Dataset Viewer
filename
stringlengths 18
19
| @id
stringlengths 2
408
| sameAs
stringlengths 2
441
| linsearch
stringclasses 28
values | subject
stringlengths 77
3.37k
| title
stringlengths 7
651
| abstract
stringlengths 105
11.9k
| all@id
stringlengths 71
526
| all_sameAs
stringlengths 6
558
| linsearch_num
int64 1
28
| __index_level_0__
int64 0
13.6k
| text
stringlengths 334
12.1k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3A1762285517.jsonld | [] | [] | ['mas'] | [['(classificationName=ddc-dbn)621.3', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)mas', '(classificationName=ddc-dbn)333.7', '(classificationName=bk, id=106419986)52.56 - Regenerative Energieformen, alternative Energieformen', '(classificationName=ddc-dbn)620']] | ['Modellierung sektorenübergreifender Systemdienstleistungen bei gekoppelt betriebenem Strom- und Gassektor'] | ['Aufgrund der steigenden Einspeisung elektrischer Leistung durch erneuerbare Energieanlagen und der gleichzeitig voranschreitenden schrittweisen Abschaltung von konventionellen Kohlekraftwerken, steigen die Anforderungen an eine zuverlässige, kostengünstige und klimafreundliche Bereitstellung von Flexibilitäten zum Erhalt der Systemstabilität. Mit der Gesamtsystembetrachtung aus Strom- und Gassektor können durch die Kopplung neue Freiheitsgrade erschlossen werden. In diesem Beitrag wird vorgestellt, wie eine sektorenübergreifende Erbringung von Systemdienstleistungen vom Strom- zum Gasnetz in einem dynamischen Energiesystemmodell im Zeitbereich der Mittelzeitdynamik abgebildet werden kann. Anhand von numerischen Fallstudien wird am Beispiel von Thüringen für verschiedene Szenarien ausgewertet, inwiefern durch eine sektorenübergreifende Betrachtung Flexibilitätspotenziale realisiert und die Betriebsgrenzen und somit die Stabilitätsbedingungen beider Sektoren eingehalten werden können.'] | ['gnd:1088801013', 'gnd:1287949320', 'gnd:134094646', 'gnd:4068598-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1762285517'] | ['Schlegel, Steffen', 'Feldhoff, Elisabeth', 'Westermann, Dirk', 'Erneuerbare Energien'] | 15 | 0 | Document
### Title:
['Modellierung sektorenübergreifender Systemdienstleistungen bei gekoppelt betriebenem Strom- und Gassektor']
### Abstract:
['Aufgrund der steigenden Einspeisung elektrischer Leistung durch erneuerbare Energieanlagen und der gleichzeitig voranschreitenden schrittweisen Abschaltung von konventionellen Kohlekraftwerken, steigen die Anforderungen an eine zuverlässige, kostengünstige und klimafreundliche Bereitstellung von Flexibilitäten zum Erhalt der Systemstabilität. Mit der Gesamtsystembetrachtung aus Strom- und Gassektor können durch die Kopplung neue Freiheitsgrade erschlossen werden. In diesem Beitrag wird vorgestellt, wie eine sektorenübergreifende Erbringung von Systemdienstleistungen vom Strom- zum Gasnetz in einem dynamischen Energiesystemmodell im Zeitbereich der Mittelzeitdynamik abgebildet werden kann. Anhand von numerischen Fallstudien wird am Beispiel von Thüringen für verschiedene Szenarien ausgewertet, inwiefern durch eine sektorenübergreifende Betrachtung Flexibilitätspotenziale realisiert und die Betriebsgrenzen und somit die Stabilitätsbedingungen beider Sektoren eingehalten werden können.']
### GND ID:
[]
### GND class:
[]
### LIN Search class:
['mas']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1796502189.jsonld | [] | [] | ['phy'] | [['(classificationName=linseach:mapping)tec', '(classificationName=bk, id=106413783)50.33 - Technische Strömungsmechanik', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)phy']] | ['Effect of very-large-scale motions on one- and two-point statistics in turbulent pipe flow investigated by direct numerical simulations'] | ['Very-large-scale motions appear in the bulk region of turbulent pipe flow. They become increasingly energetic with the Reynolds number and interact with the near-wall turbulence. These structures appear either in the shape of positive (high-speed) or negative (low-speed) streamwise velocity fluctuation. The impact of the sign of the structures on the pipe flow turbulence is analysed in this study by means of conditionally averaged one- and two-point statistics, using data from direct numerical simulations of turbulent pipe flow in a flow domain of length L=42R and friction Reynolds numbers of 180≤Reτ≤1500. Conditionally averaged two-point velocity correlations reveal that low-speed motions are longer and more energetic than their high-speed counterparts. The latter are predominately responsible for the Reynolds number dependency of turbulence statistics in the vicinity of the wall, which is in good agreement with observations of the so-called amplitude modulation in wall-bounded turbulence.'] | ['gnd:1079390154', 'gnd:120614100X', 'gnd:4117265-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1796502189'] | ['Wagner, Claus', 'Bauer, Christian', 'Turbulente Strömung'] | 22 | 1 | Document
### Title:
['Effect of very-large-scale motions on one- and two-point statistics in turbulent pipe flow investigated by direct numerical simulations']
### Abstract:
['Very-large-scale motions appear in the bulk region of turbulent pipe flow. They become increasingly energetic with the Reynolds number and interact with the near-wall turbulence. These structures appear either in the shape of positive (high-speed) or negative (low-speed) streamwise velocity fluctuation. The impact of the sign of the structures on the pipe flow turbulence is analysed in this study by means of conditionally averaged one- and two-point statistics, using data from direct numerical simulations of turbulent pipe flow in a flow domain of length L=42R and friction Reynolds numbers of 180≤Reτ≤1500. Conditionally averaged two-point velocity correlations reveal that low-speed motions are longer and more energetic than their high-speed counterparts. The latter are predominately responsible for the Reynolds number dependency of turbulence statistics in the vicinity of the wall, which is in good agreement with observations of the so-called amplitude modulation in wall-bounded turbulence.']
### GND ID:
[]
### GND class:
[]
### LIN Search class:
['phy']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831630710.jsonld | [] | [] | ['sow'] | [['BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Industries ; General', 'Takeovers', 'Corporate governance', 'Corporations ; Finance', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'Mergers', '(classificationName=ddc)658.4', 'Mergers and acquisitions', 'Tender offers', 'Electronic books', 'Corporations', '(classificationName=loc)HD2741', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)sow']] | ['Chapter 5. The Evidence on Mergers and Acquisitions: A Historical and Modern Report'] | ["We review historical and current research on mergers and acquisitions. The literature is extensive. After a discussion of earlier survey articles (our “survey of the surveys”), we provide a review of more than 120 M&A related-articles published in leading finance journals since 2011. A basic important finding in the early M&A literature is that, on average, M&A activity creates wealth. Following this finding, researchers in the 1980s through 2000s studied how the process and the parties in the deals worked, the motivations for M&A, and the sources of the wealth gain. We note that much of the recent work represents straight-forward extensions of earlier research, such as the impact of characteristics of the board of directors on acquiring firm stock returns, but there is also much that is new. For example, the availability of new executive databases has led to research that has been key to understanding the importance of networking and relationships in M&A. Changes in globalization and better understanding of cross-country cultural, political and economic differences has led to using new international databases to test the international generality of relations observed in the US and to examine the factors that come into play in cross-border acquisitions. Importantly, we provide perspective on the historical development of the study of M&A, offer caveats to remember when interpreting the research of others or designing one's own research and note the importance of incrementalism in our overall understanding of the value of research in M&A."] | ['gnd:4419850-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831630710'] | ['Corporate Governance'] | 25 | 2 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 5. The Evidence on Mergers and Acquisitions: A Historical and Modern Report']
### Abstract:
["We review historical and current research on mergers and acquisitions. The literature is extensive. After a discussion of earlier survey articles (our “survey of the surveys”), we provide a review of more than 120 M&A related-articles published in leading finance journals since 2011. A basic important finding in the early M&A literature is that, on average, M&A activity creates wealth. Following this finding, researchers in the 1980s through 2000s studied how the process and the parties in the deals worked, the motivations for M&A, and the sources of the wealth gain. We note that much of the recent work represents straight-forward extensions of earlier research, such as the impact of characteristics of the board of directors on acquiring firm stock returns, but there is also much that is new. For example, the availability of new executive databases has led to research that has been key to understanding the importance of networking and relationships in M&A. Changes in globalization and better understanding of cross-country cultural, political and economic differences has led to using new international databases to test the international generality of relations observed in the US and to examine the factors that come into play in cross-border acquisitions. Importantly, we provide perspective on the historical development of the study of M&A, offer caveats to remember when interpreting the research of others or designing one's own research and note the importance of incrementalism in our overall understanding of the value of research in M&A."]
