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32,372,211 | This article covers military uniforms during the American Civil War (1861–1865).
During the years 1860–1865 there were three distinct types of uniform in use by the United States Armed Forces. Styles used were traditional similar to those used in the Napoleonic Wars, a regimental dress such as used during the American Revolutionary War and a specialist dress similar to those worn by Lancers and Hussars or an ethnic dress such as kilts. With shortages in 1861 the federal government issued a regulation pattern uniform for all state regiments.
Confederacy
At the onset of the war the Confederate States Army uniforms were highly varied as the majority were made at home. Between 1861 and 1862 the quartermaster department issued some uniforms but there were severe shortages.
See also
References
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78,482,103 | Exo commuter rail (reporting marks EXO ) is a system of five radial commuter rail services serving the Greater Montreal area, operated by Alstom, using trackage owned by Exo as well as by the Canadian National Railway and Canadian Pacific Kansas City.
Exo's commuter trains are its highest-profile division. It uses diesel-electric push-pull trains. The Mont-Saint-Hilaire and Mascouche lines run on Canadian National trackage and operate out of Central Station, while the Vaudreuil-Hudson, Saint-Jérôme, and Candiac lines run on Canadian Pacific Kansas City (CPKC) trackage and operate out of Lucien L'Allier terminus, beside the historic Windsor Station. The Saint-Jérôme line also runs on CPKC trackage and on Exo's own trackage between Sainte-Thérèse and Saint-Jérôme.
Operation of all commuter rail was provided by contract to CN and CP (on their respective rail networks) until June 30, 2017. Operations were taken over by Alstom (then Bombardier Transportation) beginning July 1, 2017, on an 8-year contract.
The train lines are part of Greater Montreal's integrated public transit network including bus, regional rail (REM) and Metro, coordinated by the Autorité régionale de transport métropolitain (ARTM). Many train stations serve local bus terminals, and a few provide connections to Metro, REM and Via Rail and Amtrak national rail services.
History
Takeover from private rail operators
Canadian National (CN) and Canadian Pacific (CP) had long operated commuter trains in the Montreal area, but by the 1980s, their services had dwindled to one route each. The Commission de transport de la communauté de Montréal (CTCUM, predecessor of the STM), which already managed Metro and bus services across the Island of Montreal, assumed management of CN's Deux-Montagnes commuter service and CP's Rigaud service in 1982 as the two railways began scaling back their services.
In 1997, management and financing of both lines was transferred to the newly created Agence métropolitaine de transport (AMT), which had been established to distribute funding and coordinate transportation planning among the numerous transit operators throughout the Greater Montreal Region.
Service expansion
Later that year, the AMT inaugurated service between Blainville and Jean-Talon (now Parc) train station in Montreal's Park Extension district. Originally, the service was designed to provide a temporary alternative for motorists from Laval and the North Shore of Montreal, while the Highway 117 Dufresne Bridge was being repaired. The service proved to be so popular that the AMT continued to fund it, and even extended a number of trains to the Lucien-L'Allier station downtown in 1999, and continues to provide off-peak daytime weekday service on this line. The service was extended further north to Saint-Jérôme in January 2007.
In 2000, the AMT inaugurated its service to McMasterville, and later extended it to Mont-Saint-Hilaire in September 2002.
In 2001, the AMT initiated a pilot project, launching service on a fifth line to Delson. This was later extended to Candiac in 2005.
A new Train de l'Est (East Train) line to Mascouche was announced by the Quebec government in March 2006. After delays and cost overruns, it started service in December 2014.
In 2014, the AMT acquired the entire Deux-Montagnes line from CN, including the right of way, infrastructure, trackage, other railway equipment, grounds, curb lanes, rights in the Mount Royal tunnel and air rights, in a $97 million transaction.
Creation of Exo
On June 1, 2017, the AMT was disbanded in a reorganization of metropolitan transit authorities. A new agency, the Réseau de transport métropolitain (RTM) was created to be responsible for operating commuter rail and suburban transit services. In May 2018, the RTM adopted the Exo brand (stylized exo , all-lowercase), to represent the sub- and exurban nature of its service area.
In 2019, Exo proceeded to rebrand all of its lines with numbers in the format "exo1", "exo2", etc. When the ARTM launched its new metropolitan signage in 2023, Exo renumbered the lines again starting at "11". It also adopted a new logo for train service in a distinctive colour to differentiate from other rapid transit services, rolling out progressively on signage since 2020.
Alignment with the new REM
The construction of the Réseau express métropolitain (REM) led initially to the closure of the Mount Royal Tunnel in May 2020, causing the Deux-Montagnes lines to terminate at Bois-Franc station, and the Mascouche line was rerouted around the Western end of Montreal in order to reach Central Station from the south. On December 31, 2020, the Deux-Montagnes line was closed permanently for conversion to the REM.
In May 2023, Exo announced that Lucien-L'Allier terminal would be closed starting April 2024 to rebuild the platforms and add a canopy. Trains on the Candiac, Vaudreuil-Hudson and Saint-Jérôme lines would terminate at Vendôme.
Lines
Fares
Exo services operate within the Autorité régionale de transport métropolitain (ARTM)'s integrated fare structure for Greater Montreal. Trains on the network operate within zones A, B and C. All Modes fares include passage on the commuter rail network through the zones covered.
As of 2024, the fare schedule still includes TRAIN fares applying the old AMT fare zones that are valid only on commuter rail lines.
There are no fare gates at train stations. Instead, a proof-of-payment system is used, where riders are expected to validate their ticket on the platform. Fare inspectors randomly check tickets. Tickets and passes are now sold by automated vending machines at stations, either onto an Opus card or a cardboard Occassionel card.
Funding
Financing for the rail network's operations (including maintenance, rolling stock, equipment and salaries) is handled by Exo, which is funded primarily by the Agence régionale du transport métropolitain.
Rolling stock
Exo has a variety of rolling stock, some of it acquired from GO Transit, the rest built specifically for it. There are a total of 256 cars and locomotives in the fleet.
Locomotives
Current locomotives
Future locomotives
On January 28, 2022, Exo announced that it had ordered 10 Siemens Charger locomotives to replace the older F59PH locomotives in their fleet.
Retired locomotives
Passenger cars
Current coaches
Future coaches
Retired coaches
Other retired rolling stock
Further details
The 22 bilevel coaches are in operation on the Saint-Jérôme line. The AMT did not purchase additional bilevels as it sought to standardize its train fleet with the arrival of the multi-level coaches. However, 20 additional bilevels were purchased by the RTM in March 2018.
On December 18, 2007, the AMT awarded Bombardier a $386-million contract to build 160 multi-level commuter cars. These cars are based on NJ Transit's Multilevel series, and are able to enter the Mount Royal Tunnel, unlike the older GO-style BiLevel cars. They are numbered in the 3000s.
See also
References
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64,043,604 | The Al Fahd 300 was an Iraqi solid-propelled short-range ballistic missile that was based on the Soviet S-75 Dvina surface-to-air missile. Its expected range was 300 km, which violated the limits provided by UNSC 687 which stipulated that Iraq was only allowed to have missiles with a range lower than 150 km. The missile project was thus halted and declared abandoned by 1993.
Development and operational history
In August 1991 Iraq secretly started work on the J-1 surface-to-surface missile based on the S-75 Dvina without notifying UNSCOM. During the development of the missile the Ababil-100 had already been declared and Iraq later on admitted to hiding its Fahd missile project with the Ababil-100 as similarities would be observed between J-1 and Ababil-100. Iraq had declared the project abandoned in May 1993, and had had six tests between January and April 1993 and provided UNSCOM details. Iraq had declared the range to be 134 km but UNSCOM could not verify it. Lt.Gen Hussein Kamel al-Majid had issued the orders for the project and its secrecy. 21 flight tests were claimed overall and the UNSCOM ordered the destruction for 9 of such missiles.
Al Fahd 500
The 500 km range version although being displayed at the 1989 Baghdad arms exposition did not reach the design stage and according to Pentagon Opinion was a mock-up for a propaganda campaign.
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10,805,668 | William Pole-Tylney-Long-Wellesley, 4th Earl of Mornington (22 June 1788 – 1 July 1857) was an Anglo-Irish nobleman notorious for his dissipated style of living.
Ancestry
One of his great-grandfathers was Henry Colley (d.1719) (or Cowley) of Castle Carbery, King's County, Ireland. That family from Rutland, England settled in Ireland tempus Henry VIII, where they were distinguished soldiers and administrators. Henry's sister Elizabeth married Garret (or Gerald) Wesley I of Dangan, Meath, younger son of Valerian Wesley and Ann Cusack (see legacy below). Henry's youngest son by Mary Usher, only daughter of Sir William Usher of Dublin, was Richard Colley (d.1758) who in 1728, on the death without issue of his first cousin Garret Wesley II inherited the Wesley estates with the proviso in the will that he and his heirs should adopt the name and arms of Wesley. He made the necessary formal declaration in 1728 and became known as Richard Wesley. In 1746 he was created 1st Baron Mornington, an ancient barony of the Wesleys. His sister Ann married William Pole of Ballyfin, Queen's County. Mornington married Elizabeth Sale, producing as heir Garret Wesley, 2nd Baron Mornington, who was created in 1760 1st Earl of Mornington in County Meath. In 1759 he married Ann Hill and produced five successful sons; of these, the most prominent, are:
William, above, inherited the Pole estates from William Pole (d. 1778) of Ballyfin, the childless brother of his aunt Ann Colley. The will of Pole required the family name to honour the inheritance, here Pole, thus William Wesley became in 1778 William Wesley-Pole. Wesley-Pole, born in 1763, also had an outstanding career, having been an Irish member of parliament for Trim, a Governor of Queen's County, and after the Union of 1800 a Westminster member for that county also, and having served as Chief Secretary for Ireland. He married in 1784 Katherine-Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Hon. John Forbes, Admiral of the Fleet and they had the 4th Earl .
Early life
He was born William Wesley-Pole on 22 June 1788 in London and baptised at St George's, Hanover Square, on 19 July. His family, quite broadly defined, changed their surname to the more archaic 'Wellesley' in the early 1790s.
His first marriage was on 14 March 1812 to Catherine Tylney-Long, known in fashionable London society as "The Wiltshire Heiress", and believed to be the richest commoner in England. Two months before the ceremony, Wellesley-Pole assumed the additional surnames of Tylney-Long , changing his name by royal licence.
During this period he enjoyed a political career, first as a Tory Member of Parliament for the pocket borough of St Ives from 1812 until 1818, and then for Wiltshire, where his wife's family was influential. However, he was principally known for his dissipation and extravagance. On one occasion in 1814, Long-Wellesley held a grand fête in Wanstead House and its gardens to celebrate his uncle the Duke of Wellington's victory over Napoleon, attended by the Prince Regent, a number of other members of the royal family, and over a thousand dignitaries.
He was a friend of the Irish poet Thomas Moore and of Lord Byron. On 8 August 1822, as his debts began to mount, he was appointed a Gentleman Usher to King George IV, an appointment which rendered him immune to arrest for debt, but he was soon to leave England entirely.
Second marriage and custody battle
While in Europe evading his creditors, Long-Wellesley began a relationship with Helena Paterson Bligh (died 7 April 1869), the wife of Captain Thomas Bligh of the Coldstream Guards, eventually abandoning Catherine, who died two years later on 12 September 1825. Catherine had implied in a letter to her sisters that her husband had given her a venereal disease. Long-Wellesley married Helena in 1828, but this marriage as quickly proved calamitous.
As a notorious rake he was unable to afford to make prudent investments in his first wife's property, but nor could he sell or mortgage it, having only a life interest in it (enjoying its income). As life tenant, he arranged with other beneficiaries for the demolition and carving up of Wanstead House's estate, the proceeds of which repaid some of his great debts.
He returned to Parliament in 1830, again as a member (MP) for St Ives. He was one of the Tories who broke with the first his uncle's Ministry and brought about its fall on 15 November 1830. He was returned and as a knight of the shire (MP) for Essex (in which lay Wanstead) from 1831 to 1832.
In the years following Catherine's death, he sought to regain control over his children, who were in the care of Catherine's two unmarried sisters, Dorothy and Emma. He was especially interested in William, the eldest, on whom Catherine's fortune had devolved. His uncle, the Duke, fighting one of his furious defensive actions, intervened on behalf of the children to keep the hapless William from his father.
Deprived of the custody of his children by the Court of Chancery, he was committed to the Fleet prison by Lord Brougham in July 1831 for contempt of court; Long-Wellesley invoked parliamentary privilege, but his plea was rejected by the committee of privileges of the House of Commons.
For some time he was in and out of court on charges of libel, and various other matters relating to his quest for custody of his children.
Decline and death
He led a very dissipated life and lived for a time in Brussels to avoid his creditors. In his last years, he lived on a small pension of £10 a week allowed by his cousin Arthur Wellesley, 2nd Duke of Wellington. From 1842 he was styled Viscount Wellesley , and succeeded his father as Earl of Mornington in 1845.
He died in lodgings in Thayer Street, Manchester Square, London, on 1 July 1857, from heart disease. The obituary notice three days later in the Morning Chronicle claimed that he was "A spendthrift, a profligate, and a gambler in his youth, he became debauched in his manhood... redeemed by no single virtue, adorned by no single grace, his life gone out even without a flicker of repentance". His coffin is in Catacomb B, Kensal Green Cemetery, London.
References
Further reading
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38,639,379 | Theme Park Studio is an amusement park simulator game developed by Pantera Entertainment. The project began seeking funding on Kickstarter in 2013 and has been released in phases since February 2014. It allows users to design and build their own theme parks featuring roller coasters and flat rides; similar to RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 . The game utilizes Oculus Rift, HTC Vive, and OSVR to allow users to experience roller coasters in a virtual reality format.
Gameplay
Theme Park Studio allows users to design and build their own custom theme parks with the use of an extensive toolset. Users are able to place pathways, scenery, foliage and a combination of flat rides and roller coasters to produce a virtual theme park of their imagination.
The game also features other modules such as terrain editing and the ability to easily manipulate the environment through weather and lighting. Users will have the ability to script their own mini games and work with a wide variety of particle effects.
Development
Theme Park Studio was announced on 20 November 2012. In April 2013, Pantera began a Kickstarter campaign that successfully raised 101,433 US dollars by its end date in May. On 27 February 2014, Pantera released Phase 1 of the Early Access campaign on Steam Since then, the game has gradually been rolled out in further stages including the ability to design and animate flat rides, as well as being able to design and test roller coasters.
The game is being released in phases via Steam. The first three phases released include access to building paths, foliage, structures, flat rides, and a present library of roller coasters.
On 25 November 2016, the game was released via retail. Later, on 2 December 2016, the game was brought out of Steam Early Access.
See also
References
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31,914,109 | Derek Mark Lane (born 7 October 1974) is a former English cricketer. Lane was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born in Wakefield, Yorkshire.
Lane made his debut for Hertfordshire in the 1998 Minor Counties Championship against Buckinghamshire. Lane played 2 further matches for Hertfordshire in 1998, against Norfolk and Staffordshire. The following season, he made 2 List A appearances for Hertfordshire. The first came in the 1st round against the Leicestershire Cricket Board in the 1999 NatWest Trophy. He was dismissed for 2 runs in this match by Neil Pullen, while with the ball he took the wicket of Nemesh Patel for the cost of 38 runs. His second appearance came in the 2nd round against the Sussex Cricket Board. In this match, he wasn't required to bat and bowled 3 wicket-less overs.
Lane later joined Bedfordshire, making his debut for the county in the 2003 Minor Counties Championship against Hertfordshire. He played 2 further matches for Bedfordshire: one in the 2003 Minor Counties Championship against Norfolk and another in the 2004 Minor Counties Championship against Staffordshire. He also made his only MCCA Knockout Trophy appearance in 2003 against Suffolk. In 2003, he played his only List A match for Bedfordshire against Warwickshire in the 3rd round of the 2003 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy. In this match, he scored 10 runs before being dismissed by Mark Wagh, while with the ball he took the wicket of Jim Troughton for the cost of 37 runs from 10 overs.
He has also played County Championship Second XI cricket for the Durham, Worcestershire, Hampshire and Surrey Second XI's.
References
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21,807,166 | John Louis Coffey (April 15, 1922 – November 10, 2012) was an American lawyer and jurist from Milwaukee County, Wisconsin. He served as a judge of the 7th Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals from 1982 until his death, taking senior status in 2004. Prior to his federal appointment, he served four years as a justice of the Wisconsin Supreme Court, and 16 years as a Wisconsin circuit court judge in Milwaukee County.
Education and career
Coffey was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and graduated from the Marquette University High School in 1939. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Marquette University in 1943 and was in the United States Navy during World War II, from 1943 to 1946. He received a Juris Doctor from Marquette University Law School in 1948. He was an assistant city attorney for the city of Milwaukee from 1949 to 1954.
Coffey was a judge for Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, first as a Civil Court judge from 1954 to 1960, then as a Municipal Court judge from 1960 to 1962, and then as a Circuit Court judge from 1962 to 1978. He was the senior judge of the Criminal Division from 1972 to 1975, and chief presiding judge of the Criminal Division in 1976, switching to the civil division from 1976 to 1978. Coffey was a justice of the Wisconsin Supreme Court from 1978 to 1982.
Federal judicial service
On February 19, 1982, Coffey was nominated by President Ronald Reagan to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit vacated by Judge Thomas E. Fairchild. Coffey was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 18, 1982, and received his commission the following day. He assumed senior status on July 2, 2004, and took inactive senior status on January 1, 2012.
He died, aged 90, on November 10, 2012.
References
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22,332,774 | The first USS Marie (SP-100) was an armed motorboat that served in the United States Navy as a patrol vessel from 1917 to 1919.
Marie was built as a civilian motorboat in 1912 by Seabury's at Morris Heights, New York. The U.S. Navy acquired her on 28 April 1917 from her owner, O. M. Pynchon, for use as a patrol boat during World War I. The Navy took delivery of her on 1 May 1917 and commissioned her on 15 June 1917 as USS Marie (SP-100).
Marie was assigned to the section patrol, and performed patrol duty for the remainder of World War I.
On 6 August 1919, Marie was stricken from the Navy List. She was sold on 2 October 1919 to E. J. Steiner.
From October 1917 until January 1919, Marie (SP-100) was one of two U.S. Navy ships in commission with the name USS Marie , the other being patrol boat USS Marie (SP-1260).
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16,427,204 | 2708 Burns ( prov. designation : 1981 WT ) is a carbonaceous Themistian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 19 kilometers (12 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 24 November 1981, by American astronomer Edward Bowell at the Anderson Mesa Station near Flagstaff, Arizona, in the United States. It was named after American planetary scientist Joseph A. Burns. The likely elongated B-type asteroid has a rotation period of 5.3 hours.
Orbit and classification
Burns is a Themistian asteroid that belongs to the Themis family ( 602 ), a very large family of carbonaceous asteroids, named after 24 Themis. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.5–3.6 AU once every 5 years and 5 months (1,975 days; semi-major axis of 3.08 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic.
The asteroid was first observed as A912 AE at Winchester Observatory ( 799 ) in January 1912. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at Goethe Link Observatory in February 1950, more than 31 years prior to its official discovery observation at Anderson Mesa.
Naming
This minor planet was named after Joseph A. Burns (born 1941), American planetary scientist and astronomer at Cornell University in New York, and a co-discoverer of the trans-Neptunian object (385191) at Palomar in 1997. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 4 August 1982 ( M.P.C. 7158 ).
Physical characteristics
In the SMASS classification, Burns is a carbonaceous B-type, which are somewhat brighter than the common C-type asteroids.
Rotation period
In March 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Burns was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer René Roy. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 5.315 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.52 magnitude, indicative for a non-spherical shape ( U=3 ).
Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Burns measures between 13.63 and 22 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.051 and 0.12. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.08 and calculates a diameter of 17.86 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.1.
References
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233,815 | Andrew Robert Buxton Cavendish, 11th Duke of Devonshire (2 January 1920 – 3 May 2004), styled Lord Andrew Cavendish until 1944 and Marquess of Hartington from 1944 to 1950, was a British peer and politician. He was a minister in the government of Prime Minister Harold Macmillan (his uncle by marriage), and is also known for opening Chatsworth House to the public.
Early life
Cavendish was the second son of Edward Cavendish, 10th Duke of Devonshire and Mary Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire, the former Lady Mary Alice Gascoyne-Cecil, daughter of James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury. He was educated at Ludgrove School, Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge. Growing up, his elder brother, William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington, was the heir apparent to the dukedom.
