successfully Force Bulbs Indoors
To ensure your bulbs bloom beautifully indoors, proper timing and preparation are crucial. Follow these steps for successful indoor forcing:
- Pre-chilling: Store your bulbs in a cool and dry place for a specific period, usually around 12-14 weeks. This pre-chilling period helps replicate winter conditions and encourages root growth.
- Container selection: Choose containers with proper drainage holes to prevent waterlogging. Opt for shallow pots or bulb pans that allow the roots to spread properly.
- Soil preparation: Use a well-draining potting mix, preferably a blend specifically designed for bulbs. Ensure the soil is moist but not soggy before planting.
- Planting: Place the bulbs in the containers, pointed end up, and cover them with soil. Leave the top third of the bulb exposed. Plant closely but not touching to allow for adequate growth space.
- Location and light: Place the containers in a cool location, ideally around 40-50°f (4-10°c). Provide them with ample light, such as a sunny window sill or under grow lights.
- Watering and maintenance: Keep the soil evenly moist but not waterlogged. Avoid overwatering, as it can cause bulb rot. Monitor the bulbs for any signs of pests or diseases and address them promptly.
By following these steps and choosing the right bulbs, you can create a captivating indoor garden filled with the fragrant blooms of spring even in the heart of winter. So embrace the beauty of indoor forcing and discover the joy of bringing a mini-garden to life inside your massachusetts home.
Care Tips For Indoor Forced Bulbs
Growing bulbs indoors is a wonderful way to enjoy beautiful flowers during the colder months in massachusetts. With a little care and attention, you can nurture your indoor forced bulbs to thrive and bloom. Here are some essential care tips to ensure the success of your indoor bulb garden.
Light And Temperature: Providing Appropriate Conditions For Growth
To promote healthy growth and vibrant blooms, it’s important to provide the right amount of light and maintain the ideal temperature for your indoor forced bulbs. Here are a few key points to remember:
- Place your bulbs in a sunny location where they can receive at least 6-8 hours of direct sunlight daily. If natural light is limited, you can supplement it with fluorescent lights positioned 4-6 inches above the foliage.
- Monitor the temperature closely and aim for a cool environment with temperatures around 55-65°f (13-18°c) during the day. Avoid exposing the bulbs to extreme temperature fluctuations, such as placing them near heating vents or drafty windows.
Watering And Fertilization: Nurturing Bulbs During Indoor Growth
Proper watering and fertilization play a crucial role in the success of your indoor forced bulbs. Here are a few tips to help you nurture your bulbs during their indoor growth:
- Keep the soil evenly moist but not waterlogged. Overwatering can lead to bulb rot, while underwatering can hinder growth. Check the soil regularly and water when the top inch feels slightly dry.
- Use a balanced water-soluble fertilizer diluted to half strength or follow the package instructions. Begin fertilizing once a week when growth appears and continue until the plant finishes blooming.
- Avoid fertilizing dormant bulbs as it can promote excessive foliage growth without flower development.
Transitioning Outdoors: Preparing Forced Bulbs For Outdoor Planting
When the weather begins to warm up in spring, it’s time to prepare your forced bulbs for outdoor planting. Follow these steps to ensure a smooth transition:
- Gradually acclimate your bulbs to outdoor conditions by placing them in a sheltered spot outdoors for a few hours each day. Start with a shady area and gradually expose them to more sunlight over a week or two.
- After the acclimation period, choose a well-draining garden bed with fertile soil for planting. Dig a hole large enough to accommodate the bulb, typically about two to three times its width.
- Place the bulb with the pointed end up and cover it with soil, firming it gently. Water thoroughly after planting to settle the soil around the bulbs.
By providing the right light and temperature, practicing proper watering and fertilization, and transitioning your forced bulbs outdoors with care, you can ensure their successful growth and blooming. Enjoy the beauty of your indoor bulb garden and look forward to their stunning display in your massachusetts garden.
Frequently Asked Questions For When To Plant Bulbs In Massachusetts
When Is The Best Time To Plant Bulbs In Massachusetts?
The best time to plant bulbs in massachusetts is in the fall, before the ground freezes. This allows the bulbs to establish their roots before the winter sets in. Planting in early to mid-october is ideal to ensure they have enough time to establish themselves before the first frost.
How Deep Should Bulbs Be Planted In Massachusetts?
Bulbs should be planted in massachusetts at a depth of two to three times their height. For example, if a bulb is 2 inches tall, it should be planted 4 to 6 inches deep. This ensures that the bulbs are protected from freeze and thaw cycles and have enough soil to root into.
Can I Plant Bulbs After The First Frost In Massachusetts?
It is not recommended to plant bulbs in massachusetts after the first frost. Bulbs need time to establish their roots before cold temperatures set in. Planting after the first frost may result in bulbs not having enough time to establish themselves, leading to a weaker and less successful display in the spring.
What Type Of Soil Is Best For Planting Bulbs In Massachusetts?
Well-draining soil is best for planting bulbs in massachusetts. Bulbs do not like to sit in wet soil, as this can lead to rot. Adding organic matter, such as compost, to the soil can improve drainage and ensure that the bulbs have the best chance of success.
Can I Plant Bulbs Indoors In Massachusetts?
Yes, you can plant bulbs indoors in massachusetts. This can be a great option for those who want to enjoy the beauty of blooming bulbs during the winter months. You can plant bulbs in containers filled with well-draining potting soil and place them in a cool location, such as a basement or garage, to simulate winter conditions.
To wrap up, planting bulbs in massachusetts is a rewarding endeavor that requires careful timing and consideration. By following the guidelines outlined above, gardeners in massachusetts can ensure successful bulb growth and beautiful blooms. Remember to choose bulbs that are suitable for massachusetts’s climate and to plant them at the appropriate depth.
Timing is key, with most bulbs being planted in the fall before the first frost. While the exact planting dates may vary depending on the specific bulb variety, keeping an eye on the soil temperature and following the general guidelines for each type of bulb will lead to the best results.
With a little planning and patience, massachusetts gardeners can enjoy a stunning display of colorful flowers in their gardens come springtime. Happy planting!
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Blog: Paper Doll, Tackling The Stacks And Piles
Paper Doll Bids a Wistful Farewell to Savings Bonds
It's the end of an era. Last week, the Bureau of Public Debt announced that effective January 1, 2012, financial institutions will no longer sell paper savings bond certificates. This move is in alignment with the U.S. Department of Treasury's initiative towards all-electronic transactions, as announced in April 2010.
Of course, savings bonds themselves aren't being eliminated -- just the certificates. You'll still be able to purchase bonds though the TreasuryDirect website. You just won't be able to roll them up, tie them with ribbon and present them as gifts to your loved ones. You won't be able to hoard them in your bedside drawer or roll around on a pile of certificates (not that Paper Doll would want to hear about it if you did.) You can still invest, but there's no more pomp or circumstance about it.
It's estimated that eliminating "over-the-counter" paper certificate sales will save $70 million over the course of the next five years. Indeed, as of December 31, 2010, the government had already stopped selling paper savings bond certificates through payroll deduction plans, so this was the logical next step. The combined elimination of payroll deduction sales and individual OTC sales is predicted to save $120 million over the next five years.
U.S. Public Debt Commissioner Van Zeck recently stated, "Savings bonds are very much a part of this country's history and culture, and will remain a part of America's future – but in electronic form...It's time for us to take a 1935 model and make it a 21st century investment tool....Investors will no longer have to worry about misplacing, losing or storing paper savings bonds."
While that's true, investors may now have to worry about misplacing password-protected account cards or slips of paper onto which they've written their bond numbers, or about web fraud. But it might be argued that, collectively, we'll be losing something else, as well.
KEEPING THE NATION'S BOOKS
The elimination of paper certificates saves the government space (for storing savings bond certificate stock and other tangible resources), expenses for tangibles (ink for printing, certificate paper stock, postage, and envelopes), and fees paid to banks and credit unions for processing bond applications. Financial efficiency is a good thing.
It's uncertain, though, what kind of impact the change will have on sales of savings bonds. It's been reported that sales rates for savings bonds have decreased 53% since 2001, and digital sales accounted for only 11% of the $1.2 billion in savings bonds purchased from October 2010 through June 2011.
Maybe most consumers didn't know they could purchase bonds electronically, but with 89% of purchases in that period being paper certificates, one has to wonder whether going digital might dramatically decrease the number of people buying savings bonds overall. It depends on whether they're buying them for inflation-hedging investments or more ineffable qualities.
THE SENTIMENTAL VIEW
Great-Grandma and Great-Grandpa, who probably still revel in the ritual of going to their bank branches to purchase saving bonds for the newest acorn on the family tree, will have a few options. If they're web-savvy, they can use TreasuryDirect; if not, perhaps their kids or friends will help them pursue the online process. Or, more likely, they'll get a crisp $50 or $100 from Ye Olde Bank and skip buying savings bonds altogether.
And it's not just the older generation. While I-series bonds currently have a nifty 4.6% return, EE-series bonds, at 1.1%, don't exactly yield exciting returns on investment. Then again, people don't buy them, at least as gifts, solely for the ROI. People also give savings bonds because of the old-fashioned visual and tactile appeal.
As a professional organizer, I'm happy about the increased efficiency and reduced costs. And yet, as Paper Doll, I'm a little melancholy at the shuttering of yet another lovely, old-fashioned tie to the past. Sure, I'd long since gotten used to the idea of "book entry" (i.e., digital) stock ownership in lieu of having actual stock certificates. Somehow, keeping tangible stock certificates around made me feel a bit like Scrooge McDuck, hoarding my gold! But savings bonds?
Savings bonds have always brought to mind a semi-antiquated but memorable way to deliver a gift spanning time, from past to present to future. I received savings bonds upon my birth and bat mitzvah, and have blogged previously about how my college crowd has made it a tradition to collectively give savings bonds when anyone in our group gives birth or adopts. When I purchased my first car, the bulk of my down payment came from bonds issued in 1967, and before cashing them in, I took time to read the old typefaces on the certificates and the sprawling handwriting styles on the accompanying cards' sweet, optimistic messages.
OTHER CLOUDS ON THE HORIZON
For investors, the situation is somewhat dependent upon how smoothly the transition works. The old Legacy Treasury Direct system whereby investors could purchase and redeem Treasury bills and other securities by telephone or mail is also being phased out in favor of an all-digital plan, but has been fraught with glitches and marked by complaints from older investors.
In addition, two other practical issues are in play. First, the TreasuryDirect web site, although improved, is still not as fluid or intuitive an interface as, say, Google. It can be clunky. Also, there's growing consumer concern about hacking and web fraud. Even if the interface is improved and TreasuryDirect's web security rivals that at Fort Knox, perception becomes reality. Because savings bonds are not essential, poor PR could keep resistance high and purchase rates low.
WHAT IT MEANS FOR YOU: YOUR OLD CERTIFICATES
If you already have paper savings bond certificates, you can still redeem them at banks and credit unions, as always. If you have a savings bond which hasn't yet matured, but was lost, stolen, eaten by the family pet or otherwise destroyed, you're OK. It can be reissued in paper certificate or electronic form. (Paper Doll wonders why paper certificates are allowed for replacing old certificates when everything else is going digital.)
WHAT IT MEANS FOR YOU: GIFT-GIVING
Effective January 1, 2012, if you want to buy a savings bond for yourself or as a gift, you'll first have to sign up for a TreasuryDirect account:
1) Provide your name, email address, bank or credit union routing and account numbers, and your taxpayer ID (Social Security or Employer Identification number).
2) Create a username and password and choose your security questions. (Safeguard the information you choose!)
3) Once your account request is processed (which can take up to 14 days, so plan ahead), you'll receive an access card which will enable you to manage your account.
Next, to actually buy a gift bond, you'll need to know a recipient's full name, Social Security number, and, if applicable, TreasuryDirect account number. When the gift bond is processed, the recipient will receive an email, announcing the receipt of the gift in his or her TreasuryDirect account. You can also print a savings bond gift certificate, which makes the whole transaction a little less mundane than buying a Bobblehead on eBay via Paypal.
If you give a bond to a minor, the bond is placed in an online gift box until he or she reaches 18 years of age. At that point, the newly-minted adult can open his or her own TreasuryDirect account. Parents who wish to maintain a little extra control (or secrecy) can open their own TreasuryDirect accounts through which they can create custodial accounts in which the gifted bond may be safely kept.
Gee. Fun. Wow.
WHAT IT MEANS FOR YOU: A BIG CHANGE FOR THE INVESTOR CROWD
Along with the elimination of paper certificates, there's a new change that primarily impacts serious investors. Currently, you're limited to $5,000 in paper savings bond purchases, per year, for each bond series (EE and I bonds), plus another $5000, of each, per year, via the Treasury Direct website.
As of 2012, however, the limit will just be $5000 in purchases from TreasuryDirect. So, hey, Big Spender, if you were counting on buying $10K of each series of savings bonds per year, you'll have to scale back and invest elsewhere.
There's one exception. Currently, you can request to receive up to $5000 of your federal income tax refund in I-series savings bonds, and that won't change with the new rules. Thus, while $10,000 of saving bond investment purchases via paper certificates have been cut out, you can recoup half that lost opportunity via your refund. It's believed that for 2012, at least, those tax refunds via I-series bonds may be available as paper certificates.
WHAT'S NEXT FOR YOU?
Buying savings bonds electronically isn't new. The government has been selling Series EE and I savings bonds electronically, 24/7/365, through TreasuryDirect since 2002. Opening and maintaining a TreasuryDirect account is free. Once you create your account, you can:
--Purchase, manage, and redeem Series EE and I electronic savings bonds for yourself.
--Purchase electronic savings bonds as a gift for someone else.
--Convert the Series EE and I paper savings bonds certificates you already own to electronic format via the SmartExchange® feature.
--Enroll in a payroll savings plan at work so you can purchase electronic savings bonds, the cost for which gets deducted just like taxes, insurance, 401(K) contributions, United Way donations and other similar payroll deductions.
--Invest in other U.S. Treasury securities (like T-bills, notes, bonds, and Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS).
As of July 1, 2011, there were 45 million matured, unredeemed savings bonds worth approximately $16.2 billion, just sitting there. Are any of them yours? Be sure to check the savings bonds you own via TreasuryDirect's Savings Bond Calculator (to see the current value) or Treasury Hunt (to see if you've got money waiting for you).
SOME PARTING ADVICE
The last time I wrote about savings bonds was in January 2008, in the post Lost and Found: Savings Bonds (and saving yourself a headache later on). While some of that advice may become moot, much of it will remain useful until all of the 672 million outstanding paper savings bonds (both matured and not-yet-matured) -- worth $181 billion -- are cashed in. Thus, please avail yourself of the advice in that post if you want to know how to:
Of course, you could opt to exchange your paper savings bond certificates for digital versions using SmartExchange. Then, at least, you won't have to worry about which bonds are held digitally and which are still held via paper.
- Record and safeguard your savings bond certificates and associated information outside of the TreasuryDirect savings bond management system
- Locate and/or replace missing savings bond certificates
- Redeem savings bonds
Readers, what do you think? Will you miss savings bond certificates? Will you embrace the digital system completely? Do you have any savings bond stories? Please share your thoughts in the comments section below.
posted on: 7/19/2011 10:30:00 AM by Julie Bestry
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Julie Bestry, President of Best Results Organizing in Chattanooga, TN, is a Certified Professional Organizer®, speaker and author. Julie helps overwhelmed individuals and businesses save time and money, reduce stress and increase productivity through new organizational skills and systems.
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https://www.adroitmarketresearch.com/blogs/brushless-dc-motors-market
| 2024-04-17T22:26:50 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817181.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20240417204934-20240417234934-00380.warc.gz
| 0.95679 | 577 |
CC-MAIN-2024-18
|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__195228456
|
en
|
A brushless DC motors is a type of synchronous motor that is powered by DC charge through a power supply. It generates AC power which drives the specific phase of the motor with the help of controller of the closed loop. In addition, a brushless DC motors also called as commutated motor. This system is identical to the PMSM (Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor). The motor has a controller that provides current pulses to the motor windings to control torque as well as speed. High power to weight ratio, electronic control, and high speed are some of the significant factors that makes the brushless DC motors more advantageous. The system finds their number of applications across computer peripherals, hand-held power tools, disk drives, printers, and vehicles. As compared to the traditional motor, the brushless DC motors needs less wear, it also reduces the overall maintenance costs.
The brushless DC motors offer huge number of benefits such as peak point efficiency, higher efficiency, quick response, high operation speed, peak point efficiency, less rotor heat, and low maintenance cost that makes it reliable for high number of applications such as positioning, motion control system, as well as actuation systems. Moreover, they need mow maintenance and the motor operates at very low temperatures along with the thermally resistant body. In addition, the growing popularity of the sensor-less controls for these type of motor is expected to increase the product robustness and reliability, thus reducing the number of mechanical misalignment and electrical connections. These factors boost the growth of the brushless DC motors market across the globe. The development of the global electrical vehicle market has a significant influence on the market growth that is expected to boost the market demand over the forecast period. In addition to this, the ability of these motors to save energy as well as rise operational efficiency of equipment is also estimated to increase the growth of the global brushless DC motor market into coming years.
The brushless DC motors provide optimal reliability and efficiency at the same time that proves to be inexpensive in number of different applications such as sun-roof actuators, air conditioners, and window lifters. Moreover, brushless DC motors are thermally resistant, operate at very low temperature, and needs low maintenance. In addition, the emergence of sensor-less controls is anticipated to increase the demand for the brushless DC motors over the forecast period. Moreover, the global market for brushless DC motors is driven by the increasing movement across the electric vehicle production. The rising popularity of vehicle features such as adjustable mirrors, motorized seats, as well as sunroof systems are also boosting the growth of the brushless DC motors market. The brushless DC motors market across the globe is witnessing huge growth which can be majorly attributed to the rise in automobile industries and huge amount of brushless DC motors utilized in a car.
|
electronic_science
| 1 |
http://contore2.brightdev.co.za/italy/
| 2021-07-24T23:36:51 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046151531.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724223025-20210725013025-00240.warc.gz
| 0.946635 | 138 |
CC-MAIN-2021-31
|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-31__0__59361076
|
en
|
Travel Your DREAM!
Italy is one of the most-travelled destinations in Europe. There are more UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Italy than any other country in the world, so it is impossible to fit them all in one holiday. From the eternal city of Rome to the canals of Venice, from the Tuscan wine lands to the Italian Alps, there are many jaw-dropping things to see and do in this country. However, mouth-watering cuisine is universal all over Italy, no matter where you are. So, treat yourself to gelato and an espresso while enjoying the magnificence of Italy. It is indeed a dream destination.
Tours to Italy
|
geography
| 1 |
https://acuex.org/5529-2/
| 2023-12-09T21:02:47 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100972.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209202131-20231209232131-00380.warc.gz
| 0.959182 | 791 |
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__75813008
|
en
|
Free Casino Video Slots
Free video slots at casinos are a great way to get a feel of online slot machines and become familiar with the process of playing. You have the option of either black or red textured images for your reels. There is also mobile casino games you can pay by phone bill a variety bonus symbols that could help you win. These video slots also have thrilling sounds and graphics. They also give the chance to test the strength of your luck by winning a jackpot.
Free casino video slots are also a great way to test your game strategy before you start betting real money. It is possible to win real money playing online slots. However it is crucial to manage your bankroll well. The most basic rule is to play with fake money to understand how to manage your money. This will allow you to become familiar with the various symbols and then manage your bankroll according to. Additionally, you can enhance your skills by familiarizing yourself with the game tips.
If you want to play a free casino video slot you can open an online casino and play for no cost. There is no need to download anything. Simply start the game and have fun! The spinning wheel will continue to spin until you hit the stop button. There is no limit to the number of times you can stop the game. You can play for hours without hassle. The bonus features are another bonus feature in the free version.
These free casino video slots are a great opportunity to try various casino games. These are designed for players of all skill levels and are ideal for beginners as well as experienced players. The fun of playing for free video slots can be matched with the excitement of playing for real money. You’ll enjoy the experience and the thrill of winning big. It is recommended that you play online slots for entertainment. They are also easy to play and offer a huge potential to win.
There are a variety of free casino video slots to pick from. The only thing you have to decide on is the one that offers the best entertainment and gameplay. Mobile devices can be used with the majority of the top casino video slots. These slots are playable on both smartphones and tablets. You can also play for free online slots on your computer or laptop. These games are completely free and you don’t need to pay any money.
The best thing about video slots at no cost is that they are easy to download and do not require an account. You can play them from any computer so long as you have an internet connection. The websites provide free casino slots that are user-friendly and can be played on a mobile device. A good selection of free slot machines is one that apple pay casinos is compatible with a large number of browsers. The most popular slots work with both mobile and desktop computers.
Free video slots in casinos are an excellent way to pass the time, relax, and sharpen your hand-eye coordination. These games can also help improve your reading skills. These games can be played at your home or at work without having to sign up. A no-cost casino video slots account is always available at your fingertips. This means that you can play online casino slot games anytime you’d like. You don’t have to travel far to play online slot games at casinos. You can still relax at home, while learning new abilities and spending time with family.
Free casino video slots are an excellent way to test out your skills. They come with bonus features that will increase the excitement. While you can play free casino video slots from your home, you also have the option to choose to set your own rules. You can choose the number of rounds to play. You can redeem your bonus if you get a win. If you do not have enough money to spend on playing, you can play online and download the game. Play for fun at the online casinos to make sure you enjoy a great time.
|
entertainment
| 1 |
https://www.dispenseapp.com/integrations/meadow
| 2023-12-01T09:25:01 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100286.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201084429-20231201114429-00596.warc.gz
| 0.891883 | 288 |
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__55184693
|
en
|
Connect Dispense's online ordering and inventory menus with your Meadow POS.
Meadow’s complete suite of connected tools provide smarter cannabis dispensary sales, marketing, inventory management, compliance, and more.
Dispense is eCommerce and order management software for cannabis dispensaries. Unlike third-party marketplaces, you own your data and customers, and can leverage this data to boost SEO and drive sales to your site.
The Dispense integration with Meadow is bi-directional: Sync products in real-time from your Meadow POS into Dispense where customers can shop your dispensary's eCommerce menu. Dispense is not a marketplace; you own your data, we will not share it with competitors.
Dispense sends order data back to Meadow, so you can manage orders there and keep up-to-date inventory.
Real-time menu updates
Your eCommerce menu is always up-to-date with the menu and product information from the Meadow POS.
Accept and fulfill online orders without sharing all your customers' data with your competitors.
Orders show up in both Dispense and in your Meadow POS.
Automatically sync products and inventory from your Meadow POS
Manage orders in both Dispense and Meadow. Dispense sends order and product data to Meadow for up-to-date inventory.
Interested in integrating or partnering with us? Let's grow the cannabis economy together!Contact Us
|
computer_science_and_technology
| 1 |
http://www.j-body.org/forums/read.php?f=30&t=61773&a=1
| 2018-09-21T04:25:51 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156780.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20180921033529-20180921053929-00250.warc.gz
| 0.979871 | 119 |
CC-MAIN-2018-39
|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-39__0__22468529
|
en
|
Just a couple of photos for anyone wanting to know where it is and what is involved in the replacement. I hope in the future to post up a decent how to.
The super short detail is you will need to completely disassemble the entire dash assembly to get at the core. You might not have to remove the steering column or center console as I have in this photo, but that is probably about as much short cutting as possible. At least this will give you an idea what you are getting into up front and can make a decision of what you can do about your delima.
|
automotive
| 1 |
https://www.engineeringspecifier.com/sensors/new-avt-stingray-cameras-available
| 2022-07-07T04:15:26 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104683683.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220707033101-20220707063101-00705.warc.gz
| 0.884866 | 212 |
CC-MAIN-2022-27
|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__149790671
|
en
|
modularity and flexibility of the Stingray family make it suitable for a host of applications. A wide selection of lens connectors, sensors, casings, interfaces and cable output jacks allow over 7000 configurations to satisfy a vast range of applications. Angle-head systems or OEM versions are also optionally available. The Stingray is also compatible with the Common Vision Blox imaging toolkit from STEMMER IMAGING.
A fast FireWire IEEE 1394b interface is provided as standard. Versions with either two copper wire FireWire connections or with a copper wire/fibre optical connection are optionally available. The fibre optical version enables data to be easily transferred over large distances.
The Stingray offers many functions for image pre-processing, such as look-up tables, shading correction, white balancing and 2x to 8x binning for increased light sensitivity. The internal memory and deferred data transfer provided by the grabber functions make the Stingray ideally suited to multi-camera operation, while the sequence mode facilitates rapid changes in camera settings.
|
instrument_science
| 1 |
https://benharrisatlanta.com/condos/copenhill-lofts/
| 2023-12-04T05:48:46 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100525.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204052342-20231204082342-00486.warc.gz
| 0.931639 | 328 |
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__224978255
|
en
|
Copenhill Lofts is a six-story luxury mid-rise loft condominium building situated on Ralph McGill Boulevard adjacent to Freedom Parkway in the neighborhood of Poncey Highlands in Downtown Atlanta. This boutique building was completed in 2001 and developed by the Winter Construction Company. It stands 77 feet tall and offers 40 loft homes with climactic views in all directions.
Copenhill Lofts offers one to three bedroom floor plans varying in size from 1,000 square feet to roughly 5,000 square feet. Modern open-style floor plans include multi-level options and flats. These homes offer standard features which include 18-foot ceilings, exposed ductwork, top-of-the-line stainless steel appliances, breakfast bar, concrete ceilings and walls, concrete sealed floors, spacious private walk-out balconies, large walk-in closets, gourmet kitchen, granite finishes, washer or dryer connections, natural lighting, Kohler fixtures in kitchen and baths, tile bath, separate showers, large master suite, formal dining area, and floor-to-ceiling windows with picturesque views of the treetops, skyline, and the sunset.
Residents of these serene Downtown condominiums enjoy the short distance to parks, museums, retail shops, educational institutions, and eateries which include the Atlanta Beltline, Local Farmer’s Markets, O4W Park, the Carter Center Presidential Museum, Ponce City Market, and the Freedom Park. Schools near Copenhill Lofts are to Springdale Park Elementary School, Morningside Elementary School, Inman Middle School, and Grady High School.
|
design
| 1 |
https://www.theurbanist.org/2016/08/08/melrose-promenade-awarded-3-million-for-construction/
| 2023-06-09T12:03:46 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224656675.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609100535-20230609130535-00347.warc.gz
| 0.943878 | 1,564 |
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__175981626
|
en
|
Last week, the Puget Sound Regional Council (PSRC) released its recommendations for hundreds of millions of dollars in federal transportation funding. We recently provided a rundown on the most high profile local projects, including improvements for Denny Way and partial funding for the 1st Avenue Streetcar, but there are many smaller awards throughout the region. A significant result for Seattle’s Capitol Hill neighborhood is a $3 million grant for the Melrose Promenade, a greenway and public space project that seeks to transform an underutilized street.
Melrose Promenade is a citizen-led initiative to transform Melrose Avenue East, a narrow, mile-long street at the base of Capitol Hill which borders the eastern edge of Interstate 5. The street runs through a mix of districts, starting with intersecting the Pike-Pine retail corridor in the south, fronting large apartment buildings to the north, and terminating in a trail running through Bellevue Place Park. As one of the flattest streets in the area it’s a popular route for bicyclists getting around the hill.
Today the street is bombarded with the roar of freeway traffic and has a narrow sidewalk on only one side, offering not so much as a street tree or bench in this high density neighborhood. But the street also offers stunning views of the city skyline and the Olympic Mountains beyond. Urban planner and local resident Mike Kent saw a disconnect between Melrose Avenue’s poor conditions and its views of the city. Six years ago he started recruiting friends, neighbors, local organizations, and business owners to advocate for safety changes and public space improvements.
In 2012, a $20,000 grant from the City of Seattle enabled the Melrose Promenade Advisory Committee to hire design consultants and host several public workshops. These helped shape the community’s vision for what Melrose Avenue could become. The work led to an 88 page concept plan (PDF) which includes site analyses, public feedback, and schematic renderings.
Billing itself as “the front porch to Seattle’s Capitol Hill”, the concept plan has a variety of elements that support a mix of street users:
- Part of the “active urban” south of Denny Way is envisioned as a curbless festival street with adaptable furniture and lighting elements. The area between Pike Street and Olive Way has a number of retail establishments that draw foot traffic day and night.
- The “overlook” north of Denny Way may have elements like curb bulbs, seating, and translucent panels on the edge of the freeway to make Melrose more inviting for people walking and to enhance the skyline views. The hill climb at Harrison Street, which consists of a narrow stairway today, is widened into a larger gathering and viewing space (see the next image below for a comparison).
- The “park” section would enhance the multi-use trail running through Bellevue Place Park and potentially create new retaining walls and terraces to make the park more useable and attractive as a gathering space.
In the concept plan, it appears most of the 191 on-street parking spaces are preserved, though the parking lane north of Denny Way may be relocated to the west side of the street to accommodate a widened sidewalk or planter strip. Kent said, “The conceptual plan discusses widening sidewalks, which might require narrowing the roadway and possibly reducing traffic to one-way, but SDOT [Seattle Department of Transportation] must determine whether this is feasible and worth pursuing through additional community engagement and planning.”
Despite SDOT’s $215 million annual capital budget and the recent passage of the $930 million Move Seattle Levy, funding for human-powered projects like these are few and far between. That’s why the City applied for a grant with PSRC, which is the regional clearinghouse for several sources of federal transportation funding.
In describing the project, the grant application (PDF) notes:
“Currently, 37% of households in the Melrose Promenade corridor are car-free. Constrained parking supply and the existing density of housing and employment makes owning a car expensive and challenging. Improving bicycle and pedestrian performance will make a car-free and car-light lifestyle more attractive and convenient for a broad cross-section of the community.”
Kent affirmed that SDOT took some liberty in defining the bounds of Melrose Promemade, using the project as “inspiration for its proposal” for bike lanes and sidewalk upgrades beyond Melrose Avenue itself. However, Kent is optimistic that the grant money will help pay for other improvements such as crosswalks, signage, lighting, and landscaping.
A portion of the grant will fund protected bike lanes on Melrose Avenue south of Denny Way and on Minor Avenue between Pike Street and University Street–these routes are not designated on the official Bike Master Plan map because of a technical error when the map was made. In addition, to the north on Lakeview Boulevard the grant will fund unprotected bike lanes between Belmont Avenue and Howe Street, where Lakeview Boulevard passes underneath I-5. See below for a project map.
On Melrose Avenue itself, between Denny Way and Roy Street, the street will be upgraded to a greenway. In practice this means speed bumps–and possibly other treatments like raised intersections and curb bulbs–that will slow traffic and make walking and bicycling more comfortable.
Altogether, these upgrades could be considered “phase 1” of Melrose Promenade’s implementation. More artistic features, upgrades to public stairways, and improvements to Bellevue Place Park will presumably come in later years if funding can be acquired. Additional coordination with the Washington State Department of Transportation–which owns the retaining wall that Melrose Avenue abuts—and the Seattle Parks Department will take time.
The $3 million PSRC grant only partially funds the proposed project, which is estimated to cost $4.7 million in total. Funding from the Move Seattle Levy will cover the gap. Preliminary engineering is expected to cost $470,000 and be completed by 2019. Construction is expected to wrap up by 2020. And although the grant is only “recommended”–and requires final approval from the Seattle City Council and federal authorities–Kent noted that that recommendations typically go through as allocated.
Hopefully there will also be another look at the intersection with Olive Way, where there are ramps to and from Interstate 5 and frequent vehicle collisions. I previously wrote about a number of safety improvements, and below is a map of possible changes to traffic flow for the area in question.
Ultimately, Kent is happy that progress is being made. He touts the bottom-up character of Melrose Promenade, explaining the project has required “…hundreds and hundreds of volunteer hours from our entire team. Projects that are so ambitious require not just hard work but creativity, cooperation, flexibility, and persistence.” Kent believes Melrose Avenue will soon be a Seattle street that is safer, better designed, and more enjoyable for “…pedestrians, cyclists, our neighbors, and our visitors.”
This article is a cross-post from The Northwest Urbanist.
Scott Bonjukian is a car-free urban designer with a passion for sustainable and efficient cities. With degrees in architecture and urban planning, his many interests include neighborhood design, public space and street design, transit systems, pedestrian and bicycle planning, local politics, and natural resource protection. He primarily cross-posts from his blog at The Northwest Urbanist and advocates for a variety of progressive land use and transportation solutions.
|
civil_engineering
| 1 |
https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED117008
| 2018-10-22T23:57:56 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583515555.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20181022222133-20181023003633-00508.warc.gz
| 0.813601 | 256 |
CC-MAIN-2018-43
|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-43__0__75916939
|
en
|
ERIC Number: ED117008
Record Type: Non-Journal
Publication Date: 1973
Reference Count: N/A
Demographic Trends in the Republic of Zaire. Caltech Population Program Occasional Papers, Series 1, Number 5.