### GND ID:
[]
### GND class:
[]
### LIN Search class:
['sow']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831631768.jsonld | ['gnd:4006294-6', 'gnd:4334479-3'] | ['Bevölkerungsökonomie', 'Alternde Bevölkerung'] | ['oek'] | [['Population aging', 'Demographic pressures', '(classificationName=ddc)305.26', 'Attitudes toward migration', 'Political economy of immigration', 'Aging', 'Elderly migration', 'Migration', 'SOCIAL SCIENCE ; Discrimination & Race Relations', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)sow', '(classificationName=loc)HB1531', 'SOCIAL SCIENCE ; Minority Studies', 'Aging ; Economic aspects', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'Handbooks and manuals']] | ['Chapter 3. Migration and the Demographic Shift'] | ['This chapter investigates the two-way relationship between population aging and international migration. After documenting the trends for both, we review the supply-push and demand-pull determinants of migration, focusing particularly on the role of age and aging. We subsequently analyze the implications of migration in the context of aging for labor markets, as well as for health and public budgets, including in the context of political economy. Although immigration is sometimes suggested as a solution for the aging problem, the existing academic literature from different fields is more cautious about its role and potential. While some suggest that large-scale, selective immigration might contribute to alleviating demographic pressures, in general, researchers conclude that migration alone is not likely to play a significant role.'] | ['gnd:4006294-6', 'gnd:4334479-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831631768'] | ['Bevölkerungsökonomie', 'Alternde Bevölkerung'] | 19 | 3 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 3. Migration and the Demographic Shift']
### Abstract:
['This chapter investigates the two-way relationship between population aging and international migration. After documenting the trends for both, we review the supply-push and demand-pull determinants of migration, focusing particularly on the role of age and aging. We subsequently analyze the implications of migration in the context of aging for labor markets, as well as for health and public budgets, including in the context of political economy. Although immigration is sometimes suggested as a solution for the aging problem, the existing academic literature from different fields is more cautious about its role and potential. While some suggest that large-scale, selective immigration might contribute to alleviating demographic pressures, in general, researchers conclude that migration alone is not likely to play a significant role.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4006294-6', 'gnd:4334479-3']
### GND class:
['Bevölkerungsökonomie', 'Alternde Bevölkerung']
### LIN Search class:
['oek']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831631776.jsonld | ['gnd:4006294-6', 'gnd:4334479-3'] | ['Bevölkerungsökonomie', 'Alternde Bevölkerung'] | ['oek'] | [['Aging ; Economic aspects', '(classificationName=ddc)305.26', 'SOCIAL SCIENCE ; Discrimination & Race Relations', 'Population aging', '(classificationName=loc)HB1531', 'Retirement', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)sow', 'Aging', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'Pensions', 'SOCIAL SCIENCE ; Minority Studies', 'Handbooks and manuals']] | ['Chapter 14. Workplace-Linked Pensions for an Aging Demographic'] | ['Pensions and population aging intersect in two ways. First, demographic change threatens the sustainability of traditional pay-as-you-go social security pensions, leaving workplace-linked pensions with a greater role in retirement provision. Second, as the Baby Boom generation enters retirement, new challenges arise around its retirement support. This chapter reviews some of the implications of population aging for workplace pensions in this new environment, outlines market considerations important for workplace-related pension design for the future, and discusses how governments can create an environment supportive of workplace-related pensions, should they wish to do so. We conclude that workplace-linked retirement saving systems will be asked to do even more than in the past, given the financial stress that pay-as-you-go government-run Social Security plans are confronting in the face of an aging demographic. This will require further product innovation and additional research.'] | ['gnd:4006294-6', 'gnd:4334479-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831631776'] | ['Bevölkerungsökonomie', 'Alternde Bevölkerung'] | 19 | 4 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 14. Workplace-Linked Pensions for an Aging Demographic']
### Abstract:
['Pensions and population aging intersect in two ways. First, demographic change threatens the sustainability of traditional pay-as-you-go social security pensions, leaving workplace-linked pensions with a greater role in retirement provision. Second, as the Baby Boom generation enters retirement, new challenges arise around its retirement support. This chapter reviews some of the implications of population aging for workplace pensions in this new environment, outlines market considerations important for workplace-related pension design for the future, and discusses how governments can create an environment supportive of workplace-related pensions, should they wish to do so. We conclude that workplace-linked retirement saving systems will be asked to do even more than in the past, given the financial stress that pay-as-you-go government-run Social Security plans are confronting in the face of an aging demographic. This will require further product innovation and additional research.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4006294-6', 'gnd:4334479-3']
### GND class:
['Bevölkerungsökonomie', 'Alternde Bevölkerung']
### LIN Search class:
['oek']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831631849.jsonld | ['gnd:4334479-3', 'gnd:4006294-6'] | ['Bevölkerungsökonomie', 'Alternde Bevölkerung'] | ['sow'] | [['Private savings', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'Fertility', 'Aging ; Economic aspects', 'Handbooks and manuals', 'Longevity', 'Aging', '(classificationName=loc)HB1531', 'Informational asymmetries', 'Inter vivos transfers', 'SOCIAL SCIENCE ; Minority Studies', 'Population aging', 'SOCIAL SCIENCE ; Discrimination & Race Relations', 'Family rules', 'Bequests', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)sow', 'Care of the elderly', 'Public pensions', '(classificationName=ddc)305.26']] | ['Chapter 10. Conflict and Cooperation Within the Family, and Between the State and the Family, in the Provision of Old-Age Security'] | ['The early contributions to the microeconomic literature assume that only market goods yield utility, and that the only way adults can secure the consumption of these goods in old age is by saving. The more recent contributions recognize, however, that the elderly derive utility also from goods without a perfect market substitute like the care and attention they might receive from their near and dear, and that the elderly may eventually become too old or infirm to keep control over their own money. According to a branch of the literature, parents negotiate the provision of personal services directly with their children. According to another, such negotiations are made unnecessary by self-enforcing family rules. Fertility, aging, care of the very young and care of the very old are inextricably related issues also at the aggregate level, because a society cannot collectively provide for its aged members by simply accumulating assets. It must also have enough working-age people to man the physical capital and materially take care of the elderly. The link between fertility- and aging-related questions is stronger in the presence of an underfunded public pension system, where current pensions are paid for by current workers. The chapter addresses all these questions and concludes with a discussion of second-best policy in the presence of informational asymmetries.'] | ['gnd:4006294-6', 'gnd:4334479-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831631849'] | ['Bevölkerungsökonomie', 'Alternde Bevölkerung'] | 25 | 5 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 10. Conflict and Cooperation Within the Family, and Between the State and the Family, in the Provision of Old-Age Security']