Career
Military service
Cavendish served in the British Army during World War II. Having attended an Officer Cadet Training Unit, he was commissioned into the Coldstream Guards as a second lieutenant on 2 November 1940. On 7 December 1944, while holding the rank of acting captain, he was awarded the Military Cross 'in recognition of gallant and distinguished services in Italy'. The action took place on 27 July 1944 when his company was cut off for 36 hours in heavy combat near Strada, Italy. He held the rank of major at the end of the war.
In later life, he took on a number of honorary positions within the military. On 2 December 1953, he was appointed Honorary Colonel of a Territorial Army unit of the Royal Regiment of Artillery. On 2 October 1981, he was appointed Honorary Colonel of the Manchester and Salford Universities Officers' Training Corps. He relinquished this appointment on 2 January 1985.
Political career
Cavendish, now styled as Marquess of Hartington, ran unsuccessfully as a National Liberal candidate for Chesterfield in the 1945 general election and as a Conservative for the same seat in 1950. He succeeded as 11th Duke of Devonshire in November 1950, and served as Mayor of Buxton from 1952 to 1954. Devonshire served as Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Commonwealth Relations from 1960 to 1962, Minister of State at the Commonwealth Relations Office from 1962 to 1963, and for Colonial Affairs from 1963 to 1964. He once said that these appointments by his uncle, Harold Macmillan, the then-prime minister, were "the greatest act of nepotism ever".
He joined the Social Democratic Party (SDP) in early 1982, having contacted the party's leader Roy Jenkins directly to offer his support soon after the Warrington by-election the previous summer. Latterly a supporter of David Owen – whom he later described as "the best of them" – Devonshire chose to remain with the rump 'continuing' SDP after the majority of the party's members voted to merge with the Liberal Party in 1988. He later sat as a crossbencher during his rare appearances in the House of Lords.
Other pursuits
The duke followed the family tradition of owning racehorses, the most famous of which was Park Top, the subject of the duke's first published book, A Romance of The Turf: Park Top , which was published in 1976. His autobiography, Accidents of Fortune , was published just before his death in 2004. The duke had many disputes over the years with the ramblers who used the paths near Chatsworth. Eventually though, in 1991, he signed an agreement with the Peak National Park Authority opening 1,300 acres (5 km 2 ) of his estate to walkers. He said that everyone was "welcome in my back garden". The duke's real estate holdings were vast. In addition to Chatsworth he also owned Lismore Castle in Ireland and Bolton Abbey in North Yorkshire. He also owned the bookshop Heywood Hill and the gentleman's club Pratt's.
Devonshire was a major collector of contemporary British art, known especially for his patronage of Lucian Freud. He was one of the founders, and the chief patron of, the Next Century Foundation, in which capacity he hosted the private Chatsworth talks between representatives of the governments of the Arab world and Israel. The duke was listed at number 73 in the Sunday Times Rich List of the richest people in Great Britain in 2004.
Family
Marriage
In 1941, the then Lord Andrew Cavendish married The Honourable Deborah Freeman-Mitford (31 March 1920 – 24 September 2014), youngest daughter of David Freeman-Mitford, 2nd Baron Redesdale and one of the Mitford sisters, in the Priory Church of St Bartholomew-the-Great, Smithfield, London.
Four of the couple's seven children died soon after birth, and the Duke's extramarital affairs became public after he appeared as a witness at a burglary trial and was forced to admit, under oath, that he was on holiday with one of a series of younger women when the crime occurred at his London home.
The Duke, however, claimed that much of his marriage's success was due to the Duchess's tolerance and broadmindedness. The Duchess, as chatelaine, was largely responsible for the success of Chatsworth as a commercial endeavour.
Issue
Devonshire and his wife had seven children, three of whom died in infancy. The three surviving children were a son, Peregrine Cavendish, 12th Duke of Devonshire, and two daughters, Lady Emma Cavendish and Lady Sophia Topley.
In December 1946, the Duchess had a miscarriage; had the child been born, it would have been a twin of Victor Cavendish, born in 1947.
Inheritance
Devonshire's older brother William, Marquess of Hartington, who would have inherited the dukedom, was killed in combat near the end of the Second World War. With William's death, Andrew became heir and received the courtesy title of Marquess of Hartington, by which he was known from September 1944 until November 1950.
Devonshire's uncle, Lord Charles Cavendish, died aged 38 as a result of alcoholism. Lord Charles's will bequeathed Lismore Castle to Andrew upon the remarriage of Charles's wife, Adele Astaire, in 1947.
The 10th Duke died of a heart attack while visiting Eastbourne in November 1950 and Andrew, who was in Australia at the time, inherited the title. The Duke died while being attended by suspected serial killer Dr John Bodkin Adams, who was his doctor when visiting Eastbourne. No proper police investigation was ever conducted into the death, but Devonshire later said "it should perhaps be noted that this doctor was not appointed to look after the health of my two younger sisters, who were then in their teens"; Adams had a reputation for grooming older patients to extract bequests.
Devonshire inherited the estate but also an inheritance tax bill of £7 million (£303 million in 2023), nearly 80 per cent of the value of the estate. To meet this, the Duke had to sell off many art objects and antiques, including several Rembrandts, Van Dycks and Raffaello Santis, as well as thousands of acres of land.
The Duke is buried in the churchyard of St Peter's Church, Edensor – in the grounds of Chatsworth.
Honours
In 1996 he was made a Knight Companion of the Garter. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society later that year.
On 10 December 1955, he was made a Grand Cross of the Order of Christ by the Portuguese government.
Coat of Arms
Other
He once told an interviewer:
"Wonderful things have happened in my life — it's time my son had his turn. When I was young I used to like casinos, fast women and God knows what. Now my idea of Heaven, apart from being at Chatsworth, is to sit in the hall of Brooks's, having tea."
Bibliography
References
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43,162,603 | Octopus were an English psychedelic rock band, resulting from renaming a Hatfield (UK) based band named the Cortinas in late 1968. At the time of the renaming the group consisted of founder members Paul Griggs and his brother Nigel Griggs, Rick Williams and Nigel (Gary) Whinyates. As the Cortinas they released one single on Polydor in 1968. As Octopus they released one LP Restless Night on Penny Farthing in April 1971, along with several singles from 1969 to 1971.
Octopus supported many well-known groups including Cream and Yes and had several members who later joined famous groups: including drummer Brian Glascock, who replaced Nigel Whinyates in late 1969, John Cook and Tim Reeves of Mungo Jerry, and brother Nigel Griggs himself and Malcolm Green, both later of the New Zealand group, Split Enz. Paul Griggs was later a founding member of the pop group Guys 'n' Dolls.
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3,320,456 | Steven Archibald (born 27 September 1956) is a Scottish former professional footballer and manager. He played prominently as a forward for Aberdeen, winning the Scottish league in 1980, Tottenham Hotspur, winning two FA Cups and a UEFA Cup, and Barcelona, winning the Spanish league in 1985. He also played for several other clubs in Scotland, England, Spain and Ireland.
Archibald played 27 times for Scotland, earning selection for their 1982 and 1986 World Cup squads, and was inducted into the Scottish Football Hall of Fame in 2009. He later managed East Fife and Airdrieonians.
Club career
Archibald was born in Glasgow and raised nearby in Rutherglen. He was playing for local teams such as Croftfoot United and Fernhill Athletic while completing his training as a car mechanic when he was spotted by Scottish First Division club Clyde in 1974. He first came to prominence playing in midfield for Clyde, but after manager Billy McNeill paid £20,000 to bring him to top-division side Aberdeen in January 1978 he was converted to striker, forging a prolific partnership with Joe Harper.
After winning the Scottish Premier Division title in 1980, he moved to London club Tottenham Hotspur for £800,000, where he finished the top scorer in the First Division and won the FA Cup in his first season there. He won a second FA Cup in 1982 and then the UEFA Cup in 1984, where he scored his penalty in the final as Spurs overcame Anderlecht in a shootout. He also scored for Spurs in their defeat by Liverpool in the 1982 Football League Cup Final. Archibald scored 77 goals in 189 appearances for Spurs between 1980 and 1984, forming successful striking partnerships with Garth Crooks and Mark Falco.
In 1984, he joined Barcelona for £1,150,000, where in his first season he helped them win the La Liga title for the first time in 11 years. He then helped Barça reach the European Cup final in 1986, only to lose on penalty kicks to Steaua Bucharest. He was a popular figure at the Camp Nou until restrictions on fielding foreign players led to him being excluded from the squad in favour of Gary Lineker and Mark Hughes. He was loaned out to Blackburn Rovers for a spell before returning to Scotland in 1988 to sign for Hibernian.
Archibald scored 16 goals in his first season at Hibernian, including the winning goal in November 1988 in a 2–1 win away against Hearts, Hibs' first away win against their city rivals in over 10 years. He left Hibs in 1990 after falling out with manager Alex Miller, and had a brief return to Spain with Espanyol (then in the Second Division). He then joined St Mirren and was instrumental in bringing former Barcelona teammate Víctor Muñoz to the club.
Archibald's later career saw him make a handful of appearances at a number of clubs in Scotland, England and Ireland, including a nostalgic return to Clyde.
International career
Archibald was a member of the Scotland national team at the 1982 and 1986 World Cups.
On 15 November 2009, he was inducted into the Scottish Football Hall of Fame.
Managerial career and the Airdrie experiment
Archibald's time at East Fife saw the club gain promotion to the First Division, and was also notable for the acquisition of Trinidad and Tobago internationalists Arnold Dwarika and Craig Demmin. He was sacked in 1996 and retired to his home in Spain for the next few years, working on a number of business interests, including as a football agent.
In 2000 Archibald re-emerged in Scottish football when he mounted a bid to buy financially troubled First Division club Airdrieonians. Archibald was allowed to take over the running of the club after being awarded preferred bidder status by the administrators. He installed himself as manager and, using his contacts in Europe, introduced a contingent of Spaniards and other foreign players to the squad, winning the 2000–01 Scottish Challenge Cup.
Although Airdrie supporters were impressed by Archibald and the skills of the imports, he ultimately failed to conclude the purchase of the club, leading to the departure of himself and the foreign players in March 2001, and causing them to narrowly miss out on relegation to the Second Division. They had also been expelled from the Scottish Cup for failing to fulfil a fixture. Airdrieonians went out of business on 1 May 2002, and a new club called Airdrie United was formed and took Clydebank's place in the Scottish Football League.
Music career
Archibald appeared twice in the same episode of Top of the Pops in 1982, firstly singing "We Have a Dream" with the Scotland World Cup squad starring BA Robertson and then alongside his Tottenham Hotspur teammates and Chas & Dave singing "Tottenham, Tottenham".
Career statistics
Club
International
Managerial statistics
Honours
Player
Manager
Individual
References
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29,329,941 | The Villa Sacchetti , also called Castello Chigi , is a historical building at Castelfusano, near Ostia Antica, Rome, Italy. It was built in 1624-1629 for the Sacchetti family, close associates of Pope Urban VIII, and was the first architectural work of Pietro da Cortona. The villa is now known as Castello Chigi since its acquisition by the Chigi family in the 18th century.
Description
The villa has a generally fortified appearance; it is block-like with corner bastions and has a belvedere terrace at the top; there were occasional attacks by pirates along the coast. The plan layout, recorded in drawings by Pier Leone Ghezzi (circa 1735), is simple and straightforward and lacks the formal inventiveness of Cortona's later architectural work, including the Villa Pigneto del Marchese Sacchetti.
The ground level has a central hall with staircase and was otherwise given over to service rooms. On the third level, there is a gallery spanning the length of the building with frescoes by Cortona and other artists of the time including Andrea Sacchi. There is also a chapel decorated by Cortona.
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290,133 | Dangun or Tangun (Korean: 단군 ; Hanja: 檀君 ; [tan.ɡun] ), also known as Dangun Wanggeom ( 단군왕검 ; 檀君王儉 ; [tan.ɡun waŋ.ɡʌm] ), was the legendary founder and first king of Gojoseon, the first Korean kingdom. He founded the first kingdom around the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. He is said to be the "grandson of heaven", "son of a bear", and to have founded the first kingdom in 2333 BC.
The earliest recorded version of the Dangun legend appears in the 13th-century Samguk yusa , which purportedly cites Korea's lost historical record, Gogi ( 고기 ; 古記 ; lit. 'Ancient Record') and China's Book of Wei . However, there is no records related to Dangun in the current surviving version of the Book of Wei .
Koreans celebrate Dangun's founding of Gojoseon, Korea's first dynasty, on 3 October as a national holiday known as National Foundation Day ( Gaecheonjeol ). It is a religious anniversary started by Daejongism ( 대종교 ; 大倧教 ), worshipping Dangun.
Many Korean historians regard Dangun and Tengri as being etymologically identical.
Myth and interpretations
In Korean mythology, Dangun's ancestry legend begins with his grandfather Hwanin ( 환인 ; 桓因 ), the "Lord of Heaven". Hwanin had a son, Hwanung, who yearned to live on the earth among the valleys and the mountains. Hwanin permitted Hwanung and 3,000 followers to descend onto Taebaeksan (written as Myohyang-san in samguk sagi , but now believed to be Paektu Mountain), where Hwanung founded Sinsi ( 신시 ; 神市 , "City of God"). Along with his ministers of clouds, rain and wind, he instituted laws and moral codes and taught humans various arts, medicine, and agriculture. Legend attributes the development of acupuncture and moxibustion to Dangun.
A tiger and a bear prayed to Hwanung that they might become human. Upon hearing their prayers, Hwanung gave them twenty cloves of garlic and a bundle of mugwort, ordering them to eat only this sacred food and remain out of the sunlight for 100 days. The tiger gave up after about twenty days and left the cave. However, the bear persevered and was transformed into a woman. The bear and the tiger are said to represent two tribes that sought the favor of the heavenly prince.
The bear-woman, Ungnyeo, was grateful and made offerings to Hwanung. However, she lacked a husband, and soon became sad and prayed beneath a "divine birch" tree ( 신단수 ; 神檀樹 ; shindansu ) to be blessed with a child. Hwanung, moved by her prayers, took her for his wife and soon she gave birth to a son named Dangun Wanggeom.
Dangun ascended to the throne, built the walled city of Asadal situated near Pyongyang (the location is disputed), and called the kingdom Joseon—referred to today as Gojoseon so as not to be confused with the later kingdom of Joseon that was established roughly 2000 years later. He then moved his capital to Asadal on Mount Paegak or Mount Gunghol.
Dangun's biography reflected the interest of the people of Dangun Joseon (Gojoseon) at the time in establishing the legitimacy of the kingship of Gojoseon and the dignity of the country. The king of Gojoseon conducted a ritual in honor of his ancestral god every year. Soon, the myth of Dangun was the political ideology of the Gojoseon period, and the ritual had a function of political assembly.
Dating
Emperor Dangun's rule is usually calculated to begin in 2333 BCE, based on the description of the Tongguk t'onggam (1485) contrary to the 40th year of the reign of the legendary Chinese Emperor Yao. Other sources vary somewhat, but also put it during Yao's reign (traditional dates: 2357 BC-2256 BC). The Samguk yusa states Dangun ascended to the throne in the 50th year of Yao's reign, while Annals of the Joseon Dynasty says the first year and Tongguk t'onggam says the 25th year.
Until 1961, the official South Korean era (for numbering years) was called the Dangi ( 단기 ; 檀紀 ), which began in 2333 BC. Followers of Daejongism considered 3 October in the Korean calendar as Gaecheonjeol . This day is now a public holiday in South Korea in the Gregorian calendar called "National Foundation Day". North Korea dates Dangun's founding of Gojoseon to the early 30th century BC.
15 March in the year 4340 of the Dangun Era is called "Royal Day Festival" ( 어천절 ; 御天節 ; Eocheonjeol ), the day that the semi-legendary founder Dangun returned to the heavens.
Historical perception
Dangun began to attract attention during the late Goryeo dynasty, when Koreans fought wars against the Mongolian Yuan dynasty. During the Joseon period they were worshiped as the ancestors of the nation. In the Joseon dynasty, a shrine dedicated to Dangun of Gojoseon and King Chumo of Goguryeo was built in Pyongyang, and the Samseongdang ( 삼성당 ; 三聖堂 ), dedicated to the gods of Hwanin, Hwanung, and Dangun, was built.
In Korea at the end of the 19th century, it was greatly emphasized to highlight the resistance of the Joseon people against Imperialist invasion, and it developed into a religion, Dangunkyo ( 단군교 ; 檀君敎 ). Dangun, who emerged as the central figure of nationalism, played a large role in the spiritual foundation of the independence movement during the Japanese colonial period. In addition, the history of the Dangun era was compiled by followers of Daejongism, such as 'Daedong Sagang' ( 대동사강 ) and 'Gyuwon Sahwa' ( 규원사화 ) and the independence movement, emphasizing the history of the Dangun period.
The study of Dangun in South Korea focused on the historical significance of the Gojoseon society. In South Korea, Dangun Wanggeom is regarded as the head of the Gojoseon society, with many characteristics of the role of high priest. Wanggeom has the meaning of an overlord who governs the country.
In North Korea, the Dangun and Dangun myths were previously established as the founding myth to justify the process of establishing the Gojoseon regime. However, after the excavation of the Mausoleum of Tangun in 1994, North Korea changed its position and claimed that the Dangun myth reflects historical facts and that Dangun is a real person. Also, Dangun claims that the first king of Gojoseon, founded by the Korean people, had all of his birth, founding, and tombs in Pyongyang. There is a tomb of Dangun that North Korea excavated and reconstructed near the city directly under Pyongyang.
Appearances
The earliest recorded version of the Dangun legend appears in the 13th century Samguk yusa , which cites China's Book of Wei and Korea's lost history text Gogi ( 고기 ; 古記 ). This is the best known and most studied version, but similar versions are recorded in the Jewang Un-gi by the late Goryeo scholar Yi Seunghyu ( 이승휴 ; 李承休 , 1224–1300), as well as the Eungje Siju ( 응제시주 ; 應製詩註 ) and Sejong Sillok ( 세종실록 ; commonly known as " Annals of the Joseon Dynasty" , Sejong Jang-heon Dae-wang Shil-lok ; 세종장헌대왕실록 ; 世宗莊憲大王實錄 ) of the early Joseon. Dangun is worshipped today as a deity by the followers of Cheondoism and Daejongism.
In taekwondo
Dangun is the second pattern or hyeong in the International Taekwon-Do Federation form of the Korean martial art taekwondo. Students learn that the hyeong represents "the holy legendary founder of Korea in the year 2333 BC."
Mausoleum of Dangun
North Korea's leader Kim Il Sung insisted that Dangun was not merely a legend but a real historical person. As a consequence, North Korean archaeologists were compelled to locate the purported remains and grave of Dangun.
According to a North Korean publication, the Mausoleum of Dangun is the alleged burial site of the legendary Dangun.
See also
References
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41,473,454 | Brigadier-General Frederick Gordon Spring , (25 July 1878 – 24 September 1963) was a senior British Army officer.
Early life
Spring was born in 1878 in Bombay, India, the son of Colonel Frederick William Spring, a Royal Artillery officer. He was educated at Blundell's School and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst.
Military career
Spring was commissioned into the Royal Lincolnshire Regiment as a second lieutenant on 7 May 1898, and promoted to lieutenant on 3 January 1900. He served with the regiment in South Africa during the Second Boer War, from June 1900 he took part in operations in Transvaal. He was again seconded for service in South Africa in April 1902, when he commanded a mounted infantry contingent. The war ended two months later, and Spring left Cape Town in the SS Dunera in late September 1902, arriving at Southampton early the following month. He was back with his regiment in January 1903.
Spring was adjutant of the 2nd Battalion of his regiment between 1904 and 1907, and was promoted to captain in 1905. He retired from the army as a major in 1907, but was recalled to service at the outbreak of the First World War.
World War 1
He initially served as an Embarkation Officer, but was soon posted to the Staff of the 33rd (Infantry) Brigade as its Signals Officer. He was deployed to Gallipoli with the brigade in 1915, and was involved in the successful capture of "Chocolate Hill" by the 6th (Service) Battalion of the Lincolnshire Regiment from Ottoman Empire forces during the Battle of Sari Bair. However, the battalion suffered heavy losses and Spring was injured in the action. Upon recovery he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel in June 1916, and took command of the 11th (Service) Battalion of the Essex Regiment, which at the time was engaged on the Western Front with the 6th Infantry Division. Whilst in this position Spring presided over a Divisional court martial that sentenced Pte. Harry Farr of the 1st Battalion West Yorkshire Regiment to death for cowardice. Spring commanded the 11th (S) Battalion Essex Regiment during the Battle of the Somme, and at the Battle of Cambrai. He was promoted to colonel in 1918. In September 1918 he returned to the 33rd Brigade as its brigadier-general. He was Mentioned in Dispatches five times over the course of the war. He was also awarded the Croix de guerre by the French government.