This paper, one in a series of occasional publications, discusses population growth and trends in the African Republic of Zaire. The series is intended to increase understanding of the interrelationships between population growth and socioeconomic and cultural patterns throughout the world, and to communicate this understanding to scholars and policy makers. This publication includes a discussion of the following: (1) General Characteristics of Black Africa, (2) African Attitudes toward Population, (3) Demographic Trends in the Zaire, and (4) Urban Trends and Internal Migration. (Author/RM)
Descriptors: African Culture, Birth Rate, Demography, Developing Nations, Family Planning, Foreign Countries, Marriage, Overpopulation, Population Distribution, Population Education, Population Growth, Population Trends, Rural Population, Social Attitudes, Social Change, Social Sciences, Urban Population, Urbanization, World Problems
Publication Type: Books
Education Level: N/A
Authoring Institution: California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena.
|
geography
| 1 |
http://www.agrimax.com/market-reports/turkish-apricot-update-07-12-2020/
| 2024-04-14T05:18:07 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816864.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20240414033458-20240414063458-00005.warc.gz
| 0.978583 | 233 |
CC-MAIN-2024-18
|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__167877686
|
en
|
- Exports in November were ahead of expectations at 9,425 tons compared to 9,931 tons last year a decrease of 5%.
- Year to date exports are 34,767 tons compared to 39,406 tons last year, a decrease of 11 %
Exports were surprisingly strong in November to reach within 5% of last years total . It looks as if the prices have not yet reached the level needed to curb demand to match the 30% reduction in supply this year.
Prices are steady in Lira terms, at the TMO support price. $ prices have increased as the Lira strengthened some 8% from 8.50 at the beginning of November to around 7.83 today.
Since the Finance Minister and head of the Central Bank were replaced in November, the base interest rates have been increased by 5%. This has strengthened and stabilised the currency. More interest rate hikes are expected to defend the current exchange rate if necessary in line with the new finance teams policies.
Demand is steady, a lot of buyers have covered the first half of the season, and are expected to cover up to new crop in the coming weeks.
|
economics
| 1 |
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28663751/
| 2023-10-04T20:01:23 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00253.warc.gz
| 0.934098 | 599 |
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__105261503
|
en
|
Human lactoferrin (hLf), an 80-kDa multifunctional iron-binding cationic glycoprotein, is constitutively secreted by exocrine glands and by neutrophils during inflammation. hLf is recognized as a key element in the host immune defense system. The in vitro and in vivo experiments are carried out with bovine Lf (bLf), which shares high sequence homology and identical functions with hLf, including anti-inflammatory activity. Here, in "pure" M1 human macrophages, obtained by stimulation with a mixture of 10 pg/ml LPS and 20 ng/ml IFN-γ, as well as in a more heterogeneous macrophage population, challenged with high-dose of LPS (1 µg/ml), the effect of bLf on the expression of the main proteins involved in iron and inflammatory homeostasis, namely ferroportin (Fpn), membrane-bound ceruloplasmin (Cp), cytosolic ferritin (Ftn), transferrin receptor 1, and cytokines has been investigated. The increase of IL-6 and IL-1β cytokines, following the inflammatory treatments, is associated with both upregulation of cytosolic Ftn and downregulation of Fpn, membrane-bound Cp, and transferrin receptor 1. All these changes take part into intracellular iron overload, a very unsafe condition leading in vivo to higher host susceptibility to infections as well as iron deficiency in the blood and anemia of inflammation. It is, therefore, of utmost importance to counteract the persistence of the inflammatory status to rebalance iron levels between tissues/secretions and blood. Moreover, levels of the antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10 were increased in cells treated with high doses of LPS. Conversely, IL-10 decreased when the LPS/IFN-γ mix was used, suggesting that only the inflammation triggered by LPS high doses can switch on an anti-inflammatory response in our macrophagic model. Here, we demonstrate that bLf, when included in the culture medium, significantly reduced IL-6 and IL-1β production and efficiently prevented the changes of Fpn, membrane-bound Cp, cytosolic Ftn, and transferrin receptor 1 in "pure" M1 macrophages, as well as in the more heterogeneous macrophage population. In addition, the decrease of IL-10 induced by the LPS/IFN-γ mix was counteracted by bovine lactoferrin. Several drugs capable of modulating macrophagic phenotypes are emerging as attractive molecules for treating inflammation, and in this sense, bovine lactoferrin is no exception.
Keywords: ceruloplasmin; cytokines; ferroportin; homeostasis; inflammation; iron; lactoferrin; macrophages.
|
health
| 1 |
https://www.feem.it/publications/pollution-and-the-efficiency-of-urban-growth/
| 2023-11-28T12:54:44 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679099514.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20231128115347-20231128145347-00322.warc.gz
| 0.869002 | 143 |
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__295784710
|
en
|
Pollution and the Efficiency of Urban Growth
Martin F Quaas, Sjak Smulders
Climate Change and Sustainable Development
We analyze the efficiency of urbanization patterns in a dynamic model of endogenous urban growth with two sectors of production. Production exhibits increasing returns to scale on aggregate. Urban environmental pollution, as a force that discourages agglomeration, is caused by domestic production. We show that cities are too large and too few in number in equilibrium, compared to the efficient urbanization path, if economic growth implies increasing aggregate emissions. If, on the other hand, production becomes cleaner over time (`quality growth’) the urbanization path approximates the efficient outcome after finite time.
|
geography
| 1 |
https://byjus.com/question-answer/which-of-the-following-causes-a-decrease-in-the-water-table-lack-of-rain-water/
| 2022-01-17T08:31:59 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300343.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220117061125-20220117091125-00075.warc.gz
| 0.899665 | 121 |
CC-MAIN-2022-05
|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-05__0__199382695
|
en
|
Which of the following causes a decrease in the water table?
Lack of rain water harvesting infrastructure.
The correct option is A Lack of rain water harvesting infrastructure.
Lack of rain water harvesting infrastructure reduces the amount that enters the ground. Hence, it lowers the water table.
Cloud seeding promotes rain in a region and helps in restoration. Growing trees holds soil and water and attracts rain. This increases the water level in a region. Drip irrigation in agriculture ensures that water is delivered close to the roots and more water seeps into the ground.
|
hydraulic_engineering
| 1 |
http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article_center.php?in_type=23
| 2015-05-30T05:22:34 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207930895.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113210-00218-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz
| 0.967915 | 831 |
CC-MAIN-2015-22
|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2015-22__0__1169856
|
en
|
She came on last at a concert that started at midnight at the Lowe's Sheraton on Seventh Avenue in The Village. It was one of those big, everybody-gets-to-play jam sessions they called concerts then, and it probably cost the promoters less than what Kenny G spends on hair gel these days. But there were at least a dozen top-flight groups including Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers, Chet Baker's quartet, Al Cohn and Zoot Sims with Conte Candoli. But Billie Holiday was ...read more
The impeccable Mr. Connie Kay plays perfectly." If you say that sentence out loud in a chamber where there is just the slightest echo, and emphasize the p" sounds and the hard c" sounds just a little, you get a feeling of what this remarkable percussionist's drumming actually sounds like.
In all music, I don't think there's ever been anything quite like Connie Kay's cymbals. You could detect the ping of his ride cymbal out of a thousand--dry ...read more
This month, instead of writing about a jazz personality, I decided to write about a room. A jazz room which sadly no longer exists but that had a personality as unique as the great musicians who played there. I'm talking about a club called Birdland-- the original Birdland on Broadway near 56th Street in Manhattan's Times Square (before it got Disney-fied.)
It billed itself as The Jazz Corner of the World," and in the sixties and seventies it undoubtedly was ...read more
Coming out of the fifties at 19 years old, I'd had my fill of doo-wop and R & B. One windy Saturday afternoon in April, I heard this music on the radio coming from a little station in New Rochelle, NY, WNRC AM & FM. There was no sledge hammer back-beat and no loopy falsetto singing, no adolescent lyrics or twanging guitars. This music had a story line; it had a delicacy and a pulse that got inside your chest ...read more
Who the hell shows up at a midnight jam session at the Loews Sheraton Theater in Greenwich Village wearing white, elbow-length gloves, a little, flowered print dress and a hat that looks like an inverted birdbath? Who dares to show up on stage like that where guys like Zoot Sims and Conte Condoli and Al Cohn are playing? And then proceeds to not merely hold her own on the scat vocals, but to actually kick some ass up there?read more
The men's room at Birdland was, like the rest of the club, pretty much about economies of scale. A pair of urinals too close together. One cramped toilet stall. One gray-jacketed, tired old attendant who maybe could feel the vibrations through the walls when Philly Joe was playing Two Bass Hit. But there was no way of telling if he cared about the music or the people playing it.
The Miles Davis Sextet--the Kind of Blue ensemble--was on ...read more
Sitting over by the bar in the cheap seats at Birdland during a Monday night jam session, I watched a group of aspiring young drummers roll their eyes and shake their heads in disbelief. I saw them nudge each other, smile and even laugh out loud. They sat forward with their chins on their hands watching and listening intently to the great Philly Joe Jones.
Philly Joe was playing with his old buddy, Elmo Hope, on piano and young Larry ...read more
The twilight skies over the aged wood shingled roofs at the Newport Tennis Hall of Fame were looking ominous. The air was damp and flecks of rain started and stopped as we walked into the beautiful Stanford White-designed courtyard with its hanging flowerpots and dark green shutters. It was like traveling back to another era of summery charm and Victorian opulence. The seats had been set up on one of the famed plush grass courts. The sight lines to the ...read more
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entertainment
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https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/science/universe-brighter-than-thought-nasa/6425/
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Universe is brighter than thought, with a surprising surplus of infrared light in the dark space between galaxies.
NASA scientists have found that the universe is brighter than thought, with a surprising surplus of infrared light in the dark space between galaxies.
The US space agency’s sounding rocket experiment detected a surplus of infrared light in the dark space between galaxies, a diffuse cosmic glow as bright as all known galaxies combined. The glow is thought to be from orphaned stars flung out of galaxies, NASA said.
The findings redefine what scientists think of as galaxies. Galaxies may not have a set boundary of stars, but instead stretch out to great distances, forming a vast, interconnected sea of stars.
Observations from the Cosmic Infrared Background Experiment or CIBER are helping settle debate on whether this background infrared light in the universe comes from these streams of stripped stars too distant to be seen individually, or from the first galaxies to form in the universe.
“We think stars are being scattered out into space during galaxy collisions,” said Michael Zemcov, lead author of the research paper and astronomer at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) and NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California.
“While we have previously observed cases where stars are flung from galaxies in a tidal stream, our new measurement implies this process is widespread,” said Zemcov.
Using suborbital sounding rockets, which are smaller than those that carry satellites to space and are ideal for short experiments, CIBER captured wide-field pictures of the cosmic infrared background at two infrared wavelengths shorter than those previously detected by NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope.
Because our atmosphere itself glows brightly at these particular wavelengths of light, the measurements can only be done from space, researchers said.
During the CIBER flights, the cameras launch into space, then snap pictures for about seven minutes before transmitting the data back to Earth.
Scientists masked out bright stars and galaxies from the pictures and carefully ruled out any light coming from more local sources, such as our own Milky Way galaxy.
What was left is a map showing fluctuations in the remaining infrared background light, with splotches that are much bigger than individual galaxies.
The brightness of these fluctuations allows scientists to measure the total amount of background light.
The maps showed a dramatic excess of light beyond what comes from the galaxies. This infrared background light has a blue spectrum, which means it increases in brightness at shorter wavelengths.
This is evidence the light comes from a previously undetected population of stars between galaxies. Light from the first galaxies would give a spectrum of colours that is redder than what was seen.
The findings appear in the journal Science.
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Quick Index Board Index Home FAQ Site Map
|Limerick Contest #1
Written by Carolyn
(4/4/2006 11:44 p.m.)
please post your limericks from now til Saturday -- votes will be collected from Saturday til Tuesday evening.
Now as to prizes -- the winner will receive an Austen related prize (bookmark or notecard) and a selection of (mostly) chocolate homemade truffles.
There once was a girl from Fullerton
Groupread is maintained by Myretta with WebBBS 3.21.
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gamble
| 1 |
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PAULA CROP TOP WITH SLEEVE
The Paula is a 3/4 sleeve asymmetric draped Top with a subtle shoulder pad detail. . A perfect power dressing top for that special night out. Ideal from an A to a D cup.
Composition: 89% polyester, 11% elastane; lining: 100% polyester; crotch: 100% cotton with comfortable snap closure.
Comes true to size, model wears size S.
Available in gold lame .
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design
| 1 |
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Motorcycle maintenance is not just about keeping your bike in good working condition. It is an art form that involves a deep understanding of the machine, the philosophy behind maintenance, and the satisfaction that comes from taking care of your own ride. In this article, Kowasaki will explore the art of motorcycle maintenance and guide you through the essential practices to keep your bike running smoothly and safely.
When you ride a motorcycle, you become intimately connected with the machine. The sound of the engine, the feel of the wind, and the sense of freedom on the open road create a unique experience. However, to truly enjoy the ride, it is essential to maintain your motorcycle properly.
The Philosophy Behind Motorcycle Maintenance
Maintenance is not just about fixing problems as they arise. It is about taking a proactive approach to ensure that your motorcycle is always in peak condition. The philosophy behind motorcycle maintenance is based on the idea that by caring for your bike and understanding its intricacies, you can develop a deeper connection with it.
- The Mindset of a Motorcycle Maintenance Enthusiast
To fully appreciate the art of motorcycle maintenance, you need to adopt the mindset of an enthusiast. This means taking the time to learn about your bike, staying curious about how it works, and finding joy in the process of maintaining it.
- The Zen of Motorcycle Maintenance
There is a certain meditative quality to working on a motorcycle. Focusing on the task at hand, paying attention to every detail, and immersing yourself in the process can bring a sense of calm and fulfillment. It becomes a form of mindfulness, allowing you to be present in the moment.
Essential Tools and Equipment
Before diving into motorcycle maintenance, it’s important to have the right tools and equipment. Here are some essential items you should have in your toolkit:
- Basic Tools
A set of wrenches, screwdrivers, pliers, and socket sets will cover most basic maintenance tasks. Make sure you have both metric and standard sizes to accommodate different bike models.
- Specialized Tools
Depending on your bike, you may need specialized tools such as chain tools, valve adjustment tools, or torque wrenches. These tools are designed for specific tasks and can make your maintenance work easier and more precise.
Routine Maintenance Tasks
Regular maintenance tasks are essential to keep your motorcycle running smoothly. Here are some routine maintenance tasks you should perform:
- Oil and Filter Change
Regularly changing the oil and filter is crucial for the longevity of your engine. It helps to remove contaminants and keep the engine well-lubricated.
- Chain Maintenance
The chain is an integral part of your motorcycle’s drivetrain. Keeping it clean and properly lubricated will ensure smooth power transfer and prevent premature wear.
Troubleshooting and Diagnosis
Even with regular maintenance, issues may arise with your motorcycle. Being able to troubleshoot and diagnose problems is an essential skill for any motorcycle enthusiast. Here are some common problems you may encounter:
- Electrical Issues
If your lights are not working or your battery is constantly draining, there may be an electrical problem. Checking the wiring, fuses, and connections can help identify and resolve the issue.
- Engine Performance Problems
Issues with engine performance, such as rough idling or lack of power, can be caused by various factors. Checking the fuel system, air filter, and spark plugs can help diagnose and address these problems.
Advanced Maintenance Techniques
Once you have mastered the basics of motorcycle maintenance, you can delve into more advanced techniques. These may include tasks such as valve adjustments, carburetor tuning, or suspension setup. It’s important to have the necessary knowledge and skills before attempting these tasks.
Maintaining your motorcycle is not only about performance but also about safety. Here are some safety considerations to keep in mind:
- Regular Brake Inspection
Ensure your brakes are in good working condition by regularly inspecting the brake pads, discs, and fluid levels. Faulty brakes can compromise your safety on the road.
- Tires and Tire Pressure
Check your tire condition and pressure regularly. Worn-out tires or improper tire pressure can affect handling and stability, increasing the risk of accidents.
The art of motorcycle maintenance goes beyond the mechanical aspects. It is a mindset, a philosophy, and a way of connecting with your bike on a deeper level. By understanding the principles of maintenance, equipping yourself with the right tools, and performing routine tasks, you can ensure the longevity and optimal performance of your motorcycle.
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hobby
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Young talented actor, Abraham Attah has been strongly linked to a role in international movie franchise, Spiderman.
Though his specific role has yet to be disclosed, Deadline reveals that the Beast of No Nation star is the latest addition to an already sterling line up which includes Zendaya, Michael Barbieri, Laura Harrier, Tony Revolori, Kenneth Choi, Martin Starr, Donald Glover, Logan Marshall-Green, Marisa Tomei, Robert Downey Jr., and Michael Keaton.
Abraham Attah shot to global prominence with his gripping performance in the movie adaptation of Uzodinma Iweala’s novel, Beast of No Nation, alongside Luther star, Idris Elba. In the movie, he plays Agu, a child soldier in a war-torn African country.
Beast of No Nation, which is also the 15 year old’s first ever role, has won him several international awards including the Independent Spirit Award for Best Male Lead and National Board of Review Award for Best Breakthrough Performance.
Spiderman: Homecoming is scheduled for release, July 2017.
–Gabriel Myers Hansen/ENEWSGH
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entertainment
| 1 |
https://simplystreetbikes.com/Motorcycles-Suzuki-Boulevard-2005-Eden-Prairie-MN-40a171bf-7b9c-4f03-ad4e-a91c013f62ae
| 2019-01-21T16:53:45 |
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This 2005 Suzuki C50T Boulevard is in excellent condition with 13,603 miles on it. This touring cruiser is clean looking even though it has been tipped over on the left side, which scratched the front fender, mirror, lever, bar end, and the edge of the saddle bag. There are some scratches on the edge of the right side mirror as well. Even with the scratches, it still looks very sharp. It comes with an OEM windshield, driver footboards, passenger backrest, and saddle bags that have already been installed on it, with more to upgrade if the new owners choose to do so. The tires on it are in very good shape with plenty of miles left on them. If you are interested in a motorcycle that is all set up for putting some miles on in comfort and style, then this is the motorcycle for you!
This motorcycle has a clean title and will pass our rigorous 53-Point Inspection and oil change performed by our trained Technicians. Some inspections take 3-5 days or more so please call to confirm time frame. We do charge $199 to $249 per bike sold to help cover the cost of these inspections.
As motorcycle enthusiasts just like you we at Simply Street Bikes love to ride, and our goal is to give you the Premier Motorcycle Experience with: 1) The largest selection of pre-owned motorcycles in Minnesota, 2) The best tire prices in town, or 3) While-U-Wait service on most makes and models
Have another bike to trade or sell? We can take nearly any type of vehicle on trade, and we also buy motorcycles outright and offer a consignment option to help sell the bike on your behalf.
Need Shipping? If you're out of state, we can ship to your door for only $499!
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Call us today at 952-941-0774 or text us at 612-256-2179!
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automotive
| 1 |
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According to research from the Nielsen Company audience report, adults in the United States spend about 10 hours and 39 minutes every day consuming media. This research found that smartphones have the largest reach, with users interacting over social media and reading blogs. As a small business owner, it’s likely that your target audience is using social media. Therefore, you should capitalize on this opportunity to grow your brand, reach your customers and increase sales. There are many social media options to choose from when it comes to marketing your small business. If you’re considering using Instagram for your business, this guide will provide you with a good foundation to make the most of the platform.
Small business line of credit. Under a small business line of credit, your business can access funds from the lender as needed. There will be a cap on the amount of funds accessible (e.g., $100,000) but a line of credit is useful for managing a company’s cash flow and unexpected expenses. There will typically be a fee for setting up the line of credit, but you don’t get charged interest until you actually draw down the funds. Interest is typically paid monthly and the principal drawn down on the line is often amortized over years. However, most lines of credit require renewal annually, which may require an additional fee. If the line is not renewed, you will be required to pay it in full at that time.
Proof of ability to pay: As Ali told me, banks want to be sure you’re positioned to make the loan payment on time each month. You’ll need to present detailed financial statements showing that your income is at least 1.25 times your operating expenses, including the new repayment amount. For example, say your business makes $15,000 a month and your current expenses are $10,000. With the loan repayment added to your operating expenses, you need to be sure your income still exceeds the recommended 1.25 threshold.
Some franchising companies run their own franchise financing programs that help franchisees get in the door. Program offerings and requirements vary by franchisor, with such options as limited-term loans, reduced license fees or reduced royalties, and minority stake ownership by franchisors. Some companies, like Ace Hardware, offer financing to existing franchisees to open a new store or buy out a competitor.
When starting out, your product or service has to be at least good if not great. It must be differentiated in some meaningful and important way from the offerings of your competition. Everything else follows from this key principle. Don’t drag your feet on getting your product out to market, since early customer feedback is one of the best ways to help improve your product. Of course, you want a “minimum viable product” (MVP) to begin with, but even that product should be good and differentiated from the competition. Having a “beta” test product works for many startups as they work the bugs out from user reactions. As Sheryl Sandberg, COO of Facebook has said, “Done is better than perfect.”
As you have done throughout the planning and startup process, consider analyzing your competitors and other companies. How are they selling themselves? How do they portray themselves? What do they say makes them unique? If you’re not sure, take a look at their advertising and marketing messages. This is generally where you’ll find the USP or variations of it.
Keep in mind that your ability to negotiate an office lease is dependent on how much leverage you have. Do your homework. Are other companies vying for the same space? Has the space been vacant for a long time? Factors such as these may mean the difference between you calling the shots, or a landlord insisting on onerous terms throughout the lease process.
Over 99 percent of all business entities in the US are small businesses, according to The SBA Loan Book: The Complete Guide to Getting Financial Help Through the Small Business Administration. These businesses represent over half of the private workforce and the private-sector output and over 40 percent of all private commercial sales in the United States.
We are often asked by franchise owners, “What do I need to qualify for franchise financing with Balboa Capital?” Well, they couldn’t be more happier with the answer to that question. If your franchise has been operating for at least one year, and it generates $300,000 or more in annual revenue, the chances are pretty good that you will qualify. We will just need to review your credit to make a decision.
Often times, a franchisee looking to open their first franchise will fit nicely into a Small Business Administration (SBA) loan product. SBA loans are made by banks or other participating lenders - not the government. SBA loans allow the lenders to extend credit to borrowers, who they may not be able to lend on a conventional basis, by taking advantage of a guarantee that the SBA provides to the lender in the event of default. There are a few different options, but the Flagship SBA 7a product gives the bank a 75% guarantee if your loan defaults - so that the money that the bank lends to you is not entirely at risk. SBA loans are typically priced at Wall Street Journal Prime + 1 to 2.75%, for terms of 7 to 25 years, depending on the use of funds.
Websites like Fundera serve as a marketplace for business owners to find lenders that match their business needs. The company works with every major lender in the United States and matches business owners with an advisor who can help them find the right lender for their business. You can also seek out online funding on your own. Read through reviews on ConsumerAffairs to find an online lender that matches your needs.
The first thing you want to do before approaching any lender is determine what your net worth is. To do this, use a personal balance sheet to list both your assets (what you own) and liabilities (what you owe). Under assets, list all your holdings--cash on hand, checking accounts, savings accounts, real estate (current market value), automobiles (whether paid off or not), bonds, securities, insurance cash values and other assets--then total them up.
So what’s the catch? You must have an eligible retirement account (Roth IRAs are not eligible, but most tax-deferred retirement plans are), and generally speaking, you should have at least $50K in the account to rollover. This means that ROBS are often not an option for young franchisees who haven’t had sufficient time to save money in a retirement account. In addition, there is a risk to doing a ROBS. If the franchise fails, you could lose your retirement funds.
Most lenders will contact a credit bureau to look at your credit file. We suggest you do the same thing before you try to borrow. Under the law, credit bureaus are required to give you all the information they have on file about your credit history. Once you have this tool, you should correct any wrong information or at least make sure your side of the story is on record. For instance, a 90-day delinquency would look bad, but if that 90-day delinquency was caused by being laid off or by illness, then that should be taken into consideration.
Bank loan: You’ll need excellent business and personal credit to qualify for an SBA-backed bank loan. The U.S. Small Business Administration provides general small-business loans through banks with its 7(a) loan program. According to NerdWallet, the average SBA loan size is $371,000, although amounts can vary between $5,000 and $5 million. To qualify, you’ll need to provide:
We’ve touched on a lot of different topics, of course, and I’ve linked to more tutorials so that you can dig into the details in each area. I’d encourage you to read some of those tutorials to go deeper into the key subjects, and to subscribe to our newsletter (there’s a form down in the footer) to stay up to date with the latest business tutorials published here. We've got plenty more on the way!
Reviewing the brands franchise disclosure document (FDD), speaking with existing franchisees and financial professionals, in conjunction with support from the franchisor, will help you formulate your business plan and build financial projections. Outlining your management and marketing skills, past successes and future goals by including resumes for yourself, planned partners and other employees will allow all parties involved, from the franchisor to lenders, to understand the strengths of the ownership and management team. Personal credit history and financial strength will also play an important role in opening a franchise business.
Drew entered the world of academia after a highly successful business career. He spent 17 years with Johnson & Johnson in marketing, mergers and acquisitions, and international development. Before Johnson & Johnson, Drew worked with United Airlines, in sales, marketing, and strategic planning. He was one of the early pioneers of strategic partnerships between airline carriers that led to the creation of the Star Alliance.
Get matched with a mentor who has experience building a business by visiting SCORE.org. SCORE is dedicated to helping small businesses develop and thrive through mentorship and training programs. SCORE mentors can help small business owners write a business plan, determine the type of lending they need, figure out the best bank(s) to approach for a loan and prepare to meet with a loan officer.
Startups requiring a lot more funding up front may want to consider an investor. Investors usually provide several million dollars or more to a fledgling company, with the expectation that the backers will have a hands-on role in running your business. Alternatively, you could launch an equity crowdfunding campaign to raise smaller amounts of money from multiple backers.
If you do decide you’re going to need space, consider the number of employees you’re going to need and the equipment that will fill the space—chairs, photocopying machines, a fridge, a coffee machine, a reception area, a meeting room, and so on. Furthermore, how quickly do you expect to grow? If rapid growth is in the books, rent a space where there is room for growth and so that you don’t have to change your business address.
ApplePie Capital can offer loans for borrowers that need financing in between an SBA loan and other expensive alternative loans. You must borrow a minimum of $15K to finance specific equipment, or at least $100K for any other needs. The interest varies depending on a number of factors, and Apple Pie Capital charges a one time 4.5% origination fee on all of their loans.
Part of the reason we spent a full day researching and figuring out location has to do with what it will cost you to start. If you’re working from home and not seeing clients, you may find your startup costs are limited to marketing, stationery, any supplies, and legal. If not, you’re going to need enough to set aside for at least the first months rent and utilities of the new space, including all the amenities to outfit your new office.
If you're thinking about starting a business, you likely already have an idea of what you want to sell, or at least the market you want to enter. Do a quick search for existing companies in your chosen industry. Learn what current brand leaders are doing, and figure out how you can do it better. If you think your business can deliver something other companies don't (or deliver the same thing, but faster and cheaper), you've got a solid idea and are ready to create a business plan.
Most franchisees will have to get a business loan at some point. Fortunately, compared to independent small business owners, franchisees have traditionally had an easier time securing financing from banks — including loans backed by the SBA (Small Business Administration). But bank loans and SBA loans are still not easy to get even for franchise businesses, and the application and approval process can be prohibitively long for a lot of franchisees in need of quick capital. Some franchisors offer their own financing programs, but the practice is far from widespread, so you can’t necessarily depend on funding from your franchise brand.
There are several loan programs aimed at helping first-time entrepreneurs set up their business. The Small Business Administration (SBA) operates the loan programs offered by the U.S. government. To qualify for the loan, your business must meet some criteria such as your business must operate in the United States, your business must qualify as a small business according to SBA guidelines, you must operate for profit and you should have a good credit score.
According to Hecht, online lenders tend to stay away from lending to startup businesses: “The longer you’ve been around, the easier it is for you to get funding from an online lender.” Even though his business is based on online lenders, “we’re not anti-bank,” says Hecht. He advises every entrepreneur to begin their financing process by going to their local bank first to see what they have to offer.
Jeff White is a staff writer and financial analyst at Fit Small Business, specializing in Small Business Finance. As a JD/MBA, he has spent the majority of his career either operating small businesses (in the retail and management consulting spaces) or helping them through M&A transactions. When he is not helping small businesses, he spends his time teaching his five kids how to become entrepreneurs.
4. You get tax benefits. Oh yes. This even applies to freelancers. Depending on the type of business you register as, you could write off a number of your expenses including travel, telephone bills, food, portions of repayments on things like cars, and so on. And, depending on the business you start, there may also be various government incentives. If you’re unsure about what to do and how to register, I strongly advise speaking with your accountant about the tax benefits you could be eligible for.
The purpose of these checks is to make sure that the applicant will fit into the company’s culture and to ensure that they have been truthful and accurate in their resume and employment application. However, the process is carefully regulated by the federal government (through the Fair Credit Reporting Act) and the laws of many states; failure to follow the highly technical process can lead to class action lawsuits. Consider consulting legal counsel and, for general information, see the EEOC’s Background Checks: What Employers Need to Know.
The key is to connect the work they love with something that other people also love. Not everything you love can be turned into a successful business. I used to play video games, and no matter how good I was at Halo, no one came along to give me a check. However, I later learned that there were *other* things I loved -- international travel, creative self-employment, writing -- that I could in fact monetize.
Opening up a franchise is a huge undertaking that takes no shortage of time and effort. Once you’ve done your homework to find a franchisor you want to work with, you’ll want to review the funding options available to get the ball rolling. When you’re taking out financing, be sure to work with a reputable lender, getting only the amount what you need.
Personal Assets – Getting a traditional loan for a franchise can be difficult. The more personal resources you can bring to the table, such as retirement funds and personal savings, the easier it will be to buy a franchise. If you’re planning to get a bank loan or an SBA loan, then you at a minimum need a 10-20% down payment and some collateral (if the franchise involves the purchase of real estate, that can be used as collateral).
Whereas working for someone else alleviates these responsibilities, the startup owner takes on all these stresses themselves. Not only that, every country has different laws, regulations and requirements to get your business up and running. So, even if you’ve started a business in one country, you’ve still got to do a pile of research to make sure you do it properly in another.
“For many individuals, funding a business may involve taking on significant business or personal debt. With most loans, you would need to start making payments right away. This makes it difficult for your business to grow in its early stages, when you’re trying to build revenue and generate profits. With ROBS funding, you avoid having principal or interest payments, which can greatly impede your cash flow, especially in the early years of business. Using retirement funds can also help your business reach profitability faster. And because you’re investing your own money in your own business, there’s no need to provide collateral, like your personal home.”
As a member of the ConsumerAffairs Research Team, Kate Williams, Ph.D. believes everyone deserves easy access to accurate and comprehensive information on products and businesses before they make a purchase. She spends countless hours researching companies and industries before writing buyers guides to make sure consumers have all the information they need to make smart, informed buying decisions.
Franchising is the licensing of an existing business model and brand, where a business owner is given the right to market the trademark of an existing business in exchange for fees and a percentage of the business’ profits. Franchises are a pervasive way to do business now. Companies selling the rights to their name or logo to third-party retail outlets is so familiar that its hard to drive down the block of any city and not see a franchising business. Some examples of well-known franchises included Subway, UPS, and H & R Block. Still, there are methods most should follow today—as a potential investor or owner—to sustain and have long-term success. These trends include an increase in technology, specific age group influence, and fast-food restaurants and practices that are changing the franchising industry and taking it to new territories.
Starting a small business typically involves a lot of moving parts. In fact, time management can quickly become a challenge for entrepreneurs who are digging into the business start-up process for the first time. I compiled a list of 10 of the most important steps involved in starting a business and broke them down into easy-to-follow tutorials. Use this guide to make sure you're focusing your attention on the most important stages of starting a business and find out what you need to know so you can streamline your work for each of those steps.
It’s natural to consider if these options are worth the possible bad effects down the road. Of course, for some business owners, not getting more financing as soon as possible could mean having to take drastic measures—even closing the business. The silver lining here is that most of the above will help recover your credit if you keep in good standing and make on time payments. There is a caveat: if you can’t make on time payments, these options will sink your business into debt and make matters worse.