### Abstract:
['The early contributions to the microeconomic literature assume that only market goods yield utility, and that the only way adults can secure the consumption of these goods in old age is by saving. The more recent contributions recognize, however, that the elderly derive utility also from goods without a perfect market substitute like the care and attention they might receive from their near and dear, and that the elderly may eventually become too old or infirm to keep control over their own money. According to a branch of the literature, parents negotiate the provision of personal services directly with their children. According to another, such negotiations are made unnecessary by self-enforcing family rules. Fertility, aging, care of the very young and care of the very old are inextricably related issues also at the aggregate level, because a society cannot collectively provide for its aged members by simply accumulating assets. It must also have enough working-age people to man the physical capital and materially take care of the elderly. The link between fertility- and aging-related questions is stronger in the presence of an underfunded public pension system, where current pensions are paid for by current workers. The chapter addresses all these questions and concludes with a discussion of second-best policy in the presence of informational asymmetries.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4334479-3', 'gnd:4006294-6']
### GND class:
['Bevölkerungsökonomie', 'Alternde Bevölkerung']
### LIN Search class:
['sow']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831631997.jsonld | ['gnd:4066399-1', 'gnd:4048737-4', 'gnd:4066510-0', 'gnd:4135492-8', 'gnd:4117663-7'] | ['Recht', 'Wirtschaft', 'Wirtschaftsrecht', 'Wirtschaftssystem', 'Ökonomische Theorie des Rechts'] | ['jur'] | [['option', 'Chapter 11, Chapter 7, Chapter 13', 'absolute priority rule (or APR)', 'LAW ; Essays', 'financial distress', 'Corporate bankruptcy', 'Droit et économie politique', 'personal bankruptcy', 'LAW ; Jurisprudence', '(classificationName=bk, id=106422367)86.65 - Wirtschaftsrecht', 'prepack (or prepackaged bankruptcy)', 'Droit', '(classificationName=ddc)340.11', '(classificationName=loc)K487.E3', 'Law and economics', '(classificationName=bk, id=106414844)83.13 - Theorie der Wirtschaftspolitik, Wohlfahrtstheorie', 'LAW ; Reference', 'liquidation', 'Law ; Economic aspects', 'Aspect économique', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'LAW ; Paralegals & Paralegalism', 'Economic aspects', 'LAW ; General Practice', 'cramdown', 'Electronic books', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)jur', 'human capital', 'Law', 'small business', 'limited liability', 'LAW ; Practical Guides', 'reorganization']] | ['Chapter 14 Bankruptcy Law'] | ['Bankruptcy is the legal process whereby financially distressed firms, individuals, and occasionally governments resolve their debts. The bankruptcy process for firms plays a central role in economics, because competition drives inefficient firms out of business, thereby raising the average efficiency level of those remaining. The main economic function of corporate bankruptcy is to reduce the cost of default by having a government-sponsored procedure that resolves all debts simultaneously. The main economic function of personal bankruptcy is to provide partial consumption insurance to individual debtors and therefore reduce the social cost of debt. This chapter surveys theoretical and empirical research on both types of bankruptcy.'] | ['gnd:4048737-4', 'gnd:4066399-1', 'gnd:4066510-0', 'gnd:4117663-7', 'gnd:4135492-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831631997'] | ['Recht', 'Wirtschaft', 'Wirtschaftsrecht', 'Wirtschaftssystem', 'Ökonomische Theorie des Rechts'] | 12 | 6 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 14 Bankruptcy Law']
### Abstract:
['Bankruptcy is the legal process whereby financially distressed firms, individuals, and occasionally governments resolve their debts. The bankruptcy process for firms plays a central role in economics, because competition drives inefficient firms out of business, thereby raising the average efficiency level of those remaining. The main economic function of corporate bankruptcy is to reduce the cost of default by having a government-sponsored procedure that resolves all debts simultaneously. The main economic function of personal bankruptcy is to provide partial consumption insurance to individual debtors and therefore reduce the social cost of debt. This chapter surveys theoretical and empirical research on both types of bankruptcy.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4066399-1', 'gnd:4048737-4', 'gnd:4066510-0', 'gnd:4135492-8', 'gnd:4117663-7']
### GND class:
['Recht', 'Wirtschaft', 'Wirtschaftsrecht', 'Wirtschaftssystem', 'Ökonomische Theorie des Rechts']
### LIN Search class:
['jur']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831632136.jsonld | ['gnd:4048737-4', 'gnd:4066510-0', 'gnd:4135492-8', 'gnd:4066399-1', 'gnd:4117663-7'] | ['Recht', 'Wirtschaft', 'Wirtschaftsrecht', 'Wirtschaftssystem', 'Ökonomische Theorie des Rechts'] | ['oek'] | [['strict liability', 'fines', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)jur', '(classificationName=rvk)QD 050', 'norms', 'LAW ; Practical Guides', 'LAW ; Essays', '(classificationName=loc)K487.E3', 'errors', '(classificationName=bk, id=106414844)83.13 - Theorie der Wirtschaftspolitik, Wohlfahrtstheorie', 'Law ; Economic aspects', 'repeat offenders', '(classificationName=ddc)340.11', 'Droit et économie politique', 'public enforcement of law', 'Electronic books', 'fairness of sanctions', 'Law and economics', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'Aspect économique', 'marginal deterrence', 'LAW ; General Practice', '(classificationName=rvk)PI 4130', 'LAW ; Paralegals & Paralegalism', 'fault-based liability', 'self-reporting', 'probability of detection', 'LAW ; Jurisprudence', 'settlements', 'general enforcement', 'Droit', 'imprisonment', 'LAW ; Reference', 'Law', 'Economic aspects', '(classificationName=bk, id=106422367)86.65 - Wirtschaftsrecht', '(classificationName=rvk)QD 000']] | ['Chapter 6 The Theory of Public Enforcement of Law'] | ["This chapter surveys the theory of the public enforcement of law—the use of governmental agents (regulators, inspectors, tax auditors, police, prosecutors) to detect and to sanction violators of legal rules. The theoretical core of the analysis addresses the following basic questions: Should the form of the sanction imposed on a liable party be a fine, an imprisonment term, or a combination of the two? Should the rule of liability be strict or fault-based? If violators are caught only with a probability, how should the level of the sanction be adjusted? How much of society's resources should be devoted to apprehending violators? A variety of extensions of the central theory are then examined, including: activity level; errors; the costs of imposing fines; general enforcement; marginal deterrence; the principal-agent relationship; settlements; self-reporting; repeat offenders; imperfect knowledge about the probability and magnitude of sanctions; corruption; incapacitation; costly observation of wealth; social norms; and the fairness of sanctions."] | ['gnd:4048737-4', 'gnd:4066399-1', 'gnd:4066510-0', 'gnd:4117663-7', 'gnd:4135492-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831632136'] | ['Recht', 'Wirtschaft', 'Wirtschaftsrecht', 'Wirtschaftssystem', 'Ökonomische Theorie des Rechts'] | 19 | 7 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 6 The Theory of Public Enforcement of Law']
### Abstract:
["This chapter surveys the theory of the public enforcement of law—the use of governmental agents (regulators, inspectors, tax auditors, police, prosecutors) to detect and to sanction violators of legal rules. The theoretical core of the analysis addresses the following basic questions: Should the form of the sanction imposed on a liable party be a fine, an imprisonment term, or a combination of the two? Should the rule of liability be strict or fault-based? If violators are caught only with a probability, how should the level of the sanction be adjusted? How much of society's resources should be devoted to apprehending violators? A variety of extensions of the central theory are then examined, including: activity level; errors; the costs of imposing fines; general enforcement; marginal deterrence; the principal-agent relationship; settlements; self-reporting; repeat offenders; imperfect knowledge about the probability and magnitude of sanctions; corruption; incapacitation; costly observation of wealth; social norms; and the fairness of sanctions."]