Post-war military career
Following the end of World War 1, Spring was appointed Senior Instructor at the Senior Officers' School, Belgaum, India from January 1921 to September 1922. Returning to England, Spring continued to serve with the Lincolnshire Regiment, commanding the 1st Battalion between 1923 and 1927. In this capacity he was in charge of the battalion during its deployment to Northern Ireland from 1923 to 1924 in support of the Royal Ulster Constabulary.
Between 1927 and 1931, Spring was Assistant Quartermaster General of Southern Command in England. He was subsequently the commander of the Poona (Independent) Brigade Area, Southern Command, India until his retirement in 1935. From 1935 to 1939, he served as Inspector of Recruiting. During the Second World War, he worked on the Imperial General Staff at the War Office. He was also a Justice of the Peace.
Death
Spring died in 1963 in Aldershot, Hampshire. There is a memorial in Lincoln Cathedral to his memory.
Personal life
He married Violet Maud Turnbull, the granddaughter of Colonel Henry Law Maydwell, in late 1919. In 1933 Spring's nine-year-old son, John Gordon Spring, died after an accident while being shown around the Royal Navy battleship HMS Hood at Portsmouth. He accidentally fell 60 ft down an open hatch and died of injuries sustained the next day.
Publications
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14,313,549 | Charles Alfred Duncan , GC (13 April 1920 – 10 July 1943) was a soldier in the British Army's Parachute Regiment who was posthumously awarded the George Cross during the Second World War.
Duncan was born in Bexhill-on-Sea on 13 April 1920. He was a member of the Signal Platoon in the 4th Battalion of the Parachute Regiment. On 10 July 1943, in M'Saken, Tunisia, his squad had been removing the fuses from their grenades in a confined area after the postponement of a parachute operation in Sicily when a live device was dropped on the ground. Duncan retrieved it, found the pin was out and the fuse burning and dropped on the grenade to shield his fellows from the inevitable blast. Duncan was posthumously awarded the George Cross for the self-sacrifice he showed by throwing himself on a grenade. Notice of his award appeared in The London Gazette on 9 November 1943.
He is buried in Enfidaville War Cemetery in Enfidaville, Tunisia. His medal was presented to the Airborne Forces Museum at Aldershot in 1972.
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70,011,402 | Henriette Mankiewicz (born 20 July 1852 in Vienna as Henriette Tauber; died 30 June 1906 in Bad Vöslau) was an art embroiderer from Austria-Hungary.
Early life
Mankiewicz was the daughter of the stockbroker and writer Joseph Samuel Tauber (1824-1879) and his wife Louise, née Edle von Hönigsberg (1824-1894). Her great-grandfather Israel Hönig von Hönigsberg was a tobacco merchant and was the first Jew to be ennobled in Austria. The father's family was also of the Jewish faith. In 1872 she married the widowed Carl Mankiewicz (1834-1896) in Vienna. He served as Serbian consul general elect in Dresden, where the couple lived after their marriage. Her husband was buried in the New Israelite Cemetery in Dresden in 1896. She moved back to Vienna after his death and later converted to the Catholic faith. With Carl Mankiewicz she had a daughter Margarethe (1881-1938). She worked as a writer and translator and married the First Lieutenant and Serbian Consul General Ernst von Schuch. Margarethe von Schuch-Mankiewicz had also left Judaism in 1897 and lived in Rome from 1931 onwards.
Woman in art
Mankiewicz grew up in an art-loving family. However, as a woman she was not allowed to study in an institution, so she received private art lessons from teachers like Hans Makart, who portrayed her several times. Influenced by Makart's taste for refined luxury, from 1888 she specialized in embroidered works of art.
Mankiewicz made decorative panneaus, mostly with flowers and landscapes. Her works - often called needle paintings - were often a combination of different techniques - embroidery, painting and sewing on silk. Her works were shown in numerous German cities. At the Paris World's Fair in 1889, her works were on display in the Austrian section to acclaim. Subsequently, she was honored with a medal by the jury of the World's Fair and, at the suggestion of the painters Ernest Meissonier, Léon Bonnat and Émile Auguste Carolus-Duran, received the distinction of Officier de l'Academie. She received further medals in Prague and in the Netherlands. In 1894 she successfully exhibited her so-called giant paintings in Berlin. She also collected art, and donated the painting Houses in Argenteuil by Claude Monet to the National Gallery in 1898.
Mankiewicz maintained a literary salon that was known far beyond the city's borders. She was friends with the composer Gustav Mahler.
Literature
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24,021,848 | John William Holden Gastall (25 May 1913 – 1997) was an English professional association footballer who played as a centre forward.
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40,370,022 | The Central Military Commission Political Work Department Song and Dance Troupe (simplified Chinese: 中央军委政治工作部歌舞团 ; traditional Chinese: 中央軍事委員會政治工作部歌舞團 ; pinyin: Zhōngyāngjūnweǐ Zhèngzhì Gōngzuóbù Gēwǔtuán ), formerly known as Chinese People's Liberation Army General Political Department Song and Dance Troupe (simplified Chinese: 中国人民解放军总政治部歌舞团 ; traditional Chinese: 中國人民解放軍總政治部歌舞團 ; pinyin: Zhōngguó Rénmín Jiěfàngjūn Zǒngzhèngzhìbù Gēwǔtuán ), is the official army choir of the Central Military Commission. Founded during the Chinese Civil War, the troupe consists of a song and dance ensemble, an opera troupe, and a repertory theatre.
The Central Military Commission Political Department Song and Dance Troupe has entertained audiences both in China and throughout the world, performing a range of music including military songs, guoyue, popular music, stage play, traditional Chinese opera, xiangsheng, and sketch comedy. It is a directly reporting unit of the Political Work Department of the CMC, and is organized into:
In 2016, as part of the Xi Jinping's restructuring of the PLA, many of the performance troupes under the PWD-CMC were also restructured or simply disbanded altogether.
Composition
These past and present artists and musicians worked as part of the central SDT:
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69,643,219 | The Saint-Chamond modèle 1921 was a prototype wheel-cum-track military vehicle made in France during the interwar period. The type was known as autochenilles .
Design
This vehicle could move either on tracks in difficult terrain, or on its two sets of retractable wheels on roads. A small 2-cylinder, 2 hp (1.5 kW) auxiliary engine, installed on the rear axle generated the necessary force to lift the front axle completely, and the rear axle partially. The transition from wheel to track-drive took 10 minutes.
The initial model, the Model 1920, was a one-man vehicle; the driver, also acting as gunner, was seated inside the 6 mm armoured superstructure. The Model 1920 was armed with an 8mm Hotchkiss Mle 1914 machine gun, mounted on the superstructure front plate, slightly offset to the right. The first prototype was completed in 1920.
In tests, the M1920 showed good performance, reaching a speed of 28 km/h on wheels and 6 km/h on tracks. It overcame a 30° incline and was able to cross a ditch 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in) wide and 0.7 m (2.3 ft) deep. However, it soon became clear that it was very difficult for one person to combine the roles of driver and gunner, so some modifications were made to add one more person to the crew, and later it became standard (2 crew) for the St-Chamond tanks. After subsequent modifications and testing, the tank was approved in 1921 for series production under the designation “ Chenillette St-Chamond Modele 1921 ”. Its production was limited to only 12 units since the French Army was not at interested in using the type of vehicle.
A new version, equipped as a self-propelled howitzer, with a 75 mm M1897 gun, was presented to the French Army but this too failed to gain interest, as it was considered unsuitable for the battlefield due to its thin armor.
At the same time, the vehicle was offered to other nations, and initially it was well accepted. In 1923, an example was sold and sent to Finland, where it was subjected to a number of tests, which soon revealed that the mechanical drive and transmission could not support high loads, adding to this the lack of protection which left the crew exposed, the weaponry was also considered weak with limited firing angles. Based on these conditions, the Finnish delegation declined to buy further units. The vehicle was used for educational purposes, being decommissioned in 1937.
Another vehicle was sold to Japan, presumably in 1924. At the time the Imperial Japanese Army was considering the option of adopting an armored reconnaissance vehicle and the M1921 fit the requirements very well. However, the winner of the competition was the Carden-Lloyd Mk.VIb tankette, due to its better technical reliability.
There is also sources that say that Spain and the Soviet Union purchased the vehicle (or received for testing). Most likely, the vehicle's features were considered insufficient, as neither nation showed interest and there were no further sales. Poland acquired two vehicles, which after subsequent testing it was classified as "useless".
Variants
A few other prototypes, the M1924, M1926, and the M1928 were produced, but gained no interest.
Operators
See
Notes
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33,406,482 | Sarma Sedleniece (4 November 1939 - 27 December 2020) was a Latvian chess master who achieve victory in the Latvian Chess Championship for women in 1968.
Sarma Sedleniece started to play chess at the age of 13 and won the Latvian Girl championship for the first time at the age of 15 and was successful winning the same title three more times (1955–1957). Rīga women chess championship she won also four times: 1959, 1960, 1969 and 1970.
She won the Latvian Chess Championship for women in 1968, was the runner-up in 1971 and won the third prize in 1972. In 1971 she played for Latvia team "Daugava" at eighth board in Soviet team chess cup in Rostov-on-Don.
Sarma Sedleniece was also a very good correspondence chess player and won the first Latvian correspondence chess championship for women in 1969–1970.
She died on 27 December 2020 and was buried in Jaunciema cemetery in Riga.
References
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12,111,640 | Chess Mates is a computer software program, released in 1996 for Macintosh and 1997 for Microsoft Windows, designed to teach the basics of Chess. Chess Mates was marketed as an easy way for children to learn the building blocks of becoming a successful chess player. It was developed by Presage Software. The original price was $34.95.
Reception
Although relatively few copies were released, the game has received favorable reviews. Discovery School cited the game's appealing graphics, sense of humor, and effective teaching of the various aspects of Chess.
References
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68,338,104 | Sophie Ambler is a medieval historian, focussing on politics, ethics, and warfare, often through the lens of the Crusades. She undertook her PhD at King's College London, supervised by David A. Carpenter.
Career
Between 2012 and 2013, Ambler worked as a Research Associate on the AHRC-funded 'Breaking of Britain' project, with a focus on the 'People of Northern England' project. Ambler subsequently joined the Magna Carta Project as a Research Associate, working on the project at the University of East Anglia from 2013 to 2015.
Ambler joined Lancaster University as a Lecturer in 2017, and since 2021 she has been Reader in Central & Later Medieval History. In 2020, Ambler was one of the recipients of the Philip Leverhulme Prize. She frequently contributes to TV and radio, like her piece on the Second Barons' War as part of In Our Time .
In 2023, Ambler secured funding from the Castle Studies Trust to investigate the medieval site of Lowther Castle Stead in Cumbria and its associated village. The project aimed to investigate the castle's foundation through the first geophysical surveys and excavations at the castle.
Selected works
Books
References
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29,524,221 | The I Corps of the Ottoman Empire (Turkish: 1 nci Kolordu or Birinci Kolordu ) was one of the corps of the Ottoman Army consisting of ethnic Albanians. It was formed in the early 20th century during Ottoman military reforms.
Formation
Order of Battle, 1911
With further reorganization of the Ottoman Army, to include the creation of corps-level headquarters, by 1911 the I Corps was headquartered in Harbiye. Before the First Balkan War in 1911, the corps was structured as such:
Balkan Wars
Order of Battle, October 17, 1912
On October 17, 1912, the corps was structured as follows:
Order of Battle, October 29, 1912
On October 29, 1912, the corps was structured as follows:
Order of Battle, November 17, 1912
On November 17, 1912, the corps was structured as follows:
Order of Battle, March 25, 1913
On March 25, 1913, the corps was structured as follows:
Order of Battle, July 1913
World War I
Order of Battle, August 1914, November 1914
In August 1914, November 1914, the corps was structured as follows:
Order of Battle, Late April 1915
In late April 1915, the corps was structured as follows:
Order of Battle, Late Summer 1915, January 1916
In late Summer 1915, January 1916, the corps was structured as follows:
Order of Battle, August 1916
In August 1916, the corps was structured as follows:
Order of Battle, December 1916
In December 1916, the corps was structured as follows:
Order of Battle, August 1917, January 1918, June 1918, September 1918
In August 1917, January 1918, June 1918, September 1918, the corps was structured as follows:
After Mudros
Order of Battle, November 1918
In November 1918, the corps was structured as follows:
Order of Battle, January 1919
In January 1919, the corps was structured as follows:
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2,785,283 | Mathias Färm (born September 9, 1974, in Örebro, Sweden) is a guitar player, best known as a member of the Swedish punk rock band Millencolin. He is also the frontman of a punk band named Franky Lee, a side-project of Millencolin.
He started skating in 1987 and started listening to Operation Ivy, Mc Rad, the Descendents and Odd Man Out because of the skate videos. Early in 1992 he and Nikola Šarčević were members of a band named Seigmen, which was a punk rock band singing in Swedish. Färm runs a studio named Soundlab Studios, which he started with the help of Mieszko Talarczyk the former lead singer of Swedish grindcore band Nasum.
He was the inaugural drummer for Millencolin but soon switched to guitar when Millencolin's current drummer Fredrik Larzon joined the band in 1993. This change was made because most of Millencolin's songs required two guitars on stage to duplicate the studio recorded sounds. Färm was also a more proficient guitarist than drummer.
Currently, he lives in Örebro, Sweden. He's a vegetarian. Mathias plays most rhythm guitars on the first three Millencolin albums, but in the more recent albums, he performs most of the lead guitars, notably octave-style riffs and some solos.
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21,064,461 | Yuri Garrievich Abramovich (Russian: Юрий Гарриевич Абрамович ; 5 September 1935 in Kharkiv, Ukrainian SSR – 28 February 2017 in Zhukovsky, Moscow Oblast, Russia) was a test pilot of the Moscow Aviation Industrial Association (MAIA).
Abramovich graduated from Moscow Aviation Institute in 1959. From 1965 to 1995 Abramovich worked as a test pilot at aviation enterprise "Znamya Truda" (now named MAIA) in Lukhovitsy town in Moscow Oblast. He tested several supersonic fighter aircraft Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21, Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23, Mikoyan MiG-29 and their modifications, and participated in testing the Ilyushin Il-103 light multipurpose aircraft.
On 1 March 1996 Abramovich was awarded the title Hero of the Russian Federation "for courage and heroism shown during the testing of new aviation technology".
He lived in the city of Zhukovsky, Moscow Oblast, and works as deputy head of the aviation testing complex of MAIA for flight work. He was an ethnic Jew.
Awards
See also
References
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19,560,505 | The Pennsylvania Wing of the Civil Air Patrol (CAP) is the highest echelon of CAP in Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Wing headquarters is located at Fort Indiantown Gap, an Army National Guard installation near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Wing is abbreviated as "PAWG", and is often referred to by its members as "PA Wing". A Pennsylvania keystone is a symbol commonly used in patches and designs of PAWG.
History
Pennsylvania Wing is one of the original 48 wings in Civil Air Patrol.
In the spring of 1942, the Pennsylvania Wing conducted a 30-day experiment with the intention of convincing the Army Air Forces that they were capable of flying cargo missions for the nation. PA Wing transported Army cargo as far as Georgia, and top Army officials were impressed. After the 30 day trial period, the War Department gave CAP permission to conduct courier and cargo service for the military, often flying mail, light cargo, and important military officials between USAAF bases.
One of the Civil Air Patrol's very first "Aviation Cadet Programs" was established at the Pittsburgh Army Air Field in the spring of 1943. Accepting young men as "Aviation Cadets" in a delayed enlistment program for the Army Air Forces, the Pittsburgh Squadron trained these boys (as young as 15) in Aerospace and Military subjects and vetted them for service as Army Air Force Pilots. Graduating a total of 16 Aviation Cadets for the Army in less than ten months, the Pittsburgh Squadron model was copied by units in Philadelphia, New York City and as far south as Florida. Today, the current Squadron with direct lineage to that Aviation Cadet Unit is the CAP's second longest, continually operated unit on a Military Installation.
On December 31, 1999, PA Wing units were put on stand-by in case of any problems arising from the Y2K bug.
During the September 11 attacks, Pennsylvania Wing was ordered to a stand-by state. Although not officially tasked with any missions in direct support, PAWG radio communications centers were operational and prepared to offer assistance.
In 2006, PA Wing was activated to fly reconnaissance missions during the 2006 flood. PAWG aircraft flew over major waterways to provide detailed photographs of flood-affected areas and to monitor floodwaters as they moved downstream.
31 Members from Pennsylvania Wing Civil Air Patrol traveled 28 hours to Pascagoula, Mississippi to aid in Hurricane Katrina relief efforts. PAWG Ground Teams went door-to-door ensuring that local residents had adequate food, water, and medical care.
In August and September 2011, all CAP emergency service teams in Pennsylvania Wing and CAP members from Maryland, Ohio, West Virginia, and Indiana Wings were activated to assist communities affected by Hurricane Irene (2011) and Tropical Storm Lee (2011).
During the time between September 1, 2010 to December 1, 2011, the Pennsylvania Wing saved eleven lives, provided emergency response in Pennsylvania during the 2011 flooding and severe winter storms.
In November 2012, CAP Pennsylvania Wing emergency services air crews and ground teams were activated to assist communities in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, and Delaware during flooding and high wind of Hurricane Sandy.
During Late December 2017 and early January 2018, CAP Pennsylvania Wing emergency services ground teams were sent to help dig out Erie Pennsylvania.
In March 2021, as a part of Civil Air Patrol's response in combating the COVID-19 pandemic, members of Pennsylvania Wing provided support at a vaccine point of distribution.
Pennsylvania Wing Commanders
Pennsylvania Spaatz Awards
Source: [1]
Structure
Pennsylvania Wing is the highest echelon of Civil Air Patrol in Pennsylvania. PA Wing reports to Northeast Region CAP, who reports to CAP National Headquarters.
Pennsylvania Wing Headquarters is located in a renovated former World War Two Post Exchange (PX) and Non Commissioned Officers Club (NCO Club) complex at Fort Indiantown Gap in Annville, Pennsylvania. Offices, classrooms, a communications center and an emergency operations center are located inside the Headquarters. Additionally, the headquarters building is located approximately one mile from Muir Army Airfield.
Reporting to the Wing level, Pennsylvania is divided into six geographic groups. Each group conducts training, activities, classroom learning and programs, with actual missions assigned to a group from the Wing. Originally, the state was divided into three groups (western, central, and eastern); but with an increasing number of squadrons, PAWG divided split each group into northern and southern sections, creating six groups in 2007.
Reporting to each group are 60 squadrons. Squadrons are the local level of organization and serve the local community, and squadrons meet weekly to conduct conducts training, activities, classroom learning and programs to carry out the three missions of Civil Air Patrol - Emergency Services, Cadet Programs, and Aerospace Education.
There are three types of Civil Air Patrol squadrons.
As of December 1, 2014, the PA Wing operates 60 squadrons, in six groups, 15 aircraft, 34 ground vehicles and a state-wide radio communications network that is operational 24/7 and is part of a national network.
Groups and Squadrons
Group 1
Group 1 is responsible for operations in and around the Pittsburgh area.
Group 2
Group 2 operates around Harrisburg.
Group 3
Group 3 operates in the greater Philadelphia area.
Group 4
Group 4 conducts operations in the 14 county area of Eastern Pennsylvania from Lower Bucks County to the PA/NY State Border.
Group 5
The Group 5 region encompasses much of North Central Pennsylvania, including State College, Altoona, and Williamsport.
Group 6
Group 6 is responsible for operations near Erie.
See also
References
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11,197,963 | Inside Delta Force: The Story of America's Elite Counterterrorist Unit is a 2002 memoir written by Eric L. Haney about his experiences as a founding special forces operator in the 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment–Delta (also known as Delta Force) the U.S. Army's counterterrorist unit. Haney recounts the formation and early operations of the unit, as well as his own recruitment, selection and training. Haney also evaluates the impact of inter-service rivalries and potential overlap created when Delta Force was formed, including the challenges of dealing with the Central Intelligence Agency. Central to the book is Haney's participation in Delta Force's first operation – the aborted 1980 Operation Eagle Claw to Iran to free American hostages.
Inside Delta Force formed the inspiration for the CBS television series The Unit , in which Haney was involved as a writer, producer, and technical advisor.
Criticism
Since the publication of Inside Delta Force in 2002 and Haney's subsequent success with The Unit television show, three of his former Delta colleagues accused him of embellishing his accomplishments within the unit and fabricating several of the events depicted. Some of the criticism directed at Haney has focused on his stating that he was a "founding member" of Delta Force. Former operators acknowledge only one "founder," Colonel Charlie Beckwith, who helped establish the unit and was its first commanding officer. Haney used the term "founding member" to indicate that he was among the first operators assigned to the 1SFOD-D.