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economics
| 1 |
https://bionumbers.hms.harvard.edu/bionumber.aspx?s=n&v=0&id=111280
| 2022-08-12T20:15:39 |
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||"The best physiological description of how an action potential induces phasic,
synchronous neurotransmitter release was obtained for the synapse formed by
the calyx of Held, the only synapse for which models are available that accurately
account for all properties of release (reviewed in Meinrenken et al. 2003). The calyx
of Held forms a large nerve terminal (~15 µm diameter) that envelops the soma
of the postsynaptic neuron like a cup, hence its name." Wiki-"The Calyx of Held is a particularly large synapse in the mammalian auditory central nervous system".
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biology
| 1 |
http://www.funnyordie.com/videos/4b38f8facb/great-moments-in-movie-history-17-dune-i-ll-send-you-feyd
| 2017-08-18T20:20:30 |
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Let it never be said, musician-turned-actor Sting, doesn't know how to make a... more »
Let it never be said, musician-turned-actor Sting, doesn't know how to make a dramatic entrance. Perhaps his reluctance to take on any roles since this film speaks to how difficult it would have been to top this career-defining performance. From the 1984 classic 'Dune', directed by David Lynch. Got some suggestions for scenes? Email us at: [email protected] « less
Produced by Paul Stachniak and John Baxter. Please note the footage comes from 'Dune' owned by De Laurentiis/Universal Pictures. Footage is used as parody with no intention from profit or copyright infringement.
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artistic
| 1 |
https://www.royalfreeradio.co.uk/presenter/JonnyS
| 2021-10-22T13:33:45 |
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See All Presenters
Jonny has been a member of Royal Free Radio since 2016
» Jonny's Afternoon Delight
Jonny's Favourite Song
Fat Man in the Bathtub by Little Feat
My first unsupervised show which went swimmingly until ten minutes from the end when I suddenly had four songs playing simultaneously.
Began volunteering with radio Enfield at the beginning of 2016 having been in love with music since hearing Johnny Duncan sing Last Train to San Fernando as a 'proverbial knee high.' Grew up in the halcyon days of the 60s and took a keen interest in the charts until the late 70s.. Mainly interested now in Americana - a contemporary music incorporating elements of blues/folk/ country and other forms of roots music. I will however be playing a wide variety of material - something for everyone I hope! I am very excited to be a part of radio Enfield
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hobby
| 1 |
https://www.kingsholme.co.uk/blog/tag/hertfordshire/
| 2020-09-24T14:57:35 |
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en
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Reinforced concrete raft
The timber formwork is made, the steel reinforcing is in place and connected to the piles themselves.
There are two sheets of mesh held apart with spacers. The layout of the steel reinforcing is designed by our structural engineer.
Beneath the steel mesh is a void former, this is a collapsable material, such as Claymaster, which is strong enough to support the weight of the concrete, but will disintegrate over time to leave a space beneath the raft. This space will allow the ground to swell without affecting the new structure.
The decorating and flooring are finished and the job is pretty much complete, just ahead of deadline! The colours work well, definitely the correct decision to go for the Farrow and Ball “String” rather than match the windows on the house.
The new hardwood flooring has been tied into the existing kitchen floor, making a seamless transition. The chandelier is fitted, all electric cables for the lights and auto mated roof vents are hidden within the timber roof rafters.
For this orangery in Hertfordshire the rendering, plastering and screed are now complete and can start to dry out. Whilst this is happening we can finish off the outside. The guys have built a step to match the other steps on the property and are making good the Indian Sandstone paving.
The rainwater downpipes will be fitted once the external painting is completed.
The hardwood windows, bi-fold doors and lantern have been installed, the next step is to fit the glass.
As we have a tight deadline to meet, we are also preparing the floor at the same time. We are laying 100mm Kingspan insulation on top of the concrete floor slab, the screed will be laid. Normally we would plaster the walls before laying the screed, however the screed will need time to dry out before the hardwood flooring is laid, therefore we need to get the screed down as early as possible. This will happen as soon as the roof glass goes in.
There will be electric underfloor heating laid within the screed. Ideally a warm-water underfloor heating system would be used, but it will not be possible to connect this to the existing boiler within a lot of internal disruption, something the clients wisely decided against as they have a stunning kitchen which has been recently decorated.
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civil_engineering
| 1 |
https://dailyfamily.ng/prophecies-for-the-year-2018-by-pastor-e-a-adeboye/
| 2022-08-20T05:43:26 |
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Prophecies for the year 2018 by Pastor E.A Adeboye
The General Overseer of The Redeemed Christian Church of God (RCCG), Pastor Enoch Adejare Adeboye, has revealed his prophecy for 2018. He made eleven revelations which were divided into 3 groups – individual prophecies, predictions for Nigeria, and what the world should expect in general.
1. God said that the erstwhile stubborn mountain will move.
2. God said that many people will wake up to realize that their future is not in the hand of any Govt. & as a result, lost grounds will be reclaimed.
3. Saboteurs will be disgraced and displaced.
1. Significant Goliath will fall
2. Before the end of 2018, there will be raised of hope that all will still be well
1. This year, there will be less fire outbreak but more flood.
2. There shall be misunderstanding among nations but no major war
3. Pray against assassination attempt globally.
4. There will be record-breaking temperatures both high and low
5. There will be a handful of breakthroughs both scientific and medical
1. God said that the countdown to the end has started.
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christianity
| 1 |
https://theouut.com/author/joel-nwankwo/
| 2022-01-20T19:46:10 |
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en
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Cairo-based e-Commerce startup builder ExpandCart has announced it raised $2.7m in a pre-Series B bridge funding round, led by Hong Kong-based Betatron Venture Group with ….
Author: Joel Nwankwo
Unwanted Attention Was Wave’s $200 million Series A financing in September last year unwanted attention to Francophone Africa? With African startups being particularly hyped for ….
Tunisia has announced the launch of its “InnovaTech,” initiative aimed at stimulating growth for innovative small businesses. The initiative involves a $43m investment fund for ….
Early-stage VC firm, Orange Ventures, has announced the launch of its Seed Challenge, which will see the VC firm grant $570k in capital to one Egyptian ….
Any government can benefit from the growth of its startup ecosystem. The ability of a government to create a peaceful dialogue between itself and startups ….
The US-based operator of delivery kitchens, logistics, and proximity hubs, REEF Technologies, has announced plans to launch cloud kitchens for its network of restaurants and brands ….
Kenyan smart money manager app, Alvin, helping people align their daily spending around savings goals, has raised $740k in a pre-seed funding round as it ….
Tanzanian med-tech startup, AfiyaSasa Africa (ASA), is closing in an investment from Xcelerate Inc., a medical technology services provider based in the United States, in which ….
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finance
| 1 |
http://rollingstrong.com/add-colorful-fruits-vegetables-plate/
| 2017-04-29T21:23:08 |
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The more I learn about health and wellness the more I learn about the power of fruits and vegetables. If I had only one piece of advice to give it would be to include as many fruits and vegetables into your diet as you can. According to Harvard’s School of Public Health, people who average eight or more servings of fruits and vegetables per day were 30 percent less likely to have a heart attack or stroke. Individuals who ate five servings or more per day have a 20 percent lower risk of coronary heart disease and stroke.
In the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) study, participants with high blood pressure were placed on a diet that was high in fruits and vegetables with low-fat dairy products and low saturated and total fat. Participants were found to have lowered their blood pressure by an overall total of 17 points. They also found an association between vegetarianism and low blood pressure. Further studies prove that increased consumption of tomato-based foods and other lycopene containing foods may reduce prostate cancer. Foods that contain lycopene are brightly colored fruits and vegetables. These may also protect against lung, mouth, and throat cancer. There is also a correlation between increased fruit and vegetable consumption and a decrease in diabetes. Eating fruits and vegetables also contributes to eye health and helps prevent two common eye diseases – cataracts and macular degeneration.
Luckily you can find fruits or vegetables at all truck stops and gas stations. You can stock up and fill your fridge or cooler with fruits and vegetables from your local grocery store or Wal-Mart. Keep them near you when you’re driving so you’re more likely to snack on those rather than the less healthy options!
All fruits and vegetables provide benefits but some of the most beneficial are:
- Leafy Greens such as Spinach, Kale, Swiss Chard, Watercress or Romaine
- Cruciferous Vegetables such as Broccoli, Brussel Sprouts, Arugula, Bok Choy, Cabbage, Cauliflower or Collard Greens
- Citrus Fruits such as Grapefruit, Lemons, Limes, Tangerines, Oranges, or Kumquats
Ciara Toves – Wellness Coach
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health
| 1 |
http://www.docstoc.com/docs/77764177/Apparatus-And-Methods-For-Water-Treatment---Patent-7910009
| 2014-09-20T17:21:07 |
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United States Patent: 7910009
( 1 of 1 )
United States Patent
, et al.
March 22, 2011
Apparatus and methods for water treatment
An apparatus and method for treatment of water borne oxidized
contaminants, using hydrogen as an electron donor for denitrification and
reduction of other oxidized contaminants. Preliminary results reported
here show that a biofilm of autotrophic denitrifiers accumulates rapidly
in the wastewater setting, the MBfR can drive NO.sub.3.sup.-
concentrations below 1 mgN/L, and the H.sub.2 pressure controls the
Rittmann; Bruce E. (Evanston, IL), Nerenberg; Robert (South Bend, IN), Torres; Cesar I. (Evanston, IL)
December 15, 2009
Related U.S. Patent Documents
Application NumberFiling DatePatent NumberIssue Date
Current U.S. Class:
210/767 ; 210/500.23
Current International Class:
B01D 37/00 (20060101)
Field of Search:
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Nerenberg, R; Rittmann, B; Gillogly, T; Lehman, GE; and Adham, SS; Perchlorate Reduction Using a Hollow-Fiber Membrane Biofilm Reactor: Kinetics, Microbial Ecology, and Pilot-Scale Studies; Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois. cited by other
Nerenberg, R; Rittmann, B; and Najm, I; Perchlorate Reduction in a Hydrogen-Based Membrane-Biofilm Reactor; Journal AWWA, 94:11, Nov. 2002. cited by other
Lee, KC; and Rittmann, B; Applying a novel autohydrogenotrophic hollow-fiber membrane biofilm reactor for denitrification of drinking water; Water Research 36, 2002, 2040-2052. cited by other
Lee, KC; and Rittmann, B; Effects of pH and precipitation on autohydrogenotrophic denitrification using the hollow-fiber membrane-biofilm reactor; Water Research 37, 2003, 1551-1556. cited by other
Lee, KC; and Rittmann, B; A novel hollow-fibre membrane biofilm reactor for autohydrogenotrophic denitrification of drinking water; Water Science and Technology, vol. 41, No. 4-5, 219-226, 2000. cited by other.
Primary Examiner: Barry; Chester T
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Reinhart Boerner Van Deuren s.c.
Parent Case Text
This application is a continuation of and claims priority benefit from
application Ser. No. 12/025,953 filed Feb. 5, 2008 and issued as U.S.
Pat. No. 7,632,415 on Dec. 15, 2009 which is a continuation of and claims
priority benefit from application Ser. No. 10/876,745 filed on Jun. 25,
2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,338,597 each of which is incorporated herein by
reference in its entirety.
1. An apparatus, comprising: a support grid having a plurality of openings through the grid; a plurality of oxygen permeable hollow fiber membrane components, each said membrane
component having a first end, a second end, and a passage; wherein the first ends of at least a portion of the plurality of membrane components extend through at least one support grid opening; and an inlet component for said plurality of membrane
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein each hollow fiber membrane is sealed at one end.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said inlet component comprises a manifold.
4. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein said membrane components are positioned in a row configuration.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein said membrane components are positioned in a configuration of rows and columns.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein each membrane component comprises a substantially non-porous member.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein each said membrane component comprises inner and outer layers having a first density and a layer therebetween having a second density greater than said first density.
8. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein said layer between said inner and outer layers is substantially non-porous.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 in a container.
10. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein said container is an activated sludge tank.
11. A method for treating a wastewater system comprising solid particles, the method comprising: providing an apparatus according to claim 1.
12. The method of claim 11, further comprising contacting the apparatus with oxygen gas.
13. An apparatus, comprising: a support grid having a plurality of openings through the grid; a plurality of hydrogen permeable hollow fiber membrane components, each said membrane component having a first end, a second end, and a passage;
wherein the first ends of at least a portion of the plurality of membrane components extend through at least one support grid opening; and an inlet component for a plurality of membrane components.
14. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein each hollow fiber membrane is sealed at one end.
15. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein said inlet component comprises a manifold.
16. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein said membrane components are positioned in a row configuration.
17. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein said membrane components are positioned in a configuration of rows and columns.
18. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein each membrane component comprises a substantially non-porous member.
19. The apparatus of claim 13 in a container.
20. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein said container is an activated sludge tank. Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Wastewater denitrification protects water resources from nutrient enrichment and accelerated eutrophication. Problems associated with eutrophication include excessive algae growth, turbidity, foul taste and odors, accelerated sedimentation,
pathogen growth and hypoxia. Such issues are exacerbated when the wastewater is discharged into a lake, reservoir, estuary or delta, but most pronounced when the discharge is a large portion of a stream or river flow. As a result, the regulation of
nitrogenous wastes is bound to become more stringent in the near future. Reliable and cost-effective means to reduce nitrogen concentrations to increasingly lower levels are needed. In response, biological denitrification--bacterial conversion of
oxidized nitrogen contaminants to harmless nitrogen gas--has received some attention in the art.
One such approach is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,307,262, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. A hollow-fiber membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR) introduces hydrogen gas as an electron donor to induce growth of
hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria on the membrane's surface. Such bacteria, in turn, reduce oxidized nitrogen contaminants to nitrogen gas. Hydrogen is an efficient and cost-effective reagent that avoids the toxicity and material-handling problems associated
with organic electron donors of the prior art. The MBfR alleviates many prior concerns associated with hydrogen, including low solubility and high flammability. Hydrogen diffuses from lumen of the fibers toward the aqueous medium, promoting biofilm
growth. Use of a hydrophobic construction material permits the membrane pores to remain dry. No hydrogen bubbles are formed, and little or no hydrogen is carried out but through the treated water, minimizing additional oxygen demand.
Even so, the MBfR technology embodied in the '262 patent does not always provide a complete solution to wastewater treatment. For instance, the hollow fiber membranes are confined to a tubular configuration and require, by design, movement of
the aqueous contaminants along the longitudinal fiber axes. One or more water pumps are needed for recirculation and continuous reaction. The tubular configuration does not lend itself to existing wastewater treatment basins, and the fiber density
impedes movement of solids through and out of the reactor.
One of the emerging challenges for wastewater treatment is achieving very low effluent concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP). Increasingly severe problems with eutrophication and hypoxia in lakes, reservoirs,
estuaries, and the near-shore ocean are forcing environmental regulators to impose more stringent effluent requirements on TN and TP. For example, an effluent standard for TN could be 1 mgN/L when the discharge is to a sensitive water body; it is
possible that a receiving-water standard of 0.12 mgN/L could be applied if the wastewater were the dominant water input.
Existing wastewater-treatment technology is capable of taking effluent TN down to the range of 10-15 mg/L, but it is neither reliable nor cost-effective for achieving .ltoreq.1 mgN/L. A key for taking TN down to the 1-mg/L level is stable
denitrification to drive NO.sub.3.sup.---N to a few tenths of a mg/L. Stable nitrification can drive NH.sub.4.sup.+--N to a few tenths of a mg/L, and filtration can bring organic N to almost zero. If soluble organic nitrogen can be held to a few tenths
of a mg/L, total N could be reduced to about 1 mg/L: e.g., 0.2 mg/L NH.sub.4.sup.+--N and 0.3 mg/L NO.sub.3.sup.---N totaling 0.5 mg/L soluble organic N.
Pre-denitrification can utilize influent biological oxygen demand (BOD) to fuel denitrification, but realistic constraints on the mixed-liquor recycle rate limit it to about 75% N removal, which leaves about 10 mg/L TN in the effluent when the
influent is 40 mgN/L. Furthermore, a high influent TKN:BOD ratio can foil the pre-denitrification strategy as a means for total N removal. Return of digester supernatants is a common situation leading to a high influent TKN:BOD ratio.
Tertiary denitrification using an organic electron donor, such as methanol or acetate, could, in principle, drive effluent NO.sub.3.sup.- to a few tenths of a mgN/L. However, the dosing of the organic donor cannot be controlled well enough to
ensure full NO.sub.3.sup.- removal without massive donor overdosing that increases effluent BOD and wastes money. In addition, tertiary denitrification using an organic donor significantly increases excess sludge production and often involves special
chemical handling. For example, methanol (CH.sub.3OH) is popular for its relatively low cost, but methanol is a dangerous chemical that is toxic to humans, is regulated, has very difficult handling properties, and is oxidized only by specialized
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional illustration of a membrane component, in accordance with this invention.
FIG. 2A is a schematic illustration of an apparatus for denitrification of an aqueous system, in accordance with this invention and as can be used in conjunction with a membrane component of the type illustrated in FIG. 1.
FIG. 2B is a top view of the apparatus of FIG. 2A.
FIG. 2C is a top view of an alternate water treatment apparatus, in accordance with this invention.
FIG. 3 provides a schematic representation illustrating removal of oxidized contaminants, regardless of apparatus or membrane component configuration, in accordance with this invention.
FIG. 4 illustrates schematically use of the present invention for tertiary denitrification, in conjunction with a pre-denitrification process, in accordance with this invention.
FIG. 5 illustrates the integration of the methods and apparatus of this invention into a pre-denitrification system to augment removal of oxidized nitrogen contaminants.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In light of the foregoing, it is an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and one or more methods for groundwater, drinking water, and/or wastewater treatment to remove nitrate and other oxidized contaminants, thereby
overcoming various deficiencies and shortcomings of the prior art, including those outlined above. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that one or more aspects of this invention can meet certain objectives, while one or more other aspects
can meet certain other objectives. Each objective may not apply equally, in all its respects, to every aspect of this invention. As such, the following objects can be viewed in the alternative with respect to any one aspect of this invention.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus for use with existing treatment facilities and configurations, thereby eliminating the need for recirculation pumps of the prior art. As a related objective, the methods and
apparatus of this invention can promote movement of aqueous contaminants without restriction to the longitudinal aspect of any fiber membrane component.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an apparatus for wastewater treatment, with variable membrane and/or fiber density, to facilitate movement of solid particles throughout without impeding circulation or discharge.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a method and/or apparatus used in conjunction therewith for enhanced total nitrogen removal, as can be evidenced by effluent concentrations less than about 1 mg/L.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide the wastewater denitrification methodology useful in conjunction with or as an adjunct to existing pre-denitrification techniques--whether in the context of wastewater treatment or removal
of oxidized contaminants from ground and/or drinking water sources.
Other objects, features, benefits, and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from this summary and its descriptions of various preferred embodiments, and will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art having knowledge of
oxidized contaminants and associated water treatment techniques. Such objects, features, benefits and advantages will be apparent from the above as taken into conjunction with the accompanying examples, data, figures, and all reasonable inferences to be
drawn therefrom, alone or with consideration of the references incorporated herein.
In part, the present invention comprises an apparatus for denitrification of an aqueous system. Such an apparatus comprises (1) a hydrogen source; (2) a plurality of membrane components, each membrane component further comprising a passage for
hydrogen gas, and each membrane component positioned at a point proximate to the hydrogen source and at a point distal to the hydrogen source; and (3) an inlet component coupling the hydrogen source and the membrane components. Alternatively, the
membrane components of such an apparatus are positionally configured to define intercomponent spaces for mixed water movement therethrough. In certain embodiments thereof, the intercomponent spaces are dimensioned sufficient for transverse movement of
water thereabout. Each such apparatus embodiment is distinguishable from and can be practiced separate and apart from other embodiments of apparatus or methods described herein.
Regardless, membrane components can be arranged and configured to provide fibers and/or sheets. In certain embodiments, the components are sealed at an end opposite the inlet component. In certain other embodiments, the membrane components are
coupled to more than one hydrogen source and a corresponding number of inlet components. As would be understood by those skilled in the art, a manifold inlet component can couple a plurality of membrane components to a particular hydrogen source.
In certain embodiments, whether provided in fiber, sheet, and/or an alternate arrangement, the membrane component can be positioned in a row configuration. Alternatively, fiber membrane components can be positioned in a configuration of rows
and columns. With respect to the latter, one or more grid support components can be used to position the fibers at points with respect to one or more hydrogen sources.
As discussed more fully below, each membrane component comprises a substantially non-porous member and/or subcomponent functionally configured to provide hydrogen gas substantially without bubble formation. In certain embodiments especially
useful with this invention, such a membrane component can comprise inner and outer layers having a first density and a layer therebetween having a second density later than the first density. Components found especially useful have a substantially
non-porous layer between the aforementioned inner and outer layers.
Likewise, as described below, the membrane components can have hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria thereon, under conditions for denitrification or reduction of other oxidized contaminants. Accordingly, an apparatus of this invention can further
comprise a container found in water treatment facilities. In particular, such an apparatus can be used in conjunction with an activated sludge tank of the sort used for wastewater treatment.
In part, the present invention also includes a method for water treatment. Such a method comprises (1) providing an aqueous system comprising hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria, a water borne oxidized contaminant, a hydrogen source, and an apparatus
of the sort described above comprising a plurality of membrane components; (2) contacting the system with gaseous hydrogen; and (3) reducing the contaminant. Oxidized contaminants treated with the present methodology include but are not limited to
nitrate, nitrite, perchlorate, chlorate, chlorite, selenate, selenite, arsenate, bromate, chromate, chlorinated hydrocarbons including chloroform, dichloromethane, dichloroethane, trichloroethane, tetrachloroethane, trichloroethene, and combinations of
such contaminants. Whether alone or in combination with another, such an oxidized contaminant optimally has a system concentration sufficient for supporting accumulation of hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria.
As discussed above, the membrane components can be arranged as one or more fibers and/or sheets, with each such component coupled to one or more hydrogen sources. Positional configuration of such components can define intercomponent spaces for
movement of water therethrough. Without limitation and as a departure from the prior art, such intercomponent spacing allows movement of water-borne oxidized contaminants transverse to the membrane components, as found especially useful in the treatment
of wastewater and other aqueous systems comprising solid particles. While wastewater and the like could compositionally comprise organic electron donors, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the methods of this invention can be
effected with hydrogen gas, alone, without need for addition of another electron donor source.
Accordingly, the present invention also includes a method of using a membrane configuration for denitrification of wastewater. Such a method comprises (1) providing an apparatus of the sort described herein, comprising a hydrogen source and a
plurality of membrane components having hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria thereon; (2) introducing to the apparatus wastewater comprising an oxidized nitrogen contaminant; and (3) supplying the apparatus with gaseous hydrogen. Regardless of membrane
embodiment, whether fiber, sheet or alternate arrangement, the wastewater can be moved by mixing or circulation transverse to the membrane components.
Optimal denitrification proceeds with oxidized nitrogen contaminant (e.g., nitrate or nitrite) wastewater concentration(s) sufficient to support accumulation of hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria on the membrane components. As such, hydrogen gases are
preferably supplied substantially without bubble formation and can be achieved with a membrane component comprising a substantially non-porous member.
The oxidized nitrogen contaminant can comprise an aerobic treatment product of a reduced nitrogen contaminant in wastewater. That is, a reduced nitrogen contaminant (e.g., ammonium ion, etc.) can be oxidized under aerobic conditions, with
subsequent reduction of the corresponding oxidation product via hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria. Accordingly, the present methodology can be utilized as part of a tertiary treatment process, post-pre-denitrification, or as integrated in a
pre-denitrification system to enhance performance. Regardless, denitrification as described herein can reduce total oxidized nitrogen concentration to a level less than about 1 mg/L.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS
Hydrogen is an ideal electron donor for bioreactors reducing oxidized anions because (1) it is less expensive, per electron equivalent, than organic donors, such as acetate or methanol; (2) it is non-toxic, increasing public acceptance for its
use for water treatment; (3) it is sparsely soluble, so it is not possible to "overdose" the system and cause re-growth; and (4) it can be generated on-site. The historic disadvantage is that hydrogen is difficult to deliver without sparging, a wasteful
and potentially dangerous process. However, a hydrogen-based bioreactor, such as a membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR) of the type described herein, can deliver hydrogen safely and efficiently without sparging.
Pressurized hydrogen is supplied to the component interior and diffuses to a biofilm growing on the membrane surface. The biofilm consumes hydrogen as it reduces oxidized contaminants present in the water. Schematically illustrated in FIG. 1,
membrane component 10 can comprise non-porous layer structures 12 positioned between outer and inner microporous layer structures 14a and 14b, respectively. Passage 16, as defined by such a configuration, provides hydrogen gas for diffusion through
membrane component 10 and consumption by biofilm 18.
The membrane illustrated in FIG. 1 represents but one configuration useful in conjunction with the present invention. Various other membrane arrangements and configurations can be utilized, limited only by their ability to provide hydrogen gas
to a system at a rate and concentration with consideration of the solubility of hydrogen in water and the risk of explosion. Generally, good results and economy are achieved with a membrane that can reduce, minimize, or eliminate bubble formation. For
instance, a hollow membrane constructed of a dense, non-porous material--whether or not wholly or in part provided with one or more microporous components (e.g., adjacent to or therebetween)--can be used with good effect. For instance, membrane
component 10 can be constructed from two non-porous layer structures 12 absent outer microporous structure(s) 14a, absent microporous structure(s) 14b, or absent both microstructure(s) 14a and 14b. Likewise, a single non-porous structure 12, with or
without any combination of microporous structures 14a and 14b, can be used effectively with passage 16 (e.g., attached conduit, duct, etc.) providing adequate connection with a hydrogen source, such connection sufficient for accumulation of
hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria on membrane component 10. Various other arrangements or configurations can be employed with the understanding that increased bubble formation increases risk of explosion, lowers system economy, and tends to disrupt biofilm
Likewise, the apparatus of this invention is not limited to any one arrangement or configuration. Variations of biofilm reactor 20 are shown in FIGS. 2A-C. With non-limiting reference to FIG. 2A, apparatus 20 can be situated within tank 22
containing an aqueous medium of oxidized contaminants. One or more support grids 24 positionally configure fiber membrane components 26 and can be, as shown, suspended from tank/container closure 28. Fiber membrane components 26 are coupled to a
hydrogen source via inlet 30 and extend to terminus 32. Influent port 34 and effluent port 36 can be used to regulate treatment rate and volume. Mixing/stirring mechanism 38 can comprise a paddle or similar such component useful in treatment of
wastewater, to facilitate movement of water borne contaminants about the membrane components.
Hydrogen gas is directed inside fiber membrane components 26 from the hydrogen source. With sealed fiber ends, the hydrogen gas is contained under a controlled pressure within individual fibers. The gas can diffuse through a non-porous layer
structure of the sort described above, for metabolic interaction with an accumulated biofilm and the subject oxidized contaminant(s). Such conditions induce a high driving force for gas dissolution without bubble formation. Other components useful with
apparatus 20 can vary as any suitable system known in the art may be used for water delivery to and removal from container 22. Likewise, those skilled in the art will appreciate that such an apparatus can further comprise components for pH control and
introduction of other water treatment reagents.
Hollow fibers of the sort useful in the apparatus of FIGS. 2A-B are manufactured by Mitsubishi Rayon (Model MHF 200TL) and are available as a composite. The wall of the particular fiber was made up of two different materials. The outer and
inner layers of the fiber wall were composed of microporous polyethylene. Between the two layers was a 1-micron thick layer of non-porous polyurethane. This non-porous layer allowed the creation of a high driving force for gas dissolution without
premature bubble formation, the desirability of which is as previously mentioned. The hollow fibers were sealed on one end and open to the pressurized hydrogen supply on the other end. With reference to FIG. 2B, rows and columns of such fiber membrane
components 26 can be arranged in grid support component 24. An alternate membrane arrangement is shown schematically in FIG. 2C, where such components are provided as positionally configured sheets 40. As mentioned above, however, in conjunction with
FIG. 1, other membrane component constructions and/or configurations can be used without regard to number, form, scale or dimension.
As discussed elsewhere herein, MBfRs of the prior art are effective for removing oxidized contaminants from ground and drinking water, but less suited for a wastewater setting. Wastewater contains a large amount of solids, which could lead to
fouling in an enclosed-tube configuration, such as that described in the '262 Patent. An MBfR used in conjunction with a container or basin provides greater membrane choice and/or separation, would allow for mixing with less energy, and would allow
greater flexibility for cleaning and maintenance. Additionally, the present invention now provides for retrofitting an existing activated sludge tank.
Accordingly, an MBfR apparatus of this invention, useful in conjunction with an activated sludge basin, was developed for treating wastewater. One embodiment of a reactor is described below for a bench-scale application. A full-scale
application is consistent therewith and would be understood by those skilled in the art made aware of this invention. With reference to FIGS. 2A-B, a bench-scale MBfR system can comprise hollow-fiber membranes, hydrogen gas supply system, substrate and
buffer storage tank, and associated feed pump, flow meter, stir plate, and effluent collection tank. An apparatus of the sort presented in FIG. 2A was constructed using a section of polycarbonate pipe, capped on each end with polycarbonate plates.
Hollow-fiber membranes are attached to the top plate. A stir-bar at the bottom of the reactor keeps the reactor well-mixed. Hydrogen is supplied to the fibers through a manifold in the plate. A second "dead-end" manifold on the top plate collects the
distal ends of the fibers. This manifold is normally sealed, but can be opened to purge the fibers. The reactor specifications are provided below.
TABLE-US-00001 MBfR Specifications Net reactor volume 300 mL Height 9 cm Diameter 7 cm Height of fiber support 6 cm Number of individual fibers 51 Total number of holes in support grid 130 Number of fibers per grid hole 3 Total length of fibers
23.4 m Total surface area of fibers 206 cm.sup.2
A total of 51 individual hollow fibers are provided, with a total surface area of about 206 cm.sup.2. Mixing provided by a stir-bar improves mass transfer to the biofilm, prevents the fibers from sticking together, and minimizes fouling of the
membranes by excess biomass accumulation. Hydrogen gas is supplied by a pressurized gas cylinder. As illustrated in FIG. 1, hydrogen gas is fed to one end of the reactor, filling the inside of the fibers and diffusing through the membranes. The
hydrogen pressure is preferably maintained below the bubble-point of the membrane, eliminating the formation of a hydrogen atmosphere within the bioreactor.
In a conventional autohydrogenotrophic system, a fixed-film or fluidized-bed biofilm reactor, in which all substrates (such as nitrate and hydrogen) are transferred from the liquid phase into the biofilm, is utilized. An apparatus such as that
provided in FIG. 2A scheme offers an important advantage over convention. Since the biofilm is on the surface of the hollow fiber, the hydrogen flux goes directly into the biofilm. Nearly 100% utilization of hydrogen is attained, making the process
more economically favorable and safer. Preliminary studies were conducted on nitrate and perchlorate reduction by an autohydrogenotrophic MBfR and establish certain principles pertaining to this invention. The membrane fibers used therewith were
installed in a tube reactor, of the '262 Patent, about 1 m long. The prototype contained 83 fibers that provided 750 cm.sup.2 of surface area for biofilm attachment (specific surface area was 180 m.sup.-1). Feed and recycling flow rates during the
experiments were fixed at 10 and 1,750 ml/min, respectively. The recycle controlled the liquid flow velocity for good mass transport and to prevent fiber clumping. The system was seeded initially with Ralstonia eutropha, but a diverse mixed culture
developed over time.
As described in the aforementioned '262 patent, as an electron donor, hydrogen gas is oxidized by species of hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria with release of electrons for reduction of contaminant(s). For example, nitrate is reduced in a step wise
fashion to innocuous nitrogen gas:
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With reference to the results provided in the '262 Patent, the influent nitrate concentrations were 10 and 12.5 mg N/l for the first and second steady states, respectively. At steady-state with a liquid retention time of 40 min, there were
achieved the desired partial removals of nitrate between 76 and 92% with effluent hydrogen concentration as low as 9 .mu.gH.sub.2/L. The nitrate flux was as high as 1 g N/m.sup.2-d due possibly to the "counter-diffusion" type of substrate transfer.
Fiber clumping, and the biofilm detachment rate from the fibers were very low, about 0.015/day.