### GND ID:
['gnd:4048737-4', 'gnd:4066510-0', 'gnd:4135492-8', 'gnd:4066399-1', 'gnd:4117663-7']
### GND class:
['Recht', 'Wirtschaft', 'Wirtschaftsrecht', 'Wirtschaftssystem', 'Ökonomische Theorie des Rechts']
### LIN Search class:
['oek']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831632276.jsonld | ['gnd:4139716-2', 'gnd:4066528-8', 'gnd:4252654-1', 'gnd:4015999-1', 'gnd:4124477-1'] | ['Experiment', 'Wirtschaftswissenschaften', 'Wirtschaftsforschung', 'Methodologie', 'Experimentelle Wirtschaftsforschung'] | ['oek'] | [['Economics', '(classificationName=bk, id=106405373)83.03 - Methoden und Techniken der Volkswirtschaft', '(classificationName=bk, id=18157070X)83.02 - Philosophie und Theorie der Volkswirtschaft', 'Experiments', 'Economics ; Research', 'Research', '(classificationName=loc)HB131', 'Electronic books', '(classificationName=ddc)330.01', '(classificationName=rvk)QB 100', '(classificationName=ddc)330.0724', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'Methodology']] | ['6. Non-market and Organizational Research'] | ['Modern laboratory experimental methods were heavily influenced by research in the worlds of non-market, public choice and political science. In the early 1970s these areas held much new theory and the conflicts among theories, including conflicts across disciplinary boundaries were visible. The public economics and political science worlds are worlds without prices, property rights and exchanges other than through voting. Multiple agents are involved as opposed to the two, typical of game theory experiments and preferences do not depend upon your own actions but instead could depend on the action of others. So, an individual could become benefited or harmed while taking no actions at all.'] | ['gnd:4015999-1', 'gnd:4066528-8', 'gnd:4124477-1', 'gnd:4139716-2', 'gnd:4252654-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831632276'] | ['Experiment', 'Wirtschaftswissenschaften', 'Wirtschaftsforschung', 'Methodologie', 'Experimentelle Wirtschaftsforschung'] | 19 | 8 | Document
### Title:
['6. Non-market and Organizational Research']
### Abstract:
['Modern laboratory experimental methods were heavily influenced by research in the worlds of non-market, public choice and political science. In the early 1970s these areas held much new theory and the conflicts among theories, including conflicts across disciplinary boundaries were visible. The public economics and political science worlds are worlds without prices, property rights and exchanges other than through voting. Multiple agents are involved as opposed to the two, typical of game theory experiments and preferences do not depend upon your own actions but instead could depend on the action of others. So, an individual could become benefited or harmed while taking no actions at all.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4139716-2', 'gnd:4066528-8', 'gnd:4252654-1', 'gnd:4015999-1', 'gnd:4124477-1']
### GND class:
['Experiment', 'Wirtschaftswissenschaften', 'Wirtschaftsforschung', 'Methodologie', 'Experimentelle Wirtschaftsforschung']
### LIN Search class:
['oek']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831632470.jsonld | ['gnd:4015999-1', 'gnd:4139716-2', 'gnd:4066528-8', 'gnd:4252654-1', 'gnd:4124477-1'] | ['Experiment', 'Wirtschaftswissenschaften', 'Wirtschaftsforschung', 'Methodologie', 'Experimentelle Wirtschaftsforschung'] | ['oek'] | [['(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'Economics ; Research', '(classificationName=rvk)QB 100', 'Methodology', 'Electronic books', '(classificationName=bk, id=106405373)83.03 - Methoden und Techniken der Volkswirtschaft', '(classificationName=bk, id=18157070X)83.02 - Philosophie und Theorie der Volkswirtschaft', '(classificationName=ddc)330.0724', 'Research', '(classificationName=loc)HB131', 'Economics', 'Experiments', '(classificationName=ddc)330.01']] | ['Chapter 104 Preference Reversals'] | ['Study of preference reversals originated with cognitive psychologists and has spread to experimental economics because it is directly relevant to the empirical validity of economic theories of decision-making under uncertainty. A preference reversal experiment involves paired choice and valuation responses, usually over simple two-outcome gambles. Subjects are asked to choose which of a pair of gambles they want to play. They are also asked to place minimum selling prices on the gambles in an experimental context in which telling the truth is a dominant strategy. A preference reversal occurs when a subject places a lower selling price on the gamble that he/she chooses than on the other gamble in a pair. Preference reversals call into question the empirical validity of economic theory because they provide support for the conclusion that the preferences that subjects reveal vary with the response mode (choice or valuation) that is used to elicit the preferences.'] | ['gnd:4015999-1', 'gnd:4066528-8', 'gnd:4124477-1', 'gnd:4139716-2', 'gnd:4252654-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831632470'] | ['Experiment', 'Wirtschaftswissenschaften', 'Wirtschaftsforschung', 'Methodologie', 'Experimentelle Wirtschaftsforschung'] | 19 | 9 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 104 Preference Reversals']
### Abstract:
['Study of preference reversals originated with cognitive psychologists and has spread to experimental economics because it is directly relevant to the empirical validity of economic theories of decision-making under uncertainty. A preference reversal experiment involves paired choice and valuation responses, usually over simple two-outcome gambles. Subjects are asked to choose which of a pair of gambles they want to play. They are also asked to place minimum selling prices on the gambles in an experimental context in which telling the truth is a dominant strategy. A preference reversal occurs when a subject places a lower selling price on the gamble that he/she chooses than on the other gamble in a pair. Preference reversals call into question the empirical validity of economic theory because they provide support for the conclusion that the preferences that subjects reveal vary with the response mode (choice or valuation) that is used to elicit the preferences.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4015999-1', 'gnd:4139716-2', 'gnd:4066528-8', 'gnd:4252654-1', 'gnd:4124477-1']
### GND class:
['Experiment', 'Wirtschaftswissenschaften', 'Wirtschaftsforschung', 'Methodologie', 'Experimentelle Wirtschaftsforschung']
### LIN Search class:
['oek']
<|eot_id|> |
3A183163256X.jsonld | ['gnd:4124477-1', 'gnd:4139716-2', 'gnd:4252654-1', 'gnd:4066528-8', 'gnd:4015999-1'] | ['Experiment', 'Wirtschaftswissenschaften', 'Wirtschaftsforschung', 'Methodologie', 'Experimentelle Wirtschaftsforschung'] | ['oek'] | [['(classificationName=ddc)330.0724', 'Economics', '(classificationName=loc)HB131', '(classificationName=bk, id=18157070X)83.02 - Philosophie und Theorie der Volkswirtschaft', '(classificationName=rvk)QB 100', 'Methodology', 'Electronic books', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'Research', '(classificationName=ddc)330.01', '(classificationName=bk, id=106405373)83.03 - Methoden und Techniken der Volkswirtschaft', 'Experiments', 'Economics ; Research']] | ['Chapter 96 Growing Organizational Culture in the Laboratory'] | ["The states of the world are possible sequences of pictures that both the manager and employee have in front of them. The pictures are of complex office environments, in which there are several people, objects, and activities. The pictures all overlap substantially in content, but also all have several unique elements. More interestingly, perhaps, subjects underestimated the difficulty of integrating these very simple forms of culture. Prior to the merger, they elicited estimates from all subjects about the average performance of the merged firm in the 10 post-merger rounds. One subject would receive a monetary reward for making a more accurate prediction. This produces a situation where it is incentive compatible for subjects to state their true belief of the post-merger firm's performance. The results clearly indicate that subjects overestimate the value of a merged firm."] | ['gnd:4015999-1', 'gnd:4066528-8', 'gnd:4124477-1', 'gnd:4139716-2', 'gnd:4252654-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A183163256X'] | ['Experiment', 'Wirtschaftswissenschaften', 'Wirtschaftsforschung', 'Methodologie', 'Experimentelle Wirtschaftsforschung'] | 19 | 10 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 96 Growing Organizational Culture in the Laboratory']
### Abstract:
["The states of the world are possible sequences of pictures that both the manager and employee have in front of them. The pictures are of complex office environments, in which there are several people, objects, and activities. The pictures all overlap substantially in content, but also all have several unique elements. More interestingly, perhaps, subjects underestimated the difficulty of integrating these very simple forms of culture. Prior to the merger, they elicited estimates from all subjects about the average performance of the merged firm in the 10 post-merger rounds. One subject would receive a monetary reward for making a more accurate prediction. This produces a situation where it is incentive compatible for subjects to state their true belief of the post-merger firm's performance. The results clearly indicate that subjects overestimate the value of a merged firm."]