One operator, Logan Fitch, who first wrote publicly of the Eagle Claw mission for Penthouse Magazine in 1984 and was highly critical of Beckwith, called Haney a "crass opportunist" for capitalizing on his past service for personal gain. Despite the falling-out between Haney and some former Delta members, Haney stands behind the accuracy of his book.
Another original member criticized Haney for revealing too much about Delta Force's training, tactics and early missions. A U.S. Army historian has questioned if this is really the case, as the information in Haney's book was current in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and Delta Force has surely changed its procedures since then. Moreover, operational information by Delta veterans had been made public before, including in Black Hawk Down , Mark Bowden's book about the Battle of Mogadishu, in which Delta operators participated, and most notably in Beckwith's own book on the formation and training of the unit.
Reviews
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53,571,452 | The late Fliegerstaffel 15 (No 5 Squadron) of the Swiss Air Force was active until 1994 and equipped with Hawker Hunter aircraft. The home base of their last service was the airfield at St. Stephan. The Fliegerstaffel 15 carried as their coat of arms a paper aircraft on a blue ground with a red "15". The old badge of the FlSt15 was a black bird of prey with white background and two red circles.
History
In 1925 the "Fliegerkompanie 15" was founded, which was equipped with Dewoitine D-27 until 1939. After that the unit used the Messerschmitt Bf 109D from 1939 to 1941 at its homebasePayerne Air Base .
Using the same type of aircraft as well as its version E, the Fliegerstaffel 15 continued operating from 1941 to 1947 from Biel-Bözingen. In 1945, during a reorganization, only the Flying Staff of the Fliegerkompanie 15 was transferred to the newly created Fliegerstaffel 15, and from 1952 onwards, the crew flew the Morane D-3801 from St. Stephan military airfield. Only three years later, the change to the jet aircraft De Havilland D.H. 100 vampires and the very same year to De Havilland D.H. 112 Venom was done. From 1980 to 1994 the Fliegerstaffel 15 continued to use the Hawker Hunter from St. Stephan. In 1994, the Hawker Hunter was withdrawn from service. The military airfield St. Stephan was handed over to civilian users, and the Fliegerstaffel 15 was disbanded.
In the autumn of 1994 the Hawker Hunter J-4040 received a special painting for the farewell. The all white aircraft wore the names of the pilots as well as texts Fliegerstaffel 15 in newspaper style, in reference to the symbol of the paper aircraft. The underwing tanks also received this coating. The registration was changed from J-4040 to J-40 15 (because of the Fliegerstaffel “15”), although the Luftwaffe operated another Hunter with the registration J-4015 at the same time. The Hunter with the original registration J-4015 was decorated in September 1994 as Graffity Hunter by the Fliegerstaffel 20. The 15 Squadron aircraft was named Papyrus-Hunter . Originally, the "Papyrus Hunter" was to be placed on a pedestal at the entrance to the St. Stephan airfield, but the Hunterverein Obersimmenthal managed to keep the aircraft airworthy to this day with the civilian Aircraft registrationHB -RVS and performing displays airshows.
Airplanes
Trivia
Fliegerstaffel 15 had a blue Citroën 2CV which carried the coat of armsof the Fliegerstaffel 15 on both sides.
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18,673,133 | Major William Adolphus Chaffey (18 February 1915 – 4 March 1987) was an Australian farmer, distinguished soldier and long serving member of the Parliament of New South Wales.
Chaffey represented the electoral district of Tamworth from 1940 to 1973. He also served as the New South Wales Minister for Agriculture from 1965 to 1968. Chaffey succeeded his father, Frank in parliament after the latter's death, and together they served a combined fifty-nine years and nine months in the New South Wales parliament representing the New England region of New South Wales.
Biography
William Adolphus Chaffey was born in Tamworth, New South Wales on 18 February 1915 to Frank Augustus Chaffey, himself a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, and Amy McIlveen. He was educated at Tamworth Public School, The King's School, and Hawkesbury Agricultural College. He subsequently returned to the Tamworth district and began farming there before his election to parliament.
On 16 December 1941, in his first term in parliament, he joined the Australian Imperial Force. He served in the 2/5th Independent Company, and was twice mentioned in despatches, as well as winning the United States' Bronze Star Medal. In 1948, he became a member of the Australian Citizens Military Forces, remaining there until 1961.
On 29 January 1946 William Adolphus Chaffey married Patricia Egerton-Warburton at Mount Barker. They would eventually have two daughters and one son.
In politics
On the death of his father, Frank Augustus Chaffey, William won his father's seat at the 1940 Tamworth by-election, as a member of the United Australia Party. In 1941, he was challenged for UAP preselection; however, like his father, who had never submitted to a party preselection vote, he refused to submit to an internal preselection contest. He instead contested and won the seat against his challenger as an independent. He was then re-elected unopposed in 1944 as an independent due to his active military service, having enlisted in 1941. He remained an independent until he formally joined the Country Party on 4 December 1945.
Chaffey was the deputy leader of the Country Party from 1959 to 1968. He was Minister for Agriculture in the first term of the Askin government from 1965 to 1968. He was deposed as deputy leader by Davis Hughes in 1968 and dropped from the ministry in the aftermath, despite the support of the Primary Producers' Union. Always known for being independently minded, Chaffey was reported to have become increasingly estranged from his Country Party colleagues after his 1968 ouster. On 21 September 1972, he resigned from the Country Party when the government of which it was part refused to discuss a motion he had put forward concerning parliamentary security. He continued as an independent until his retirement at the 1973 New South Wales state election.
Chaffey was an Honorary Vice President of the Royal Agricultural Society of New South Wales. Chaffey died in Tamworth on 3 March 1987 and was cremated. Chaffey Dam, a large freshwater dam on the Peel River north of Tamworth, New South Wales is named after both Bill and his father Frank. He was a Freemason.
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2,864,142 | Royal Air Force Luqa (or more simply RAF Luqa ) is a former Royal Air Force station located on the island of Malta, now developed into the Malta International Airport.
It hosted aircraft of Air Headquarters Malta (AHQ Malta) during the Second World War. Particularly during the Siege of Malta from 1941 to 1943, RAF Luqa was a very important base for British Commonwealth forces fighting against Italy and Germany for naval control of the Mediterranean and for ground control of North Africa. Air combat over and near Malta was some of the most ferocious of the war, and a series of airfields were built on the small, rocky island: at Luqa, Ta' Qali, and Hal Far, plus satellite fields at Safi, Qrendi and on Malta's second island of Gozo.
History
Second World War
No. 1435 (Night Fighter) Flight was first formed at Malta as a night fighter unit on 4 December 1941, by re-designating the Malta Night Fighter Unit. In July 1942, personnel from No. 603 Squadron were equipped with the Spitfire V to form the unit. After a brief period as No. 1435 (Fighter) Flight, at Luqa, due to its size it was raised to No. 1435 Squadron RAF on 2 August 1942 still at Luqa.
RAFWeb writes that the original Malta "photographic reconnaissance unit was No. 69 Squadron RAF." "B" Flight, No. 69 Squadron RAF was formed into No. 683 Squadron RAF on 8 February 1943. No. 683 Squadron flew Spitfire Mark IVs, Mark XIs and later Mark XIXs. Just over eight months later, in November 1943, No. 683 Squadron moved to Tunisia.
Post war
After the war, Luqa remained an important RAF base, serving during the Suez Crisis of 1956, but also served as Malta's main civilian airport. No. 37 Squadron RAF, which had arrived from Palestine in 1948, left Luqa for RAF Khormaksar in Aden in July 1957. While four Avro Shackleton aircraft and the squadron's identity were transferred to Aden, two aircraft were left to join No. 38 Squadron RAF, still at Luqa. No. 13 Squadron RAF began a long association, equipped with English Electric Canberra, moving to Malta in 1965 and remained in Malta until transferring to RAF Wyton in 1978.
No. 203 Squadron RAF disbanded on 31 December 1977 at Luqa, by which time it was part of No. 18 Group within RAF Strike Command. It had been flying BAe Nimrod maritime patrol aircraft.
The RAF left in 1979 following a British government decision not to renew the lease on the station from the Maltese. The payments demanded for a lease extension were several times higher than the payments under the previous lease. A No. 120 Squadron RAF Nimrod made the last flight out of Luqa on the morning of 1 April 1979.
Current use
Nowadays, the location has been developed as the main entry point for air traffic into the modern, independent country of Malta, under the name Malta International Airport. It is sometimes still referred to as "Luqa Airport" or "Valletta Airport".
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References
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52,094,931 | You Can't Get Lost in Cape Town was the first book by Zoë Wicomb. Published in 1987 (by Virago in London), it was a collection of inter-related short stories, set during the Apartheid era and partly autobiographical, the central character being a young Coloured woman growing up in South Africa, speaking English in an Afrikaans-speaking community in Namaqualand, attending the University of the Western Cape, leaving for England, and authoring a collection of short stories. This work has been compared to V. S. Naipaul’s The Enigma of Arrival (1987). As Rob Gaylard notes, "Central to Wicomb's collection of stories is the question of identity, and intimately bound up with this are the polarities of home and exile. Significantly, the stories were written while Wicomb was in exile in England."
You Can’t Get Lost in Cape Town was also published in the US in 1987 by Pantheon Books, and in 2000 by The Feminist Press at CUNY. The book was translated into Italian by Maria Teresa Carbone as Cenere Sulla Mia Manica (Rome: Edizioni Lavoro, 1993), with an Introduction by Dorothy Driver, who suggests that Wicomb's stories are without precedent, that no one previously had written from the particular perspective a woman brought up "Coloured" in South Africa.
Critical appraisal
Gaylard sees the stories collectively as a kind of bildungsroman , noting that "...while Wicomb's work has obvious affinities with that of Bessie Head and Arthur Nortjé (whose poetry supplies two of the epigraphs for her collection), her stories may also gain by being viewed in the wider context of postcolonial writing. Comparison with the work of recent women writers from the Caribbean may be particularly rewarding: writers like Jamaica Kincaid and Michelle Cliff share a preoccuption with the problems of a mixed or hybridized identity; they often write about home from the perspective of exile and often appropriate first-person narrative forms in order to do so."
According to the Wall Street Journal review, "Wicomb deserves a wide American audience, on a part with Nadine Gordimer and J. M. Coetzee", while the Seattle Times stated: "Wicomb is a gifted writer, and her compressed narratives work like brilliant splinters in the mind, suggesting a rich rhythm and shape."
Describing the book as "superb", Bharati Mukherjee wrote in her New York Times review: "Ms. Wicomb's subject isn't – as American readers might expect - simple apartheid. It is the desperate search of the coloured for identity in a harshly hierarchical society. In this acceptance of apartheid and the desire to see beyond it, Ms. Wicomb follows Faulkner and certainly echoes her black countryman Njabulo Ndebele, who (in his recent collection, Fools and Other Stories ) wrote: 'Our literature ought to seek to move away from an easy preoccupation with demonstrating the obvious existence of oppression. It exists. The task is to explore how and why people can survive under such harsh conditions.' ... Ms. Wicomb's prose is vigorous, textured, lyrical.... This is a sophisticated storyteller who combines the open-endedness of contemporary fiction with the force of autobiography and the simplicity of family stories."
Editions
References
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40,922,210 | Special Album is the first and only compilation album by South Korean girl group Baby V.O.X. It was released on March 30, 2002 by DR Music. The single "Coincidence" was used to promote the 2002 FIFA World Cup; a special World Cup-themed video for the song was released. "Go" was later used for their debut mini album in Japan in 2003. "Coincidence" marked their first number one hit in three years since their single "Get Up". Special Album is their best selling album to date, selling over 440,000 copies.
The album came with three CDs, one VCD, and a photobook containing pictures of the members. The first CD contains the two new songs plus a non-stop dance mix, mostly of previous singles. The second CD contains another dance mix, and the third CD is a collection of ballads from previous albums. The VCD contains the music video for "Coincidence" plus exclusive footage of the group.
Track listing
Adapted from album notes (Singapore version).
Members during this release
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78,024,674 | 28 ASW Squadron is a maritime patrol squadron of the Pakistan Navy stationed at PNS Mehran in Karachi. Equipped with Lockheed P-3C Orions, the squadron is assigned Anti-submarine warfare wartime role.
History
28 Squadron was formed at PNS Mehran between 1996 and 1997 when the first batch of three Orions were inducted. In 2020, the navy initiated its LRMPA modernization program under which the P-3C Orions of 28 squadron would be replaced with 10 militarized versions of the Embraer Lineage-1000 jets also known as Sea Sultans. The first of these jets arrived at PNS Mehran in 2021 for which an induction ceremony attended by the navy's top brass was organized.
Operational history
The squadron's Orions were deployed on combat support operations at NWFP during Counter-insurgency ops in early 2010.
In 2019, a P-3C of the squadron alongside PNS Shamsheer and PNS Muhafiz took part in the International Maritime Exercise 2019 (IMX 19). At the same time an Orion was also deployed in the Aegean Sea for the Dogu Akdeniz-19 naval exercise with Turkey during which it reportedly breached into Greek airspace over disputed territory alongside several Turkish warplanes.
In 2021, a P-3C Orion intercepted an Indian Kulvari class submarine in Pakistani waters.
Accidents
Media
See also
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1,074,436 | Cape Canaveral and adjacent Merritt Island on Florida's Atlantic coast are home to the USA's Eastern Range, the most active rocket range and spaceport in the country. The Eastern Range hosts two groundside operators: the military Cape Canaveral Space Force Station and the civilian Kennedy Space Center. Between them are dozens of launch pads, with several currently in active service and more in planning for activation.
Kennedy Space Center
Kennedy Space Center, operated by NASA, has two launch complexes on Merritt Island comprising four pads—two active, one under lease, and one inactive. From 1967 to 1975, it was the site of 13 Saturn V launches, three crewed Skylab flights and the Apollo–Soyuz; all Space Shuttle flights from 1981 to 2011, and one Ares 1-X flight in 2009. Since 2017, SpaceX uses Launch Complex 39A to launch their launch vehicles.
Cape Canaveral Space Force Station
Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS), operated by Space Launch Delta 45 of the U.S. Space Force, was the site of all U.S. crewed launches before Apollo 8, as well as many other early Department of Defense (DoD) and NASA launches. For the DoD, it plays a secondary role to Vandenberg SFB in California, but is the launch site for many NASA uncrewed space probes, as those spacecraft are typically launched on United States Space Force launchers. Much of the support activity for CCSFS occurs at Patrick Space Force Base to the south, its reporting base.
Active launch vehicles are in bold . Active non-rocket uses are in italics .
Active sites
Sites leased for future use
Inactive and previously used sites
Other
See also
References
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56,487,295 | Song Li (Chinese: 宋丽 , born 10 March 1981) is a Chinese speed skater. She competed at the 1998 Winter Olympics and the 2002 Winter Olympics.
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74,438,890 | The Church of St John the Baptist is a Grade I listed Church of England church in Stokesay, Shropshire, England, adjacent to Stokesay Castle. The church first dates from around 1150, and was probably the chapel to the castle. It was badly damaged during the English Civil War, and rebuilt in 1654. The church consists of a nave, a south porch, a chancel and a west tower. The tower has three stages, a sundial, an embattled parapet, and a weathervane. The south doorway is Norman in style. The interior of the church, including the furnishings and wall paintings, dates from the late 17th century. It was listed Grade I on 12 November 1954.
History
Origins
The Church of Saint John the Baptist was first founded in the 12th century, during the reign of Henry II. It was built around 1150 as a chapel to Stokesay Castle, originally built by the de Lacy family. Most likely the building expanded as the castle site developed in the 13th century.
17th Century
The church was heavily damaged during the English Civil War. In 1646 a Royalist party took refuge in the church along with their horses, but they were driven out by Parliamentarian soldiers who had captured Stokesay Castle. During the battle, much of the church was destroyed. The south side of the nave - which faces the castle - was completely destroyed, most likely by cannon fire. The north side of the church was less badly damaged.
The church was largely rebuilt after the war. Hence Stokesay church offers a relatively rare example of a church rebuilt during the Puritan period, 1654. The date can be made out on the tablet at the head of the tower arch. Some of the original Norman features still survive at lower levels, particularly on the north side of the building. The church nave retains its stop-chamfered raking strut roof which dates from 1664. The pews, panelled and hooded pulpit, reading desk, box-pews and wall paintings all date from the 17th Century.
Today
Among the most striking features are the biblical texts on the walls which date from the 17th Century. The church also boasts a "two decker pulpit", original box pews, as well as rare canopied pews. The West Gallery still survives, with a staircase leading to it and at the north side, space for musicians.
The Craven Arms parish war memorial, with its statue of a World War I infantryman, since 1956 has stood in the churchyard, having previously stood where it was unveiled in 1921 in the main junction of Craven Arms town opposite the hotel the town is named for, The Craven Arms . The figure has been known as "Old Bill" for its resemblance to the Bruce Bairnsfather cartoon character.
The church is today the parish church of Craven Arms, with services at 9:45am on the second and fourth Sunday of each month, and a service of either Communion or Morning Prayer (both using the Book of Common Prayer) at 10:30am on Thursdays. The church is open for visitors in accordance with the opening hours of Stokesay Castle.
See also
Gallery
Notes
References
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21,986,483 | Jānis Dukšinskis (born 8 June 1963, Daugavpils) is a Latvian politician. He is a member of the LPP/LC and a deputy of the 9th Saeima (Latvian Parliament). He began his current term in parliament on November 7, 2006. He is currently a member of the Daugavpils City Council.
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13,145,736 | The 56th Division ( 第56師団 , Dai-gojūroku Shidan ) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Dragon Division ( 龍兵団 , Tatsu Heidan ) . It was formed on 10 July 1940 in Kurume, simultaneously with the 51st, 52nd, 54th, 55th, and 57th Divisions. The formation nucleus was the headquarters of the 12th Division. Its manpower came primarily from Fukuoka, Saga and Nagasaki prefectures. The 56th Division was initially assigned to the Kurume Mobilization District, under the command of the Western District Army.
History
In October 1941, the 146th Infantry Regiment and 2nd Battalion of the 56th Field Artillery Regiment were re-organized as the "56th Independent Mixed Regiment" (subordinated to Sakaguchi detachment). It departed from Palau on 16 December 1941 and landed in Davao City on 17 December 1941 and sailed again on 7 January 1942 to Tarakan. Afterwards, it was slated for the Borneo invasion. On 21 January 1942 it sailed from Tarakan to Balikpapan and on 19 February 1942, the Sakaguchi detachment was sent to eastern Java, arriving on 1 March 1942, to cooperate with the 48th Division. The Sakaguchi detachment is credited with the capture of Cilacap Regency port after a 400 km long march. The detachment was merged back into the 56th Division in April 1942.
With the Pacific War becoming imminent, the 56th Division was fully mobilized in November 1941. Although initially the 56th division was slated as reinforcements for the Japanese invasion of Malaya, the rapid cessation of British resistance have resulted in division been attached to 25th Army and sent to Burma in March 1942, landing in Rangoon and participating in the Battle of Toungoo. The 56th Division linked with the 55th Division in Toungoo on 28 March 1942. Its reconnaissance elements forced the Chinese to evacuate the city opening the way to the east. Later the 56th Division flanked the allied line to the east, by advancing through the mountains to the Salween River in the Karenni States. The Division defeated the Chinese 6th Corps in the Karen Hills area battles of Mawchi on 13 April 1942, Bawlake, Bato, Taunggyi and Loikaw on 20 April 1940, and forced their retreat eastward to Yunnan. Advancing north through the Shan States the 56th Division defeated elements of the Chinese 65th Corps to take the city of Lashio on the Burma Road. The fall of Lashio to the 56th Division on 29 April 1942 cut off much of the local Chinese Army from China and compelled the Allies to evacuate Burma. The Division advanced into Yunnan in pursuit of the Chinese but were halted at the Battle of Salween River by the Chinese 36th and 88th Divisions on 31 May 1942.
From May 1942, the 56th Division mostly performed garrison duties on the Yunnan border. The 113th Infantry Regiment was mostly in Yunnan, except for the 3rd Battalion. which was stationed in Longling County. The 148th Infantry Regiment was stationed in Tengchong. The heavy fighting resumed in January 1944 with the Battle of Lashio, as part of Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan campaign in 1944. During the campaign, the division's 114th Infantry Regiment, borrowed from the 18th Division, was credited with shattering Merrill's Marauders in the Siege of Myitkyina in May–August 1944 and in delaying the 15:1 superior Chinese forces and inflicting heavy Chinese casualties during the Battle of Mount Song. Faced with numerically and better equipped enemy in an attrition battle, the 56th Division suffered heavy losses. The remnants of the division were removed from the front line in October 1944, and on the day of the surrender of Japan, 15 August 1945, on the border between South Burma and Thailand.