For each steady state, nonsteady-state experiments were run to test the MBfRs response to nitrate loading and hydrogen pressure. Each short-term study lasted for more than three liquid retention times to allow the formation of a pseudo-steady
state in the reactor. The nonsteady-state experiments show that adjustments to the hydrogen pressure to the hollow fibers easily and rapidly controlled the effluent nitrate concentration and % nitrogen removal. For example, a loading of 0.1
mgN/cm.sup.2-d (=1 gN/m.sup.2-d) gave nearly 100% NO.sub.3.sup.- removal when the hydrogen pressure to the fibers was 6.6 psi (0.45 atm), but reducing the hydrogen pressure to 3 psi (0.2 atm) gave partial removal of 50%. For drinking-water treatment,
the goal is to keep the effluent NO.sub.3.sup.---N below the standard of 10 mgN/L, which makes partial removal feasible and desirable. Other applications may require full nitrate removal and, therefore, higher hydrogen pressure.
Representative of other oxidized contaminants treated with the present invention, perchlorate ion (ClO.sub.4.sup.-) can originate from a variety of ammonium, potassium, magnesium, or sodium salts. Ammonium perchlorate, for example, is a primary
ingredient of solid rocket fuel. The short shelf-life of rocket fuel has created an environmental concern given the large volume of perchlorate-containing wastes generated over the years by unused fuel. At least 20 states have confirmed perchlorate
contamination, and more sites may be found, as perchlorate has been used or manufactured in up to 40 states. Perchlorate is understood to inhibit thyroid function and is suspect in various other health-related issues. The State of California,
recognizing the problem, recently lowered its perchlorate drinking water action level from 18 to 4 .mu.g/L. Even so, a recent toxicological and risk characterization study by the Environmental Protection Agency suggests 1 .mu.g/L as a treatment goal for
Perchlorate is not removed by conventional physical-chemical water treatment techniques, and other processes, such as ion exchange, electrodialysis, and reverse osmosis are costly and result in a concentrated perchlorate waste stream that still
requires disposal. As a result, perchlorate contamination of groundwaters continues to be an environmental issue. Perchlorate can be reduced, however, to chloride by perchlorate-reducing bacteria, which use perchlorate as an electron acceptor for
growth. Perchlorate-reducing bacteria are readily obtainable in the environment, have a wide range of metabolic capabilities, such as aerobic growth and denitrification, and do not require specialized growth conditions--all attributes suitable for a
perchlorate treatment system. Recent work has shown that bioreactors can reduce perchlorate to below 4 .mu.g/L when the initial concentration is high or when the reactor has been previously operated at high perchlorate concentrations. However, low
initial perchlorate concentrations, in the .mu.g/L range, may preclude biomass growth on perchlorate as the sole acceptor electron growth.
Even so, microbial treatments such as those described in the '262 patent leave several concerns as open issues. For instance, while nitrate/nitrite reduction is discussed, therein, and other oxidized contaminants are mentioned as likewise
treatable, concurrent treatment of multiple contaminants remains unaddressed. The '262 patent does not disclose concurrent treatment, and work thereafter appears to indicate full nitrate removal is required for perchlorate reduction to useful levels.
Regardless, the present invention can be used for concurrent treatment of multiple oxidized contaminants, as part of a comprehensive treatment methodology.
To demonstrate related methods of this invention, the same laboratory prototype reactor described above was used with addition of perchlorate. Immediate perchlorate removal (roughly 40% removal from 1,600 .mu.g/L) was observed, and the removal
increased over two weeks to nearly 100%, showing that the autotrophic denitrifiers were capable of reducing perchlorate, but that the growth of bacteria with better capability to remove perchlorate occurred over time. Perchlorate reduction to innocuous,
chloride ion is believed to be achieved via an 8-electron pathway:
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Perchlorate removal was somewhat affected by a high nitrate concentration in the reactor. NO.sub.3.sup.---N greater than about 0.1 to 0.2 mg/L slowed perchlorate reduction, and NO.sub.3.sup.---N above about 0.5 mg/L slowed perchlorate reduction
by 50% or more. On the other hand, increasing the hydrogen pressure increased perchlorate removal, and the effect was much more dramatic than for denitrification.
After completing systematic studies with a laboratory prototype, it was used with perchlorate-contaminated groundwater: the groundwater with its normal ClO.sub.4.sup.- concentration of 6 .mu.g/L, and also with a ClO.sub.4.sup.- concentration
spiked to 100 or 50 .mu.g/L. Removal of perchlorate below the 4 .mu.g/L action level was observed in all cases. Stoichiometric computations based on the removals of all electron acceptors in the groundwater (i.e., 24 mg/L of NO.sub.3.sup.---N, 6 mg/L of
O.sub.2, and 60 .mu.g/L of ClO.sub.4.sup.-) show that hydrogen utilization is almost exactly equivalent to acceptor reduction--indicating that no hydrogen is wasted, a consideration for good economy and safe operation.
Hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria are known to those skilled in the art and would be understood by those made aware of this invention as including both hydrogen-oxidizing, autotrophic bacteria, as well as those bacteria also able to utilize organic
carbon and other energy sources in addition to hydrogen. Without restriction to any one theory or mode of operation, this invention can be used to remove perchlorate and other non-nitrogenous oxidized contaminants with sufficient levels of such
contaminants as electron acceptors or in the presence of another electron acceptor. A primary electron acceptor is an oxidized component reduced in conjunction with the aforementioned oxidation (e.g., perchlorate, etc.), such reduction at least in part
sufficient to sustain a viable biomass within the aqueous system. A component capable of providing such a function would be understood by those skilled in the art and made aware of this invention. Such reduction providing energy for growth can be
referred to as a dissimilatory reduction, with perchlorate as a secondary acceptor in the context of this methodology. Without limitation, a primary electron acceptor component can be selected from oxygen and nitrate anion--either one of which
preferably has a system concentration at least in part sufficient to support accumulation of bacteria--or a combination thereof.
Regardless of the chemical identity of such a component functioning as a primary electron acceptor, such a component can be introduced to such a system prior to introduction of a perchlorate component, such that a sustainable biomass can be
achieved. Alternatively, such a component can be introduced concurrent with that of the perchlorate component to the system. Accordingly, with regard to the latter, the primary electron acceptor component (e.g., nitrate anion) can be influent to the
system with a waste stream comprising the subject perchlorate component. As illustrated by several of the following examples, the present invention can be utilized with influent perchlorate concentrations greater than about 100 .mu.g/L or below which
would not otherwise--in the absence of a primary acceptor--support biofilm accumulation. Regardless, effluent concentrations can be less than about 4 .mu.g/L, meeting applicable state and/or federal guidelines.
Without limitation, as provided by one of several embodiments, the oxidized contaminant can be perchlorate, chlorate, chlorite, or a combination of such contaminants. Other oxidized contaminants removed by the present methodology include those
described herein. As demonstrated by several examples below, repetitious or continuous introduction of the oxidized contaminant can promote concurrent removal of the primary electron acceptor. Likewise, such introduction can enhance removal of the
oxidized contaminant, such enhancement as can be expressed in terms of rate of or time for removal. Without limitation, as presented under conditions of surface or groundwater contamination, the primary electron acceptor component and the oxidized
contaminant are influent to the system. Regardless, such a system can be used in conjunction with another water treatment process; that is, as an adjunct to another system for enhanced or complimentary removal of contaminants.
Schematically, such methodologies of this invention can be considered with reference to FIG. 3. Primary electron acceptor and oxidized contaminant components can, optionally, be introduced at various levels relative one to another, as
indicated. Contact of a system comprising hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria provides corresponding reduction and removal of the components. Such a method can be employed without restriction to any one biofilm reactor apparatus, fiber or membrane
configuration, consistent with the broader aspects and considerations of this invention.
Regardless of the presence of perchlorate or other such oxidized contaminants (see, Example 7), the present invention can also be utilized for wastewater treatment. As such, the apparatus and methods described herein meet several goals and
objectives. The need for additional of an extraneous organic electron donor is eliminated, thereby minimizing excess sludge production, chemical costs, handling and toxicity concerns. Further, this invention can be easily integrated into a variety of
wastewater treatment systems. More specifically, integration into existing or new activated-sludge systems can be achieved by either (1) using this invention for tertiary denitrification or post treatment to remove nitrate (or nitrite) remaining after
conventional treatments such as pre-denitrification, or (2) incorporating an apparatus and/or methodology of this invention directly into a pre-denitrification system to enhance performance without construction of an adjunct tertiary system. The goal of
tertiary denitrification with the MBfR is to reduce the effluent NO.sub.3.sup.- concentration to an advanced-treatment standard (e.g., .ltoreq.1 mgN/L), in conjunction with a conventional pre-denitrification process which can bring the NO.sub.3.sup.-
concentration down to about 10-about 15 mgN/L. FIG. 4 illustrates how a tertiary system comprising this invention could be employed in a typical post-treatment scenario. This application is similar to the drinking-water settings that have been
investigated for denitrification, although two differences are evident. First, the effluent criterion for NO.sub.3.sup.- is lower for wastewater treatment: .ltoreq.1 mgN/L versus well below the drinking-water standard of 10 mgN/L. Second, the influent
to the MBfR is likely to contain a significant concentration of suspended solids, which are absent or negligible in drinking-water treatment. The physical configuration of an apparatus of this invention can accommodate influent solids without fouling
the membrane components. One advantage of using a H.sub.2-based MBfR in tertiary denitrification is that the autotrophic biomass yield is low, which means that the solids concentration in the effluent will be low, thereby minimizing solids load to
downstream filters, if employed. If no downstream filters are in place, the effluent suspended solids, COD, and N due to released biomass will be low.
Alternatively integrating an MBfR of this invention into pre-denitrification obviates the need to construct any tertiary-treatment apparatus or facility. The benefits for capital costs and space are obvious. FIG. 5 schematically illustrates
how MBfR units could be integrated into a multiple-pass (e.g., with return-activated sludge, RAS, and/or a primary effluent, PE, component), pre-denitrification system known in the art to augment the capacity for NO.sub.3.sup.- removal from wastewater.
Use of an inventive apparatus in conjunction with an anoxic component of such a pre-denitrification system, with alternating passes to and from an oxic component, provides a low oxidized nitrogen effluent for routing to a final settling tank (FST).
Integration creates a hybrid biofilm/suspended-growth system in which the biofilm is dominated by H.sub.2-oxidizing autotrophs, while the suspended bacteria are BOD-oxidizing heterotrophs and autotrophic nitrifiers. Achieving integration involves a
number of technical challenges: preventing fouling of the membranes from the suspended biomass and influent solids, good mass transfer to the membranes, biofilm control on the membranes, controlling the oxygen concentration to allow good nitrification,
but not create a large H.sub.2 demand to reduce O.sub.2, and locating the MBfR units in the best place to gain very low effluent NO.sub.3.sup.- concentration while using the influent BOD as much as possible for denitrification.
EXAMPLES OF THE INVENTION
The following non-limiting examples and data illustrate various aspects and features relating to the apparatus and methods of this invention, including the treatment of nitrate, perchlorate and other oxidized contaminants, as can be achieved
through the techniques described herein. While the utility of this invention is illustrated through use of one or more articles, devices or apparatus that can be used therewith, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that comparable results
are obtainable with various other articles/devices and apparatus, as are commensurate with the scope of this invention.
With regard to the present examples, perchlorate was analyzed by ion chromatography (IC) using a Dionex DX-320 (pilot) or 4000i (bench) with conductivity detection. An AS-16 or AS-11 column was used followed EPA Method 314.0. The lowest
standard used during calibration was 2 .mu.g/L. All anions other than perchlorate (i.e., chloride, chlorate, chlorite, nitrate, among others) were analyzed on the same systems based on EPA Method 300.1 modified for a hydroxide-selective column.
Dissolved hydrogen was analyzed with a reduction gas analyzer (Trace Analytical RGA3) using a headspace analysis described in the literature.
Demonstrating various aspects of the present invention, the data of examples 1-7 was obtained using a hollow-fiber membrane biofilm reactor of the prior art. Comparable results are obtainable with various apparatus configured and ascribed
herein, whether or not a particular oxidized contaminant is utilized alone or in the presence of another electron acceptor, as would be understood by those skilled in the art made aware of this invention.
In drinking-water treatment, a goal is to remove NO.sub.3.sup.- to below the standard, which typically is 10 mgN/L. Therefore, partial NO.sub.3.sup.- removal to levels below the standard is acceptable, as long as partial removal is reliable and
no other water-quality problems are introduced. Partial or full NO.sub.3.sup.- (and nitrite) removal can be achieved and easily controllable. Adjusting the H.sub.2 pressure to the interior of the membranes simply and reliably controlled the effluent
concentration of NO.sub.3.sup.---N. Within the H.sub.2-pressure range of about 0.15 to 0.6 atmospheres, the effluent NO.sub.3.sup.- concentration could be controlled systematically from less than 0.1 mgN/L for the higher H.sub.2 pressures and low to
moderate NO.sub.3'' surface loading to 10 mgN/L for the lower H.sub.2 pressure and a high NO.sub.3.sup.- surface loading. Increasing the H.sub.2 pressure inside the membranes increased the H.sub.2-delivery capacity, making it possible to drive the
NO.sub.3.sup.- concentration to very low level, treat a higher surface loading of NO.sub.3.sup.-, or a combination of both. In most cases, the NO.sub.2.sup.- concentration was less than 1 mgN/L, and increasing the H.sub.2 pressure made it possible to
drive effluent NO.sub.2.sup.- to less than 0.1 mgN/L.
Generally, denitrification also showed that the biofilm that accumulated on the outside of the membranes in the bench-scale MBfR was dense and strong. The specific detachment rate was very low (<0.02/d), and the effluent biomass
concentration was correspondingly low (c. 1 mg/L). The biofilm produced some soluble microbial products, giving a typical effluent BDOC of 0.5 mg/L, which can be eliminated by downstream biofiltration. The net acid consumption of denitrification
required attention to pH buffering, but this situation is true for all denitrification processes.
Biological perchlorate reduction was studied in a denitrifying MBfR. The MBfR medium was based on tap water, and the reactor was seeded with bacteria from an MBfR used in a previous denitrification study. The seed included a mixed microbial
population of autotrophic, denitrifying bacteria. After reaching steady-state with nitrate, and without having had any previous exposure to perchlorate, the MBfR influent was supplemented with 1,000 to 1,800 .mu.g/L perchlorate. The reactor hydraulic
detention time was 45 minutes, and it had a high recirculation rate to promote completely-mixed conditions. Initial nitrate removal was around 98%, while initial perchlorate reduction was 60% (data not shown). Perchlorate reduction increased to 99%
over 18 days, while the nitrate reduction rate remained approximately the same. The slow improvement in perchlorate reduction suggests an enrichment for specialized, perchlorate-reducing bacteria.
The MBfR described above was tested with a perchlorate-contaminated groundwater collected from a well owned and operated by the Suburban Water Company, located in the Main San Gabriel Basin, California. No chemical additions, other than
perchlorate and hydrogen, were made during the groundwater experiments. The influent nitrate concentration was 2.6 to 3.0 mgN/L. Three phases of testing were used over a period of 28 days. First, the groundwater was applied for 7 days with its natural
perchlorate concentration of 6 .mu.g/L, representing a low-perchlorate scenario. Second, the feed water was spiked with 100-.mu.g/L perchlorate for 15 days, representing a high range of perchlorate in most contaminated groundwaters in Southern
California. Finally, the reactor feed was spiked with 50 .mu.g/L perchlorate for 5 days, representing a mid-range of perchlorate contamination. The reactor operating conditions were similar to those described above. For all three phases of the test,
the effluent perchlorate varied from non-detect (less than 2 .mu.g/L) to 4.5 .mu.g/L, and the effluent nitrate varied from 13 to 32 .mu.gN/L, which corresponds to at least 99 percent removals of perchlorate and nitrate.
The groundwater experiments clearly demonstrate the feasibility of using the MBfR to remove perchlorate from groundwater that also contains nitrate. The reactor consistently achieved removals at or below the MRL of 4 .mu.g/L over a four-week
period. The reactor also responded well to sudden changes in perchlorate concentrations. For example, when the influent concentration was suddenly increased from 6 .mu.g/L to 100 .mu.g/L, the effluent perchlorate concentrations did not increase above 4
The above MBfR was switched from tap water to a minimal medium prepared from reverse-osmosis-treated water. Both media contained 5 mgN/L nitrate and 1,000 .mu.g/L perchlorate. Prior to starting the reverse-osmosis medium, the effluent
perchlorate was non-detect. Immediately after starting the minimal medium, the effluent perchlorate concentration increased from non-detect to around 300 .mu.g/L. The rate of nitrate reduction was not affected. Over several months, the perchlorate
reduction rate further deteriorated, with effluent concentrations exceeding 900 .mu.g/L. However, when the tap water medium was restored, the effluent perchlorate decreased to non-detect after 16 days. This "acclimation" time period is similar to the 18
days it took to achieve maximum perchlorate removal when perchlorate was first introduced into the hydrogen reactor during the screening experiment. On the 16.sup.th day, RO-medium was reintroduced and effluent perchlorate increased to 360 .mu.g/L by
the next day, reaching 500 .mu.g/L on day 21. At the end of day 21, tap-water medium was introduced a second time, and the next day perchlorate had returned to non-detectable levels. During all 21 days, the effluent nitrate concentration remained
practically unchanged. This experiment shows that the minimal media lacked for perchlorate reduction, but not for denitrification. The slow disappearance of perchlorate reduction suggests the loss of specialized perchlorate-reducing bacteria. The
subsequent increase of perchlorate reduction in the presence of tap water medium suggests a renewed enrichment of perchlorate-reducing bacteria.
Dechloromonas sp. PC1 is an autotrophic, hydrogen-oxidizing, perchlorate-reducing and denitrifying bacterium isolated from the reactor described in Example 1. Batch tests were carried out to determine the kinetic parameters q.sub.max, Y, and K
for PC1 (GenBank accession number AY126452). The kinetic parameters were determined for autotrophic growth using hydrogen as an electron donor. The Y and q.sub.max were determined using batch experiments with high initial acceptor and low initial
biomass concentrations. The K was determined using batch non-growth tests with low initial biomass and acceptor concentrations. The experiments used 1-L bottles filled with 200 mL of media or 160 mL serum bottles filled with 25 mL of media, capped with
butyl rubber stoppers, vacuum degassed, and filled with a gas mixture of 95% hydrogen and 5% CO.sub.2 (for q.sub.max and Y) or with pure hydrogen (for K). The bottles were shaken on their side at 200 rpm. The experiments were carried out at least in
triplicate. The growth medium contained, per liter: 1.386 g Na.sub.2HPO.sub.4, 0.849 g KH.sub.2PO.sub.4, 0.1 g (NH.sub.4).sub.2SO.sub.4, 0.2 g MgSO.sub.4.7H.sub.2O, 1 mg CaCl.sub.2.2H.sub.2O, and 1 mg FeSO.sub.4.7H.sub.2O. The trace mineral solution is
described in the literature. The K experiments were carried out in a 12-mM phosphate buffer at pH of 7 with no nutrients or trace minerals. The pH was adjusted using 1 M NaOH for a final pH of 7.0. Curve fitting was used to estimate kinetic parameters
q.sub.max and K for PC1 using a finite-differences solution of the substrate-utilization and biomass-growth equations:
dd.times..times..times..times.dd.times..times. ##EQU00003## Such relationships neglect competitive inhibition from chlorate during perchlorate reduction, providing a q.sub.max for perchlorate is an "apparent" value, valid only for the
perchlorate range for which it was determined.
As shown in Table 1, the yields for perchlorate were very similar to those for nitrate. This is consistent with the similar Gibb's free energy at pH 7 (.DELTA.Go) for perchlorate and nitrate reduction with hydrogen (118 and 112 kJ/eq e-H2,
respectively). The q.sub.max for nitrate reduction was around 6 times higher than for perchlorate, on an electron-equivalent (or hydrogen-accepting) basis, demonstrating growth on nitrate much faster that on perchlorate. The K value for perchlorate was
0.15 mg/L, two orders of magnitude lower than values from the literature for other perchlorate-reducing bacteria.
Based on the kinetic parameters, the S.sub.min for perchlorate is 40 .mu.g/L. This is an approximate value, since q.sub.max does not include competitive inhibition with chlorate. It is unlikely that the actual S.sub.min would be much less than
this value, suggesting perchlorate can not be reduced to 4 .mu.g/L and/or below levels permissible under regulation with perchlorate as the sole electron acceptor.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 1 Kinetic parameters for Dechloromonas sp. PC1 q.sub.max Y K S.sub.min S (eq e.sup.-H.sub.2/g X-day) (gX/eq e.sup.-H.sub.2) (mg/L) (.mu.g/L) ClO.sub.4.sup.- 0.25 2.88 0.15 40 NO.sub.3.sup.- 1.43 2.46 >0.05 <2 Notes:
(1) "eq e.sup.-H.sub.2" = equivalent of electrons from hydrogen; (2) 1 eq e.sup.-H.sub.2/ = 1 g H.sub.2; (3) b = 0.1 1/day
Kinetic parameters found for other perchlorate-reducing bacterial suggest the same. See, Logan, B. E., H. S. Zhang, P. Mulvaney, M. G. Milner, I. M. Head and R. F. Unz (2001). Kinetics of perchlorate- and chlorate-respiring bacteria. Applied
and Environmental Microbiology 67(6): 2499-2506. Other experiments (not shown) demonstrate that nitrate or oxygen can serve as primary acceptors that allow concurrent perchlorate removal. Even if the perchlorate concentration is low compared to nitrate
or oxygen, perchlorate helps select for a perchlorate-reducing population. Since most wastewaters, groundwaters and surface waters contain nitrate, oxygen, or both, the MBfR is likely to be effective for a wide range of field applications.
Two bench-scale MBfRs were seeded with a mixed culture from another reactor. The primary acceptor for one reactor was 8-mg/L oxygen, and 5 mgN/L nitrate (plus a minor influent O.sub.2 concentration of about 6 mg/L) for the other. A minimal
medium based on reverse-osmosis water was used. The physical characteristics are summarized in Table 2, below. A high recirculation rate provided completely mixed conditions. After reaching effluent steady state with the primary acceptors, perchlorate
was added to the influent: 1,000 .mu.g/L perchlorate for the oxygen reactor, and 100 .mu.g/L for the nitrate reactor.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 2 Bench-scale reactor characteristics PARAMETER BENCH-SCALE Feed rate 1 mL/min Recirculation ratio 150 Detention time 24 min Number of modules 1 Module length 25 cm Module diameter 0.6 cm Number of fibers per module 33 Total
fiber surface area 72.3 cm.sup.2
The two bench-scale MBfRs of example 3a were operated for 20 days with 5-mgN/L nitrate or 8-mg/L oxygen. In the nitrate reactor, the effluent nitrate reached 0.01 mgN/L after around 10 days. In the MBfR with oxygen and no nitrate, the DO
levels were below 0.1 mg/L after 4 days of operation. After 20 days, 100-.mu.g/L and 1,000-.mu.g/L perchlorate was added to the nitrate and oxygen reactors, respectively. In the nitrate reactor, the initial removal was 30%, but it increased to more
than 90% after 4 days. In the oxygen reactor, the initial removal was 5%, but it increased to more than 99% after 12 days. These results illustrate that even low levels of perchlorate can provide a selective pressure for perchlorate-reducing bacteria,
dramatically improving removals. Also, it shows that oxygen can serve as a primary acceptor for perchlorate reduction. Reference is also made to examples 6a-b below.
With reference to the membrane configuration of FIG. 1, and the apparatus of FIGS. 2A and 2B, hollow fiber membranes can be about 280 .mu.m in diameter with an approximate 40-.mu.m wall, are preferably but not required to be made of two
materials: a 1-.mu.m layer of dense polyurethane encased within microporous polyethylene (FIG. 1). Because the fiber material is hydrophobic, the pores remain dry and do not foul. The dense polyurethane layer prevents bubbling at higher gas pressures,
allowing a wide range of gas of pressures that offer a high degree of control over the hydrogen-delivery rate. A scanning electron micrograph (SEM) image of the fiber wall and a confocal laser scanning micrograph (CLSM) image of biofilm on the
hollow-fiber membrane are consistent with the preceding and confirm biomass accumulation.
Some hydrogen-oxidizing, perchlorate-reducing bacteria (PCRB) can denitrify and reduce perchlorate concurrently, with nitrate as a primary acceptor. This example demonstrates various aspects of this invention and explore whether PCRB or
non-perchlorate-reducing denitrifiers predominate when an environmental inoculum is used. The microbial ecology of mixed-culture, perchlorate-reducing and denitrifying MBfRs was investigated using activity tests and confirmed using molecular techniques.
Hydrogen is supplied through hollow-fiber-membranes. Water containing a primary acceptor, either nitrate or oxygen, is recirculated past the exterior of the membranes, and a biofilm grows on the membrane surface. Five identical MBfRs were
used. Nitrate was the primary acceptor for reactors R1 through R4, and it was oxygen for R5. The detention time was 25 minutes, and the inoculum was a small amount of biofilm from an MBfR treating groundwater with 5 mgN/L nitrate and 60 .mu.g/L
perchlorate. After reaching steady state with the primary acceptor, 0, 100, 1,000, and 10,000 .mu.g/L of perchlorate were added to the reactors R1, R2, R3, and R4, respectively. Table 3 shows the experimental conditions.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 3 NO.sub.3.sup.- conc. ClO.sub.4.sup.- conc. O.sub.2 conc. Sample (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) R1-4 (May 21) 5.0 -- -- R5 (May 21) -- -- 8.0 R1 (June 13) 5.0 -- -- R2 (June 13) 5.0 0.1 -- R3 (June 13) 5.0 1.0 -- R4 (June 13) 5.0
10.0 -- R5 (June 13) -- 1.0 8.0
For all reactors, the primary acceptor was completely reduced within 5 days. Perchlorate was reduced completely (R2 and R5) or by about 60% (R3 and R4) within 2 weeks of its addition. Activity tests were carried out to explore the ecology of
the MBfRs. Reactors 1, 2, and 4 were challenged with a medium containing 10,000-.mu.g/L perchlorate and 5-mg/L nitrate. The average removals at the end of the tests are plotted in FIG. 10. R3 and R5 were not operating at the time. These results show
a higher perchlorate-reducing activity in the reactors that had higher influent perchlorate, suggesting enrichment for perchlorate-reducing bacteria. Further studies of the microbial community using Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) suggest
an increasing abundance of a perchlorate-reducing isolate for the reactors with increasing influent perchlorate concentrations. Tests using Fluorescent In-Situ Hybridization to quantify bacteria matching the above DGGE band confirm its enrichment with
higher influent perchlorate concentrations.
Another reactor was tested for removal of several other oxidized drinking water contaminants. In all tests, the influent included 5-mg/L nitrate or 8 mg/L O.sub.2 as a primary electron accepting substrates, plus an oxidized contaminant, i.e.,
"compound" in Table 4. The reactor was seeded with a mixed culture of autotrophic, denitrifying bacteria from a previous denitrification study and was operated at a pH of 7 and a 25-minute hydraulic detention time. A high recirculation rate was used to
simulate mixed or stirred conditions. The experiments for all contaminants lasted 10 hydraulic detention times. No attempt was made to optimize contaminant reduction; an objective was simply to demonstrate reduction by a denitrifying or oxygen-reducing
mixed culture. The results are summarized in Table 4. In all the tests, over 99 percent of the nitrate and oxygen was reduced.
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 4 Removal Efficiency (%) O.sub.2 NO.sub.3.sup.- Compound Probable Reduction Reaction(s) Reactor Reactor Arsenate H.sub.2AsO.sub.4.sup.- + H.sub.2 + H.sup.+ .fwdarw. H.sub.3AsO.sub.3 + H.sub.2O >50 >50 Bromate
BrO.sub.3.sup.- + 3H.sub.2 .fwdarw. Br.sup.- + 3H.sub.2O >95 >95 Chlorate ClO.sub.3.sup.- + 3H.sub.2 .fwdarw. Cl.sup.- + 3H.sub.2O >95 29 Chlorite ClO.sub.2.sup.- + 2H.sub.2 .fwdarw. Cl.sup.- + 2H.sub.2O >75 67 Chromate HCrO.sub.4.sup.- +
1.5H.sub.2 + 2H.sup.+ .fwdarw. Cr(OH).sub.3 + H.sub.2O >75 >75 Dichloro- CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 + 2 H.sub.2 .fwdarw. CH.sub.4 + 2H.sup.+ 2 Cl.sup.- 38 45 methane Nitrate NO.sub.3.sup.- + 2.5H.sub.2 + H.sup.+ .fwdarw. 0.5N.sub.2 + 3H.sub.2O Not tested
>99 Perchlorate ClO.sub.4.sup.- + 4H.sub.2 .fwdarw. Cl.sup.- + 4H.sub.2O >98 36 Selenate SeO.sub.4.sup.2- + 3H.sub.2 + 2H.sup.+ .fwdarw. Se.sup.o + 4H.sub.2O 67 74 SeO.sub.4.sup.2- + 2H.sub.2 + H.sup.+ .fwdarw. HSeO.sub.3.sup.- + H.sub.2O
Selenite HSeO.sub.3.sup.- + 2H.sub.2 + H.sup.+ .fwdarw. Se.sup.o + 3H.sub.2O 93 57
The results show the chlorate and chlorite contaminants are reduced under denitrifying and oxygen reducing conditions--consistent and in accordance with the results obtained with perchlorate. Likewise and without limitation, various other
contaminants (e.g., bromate, selenate, selenite, nitrite, etc.) were also reduced and removed, as shown in Table 4. With greater acclimation times, lower input concentrations and/or reactor optimization, higher efficiencies can be obtained.
Preliminary studies were carried out on wastewater denitrification with an MBfR apparatus in accordance with FIG. 2A. An open matrix or spatial arrangement defined by the membrane configuration allows mixed liquor to move between the membrane
fibers without being filtered out or fouling the membrane surface. The influent contained the effluent from the first-stage of the multiple-stage pre-denitrification plant in New York City. The influent to the MBfR had a NO.sub.3.sup.- concentration of
about 10-about 20 mgN/L. The flow rate was 2.3 L/d, giving an empty-bed hydraulic retention time of 3 h. No inoculum was provided before feeding the wastewater to the MBfR.
Denitrification in the MBfR started immediately and achieved a high level of denitrification within a few days. Effluent NO.sub.3.sup.- was driven to below about 1 mgN/L, and H.sub.2 pressure gave sensitive control of the denitrification
capacity. For example, when the H.sub.2 pressure was only 2 psi (0.14 atm) and influent NO.sub.3.sup.- was 13 mgN/L, the effluent NO.sub.3.sup.- was 0.85 mgN/L, giving a NO.sub.3.sup.- flux of 1.4 gN/m.sup.2-d. Increasing the H.sub.2 pressure to 5 psi
(0.34 atm) when the influent NO.sub.3.sup.- was 16.4 mgN/L gave effluent NO.sub.3.sup.- of only 0.4 mgN/L, with a NO.sub.3.sup.- flux of 1.8 gN/m.sup.2-d.
Despite the open-matrix configuration, extended operation without sufficient mixing and turbulence can lead to excess biofilm or suspended-solids accumulation, causing some membrane fibers to clump together with reduction of biofilm surface area
and the mass-transport rate to the biofilm. For example, a H.sub.2 pressure of 5 psi (0.34 atm) gave a nominal NO.sub.3.sup.- flux of 1 gN/m.sup.2-d and had effluent NO.sub.3.sup.- and NO.sub.2.sup.- concentrations of 3.6 and 1.6 mgN/L, respectively,
An H.sub.2-based MBfR has been proven for the reduction of nitrate and perchlorate and other oxidized contaminants in drinking water and groundwater settings. However, in light of this invention, use of hydrogen as an electron donor may have
most extensive application for advanced nitrogen removal in wastewater treatment, where existing approaches fail to achieve the goals of advanced-N removal; have severe problems of cost, reliability, and safety; or both. By utilizing H.sub.2 gas as the
electron donor to drive denitrification, an MBfR of this invention and related methods completely eliminate an added organic electron donor, which overcomes major problems: a large increase in excess biomass generation, over- or under-dosing of donor,
safety concerns, and relying on specialized methanotrophs. In addition, such an apparatus simple to operate, and it can be used for tertiary denitrification or integrated into a pre-denitrification process. Preliminary results show that autotrophic
denitrifiers accumulate rapidly in the wastewater setting, the MBfR can drive NO.sub.3.sup.- concentrations below 1 mgN/L, and the H.sub.2 pressure controls the NO.sub.3.sup.- flux.