### GND ID:
['gnd:4124477-1', 'gnd:4139716-2', 'gnd:4252654-1', 'gnd:4066528-8', 'gnd:4015999-1']
### GND class:
['Experiment', 'Wirtschaftswissenschaften', 'Wirtschaftsforschung', 'Methodologie', 'Experimentelle Wirtschaftsforschung']
### LIN Search class:
['oek']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831632667.jsonld | ['gnd:4124477-1', 'gnd:4252654-1', 'gnd:4066528-8', 'gnd:4139716-2', 'gnd:4015999-1'] | ['Experiment', 'Wirtschaftswissenschaften', 'Wirtschaftsforschung', 'Methodologie', 'Experimentelle Wirtschaftsforschung'] | ['oek'] | [['(classificationName=ddc)330.0724', 'Economics', '(classificationName=loc)HB131', '(classificationName=ddc)330.01', '(classificationName=rvk)QB 100', 'Economics ; Research', '(classificationName=bk, id=106405373)83.03 - Methoden und Techniken der Volkswirtschaft', 'Electronic books', 'Experiments', 'Research', '(classificationName=bk, id=18157070X)83.02 - Philosophie und Theorie der Volkswirtschaft', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'Methodology']] | ['Chapter 86 Explaining the Comparative Statics in Step-Level Public Good Games'] | ['The step-level public good game differs strategically from the linear public good game. In the one-shot linear public good game the dominant strategy is not to contribute. In the one-shot step-level public good game multiple Nash equilibria exist. An inefficient Nash equilibrium involves nobody contributing. There are efficient Nash equilibria in pure strategies where 3 of the n players contribute (i.e., there are exactly enough contributions to reach the threshold). A rational player maximizing expected value will contribute if and only if she estimates the probability that her contribution will be critical for the provision of the public good to be sufficiently high. This chapter distinguishes individual preferences (allowing them to be non-selfish) and individual beliefs about the behavior of others. Both beliefs and preferences are important building blocks for most theories explaining behavior in games.'] | ['gnd:4015999-1', 'gnd:4066528-8', 'gnd:4124477-1', 'gnd:4139716-2', 'gnd:4252654-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831632667'] | ['Experiment', 'Wirtschaftswissenschaften', 'Wirtschaftsforschung', 'Methodologie', 'Experimentelle Wirtschaftsforschung'] | 19 | 11 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 86 Explaining the Comparative Statics in Step-Level Public Good Games']
### Abstract:
['The step-level public good game differs strategically from the linear public good game. In the one-shot linear public good game the dominant strategy is not to contribute. In the one-shot step-level public good game multiple Nash equilibria exist. An inefficient Nash equilibrium involves nobody contributing. There are efficient Nash equilibria in pure strategies where 3 of the n players contribute (i.e., there are exactly enough contributions to reach the threshold). A rational player maximizing expected value will contribute if and only if she estimates the probability that her contribution will be critical for the provision of the public good to be sufficiently high. This chapter distinguishes individual preferences (allowing them to be non-selfish) and individual beliefs about the behavior of others. Both beliefs and preferences are important building blocks for most theories explaining behavior in games.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4124477-1', 'gnd:4252654-1', 'gnd:4066528-8', 'gnd:4139716-2', 'gnd:4015999-1']
### GND class:
['Experiment', 'Wirtschaftswissenschaften', 'Wirtschaftsforschung', 'Methodologie', 'Experimentelle Wirtschaftsforschung']
### LIN Search class:
['oek']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831632675.jsonld | ['gnd:4124477-1', 'gnd:4015999-1', 'gnd:4066528-8', 'gnd:4252654-1', 'gnd:4139716-2'] | ['Experiment', 'Wirtschaftswissenschaften', 'Wirtschaftsforschung', 'Methodologie', 'Experimentelle Wirtschaftsforschung'] | ['oek'] | [['Research', 'Economics ; Research', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'Methodology', '(classificationName=ddc)330.01', '(classificationName=rvk)QB 100', 'Experiments', '(classificationName=bk, id=18157070X)83.02 - Philosophie und Theorie der Volkswirtschaft', '(classificationName=bk, id=106405373)83.03 - Methoden und Techniken der Volkswirtschaft', 'Electronic books', '(classificationName=loc)HB131', 'Economics', '(classificationName=ddc)330.0724']] | ['Chapter 85 Spiteful Behavior in Voluntary Contribution Mechanism Experiments'] | ['One of the basic findings in public good provision experiments via the voluntary contribution mechanism is that subjects contribute a considerable amount of their initial holdings to the provision of a public good even when no contribution is the dominant strategy. On the other hand, there are three fundamental criticisms of voluntary contribution mechanism experiments. First, most experiments to date have used a linear utility function where the marginal return of a public good out of one unit of contribution of a private good is less than one. The second criticism is on the linearity of a utility function. In usual theoretical analyses, economists use a non-linear utility function. The third criticism comes from mechanism design theory. Mechanism designers implicitly assumed that agents in their mechanisms must participate in the mechanisms.'] | ['gnd:4015999-1', 'gnd:4066528-8', 'gnd:4124477-1', 'gnd:4139716-2', 'gnd:4252654-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831632675'] | ['Experiment', 'Wirtschaftswissenschaften', 'Wirtschaftsforschung', 'Methodologie', 'Experimentelle Wirtschaftsforschung'] | 19 | 12 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 85 Spiteful Behavior in Voluntary Contribution Mechanism Experiments']
### Abstract:
['One of the basic findings in public good provision experiments via the voluntary contribution mechanism is that subjects contribute a considerable amount of their initial holdings to the provision of a public good even when no contribution is the dominant strategy. On the other hand, there are three fundamental criticisms of voluntary contribution mechanism experiments. First, most experiments to date have used a linear utility function where the marginal return of a public good out of one unit of contribution of a private good is less than one. The second criticism is on the linearity of a utility function. In usual theoretical analyses, economists use a non-linear utility function. The third criticism comes from mechanism design theory. Mechanism designers implicitly assumed that agents in their mechanisms must participate in the mechanisms.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4124477-1', 'gnd:4015999-1', 'gnd:4066528-8', 'gnd:4252654-1', 'gnd:4139716-2']
### GND class:
['Experiment', 'Wirtschaftswissenschaften', 'Wirtschaftsforschung', 'Methodologie', 'Experimentelle Wirtschaftsforschung']