The 56th division of the Japanese Burmese Front was the most destroyed by the Chinese. At least 70% of the division was wiped out by the Chinese army in the Burmese battlefield, more than a thousand men of the 56th Division died during the Japanese occupation of Western Yunnan in 1942-44, as well as hundreds of Imaoka Allied troops died in northern Burma and dozens in Myitkyina, and the 56th Division suffered devastating blows in western Yunnan, China. 1. During the counterattack of the Yunnan Expeditionary Force (April 29 to July 5, 1944)
The total number of men fighting under the command of the 56th Division was approximately 11,000. During the two months of fighting, 1,719 people were killed and 1,257 wounded. About 200 people died from war illnesses and about 4,500 suffered war illnesses. [3]
2. The first phase of the "Broken" operation (July 6 to October 5, 1944)
The 56th Division (with a total strength of about 11,000 men) suffered 4,868 battle deaths, 1,430 battle wounds, and 386 battle sickness deaths.
The 2nd Division (with a total strength of about 6,000 men) suffered about 800 killed and 800 wounded. [4]
3． During the second phase of the "Broken" operation (October 5, 1944 to January 26, 1945)
The 56th Division (with a total strength of approximately 8,000 men) suffered 1,803 battle deaths, 3,194 battle wounds, and 27 deaths from battle illnesses. [5]
About 9,000 people from the 56th Division (including those who died from war illnesses) died in the 1944-45 counterattack in Western Yunnan.
The 1st Battalion of the 146th Regiment (Pingga Garrison) started fighting with our two reinforced regiments in Pingga on April 29, 1944, and ended before the expeditionary force and the garrison in India joined forces on January 26, 1945. The team suffered 3,102 casualties on the battlefield in western Yunnan alone (including 2,734 dead and 368 wounded), and 236 others were missing. Because in the early stage of our counterattack, this regiment sent its main force to northern Myanmar to support the 18th Division in fighting our troops in India. There were another 453 casualties (including 413 dead and 40 injured), which has not yet been included in this table. middle. Taken together, the total casualties of the regiment were as high as 3,555 (excluding missing persons), which was already the total number of organic troops of the Japanese infantry regiment. The 146th Regiment is a standard organic wing (its infantry brigade has 4 infantry squadrons, while the 113th Regiment and the 148th Regiment each have 3 infantry squadrons) with a strength of 3,443 personnel. [7] During the war, the 56th Division received three batches of 2,400 additional troops. If one-third of the 146th Regiment's troops were 800, its peak strength would be approximately 4,200. Based on this estimate, the casualty ratio of the wing was 73.8%, and the mortality rate was 65%. Relatively speaking, the 146th Regiment, which has maintained its organizational structure and military flag, is in a better situation than the 113th Regiment and the 148th Regiment, which burned their military flags in Songshan and Tengchong.
The 148th Regiment lost 3,510 people in western Yunnan in 1944-45 (including those who died from war illness)
See also
Notes
Reference and further reading
Allentown, PA: 1981
External links
Media related to 56th Division (Imperial Japanese Army) at Wikimedia Commons | 1discusses military topics
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1,845,177 | Guillermo Enrique Billinghurst Angulo (27 July 1851, Arica – 28 June 1915, Iquique) was a Peruvian politician of English descent who served as the 37th President of Peru. He succeeded Augusto B. Leguía, from 1912 to 1914. An Anglo-Peruvian, Billinghurst's surname is a locational name; Billingshurst is a small town and civil parish in Sussex, England.
During his presidency, Billinghurst became embroiled in an increasingly bitter series of conflicts with Congress. A liberal, he proposed and attempted to pass advanced social legislation in favour of the working-classes. This was blocked by the conservative and oligarchic factions in the Peruvian Congress. To get around them, Billinghurst attempted to call fresh elections, which prompted these same Conservative factions to call upon the Peruvian military, led by Óscar R. Benavides, to carry out a coup d'état. As a result of the coup, which resulted in Benavides becoming President, Billinghurst was sent into exile in Chile where he died shortly thereafter.
Member of the Civilista Party
Born to wealthy, upper class parents,
of English paternal descent, and raised in comfortable circumstances, Billinghurst belonged to the Civilistas group, which were then considered the architects of unprecedented political stability and economic growth in the country, but they also set in motion profound social changes that would, in time, alter the political panorama of Peru.
During his presidency, Billinghurst became embroiled in an increasingly bitter series of conflicts with Congress, ranging from proposed advanced social legislation to settlement of the Tacna-Arica dispute. This provoked a military uprising organized by civilian opponents to his regime who used the military to carry out a coup. As a result of the uprising, Billinghurst was sent into exile in Chile where he died shortly thereafter.
As First Vice President of Peru under the Piérola Administration (1895–1899), Billinghurst was involved in several attempts to solve the Tacna and Arica territorial dispute with Chile. On 9 April 1898, a memorandum was subscribed between the Chilean Minister of Foreign Affairs Raimundo Silva Cruz and Billinghurst. It established that before a plebiscite could be held between both countries, an arbitrage would first be requested to the Queen of Spain, María Cristina de Habsburgo-Lorena (1858–1929) to determine the conditions of the vote. Subsequent events led the Protocol of Billinghurst-Latorre not to be ratified by the Chilean Chamber of Deputies. A direct result of this setback was the break of diplomatic relations between Peru and Chile in 1901.
Billinghurst served as President of the Senate from 1896 to 1897.
1912 elections
The elections of 1912 were the most passionate ones of the so-called Aristocratic Republic (a term coined by Peruvians referring to those in power that were mostly from the social elite of the country). The Civilist Party rallied behind the candidacy of Antero Aspíllaga, one of the most prominent and conservative members of the Party. His opponents accused him of being a Chilean-born Peruvian unfit for office.
The Civilistas, however, were unable to manage the new social forces that their policies unleashed. This first became apparent in 1912 when the millionaire businessman Guillermo Billinghurst-–the reform-minded, populist former mayor of Lima-–was able to organize a general strike to block the election of the official Civilista presidential candidate and force his own election by Congress.
Presidency
One of the main accomplishments of the Billinghurst administration was the establishment of important legislation that guaranteed the Eight-hour day in Peru. When Congress opened impeachment hearings against Billinghurst in 1914, he threatened to arm the workers and forcibly dissolve Congress.
Billinghurst was overthrown on 4 February 1914, in a military coup headed by colonel Oscar R. Benavides, Javier and Manuel Prado, and conservatives members of the Civilista Party.
Later in exile, Billingshurst declared: "The young Prado, in an extense and pathetic speech, gave me the details and motives behind the coup: All of them (the mutineerered) recognised my patriotism, integrity and my capability to handle the government. However, the only and most serious mistake that I made was the course that my internal politics was doing to the country and, finally, I think the sons of former president Prado must «clean his fathers memory»."
See also
References
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21,630,086 | The Integrated High Performance Turbine Engine Technology program was a project of the United States military, DARPA, and NASA. Its objective was to conduct science and technology research that would secure advancements in the engineering of the gas turbine engines used in military aircraft. It ran from 1987 until 2005.
IHPTET designated goals in each of three engine classes: turbofan/turbojet, turboprop/turboshaft, and expendable engines. For the turbofan class the primary goal was to double the engine thrust-to-weight ratio.
The program made many significant developments which have been employed in such aircraft as the F-35 / Joint Strike Fighter. It was firmly regarded as successful although it did not fully achieve its explicit goals. It was succeeded by the Versatile Affordable Advanced Turbine Engines (VAATE) program.
See also
References
External links
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10,010,996 | The Naval Network Warfare Command ( NAVNETWARCOM ) is the United States Navy's information operations, intelligence, networks, and space unit. Naval Network Warfare Command's mission is to execute, under Commander TENTH Fleet Operational Control, tactical-level command and control of Navy Networks and to leverage Joint Space Capabilities for Navy and Joint Operations.
History
In 2002, some 23 organizations from several commands, including the former Naval Space Command, Naval Computer and Telecommunications Command, Fleet Information Warfare Center, and Navy Component Task Force - Computer Network Defense were brought together to form Naval Network Warfare Command, emphasizing the organization's focus on the operation and defense of the Navy's networks.
In 2005, with the disestablishment of Naval Security Group (NAVSECGRU), NETWARCOM brought the former Naval Security Group Activities (NSGAs) under its umbrella, designating them Naval Information Operation Center(s) (NIOC) and Naval Information Operation Detachment(s) (NIOD). The mission of the command fundamentally changed, making it the Navy's lead for Information Operations, as well as Networks and Space.
The assumption, alignment, and integration of Fleet Intelligence Type Commander duties, responsibilities and functions at NETWARCOM in 2008 began a measured and evolutionary process to improve integrated Fleet Intelligence and ISR readiness. This alignment provides a single Fleet champion for ISR and positions Fleet Intelligence for better and timelier support to fleet operations.
In 2009, the Secretary of Defense directed the establishment of U.S. Cyber Command. Each of the services was also directed to establish a supporting command to U.S. Cyber Command; as a result, the Naval Information Operations Centers (NIOC) were moved to the reestablished Tenth Fleet to help form U.S. Fleet Cyber Command. Naval Network Warfare Command was reorganized and its mission revised to "operate and defend the Navy's portion of the Global Information Grid and deliver reliable and secure Net-centric and space war-fighting capabilities in support of strategic, operational and tactical missions across the Navy".
The headquarters is at Navy Cyber Forces in Norfolk, Virginia.
Organization
Naval Network Warfare Command acts as Combined Task Force 1010 (network operations & defense) for Tenth Fleet
See also
References
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60,883,263 | The steam corvette Jequitinhonha was a warship in the Imperial Brazilian Navy during the Paraguayan War. It took part in the Battle of Riachuelo.
1854-65
The Jequitinhonha is the only ship in the history of the Brazilian Navy to bear this name. It was built in Britain in the early 1850s, and arrived in Brazil on 25 January 1854. There it was named Jequitinhonha after the rivers of the same name in Minas Gerais and Bahia. Its first commander was Joaquim Raimundo de Lamare. In 1864 it was assigned to the naval division commanded by pt:Francisco Pereira Pinto, hunting ships of the Uruguayan Navy.
On a mission to blockade Paraguayan ports, the Jequitinhonha was assigned to the naval division commanded by José Segundino de Gomensoro on 5 April 1865. Now under the command of Joaquim José Pinto, the corvette left for Buenos Aires on 30 April as flagship of Gomensoro's 3rd Division, together the frigate Amazonas , the corvettes Beberibe , Belmonte and Parnahyba and the gunboats Araguary , Mearim , Ipiranga and Iguatemy commanded by Admiral Barroso. Their mission was to prevent the Paraguayans from crossing the River Paraná.
Battle of Riachuelo
On 11 June 1865 the Jequitinhonha took part in the Battle of Riachuelo. The Paraguayan fleet made a surprise attack in the morning, before the Brazilian ships had made steam. The Jequitinhonha , closest to the advancing Paraguayans, was ordered to engage with them without delay.
The Paraguayan fleet fired on the Brazilians as it passed downriver and took up defensive positions. As the Brazilians pursued them, most of them kept to the main channel of the river, but the Jequitinhonha and one other ship tried to make way by a side channel. Apparently Commander Pinto decided to fire on the Paraguayan shore batteries, which required him to turn the ship in the river. In the middle of this manoeuvre the ship ran aground on a sandbar.
She was the second-heaviest ship in the Brazilian Navy and was carrying 200 marines. When the shore batteries turned their fire on her, one of the first to be killed was the local pilot, leaving the ship unable to make its way off the sandbar. Gomensoro, commanding the marines, continued to fire with as many of the ship's guns as could be brought to bear on the enemy while it remained trapped.
Three Paraguayan vessels, the (pt) Tacuarí , the (pt) Salto Oriental and the Vapor Marquês de Olinda now made a series of determined attempts to board and capture the Jequitinhonha , but were unable to do so as it maintained constant fire. The Brazilian ship Parnahyba tried to rescue the Jequitinhonha , but also got into trouble as she turned to help, damaging her rudder.
After the battle, the Brazilians tried all night and much of the following day to pull the Jequitinhonha free, but in the end Pinto and his crew abandoned the ship. The Paraguayans then boarded her and seized her guns. They also cut away her mainyard and took it as a trophy to Humaita, where it was later used as the central column of a dancehall.
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9,007,992 | Airpower or air power consists of the application of military aviation, military strategy and strategic theory to the realm of aerial warfare and close air support. Airpower began in the advent of powered flight early in the 20th century. Airpower represents a "complex operating environment that has been subjected to considerable debate". British doctrine defines airpower as "the ability to project power from the air and space to influence the behaviour of people or the course of events." The Australian Experience of Air Power defines Airpower as being composed of Control of the Air, Strike, Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance, and Air Mobility roles.
Definition
Airpower can be considered a function of air supremacy and numbers. Roughly speaking, a combatant side that has 100% or near 100% control of the skies has air supremacy; an advantage of some 70–90% would indicate air superiority. A 50/50 split is air parity; lower than this, one side may be said to be air denied or air incapable. Because aeroplanes generally take off from designed airfields on missions typically involving some hours of cruising, the precise state of air superiority is fluid and less defined vis-a-vis land or sea warfare. For example, a contested airspace directly above a battlespace bristling with anti-aircraft weapons may be denied to the air forces of both sides. Further, the completely different situations of a technologically advanced airforce with one flight of high-tech planes (air supremacy but low capacity) or a low-tech force of massive numbers of low-tech planes (e.g., An-2) resulting in high capacity but low long-term survivability demonstrate that 'air power' is multi-faceted and complex.
Significant contributors to theorizing about air power have been Giulio Douhet, Billy Mitchell, John Boyd and John A. Warden III.
At the start of World War I, opinions differed on the national air forces and the value of airships.
Some early strategists/visionaries after World War I imagined that airpower alone would suffice to bring nations to their knees. The Bombing of Guernica was an early trial that revealed both capabilities and limitations. But yet another maxim, "no war was ever won solely by airpower" was challenged by the NATO victory in Kosovo. Airpower has been used to conduct lightning strategic strikes, to complement land offensives, to instill fear and lower morale similarly to a fleet in being, and to create broad-based destruction behind enemy lines. With airpower, supplies can be transported by cargo planes, providing a decisive edge in mobility.
Military and civilian aircraft interact in a number of complex ways, including shootdowns of civilian planes, whether mistaken or not; military escorts of civilian planes; civilian planes being used for military transport, espionage, or other purposes; and/or no-fly zones being enforced to punish or sanction a target nation. Airpower also relates to space power, although militarization of space remains regulated by international treaty.
Developed nations have enjoyed a consistent advantage in airpower since the beginning of mechanized flight. Airpower has been wielded mostly decisively in the last hundred years by Nazi Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union, Japan, Italy, and France, with many client nations using aircraft developed by one or more of these nations. A mass technological base is considered necessary for the development of airpower.
See also
Notes
Further reading
Historiography
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14,247,500 | The Sky Sword I , Tien Chien I , or TC-1 (Chinese: 天劍一 ; pinyin: Tiān Jiàn Yī ; Wade–Giles: Tʻien 1 Chien 4 I 1 ) is a short range infrared guided air-to-air missile. The missile has fire and forget slave-by-radar capabilities. It consists of an imaging infrared seeker, a high explosive warhead, a solid propellant motor and a guidance control unit. The seeker uses dual spectral IR and has a detection range of 18.5km.
The Sky Sword 1 is also used as a surface-to-air missile by the Antelope air defence system.
Development
The Sky Sword 1 was developed in the mid-1980s and revealed in May 1986, as Taiwan's first indigenous air-to-air missile. The production of the missile started in 1991 and the air-to-air version entered ROCAF service in 1993. It bears a striking similarity to the American AIM-9 (also in Taiwanese service) and fulfills a similar role on the Indigenous Defense Fighter to the AIM-9 on the F-16. In 2017 NCSIST exhibited a variant of the TC-1 with a larger diameter motor.
Service history
TC-1 missiles were employed during a 2019 training exercise off Taiwan’s east coast.
Variants
TC-1L
The TC-1L is a ground-launched variant for use with the Antelope air defence system.
Sea TC-1
Developed for use with the Sea Oryx system, the Sea TC-1 variant has an improved seeker, data-link, and rocket motor.
See also
Similar weapons
References
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62,806,617 | The '' Gašinci'' Military Training Grounds is a Croatian Army training base located 10 kilometers from Đakovo, in the region of Slavonia, Croatia. The complex is a part of the Croatian Army Training and Doctrine Command.
History
Prior to being used by the Croatian Army, the training grounds were built and used by the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA). Captured by Croatian forces in the early days of the Croatian War of Independence, from 1991-95 training grounds served as the Croatian Army's primary live-fire training centre.
In 2013, a 21-year-old soldier Marko Zalović was killed when he was run over by a M-84 main battle tank that unexpectedly veered from its route and killed the young soldier who was in a trench by the road.
Geography and Layout
Training grounds covers 32 square kilometres and is divided into two parts. The eastern portion is dedicated to administrative command buildings, training facilities and sports fields; while the western area, which covers 21 square kilometres, is a dedicated training area.
Smaller than the ''Eugen Kvaternik'' military training ground near Slunj, the ''Gašinci'' complex is best suited for training individuals and smaller groups at the company and battalion level. The complex is capable of providing logistical support for exercises and hosting a variety of training events for the firing of weapons, including small arms, anti-tank rockets, artillery and armoured vehicles
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48,254,531 | Allan Leslie Baldwin (9 February 1924 – 30 March 2008) was an Australian rules footballer who played for the Hawthorn Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Personal life
Baldwin served as a signalman in the Australian Army during the Second World War.
Notes
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1,624,194 | Angela Hewitt (born July 26, 1958) is a Canadian classical pianist. She is best known for her Bach interpretations.
Career
Hewitt was born in Ottawa, Ontario, daughter of the Yorkshire-born Godfrey Hewitt (thus she also has British nationality), who was choirmaster at Christ Church Cathedral in Ottawa. She began piano studies at the age of three with her mother. She earned a scholarship at the age of five. She studied violin with Walter Prystawski, recorder with Wolfgang Grunsky, and ballet with Nesta Toumine in Ottawa. Her first full-length recital was at the age of nine, at the Royal Conservatory of Music in Toronto, where she studied from 1964 to 1973 with Earle Moss and Myrtle Guerrero. She then went on to be the student of French pianist Jean-Paul Sevilla at the University of Ottawa.
Hewitt has performed around the world in recital and as soloist with orchestra. She is best known for her cycle of Bach recordings which she began in 1994 and finished in 2005—covering all of the major keyboard works of J. S. Bach. Her recording of Bach's The Art of Fugue was released on October 17, 2014. Her discography also includes works by Francois Couperin, Jean-Philippe Rameau, Olivier Messiaen, Emmanuel Chabrier, Maurice Ravel, Robert Schumann, Ludwig van Beethoven, Frédéric Chopin, Claude Debussy and Gabriel Fauré. She has recorded two discs of Mozart concertos with the Orchestra da Camera di Mantova, and a third with Ottawa's National Arts Centre Orchestra, conducted by Hannu Lintu. With the DSO Berlin and Lintu, she also recorded the Schumann Piano Concerto.
Her entire 2007–08 season was devoted to complete performances of Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier in major cities around the world. Her Hyperion DVD on Bach performance on the piano was released to coincide with the tour.
In July 2005, Hewitt launched the Trasimeno Music Festival in Perugia, Italy. She continues to serve as the festival's artistic director.
Hewitt switched to Fazioli pianos in 2002. Her unique four-pedal F278 Fazioli was dropped by instrument movers in January 2020 and considered unsalvageable by Paolo Fazioli, the company's founder. She chose a new Fazioli (out of five made available for her from which to choose) in January 2021.
Recognition
In 1975, Hewitt won the Chopin Young Pianists' Competition in Buffalo, New York, and a Bach competition in Washington, D.C. In 1979, she won third prize in the Robert Casadesus International Piano Competition, since renamed the Cleveland International Piano Competition. In 1978, she won piano division in the CBC Radio Competition and in 1980 the Dino Ciani Competition in Milan, Italy. The same year, she won an honorable mention at the X International Chopin Piano Competition in Warsaw. In 1985, she won first prize in the Toronto International Bach Piano Competition, which led to a recording with Deutsche Grammophon. In 1986, she was named artist of the year by the Canadian Music Council.
In 2000, she was made an Officer of the Order of Canada (OC). In 2002, Hewitt was awarded the National Arts Centre Award, a companion award to the Governor General's Performing Arts Awards, given to an artist or group who has had an exceptional performance year.