With reference to the preceding, a range of other oxidized contaminants can be reduced and/or removed from an aqueous medium, such contaminants including but not limited to oxidized species of uranium, neptunium, sulfur, cadmium, and nickel, as
well as other halogenated hydrocarbon compounds. Such contaminants can be treated/removed as would be understood by those skilled in the art made aware of this invention using the procedures described herein for straight-forward modifications thereof,
such modifications as would also be known to such individuals without undue experimentation.
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We live in a world of scarcity.
Everything rare is precious, and rarity is often associated with a high economic value. When it comes to metals, several metals are considered metallic assets due to their rarity and difficulty to accessing them.
These precious metals have long been used as currency, and overtime, as paper and plastic money substituted metals, they are still considered valuable because of their investment and industrial uses.
But what is the best precious metal to invest in? Should you go for investing in a physical asset or paper metal? What are some of the pros and cons of investing in precious metals?
These are some of the questions that haunt investors as they head out to fill their treasure chest. If you are planning to invest in precious metals or are just exploring investment options, this post is for you.
Here, you will find out some of the advantages and disadvantages of investing in precious metals and learn about four precious metals worth investing in. So, let’s get started.
- 1 What Metals Are Considered Precious Metals?
- 2 Should You Buy Physical or Paper Metals?
- 2.1 Advantages of Investing in a Paper Metal
- 2.2 Disadvantages of Investing in Paper Metal
- 2.3 Advantages of Investing in a Physical Metal
- 2.4 Disadvantages of Investing in a Physical Metal
- 3 Pros of Investing in Precious Metals
- 4 Cons of Investing in Precious Metals
- 5 Bottom Line
What Metals Are Considered Precious Metals?
The word ‘precious metals’ is used to classify metals that have a high economic value associated with them. They are expensive because they are rare or not easily accessible.
Moreover, their high demand and use as an investment product to diversify and hedge risks are some of the reasons why precious metals have a high monetary value associated with them.
There are several precious metals; however, investors’ most popular choices include gold, silver, platinum, and palladium. Let’s take a closer look at each investment option, so you are better equipped to make a more informed investment decision.
Perhaps, the most sought-after precious metal is gold. Its unique physical and chemical properties (non-reactivity, durability, malleability, and conductivity) along with industrial and economic applications make it one of the most sought-after metals in the world.
And given its demand, it is one of the most highly-priced precious metals.
Here, it is important to note that gold prices are not determined solely based on the principles of demand and supply. While demand and supply play an essential role, gold retains additional value because of several reasons.
- Gold is used by the central banks of many countries around the world for risk diversification.
- The precious metal is widely used as jewelry, with India, China, and the U.S., being the largest consumer. Moreover, it has industrial applications in medicine and electronics.
- During times of economic uncertainty, gold is used as a store of value because it hedges against inflation.
- “Easy gold” has already been mined, and now gold mining companies need to dig deeper to access high-quality reserves.
No investment in precious metals is considered complete without investing in gold.
While gold has always held economic significance, it is likely to remain one of the most sought-after precious metals in the future as well, which makes it a must-have precious metal for your investment portfolio.
Unlike gold that has retained its significance as an investment vehicle and store of value, silver partially serves the same purpose while catering to a fair share of demand for its industrial application.
It is commercially used in electronic devices, batteries, medical devices, the automotive industry, and a catalyst to produce industrial chemicals.
Therefore, the demand for silver is not primarily generated by investors but also by manufacturers in several industries. As a result, industrial demand has a strong influence on the price of silver.
And given that the price of silver is influenced by industrial demand, it is important to note that the recent expansion of various industries, such as the microcircuit market, medical products, electronic appliances, and other industrial items, will significantly impact the price.
How this rise in demand will affect the investment demand for silver still remains unclear, but one thing is for sure: silver serves as a store of value, so it is a great choice if you are planning to invest in precious metals, but it also has wide industrial appliances.
In all, both gold and silver are considered safe investments that can save you in times of economic turmoil. If you are looking forward to tumultuous times, you may want to consider investing in gold and silver to diversify your risk and hedge against economic setbacks.
Being a rare precious metal, platinum has a higher price compared to gold. Platinum mines are largely concentrated in two countries around the world; South Africa and Russia.
And given its restricted supply, the prices are not determined by demand and supply. Instead, the two leading producers have more say in the price. This cartel-like arrangement reflects in terms of artificially high prices of platinum.
Platinum’s extraction and global reach is far less compared to the shiny yellow metal (gold) that makes it an excellent investment choice.
However, just like silver, platinum has a wide industrial demand primarily from the automotive industry, the petrochemical industry, and the computer industry.
Moreover, it is also used as jewelry. If you are planning to invest in this precious metal, always remember that platinum is the most volatile precious metal that you may invest in given the nature of its demand.
Another precious metal that is worth considering for investment is palladium. Most of this precious metal’s supply comes from the mines located in the U.S., South Africa, Russia, and Canada.
While it is lesser-known compared to gold, silver, and platinum, it has wide commercial applications. It is used in several manufacturing processes, including electronics.
Moreover, it is also used in medicine and dentistry along with usage in groundwater treatment. Being the less costly sister element of platinum, palladium is also used in the automobile industry as a catalytic converter.
Given its physical properties, such as conductivity and malleability, the precious metal is widely used for renewable electricity generation, such as solar energy.
It is now clear that the demand for palladium primarily comes from industries but given its high industrial usage, it also appears to be a lucrative option for investors as well.
However, just like its sister element, palladium’s prices are volatile so it may be one of the risky precious metals to invest in. But more risk also means more returns, so your investment decision will largely depend upon your investment strategy and risk-aversion.
Should You Buy Physical or Paper Metals?
Now that you are aware of some of the precious metals you can invest in, it is time to address the second most crucial investment decision “whether you should invest in precious metals physically or go for paper investment.”
Each option comes with its challenges and paybacks, but let’s first understand what paper metals mean before looking into it.
Paper metal refers to investment in gold derivatives, which do not give you access to physical gold. Some of the ways you can invest in paper metal include:
- Commodity Exchange Traded Funds (ETF),
- Stocks and Mutual Funds of precious metal miners,
- Futures and Options
Only by fully understanding the advantages and disadvantages of either investing in precious physical metal or going for a paper alternative can you determine whether you should buy physical or paper metals.
Advantages of Investing in a Paper Metal
Ease of Investment
Investing in paper metals is super easy.
You can read the terms and conditions and make your investment decision right from the comfort of your home.
No-Risk of Metal Purity
When physically investing in metals, such as gold and silver, the purity of the metal is perhaps the most important consideration.
But when you invest in paper metal, you don’t have to worry about the purity because the issuer guarantees it.
Ease of Liquidation
Similar to how easy it is to invest in paper metals, liquidation is as convenient as the investment itself.
Paper metals are highly liquid, meaning that the investor can cash them right with a click and easily avoid the hassle of transporting the asset for liquidation.
No Cost of Holding
When you invest in a paper metal, you don’t have to pay the additional cost of holding that is associated with the physical storage of precious metals.
This may include paying insurance for your precious metal or additional rent to hire a locker facility.
When you invest in paper metals, such as sovereign bonds, your investment serves as a store of value and offers regular returns for holding the investment.
Disadvantages of Investing in Paper Metal
There are several risks associated with investing in paper metals. Some of these include:
No Physical Value
Unlike physical gold that you can hold and sell whenever you want, a paper may become worthless, especially during economic uncertainty.
This is primarily because you do not have anything physical to back up the paper.
Perhaps, the most significant risk associated with investing in paper metal is counterparty risk.
There is always a possibility that the issuer of paper metal (ETF, metal mining company or limited partnership) may go bankrupt. In that case, you lose your investment as you do not have the physical ownership of the asset.
Risk of Scam
By investing in paper metals, there is always a high risk of scam because any asset that is not in a physical form does not back the value.
Advantages of Investing in a Physical Metal
The advantages of investing in physical metals are a mirror image of the disadvantages highlighted in the earlier section.
Some of the paybacks of investing in physical metals include:
Perhaps, the biggest advantage of investing in a physical metal is its physical possession.
The joy of owning any precious metal is only natural, which you can enjoy by investing in it.
Store of Value
Precious metals are a store of value, and in times of economic uncertainty, they can also be used as a currency that you can easily liquidate and use as security against a collapsing economic system.
Hedge Your Risk
If inflation is a concern, investing in a physical metal is a great way to hedge that risk.
The rising value of precious metals often guards against inflation.
Disadvantages of Investing in a Physical Metal
Investing in a physical metal has some disadvantages as well, including:
Risk of Theft or Loss
Robbery burglary is seldom avoidable.
When you have a precious metal at home or any other accessible place, there is always a risk of theft and loss.
Cost of Storage
To counter the first disadvantage, investors often have to insure their investment or store it at a safer place.
So they usually end up paying insurance premiums or charges for availing a locker facility, which are all the costs associated with owning and storing the precious metal.
The laws pertaining to ownership and taxation on returns on investment may but subject to change that often goes against the investor – a risk that you can easily avoid if you invest in the paper metal.
By knowing the pros and cons of both investing in paper metals and physical metals, you should now be in a better position to make an appropriate investment decision. An important thing to remember is that several factors influence your investment decision, including:
- The metal you are planning to invest in,
- Your investment strategy (long-term investment/short-term) and
- Your investment style (risk-averse/risk-taker).
With so much information about which precious metals make the most suitable investment and whether to go for physical or paper metals, let’s move to the final section highlighting the pros and cons of investing in precious metals.
Pros of Investing in Precious Metals
One of the biggest advantages of investing in precious metals is that it guards against economic downturns. In general, precious metals are more resistant to times of economic uncertainty and their value is likely to remain stable.
The fact that the value of a precious metal is not directly related to how the economy is performing makes it a highly desirable investment vehicle.
The scarcity of precious metals is another reason you should invest in them. Precious resources are limited in supply, which will eventually deplete.
However, their demand will continue to exist, given that most precious metals also have industrial usage. Thus, investing in precious metals today can provide you with security as you possess a valuable resource that you can liquidate and gain in years to come.
Moreover, inflation is an unavoidable economic phenomenon worldwide but possessing precious metals provides security against inflation.
The value of precious metals is subject to demand and supply, along with several other factors and it continues to rise, regardless of how the economy is performing. Therefore, it is a safe haven for investors that offer security against inflation.
Precious metals have no credit risk.
They can guard you against inflation and economic uncertainty and are more resistant than other investments, such as stocks and bonds. This value density is another great reason you should invest in precious metals.
Cons of Investing in Precious Metals
Every investment comes with its own set of disadvantages and risks, and precious metals are not an exception.
It is best to go for a physical investment; however, as mentioned in the earlier section, physically investing in precious metals comes with the following challenges:
Storage and Security
The most significant setbacks associated with physically investing in precious metals include their storage and security.
Storing precious metals in a safe place often involves additional costs, such as insurance and locker facility charges, that the investor needs to pay.
While physically possessing a precious metal offers several benefits, a major drawback comes in the form of low liquidity.
Physical assets are more difficult to sell compared to their paper counterparts.
Apart from the challenges associated with physically investing in precious metals, supply-side issues can be a disadvantage of investing in precious metals.
While precious metals are known for hedging risk and guarding against economic turbulence, that may not always be the case. Due to some technical imbalances on the supply side, investors may face consequences, such as reduced prices and the unavailability of the resource.
Investment in precious metals has increasingly become popular due to obvious reasons. If you are new to the metal investment world, we are confident that by now, you are aware of the precious metals to invest in and whether you should go for physical or paper investments.
Again, your investment decision depends upon your investment strategy and style, but this pre-requisite information will surely help you make the right choice.
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Click the following link to learn more about Ian Mitchell and his trading of stocks, forex and futures.
Frank Delaney IV Market Pulse
The S&P which I use as a general guide had a difficult week closed near its lows at approximately 1886.00.
The market has most likely made its highs for the year. I suggested we were oversold last week. The spike in volatility this past week suggests that we are short term very oversold I wrote last week that we would most likely test the prior week’s lows after the jobs number came out. I suggested a traded in HAL from the long side. The market tested its lows rallied strongly Thursday. I felt my theory for the week was working well till the market fell apart and closed near its lows Friday. If you were long HAL you would have been stopped out. Capital preservation is very important in such a volatile environment. I believe the market will rally this week but we have probably seen the highs for the year. Technicals indicate a short term high volume blow off low. When I begin my market pulse letter in the next few weeks I will send daily observations on specific recommendations. I will keep positions limited to 3 to 5 positions. I think there will be many opportunities on the short side in the weeks to come.
I believe HAL is set up for a retracement higher to the 62 to 65 level in the next couple weeks. The precipitous fall in oil has taken all oil related stocks with it. When the market gets its footing early this week oils service companies will retrace their sharp declines over the last few weeks. Keep an eye on oil to stabilize and make a higher low this week. Discipline and patience will set up some great short opportunities over the next few months. Selling into this break at this point is inappropriate. Looking forward to helping you be your best as we move forward. Patience and discipline.
Have a good week.
Frank Delaney’s Market Pulse will soon be featured on www.stockbarometer.com
Good morning Traders,
From our weekend note to clients.
Visit www.stockbarometer.com to learn more.
Stepping back and looking at something we identified as this market continued higher – participation was decreasing. Now each indicator is different in how it contributes to understanding market movements. The New Highs is in the buy zone. But it can remain at this level for some time. It’s influence is minimized at this point.
SIGN UP for our FREE Stock Market Newsletter!
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CLICK HERE to Sign up for the Stock Barometer FREE Newsletter now!Each week we send out stock market timing charts from our IRG research and alerts from our different services for you to sample as well as offers for free trials. These are educational articles pertaining to trading, investing and timing the markets. We cover Stocks, ETFs, Index Market TIming and Options. There is no obligation. We hate SPAM as much as you do, so you can remove yourself from our list at anytime.Want More? Visit
In about a month or so, we’ll be adding Trader Frank Delaney IV to our team at Investment Research Group, Inc./Stock Barometer. In the Interim, here’s a bit on his BIO as well as a market update from this veteran trader.
Bio: Frank A Delaney. Spending my entire career on Wall Street, I was an integral part of the success of two firms: Henderson Brothers Inc. and Bear Wagner, LLC. I was a Senior Managing Director at Henderson Brothers Inc and part of the four person management team that sold the firm in the year 2000. As a Senior Managing Director and Partner at Bear Wagner LLC., I was a key producer, risk manager and proven producer of over a hundred million dollars. I provided direction for over 60 traders and 120 support staff. The key to my production was both technical and fundamental research. One of the keys to my success was being position agnostic to being long or short. I was integral in bringing several firms public including Estee Lauder. My trading skills have developed from many years of being mentored by the most talented technical analysts in the world. With the use of technical analysis expanding into the use of candlesticks with the addition of looking at the fundamentals of both corporations with a view of the domestic and international economy, I have consistently outperformed the market .That with an eye on the domestic and international political, social and technological advancements give me a unique perspective on the markets. The markets themselves continue to evolve over the years. It is extremely important to understand how the markets work so you can navigate trading them. I believe my 25 years of experience can help individuals and groups become more successful.
Stock Market Update and proposed trade
The market as of the close of trading on Thursday September 2nd has had a 10 % correction off its highs for the year . Whether you are looking at the Dow the S&P or the Russell they basically all have corrected approximately 10%. They held Thursdays low on Friday and rallied approx 1%. The market is most likely short term oversold . We will probably test Thursdays low in the next 5 trading days. This is an opportunity for a couple of short term trades from the long side. If you look at the chart I have attached of Halliburton (HAL) you can see where it hammered on Thursday and rallied on Friday.
I believe as long as HAL closes within 50 cents of Thursdays low you should buy it for a 4 to 10 day trade to the 66-68 range. Trailing stop should be entered when it breaks through 65 . The oil sector has been especially hard hit over the last six weeks . Halliburton provides infrastructure to the oil and gas sector whether the price of oil and gas goes up or down, so fundamentally HAL has a solid foundation.
The media has us believing the market rallied on the improvement of the jobless number falling to 5.9%. In fact the reason for the improved job number are from the unemployed falling off the map as they have fallen off the roles after being unemployed for so long. As more people are not counted as they have stopped looking for jobs, obviously the jobs number will improve. As we get closer to November elections Republican groups will come out railing against the legitimacy of the employment numbers and there will be several calls of fraud at several census bureau districts about the unemployment numbers.
Social Political and International Commentary:
The Ebola scare will develop further but will not affect the US population or economy in any meaningful way. The Ebola virus could and should have been addressed earlier by our executive and legislative branch of the US government. Continued lack of political courage and self promotion has hamstringed US political leadership. The enterovirus in children causing paralysis is a much bigger issue that needs to be addressed in the US.
ISIS will continue to be in the news for quite a long time. The US and Allied Sorties have disrupted their routine, but they will continue to change their terror tactics to avoid detection from the air. Turkey will put “boots on the ground” as the group has threatened their borders. The US should use Navy Seal and Black Ops hit and run tactics to demoralize and yes terrorize the ISIS Group. The pressure should be relentless and constant. This along with military advisors will diminish ISISs’ reach . A terrorist event is possible on the US homeland. Homeland Security Forces and infrastructure will have to be grown and kept on the constant alert for years to come. The US borders must be protected . It will take years but the effort should begin know. I am talking about a secure border not a closed border.
- Gap Trading Newsletter
- Retail price $27.95 per month
- Special offer $1 for the first month
- Save $26.95
- Start Now – Click Here!
- Use the discount code PG01 on checkout
Attn: All Investors
Are You Prepared to Survive the Upcoming BEAR Market?
Warning: The Upcoming Slump Could Destroy Your Portfolio
As investors, we’ve had it good for the past couple of years. The stock market has been on a constant upward trend. But as you’ve probably guessed: This trend is not sustainable.
Three signs indicate that, in the coming year, that upward trend in the market will soon shift downward. These three signs are:
- Increases in stock price makes stock more expensive – too expensive to continue price increases.
- Stock prices are outpacing actual company earnings.
- The Shiller PE Ratio is at crash-level numbers.
Many stock prices have reached new highs. We’ve seen such a phenomenon several times before. And they all happen right before a market crash.
According to the Shiller PE Ratio, today’s stock prices and earnings simply don’t match: Stock prices are, on average, nearly 30 times higher than real company earnings. A stable market’s PE ratio should be at around 15. We’re double that already.
All market crashes in the last 100 years have happened when the PE ratio was above 25.
You Must Prepare for the Upcoming BEAR Market Now, While You Still Have Time!
My gap-trading newsletter provides you with the road map you need to continually profit, in both market surges and market slumps. Every week, I’ll be sending you easy-to-understand gap-trading strategies and individual gap trades.
Regardless of your income, age, or investment strategy, my newsletter can help you make better decisions about the stocks you invest in.
In my Gap-Trading Newsletter, you’ll discover:
- Why price gaps are becoming more frequent and why.
- How to perform a gap analysis in 15 minutes.
- How to predict the trend of an individual stock on a gap chart.
- Where to optimally set your price limits.
- How to set up a gap trade in the morning, without needing to follow the stock throughout the day.
- Why gap-trading works equally well in bear markets as it does in bull markets.
- How to grow your portfolio by several percent per month just trading gaps.
- Why statistics ensure that you’ll make a profit trading gaps.
- Why trading gaps is so easy (hint: You don’t need to time your trades perfectly).
- How to easily determine the exit strategy for any gap trade.
- Why trading gaps instead of trends minimizes risk.
- Why the market bias is insignificant for gap trading.
- And much, much more!
My Portfolio before Gap-Trading
Much like most investors, before I got into gap-trading, I was spending hours upon hours researching stocks. But those hours poured into research rarely meant anything. My investments ended up pretty much the same:
- 1/3 went up.
- 1/3 went down.
- 1/3 went nowhere.
In the end, I spent all that time and money for barely any gain. When the market was good, I made profit overall. When the market was bad, I lost money. That’s how the stock market works: Market bias beats research. The overall direction of the market determines the overall direction of most stocks.
I was tired of being a victim of circumstance. So I began investigating academic journals and statistical studies on the stock market, looking for a strategy that could actually prove profitable.
Long story short, that strategy is gap-trading. The statistical research supports this strategy. And my personal experience in gap-trading backs up that research.
Gaps are more reliable than the news. They’re more reliable than that stock advisor on TV. And they are certainly more reliable than market trends.
I went through the trouble of researching gaps. And now I’m asking you to leverage my knowledge to play the stock market in a smarter, more predictable way.
You don’t need to study gaps before you start trading. In my Gap-Trading Newsletter, I’ll send out weekly gap trades with step-by-step instructions on what to do. I’ll even send out daily updates so that you don’t have to pay attention to the stock. When I say sell, sell.
But if you do want to study gaps, you can do so in bite-size pieces through my newsletter. Every week, I’ll send you an educational article on trading gaps. After only a few months, you’ll know more about gap-trading than will most stock advisors.
How Long Does a Gap Trade Take?
Gap-trading comes in two forms: Long-term gap trading and swing trading. No matter your personal investment style – fast or slow – you can benefit from trading gaps.
- Long-term gap trading: Certain types of gaps indicate a long-term trend that you can ride to profit.
- Swing-trading on gaps: Other types of gaps tell you about short-term trends that will end at a specific price. You can use these gaps as indicators both for swing-trading direction and for knowing when to get out of the position.
But either way, you won’t need to spend more than 15 minutes per trade. Gap trading is very much a hands-off trading method – you don’t have to spend hours and days researching the stock and watching its ups and downs.
Why Start Now?
As stated earlier, the market’s about to switch directions. At a cusp like this, gap-trading is your best bet, because gaps aren’t affected by overall market conditions.
When the market hits its slump – or crash – if you’re trading gaps, you’ll be one of the few investors prepared. Imagine being the only person in your peer group who’s actually benefitting from a market slump. While everyone else at the office is complaining about how they lost thousands in the market, you’ll be talking about what you’re going to buy with your extra spending money.
Who Can Play Gaps?
Because there is no ideal persona for a gap-trader, it’s hard to say what kind of person is most suitable for gap-trading. So I’ll instead lay out the aspects that are not important for playing gaps:
- Your income.
- Your current bank account number.
- Your age.
- Your sex.
- Your trading experience.
- Your risk tolerance.
- Your investment goals.
Gap trading can work for anyone, provided you play gaps in the right way. And if you read my Gap-Trading Newsletter, you will.
What You’ll Get
What you’ll receive when you subscribe to my Gap-Trading Newsletter is time-saving advice that doesn’t require you to spend any extra time in research. My newsletter works as follows:
- Every week, you’ll receive at least one gap trade alert.
- Every day, you’ll receive an update on this gap trade.
- When it’s time to get out of the position, you’ll get a message.
- In addition, every week you’ll also get an educational article on gap trading.
- Moreover, you’ll have direct access to me via email. And sometimes, I’ll even give you call if you have a question to discuss.
Sign Up Now
My past three gap trades have netted a 39% ROI. That is, for every $100 I invested, I got back $39. That’s $390 on a $1,000 investment; over $1,000 on a $3,000 investment. And all these trades were performed within one or two weeks, on average.
If you had been with me during those last three trades, you would have made the same amount. I’ll be making more trades, with or without you. It’s entirely up to you whether you’ll be with me in the future.
If you’re ready to get started, here’s what to do:
- Click on “subscribe” below.
- Pay $1.
- You will not be charged anything more during the first 30 days.
- If you choose to continue, you’ll only pay $27.95 for each following month.
- Follow my trades and you’ll make your subscription fees back many times over.
Who Should Not Subscribe?
If you’re just going to read my newsletter without trading, please do not subscribe. I’m offering this service to people who want to act on the information I’ve compiled and experimented with. I want my readers to be in a privileged group of investors who are profiting despite the upcoming market downturn, which is why I’m offering this now.
If you just want to be a spectator, please don’t waste your money. Turn on the financial news instead.
When Should You Subscribe?
This $1 trial offer will only be for a limited time. So the obvious time to subscribe is now. If you wait too long, I cannot offer this newsletter to you at the $1 price – I’m not the one who controls the subscription fee!
Stockbarometer.com is only offering my newsletter at this greatly reduced price as a favor to me. I want more readers; they want more money. That’s a contradiction that, much like the market conditions described at the beginning of this webpage, cannot last long.
Subscribe now or be kicking yourself later.
What Do I Get?
- Weekly trade alerts
- Daily updates
- Sell alerts
- Weekly educational articles
- My personal contact information – [email protected]
- Occasional call-ins
Why Gap Trading?
- It’s unaffected by market bias.
- You won’t be hit by the upcoming market slump/crash.
- Easy to predict.
- Frequently appear.
- Highly profitable.
How Much Time Will I Need to Spend?
Approximately 15 minutes per trade.
How Will I Know When to Exit
- Each trade will be accompanied with a limit price.
- I’ll also send you an email when it’s time to exit.
How Much Does This Cost
- $1 for the first month.
- $27.95 for each month after (this price will increase in the future, except for those of you who “lock in” at this price now).
Will This Information Be Made Publically Available Elsewhere?
- Individual trades: No. This is subscriber-exclusive information.
- Educational articles: Some educational articles will be republished on other websites and books. However, subscribers will see them first.
Can I Follow Your Advice for Stocks AND Options?
Yes. This newsletter is mainly focused on stocks, but you can play options the same way. If you have any specific questions about how to apply my trading advice to options, please email me.
How Risky Is This?
Trading gaps is one of the least risky trading methods simply because gaps are consistent in their patterns. Regardless, risk is always present, but I will help you limit risk by giving you exit strategies in case the trade doesn’t go the way we want it. You’ll also receive an “exit alert” email if we need to exit our position early.
Use the code PG01 upon checkout for the $1 deal.
- See more at: http://www.stockbarometer.com/pagesNST/learnmore.aspx
Good morning Traders,
I don’t often use the word crash when talking about the markets, but we do
have a popular indicator that’s been flashing a signal for a couple days
now. Let’s walk through it here.
There are 3 components. First is a market that’s trending higher (10
day is on an uptrend). Second is the number of new lows rising above a key
threshold. And third is the McClellan Oscillator below zero. The
first two are shown in the chart below:
And the third is here:
Now the above charts are for the Nasdaq. What about the NYSE?
And the third component:
Ok, so as the charts say – this condition suggests crash potential for the
next 30 days or so. And this indicator is also popular for giving false
signals. I included it as part of my research several years ago, but feel
it’s a good indicator to watch for certain things – like the # of new lows
accelerating as the market makes new highs. That suggests something’s
wrong with the market or there’s an underlying shift in the markets going on
that can translate to weaker stock prices.
Looking back at the last significant move lower in the market for a repeating
pattern (remember, we’re trying to identify what algorithms are driving the
market - and I believe institutions are trading the stock bond relationship
The 2011 drop came hard and fast. If you didn’t react quickly, you
missed most of the move and then had to wait a couple months as the market tried
to hammer out a bottom.
Note – the charts above are part of our research indicators – over 300
popular and proprietary indicators that we use to build formulas to give us
a timing advantage in the market.
I also want to give you a heads up to some changes here. The potential
move in the markets could be very bearish, so I’m working to bring in some
traders who an help you profit from the move. First up is Damon Verial,
who’s heading up the Price Gap Option Trader. You
can try his service for $1 by clicking here and using discount code
We’re also bringing in a futures and forex trader who’s also agreed to write
a stock trading service featuring his unique skills to help protect us and help
us profit from the coming decline, whether or not it develops soon, or next year
when the fed starts raising rates (though I expect the market move to
precede the event).
And not to mention Gregory Clay, who’s only added to his gains since
bringing him on several months ago – he still hasn’t posted a loss!
His weekly income credit spreads newsletter is getting some
great press. Here are the links if you’re interested:
Income Credit Spreads
Clay’s Option Newsletter – Weekly Income Credit Spreads
So with all going on in the market, we’ll do what we can to give you the 1)
fact based research and 2) profitable advice that will help you profit or at
least protect your assets from downside by diversification and proper risk
management of trades.
Good morning Traders,
A brief update on our position in oil. Visit www.stockbarometer.com to subscribe.
Back on 7/25 we recommended the following options for USO based on our research.
Here is the current pricing on the September PUTS:
So the 37.5′s are up some 360%…
And here are the October PUTS:
The October 37.5′s are up over 260%.
That being said, what’s our view on oil now? As you know, we’re developed several directional indicators on oil (and gold, which we’re long PUTS and Nat Gas, which we’re long CALLS). It’s all available in our research indicators. But here’s a general one on supply and demand – because periodically it matters:
Sometimes the basic law of supply and demand matters. This chart is showing oil inventories growing, which isn’t something you’d expect in a heating up economy. Sure – economic reports are looking very positive, but there’s a lagging factor to them. Our indicators suggest that the economy is cooling off – and oil is one of those factors…
That being said, oil volatility is climbing, which is what it needs to do in order to set a bottom. I’m guessing around the next options expiration we may start seeing some bottoming action. To learn more visit www.stockbarometer.com and try any of our services.
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Comment, Like, & Favorite
Peacock And Birdbath
Painting - Porcelain Paint On Ceramic Tile
A peacock stands with tail outspread in a leafy garden, poised to sip water from a birdbath.
May 18th, 2010
Viewed 455 Times - Last Visitor from New York, NY on 09/09/2014 at 1:13 AM
copy and paste to your website / blog - preview
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The water supply network's water distribution stage represents the system of hydraulic components that transports water from a water treatment plant or from a water storage tank to the consumers (households, private or public entities). The main components of a water distribution system include pipes, flanges, joints, fittings, valves, and fire hydrants.
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- transport the water to the distribution area,
- guarantee continuous operation during maintenance or an accidental event,
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hydraulic_engineering
| 1 |
http://www.cpc.noaa.gov/products/expert_assessment/sdo_archive/2006/sdo_jja06_text.shtml
| 2018-10-22T07:15:06 |
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Latest Seasonal Assessment -
Scattered heavy showers eased the fire danger over Florida in mid-May, and the Drought Outlook calls for more
improvement as the thunderstorm season gets underway during late May and June. Drought areas in the Carolinas and
along the Gulf Coast are also likely to see improvement. In contrast, hot, dry weather is expected to contribute to
persisting or worsening drought over the High Plains from Texas to Wyoming near the beginning of the outlook period.
Although the forecast for June-August does not show a strong indication for below-normal rainfall in the Plains, it
appears that the drought will largely persist well into summer. The odds for improvement increase farther east, and
some additional relief is anticipated from eastern Oklahoma into Missouri. In the Southwest, where the near-failure
of the winter rain and snow season resulted in severe to extreme drought over much of Arizona and New Mexico, the
summer monsoon rains in July and August will reduce the fire danger, although reservoir levels may continue to drop.
The best odds for short-term drought relief extend from southern Arizona into New Mexico.
Tools used in the Drought Outlook
included the official CPC long-lead precipitation outlook for June-August, the drought
termination and amelioration probabilities for August, various medium and short-range forecasts and models such
as the 6-10 day and 8-14 day forecasts, and the soil moisture tools based on the GFS model and the Constructed
Analogues for the season.
Mid-May thunderstorms brought significant drought relief
to Florida, with some spots recording over 4 inches of rain. The anticipated start of the thunderstorm season
toward the end of May should bring additional relief from dryness and drought, so the Outlook indicates improving
drought conditions for the Florida peninsula. Climatological probabilities for drought relief are also high in the
Carolinas, so improvement is also expected in this region. La Niña soil moisture composites are also consistent
with increased moisture in this area for the summer relative to normal. Although the La Niña has ended, such
composites often remain useful some months after the ENSO event has ended. In the Gulf Coast region, various
degrees of improvement are depicted from Texas to Mississippi. This is consistent with recent trends and
medium-range forecast models suggesting increased convective activity by early June in the Gulf, resulting in the
strong possibility that tropical moisture will surge northward. The May 16 2-week soil moisture forecast from CPC
also shows increased moisture in southern Louisiana. That same forecast shows a strong trend toward decreasing soil
moisture across the Great Plains, and the most recent official 6-10 day and 8-14 day forecasts indicate a large
area of warmth and dryness related to high pressure ridging aloft over the central U.S. With the demise of the La
Niña and the onset of summer, the rainfall outlook for June-August becomes quite uncertain for the Plains, but the
likely intensification of the drought from Texas northward during the early part of the Outlook period tilts the
odds toward drought persistence for the High Plains into summer. There is even a good chance that drought could
redevelop across those areas of western and central Texas that have seen recent relief. The confidence that a
developing drought would persist into August is not high, given that the CPC long-lead outlook depicts equal
chances of above or below-normal rainfall in the Plains states. This Drought Outlook stays with the theme of
indicating better chances for improvement in the lingering drought areas in the Mississippi Valley, although the
area of partial improvement is smaller this month in response to the drier medium-range forecasts. The latest
available GFS model does bring some moisture northward into the eastern Plains and Mississippi Valley and,
although the model may be overdoing the rainfall amounts, this is consistent with the idea of some improvement
from eastern Oklahoma into Missouri.