### LIN Search class:
['oek']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831632748.jsonld | ['gnd:4015999-1', 'gnd:4139716-2', 'gnd:4252654-1', 'gnd:4066528-8', 'gnd:4124477-1'] | ['Experiment', 'Wirtschaftswissenschaften', 'Wirtschaftsforschung', 'Methodologie', 'Experimentelle Wirtschaftsforschung'] | ['oek'] | [['(classificationName=bk, id=18157070X)83.02 - Philosophie und Theorie der Volkswirtschaft', '(classificationName=ddc)330.0724', 'Research', '(classificationName=loc)HB131', 'Economics ; Research', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'Electronic books', '(classificationName=rvk)QB 100', '(classificationName=ddc)330.01', 'Methodology', '(classificationName=bk, id=106405373)83.03 - Methoden und Techniken der Volkswirtschaft', 'Experiments', 'Economics']] | ['Chapter 78 Quasi-experimental Evaluation of Regional Employment Subsidies'] | ['Although certain government policies might be tested in controlled experiments during a pilot phase, such tests are rarely undertaken. Ideally, a policy could be tried, when feasible and meaningful, on a random subset of areas, firms or consumers exposed to the policy and be compared with the remaining subset over a significant period of time. The results reported here are from a test where the Swedish government introduced a regional employment policy in a limited part of a fairly homogeneous area with high chronic unemployment, hence creating a non-random division into an experiment region and a control region. Once the decision was made to introduce the policy, a quasi- experimental evaluation of the policy was proposed to the government; and, as a result, the government agreed to leave the two regions intact for a period of three years to allow this evaluation to take place and cover a non-trivial period of time a quite unusual, perhaps unprecedented, step for a government to take.'] | ['gnd:4015999-1', 'gnd:4066528-8', 'gnd:4124477-1', 'gnd:4139716-2', 'gnd:4252654-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831632748'] | ['Experiment', 'Wirtschaftswissenschaften', 'Wirtschaftsforschung', 'Methodologie', 'Experimentelle Wirtschaftsforschung'] | 19 | 13 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 78 Quasi-experimental Evaluation of Regional Employment Subsidies']
### Abstract:
['Although certain government policies might be tested in controlled experiments during a pilot phase, such tests are rarely undertaken. Ideally, a policy could be tried, when feasible and meaningful, on a random subset of areas, firms or consumers exposed to the policy and be compared with the remaining subset over a significant period of time. The results reported here are from a test where the Swedish government introduced a regional employment policy in a limited part of a fairly homogeneous area with high chronic unemployment, hence creating a non-random division into an experiment region and a control region. Once the decision was made to introduce the policy, a quasi- experimental evaluation of the policy was proposed to the government; and, as a result, the government agreed to leave the two regions intact for a period of three years to allow this evaluation to take place and cover a non-trivial period of time a quite unusual, perhaps unprecedented, step for a government to take.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4015999-1', 'gnd:4139716-2', 'gnd:4252654-1', 'gnd:4066528-8', 'gnd:4124477-1']
### GND class:
['Experiment', 'Wirtschaftswissenschaften', 'Wirtschaftsforschung', 'Methodologie', 'Experimentelle Wirtschaftsforschung']
### LIN Search class:
['oek']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831632756.jsonld | ['gnd:4015999-1', 'gnd:4066528-8', 'gnd:4139716-2', 'gnd:4124477-1', 'gnd:4252654-1'] | ['Experiment', 'Wirtschaftswissenschaften', 'Wirtschaftsforschung', 'Methodologie', 'Experimentelle Wirtschaftsforschung'] | ['oek'] | [['Economics ; Research', '(classificationName=ddc)330.0724', 'Research', '(classificationName=bk, id=18157070X)83.02 - Philosophie und Theorie der Volkswirtschaft', 'Economics', '(classificationName=loc)HB131', 'Electronic books', '(classificationName=ddc)330.01', '(classificationName=bk, id=106405373)83.03 - Methoden und Techniken der Volkswirtschaft', 'Experiments', 'Methodology', '(classificationName=rvk)QB 100', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek']] | ['Chapter 77 Pre-testing International Climate Change Policies: Methods and Results'] | ["A subset of the world's countries may wish to commit themselves to stringent emission targets in an attempt to influence other countries to follow suit, thereby bringing about a significant reduction in the threat to the global climate. Moreover, if the pioneering countries were to connect a tradable quota system to these commitments, they would be in a position to provide information not only about the practicability and efficiency properties of this policy instrument but also about the general economic implications of the commitments made. If the set of countries were small, which seems quite likely in the case of pioneering agreements, this action could reveal, in particular, how efficient a small market for quota trade would be. Furthermore, it could also show, for a set of similarly developed countries as the only participants, whether the common presumption that their costs would be too similar for any significant amount of trade gains to arise were in fact correct."] | ['gnd:4015999-1', 'gnd:4066528-8', 'gnd:4124477-1', 'gnd:4139716-2', 'gnd:4252654-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831632756'] | ['Experiment', 'Wirtschaftswissenschaften', 'Wirtschaftsforschung', 'Methodologie', 'Experimentelle Wirtschaftsforschung'] | 19 | 14 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 77 Pre-testing International Climate Change Policies: Methods and Results']
### Abstract:
["A subset of the world's countries may wish to commit themselves to stringent emission targets in an attempt to influence other countries to follow suit, thereby bringing about a significant reduction in the threat to the global climate. Moreover, if the pioneering countries were to connect a tradable quota system to these commitments, they would be in a position to provide information not only about the practicability and efficiency properties of this policy instrument but also about the general economic implications of the commitments made. If the set of countries were small, which seems quite likely in the case of pioneering agreements, this action could reveal, in particular, how efficient a small market for quota trade would be. Furthermore, it could also show, for a set of similarly developed countries as the only participants, whether the common presumption that their costs would be too similar for any significant amount of trade gains to arise were in fact correct."]