Hewitt was named an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) on June 17, 2006, and Gramophone Artist of the Year in 2006. She received the MIDEM Classical Award for Instrumentalist of the Year in 2010 and was awarded the first-ever BBC Radio 3 Listener's Award (Royal Philharmonic Society Awards) in 2003. She is also a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and has honorary degrees from the University of Ottawa, the University of Toronto, Queen's University (Kingston), The Open University (Milton Keynes, UK), Mount Saint Vincent University (Halifax), the University of Saskatchewan, and Carleton University (Ottawa).
On December 30, 2015, Hewitt was promoted to Companion of the Order of Canada, the highest grade of the honour.
Personal life
After living in Paris from 1978 to 1985, Hewitt moved to London, which has been her principal residence ever since.
Selected discography
References
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67,122,449 | The Mausoleum of Allal al-Qairawani (Arabic: ضريح السيد علال القيرواني ) is a darīh , zawiya , and ribat dedicated to Allal al-Qairawani in Casablanca, Morocco.
The mausoleum became a destination for fishermen.
History
Legend tells that Allal al-Qairawani was a trader who came from Qairawan to Anfa (Casablanca) around 1350 during the reign of the Marinid Sultan Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman and settled to do business along with his wife or daughter "Lalla Baida" (White Lady). The Mausoleum of Allal al-Qairawani is considered the oldest of the zawiyas of Casablanca, as those such as that of Sidi Belyout are much more recent.
The Mausoleum of Allal al-Qairawani was renovated in 2016, after which King Muhammad VI made a visit.
Architecture
The mausoleum's architectural style is typical of traditional Moroccan architecture.
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64,780,581 | Albert Norris Johnson (1934 or 1935 – December 5, 1984) was an American politician who served as the mayor of Las Cruces, New Mexico. Johnson also received multiple gubernatorial appointments to state commissions. He was the first black person to serve as a mayor in New Mexico.
Early life and education
Albert Norris Johnson was born in 1934 or 1935 in Lebanon, Tennessee, to Allen P. Johnson and Louise Rucks. He graduated from Pearl High School. In 1958, he graduated from Tennessee State University with a civil engineering degree.
Career
After graduating from college, Johnson took a job at White Sands Missile Range and later served as the environmental improvement coordinator for the missile range.
Johnson entered politics when he was selected to serve as president of the Las Cruces, New Mexico NAACP chapter. During the 1960s he served as chairman of the Doña Ana County NAACP and as president of the New Mexico NAACP, which he served as until his election to the Las Cruces city commission.
Las Cruces politics
On February 5, 1968, Johnson filed to run for a seat on the Las Cruces, New Mexico city commission from the 4th district. He defeated Jerry K. Moore in the election and was the first black person elected to the Las Cruces city commission. On March 18, 1968, Johnson was sworn into the city commission from the 4th district.
In 1969, Governor David Cargo appointed Johnson to serve as a member of the Fair Employment Practices Commission to fill the unexpired term of J. H. Horton which lasted until April 29, 1971. Cargo also appointed Johnson to the Commission on Human Rights, which was created to replace the Fair Employment Practices Commission, and he was selected to serve as the chairman of the commission. In 1970, Johnson's appointment to the Commission on Human Rights was approved by the New Mexico Senate.
On February 1, 1972, Johnson filed to run for reelection to the Las Cruces city commission and defeated five other candidates in the election. On February 5, 1973, he was reappointed to the Human Rights Commission by Governor Bruce King to a term that would end in December 1976.
In 1975, a recall attempt was brought against the five members of the Las Cruces city commission, but only one member, M. C. Thomson, was successfully recalled while the four other members, including Johnson, remained in office.
On April 29, 1975, Johnson was selected to serve as chairman of the South Rio Grande Council of Governments. Johnson was also selected to serve as chairman of the Region V Commission of the Governor's Council on Criminal Justice Planning by Governor Apodaca.
Johnson won reelection to the Las Cruces city commission in March 1976, against Ben Romero and Robert L. Stryker, and on March 15, 1976, the city commission voted three to two, after five minutes of voting, to select Johnson to serve as mayor. T. J. Graham was selected to serve as mayor pro tem. In December 1976, he was reappointed by Governor Jerry Apodaca to the Human Rights commission to a term ending in December 1980.
In 1978, Johnson was initially reelected as mayor by a vote of two to zero, with him claiming that a third vote from him was uncounted, but a plurality of three votes was required so another vote was held, which came out three to two. Johnson chose to not seek reelection in 1980.
During the 1976 presidential election, Johnson presented the key to the city of Las Cruces to presidential candidate Mo Udall.
Personal life
Johnson and his wife, Elmira, had three children. One of his children, Albert Johnson Jr., served as a delegate for Jesse Jackson during the 1988 Democratic presidential primaries.
On December 5, 1984, Johnson died from leukemia at age 49. In 1989, Johnson was inducted into the Democratic Party of New Mexico's Hall of Fame alongside former Representative Harold L. Runnels. In 2004, he was inducted into the New Mexico Hall of Fame.
Electoral history
Notes
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53,700,317 | Parv Bancil (7 February 1967 – 1 April 2017) was a British-Asian playwright and actor.
Life and career
Parveen Singh Bancil was born in Moshi, Tanzania, in 1967 into an Indian Sikh family, the son of Sohan Singh Bancil and Amrit (Arjan) Kaur Bancil. He was the grandson of Sardar Jogindar Singh Bancil of JS Bancil Building Contractors of Moshi, Tanzania. His maternal grandfather was Sardar Jawala Singh of Messrs Milkha Singh and Jawala Singh Building Contractors and Saw Millers, of Arusha Tanzania. The family moved to London in 1968, where his mother died when he was two years old. He grew up in Hounslow, leaving school at the age of 15. He began writing plays in 1985.
HAC period
In 1986, aged 19, Bancil joined Hounslow Arts Co-op. One of four professional British Asian theatre companies at the time, HAC was the only one to be telling stories from a second-generation British Asian perspective. While most were writing about partition, or leaving their homeland, Parv Bancil was writing about his world, and tackling issues that were affecting British Asian youth, such as gang culture, drugs, crime and identity. Bancil's first play, co-written with Ravinder Gill, was Curse Of The Dead Dog (1986). It portrays three young Asian men who while away their time drinking beer. Their effort to set up a sound system for a benefit gig is sabotaged by the local Southall gang. The play was followed by How's Your Skull Does It Fit (1987), Kings (1988) and Bad Company (1989). Bancil gained a reputation as a dynamic, uncompromising and controversial writer. He also acted in many plays, was the founder member of One Nation Under A Groove Innit (an umbrella organization that produced comedy), was one half of a comic double act called The Khrai Twins, based on two bumbling drunken Southall gangsters, and a member of a comedy trio called the Sycophantic Sponge Bunch. He was also part of a spoof rock band called The Dead Jalebies. Formed in 1987, they toured nationally and opened for Asian Dub Foundation in 1991 at the Camden Underworld. They also supported the Voodoo Queens band in 1993.
Nadir
After HAC closed in 1990, Bancil became a freelance writer. In 1991 he won a BBC Radio 4 Young Playwright Award for his play Nadir , about a young second-generation Asian man fresh out of prison. It was produced and directed by Frances-Anne Solomon, and performed by actors Rita Wolf, Nina Wadia, Neran Persaud and Ravinder Gill. "I wrote a play for BBC Radio set in the near future when Britain was being run by an extreme right-wing government. Everyone had to swear allegiance to the country and if they didn't adhere to British culture they were not welcome. The BBC tried to ban it until four producers stood by me and put their necks on the line for it. The critics said it was laughable, that it would never happen. But now we have an immigration policy and people do have to swear allegiance to the flag (the so-called Britishness test where applicants for citizenship have to demonstrate a knowledge and integration of British culture)."
Ungrateful Dead
In 1993, Bancil wrote Ungrateful Dead , a play about a young Sikh man's descent into a world of gangs, violence and drugs. The play had a huge impact on audiences, and lead to a residency at the Royal Court Theatre.
Papa Was A Bus Conductor
In 1995 Bancil wrote Papa Was A Bus Conductor , a comedy satire about a dysfunctional family that was an early flowering of the British Asian comedy boom that spawned Goodness Gracious Me . It was his first play to receive a Time Out magazine's Critics Choice, and it was the first of its kind to spark a trend for a whole spate of Asian comedy that followed over the next 10 years.
Crazy Horse
Bancil's next two plays were to define him as one of the "In Yer Face" writers that dominated the '90s. In 1997, he wrote Crazy Horse . It follows Jas, a young man trying to deal with the death of his mother by losing himself in a world of petty crime, until a tragic accident forces an estranged father and son to confront each other, but with sinister consequences. It was developed through 'Wild Lunch' with Sarah Kane and was directed by Vicky Featherstone, and received another Time Out Critics Choice.
Made In England
The following year, Bancil then wrote Made In England , initially commissioned as a 15-minute piece by the Red Room. It was first performed as a full-length play in October 1998. Set against the backdrop of the music industry and "cool Britannia", Made In England looked at the idea of trading your cultural identity for success. This play received Time Out Critics Choice twice.
Later work
Bollywood Or Bust (1999), a farcical comedy, and Recall (2000), a combined dance theatre piece with Darshan Singh Bhullar, followed. The next few years saw Papa and Made In England re-staged and Bancil also began to become known as a cultural commentator, writing articles for magazines and newspapers, and often contributing to radio and television debate. He began to write and present TV documentaries and ventured into film and screen writing. In 2007 came another collaboration with Bhullar for Find Me Amongst The Black , and from 2008 to 2009 he was on an attachment with The Soho Theatre. In 2010 he had two new stage plays, Dead Leaves and Rude Boy , ready to go into production. After taking a year out to study film-making, Bancil began writing screenplays. He also became known as a cultural commentator. In a 2008 piece for The Guardian , he asked: "What have multicultural arts policies done for us?"
Personal life
He was married to actress Shivani Ghai. He died in London on 1 April 2017.
References
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59,957,108 | John Lillingston Carr (16 May 1892 – 3 February 1963) was an English first-class cricketer and British Army officer. Born in British India, Carr served during the First World War with the Royal Berkshire Regiment. He continued to serve with the regiment after the war, until his retirement in 1936. He also played first-class cricket for the Marylebone Cricket Club and the British Army cricket team. He was the father of the Test cricketer Donald Carr.
Early life and WWI
The son of the Reverend Edmund Carr and his wife, Edith Louisa Margaret Lillingston, Carr was born at Palamcottah in British India. Carr came to England by 1901, where he was educated at St. Lawrence College, Ramsgate. From St. Lawrence he went up to Magdalen College, Oxford in 1904, where among his contemporaries was Edward, Prince of Wales. He played football for Oxford University A.F.C. He debuted in first-class cricket in 1913 for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Oxford University at Oxford, making scores of 7 and 10, with Carr being dismissed in the match by Philip Davies and Basil Melle respectively.
Carr served in the British Army during World War I, enlisting as a second lieutenant with the Royal Berkshire Regiment in November 1914. In December 1914, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant in December 1914. He was mentioned in a letter written by the Prince of Wales in April 1915, following an encounter with Carr at the front. Ill health during saw Carr placed on the half-pay list in July 1915, with Carr returning to duty in July 1916, with fellow cricketer Guy Gregson-Ellis acting as his deputy. Having been promoted to the rank of captain by 1917, Carr gained the rank of temporary major in June 1918.
Post-WWI and later life
Following the war, Carr served in Germany as part of the British Army of the Rhine. He relinquished the temporary rank of major in March 1920, reverting to the rank of captain when he left his service battalion, which had presumably been disbanded. In July 1922, he was promoted to the temporary rank of brigade major, a post he relinquished in December of the same year. In September 1923, he was seconded to the Territorial Army as an adjutant.
Thirteen years after his initial first-class appearance, Carr played three first-class matches for the British Army cricket team in 1926. He scored 97 runs across these three matches at an average of 19.40, with a high score of 46. He made his debut in minor counties cricket in that same year for Berkshire in the Minor Counties Championship. After a gap of four years, he played frequently for Berkshire in 1930 and 1931, before making a final lone appearance in 1936.
Carr returned to the Royal Berkshire Regiment from his secondment in April 1927, where he served in British India until at least 1931. He was promoted to the rank of major on a permanent basis in November 1929. He retired from active service in April 1936, with seniority antedated to September 1927. Carr exceeded the age limit for recall in June 1948, at which point he was removed from the reserve officers list and was granted the honorary rank of lieutenant colonel.
After retiring from the army, Carr took up a position as the bursar of Repton School in Derbyshire, with Carr moving with his family from the New Forest in Hampshire. He later died at the Derbyshire Royal Infirmary in Derby in February 1963, following a short illness.
Personal life
He married Constance Ruth Smith in 1919, with the couple having three sons. His youngest son, Donald, played Test cricket for England, while his grandson, John, was also a first-class cricketer.
References
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56,673,893 | Ronald William Withell (9 March 1916 – 14 May 1998) was a New Zealand amateur boxer, who represented his country at the 1938 British Empire Games, and won two national amateur titles.
Early life
Born on 9 March 1916, Withell was the eldest son of William Withell and Sarah Jane Withell (née Wilkinson), who farmed at Winchmore, near Ashburton.
Withell took up amateur boxing in 1937, and won the New Zealand heavyweight title that year in only his eighth competitive bout, having beaten Morrie McHugh in the semi-final. He was then selected to represent New Zealand in the heavyweight division at the 1938 British Empire Games, but his lack of experience told, and he was defeated in his opening bout when he was knocked out in the first round by South African Claude Sterley, who went on to win the silver medal.
Career
Withell won the national amateur light-heavyweight title in 1939, before enlisting to serve in the New Zealand forces during World War II. Withell had a record of 24 amateur bouts in New Zealand, for 21 wins, on draw and two losses. He served with the 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force (2NZEF) in Egypt, where he won the Army light-heavyweight boxing Middle East forces title, and was a member of the 2NZEF brass band at Maadi Camp, playing the euphonium.
Withell returned to New Zealand in early 1944, and, after the war, took up a rehabilitation farm at Leeston, where he was active with the local brass band, as a boxing trainer and in the Returned Services' Association (RSA). After selling the farm in 1955, Withell rejoined the army, based at Burnham Camp, where he was a storeman and clerk. In 1956, he was promoted from private to lance corporal, and he retired from the army in 1960. He then lived near Weedons, training horses for harness racing, and working as a prison officer for 14 years at Paparua Prison. He served on the executive of the Paparua RSA, including as its president between 1981 and 1982, and was later the branch patron.
Family life
He was twice married: firstly to Ethel Joyce Neame in 1944—with whom he had two children—until her death from accidental drowning in 1956; and later, from 1971, to Authie May Anderson.
Death
Withell died on 14 May 1998, and was buried at Ellesmere Cemetery.
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37,376,233 | George Herbert Adams (May 18, 1851 – November 18, 1911) was an American Republican politician and lawyer who served as the President of the New Hampshire Senate.
Adams was born in Campton, New Hampshire, May 18, 1851, the only child of Isaac L. and Louisa C. (Blair) Adams.
After he graduated from Dartmouth College in 1873, Adams spent a year as the principal of the high school of Marlborough, Massachusetts. In January 1874, Adams entered the law office of Henry W. Blair in Plymouth, New Hampshire to study the law. Adams studied law until he was admitted to the Bar, during the September 1876 term of the New Hampshire Supreme Court at Grafton County, New Hampshire.
On January 14, 1877, Adams married Sarah Katherine Smith of Meredith, New Hampshire. They had two children, Walter Blair Adams born December 13, 1887, and George Herbert Adams, Jr., born April 12, 1890.
Adams was a delegate from Campton at the 1876 New Hampshire Constitutional Convention, and he was to elected to represent Plymouth in the New Hampshire House of Representatives in 1883, and to the New Hampshire Senate in 1889 and 1905, and in 1905 he was chosen the President of the New Hampshire Senate. Adams was twice elected the Solicitor of Grafton County, New Hampshire, serving for four years starting April 1, 1895.
Adams died in Plymouth, New Hampshire on November 18, 1911, aged 60. He is buried in Trinity Cemetery, Holderness, New Hampshire.
Notes
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52,995,165 | 2002 Satkhira bombing was a double bomb attack on 28 September 2002 of Roxy cinema hall and a circus tent in Satkhira District, Bangladesh that killed 3 people and injured 100 others.
Attacks
Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh, a Bangladeshi Islamist terrorist organization, carried out attacks on the early 2000s in public places in Bangladesh.
A bomb was placed in a Roxy cinema hall and another inside a circus tent in Satkhira District on 28 September 2002. Three people died in the explosion and 100 others were injured. The first bomb went off in the cinema hall and minutes later the bomb in the circus went off. Time bombs were used in the attacks. Similar attacks took place in Mymensingh in the Mymensingh cinema bombings.
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8,107,496 | The tsunami bomb was an attempt during World War II to develop a tectonic weapon that could create destructive tsunamis. The project commenced after United States Navy officer E.A. Gibson noticed small waves generated by explosions used to clear coral reefs. The idea was developed by the United States and New Zealand military in a program code named Project Seal. The weapons concept was deemed feasible, but the weapons themselves were never fully developed or used. A related concept, the bouncing bomb was developed and used in World War II, to be dropped into water as a means to destroy German dams and cause loss of industrial capacity and widespread flooding.
Testing and development
Tests were conducted by Professor Thomas Leech, of the University of Auckland, in Whangaparaoa off the coast of Auckland and off New Caledonia between 1944 and 1945. British and US defence chiefs were eager to see it developed, and it was considered potentially as important as the atomic bomb. It was expected to cause massive damage to coastal cities or coastal defences.
The weapon was only tested using small explosions and never on a full scale. 3,700 test explosions were conducted over a seven-month period. The tests revealed that a single explosion would not produce a tsunami, but concluded that a line of 2,000,000 kg (4,400,000 lb) of explosives about 8 km (5.0 mi) off the coast could create a destructive wave.
Details of the experiments codenamed "Project Seal" were released to the public by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade in 1999 and are available at Archives New Zealand in Wellington and at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography Archives in San Diego, California.
A 1968 research report sponsored by the US Office of Naval Research addressed this hypothesis of coastal damage due to large explosion-generated waves, and found theoretical and experimental evidence showing it to be relatively inefficient in wave-making potential, with most wave energy dissipated by breaking on the continental shelf before reaching the shore.
Analysis of the declassified documents in 1999 by the University of Waikato suggested the weapon would be viable.
No specific targets for the weapon were identified, but in 2013 New Zealand broadcaster and author Ray Waru suggested coastal fortifications in Japan ahead of an invasion of the Japanese home islands.
Egyptian magazine Al-Osboa claimed that the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami was intentionally caused by a nuclear weapon detonated in a strategic position under the ocean.
Soviets
Andrei Sakharov in 1961 proposed a torpedo with a nuclear 100-megaton warhead, such a torpedo, could be fired at a safe distance by fitting it with a timing mechanism. Then it would explode at the right time, causing a tsunami.
Russia
In 2018, Russia has released plans for a 20 to 100Mt tsunami bomb, named Status-6 or Poseidon Torpedo, which is realized as a nuclear-powered and nuclear-armed unmanned underwater vehicle with a length of about 24m. According to the plan, the Poseidon Torpedo would initiate a 500m high shockwave.
North Korea
In 2023, the KCNA reported a test of underwater attack drone 'Haeil' (해일, "tsunami" in Korean) off Hongwon Bay. Reportedly after cruising around 80-150m underwater, it creates an explosion that subsequently creates a radioactive wave.
Related weapons development elsewhere
The bouncing bomb was a 5-ton bomb developed, separately, during World War II. Like the tsunami bomb, it was also designed to explode in water, and one of its intended effects was to cause massive flooding. However its targets were the massive reinforced dams of Nazi Germany, which were deemed untouchable by ordinary weapons yet, if broken, would cause extensive harm to Germany's war effort. The bombs' most unusual feature was that they were deliberately spun backwards before dropping; this backspin caused them to skip along the surface of the water for a set distance before sinking, and allowed them to evade torpedo nets that protected the dams before exploding underwater similarly to a depth charge. The inventor of the first such bomb was the British engineer Barnes Wallis, whose "Upkeep" bouncing bomb was used in the RAF's Operation Chastise of May 1943 to bounce into German dams and explode underwater, with effect similar to the underground detonation of the Grand Slam and Tallboy earthquake bombs, both of which he also invented. His April 1942 paper "Spherical Bomb — Surface Torpedo" described this method of attack. The weapons were used successfully against three dams in 1943.