Medium and long-range models continue to show better odds
for rainfall in the northern Plains and upper Midwest than farther south, so some improvement is indicated for
Montana and South Dakota.
The Outlook for the Southwest mainly hinges on the area
expected to pick up the most rains from the upcoming monsoon season, which typically begins in July over Arizona
and New Mexico. The greatest impact of the rains will likely be the reduction of fire danger in July and August. In
contrast, unless the quantity of rainfall is impressive, most of the reservoirs will continue to drop. Elephant
Butte storage in southern New Mexico, for example, will probably hit 5 percent of normal by September, the lowest
point since October 1971. The confidence in delineating the areas prone to improvement is low. This Outlook
considers both the NCDC drought alleviation probabilities for August, which show much of New Mexico as improving,
and the seasonal statistical precipitation model for the Southwest produced by the Earth System Research
Laboratory (the former Climate Diagnostics Center).
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atmospheric_science
| 1 |
https://www.tradesy.com/i/yansi-fugel-white-soft-leather-vest-size-2-xs/23964736/
| 2018-12-16T21:43:07 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376827998.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20181216213120-20181216235120-00358.warc.gz
| 0.895136 | 322 |
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|
Added to Shopping Bag
Yansi Fugel White Soft Leather Vest Size 2 (XS)
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Beautiful soft leather ruffle front vest. Not for outwear, but as a top. Wear alone or over a blouse, looks super high fashion and elegant. Fitted, zip closure top. Eye catching piece, to set your outfit apart. A one of a kind piece to add to your wardrobe, dress it up or dress it down, unique and classy.
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fashion
| 1 |
https://www.daily-jeff.com/story/sports/2017/01/29/muskingum-men-upended-by-jcu/18925318007/
| 2022-07-07T05:31:59 |
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Muskingum men upended by JCU
UNIVERSITY HEIGHTS -- A big second half by the host John Carroll University Blue Streaks erased a halftime deficit and lifted them to a 84-69 Ohio Athletic Conference win over the Muskingum University Fighting Muskies on Saturday.
The Muskies built a narrow 39-38 lead through the first 20 minutes, but the Blue Streaks erupted for 46 second half points while Muskingum tallied 30 to provide the 84-69 final.
Muskingum (11-8, 5-7 OAC) shot just 40.7 percent (24-of-59) from the field and added 12-of-15 from the foul line. Freshman Marcus Dempsey paced the Muskies with 19 points followed by Rickey Wilson with 16 while Joshua Keyes added 12. Joshua Glass added eight points off the bench and Jarrell Marsh had seven.
John Carroll (12-6, 9-3 OAC) hit 30-of-58 floor shots for a sizzling 51.7 percent and added 20-of-30 from the bonus line. David Linane led six players in double figures with 14 points. Simon Kucharewicz and Doug Caputo added 12 points each, with Brian Papich and Ryan Berger scoring 11 points each and John Cirillo getting 10.
The Streaks posted a 39-30 rebounding advantage led by Caputo with eight while Kucharewicz and Berger added five caroms each. Keyes paced the Muskies on the glass with nine boards, with Jalen Paige adding six.
NEXT -- Muskingum will host Wilmington Wednesday beginning at 7 p.m.
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game
| 3 |
https://www.pennlive.com/pennstatefootball/2021/05/penn-state-recruiting-new-commit-tyrece-mills-shares-what-led-him-to-pick-the-lions-on-wednesday.html
| 2022-12-02T03:34:01 |
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Familiarity is part of the reason Penn State picked up its 10th verbal commitment in the Class of 2022 on Wednesday.
Tyrece Mills is from Philadelphia and played at Northeast High, where new Lions graduate assistant Deion Barnes was previously the defensive coordinator. Now, the safety suits up for Lackawanna College, which has sent a handful of players to Penn State over the last few seasons, including current roster members Jaquan Brisker and Ji’Ayir Brown (safeties), Noval Black (receiver), Anthony Whigan (offensive lineman), and Bradley King (punter).
Mills knows the only other future defender in this class to date, Philadelphia end Ken Talley, very well.
Put it all together, and combine it with a strong connection to head coach James Franklin, secondary coaches Terry Smith and Anthony Poindexter, plus other members of the staff, and Mills’ decision was more or less a no-brainer, even if he hasn’t been able to visit campus and the facilities yet because of an NCAA dead period tied to the coronavirus pandemic that lasts until May 31.
“It felt like home,” Mills said. “They always show love, they call me every day and check in on me. They build a relationship, and that relationship just felt like home.
“My old coach is up there from high school he coached there now, and the last two seniors from the school I’m at now go there, and my family can come down there anytime and see me as well.”
Penn State was Mills’ first FBS offer after a shortened spring season with the Falcons led to just two games but plenty of production. The defensive back, who still has a fall season left at Lackawanna, said that the early interest meant a lot and also played a part in his eventual decision.
Mills will visit Penn State during the first weekend in June, and he’s looking forward to meeting a bunch of future teammates and coaches on that trip. He has plans of recruiting others to join him down the road, too, all while refining his craft at the junior college level before bumping up to Big Ten competition next year.
“I’m excited,” Mills said. “I can’t wait to meet everybody, really be on campus, and get a feel for how it’s going to be on campus.
“I’m definitely going to become a recruiter for my school.”
|
journalism_and_media_communication
| 1 |
https://newimageuph.com/archives/1074
| 2023-02-02T08:22:19 |
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gamble
| 1 |
https://instadigg.com/user/tommyjohnwear
| 2019-07-16T12:21:50 |
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We make men and women feel comfortable to be their true selves with #NoAdjustmentNeeded. Shop the most comfortable underwear & apparel on the planet 👇
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fashion
| 1 |
https://pipiroo.com/products/zoozoo-bennet-romper_-2-colors
| 2023-09-24T12:59:07 |
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Colour: Pink, Green
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fashion
| 1 |
https://ncheschool.com/online-casino-roulette-system/
| 2021-06-12T14:38:53 |
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https://bulksuppliers.com.ng/products/3102
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AICHUN BEAUTY PAPAYA BREAST ENLARGING, FIRMING AND LIFTING CREAM
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https://cryptogeek.info/en/exchanges/cryptomate
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The growing popularity of cryptocurrencies has led to a rise in crypto exchanges which typically serve as intermediaries for transactions and trading. However, the subsequent increase in the number of crypto scam platforms means that crypto users have to make necessary analyses on which platform is safe and secure to buy or sell digital tokens.
Today, we will be taking a look at Cryptomate which is a fast-rising crypto platform that has been existing for a few years. The review is objective and highlights the various information required by the casual crypto beginner about the exchange.
After reading through the article, you will be able to decide whether Cryptomate is the right platform for your trading needs.
Cryptomate is a P2P cryptocurrency exchange that connects buyers and sellers of cryptocurrencies within the UK. The crypto platform also has a distributed crypto trading platform that lets users move deposits in British pounds for the purchase of crypto assets.
The exchange is registered in the UK, which is one of the few countries in the world that has encouraged the growth of cryptocurrencies. It currently has over 11,000 users and has transacted over £14 million since its inception.
One unique feature that makes Cryptomate different from many exchanges is that it only allows depositing money solely via UK bank transfers. In addition, the crypto platform also adheres to the working hours of UK banks.
This is due to the fact that the transfer of funds within the UK is done via Faster Payments Services (FPS) which allows British banks to make faster and cheaper transactions with each other.
Cryptomate does not have a native inbuilt wallet and traders will have to provide external wallets to receive assets purchased on the platform. Users' information is secured on the platform with advanced SSL algorithms. This security protocol safeguards users' data in a secure database.
The exchanges mention three areas that it focuses on which are speed, security and user interface. It also aims to deliver the quick purchase of cryptocurrency within five minutes of purchase.
Although this sounds quite absurd, the exchange is quite fast with transactions taking around 15 minutes. Cryptomate also has generally favorable user reviews online which bodes well for the exchange. The only few complaints that were noted were that of the lack of transparency on transactions.
This is a common complaint about crypto exchange due to the high volatility of crypto assets.
Cryptomate has a list of cryptos which it supports on its platform. This list of cryptos that are listed on its homepage with the exchange boasting of over twenty crypto assets on its platform.
The full list includes Ethereum, Ripple, Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, OmiseGo, EOS, Monero, Cardano, TRON, Electroneum, Zcash, ICON, Waves, Crown, Vechain, Stellar Lumens, ARK, Lisk, Litecoin, NEM, Dogecoin, Ethereum Classic, and Verge.
The crypto exchange regularly conducts surveys to find out which coins users want to be added to the platform. It is expected that the number of coins listed on the platform will increase in the coming years.
Unlike other exchanges, Cryptomate is not transparent concerning its transaction fees. This is a grey area for the exchange as it only says that the fees are incorporated per transaction.
We can, therefore, presume that the value of the fees changes depending on the market values of the coins. However, from reports by Users, it can be speculated that users spend close to 7% on transaction fees for cryptocurrency purchases. This is certainly not cheap when compared to other exchanges on the market.
Despite this, Cryptomate impresses with the speed of its transactions and the integration of the Pound as a direct payment currency.
There are no withdrawal fees on Cryptomate since funds purchased are sent directly to the user's external wallet. Cryptomate does not store any cryptocurrency on its platform.
Cryptomate also imposes limits on unverified accounts which is the industry standard to encourage users to get verified as a result of growing KYC regulations.
Unverified accounts are limited to 200 pounds worth of crypto transactions daily, while verified users can make up to 1000 pounds in daily transactions.
Cryptomate is fairly clear about the payment methods accepted on its platform. It only accepts bank transfers from UK banks with Pounds the domiciliary currency for transactions.
This means that there are no options for USD, Euro or Yen payments which limits the crypto exchange user base to the UK residents only. This can be a negative feature for users that want to purchase from the platform outside the UK.
There are several exchanges that allow multiple purchases of cryptos in USD and Euros and it is a surprising policy by Cryptomate. However, some traders prefer this method as it is clear and straightforward.
In addition, transactions are fast and straightforward as there is no need for conversion of currencies. It would be of great benefit to the platform if it can add an option like Skrill or Paypal as this would increase the visibility of the company to a global client base.
Cryptomate client support is similar to what most exchanges offer. The platform has a contact section where you can send the request to customer care representatives. There is a contact form where you can input a message and fill other personal information like your email, full name and subject matter for a quick response.
Many users' comments about Cryptomate customer support have been positive with many alluding to the responsive and supportive response by the crypto exchange. This is a pleasant surprise as most exchange users tend to be vocal when customer response is slow.
In addition, there is a Faq section that provides a simple layout of general information regarding the platform. However, there are no in-depth articles regarding other potential problems that users can face on the exchange.
Cryptomate despite its simple user interface has a system that matches users to sellers as they don’t sell cryptos directly. Unlike other p2p exchanges like local bitcoin and Paxful where you need to browse different listings and chat with vendors directly.
Cryptomate has made the process easy for its users by creating a centralized system that saves time and speeds up the transaction process.
After placing an order, Cryptomate will dispatch your request to its network of crypto vendors. When a vendor accepts your order the crypto process begins. One thing that we noticed about the platform is that its vendors are trustworthy and handpicked by the exchange.
There are few cases of users not receiving their coins and their customer care appears to be quick to respond to such a situation. Cryptomate also refunds user's funds when Vendors are at fault and unwilling to resolve issues. With more than three years’ experience in the industry, their system appears to be foolproof and trustworthy.
Cryptomate system is also a good way of buying Bitcoins without getting flagged by your bank in the UK. It is a known fact that banks do not like cryptocurrencies and tend to flag crypto-based transactions.
You can easily trade for cryptocurrencies on Cryptomate without such risks as you send the funds directly to the vendor’s bank account. This way it comes across as a regular payment to the bank.
Thus could be another reason why Cryptomate has been able to thrive in the crypto exchange industry despite competitions.
This is the first process that requires that you log into www.cryptomate.co.uk to register. You will be presented with a drop-down tab, where you will input your email, preferred password for the platform, name and tick the ‘I am not a robot’ box.
You will be sent a confirmation mail, log into your email to retrieve this mail to confirm your Cryptomate account.
Once you have confirmed your account, you will be redirected to the platform. With this process, you’ll have access to purchase 100 pounds worth of coin without verifying your account.
To verify your account, you will need to give the following, a government ID, proof of address.
After verification, you will be able to purchase up to 1000 pounds worth of coins within the platform.
Cryptomate, unlike other crypto exchanges, does not store your cryptocurrency on its platform. This means that you don’t perform deposits or withdrawals on the platform. Instead what occurs is that funds are transferred directly from the platform to your crypto wallet.
When you transact within the exchange, the funds are exchanged from the dealer directly to your external wallet. This means that Cryptomate has no direct contact with the coin during this process.
Unlike other trading platforms that have different trading views from simple to complex. Cryptomate provides a basic platform that makes it easy for traders to buy cryptocurrencies on the platform.
All that it offers is an order book that features a price chart of the crypto to be purchased and order history. Since it is a platform aimed at the quick purchase of cryptos, it is not surprising that its features are simplistic. However, it lacks many features that will interest advanced traders.
To perform a trade all you need to pick a particular coin to buy and you get the current price that it is valued.
You will get a dropbox where you fill details such as the external wallet for the coin desired, email address and order amount. After performing this process and confirming the trade, you should receive the coins within an hour of purchase.
Since Cryptomate does not store cryptocurrencies, it is essential that you understand the type of wallet that is required before you make transactions. For beginners or new traders, a crypto wallet is a programming software that stores cryptos. Apart from the storage of coins, wallets also store keys related to particular crypto.
There are different keys the open key is the wallet address which is sent to individuals or exchanges to receive coins. While your private key is something that should never be shared with anyone. Loss or breach of this information could result in hacks or loss of coins.
Since most coins require wallets specific to the coin, there are tons of wallets that abound within the crypto market. This makes it important to make a good research before settling on a wallet best for your needs. We recommend popular wallets like blockchain wallet or trust wallet for your transactions on Cryptomate.
In addition, you can use hardware wallets like Ledger Nano S which is considered one of the most secure wallets in the market.
Crytomate can be compared to another UK based crypto platform in eToro with both platforms offering services to different client bases. Cryptomate is specific to the UK but eToro is available to over 60 countries.
However, both crypto exchanges have something in common as they only accept a single currency for transactions. Cryptomate accepts Pounds while eToro only accepts US dollars as means of depositing funds.
Although both exchanges are registered in the UK, eToro is registered as a financial organization liable to different financial and trading regulations.
This is partly as a result of CFD trading that its permits. In addition, the platform is also bound to follow regulations within countries that have strict regulations for crypto assets.
eToro also differs from Cryptomate with its business model, while Cryptomate encourages the exchange of cryptos within its platform. It does not support liquidity and offers users little choices for trading.
eToro offers CFDs which are contracts that have a measure of funds related to the value of the cryptocurrencies. Although the price of CFDs is similar to buying coins. eToro CFDs contracts ensure that there is no panic on coins to buy since the contract guarantees benefits to users during trading.
This makes eToro a good platform for traders that want to invest in cryptocurrencies without the fear of high volatility. Cryptomate offers traders more versatility in coins that can be purchased, unlike eToro. This makes it a good platform for buying new coins as more coins are added by the platform on a regular basis.
Both platforms serve their purposes, if you want to purchase cryptos with for transaction or holding purposes with Pounds, then Cryptomate is the right platform for you. However, if you need to invest in different forms of crypto assets with the US Dollar then, eToro is the better choice.
Cryptomate is a good crypto exchange platform from what we could observe from our review. Unlike some other exchanges, Cryptomate is registered within the UK which is a country known for its stringent financial laws.
In addition, the exchange focuses on trading high-quality coins within the crypto market. There are no obscure coins that are usually the target of the pump and dump by traders.
Cryptomate is also safer than many exchanges as it does not store your digital currencies. This works in two folds as they serve as intermediaries between the dealer and the buyer.
This means that private details like your keys, individual ID and passwords cannot be stolen from the exchange by hackers. There have been cases within the crypto market where exchanges have been hacked with coins stolen.
Since its inception, there has not been a case of loss of coins on Cryptomate which makes it a solid exchange for users. Its policy of only accepting a single form of payment in pounds also means that there will be fewer chances of extortion.
Cryptomate is not flawless as the limitation of the exchange to just UK citizens is negative for the exchange. However this can also be a positive as the exchange can also make its platform swift and user-friendly specifically for its target audience.
The only major problem with this exchange is that you need to buy cryptocurrencies in Pounds which is not the standard for most P2P. There are several P2P that offer different currencies and payment processes to ease the transaction process for users.
Nevertheless, the exchange has been in business for the past four years and has overtime shown its security and flexibility within the market. This makes Cryptomate exchange a legit and suitable platform for UK users.
Cryptomate has mostly good customer reviews online and our review of the website offers a similar sentiment despite its obvious limitations.
If you are a trader in the UK and want a good, fast crypto exchange for crypto exchange then Cryptomate is the right platform for you. However, if you want more options, it is best to look for other popular exchanges that offer more features.
Cryptomate has proven over the past few years to have a steady client base and has thrived in a competitive market. We advise that you read the review properly to make an informed decision for your trading needs.
They are not regulated, and they want so much ID, and they have none, you have no idea who u are talking too or were they keep you data, that makes it unsafe
I'd agree with the positive comments below, the exchange is amazing, I don't have any issues with that at all. The fee seems rather high, but I think, it's worth to pay them to get such a good service.
Very good exchange
Every day in use
I used to remember that that some time ago it has some issues with the work of website and pending. But now I see that they've made a big progress, everything is stable and smooth. It could be better if they provide it's own wallet, that definitely will be a cool feature.
I'm glad that I found this exchange, it's quite all right and I hope I won't face any big failures. For good measures, Coinmate has a relatively fast support. The one thing bothers me, that I can't use the platform like the coin wallet, it will be much easier if I have this opportunity.
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computer_science_and_technology
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https://www.footballshirtculture.com/Collecting/exhibition-hong-kong-the-story-of-football.html
| 2021-09-23T15:16:38 |
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Football is one of the most popular sports in the world. It is a global phenomenon that has no boundaries in race or geography. While the World Cup 2006 is proceeding at full steam in Germany, the Leisure and Cultural Services Department and the National Football Museum in England have joined forces to present the "Football" exhibition, organised by the Hong Kong Museum of History in collaboration with the Hong Kong Football Association.
More than 150 items carefully selected by the National Football Museum and the Hong Kong Football Association will be on display from (June 21) until September 18 at the Museum of History.
Through exhibits, valuable photographs and audio-visual programmes, the exhibition traces the history of football right back to its origins.
It provides visitors with a panorama of football's historical landmarks, such as the formation of the English Football Association (FA) and the Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the development of match rules, the birth of the World Cup and the emergence of those football giants who populate the game's hall of fame. It also reviews the glorious days of Hong Kong football.
The exhibition was officially opened today (June 20) at the Museum of History by the Secretary for Home Affairs Dr Patrick Ho Chi-ping, the President of the Hong Kong Football Association, Mr Timothy Fok Tsun-ting; the Consul-General of the Federal Republic of Germany of Hong Kong and Macau SARs, Mr Frank Burbach; the Special Exhibitions Director of the National Football Museum in England, Mr Mark Bushell; and the Chief Curator of the Museum of History, Dr Joseph Ting Sun-pao.
The exhibition consists of nine zones
-Origins of the Game
-The Football Association,
-The Spread of the Association Game and The First Football League
-Football Spreads Overseas
-The Story of FIFA
-The World Cup
-The Superstars of the Past and Present
-European and English Football
-Hong Kong Football
The origin of football has been debated for years. Different ball games appeared in China, Japan, Mexico, ancient Greece, Rome and Egypt.
The zone, "Origins of the Game", features the origins, early development and changes in football. At the China Football Expo 2004 in Beijing, FIFA declared that football originated in China. In ancient China, the ball game was known as "cuju". On July 15, 2004, the Asian Football Confederation formally recognised that football was born in Linzi, the capital of Qi state, in the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC) and the Warring States period (475-221 BC), more than 2,400 years ago
The highlight exhibits in this zone include a "cuju" replica, a statue of Charles Wreford-Brown inform the late 1880s, a painted ball used in the Kirkwall games on the Scottish isle of Orkney and an etching, "Football in the streets of London", painted in 1820s.
England may not have been the birthplace of football, but it has certainly played a key role in popularising the sport. Zones in "The Football Association" , "The Spread of the Association Game and the First Football League" and "Football Spreads Overseas" focus on this aspect of the game's development.
On October 26, 1863, in London, a group of Englishmen founded the FA, the first of its kind in the world and established the world's first standardised football rules. In 1871, the FA organised the Football Association Challenge Cup, the world's oldest football competition. The event proved a phenomenal success, prompting countries such as Scotland, Spain, Italy and Germany to host similar contests.
The highlight exhibits in these zones include a football used in the early 20th century, the painting, "Football at Rio de Janeiro"by S Brandao, and a 1930s British biscuit tin with football decorations.
"The Story of FIFA" and "The World Cup" zones trace the development of football in the world. On May 21, 1904, FIFA was established in Paris, France. Member countries were restricted to the European nations, France, Denmark, Sweden, Belgium, Spain, Switzerland and the Netherlands. England joined the association in 1905. After 1909, FIFA began to accept members from outside Europe. In 1930, it organised the first World Cup. The event, held every four years, brings together the world's top players, thrilling fans all over the globe with their formidable skills.
The highlight exhibits in these zones include a statue of a mounted horse presented to the England Football Association by the German Football Association in 1938, the FIFA Fair Play medal in 1998, a replica of Jules Rimet trophy, a match ball used in the first World Cup Final in 1930, the posters of the World Cup Finals in 1930, 1950, 1966, 1970 and 1978 and a puppet of Paul Gascoigne's "Spitting Image" from the British TV comedy.
Outstanding football players and coaches are featured in the "Superstars of the Past and Present" zone. They include goalkeepers Arthur Wharton, Lev Yashin, Dino Zoff, Sepp Maier and Peter Schmeichel; defenders Bobby Moore, Franz Beckenbauer, Franco Baresi, Paulo Maldini and Roberto Carlos; midfielders Socrates, Michel Platini, Paul Gascoigne, Lothar Matthaus and David Beckham; forwards Alfredo di Stefano, Ferenc Puskas, Pele, Johan Cruyff and Diego Maradona; coaches Vittorio Pozzo, Bob Paisley, Giovanni Trapattoni, Sir Alex Ferguson, Fabio Capello and Jose Mourinho.
The highlight exhibits in this zone include the West Germany shirt worn by Franz Beckenbauer against France in 1968, a Real Madrid shirt worn by Alfredo di Stefano in 1953, a model of David Beckham's foot, George Best's football boots and the football shirts signed by superstars like Pele, Ronaldinho, Beckham and Michael Owen.
The seventh zone, "European & English Football", introduces the important football matches in Europe such as Germany's The Bundesliga, Spain's La Liga, Italy's Serie A. In addition, The Premier League in England features familiar teams known as Arsenal, Chelsea, Liverpool and Manchester United.
The highlight exhibits in this zone include a pen-and-ink drawing of David Beckham, a 1959 Real Madrid shirt and the European Super Cup medal.
"Women's Football" zone explains the origins, development, ban and survival of women's football. The growth of women's football and the Women's World Cup held today are also presented in this zone. The highlight exhibits in this zone include the newspaper cartoon featuring the famous Dick Kerr Ladies in 1921, a selection of postcards by Fred Spurgin from the early 1900s, which featured women playing football, a postcard of the great Dick Kerr Ladies Football Club and a pair of football boots worn by the great Lily Parr in the 1920s.
The last zone concentrates on the history of Hong Kong's football from its birth to maturity, from the post-war period to the 1970s and from the 1980s to the present. After Hong Kong was ceded to Britain, football remained an exclusive sport played by foreigners only. In 1908, the first Chinese football association, South China Football Club, was established. In 1914 the Hong Kong Football Association was founded and organised large-scale official tournaments. From the 1930s to 1980s, a host of talented players rose to fame. Football fever quickly spread across the territory and attracted scores of fans.
The exhibits in this zone include the Hong Kong Football Club commemorative plates in the 1990s, a trophy for the 1923 Hong Kong-Shanghai Interport Competition, a commemorative shield for the 1957 Merdeka Tournament, a trophy for the 1st to 10th Viceroy Cup, the "Seiko Sports" Magazine published in October, 1983, and a trophy for the 2003 East Asian Football Championship Preliminary Competitions.
To tie in with the exhibition, a fine gold football autographed by the famous Brazilian footballer Ronaldo Luis Nazario de Lima, on loan from 3D-GOLD Jewellery, is on display at the Lobby of the Museum of History. Visitors with admission tickets to the "Football" exhibition can participate in a lucky draw to win one of three gold football ornaments sponsored by 3D-GOLD Jewellery
The draws will take place on July 21, August 18 and September 20 respectively. One gold football will be given away in each draw. For details, please visit the Museum of History's website :
National Football Museum Scores in Hong Kong
The Museum has launched a stunning exhibition in Hong Kong to mark the 2006 World Cup.
The Museum has teamed up with the Hong Kong Museum of History to produce its first major oversees exhibition. The display, split into several themes, includes zones on the early development of the game, European and British football, the women's game and the World Cup.
Mark Bushell, Special Exhibitions Manager, said:
“Although we have loaned objects to exhibitions in Japan , Brazil , Germany and Portugal in the past, this is the first time that we have created a complete exhibition for an overseas project. We have written the narrative content, sourced all the film archive and stills photographs, selected the objects, written the script for the audio guides, written the object captions and even delivered the content graphics for the film footage. It's been an incredible experience and we are delighted with the outcome.”
The 1,000 square metre exhibition displays over 150 objects from the Museum's collections including works of art, a World Cup winner's medal, an FA Cup winner's medal from 1889, a Manchester United European Cup winner's medal from 1968 and a selection of match worn shirts including those belonging to Peter Schmeichel, Alan Hansen and Alfredo Di Stefano.
Dr Ting, Senior Curator from the Hong Kong Museum of History, said: “We are delighted to be working with such a prestigious Museum as the National Football Museum . Their collections are the envy of the world and we believe that this exhibition will be very popular as the Hong Kong people are passionate about the game of football.”
The exhibition was officially opened on Tuesday 29 th June in front of a vast array of media from radio, television and the written press.
Previous temporary exhibitions at the Hong Kong Museum of History have included the ‘Terracotta Warriors' which attracted over 250,000 visitors. It is hoped that the ‘Football' exhibition will match these numbers.
Bushell said: “This is a major exhibition that we can all be justifiably proud of. I have been determined to build this side of the business over the last two years and finally all the hard work has paid off.”
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history
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webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-05__0__97884786
|
en
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The seven STS-86 crew members pose for a group portrait in their space suits in front of Atlantis at Launch Complex 39A during Terminal Countdown Demonstration Test (TCDT) activities. They are, from left, Pilot Michael J. Bloomfield; Mission Specialist David A. Wolf; Commander James D. Wetherbee; and Mission Specialists Wendy B. Lawrence; Vladimir Georgievich Titov of the Russian Space Agency; Jean-Loup J.M. Chretien of the French Space Agency, CNES; and Scott E. Parazynski (kneeling). STS-86 will be the seventh docking of the Space Shuttle with the Russian Space Station Mir. After the docking, Wolf will transfer to the Mir 24 crew, replacing U.S. astronaut C. Michael Foale, who arrived there during the last docking mission, STS-85, in May. The STS-86 launch aboard Atlantis is targeted for Sept. 25. (Photo Release Date: 09/10/97 )
KSC-97EC-1369 - Raw ASCII Text Caption file
KSC-97EC-1369 - Low (GIF Format, 320x240 pixels x 256 colors, approx 50 Kbytes)
KSC-97EC-1369 - Medium (JPEG format, 1024x768 pixels x 256 colors, approx 250 Kbytes)
KSC-97EC-1369 - High (JPEG, 2040x2640 pixels x 16 million colors, approx 400 Kbytes)
STS-86 KSC Photo IndexNext Image KSC-97EC-1370
DISCLAIMER: No copyright protection is asserted for these photographs.
If a recognizable person appears in this photograph, use for commercial purposes may infringe a right of privacy or publicity. It may not be used to state or imply the endorsement by NASA of a commercial product. These photographs are available for preview and download in electronic digital form ONLY. They may not be ordered from NASA in photograph form. (See NASA Copyright Notice)
|
astronomy
| 1 |
https://iamthefutureme.com/how-side-hustles-can-snowball-into-income/
| 2019-11-12T10:40:38 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496665521.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20191112101343-20191112125343-00354.warc.gz
| 0.989282 | 1,778 |
CC-MAIN-2019-47
|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-47__0__9918728
|
en
|
In June 2015 I had never had any income other than my 9 to 5. I did get a second job for 6 months to buy my now wife’s engagement ring, but other than that I never knew there was a possibility of income.
I knew I could start a business, my family has always done that. But, to me that was something that you stop being an employee and you run, not something you do in addition too your 9 to 5.
Early 2015 I discovered personal finance blogs, and that people were even making money doing that. That sounded interesting, but not like something I would ever do.
Then in June I discovered the Smart Passive Income Podcast. I listened to the recommended shows (at the time 14 through 16 but has since been updated) and decided this was what I wanted.
Not a blog, that didn’t seem like something I would ever do still (though I am now) but starting a “side hustle” that I can work on and make a small amount of income from that may snowball into a replacement for my 9 to 5 income. Allowing me the freedom to work from anywhere and live the life I want now, rather than later.
Failed Side Hustle Attempts
In listening to those first podcast episodes by Pat (trying to be on a first name basis, let me know how it works) I found that I could get paid to write without owning a blog on sites like InfoBarrel and HubPages. So I started writing sometimes several articles a day and submitting them to InfoBarrel. None were accepted, looking at the articles now I wouldn’t have accepted them either.
Editing was something foreign to me, as was the English language it felt like. But I didn’t give up, I kept trying, and after a little research decided to write on HubPages instead. Hubpages accepted and posted my articles and for a while tried to build a business off of my Hubs.
I remember seeing my first income off of that. It said I had made “<0.01” and I was thrilled, I had done it, I had made on the side, with out having to work hours to do it. Though yes it was basically no money it was enough for me to realize that I could do it, I could make money on the side.
I continued with HubPages, and maybe had I continued I would have made income off of it, the thing is though that everyone who talks about HubPages or InfoBarrel or any site like them says that you can no longer make money from them. And it was true, after several months I hadn’t got a pay out once and only made a few dollars total never reaching the payout amount.
It was then I decided I would start my own blog, as most of the rejections from InfoBarrel or HubPages said that it was because the articles were “more suited for a personal blog”. And so Cooking To Independence was born. I still have the domain (for a few months anyway) I’m not going to renew it because it was pretty terrible.
My plan was to go to restaurants, eat there food, come home and recreate the dish in my kitchen for much less than the cost of dinner. I was also going to talk about how doing this saves money and how it would help me reach financial independence.
I like the concept of the site, and in its own way it was successful, the problem though was the cost to start up, I did the wrong thing and put everything on a credit card and spent way too much money on everything. I quickly realized that I had not truly counted the costs and so I canceled everything and fortunately was able to get a refund on almost everything.
Successful Side Hustles
For a long time I had considered driving for Uber, after looking at their site and trying to sign up my car was too old for their standards. So I gave up, thinking that if I ever do get a new car I would sign up then.
One day though a friend of mine asked me what I thought about them driving for Lyft. I had never heard of it before but after being told it was like Uber I started investigating. After looking into it I found my car did qualify for Lyft and I signed up that same day.
By the next week I had started driving and my first night in only 4 hours I had made $60 dollars, I was hooked.
I started going out more and more, and later and later trying to chase the money. After a few months though I realized that I don’t like driving intoxicated people around. It isn’t worth the money to me. I do still drive for Lyft I just prefer the early morning runs to the airport, taking people to work, and the early evening hours when I pick people up from their jobs and take them home. I do still on occasion go out on the weekends and nights to make some extra money but that’s more of a when I need to.
December 2015 I listened to episode 99 of the SPI podcast, where the selling family was interviewed. They sell on amazon and make a six figure income working part time. After doing some additional research I thought this would be a great thing to try.
I started off small (which I have found now to be a mistake) and sent in $50 dollars worth of stuff. I didn’t check the rankings of the items or really knew much about selling on the site, all I knew was my purchases were cheap clearance items were selling for much more on amazon. After paying for the fees and the shipping I think I lost about $45 dollars on the first round, but I was determined.