### GND ID:
['gnd:4015999-1', 'gnd:4066528-8', 'gnd:4139716-2', 'gnd:4124477-1', 'gnd:4252654-1']
### GND class:
['Experiment', 'Wirtschaftswissenschaften', 'Wirtschaftsforschung', 'Methodologie', 'Experimentelle Wirtschaftsforschung']
### LIN Search class:
['oek']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831632845.jsonld | ['gnd:4139716-2', 'gnd:4015999-1', 'gnd:4124477-1', 'gnd:4252654-1', 'gnd:4066528-8'] | ['Experiment', 'Wirtschaftswissenschaften', 'Wirtschaftsforschung', 'Methodologie', 'Experimentelle Wirtschaftsforschung'] | ['oek'] | [['Economics ; Research', '(classificationName=bk, id=106405373)83.03 - Methoden und Techniken der Volkswirtschaft', 'Electronic books', '(classificationName=bk, id=18157070X)83.02 - Philosophie und Theorie der Volkswirtschaft', 'Experiments', 'Research', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'Methodology', '(classificationName=ddc)330.0724', '(classificationName=loc)HB131', 'Economics', '(classificationName=ddc)330.01', '(classificationName=rvk)QB 100']] | ['Chapter 68 The Combinatorial Auction'] | ["This chapter summarizes a market mechanism for a combinatorial sealed-bid auction that was motivated by the airport slot problem under which bidders would submit bids for packages of slots that support their schedules. Under this scheme, the elemental resources would be allocated only in the form of those combinations desired by the bidders. Under this scenario, the purpose of an aftermarket would be to adjust for allocation errors in the primary market (the objective in the experiments reported below), or to adjust for post-primary market changes in demand. Although this form of combinatorial auction was never applied to airport runway rights, the issue of pricing runway slots has arisen in the new century as a means of managing airport congestion. The combinatorial procedure below is not generally incentive compatible; i.e., if any bidder desires multiple units of either packages or elements, or multiple units of any element, then it may be to a bidder's advantage to strategically underbid the true value of a package."] | ['gnd:4015999-1', 'gnd:4066528-8', 'gnd:4124477-1', 'gnd:4139716-2', 'gnd:4252654-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831632845'] | ['Experiment', 'Wirtschaftswissenschaften', 'Wirtschaftsforschung', 'Methodologie', 'Experimentelle Wirtschaftsforschung'] | 19 | 15 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 68 The Combinatorial Auction']
### Abstract:
["This chapter summarizes a market mechanism for a combinatorial sealed-bid auction that was motivated by the airport slot problem under which bidders would submit bids for packages of slots that support their schedules. Under this scheme, the elemental resources would be allocated only in the form of those combinations desired by the bidders. Under this scenario, the purpose of an aftermarket would be to adjust for allocation errors in the primary market (the objective in the experiments reported below), or to adjust for post-primary market changes in demand. Although this form of combinatorial auction was never applied to airport runway rights, the issue of pricing runway slots has arisen in the new century as a means of managing airport congestion. The combinatorial procedure below is not generally incentive compatible; i.e., if any bidder desires multiple units of either packages or elements, or multiple units of any element, then it may be to a bidder's advantage to strategically underbid the true value of a package."]
### GND ID:
['gnd:4139716-2', 'gnd:4015999-1', 'gnd:4124477-1', 'gnd:4252654-1', 'gnd:4066528-8']
### GND class:
['Experiment', 'Wirtschaftswissenschaften', 'Wirtschaftsforschung', 'Methodologie', 'Experimentelle Wirtschaftsforschung']
### LIN Search class:
['oek']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831633027.jsonld | ['gnd:4066528-8', 'gnd:4139716-2', 'gnd:4015999-1', 'gnd:4252654-1', 'gnd:4124477-1'] | ['Experiment', 'Wirtschaftswissenschaften', 'Wirtschaftsforschung', 'Methodologie', 'Experimentelle Wirtschaftsforschung'] | ['oek'] | [['Experiments', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'Methodology', '(classificationName=rvk)QB 100', 'Economics ; Research', '(classificationName=bk, id=18157070X)83.02 - Philosophie und Theorie der Volkswirtschaft', '(classificationName=ddc)330.0724', '(classificationName=ddc)330.01', 'Electronic books', '(classificationName=bk, id=106405373)83.03 - Methoden und Techniken der Volkswirtschaft', 'Economics', 'Research', '(classificationName=loc)HB131']] | ['Chapter 50 Fairness in Ultimatum Bargaining'] | ["Although fairness concerns may be relevant, they appear to be too simple an explanation for why game theory's strong predictions for ultimatum games are so rarely supported. Self interested offerers want to avoid rejections; unpredicted, non-equilibrium behavior is more valuable and effective than equilibrium behavior. Previous ultimatum bargaining researchers tended to conclude that unpredicted outcomes resulted from fairness concerns. In a series of studies, we operationally defined fairness and tested its effects. The accumulated data from our projects document quite clearly that concerns for fairness provide little explanatory value for offerers and only a small part of the explanation for respondents' rejections: the simple cognitive reactions associated with fairness concerns may explain some idiosyncratic rejections; additional, emotional reactions make wounded pride and spite a more compelling explanation for unexpected rejections."] | ['gnd:4015999-1', 'gnd:4066528-8', 'gnd:4124477-1', 'gnd:4139716-2', 'gnd:4252654-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831633027'] | ['Experiment', 'Wirtschaftswissenschaften', 'Wirtschaftsforschung', 'Methodologie', 'Experimentelle Wirtschaftsforschung'] | 19 | 16 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 50 Fairness in Ultimatum Bargaining']
### Abstract:
["Although fairness concerns may be relevant, they appear to be too simple an explanation for why game theory's strong predictions for ultimatum games are so rarely supported. Self interested offerers want to avoid rejections; unpredicted, non-equilibrium behavior is more valuable and effective than equilibrium behavior. Previous ultimatum bargaining researchers tended to conclude that unpredicted outcomes resulted from fairness concerns. In a series of studies, we operationally defined fairness and tested its effects. The accumulated data from our projects document quite clearly that concerns for fairness provide little explanatory value for offerers and only a small part of the explanation for respondents' rejections: the simple cognitive reactions associated with fairness concerns may explain some idiosyncratic rejections; additional, emotional reactions make wounded pride and spite a more compelling explanation for unexpected rejections."]