The earthquake bomb, or seismic bomb, was a separate but related concept that was separately invented by the British aeronautical engineer Barnes Wallis early in World War II and subsequently developed and used on land against strategic targets in Europe. The earthquake bomb also used the concept of an explosion in a dense medium. It differed somewhat in concept from traditional aircraft-borne bombs, which usually explode at or near the surface, and destroy their target directly by explosive force. By contrast, an earthquake bomb is dropped from very high altitude to gain more speed, and upon impact penetrates and explodes deep underground, causing massive caverns (camouflets) or craters as well as much more severe shockwaves. In this way, they can affect targets that are too massive to be affected by other types of conventional bomb, as well as difficult targets such as bridges and viaducts. Earthquake bombs were used towards the end of World War II for massively reinforced installations (e.g., submarine pens with concrete walls several meters thick, caverns, buried tunnels), and bridges.
See also
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17,424,725 | Danira Gović (also billed as Danira Govich ; born (billed 1972/1973)) is a Croatian actress, best known for a recurring role in the British television comedy-drama series Hotel Babylon .
Biography
After having finished her education in a secondary economic school in her native city of Šibenik, Danira arrived in London in 1993, where she initially worked as a babysitter.
Her temporary job turned into a permanent residence in Britain. After babysitting, she worked for a while in a store, selling bras, and then she got a waitressing job in London's Royal National Theatre, where she observed various actors and plays. She went to an audition and got accepted, gaining a scholarship to cover her costs of education.
After many tries, she was in the right place at the right time: she got a role in BBC series Hotel Babylon , playing Croatian chambermaid Tanja Mihajlov and then she got promoted to Head of Housekeeping after former Head of Housekeeping Jackie Clunes played by Natalie Mendoza left.
She has also played a noticed role in Zabranjena ljubav , on RTL Televizija in Croatia, as Angelina, a reticent hairdresser.
Filmography
Film roles
Television roles
References
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8,625,933 | SS Zhongshan , formerly romanized as Chung Shan , was a Chinese gunboat built in Japan in 1913. It was originally known as SS Yongfeng (romanized at the time as Yung Feng or Wong Feng ), before being renamed in 1925 in honor of Sun Yat-sen. Zhongshan was sunk by the Imperial Japanese Navy during the Second Sino-Japanese War, but was later raised and restored as a museum ship in Wuhan.
Construction
SS Yongfeng was the first of four Yongfeng -class gunboats ordered from Mitsubishi by the Qing Empire in 1910. Under the deal signed between the Qing naval minister Prince Rui, his deputy Admiral Sa Zhenbing, and the Japanese, the first two ships (including Yongfeng ) would be built in Japan, while the second two would be built in China at Jiangnan Shipyard with Japanese technical assistance.
Service history
Yongfeng entered service as part of the Beiyang Fleet. In March 1913, it sailed to Shanghai, where it was based at Yuezhou.
It sailed south with Sun Yat-sen in July 1917, subsequently forming part of the Nationalist navy at Canton (now known as Guangzhou).
Just prior to Ye Ju's attack of the presidential palace on 16 June 1922, Sun Yat-sen fled to the Guangzhou naval yard and took refuge aboard the cruiser SS Haiqi (then Hai Ch'i ). From there, he transferred to the SS Yongfeng , where he was joined by Chiang Kai-shek around the 27th or 29th. Yongfeng and other ships then fought past Pearl River fortresses controlled by Chen Jiongming while launching assaults and negotiating with the Guangzhou leadership for about 50 days. It avoided reprisals by anchoring off Huangpu, surrounded by foreign vessels Chen could not risk firing upon. Finally, Sun and Chiang left aboard a British ship to Hong Kong on 9 August, whence they departed for Shanghai. The Yongfeng carried Sun and his wife to Hong Kong in November 1924.
On 13 April 1925, the ship was renamed in honor of Sun Yat-sen, better known in China as "Sun Zhongshan", following his death the previous month.
In November 1925, the Nationalist navy was placed under the direction of the Soviet adviser Andrei S. Bubnov, who named the Communist Li Zhilong as its head. The voyage of Zhongshan and Baobi from Guangzhou to Huangpu (Whampoa) on 18 March 1926 set off the Canton Coup.
She patrolled the southern coasts of China against pirates after the Northern Expedition, and she rescued the steamship Xinhua in 1928.
In the Second Sino-Japanese War, SS Zhongshan participated in the Battle of Wuhan. On 24 October 1938, she was bombed and sunk in the Yangtze River by the Imperial Japanese Navy with 25 casualties, including Captain Sa Shijun, a nephew of Sa Zhenbing.
Recovery
Hubei's provincial cultural department received permission to plan the recovery of Zhongshan in 1986, and the wreck was salvaged from the Yangtze on 28 January 1997. By 2001, it was restored to its appearance c. 1925 , except for some of the damage which it sustained when the ship was sunk in 1938. The restored Zhongshan is now located in the Zhongshan Warship Museum in Wuhan. The facility has been described as "China's first floating museum".
The museum is located in Jinkou Subdistrict of Wuhan's suburban Jiangxia District, some 25 km southwest of downtown Wuchang. In 2003, relics from the ship were also displayed at Hong Kong's Museum of Coastal Defense.
Gallery
See also
References
Citations
Bibliography
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33,715,739 | Dennis John Ciclitira (Greek: Διονύσης Τσικλητήρας ; 11 August 1918 – 9 June 2000) was a British soldier and businessman of Greek descent.
Early life and education
Ciclitira was born in Patras, Greece, but his family emigrated to England, settling in Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex. His father Demosthenes set up a company importing dried fruit. Ciclitira was educated at Wycliffe School and was then sent to Greece to learn the family business.
Military service in World War II
In 1939 Ciclitira enlisted into the Territorial Army, serving in the 2/4th Essex Regiment, before graduating from an Officer Cadet Training Unit and being commissioned as a second lieutenant in the South Staffordshire Regiment on 20 April 1940.
After two years with the South Staffordshire Regiment, Ciclitira volunteered to serve with the Special Operations Executive, and in October 1942 was assigned to "Force 133", SOE's Cretan section, based in Cairo. He was responsible for organising clandestine deliveries of arms and supplies to the Cretan resistance, and also the exfiltration of those for whom it had become too dangerous to remain. In December 1943 Ciclitira took over from Xan Fielding as commander of SOE activities in western Crete, operating from a mountain hideout near Canea. In May 1944, after the abduction of General Kreipe, Ciclitira organized the evacuation of Patrick Leigh Fermor, W. Stanley Moss, and their captive by Motor Launch, and met them at a remote beach on the southern coast. Just as Leigh Fermor and Moss realised that neither knew enough Morse to make the correct recognition code Ciclitira arrived, having been ordered to return to Cairo, took the torch, called them "bloody fools", and made the correct signal.
Ciclitira returned to Crete in September 1944, remaining there until the end of the war. In March 1945, he negotiated a prisoner exchange, swapping 36 German prisoners for 12 Cretans, including Konstantinos Mitsotakis, later the Prime Minister of Greece. On 8 May 1945, V-E day, Ciclitira arranged for Generalmajor Hans-Georg Benthack to formally surrender all German forces on the island to Major-General Colin Callander.
Post-war career
On 23 May 1946, Ciclitira received a mention in despatches "in recognition of gallant and distinguished services in the Mediterranean Theatre".
His father having died in 1943, Ciclitira and his brother John revived the family business in the late 1950s, forming Demos Ciclitira Ltd. The company remains one of the UK's leading importers of dried fruit, as well as other products. It was run by Ciclitira's nephew Andrew until the latter's death in December 2020; the Company Chairman is now Andrew's brother David.
Dennis Ciclitira died on 9 June 2000.
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15,024,399 | John William Meagher (December 5, 1917 – April 14, 1996) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions during the Battle of Okinawa in World War II.
Meagher joined the Army from his birthplace of Jersey City, New Jersey, and by June 19, 1945, was serving as a technical sergeant in Company E, 305th Infantry Regiment, 77th Infantry Division. On that day, near Ōzato, Okinawa, he prevented the tank he was riding on from being disabled by an enemy soldier and then single-handedly destroyed two enemy positions. For his actions, he was awarded the Medal of Honor one year later, on June 26, 1946.
Meagher left the Army while still a technical sergeant. He died at age 78 and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. He is survived by his wife and two daughters. His eldest son John W. Meagher died in 2008.
Medal of Honor citation
Technical Sergeant Meagher's official Medal of Honor citation reads as follows:
He displayed conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty. In the heat of the fight, he mounted an assault tank, and, with bullets splattering about him, designated targets to the gunner. Seeing an enemy soldier carrying an explosive charge dash for the tank treads, he shouted fire orders to the gunner, leaped from the tank, and bayoneted the charging soldier. Knocked unconscious and his rifle destroyed, he regained consciousness, secured a machinegun from the tank, and began a furious 1-man assault on the enemy. Firing from his hip, moving through vicious crossfire that ripped through his clothing, he charged the nearest pillbox, killing 6. Going on amid the hail of bullets and grenades, he dashed for a second enemy gun, running out of ammunition just as he reached the position. He grasped his empty gun by the barrel and in a violent onslaught killed the crew. By his fearless assaults T/Sgt. Meagher single-handedly broke the enemy resistance, enabling his platoon to take its objective and continue the advance.
See also
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11,462,041 | Evolution: The Game of Intelligent Life is a life simulation and real-time strategy computer game that allows players to experience, guide, and control evolution from an isometric view on either historical earth or on randomly generated worlds while racing against computer opponents to reach the top of the evolution chain, and gradually evolving the player's animals to reach the "grand goal of intelligent life". It was published by Interplay Entertainment and Discovery Channel Multimedia in 1997.
Gameplay
Players select different ages to play through, including the Labyrinthodontia, or the first amphibians through to the evolution of the Age of Mammals. Each species has points that players can spend on adapting or evolving their creature populations, which are represented by animated icons of that creature. The more points a player spends on a field for a species, the quicker it evolves, becomes better at feeding (and growing in number faster), or better at fighting off predators. When a player evolves a creature, one can pick a population to be upgraded to the evolution one chooses. Each creature has a different set of evolution paths, and some can evolve into six or more different creatures. The world grows as the game advances, with land masses drifting and terrain shifting. As the player evolves the selected creatures, the player slowly advances in the complexity of the animals, eventually reaching intelligent life. Usually, the first player to do this is the victor (standard rules).
The game starts from basal tetrapods, the very first land dwellers: amphibians. At the gain of the game, each player starts with one population of a species of prehistoric amphibian—e.g. Ichthyostega , Tulerpeton , and Acanthostega . Gradually, if the player monitors the species' progress and moves them to more appropriate habitats and climate zones, the selected species will feed, breed, and prosper. From that secure population who can then evolve more advanced and adaptable creatures, along with continental drift and climate change, the other, older, and more primitive species will be rendered obsolete, and their creatures will die out.
As the player advances their creatures, extinctions may wipe out populations of some species, while others may not be affected at all. Each species has a drop-down menu, which displays all the more advanced creatures that this particular species can evolve into. Eventually, when the player reaches intelligent and advanced animals, the menu will display certain creatures that can then evolve into the standard intelligent life of civilization builders. The line of intelligent species doesn't have to be humans (e.g. Australopithecus , Homo habilis , Homo sapiens ). The player can also evolve other intelligent species who are fictional or highly speculative. For example, if a player evolves one of the creatures into an elephant, one can access the elephant line, and gradually evolve that elephant into Elephasapiens which is a species of intelligent life, thus winning the game. Elephasapiens of course, is fictional and speculative. Other species of intelligent life within the game are parrot men, wombat men, and dino men.
Once a player evolves intelligent life, the game ends and scores are added up and displayed, although the player who evolved intelligent life is guaranteed victory. Score points are given to players who make evolutionary breakthroughs. For example, evolving the first reptile, mammal, or dinosaur is worth bonus points.
The game can either be played alone or against the computer. With opponents, the game has another side to it. Each animal has the ability to evolve defense, and other animals (predatory creatures) controlled by the players, can fight each other's creatures, thus wiping out an enemy population, reducing competition and weakening the opponent. To fend off these attacks, the other player can, as said earlier, evolve defenses against the opponent's predators.
Critical reception
Inside Games thought it was an "excellent simulation", and that it was "one of those rare edutainment titles that succeeds as entertainment , too".
Electric Play felt the game was both "educational" and "interesting", giving the game an overall review score of 80%.
Happy Puppy thought the game had much replay value, and gave the game an overall positive review.
Pyramid stated that " Evolution shares the Discovery success strategy for straddling the road between education and entertainment. It's fun, and I actually learned something."
References
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33,107,722 | Bimbashi Arabic ("soldier Arabic", or Mongallese ) was a pidgin of Arabic which developed among military troops in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, and was popular from 1870 to 1920. Bimbashi later branched and developed into three languages: Turku (and its modern descendant Bongor Arabic) in Chad, Ki-Nubi in Kenya and Uganda, and Juba Arabic in South Sudan.
See also
Further reading
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2,285,446 | Austin is an underground MTR rapid transit station on the Tuen Ma line in Hong Kong, situated perpendicular to Wui Cheung Road and Austin Road West, and formerly adjacent to Jordan Road Ferry Pier Bus Terminus.
History
Austin station was built as part of the Kowloon Southern Link project, built to connect the West Rail line and East Rail line. KCR Corporation originally planned two stations along the new section of line: Austin and Canton Road stations. The latter station was cancelled due to failed negotiations with private landowners. As a result, Austin was the only new station built as part of the Kowloon Southern Link scheme. It is also the first KCR-owned station to be opened after the MTR took over operations of the KCR network.
During the planning and early construction stages, the station was called "West Kowloon station" (Chinese: 九龍西站 ). The construction contract KDB200 (West Kowloon Station and Tunnels – Jordan Road to East Tsim Sha Tsui Station) was awarded to the Leighton-Balfour Beatty-Kumagai-John Holland Joint Venture (renamed to "Link 200 Joint Venture" on 9 August 2005) for an estimated contract sum of HK$2.018 billion. This station is part of this contract. Construction was finished in July 2009 and the station opened on 16 August that year. It was named after Austin Road.
It was located adjacent to the Canton Road Government Offices until that structure was demolished in 2011. An MTR residential property development, The Austin, was subsequently constructed on the site of the former government offices.
A direct connection between Austin station and the West Kowloon Terminus was opened on 23 September 2018.
A new underground pedestrian link between Austin station and Xiqu Centre, a Chinese opera house, was opened on 21 March 2021.
On 27 June 2021, the West Rail line officially merged with the Ma On Shan line (which was already extended into the Tuen Ma line Phase 1 at the time) in East Kowloon to form the new Tuen Ma line, as part of the Shatin to Central link project. Hence, Austin was included in the project and is now an intermediate station on the Tuen Ma line.
Station layout
The station has two tracks and one island platform. The surface station building is divided into two parts by Wui Cheung Road.
By interchanging between Kowloon and Austin stations, Airport Express passengers using Octopus cards can connect to the MTR urban lines for free, immediately before or after the Airport Express journey. Airport Express passengers can travel around the two stations by walking through Exit B5 of this station or using the complimentary Airport Express shuttle bus service. However, it only provides out-of-system connection to Kowloon station for Tung Chung line passengers with gate charges.
Exits A and F are respectively connected with the pedestrian subways at the Jordan Road and the Austin Road junctions with Canton Road. But unlike cases like the subway at the Ngau Tau Kok station, the other exits of these two subways connected to Austin are not numbered.
Entrances/exits
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2,329,201 | General Sir William Stephen Alexander Lockhart (2 September 1841 – 18 March 1900) was a British General in the British Indian Army.
Military career
Lockhart was born at the Manse in Inchinnan, Renfrewshire, Scotland, where his father Dr Laurence Lockhart, DD (1795–1876) was the minister. Lockhart's uncle was John Gibson Lockhart, eminent writer, poet and biographer of Sir Walter Scott. His mother Louisa Blair (d. 1847) was a daughter of David Blair, a manufacturer in Glasgow. There were two older brothers who both also saw military service, Major-General David Blair Lockhart of Milton Lockhart (1829–1906) and Lieutenant-Colonel Laurence William Maxwell Lockhart (1831–1882).
He entered the Indian Army in 1858, in the 44th Bengal Native Infantry. He served in the last months of the Indian Mutiny, the Bhutan Campaign (1864–66), under Napier in the Abyssinian Expedition (1867–68; mentioned in dispatches) and after promotion to captain in 1868 took part in the Hazara Black Mountain Expedition (1868–69; mentioned in dispatches).
From 1869 to 1879 he acted as Deputy Assistant and Assistant Quartermaster General in Bengal. In 1877 he was promoted to major and was military attaché with the Dutch Army in Acheen (modern Aceh). Here he saw active service, almost died from fever, and received the Dutch Expedition Cross. He was Road Commandant of the Khyber Pass and served in the Second Anglo-Afghan War of 1878–80, for which he was mentioned in dispatches and made a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB). From 1880 to 1885 he was Deputy Quartermaster-General in the Intelligence Branch at headquarters, during which he was promoted to colonel in 1883. Between 1885 and 1886 he headed the Lockhart Mission surveying the Hindu Kush. He commanded a brigade in the Third Burmese War (1886–87), and was made Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) and a Companion of the Order of the Star of India (CSI) and received the thanks of the government.
An attack of fever brought Lockhart to England in 1888, where he was employed as Assistant Military Secretary for Indian affairs (at Horse Guards); but in 1890 he returned to India earlier than planned to become Commander-in-Chief Punjab Command with the rank of major-general. He set up his home in Abbottabad and for five years was engaged in various expeditions against the hill tribes. After the Waziristan Campaign in 1894–95 he was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India (KCSI). He became a full general in 1896, and in 1897 he was given the command against the Afridis and Mohmands, and conducted the difficult Tirah Expedition with great skill.
He returned to England in 1898 and received the Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB). Appointed Commander-in-Chief, India, he returned to India after a brief visit to Scotland. He took up residence in "Treasury Gate", Fort William, India and at "Snowdon" in Simla when the government migrated to the hill station for the summer months.
Death
He died of malaria whilst serving in office in Calcutta on 18 March 1900. His funeral occurred the following day and the service was taken by James Welldon the Bishop of Calcutta, and former headmaster of Harrow School. Lockhart's good friend Lord Curzon (The Viceroy) attended the funeral. Lockhart married twice.
A private collection funded a fine memorial by George Frampton in St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh and soldiers and their families paid for the construction of an obelisk in Roomi Park, Rawalpindi (now Pakistan).
References
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7,486,413 | Bamse (Norwegian word for "(male) bear", "teddy bear" or "big boy") (1937 – 22 July 1944) was a St. Bernard dog that became the heroic mascot of the Free Norwegian Forces during the Second World War. He became a symbol of Norwegian freedom during the war.
Pre-war life
Bamse was bought in Oslo, Norway, by Captain Erling Hafto, the master of the Norwegian whale-catcher Thorodd , and he was taken to sea from an early age. In her childhood memories of pre-war Honningsvåg, Captain Hafto's daughter Vigdis remembers Bamse as a very kind dog that would look after the children while they were playing.
Military service
At the onset of the Second World War, Thorodd was drafted into the Royal Norwegian Navy as a coastal patrol vessel, based in Hammerfest, and Bamse was enrolled as an official crew member on 9 February 1940. After the Nazi invasion of Norway on 9 April 1940 the Thorodd was part of the naval opposition to the Germans and had as one of its uses POW transport.
Shortly before the 10 June 1940 capitulation of mainland Norway, Thorodd was one of 13 Norwegian naval vessels to escape to the UK, arriving 17 June 1940. She was converted to a minesweeper in Rosyth from 30 June 1940 and stationed in Montrose and Dundee in Scotland, where she remained for the rest of the war.
Bamse and his crew
Bamse lifted the morale of the ship's crew, and became well known to the local civilian population. In battle, he would stand on the front gun tower of the boat, and the crew made him a special metal helmet.
His acts of heroism included saving a young lieutenant commander who had been attacked by a man wielding a knife by pushing the assailant into the sea, and dragging back to shore a sailor who had fallen overboard. He was also known for breaking up fights amongst his crewmates by putting his paws on their shoulders, calming them down and then leading them back to the ship.
One of Bamse's tasks in Scotland was to round up his crew and escort them back to the ship in time for duty or curfew. To do this, he travelled on the local buses unaccompanied, and the crew bought him a bus pass which was attached to his collar. Bamse would wander down to the bus stop at Broughty Ferry Road and take the bus down to Dundee. He would get off at the bus stop near his crew's favourite watering hole, the Bodega Bar, and go in to fetch them. If he could not locate his friends he would take the bus back to base.
Patriotic symbol
From being ship's mascot, Bamse became the mascot of the Royal Norwegian Navy, and then of all the Free Norwegian Forces. An iconic photograph of him wearing a Norwegian sailor's cap was used on patriotic Easter cards and Christmas cards during the war. The PDSA made him an official Allied Forces Mascot.