I kept trying and trying and learning from each sale, I figured out how to get the cheapest shipping. I learned that you have to find items that are actually going to sell for profit. You have to look at the rank to make sure the item will sell, and you have to spend hundreds of dollars at a minimum on the merchandise or it’s not worth sending it.
My personal amazon selling experience has gone from terrible to making more money than I thought I would. My goal now is to double my investment every month for 6 months which would enable me on the 6th month to have my debt paid off. That would mean for May I have to make $600 dollar of profit or more.
Not Yet A Success But May Be Someday
I have recently got a freelance client, and hope to get more soon. I feel good about the work I have already done with freelancing, and though it hasn’t provided a lot of income yet, neither did amazon when I started and now it’s my largest income stream. I feel this, like amazon, will snowball into my greatest income stream. It’s my hope that I can actually use this side hustle to make enough money to support my wife and myself leaving our 9 to 5’s.
This site is also something I feel strongly about, even though I have had a failed blog before that was less about my effort and more about my income. I have fixed that now by adding so many different income streams. When I started the other site I had only my 9 to 5 and nothing to back it up, now I have other income streams that can pay for the operating costs of the site.
Keep pushing forward, keep trying till you become successful at something. This site and my freelancing have a long way to go, but I’m actually starting to get a decent income from Amazon FBA and if I need the money bad enough I can always drive more for Lyft.
What’s important to realize is no one starts off successful, they all start small and it snowballs into something that can support them, so as you follow my journey to that happening make sure you are going down the path as well.
If you’re in debt like me, do everything to get out of it, if you’re trying to retire early put every dollar you can into investments that will be able to support you. If you just don’t have enough income do as much work as possible to get a side hustle going that will make that extra income. If you keep trying and working on side hustles they can snowball into real income.
What side hustles have you tried and failed? Succeeded? What would you like to try but haven’t yet?
Image courtesy of jscreationzs at FreeDigitalPhotos.net
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finance
| 1 |
https://joannerattiganltd.co.uk/at-last-the-secret-to-slot-online-is-revealed/
| 2023-12-04T09:30:21 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00117.warc.gz
| 0.928024 | 711 |
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
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|
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|
At Last, The Secret To SLOT ONLINE Is Revealed
The details talked about in our evaluation may be subject to alter as casinos seek to improve their websites to supply their patrons a better playing expertise. Similar to Super Slots, the Black stay on line casino foyer is powered by Fresh Deck Studios. The virtual video games are provided by studios like Betsoft and Dragon Gaming.
You would possibly even have an account already… though creating a brand new one only takes a second. Using PayPal you possibly can effectively transfer cash to and out of your online on line casino account. Each of the 5 brick-and-mortar casinos within the state of West Virginia is eligible to carry a web-based casino license and might host as much as three skins a bit. This leaves space for as a lot as fifteen iCasinos within the Mountain State. It could take some time for every slot to fill, however relaxation assured, WV gamblers will have options.
SportsBetting AG could be considered one of the fastest payout on-line casinos for US players. Standard bonuses can be found with a Welcome Bonus, 100% Cash Bonus, refer-a-friend program, and loyalty applications. One of the extra exciting promotions is the on line casino and horse rebates for gamers involved in live horse races. This is clear from the reality that slot video games make up the vast majority of most online casinos’ video games library. One of the primary explanation why slot games are so well-liked is as a result of of the fact that they require no skill in any way.
On-line Lotteries For Real Money
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Is Playing On-line Slots On Cellular Possible?
With 3D graphics, sound effects, animations, you’ll feel like yo’re in a real casino. Progressive slots are a great selection for those looking to win massive. Judi bola online These slots feature ever-increasing jackpots that may reach millions of dollars of cash.
While Western Australian gaming machines are just like the opposite states’, they do not have spinning reels. Therefore, different animations are used in place of the spinning reels in order to display every sport end result. In 1999 the Australian Productivity Commission reported that just about half Australia’s gaming machines had been in New South Wales.
The minimum deposit for this bonus is $1,000 through LTC, BTC, ETH, or USDT. To read extra about the the rest of the bonuses, visit the promotions web page of the location. The best method to maintain tabs on your budget is to play for 2.5% or 5% stakes of your bankroll. Never attempt to win back the money you’ve misplaced and play inside the confines of your finances. Payouts mean the size of the jackpot and the way usually the slot pays. Slots with high hit frequencies or hit rates pay out typically.
|
game
| 3 |
https://greenjihad.com/tag/gas-prices/
| 2022-07-01T20:05:22 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103945490.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701185955-20220701215955-00025.warc.gz
| 0.939038 | 486 |
CC-MAIN-2022-27
|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__57196978
|
en
|
The trucking industry is on the verge of collapse due to rising diesel fuel prices. The result is even more shortages of basic necessities. Image by Ken Ritchie from Pixabay
Don’t mess with Tony Heller.
Another way for her to say: Let them eat cake. It must be nice to own an electric car when there’s a shortage of them, high inflation, and the economy is on the verge of stagnating.
The energy policies of western countries like the US and the UK are guaranteed to fail and lead to disaster.
The Biden administration has been encouraging Americans to buy electric cars as a way to avoid high gas prices. However, not only do electric vehicles cost quite a bit of money, but (like gas and baby formula) even they are in short supply. The main reason is due to (you guessed it) supply chain problems.… Read More Oops! Biden Electric Car Solution Blunted By Shortage
Rising gas prices are only getting worse and a German farmer’s recent decision is an indication of this. From the Associated Press: Stephanie Kirchner’s journey to work has got longer but, she says, cheaper: she has left her SUV at home and switched to real horse power. Stud farm owner and horse trainer Kirchner, 33,… Read More German Farmer Resorts To Horse and Buggy Due To High Gas Prices
Josh Hawley is right and Granholm’s attitude shows she doesn’t really care.
Three years ago, Governor Moonbeam …. er … Jerry Brown signed a bill into law that ratcheted up gasoline taxes in California from 12 to 20 cents a gallon. Now, according to one Golden State political activist, state Democrats are deflecting by blaming high gas prices resulting from the news taxes on energy companies and… Read More California Sues Energy Companies For Price Gouging Despite Having Raised Gasoline Taxes
As if the myriad of taxes Californians pay isn’t enough, a new one will go into effect January 1st to further soak the populace. According to The Sacramento Bee, the new levy is the result of the state’s cap-and-trade program in which now gas and diesel fuel will be subject to cap-and-trade prices on carbon… Read More California motorists to be stung by new cap-and-trade tax
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finance
| 1 |
https://www.youbeauty.com/love/husband-divorce-sick-wife/
| 2023-05-29T01:54:33 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644574.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529010218-20230529040218-00653.warc.gz
| 0.965613 | 380 |
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__43737163
|
en
|
Psychologists have long understood that a happy marriage leads to a healthier emotional and physical life. But a new study published in the Journal of Health and Social Behavior reveals that those benefits may not last for wives who have the bad fortune to get diagnosed with a disease. The data does not bode well for you, guys: A marriage is more likely to end in divorce when the wife gets sick.
Authors Amelia Karraker and Kenzie Latham tracked a data set of heterosexual marriages with a partner over 50, in which one partner became sick during the marriage. The summation of their research is clear:
“Husband’s illness onset is not associated with subsequent divorce compared with remaining married. In contrast, wife’s illness onset is positively associated with 6% higher probability of subsequent divorce compared with remaining married.”
That means when the husband is ill, 100% of wives stayed in the marriage. But when the wife got sick, 6% of husbands were outta there. For shame, gentlemen.
READ MORE: 6 Signs He’s Not Ready For a Real Relationship
As PsychCentral reported, the researchers focused on cancer, heart disease, lung disease, and stroke to see if the type or severity of illness made a difference in divorce rate. The slight variations among illnesses were not statistically significant. What was significant was the age of the partners. In keeping with national trends, younger partners were more likely to get divorced when an illness occured.
The researchers cite some possible reasons for their findings. Women are traditional caregivers, the study said, so perhaps they are more primed to be giving of themselves when a sick spouse needs care. Might we suggest another possible reason could be “some people are just douchebags”?
READ MORE: Big Age Gap With Your Spouse? Better Call A Divorce Lawyer
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health
| 1 |
https://www.wrecked.org/my-wreckage/wrecks-god-2/
| 2023-12-05T01:44:45 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100540.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205010358-20231205040358-00562.warc.gz
| 0.964516 | 850 |
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__227794625
|
en
|
Wrecked. It’s a word I’ve heard used many times, and one that I thought had to look a certain way. It’s what they said would happen when I went on a mission trip for eleven months to some of the world’s poorest countries. And while my heart was broken and my eyes were opened, I didn’t feel destroyed or ruined, nor wrecked. I felt sad.
It’s not that I didn’t or don’t care. I think about the people I met overseas daily. I pray for the faces of those whose names I still can’t pronounce, and I keep their stories close to my heart. I’ve always been more of a sympathetic than an empathetic person, and I suppose that’s how God made me. At the same time, though, I’ve entertained the thought that maybe I’m cold and heartless. What other excuse is there not to have been utterly wrecked like I thought I was supposed to have been? Does my heart really break for what breaks God’s heart?
I’ve never considered myself an emotional person. It’s not hard for me to say goodbye. I’ve never cried at a movie. Comforting people does not, ever, come naturally and I tend to feel awkward when someone else is being emotional next to me.
I’ve lately come to realize that God has given me a sensitivity to be wrecked for things that I cannot see. 2 Corinthians 4:18 has often resonated with me: “We fix our eyes not on what is seen, but on what is unseen, since what is seen is temporary, but what is unseen is eternal.” The invisible things that have an eternal impact—I am daring to say, are beyond the temporary troubles of this life. My heart breaks when I see people seeking wholeness and satisfaction and truth and love in anything but the One who created their hearts for a greater purpose. I think what really breaks God’s heart is seeing his children living a life without Him. Without Him, there is no life, period. The whole reason Jesus came to Earth and died for us—was so God could have a relationship with His children. His heart breaks when His children live lives blindly from the fact that they were created for so much more.
It may be easier for some to be wrecked by tangible pain—scars on bodies and broken bones, growling tummies and beggars on the streets. We undeniably need people be wrecked over these issues. God’s heart, too, breaks for the millions of human trafficking victims in Thailand. His heart breaks for the children with swollen bellies in Africa. It was never His desire for people to suffer. I believe God allows us to be broken and passionate for the things that fall in line with the ministry He has for us.
If we are one with God, then we share a common heart with Him. God’s number one concern isn’t to make us comfortable. It isn’t to make our lives easy. And it isn’t to make sure we don’t get hurt or suffer. He cares, deeply about our pain, but God is wrecked over one simple thing: you. All He seeks is simply a relationship. He is ready, waiting with open arms. “I will give you a new heart and put a new spirit in you; I will remove from you your heart of stone and give you a heart of flesh.”
“…Nothing can ever separate us from his love. Death can’t, and life can’t. The angels won’t, and all the powers of hell itself cannot keep God’s love away. Our fears for today, our worries about tomorrow, or where we are—high above the sky, or in the deepest ocean—nothing will ever be able to separate us from the love of God demonstrated by our Lord Jesus Christ when he died for us.” Romans 8:38-39
|
christianity
| 1 |
http://www.biosave.com/products/apolipoprotein-b-100-apo-b-100-a2299-40
| 2021-12-06T02:25:03 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363229.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20211206012231-20211206042231-00029.warc.gz
| 0.890464 | 663 |
CC-MAIN-2021-49
|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-49__0__202317036
|
en
|
Lipids (triglyceride (TG), cholesterol (Chol), phospholipids (PL), cholesteryl esters (CE)) are insoluble in plasma. These lipids combine with apolipoproteins to form lipoproteins. This process solubilises lipids in plasma. Lipoproteins provide a transport system for lipids. They also play an important role in lipoprotein receptor recognition and regulation of certain enzymes in lipoprotein metabolism.
Apolipoprotein B plays an essential role in lipid transport and metabolism. Apo B may regulate cholesterol synthesis through its interaction with specific cell membrane receptors and by inhibition of HMG Co A reductase. This enzyme has been identified as the rate controlling enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. Apo B may be important in the genesis of atherosclerosis. Apo B is the major protein moiety of all lipoproteins other than high density lipoprotein (HDL) in plasma. Increased levels of apo B100 are associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease.
Apo B exists in human plasma as two isoforms: apo B48 and apo B100. Apo B100 is the major physiological ligand for the LDL receptor. It contains 4536 amino acid residues (Chen et al., 1986; Law et al., 1986). Apo B100 is the full length protein. Its gene has been mapped on the short arm of chromosome 2, with an approximate length of 43 kilobases and 29 exons (Ludwig, et al., 1987). The LDL-binding domain of the molecule is proposed to be located between the aa3129-3532 (Knott, et al., 1986). Apo B100 is synthesized in the liver. It is required for the assembly of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). It does not interchange between lipoprotein particles, as do the other lipoproteins. It is found in IDL and LDL particles after the removal of the apolipoproteins A, E and C (Young, 1990).
Apo B48 is present in chylomicrons and chylomicron remnants. It plays an essential role in the intestinal absorption of dietary fats (Kane, 1983). Apo B48 is synthesized in the small intestine. It comprises the N-terminal 48% of apo B100.Apo B48 is the degraded protein. Apo B48 lacks the LDL receptor-binding domain of Apo B100. It is produced due to post-transscriptional Apo B100 mRNA editing at codon 2153, which creates a stop codon in the intestine instead of a glutamine in the liver (Chen et al., 1987).
Storage and Stability:
Lyophilized powder may be stored at -20 degrees C. Stable for 12 months at -20 degrees C. Reconstitute with sterile ddH2O. Aliquot to avoid repeated freezing and thawing. Store at -20 degrees C. For maximum recovery of product, centrifuge the original vial after thawing and prior to removing the cap. Further dilutions can be made in assay buffer.
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chemistry
| 1 |
http://www.vantagewindowsystems.co.uk/parosh-lame-flannel-classic-style-short-dress-womens-clothing-61-cotton-voqzmkh9k.html
| 2019-03-18T15:43:04 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912201455.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20190318152343-20190318174343-00002.warc.gz
| 0.746618 | 127 |
CC-MAIN-2019-13
|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-13__0__144634527
|
en
|
Your shopping cart is empty!
P.A.R.O.S.H. lamé flannel Classic Style Short dress Women's Clothing - 61% Cotton VOQZMKH9K
Made In Italy
Item made in Italy, synonymous with quality and design creativity.....
knitted, beaded detailing, solid .....
55% Ramie, 45% Cotton
plain weave, frills, .....
64% Viscose, 30% Polyamide, 6% Elastane, Polyester, Silk
© 2019 vantagewindowsystems, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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fashion
| 1 |
http://www.testfreaks.com/cellphones/samsung-galaxy-rugby-pro/reviews/?scores=7-8
| 2015-07-31T16:52:27 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988308.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00029-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz
| 0.906549 | 154 |
CC-MAIN-2015-32
|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2015-32__0__147982054
|
en
|
Summary: With its rugged design, zippy performance and long battery life, the Samsung Galaxy Rugby Pro is a solid choice for smartphone shoppers looking for a device that can stand up to the rigors of everyday use and then some.
Conclusion: When it comes right down to it, the Samsung Galaxy Rugby Pro has a lot to offer, especially since it carries a reasonable $100 on-contract price. Its design and construction make it ideal for those individuals that need or require a rugged smartphone that can withstand more than the average abuse,...
Pros: Rugged and can keep out the elements, Reasonable $100 contract price
Cons: Earpiece and speakerphone distortion at high call volumes, No automatic brightness setting for the display, Camera and video quality should be better
|
design
| 1 |
http://hnhtimes.com/index.php/2017/09/07/hamden-alliance-for-trees-to-meet-sept-27/
| 2018-12-11T12:04:48 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823618.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20181211104429-20181211125929-00248.warc.gz
| 0.908095 | 140 |
CC-MAIN-2018-51
|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-51__0__57125218
|
en
|
From the Hamden Alliance for Trees:
Hamden Tree arborist Geoff Harris will be the guest speaker at the next Hamden Alliance for Trees (HAT) meeting on Sept. 27 at 7 p.m. in the Fellowship Room at Dunbar United Church of Christ, located at 767 Benham St.
State Representative Mike D’Agostino will provide an update on the newly passed Municipal Tree Act. Recent tree posting changes and updates on tree actions will be discussed and upcoming opportunities to share information with residents at local events will be shared.
The meeting is open to the public and all are welcome to attend. Please join us. Together we can make a difference!
|
journalism_and_media_communication
| 1 |
http://www.bootic.com/razor/toys-and-games/toys/riding-toys/razor-jr-lil-kick-scooter
| 2016-12-08T06:20:47 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542414.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00293-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz
| 0.922671 | 239 |
CC-MAIN-2016-50
|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2016-50__0__91364512
|
en
|
Give your child a Razor Jr. Kiddie Kick scooter, which lets your child tag along without jeopardizing his or her safety. Outfitted with a welded steel frame and a three-wheel design, the scooter makes riding fun for kids 3 and up. The scooter also includes a wide, slip-resistant deck that's extremely stable, as is the extra-wide rear wheelbase. Other features include a padded T-bar, a low profile for easy scooting, and large smooth-rolling wheels.
- Kids' scooter with 3-wheel design for added stability
- Wide, slip-resistant deck and wide rear wheel base
- Low profile for easy scooting; large smooth-rolling wheels
- Padded T-bar; sturdy welded steel frame
- Designed for children ages 6 and under
Frequently Asked Questions
Is this a lean to turn scooter?
No you have to turn the handles to turn. The back wheels make it easier to steer and not fall while leaning.
Is the height of the bars adjustable?
No it's not.
Add New FAQ
- Age 3-6 years old
Add New Resource
|
hobby
| 1 |
http://www.leessummitlifestyle.com/a-few-tips-for-choosing-a-betting-casino/
| 2024-02-26T21:37:14 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474663.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226194006-20240226224006-00248.warc.gz
| 0.964615 | 590 |
CC-MAIN-2024-10
|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__117635785
|
en
|
A Few Tips For Choosing A Betting Casino
Are you trying to find a betting casino that is best for you? With more than a quarter of a million betting exchanges in operation right now, you are not alone in wanting to win the big one. The problem, however, is choosing the best one with the best games and fair payouts. In order to do this, you should first consider what types of bonuses you are looking for. This way, you can have a clear idea of whether a site will truly offer you everything you need.
One important factor that most gamblers overlook is the amount of wagering options that the online game casino malaysia has to offer. If you are new to the world of gambling online, you may think that playing at a betting casino will require you to play the same number of games as in regular casinos. While this is true of some sites, it is far from the truth in most cases. There are a wide variety of games and even more betting options at these casinos.
New players who want to get their start betting on the internet may be tempted to play for money right away. While this can be a good way to learn the ropes, it can also lead to losing money quickly. This is because you cannot spend money that you do not have. Therefore, this rule should be strictly followed when you are just getting started. Otherwise, you will be gambling with your own money which is not a smart thing to do.
Once you have a basic understanding of the games offered by a given betting exchange, you can determine which sites will offer you the best competition. If you are just starting out, you should stick to sites that allow you to play for money or to test the betting system. Many online betting casinos offer both of these options. However, in order to get the most out of your experience, it is better to choose a betting casino that gives you the best combination of features.
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Choosing the betting Winbet2u Malaysia that offers the best games and offers the best incentives is the key to making the most of your gaming experience. Although there are a lot of options, choosing the one that has the best bonuses and promotions can increase your chances of winning. Finally, before you play, make sure that you read the rules and regulations for the site. This will ensure that you enjoy your gaming experience to the fullest.
December 4, 2023
October 20, 2023
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gamble
| 1 |
https://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095430777
| 2019-10-21T01:27:54 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987750110.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20191020233245-20191021020745-00296.warc.gz
| 0.923371 | 87 |
CC-MAIN-2019-43
|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-43__0__173296373
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en
|
A publication founded in 1969 by the merger of several existing European journals. It is a joint enterprise of scientific organizations in various European and South American countries. It is published four times monthly and contains papers on all aspects of astronomy and astrophysics.
http://www.aanda.org/ Official website with contents and abstracts of recent issues and free online access to older issues.
Subjects: Astronomy and Astrophysics.
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astronomy
| 1 |
http://unitytheweddingplanner.com/2020/02/13/why-you-might-favor-a-two-piece-wedding-dress/
| 2024-04-20T02:04:06 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817463.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20240419234422-20240420024422-00203.warc.gz
| 0.956078 | 505 |
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|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__20661969
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en
|
Most wedding dresses are a single garment, although additional elements such as a train may be added to the dress after you into it. There are other wedding dresses, however, that are composed of two pieces — an upper part that covers your torso and a lower part that covers your legs. Many wedding dress shops sell two-piece wedding dresses, and this may be a style that interests you. When you go shopping, it's worthwhile to browse through some of these dresses and, if one catches your eye, try it on. Here are some reasons that you might favor a two-piece wedding dress.
It May Be Easier To Move In
While there are a number of one-piece wedding dresses that can allow you to move freely, whether you're walking down the aisle or twirling around the dance floor, this isn't always the case. It can be challenging to move freely in some wedding dresses, but this won't be a concern if you choose a two-piece garment. When you try on this type of garment, you may be impressed by how freely you can move your upper and lower body. If you're keen on being comfortable in this way on your wedding day, this may be the dress design for you.
It Shows Off A Little Skin
Lots of brides love the idea of showing off a little skin. Some brides choose strapless wedding dresses, while others prefer gowns that reveal some cleavage. There are many different reasons that you might like to show off a little skin in your dress. Perhaps you've been working hard through diet and exercise to get the ideal body for your wedding day, and you're keen on highlighting it. A two-piece wedding dress can be the perfect garment for this idea, given that there's often a slight gap between the two garments, resulting in a small part of your midsection being exposed.
It's Not Traditional
A lot of people favor traditional weddings, but this won't be the case if you've never viewed yourself as someone who is traditional. You might go a long way to craft a non-traditional service and choose non-traditional elements for your reception, such as a barbecue instead of a formal dinner. Consider taking things a step further by wearing a non-traditional dress. Two-piece garments are highly contemporary, which can make it clear that you want your big day to be modern and reflect who you are.
To learn more about wedding dress options, reach out to companies like The Steel Magnolia.Share
|
fashion
| 1 |
https://goldentrianglestriping.com/striping/port-arthur-texas/
| 2024-04-24T21:46:50 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296819971.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20240424205851-20240424235851-00721.warc.gz
| 0.912986 | 599 |
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|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__573169
|
en
|
Experience the Golden Triangle Striping Advantage, your trusted ally in improving Port Arthur's infrastructure. With deep community roots and extensive experience, we're dedicated to enhancing Port Arthur's roadways for safety, efficiency, and aesthetic appeal.
Efficient parking is more than just space—it’s about clarity and organization. Our expert parking lot striping ensures that your parking lot is optimized for maximum capacity and ease of use. Clearly marked parking lanes not only enhance the aesthetic appeal but also alleviate congestion and improve traffic flow.
Effective roadway communication is essential for a smooth traffic experience. Our precise lettering and arrows not only enhance professionalism on your roads but also provide drivers with clear, concise directions. Whether it’s directional arrows, speed limit markings, or designated zones, we guarantee your messages are conveyed effectively.
Prioritizing accessibility is crucial. By designating and clearly marking handicap spaces, we go beyond legal requirements to create an inclusive environment. Our team recognizes the significance of providing convenient and accessible parking options for everyone, fostering a welcoming and accommodating atmosphere.
Ensuring safety is paramount. Clearly defined fire lanes are essential for emergency response teams and guarantee swift and unobstructed traffic flow during critical situations. Golden Triangle Striping takes pride in improving safety measures for Port Arthur establishments by ensuring highly visible fire lanes.
Contact us today for personalized solutions tailored to your needs. Our team is here to answer your questions, provide quotes, and bring clarity to your roadways.
We take pride in our local roots, years of experience, and commitment to excellence. Our team is dedicated to understanding the unique needs of Port Arthur and delivering high-quality striping services that enhance safety, functionality, and visual appeal.
The frequency of restriping depends on various factors such as traffic volume, weather conditions, and the type of paint used. As a general guideline, it’s recommended to restripe every 1-2 years to maintain optimal visibility and functionality.
Absolutely! We understand that each business is unique. Our team works closely with clients to tailor striping solutions that align with specific requirements, whether it’s creating designated zones, adding custom lettering, or accommodating special requests.
Yes, we do! Whether you need touch-ups, re-striping, or maintenance services for existing markings, we’ve got you covered. Regular maintenance ensures the longevity and effectiveness of the striping on your property.
We use high-quality, durable paint designed for traffic striping. Our paint is weather-resistant and long-lasting, ensuring that your markings remain clear and vibrant over time.
The drying time depends on various factors, including weather conditions. Typically, our paint dries within 30 minutes to an hour. We take measures to minimize disruptions and ensure the safety of your space during the drying process.
Have more questions or need further clarification? Feel free to contact us directly, and our team will be happy to assist you!
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civil_engineering
| 1 |
https://www.oneindia.com/2006/07/06/pakistan-air-force-changes-rank-badges-from-straps-to-stars-1152187578.html
| 2019-05-24T18:55:37 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257731.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190524184553-20190524210553-00130.warc.gz
| 0.959425 | 138 |
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|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-22__0__21426736
|
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Pakistan Air Force changes rank badges from straps to stars
Islamabad, July 6 (UNI) Pakistan Air Force (PAF) has changed the designs of ranks badges of its officers, according to an official statement.
The officers will now have stars instead of straps as new insignia on their shoulders, like the rank badges worn by army officers.
''Pakistan Air Force is changing the ranks badges of its officers from pilot to Air Chief Marshal,'' the statement said.
The decision to change the ranks badges has been taken to facilitate the general public who have no idea about the meaning of insignia on the shoulders of PAF officers.
UNI XC SI BD1638
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aerospace
| 1 |
https://www.bollyming.com/no-hrithik-no-arnold-akshay-kumar-will-play-the-villain-in-robot-2/
| 2018-05-22T21:27:18 |
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| 0.977067 | 246 |
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|
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|
en
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The Khiladi Akshay Kumar has signed to play the villain in Rajnikant’s Robot 2. He has replaced the Hollywood Superstar Arnold Schwarzenegger and Hrithik Roshan for this role.
A source to related this movie has confirmed this news by saying that, “Yes, it is locked and sealed. Akshay is doing Robot 2; Akshay is all set to make his Tamil debut with the film in which he will be playing the villain. The film has only become bigger with Rajinikanth, Shankar and, A.R. Rahman already on board for the sequel. Now with Akshay stepping in, there is further pan-India appeal that has been generated.”
Actually, Arnold had signed for this movie previously, but he demanded RS.120 crore as remuneration.
The filmmakers refused to accept his demand. Finally, they approached Akshay who said yes to do that negative role for “Robot 2.” It is a Tamil Debut for Akshay.
Also, the buzz is that Amy Jackson is playing a robot in the movie. Robot 2 is India’s most expensive movie.
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celebrity
| 1 |
https://www.naijascholar.com/no-winter-chills-this-time-imd-predicts-warmer-winter-in-india-due-to-el-nino/
| 2020-07-12T22:06:57 |
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| 0.963067 | 171 |
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|
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|
en
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As India is all set for the onset of winters, the Indian Meteorological Department has forecasted another winter “warmer than usual” in the country. According to the IMD, normal to “slightly” above normal temperatures are expected during the October-November-December 2018 period.
Winter temperatures too are likely to be higher than normal during December, January, February 2018-19.
Click Here: geelong cats guernsey 2019
They have however not predicted the degree by which temperatures will rise this winter. D S Pai, the head of IMD’s Climate Prediction Group, said temperatures are likely to be “normal to above” in most of South Asia during the latter part of this year. The effects will be felt in India as well, especially in the northwestern parts of the country.
|
atmospheric_science
| 1 |
http://fromseedtotable.blogspot.com/2008/10/caponata-and-steak.html
| 2017-04-30T12:47:20 |
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| 0.916752 | 373 |
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|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__239943914
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en
|
Caponata is a classic Sicilian dish of Eggplant stewed with onion, celery, olives, capers, and tomatoes. Vinegar and sugar give it a mild sweet and sour tang and add to its keeping qualities.
Last night I made it with Calliope Eggplant from the garden. I basically followed Judith Barrett's recipe from her book From An Italian Garden. Her recipe is unique for the addition of a bit of unsweetened cocoa powder. It doesn't taste chocolaty but has an added richness and depth of color that is wonderful. The only diversion I made from her recipe was using fresh peeled and chopped tomatoes instead of canned.
I served that alongside a buffalo New York strip steak - that's buffalo as in bison, not the city in New York state. The steak was cut thin, so I pounded it lightly and then applied a spice paste to briefly marinate it.
Shallot Marinated Buffalo Steak
2 thin cut buffalo (bison) New York strip steaks, about 12 ounces
2 walnut sized shallots, peeled
2 tablespoons extra virgin olive oil
1 teaspoon asian fish sauce
1/4 teaspoon ground aleppo pepper or cayenne
1/2 teaspoon dried Italian oregano
salt and pepper to taste
Trim excess fat from the steaks. Lightly pound the steaks to about 1/3-inch thick.
Grate the shallots on the medium holes of a box grater. Combine the grated shallots, olive oil, fish sauce, aleppo pepper, oregano, salt and fresh ground pepper. Spread the mixture on both sides of the steaks and leave at room temperature for 30 minutes.
Heat a ridged grill pan over medium heat and grill the steaks until medium rare.
|
food
| 1 |
https://www.kfzg.de/en/publications/research/publikation/bayern-und-der-vatikan-eine-politische-biographie-des-letzten-bayerischen-gesandten-am-heiligen-stuhl-otto-von-ritter-1909-1934-paderborn-u-a-2013
| 2020-08-14T23:10:14 |
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| 0.950254 | 529 |
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en
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Zedler, Jörg: Bayern und der Vatikan. Eine politische Biographie des letzten bayerischen Gesandten am Heiligen Stuhl Otto von Ritter (1909–1934), Paderborn [u. a.] 2013
The legation to the Holy See was – alongside the one in Berlin – Bavaria’s most important diplomatic mission. This reflected the unique establishmentarian (state-church) rights of the Bavarian king as well as the special relationship between Munich and Rome up to the late phase of the monarchy. Indeed, the importance of the Roman legation actually increased during the Weimar Republic, as it was the last remaining diplomatic mission of note of a German Land after 1918. It was the Nazis who finally sealed its fate.
This political biography of the last Bavarian envoy to the Holy See, Otto von Ritter (1864–1940), reveals the individual scope for action, motivations, and modes of behavior of a diplomat during the era of political upheavals in the first third of the 20th century. Since 1889, Ritter served in the Kingdom of Bavaria’s diplomatic service, which sent him to Rome in 1909. He was the only diplomat of the Central Powers who returned to his pre-war post after World War I.
As a result, the envoy was in a position to work on what would prove to be his most important assignment during the Weimar era: the conclusion of the Bavarian Concordat in 1924/1925. Thanks to this agreement, Bavaria was able to preserve a residue of sovereignty within the German Reich. Pope Pius XI and his nuncio in Munich, Eugenio Pacelli, wrested far-ranging concessions from the Bavarian state; from the start, they conceived this concordat as a model for further treaties between the Church and individual states. When Bavaria lost its statehood and was degraded to an administrative entity under the Nazis in 1934, the story of the last Bavarian foreign diplomatic mission came to an end as well.
This study is based on a broad fundament of previously unknown sources, some of which have only recently become available in the Vatican Archives. It constitutes an important building block for German diplomatic history. At the same time, by delineating the possibilities and limits of Bavarian foreign policy between 1871 and 1933, it makes an important contribution to the political history of Bavaria as well.
To order our publications, please, contact your local bookshop or the publishing house Schöningh in Paderborn.
|
history
| 1 |
https://dividend.watch/symbol/sdf-xetra
| 2023-12-03T17:11:39 |
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| 0.931538 | 146 |
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|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__78586495
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en
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Create a free account to get access to stock details and our dividend tracker
We won't send you any spam and we don't want a credit card.
K+S Aktiengesellschaft, together with its subsidiaries, operates as a supplier of mineral products for the agricultural, industrial, consumer, and community segments worldwide. It operates through Agriculture, and Industry+ segments. The Agriculture segment offers potassium chloride for important crops, such as cereals, corn, rice, and soybeans; and fertilizer specialties that are used for crops for magnesium and sulfur, including rapeseed or potatoes, as well as for chloride-sensitive crops consisting of citrus fruits, grapes, or vegetables.