Death
Bamse died of heart failure on the dockside at Montrose on 22 July 1944. He was buried with full military honours. Hundreds of Norwegian sailors, Allied servicemen, schoolchildren and townsfolk from Montrose and Dundee attended his funeral.
His grave site lies off Ferry Road/Barracks Road in the eastern section of Montrose harbour on a section of pedestrian walkway beyond the industrial estate. It is cared for by local people, and the Royal Norwegian Navy holds a commemorative ceremony every ten years.
Post-war honours
Bamse was posthumously awarded Norges Hundeorden (Norwegian Order of Dogs) on 30 September 1984 for his war service. In 2006, he was also awarded the PDSA Gold Medal (sometimes known as the "animals' George Cross") for gallantry and devotion to duty, the only World War II animal to have received this honour.
On 17 October 2006, The Duke of York unveiled a larger than life sized bronze statue of Bamse, made by Scottish sculptor Alan Herriot, on Montrose's Wharf Street. The Norwegian consul in Edinburgh, Bjørn Eilertsen, brought greetings from Norway's king, Harald V. Other attendees included the Lathallan School Pipe Band, Royal Norwegian Navy representatives, Hans Petter Oset (director of the Royal Norwegian Navy Museum), and Vigdis Hafto (the daughter of Bamse's owner).
In August 2008 author and columnist Angus Whitson and Andrew Orr of the Montrose Bamse Project published a new book, Sea Dog Bamse . The book charts Bamse's life – from prewar days in Honningsvåg, through the five years of war, until his heartfelt death. Using extensive source material and new eyewitness accounts, it relates stories of the Hafto family, the Norwegian Campaign, the minesweeper Thorodd and its crew, the naval war off East Scotland, and the bonds between the Norwegians and the Scots. The hardback version became a Scottish bestseller, and a paperback version was released in October 2009.
Media attention renewed interest in Bamse in Norway. The Royal Norwegian Navy Museum (Marinemuseet) at Horten planned to install a smaller bronze version of the statue. In addition, the mayor of Nordkapp Municipality (which includes the town of Honningsvåg), Kristina Hansen, and project manager Sigurd Berg-Hansen visited Montrose in November 2008, and launched a campaign to raise funds to purchase and install a duplicate bronze statue of Bamse on the waterfront at Honningsvåg, which currently has about 250,000 annual visitors. In December 2008 the Norwegian Minister of Defence, Anne-Grete Strøm-Erichsen announced that her ministry supported the Bamse project in Honningsvåg and would grant 70,000 kr to the memorial statue.
On 16 May 2009 Royal Norwegian Navy cutter MV Leikvin transported a Bamse statue from the Port of Leith, Scotland to Honningsvåg. On 19 June 2009 schoolchildren from Honningsvåg and from Montrose unveiled the statue on the Honningsvåg harbour, in front of the museum (which tells his story in detail). The combined bands of the Skolekorps and Lathallan School's pipe band entertained the large crowd of supporters from Scotland, Norway, Sweden and Canada. The new statue of Bamse at Honningsvåg faces south-west towards Montrose, and the Scottish statue faces north-east towards Honningsvåg.
During 2016 a 17-acre (6.9 ha) forest was planted at Guards Lonning, Nether Wasdale, Cumbria (grid reference NY 108 056 ) in honour of Bamse. The scheme Bamse's Wood was supported by the Forestry Commission.
The Annual Bamse Cup Regatta hosted at the Dartmouth Yacht Club is named in his honour, sponsored by the Convoy Cup Foundation.
See also
Bibliography
References
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32,237,080 | Count Wilhelm Otto Albrecht von Bismarck-Schönhausen (1 August 1852 – 30 May 1901) was a German counselor, civil servant and politician, who served as a member of the Reichstag from 1880 to 1881 and president of the Regency of Hanover from 1889 to 1890. The youngest son of Otto von Bismarck, he and his brother Herbert von Bismarck both resigned their posts after the elder Bismarck was dismissed as Chancellor of Germany in 1890. Wilhelm subsequently accepted an appointment as Governor of East Prussia in 1894. Mount Wilhelm (German: Wilhelmsberg, or in Kuman: Enduwa Kombuglu, or Kombugl'o Dimbin) the highest mountain in Papua New Guinea at 4,509 metres (14,793 ft), part of the Bismarck Range, was named after him by Hugo Zöller.
Biography
Wilhelm von Bismarck was born at Frankfort-on-the-Main, the youngest of three children born to Otto von Bismarck and his wife Johanna, née von Puttkamer. He had an older sister, Marie (b. 1847), and brother, Herbert (b. 1849), the latter serving as Foreign Secretary from 1886 to 1890.
Though Herbert was considered next in line as Prince of Bismarck, and head of the princely House of Bismarck, Wilhelm von Bismarck was considered "the more popular of the two brothers". He was a noted athlete and sportsman in college and, like his father, participated in dueling. On at least one of these occasions, he nearly lost his life and initially was not expected to live more than a month. Wilhelm's likeness to his father was considered "remarkable", having "the same haughty demeanor, the same shape of head, and even the same gestures".
Both he and his brother fought in the Franco-Prussian War, each holding a lieutenant's commission, as staff officers with the 1st Dragoon Regiment, and received the Iron Cross for gallantry. In 1879, Bismarck was made secretary to General Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel, military governor of the then recently ceded provinces of Alsace-Lorraine.
Bismarck briefly joined his brother and father in German politics, becoming a member of the Reichstag, but was defeated upon seeking re-election in 1881. He then pursued a career in law and, the next year, became a government counselor. In 1885, he married his cousin, Sybil von Arnim, with whom he had four children.
Four years later, in 1889, he became President of the Regency of Hanover and held this position until the following year, when he and Herbert left their respective appointments in protest of their father being forced to step down as Chancellor by Kaiser Wilhelm II. In 1894, he was unexpectedly appointed Governor of East Prussia.
On the morning of May 31, 1901, after an illness of six days, Bismarck died in Berlin from peritonitis. The funeral took place a week later, the same day Wilhelm II planned to unveil a statue to Otto von Bismarck in front of the Reichstag building. At the time, given the somewhat tense relationship between Wilhelm and the Bismarck family, there was some speculation whether they would attend. The Kaiser's refusal to postpone the ceremony, given the preparations had already been completed and an expected attendance of thousands from Germany and elsewhere in Europe, made their attendance an impossibility.
Of the newspapers which carried obituaries of Wilhelm's death, according to the New York Times , "few of them are complimentary, and the majority point out that the son possessed all of his father's foibles without his father's greatness."
Personal life
He was married to his first cousin, Sybilla Malwine von Arnim-Kröchlendorff (1864-1945), younger daughter of Oskar von Arnim (1813-1903) and his wife, Malwine von Bismarck (1827-1907), who was also Wilhelm's paternal aunt. They had:
Orders and decorations
He received the following orders and decorations:
See also
References
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75,087,947 | Baltimore (released as Rose's War in the United States and Germany) is a 2023 thriller film written and directed by Joe Lawlor and Christine Molloy. It is based on the life of Rose Dugdale, a British heiress-turned-IRA member, played by Imogen Poots. The film is an international co-production between Ireland and the United Kingdom.
Baltimore premiered at the 50th Telluride Film Festival on 1 September 2023, and was released in the United Kingdom and Ireland on 22 March 2024.
Premise
Rose Dugdale is former debutante who left England to become a member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army. In April 1974, she leads an art heist at Russborough House, the home of Sir Alfred Beit.
The film's title refers to the village of Baltimore in County Cork.
Cast
Release
Baltimore was released on digital on 1 March 2024, followed by theatrical release in the United Kingdom and Ireland on 22 March 2024.
Reception
Box office
During its opening weekend, the film grossed $65,281 from 61 cinemas in the United Kingdom and $36,773 from 26 cinemas in Ireland.
Critical response
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 94% of 18 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 7.2/10.
Wendy Ide of The Observer gave the film four out of five stars, calling it "a pleasingly taut heist movie" and "a fascinating psychological study of fanaticism, with [Imogen] Poots's expressive performance unpeeling the layers beneath [Rose] Dugdale's fervent belief in her cause. Kevin Maher of The Times awarded the movie four stars out of five, praising the film as "an impressionistic and sometimes dreamlike account of someone finding meaning in a hopeless world while remaining blind to its enormous human cost."
Wilson Chapman of IndieWire commended Imogen Poots's performance, writing that " Baltimore ultimately hinges on Poots to do most of the heavy work, and the consistently great actor is magnetic in the role, nervy and vulnerable but with a clear-eyed belief in her own convictions that makes her pop off the screen. If the movie isn't ever quite able to inspire the same devotion from the audience that Rose Dugdale has for her cause, watching a protagonist as compelling as her still makes for a thrilling 90 minutes and change." Rodrigo Perez of The Playlist echoed these sentiments, writing that "Poots is riveting as a revolutionary, and the drama knows how to pitch the escalation of intensity, but Baltimore and its sense of guilt and conscience is too obscure to affect the average viewer."
References
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72,755,570 | Danny Ittiw Kingad (born September 28, 1995) is a Filipino mixed martial artist, currently competes in the Flyweight division for ONE Championship. He is currently ranked #3 in the ONE Flyweight rankings.
Background
Kingad was born on September 28, 1995, in Sadanga, Mountain Province, Philippines. He is of Igorot descent. After losing his father at the age of eight, Kingad began running with the wrong crowd that led him astray. He would drop out of school on multiple occasions and be found sleeping on the streets.
Mixed martial arts career
ONE Championship
Kingad made his promotional debut against Muhamad Haidar on April 15, 2016, at ONE: Global Rivals. He won the fight via ground technical knockout in the first round.
Kingad faced Eugene Toquero on December 2, 2016, at ONE: Age of Domination. He won the fight via an armbar submission in the first round.
Kingad faced Muhammad Aiman on April 21, 2017, at ONE: Kings of Destiny. He won the fight via unanimous decision.
Kingad faced Adriano Moraes for the ONE Flyweight World Championship on November 10, 2017, at ONE: Legends of the World. He lost the fight via a rear-naked choke submission in the first round.
Kingad was scheduled to face Gianni Subba on March 9, 2018, at ONE: Visions of Victory. However, Subba replacing injured Adriano Moraes against Reece McLaren in the main-event and Kingad faced Sotir Kichukov. He won the fight via unanimous decision.
Kingad faced Ma Hao Bin on June 23, 2018, at ONE: Pinnacle of Power. He won the fight via unanimous decision.
Kingad faced Yuya Wakamatsu on September 22, 2018, at ONE: Conquest of Heroes. He won the fight via unanimous decision.
Kingad faced Tatsumitsu Wada on January 25, 2019, at ONE: Hero's Ascent. He won the fight via unanimous decision.
ONE Flyweight World Grand Prix
In the quarterfinals, Kingad was scheduled to face Andrew Leone on March 31, 2019, at ONE: A New Era. However, Leone withdrew from the bout due to an injured. He was replaced by Senzo Ikeda. He won the fight via unanimous decision.
In the semifinals, Kingad was scheduled to face Kairat Akhmetov on August 2, 2019, at ONE: Dawn of Heroes. However, Akhmetov forced to pull out due to undisclosed injury and was replaced by Reece McLaren. He won the fight via split decision.
In the final, Kingad faced Demetrious Johnson on October 13, 2019, at ONE: Century – Part 1. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.
Post-Grand Prix reign
Kingad faced Xie Wei on January 31, 2020, at ONE: Fire & Fury. He won the fight via unanimous decision.
Kingad was scheduled to face Kairat Akhmetov on December 4, 2020, at ONE: Big Bang. However, Kingad forced to withdraw due to cornermen tested positive for COVID-19. The pair was rescheduled on December 3, 2021, and aired on December 17, 2021, at ONE: Winter Warriors II. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.
Kingad was scheduled to face Gurdarshan Mangat on December 3, 2022, at ONE 164. However, Mangat withdrew due to undisclosed injury and the bout was scrapped.
Kingad faced Eko Roni Saputra on February 25, 2023, at ONE Fight Night 7. He won the fight via unanimous decision.
Kingad was scheduled to face Hu Yong on October 7, 2023, at ONE Fight Night 15. However, Kingad withdraw from the bout due to an ankle injury and was replaced by Eko Roni Saputra.
Kingad faced Yuya Wakamatsu in a rematch on January 28, 2024, at ONE 165. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.
Kingad faced Adriano Moraes in a rematch on November 9, 2024, at ONE 169. He lost the fight via guillotine choke in round two.
Championships and accomplishments
Mixed martial arts
Kickboxing
Mixed martial arts record
See also
References
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848,305 | The Social Liberal Party (Portuguese: Partido Social Liberal , PSL ) was a far-right political party in Brazil, that merged with the Democrats and founded the Brazil Union. Founded in 1994 as a social-liberal political party, the PSL was registered on the Superior Electoral Court in 1998.
In January 2018, former Social Christian Party politician Jair Bolsonaro joined the party and later converted it into an economically liberal, Brazilian nationalist, radically anti-communist and social conservative party. The original name remained after the ideological shift, and after Livres (the party's original main wing) left the party and formed their own political movement to continue the party's original goals. Bolsonaro became the party's nominee for the 2018 Brazilian general election and won in both rounds. Bolsonaro left the party in 2019 after disagreements with its president, Luciano Bivar, and then founded Alliance for Brazil.
On 6 October 2021, the party voted to merge with the Democrats to establish the Brazil Union party.
History
PSL was originally founded on 30 October 1994 by businessman Luciano Bivar as a social liberal party. It was registered on the Superior Electoral Court on 2 June 1998.
In the 2002 legislative elections, PSL won 1 out of 513 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and no seats in the Federal Senate. In the 2006 legislative elections, the party won no seats in the Chamber of Deputies or the Federal Senate. In the 2010 legislative elections, PSL won 1 seat in the Chamber of Deputies and no seats in the Federal Senate, maintaining the same results in the 2014 legislative elections.
In 2015, PSL underwent a reform led by the internal social liberal wing Livres, with names such as political scientist Fábio Ostermann and journalist Leandro Narloch reinforcing the party's affiliation with social liberal policies. PSL also supported the impeachment of former president Dilma Rousseff.
On 5 January 2018, conservative and former Social Christian politician Jair Bolsonaro became a member of the party, which prompted the Livres wing to leave the party in protest of Bolsonaro's social conservative views. After the exit of Livres, the party followed a national conservative path, changed its colors from purple to the more nationalist blue, yellow and green (the colors of Brazil's flag) and since then has discussed a name change either to Republicans ( Republicanos ) or Mobilize ( Mobiliza ). On 5 March 2018, Bivar stepped down from party's presidency and Gustavo Bebianno was appointed as acting president.
Bolsonaro eventually became PSL's nominee for the 2018 presidential election, exceeding polling forecasts to receive 46% of the popular vote in the first round. Bolsonaro's coattails helped elect 52 deputies and 4 senators from PSL, which made it the second largest political party in the post-2018 Chamber of Deputies. It also became the largest single party in the legislative assemblies of both Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. On 28 October 2018, Bolsonaro was elected president with 55.13% of the votes, defeating Workers' Party's Fernando Haddad. He took office on 1 January 2019.
On 29 October 2018, Bivar was re-appointed as party's president. On 12 November 2019, Bolsonaro announced his departure from the party following disagreements with the national executive.
On 6 October 2021, the party voted to merge with the Democrats (DEM) to establish the Brazil Union party. The new party plans to use the number 44 as its electoral number. The merger was approved by the Superior Electoral Court and officially became registered on 8 February 2022. As such, both PSL and DEM were disbanded.
Organization
Ideology and policies
Since Bolsonaro's entrance in the party, PSL has changed much of its ideologies. It went from a social-liberal party with an economic liberal group Livres to a far-right and right-wing populist party, abandoning its former cultural liberalism and keeping its economic liberal policies, supporting privatisation and decentralisation, while at the same time adopting cultural conservatism as well as social-conservative policies regarding abortion, legalization of marijuana, and teaching of gender identity in schools.
Electoral history
Presidential elections
Legislative elections
See also
References | 1discusses military topics
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41,209,387 | The German city of Mainz was bombed in multiple air raids by the Allies during World War II by the Royal Air Force (RAF), as well as the United States Army Air Forces. These led to numerous victims and heavy damage throughout the cityscape.
Overview of major air raids
1939 to 1941
During the first two years of World War II, the Royal Air Force conducted only minor raids on Mainz. The first major British air raid took place on 13 September 1941, targeting Mainz Hauptbahnhof (Mainz main station). A total of 22 people died during this attack, which had originally been scheduled for Frankfurt am Main.
1942 to 1943
More small raids followed until 11 August 1942 when the RAF Bomber Command launched 158 bombers against Mainz. This raid followed the Area Bombing Directive of 5 February 1942, Directive No.4, issued by the British Air Ministry. This directive ordered RAF bombers to attack the German industrial workforce and the morale of the German populace through bombing German cities and their civilian inhabitants. During the following night, 200 tons of bombs were dropped, including white phosphorus bombs. The next night another 133 aircraft attacked the city, dropping approximately 180 tons of bombs, many of which hit the old city center and the Mainz Cathedral, or the Mainzer Dom. Other parts hit included the Neustadt and Mombach, whose St. Nikolaus Church was destroyed by incendiary bombs. St. Stephen's Church was heavily damaged, St. John's Church was burnt out completely, and the Invalidenhaus for the disabled was ruined. The Eltzer Hof and the Bauhof burnt down. Hundreds of people died in the flames. Nonetheless, some quarters in the core city remained habitable. On 9 September 1942 Allied bombers bombed Bischofsheim. The air defences of Mainz were aided by an anti-aircraft battery set up on the premises of today's University of Mainz.
1944
In the course of the year 1944 the intensity of the bombing campaign increased. A British emergency drop during the night of 23 to 24 April led to multiple fire in parts of Ginsheim. Through this the evangelic church was destroyed. In the autumn targeted attacks on the city accumulated. On 8 September Kastel was hit hard and again Gustavsburg on the 8 and 15 September. Parts of Kostheim were bombed on 8 September and Mainz-Weisenau on 19 October. On the same day the Kathen barracks in Gonsenheim were destroyed by bombing and fire. Throughout the autumn, there were perpetual alerts for bombers flying over the area.
On 18 December 1944 the Allies targeted the railway infrastructure around Mainz. According to operation reports released by the US Army Air Force, 157 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress of the Eighth Air Force dropped 430.7 metric tons of explosive bombs from an altitude of 27,000 feet in several waves between 01:45 to 01:59 pm. 89 people died.
1945
January 1945
On 13 and 27 January the Eighth Air Force bombed railway facilities in Bischofsheim and Gustavsburg. A large-scale attack on Mainz was planned by RAF for 1 February, but the bombs missed their target and landed in the majority on the "Großberg" in Weisenau. The Christuskirche was destroyed that day by incendiary bombs and a subsequent fire.
Air raid on 27 February 1945
On 27 February 1945 the RAF sent 435 bombers to attack Mainz. Between the hours of 16:29 and 16:45, 1,500 tons of bombs were dropped, hitting large areas of the Neustadt. The old arsenal, St. Joseph and St. Boniface were also destroyed. Weisenau, Gustavsburg, and Bischofsheim were also hit hard, and there were reports of burnt material from the raid as far as Gonsenheim. The old city center, bombed in 1942, was not affected. The 1,209 confirmed dead was low in comparison to other cities. Some of them were buried in the Waldfriedhof (forest cemetery) in Mombach. The real goal of the air raid—the railway facilities—remained undamaged. Three days after the attack trains were again driving in and out of the city.
Madonna sculptures were found in great numbers in Mainz; it was supposed to have had more than 200 of them before World War II.
End of the war in Mainz and occupation by the Allies
Just over three weeks later, on 22 March 1945, the war ended for the city of Mainz, 80 percent of which was now destroyed. The remaining Wehrmacht and Volkssturm units withdrew across the Rhine and the city surrendered without a fight to the Third US Army under General George S. Patton. Mainz remained under American administration until July 1945, after which the city was placed under French administration.
Further reading
References | 1discusses military topics
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38,914,444 | The Cohors VI Nerviorum (English: Sixth Cohort of Nervii ) was an auxiliary unit of Roman Army Cohors quinquagenaria peditata type attested in the Roman province of Britannia from the second century to the early fifth century AD.
Service in Britannia
The cohort was based at Greatchesters fort on Hadrian's Wall intermittently from the second to the fourth century AD. Inscriptions found at Rough Castle Fort on the Antonine Wall in Scotland state that 480 men of the Cohors VI Nerviorum served there between 156–162 AD. One of its commanders was a centurion named Flavius Betto.
The cohort also rebuilt part of the Virosidum fort in present Bainbridge, North Yorkshire around 205-208 AD. In AD 205, whilst stationed at Virosium, the Prefect of the Cohort was Lucius Vinicius Pius.
References | 1discusses military topics
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