Based on sector and market capitalization
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agronomy
| 1 |
http://theminecraftfreedownload.com/mars-mod.html
| 2014-12-22T14:15:36 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802775348.152/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075255-00036-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz
| 0.756442 | 377 |
CC-MAIN-2014-52
|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2014-52__0__211177242
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|
Galacticraft mars mod 1.6.4 | minecraft mods | minecraft 1, Galacticraft mars is an planet addon for galacticraft core, that allow players to create the second tier of rockets. these rockets allow you to blast off to the.Galacticraft: mars mod (1.8) | minecraft mod database, The galacticraft: mars mod is a very extensive mod that has consistent updates. the newest update for this mod added mars into the mods features and it. Kenwood ts-480sat/hx beyond mars mod - mods.dk, Kenwood ts-480sat/hx beyond mars mod de k0zl es dj6tj: rev 1 february 2005 1. turn off the transceiver and disconnect the antenna and dc supply..
Mars planet facts news & images | nasa mars rover, Mars planet facts images videos & news of nasa mars rover spacecraft mission discovery & human exploration. science fun for kids family & space fans..Galacticraft mars mod 1.6.4/1.6.2 - minecraft mods, Some informations about galacticraft mars mod 1.6.4/1.6.2 that you can need before download it. - minecraft mods. Mars mod for kenwood tm-v71a - ar15.com, I'm looking for some info on the mars mod on a kenwood tm-v71a just want the info in case things ever gets bad. working on my licence right now and don't want to.
Egosoft.com :: view topic - [scr] mars fire control (v5.25, In this forum you should post in the thread for the script about which you inquire. in this case: mars fire control. that way, the author will see your post, other.
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astronomy
| 1 |
https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/en/publications/targets-for-tnf%CE%B1-induced-lipolysis-in-gilthead-sea-bream-sparus-a
| 2024-04-14T14:36:42 |
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| 0.945064 | 359 |
CC-MAIN-2024-18
|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__40293684
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en
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The present study aimed to analyze adiposity heterogeneity and the role of liver X receptor (LXRα) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) as targets of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.). The screening of 20 fish at the beginning of the warm season identified two major groups with fat and lean phenotypes. Fat fish showed increased liver and mesenteric fat depots. This increased adiposity was concurrent in the adipose tissue to enhanced expression of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) whereas mRNA levels of the hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) remained almost unchanged. The resulting LPL/HSL ratio was thereby highest in fat fish, which suggests that this group of fish has not reached its peak fat storage capacity. This is not surprising given the increased expression of PPARγ in the absence of a counter-regulatory raise of TNFα. However, this lipolytic cytokine exerted dual effects in primary adipocyte cultures that differ within and between lean and fat fish. One set of fat fish did not respond to TNFα treatment whereas a second set exhibited a lipolytic response (increased glycerol release) that was apparently mediated by the downregulated expression of PPARβ. In lean fish, TNFα exerted a strong and non-transcriptionally mediated lipolytic action. Alternatively, TNFα would inhibit lipid deposition via the downregulated expression of adipogenic nuclear factors (PPARγ and LXRα). TNFα targets are therefore different in fish with lean and fat phenotypes, which is indicative of the complex network involved in the regulation of fish lipid metabolism.
|
health
| 1 |
https://logicalinks.wordpress.com/2012/08/26/hickory-dickory/
| 2018-03-18T04:14:23 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645513.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20180318032649-20180318052649-00175.warc.gz
| 0.988706 | 435 |
CC-MAIN-2018-13
|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-13__0__218630754
|
en
|
I was in Rome, Georgia yesterday, planning to take photos of the quaint and bustling downtown area. I drove around for about half an hour, trying to find a good vantage point, but there were too many cars and tall crepe myrtles on the street to get a good shot. Sunset time was fast approaching, so I ditched my original plan of shooting main street and decided to find a high place from which to shoot toward the sun.
Rome is in the foothills of the Appalachians, and like its Italian namesake, it has seven main hills. One of the hills had this awesome, terraced cemetery on it, but I wasn’t sure of the safety of the surrounding neighborhood, so I went instead to the hill with the clock tower on top of it.
It was my intention to get shots of the clock with the sunset in the background, and I took plenty, but none looked the way I wanted them to. This one, however, was one of the first ones I took when I got there, and from a totally different direction, but I think it’s my favorite. While the sunset is not in this shot, you can still see the golden color it cast on the white of the clock.
On the National Register of Historic Places, the clock was added to the tower (built in 1871) in 1872 and, according to reports, has been keeping accurate time since. Each face is nine feet in diameter, the hour hand is three feet, six inches long, and the minute hand is four feet, three inches long. The bell within the clock tower is made of genuine bronze and measures 40 inches wide.
After I took this photo, I went to set up for the sunset shots. Mosquitoes were really bad, so I went back down to my car to get insect repellent. As I was spraying myself, the clock struck 8:00, and I almost jumped out of my skin, the sound was sooo loud! I guess it would have to be to be heard across the town, but I just wish I’d been expecting it. :)
|
history
| 1 |
https://www.tumblr.com/search/ending%20september
| 2017-06-23T05:08:18 |
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| 0.845301 | 1,997 |
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-26__0__59173490
|
en
|
When humans launch to the International Space Station, they are members of expeditions. An expedition is long duration stay on the space station. The first expedition started when the crew docked to the station on Nov. 2, 2000.
Expedition 52 began in June 2017 aboard the orbiting laboratory and will end in September 2017.
FUN FACT: Each Expedition begins with the undocking of the spacecraft carrying the departing crew from the previous Expedition. So Expedition 52 began with the undocking of the Soyuz MS-03 spacecraft that brought Expedition 51 crew members Oleg Novitskiy and Thomas Pesquet back to Earth, leaving NASA astronauts Peggy Whitson and Jack Fischer and Roscosmos cosmonaut Fyodor Yurchikhin aboard the station to await the arrival of the rest of the Expedition 52 crew in July.
This expedition includes dozens of out of this world science investigations and a crew that takes #SquadGoals to a whole new level.
Take a look below to get to know the crew members and some of the science that will occur during the space station’s 52nd expedition.
Fyodor Yurchikhin (Roscosmos) – Commander
Born: Batumi, Adjar ASSR, Georgian SSR Interests: collecting stamps and space logos, sports, history of cosmonautics and reading Spaceflights: STS-112, Exps. 15, 24/25, 36/37, 51 Bio: https://go.nasa.gov/2o9PO9F
Jack Fischer (NASA) – Flight Engineer
Born: Louisville, Colorado. Interests: spending time with my family, flying, camping, traveling and construction Spaceflights: Expedition 51 Twitter:@Astro2Fish Bio: https://go.nasa.gov/2o9FY7o
Peggy Whitson (NASA) – Flight Engineer
Born: Mount Ayr, Iowa Interests: weightlifting, biking, basketball and water skiing Spaceflights: STS-111, STS – 113, Exps. 5, 16, 50, 51, 52 Twitter: @AstroPeggy Bio:https://go.nasa.gov/2rpL58x
Randolph Bresnik (NASA) – Flight Engineer
Born: Fort Knox, Kentucky Interests: travel, music, photography, weight training, sports, scuba diving, motorcycling, and flying warbirds Spaceflights: STS-129 and STS-135 Twitter: @AstroKomrade Bio:https://go.nasa.gov/2rq5Ssm
In addition to one tentatively planned spacewalk, crew members will conduct scientific investigations that will demonstrate more efficient solar arrays, study the physics of neutron stars, study a new drug to fight osteoporosis and study the adverse effects of prolonged exposure to microgravity on the heart.
Roll-Out Solar Array (ROSA)
Solar panels are an efficient way to generate power, but they can be delicate and large when used to power a spacecraft or satellites. They are often tightly stowed for launch and then must be unfolded when the spacecraft reaches orbit.
The Roll-Out Solar Array (ROSA), is a solar panel concept that is lighter and stores more compactly for launch than the rigid solar panels currently in use. ROSA has solar cells on a flexible blanket and a framework that rolls out like a tape measure.
Neutron Star Interior Composition Explored (NICER)
Neutron stars, the glowing cinders left behind when massive stars explode as supernovas, are the densest objects in the universe, and contain exotic states of matter that are impossible to replicate in any ground lab.
Systemic Therapy of NELL-1 for Osteoporosis (Rodent Research-5)
When people and animals spend extended periods of time in space, they experience bone density loss. The Systemic Therapy of NELL-1 for osteoporosis (Rodent Research-5) investigation tests a new drug that can both rebuild bone and block further bone loss, improving health for crew members.
Fruit Fly Lab-02
Exposure to reduced gravity environments can result in cardiovascular changes such as fluid shifts, changes in total blood volume, heartbeat and heart rhythm irregularities, and diminished aerobic capacity. The Fruit Fly Lab-02 study will use the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) to better understand the underlying mechanisms responsible for the adverse effects of prolonged exposure to microgravity on the heart.
Our planet is shown surrounded by an imaginary constellation shaped like a house, depicting the theme of the patch: “The Earth is our home.” It is our precious cradle, to be preserved for all future generations. The house of stars just touches the Moon, acknowledging the first steps we have already taken there, while Mars is not far away, just beyond the International Space Station, symbolized by the Roman numeral “LII,” signifying the expedition number.
The planets Saturn and Jupiter, seen orbiting farther away, symbolize humanity’s exploration of deeper space, which will begin soon. A small Sputnik is seen circling the Earth on the same orbit with the space station, bridging the beginning of our cosmic quest till now: Expedition 52 will launch in 2017, sixty years after that first satellite. Two groups of crew names signify the pair of Soyuz vehicles that will launch the astronauts of Expedition 52 to the Station.
Click here for more details about the expedition and follow @ISS_Research on Twitter to stay up to date on the science happening aboard YOUR orbiting laboratory!
what if Matt ends up being a flat, boring character. what if his character is never developed. what if he never gets a character arc. what if he isn't an important part of the plot. what if he only appears for a short while. what if
Measuring only 21 miles long by 12 miles wide, Pan orbits in the Encke Gap of Saturn’s A-ring. Pan’s existence was theorized in the late 1980s by astronomers reanalyzing data from the 1981 Voyager 2 flyby of Saturn and officially confirmed in 1990. Up until this year, only lower-resolution images of Pan from further away were obtained.
Cassini is scheduled to end its mission September 15 when it will plunge into the planet’s atmosphere.
Joy/hopeful: 99 Revolutions, 21st Century Breakdown, Carpe Diem, Forever Now, Good Riddance (Time of your life), Holiday, 21 Guns, King for a Day, Last of the American Girls, Minority, Ordinary World, Outlaws, Revolution Radio, See the Light, Somewhere Now, Still Breathing, Sweet 16, Waiting, Welcome to Paradise, ¡Viva la Gloria!
Love: 1,000 Hours, 80, 2,000 Light Years Away, Dry Ice, Fell for you, Hearts Collide, Last Night on Earth, Missing you, Only of you, Redundant, Scattered, See you tonight, Stay the Night, Sweet 16, The one I want, Whatsername, When it’s Time, Youngblood
Anger: Bab’s Uvula Who?, Brat, Christian’s Inferno, East Jesus Nowhere, Letterbomb, F.O.D, Ha Ha You’re Dead, Having a Blast, Horseshoes and Handgrenades, Kill the DJ, Know your Enemy, Platypus(I Hate You), Say Goodbye, Take Back, You Lied
Confusion: A Little Boy Named Train, Are We the Waiting, Armatage Shanks, Coming Clean, Going to Pasalacqua, Jaded, Knowledge, Loss of Control, One for the Razorbacks, One of my lies, The Static Age, Too Dumb to Die, Walking Contradiction, Why do you want him?, X-Kid
Sadness/Pain: Amy, Give me novacaine, Macy’s Day Parade, Misery, No one knows, Outlaws, Pulling Teeth, Restless Heart Syndrome, Wake Me Up When September Ends, Whatsername, Words I Might Have Ate
Pity/Desperation: Brutal Love, Church on Sunday, Emenius Sleepus, Hitchin’ a Ride, Lazy Bones, Misery, Murder City, Oh Love, Paper Lanterns, Pulling Teeth, The Forgotten, Walk Away, ¿Viva La Gloria? (Little Girl)
Disgust: 86, All the Time, Jackass, Nice Guys Finish Last, Platypus (I hate you), Prosthetic Head, Reject, Sick of Me, Stuart and the Ave., The Grouch
Bored: Christie Road, Last Ride In, Lazy Bones, Longview, Rest, Rotting, Sassafras Roots, Tired Of Waiting For You, When I Come Around
Afraid: 16, Don’t wanna fall in love, Don’t leave me, No Pride, Peacemaker, Road to Acceptance, Troubled Times, Warning, X-Kid, Working Class Hero
Anxiety: Basket Case, Brain Stew, Burnout, No Pride, One of My Lies, Panic Song, Stuck With Me, Suffocate, Who Wrote Holden Caulfield?
Alone: Boulevard Of Broken Dreams, Castaway, Disappearing Boy, Jesus Of Suburbia, Misery, Missing You, Suffocate, Walking Alone
Jealousy: Chump, In The End, Nice Guys Finish Last, Paper Lanterns
|
astronomy
| 1 |
http://www.albacete-bpie.es/ah36/q-bqb-321-b490hp-ves_306811.html
| 2022-07-06T19:27:57 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104676086.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220706182237-20220706212237-00756.warc.gz
| 0.758995 | 1,823 |
CC-MAIN-2022-27
|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__54369336
|
en
|
q bqb 321 b490hp vessel steel factory price
Galvanized steel plate and sheet Galvanized Steel Coil,Galvanized Coils Commodity 4x8 sheet metal price list building materials Standard EN 10142,EN 10147,EN 10292,JIS G3302,ASTM A653/A653M,Q/BQB 420 ect. Waterproof paper+steel sheet+bundle with steel strip(3-4pcs) Delivery time About 20 working days after received client deposit Shipment Bulk
Alloy steel plate/coil is widely used in the landing gear, shaft, gear, solid rocket Weather Resistant Steel Plate May 23, 2018 · RMP 3003 H14 Aluminum Sheet, 12 Inch x 12 Inch x 0.040 Inch Thickness Yeah it's a common alloy sheet, but at least sell something . grade b490hp vessel steel - BDN STEELQuality and cheap carbon steel plate,weather Q235 SS400 ASTM A36 ST37 Mild Steel Coated Hot Rolled q bqb 340 b550nqr1 steel factory direct price. Schedule 40 Carbon Steel Pipe Manufacturers In India SCH . astm a36 steel pipe factory supplied flange large. a202 grb steel for san marino. roll bending bending sheet and plate metal without edges. s3010 304 plate stainless steel price
In 1991, FAW used QSTE340TMAutomobile Structure Steel Plate - Heavy steelWe produce high quality Automobile Structure Steel Plate, A572 Grade 50,St52-3 ,Q345B ,Q245R,S235JR,S355JR,16Mo3,17Mn4 steel supplier with factory price. Automobile Structure Steel Plate - hbe Steel Supplier SAPH440 hot rolled pickling sheet steel plate,SAPH440 hot sell ABS A40 steel ,ABS A40 ship plate,ABS A40 shipbuilding steel, steel grade ABS A40; Offer A283 Grade A Structural Steel Plate Price; China market S235JR hot rolled MS carbon steel plate prices on July 23; gr 400; China exported 4.512 million tons of steel materials in February 2019
254 SMO Plate, SA 240 UNS S31254 Sheet, ASTM A240 S31254 Stainless Steel Sheet and ASTM A240 plate supplier. Alloy 254 SMO Sheet traders, UNS S31254 254 SMO Plate stockist, Alloy 254 Foil, SMO 254 1.4547 Stainless Steel Polished Plate wholesaler in UAE, Stocking distributor of ASTM A240 UNS S31254 254 SMO Plate, 254 SMO Duplex Coil in UAE. b400nqr1 exporter - Boiler Steel Plate factoryb400nqr1 exporter. Description:fast delivery q bqb 340 b460nqr corten steel specification; Suppling fast delivery Q BQB 340 B400NQR1 corten steel . q bqb 340 weather steel factory supplier TB T 1979 09CuPCrNi B corten steel plate is mainly used in automobile or in the construction.asme sa242 sa242m type 3 corten plate equivalent JIS G 3114 SMA570P weath
Missing:. h4> exporterThe main q bqb 329 b490hp mild steel,carbon steel plate b440hp exporter q bqb 329 b440hp vessel steel made in china. q bqb 321 b490hp mild steel q bqb 329 b440hp gas cylinder steel price BAT STEEL. q bqb 329 b440hp vessel steel exporter ZWEB Steel Grade Q BQB 329 B440HP gas cylinder steel exporter BBN STEEL Shipbuilding steel plate ASTM A131 A AH36 EH36 carbon sheet in jiangsu china cold rolled steel plate 304 Steel Sheet,304h Cold Rolled Stainless Steel Plate,304h Cold Rolled Stainless Steel Sheet manufacturer / supplier in China,offering 0.3mm Thick 316 Guangzhou Stainless Steel Sheet,Air Conditioner AISI 304 316 Stainless Steel Coil Price,4X8 Stainless Steel Plate 201 304 316 410 430 Type 904 Duplex and so on.
EN S355J0W weather steel for container is the main product of Henan Bebon Iron & Steel EN S355J0W weather steel for container is mainly used in automobile or in the construction industry. china high quality EN S355J0W corten steel plate m2 price.[plate]q bqb 340 b490nqr weather steel gb t 18982 q310gnhlj weather proof steel plate2202 what is wr 50a corten steel with good corrosion . 4360 specification WR 50 B steel plate - BEBON steel .BS 4360 WR 50 B steel plate is a weather resistant steel products.BS 4360 WR 50 B corten steel plate can be produced in the steel plate,Pressure vessel,steel sheet and other steel products.In addition,the atmospheric corrosion resistance of WR 50 B steel. B550nqr1 corten steel for
high quality material ss400 mild plate q235 ss400 plate as. Standard:ASTM, ASME, AISI, GB, JIS, DIN, EN, BS Certification:ISO, SGS, RoHS, CE, IBR Production Capacity:50000 tons Per Month Description:Overview of Q235 Steel Plate Specification; Q235 steel is equivalent to Japenese steel grade SS400 in application, the only difference is that ss400 steel requires only S,P composition < 0.050 hot rolled astm a36 steel road plate for sale steel plate Steel plate is processed by flame cutting or High Def Plasma cutting.Hi Def Plasma is utilized to sizes 1 and under,over 1 is flame cut.A36 Steel plate has a 36,000 min yield strength.Steel Plate.Steel plate A36 is stocked in all pattern sizes up to 96 x 288 and can be processed to special shapes per print.
Why Choose Us. All what You Need To Know About Us. Taxandria Steel Mill Co., Ltd. is a company specialized in mild steel plate,shipbuilding steel plate,Boiler steel,Weathering steel plateThe supply capacity per year is about 8,900,000 tons steel plate/coil according to EN10025,EN10028,ASTM A36,ASTM A131, JIS G3101,JIS G3106 multifunction prefab steel structure warehouse price Every prefab warehouse operation requires a unique set of building features,and our steel warehouse buildings are designed according to use.That means that through working with our experienced design team,you can implement all of the custom components that your operation requires.Price Your Building. Steel Structure Series - Xiangxin (Fujian) Light Steel Prefab Stable Steel Frame Building Anti-Seismic Designed Prefabricated Storage Workshop Warehouse.FOB Price
Stainless Steel Round Rod; Stainless Steel Round Tube; Stainless Steel Sheet; Stainless Steel Sheet (Perforated) 1.660 OD (1-1/4 inch NPS) 1.900 OD (1-1/2 inch NPS) 10.75 OD (10 inch NPS) Welded pipe has the flash or seam removed from the outside diameter and generally has little or no evidence of a weld.Seamless pipe can withstand . Speedy sell GL A36 steel,GL A36 ship plate,GL A36 shipbuilding Pressure vessel steel P265GH mechanical properties; S355J2WP steel grade,S355J2WP steel supplier,S355J2WP steel Chemical composition; Factory price Hot Rolled JIS G3132 SPHT-4 Steel; Q-BQB 310-2009 B510L steel coil supplier; How to distinguish between ASTM Corten B weatherproof plate and general steel plate
steel plate ss400 mechanical properties-Wholesale Steel. For the high strength shipbuilding plates like AH36,DH36,EH36 steel plate,they have been widely used in high stress areas of ships,comparing with general strength steel,they are ASTM A36 (SS400,S275) Structural Carbon Steel ASTM A36 (SS400,S275) Structural Carbon Steel ASTM A36 carbon steel is a carbon (non-alloy) steel B440hp steel material - Seamless Steel Pipe FactoryB440hp steel material - 23acez.beb440hp vessel steel specification high strength Q BQB 321 B440HP vessel steel-BBN STEEL Hot Rolled Steel Coil, Sheet and Plate - WJ Metals Home Hot Rolled Steel Coil, Sheet and Plate The hot rolled steel coil is the primary raw material we utilized for the manufacturing of our range of cold rolled steel , color
|
civil_engineering
| 1 |
http://www.mountainviewfoodbank.com/hampers/
| 2020-02-21T23:46:38 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145621.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200221233354-20200222023354-00365.warc.gz
| 0.879851 | 139 |
CC-MAIN-2020-10
|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-10__0__42630235
|
en
|
What’s in a typical hamper?
The contents of a hamper vary between Food Banks depending on supply. The Mountain View Food Bank uses the Canadian Food Guide and tailors hampers to meet family needs for five to seven days. A typical hamper contains:
- Canned beans
- Canned chicken, ham, salmon and tuna
- Coffee / Tea
- Macaroni & Cheese
- Peanut Butter
Baby formula vouchers are provided for infants up to nine months of age.
Clients are able to help themselves to bread, pastry & fresh vegetables as available. As well, hygiene products, baby diapers and pet food are supplied when available.
|
food
| 1 |
http://www.caninemedicinechest.com/rabbit/hairball.html
| 2020-03-31T16:05:21 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370502513.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331150854-20200331180854-00032.warc.gz
| 0.912641 | 475 |
CC-MAIN-2020-16
|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-16__0__165993101
|
en
|
Hair Ball Problems
HAIR BALL SUPPLEMENT P - is a safe, all-natural, powdered, combination of herbs developed to assist the longer haired rabbit with hair ball problems.
Experience has shown these herbs to assist the rabbit who has trouble moving its bowels due to too much hair in the digestive system with resulting constant problems of regurgitation or elimination problems due to lack of drinking enough water or because of age. Hair Ball Supplement P is recommended as preventative.
These organic food quality herbs are best when added 1/8 teaspoon (more or less depending upon rabbit need and size) to the food morning and night. Some of the herbs pull the food through the digestive system, while others help break down the hair. Still other herbs lubricate the digestive system to make movement easier.
This wonderful product of Mother Nature makes for a more problem-free, stress-free, happier long haired rabbit.
Hair Ball Supplement P wholesales for:
|Large: $25.00 for 20 ounces||Small: $15.00 for 2.5 ounces|
|IF A BLOCKAGE ALREADY EXISTS, ADD:|
A natural remedy developed specifically to aid the rabbit who is already constipated with hairballs or other foreign objects.
This liquid herbal remedy causes the intestinal walls to gently move and dislodge the compacted waste to facilitate a bowel movement safely in a short period of time. This enables the rabbit to reduce straining thus preventing further complications such as a prolapsed anus or hemorrhoids and fissures. This remedy is ideal for an elderly rabbit who is having difficulty moving its bowels.
Administered three to five drops directly in the rabbit's mouth with included eyedropper as often as necessary for immediate results.
Once the obstruction is cleared, then one should sprinkle 1/4 teaspoon of Hair Ball Supplement L on top of the rabbit's food daily for two to three weeks, then once or twice weekly to keep obstructions from developing.
Hair Ball Supplement L wholesales for:
|Small: bottle $18.00||Large: bottle $52.00|
| caninemedicinechest | felinemedicinechest
petmedicinechest home | Lawns Naturally
Copyright© 2004 petmedicinechest.com
|
health
| 1 |
https://www.everythingrf.com/products/shielded-test-enclosures/ranatec/718-1402-ri-198
| 2023-12-03T21:39:04 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100508.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203193127-20231203223127-00213.warc.gz
| 0.922838 | 203 |
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__136794107
|
en
|
The RI 198 from Ranatec is a Forensic RF Shield Box that is designed for law enforcement, IT forensics, and crime investigation. It provides shielding of 50 dB at 3 GHz and can block all wireless signals like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 2G, 3G, LTE, and 5G. This shield box can be controlled via USB 2/3.0, LAN (Ethernet), and HDMI interfaces. It is equipped with RF shielded gloves and a shielded window. This shield box has a lid that can stay open in any position and can be opened and closed with one hand using a front handle. It can also be equipped with ventilation and a fan for the analysis of devices that generate significant heat.
The RI 198 is available in a stainless steel/aluminum enclosure that measures 460 x 460 x 265 mm. It is designed to provide high shielding overall cellular mobile frequency bands, protect wireless devices from being hacked, store crime-related wireless devices (evidence), and analyze signal jammers.
|
instrument_science
| 1 |
https://donnaklinenow.com/can-you-finish-a-flooded-basement.htm
| 2024-04-14T04:26:20 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816864.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20240414033458-20240414063458-00738.warc.gz
| 0.945927 | 514 |
CC-MAIN-2024-18
|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__73325067
|
en
|
It is dangerous to invest in a completed basement in a flood zone. If you live in a flood zone and want to complete your basement, you must understand how to limit the danger of flooding. The first thing you can do to safeguard your basement from flooding is to enhance the drainage system on your roof. Water seeping into your home’s foundation and flooding the basement can be reduced by installing downspout extensions. It’s also critical to clear your gutters on a regular basis, since blocked gutters may cause water to stream down your exterior walls and into the foundation. Installing a sump pump is also necessary if you reside in a finished basement flooded location
A sump pump detects when the water level in your basement increases and pumps the water out to prevent floods. Also, it is also a good idea to invest in a backup power source in case of a power loss during a storm. Remember that if your sump pump fails, your insurance company may refuse to pay for flood damage.
If you have the means, raising the finished floor elevation above the average finished basement flooded level is also a good idea. If not, consider investing in water-resistant flooring, as hardwood and carpet are not water-resistant. Raising electrical outlets as high as feasible when building your completed basement can protect your electrical system.
Finally, evaluate how the outside of your property may add to your home’s flood danger. Inspect your foundation on a regular basis and seal any gaps that you find. If you detect huge cracks or new ones occur, you should have a professional inspect them. Adding a waterproof veneer to your outside walls might also help to avoid floods.
What Is the Best Floor for a Flooded Basement?
When installing a finished basement in a flood zone, choose flooring that is both water-resistant and long-lasting. In general, it’s a good idea to install something that won’t cost a fortune to repair if your basement floods.
Water-resistant and long-lasting flooring alternatives include rubber, vinyl, and ceramic tile. Rubber and vinyl flooring are particularly wonderful choices if you want a low-cost, durable floor that is simple to repair. You might also try constructing a concrete floor and waterproofing it with epoxy. As wood and carpet are porous, they are not appropriate for a completed flooded basement in a flood zone. Consider putting vinyl flooring that has been polished to seem like hardwood if you enjoy the look of wood floors.
|
civil_engineering
| 1 |
https://kitoffgrid.fr/en/contrôleurs-de-charge-solaire/312-victron-bluesolar-mppt-7510.html
| 2024-04-23T05:03:42 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296818464.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20240423033153-20240423063153-00305.warc.gz
| 0.869724 | 352 |
CC-MAIN-2024-18
|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__39342458
|
en
|
Victron BlueSolar MPPT 75/10
Ultra-fast Maximum Power Point Tracking
By constantly monitoring the voltage and current output of your solar (PV) panels, MPPT technology ensures that every drop of available power is rinsed out of your panels, and harvested for storage. The advantage of this is most noticeable when the sky is partially clouded, and light intensity is constantly changing.
Remote Monitoring and Control
Remotely control and monitor the extensive features of your BlueSolar MPPT charger by attaching a Bluetooth dongle and pairing it with your smartphone or other device via VictronConnect. If your installation is connected to the internet with a GX device, the Victron Remote Management Portal (VRM) provides access to the full power of your MPPT, anytime, anywhere; both VictronConnect and VRM are free to use. For remote installations – even when there is no internet connection nearby – you may be able to monitor your MPPT by connecting the GlobalLink 520.
Flexible Charge Algorithm
Fully programmable charge algorithm and eight pre-programmed algorithms, selectable with a rotary switch.
Extensive Electronic Protection
Over-temperature protection and power derating when temperature is high.
PV short circuit and PV reverse polarity protection.
PV reverse current protection.
Internal Temperature Sensor
Compensates absorption and float charge voltage for temperature.
Using the VE.Direct to Bluetooth Smart dongle with the BlueSolar MPPT 75/10 will allow you to see your MPPT information on iOS and Android devices, using the VictronConnect App. View information wirelessly such as battery status and solar panel power, plus other useful data.
|
instrument_science
| 1 |
https://za.pinterest.com/daniellemac2005/
| 2018-04-24T07:51:11 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946565.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20180424061343-20180424081343-00302.warc.gz
| 0.907671 | 351 |
CC-MAIN-2018-17
|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-17__0__11836784
|
en
|
Flat Belly Made Easier Is zipping your pants a real struggle? Does your quest for a sexy stomach always hits a bump right about belly-button level? Well, you may not be after six-pack abs, but a flat pooch is something on your mind all the time!
30 Day Flat Belly Challenge Workout - This 30 day flat stomach challenge will help lose belly fat and get the flat stomach you have always wanted! by Shubert Deb Diet plan for weight loss in two weeks! Do yourself a flat belly!
Looking for a flat tummy workout? Try these abs workouts for toned and flat belly! These quick workouts take 5 minutes of your time and you can do them daily, whenever you have the time. This amazing (Yoga Workout)
The secret to building sexier biceps for women and men Lift your breasts naturally! Try these chest and back strengthening exercises for women to help you tone, firm and lift your chest and improve your posture.
The secret to building sexier biceps for women and men Get your arms, shoulders, back and chest ready for tank top season with this upper body workout. A 20 minute routine for a slim, sexy and toned upper body
Upgrade your workout routine with these 10 leg exercises for women. Work your thighs, hips, quads, hamstrings and calves at home to build shapely legs and get the lean and strong lower body you've alw (Fitness Routine)
A no fuss workout to do before bed so you can rest right after. Change it to suit you. Not intense. As long as you do this most nights you should be well on your way to a flat stomach! Live long and be well!
|
health
| 1 |
https://windows2universe.org/headline_universe/discovery_postponed.html&edu=high&dev=
| 2022-12-07T22:21:07 |
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711221.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20221207221727-20221208011727-00333.warc.gz
| 0.956526 | 494 |
CC-MAIN-2022-49
|
webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__122716066
|
en
|
Space Shuttle launch
Click on image for full size
Courtesy of Corel Corporation
Discovery launch is postponed
News story originally written on May 17, 1999
The Space Shuttle Discovery, originally scheduled to launch May 20, 1999, has been postponed at least one week. A recent hail storm causing damage to the fuel tank lead to the change in launch time. A new launch date will be determined this week, the earliest date being May 27th.
Scientists working with the shuttle say the hail storm produced small dents in the foam insulation of the external fuel tank. Ice could possibly form in these dents, causing difficulties after liftoff. The ice crystals could become falling debris, possibly damaging the shuttle or launch pad.
The shuttle will be moved from the launch pad back to the base. Repairs will be made in the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, FL.
You might also be interested in:
The space shuttle Discovery made a successful landing during the early hours of June 6, 1999. The night landing was only the 11th of its kind in 94 flights. The highlights of the mission include attaching...more
It was another exciting and frustrating year for the space science program. It seemed that every step forward led to one backwards. Either way, NASA led the way to a great century of discovery. Unfortunately,...more
The Space Shuttle Discovery lifted off from Kennedy Space Center at 2:19 p.m. EST, October 29th. The sky was clear and the weather was great as Discovery took 8 1/2 minutes to reach orbit for the Unitied...more
A moon was discovered orbiting the asteroid, Eugenia. This is only the second time in history that a satellite has been seen circling an asteroid. A special mirror allowed scientists to find the moon...more
Will Russia ever put the service module for the International Space Station in space? NASA officials are demanding an answer from the Russian government. The necessary service module is currently waiting...more
During a period of about two days in early May, 1998, the ACE spacecraft was immersed in plasma associated with a coronal mass ejection (CME). The SWICS instrument on ACE, which determines unambiguously...more
J.S. Maini of the Canadian Forest Service has referred to forests as the "heart and lungs of the world." Forests reduce soil erosion, maintain water quality, contribute to atmospheric humidity and cloud...more
|
aerospace
| 1 |
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