### GND ID:
['gnd:4066528-8', 'gnd:4139716-2', 'gnd:4015999-1', 'gnd:4252654-1', 'gnd:4124477-1']
### GND class:
['Experiment', 'Wirtschaftswissenschaften', 'Wirtschaftsforschung', 'Methodologie', 'Experimentelle Wirtschaftsforschung']
### LIN Search class:
['oek']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831633566.jsonld | ['gnd:4020511-3', 'gnd:4302876-7', 'gnd:4129281-9', 'gnd:4197971-0', 'gnd:4133536-3', 'gnd:4057542-1', 'gnd:4184535-3'] | ['Geschenk', 'Stiftung', 'Altruismus', 'Wirtschaftliche Betrachtungsweise', 'Tausch', 'Wirtschaftliches Verhalten', 'Selbstlosigkeit'] | ['sow'] | [['(classificationName=loc)HB523', 'Charité', 'Filantropia', 'Altruisme', 'Economic assistance', '(classificationName=loc)HB523 .H36 2006eb', '(classificationName=ddc)171/.5', 'Distributive justice', '(classificationName=bk, id=106414828)83.05 - Wirtschaftssoziologie, Wirtschaftspsychologie', '(classificationName=ddc)330.1', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'Don et contre-don', 'Justice distributive', 'Economics ; Sociological aspects', 'Altruism', 'Assistência econômica', 'Economics', 'Charity', 'Altruismo', 'Gifts', 'Aide économique', 'Economia (aspectos sociais)', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)sow', 'Économie politique', 'Electronic books', '(classificationName=ddc)330', '(classificationName=bk, id=106414844)83.13 - Theorie der Wirtschaftspolitik, Wohlfahrtstheorie', 'Sociological aspects', 'Aspect sociologique', '(classificationName=bk, id=10642033X)83.79 - Wirtschaftssektoren: Sonstiges', 'Voluntarism', '(classificationName=rvk)QC 010', 'Bénévolat']] | ['Introduction to the Series'] | ['This chapter provides self-contained surveys of the current state of a branch of economics by leading specialists on various aspects of this branch of economics. It presents comprehensive and accessible surveys.'] | ['gnd:4020511-3', 'gnd:4057542-1', 'gnd:4129281-9', 'gnd:4133536-3', 'gnd:4184535-3', 'gnd:4197971-0', 'gnd:4302876-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831633566'] | ['Geschenk', 'Stiftung', 'Altruismus', 'Wirtschaftliche Betrachtungsweise', 'Tausch', 'Wirtschaftliches Verhalten', 'Selbstlosigkeit'] | 25 | 17 | Document
### Title:
['Introduction to the Series']
### Abstract:
['This chapter provides self-contained surveys of the current state of a branch of economics by leading specialists on various aspects of this branch of economics. It presents comprehensive and accessible surveys.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4020511-3', 'gnd:4302876-7', 'gnd:4129281-9', 'gnd:4197971-0', 'gnd:4133536-3', 'gnd:4057542-1', 'gnd:4184535-3']
### GND class:
['Geschenk', 'Stiftung', 'Altruismus', 'Wirtschaftliche Betrachtungsweise', 'Tausch', 'Wirtschaftliches Verhalten', 'Selbstlosigkeit']
### LIN Search class:
['sow']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831633787.jsonld | ['gnd:4184535-3', 'gnd:4057542-1', 'gnd:4020511-3', 'gnd:4302876-7', 'gnd:4129281-9'] | ['Geschenk', 'Stiftung', 'Altruismus', 'Tausch', 'Selbstlosigkeit'] | ['oek'] | [['Distributive justice', 'Electronic books', '(classificationName=bk, id=10642033X)83.79 - Wirtschaftssektoren: Sonstiges', 'Charity', 'sociality', 'Economics ; Sociological aspects', 'team reasoning', 'Filantropia', 'human nature', 'Economic assistance', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)sow', 'sympathy', '(classificationName=bk, id=106414844)83.13 - Theorie der Wirtschaftspolitik, Wohlfahrtstheorie', 'BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Economics ; General', 'Economics', '(classificationName=loc)HB523 .H36 2006eb', 'Altruismo', 'Gifts', '(classificationName=bk, id=106414828)83.05 - Wirtschaftssoziologie, Wirtschaftspsychologie', 'altruism', 'expressive rationality', 'BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Reference', '(classificationName=ddc)330', 'Sociological aspects. Distributive justice. Charity. Altruism. Voluntarism. Gifts. Economic assistance', '(classificationName=loc)HB523', '(classificationName=ddc)330.1', 'Business', 'Altruism', 'Sociological aspects', 'Economia (aspectos sociais)', 'Assistência econômica', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'Voluntarism']] | ['Chapter 10 Human nature and sociality in economics'] | ['Since homo sapiens is a social animal, one might expect human nature the set of psychological propensities with which our species is naturally endowed to equip human beings to live in social groups. In this chapter, we consider the implications of this idea for economics and game theory. We begin by discussing four classic accounts of the forces that hold human societies together those of Hobbes, Hume, Rousseau, and Smith, who focus respectively on rational self-interest, convention, collective reasoning, and natural fellow-feeling. Turning to the modern literature, we review some of the ways in sociality has been introduced into decision and game theory by means of assumptions about non-self-interested preferences specifically, assumptions about altruism, warm glow, inequality aversion and reciprocity. We identify some of the limitations of these theories as explanatory devices, and suggest that these limitations derive from a common source: that sociality is being represented within a framework of methodological individualism. We then discuss more radical approaches to explaining social interaction, based on the concepts of expressive rationality and team reasoning. Finally, we pose the fundamental question of whether it is possible to explain social interaction all the way down without going beyond the bounds of methodological individualism.'] | ['gnd:4020511-3', 'gnd:4057542-1', 'gnd:4129281-9', 'gnd:4184535-3', 'gnd:4302876-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831633787'] | ['Geschenk', 'Stiftung', 'Altruismus', 'Tausch', 'Selbstlosigkeit'] | 19 | 18 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 10 Human nature and sociality in economics']
### Abstract:
['Since homo sapiens is a social animal, one might expect human nature the set of psychological propensities with which our species is naturally endowed to equip human beings to live in social groups. In this chapter, we consider the implications of this idea for economics and game theory. We begin by discussing four classic accounts of the forces that hold human societies together those of Hobbes, Hume, Rousseau, and Smith, who focus respectively on rational self-interest, convention, collective reasoning, and natural fellow-feeling. Turning to the modern literature, we review some of the ways in sociality has been introduced into decision and game theory by means of assumptions about non-self-interested preferences specifically, assumptions about altruism, warm glow, inequality aversion and reciprocity. We identify some of the limitations of these theories as explanatory devices, and suggest that these limitations derive from a common source: that sociality is being represented within a framework of methodological individualism. We then discuss more radical approaches to explaining social interaction, based on the concepts of expressive rationality and team reasoning. Finally, we pose the fundamental question of whether it is possible to explain social interaction all the way down without going beyond the bounds of methodological individualism.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4184535-3', 'gnd:4057542-1', 'gnd:4020511-3', 'gnd:4302876-7', 'gnd:4129281-9']
### GND class:
['Geschenk', 'Stiftung', 'Altruismus', 'Tausch', 'Selbstlosigkeit']
### LIN Search class:
['oek']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831633906.jsonld | ['gnd:4358095-6', 'gnd:4047390-9', 'gnd:4059787-8', 'gnd:4066399-1', 'gnd:4132280-0'] | ['Prognose', 'Theorie', 'Wirtschaft', 'Ökonometrie', 'Prognoseverfahren'] | ['oek'] | [['Economic forecasting', '(classificationName=msc)62P20', '(classificationName=msc)62-06', 'Econometric models', '(classificationName=msc)62P05', 'Prognoseverfahren', '(classificationName=ddc)330.01/12', '(classificationName=rvk)QH 237', 'Prognoses', 'Economie', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)mat', '(classificationName=msc)00B15', '(classificationName=msc)*91-06', '(classificationName=msc)91B82', 'Modèles économétriques', '(classificationName=loc)HB3730', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'Periodicals', '(classificationName=ddc)330.0112', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Prévision économique', 'Economics', 'Prognose', '(classificationName=bk, id=106405373)83.03 - Methoden und Techniken der Volkswirtschaft', '(classificationName=msc)91Gxx', 'Wirtschaftsforschung', '(classificationName=msc)62M20', '(classificationName=rvk)QN 200', 'Economic forecasting ; Econometric models', '(classificationName=msc)91B84', 'Electronic books', '(classificationName=bk, id=106417320)85.03 - Methoden und Techniken der Betriebswirtschaft']] | ['Author Index'] | ['This chapter lists the names of the people who have contributed to the book Handbook of Economic Forecasting, Volume 1 , such as Abeysinghe, T., Abraham, B., Aguilar, O., and others. For the ease of the reader, their names have been mentioned along with the page number in which their names appear in the book.'] | ['gnd:4047390-9', 'gnd:4059787-8', 'gnd:4066399-1', 'gnd:4132280-0', 'gnd:4358095-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831633906'] | ['Prognose', 'Theorie', 'Wirtschaft', 'Ökonometrie', 'Prognoseverfahren'] | 19 | 19 | Document
### Title:
['Author Index']
### Abstract:
['This chapter lists the names of the people who have contributed to the book Handbook of Economic Forecasting, Volume 1 , such as Abeysinghe, T., Abraham, B., Aguilar, O., and others. For the ease of the reader, their names have been mentioned along with the page number in which their names appear in the book.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4358095-6', 'gnd:4047390-9', 'gnd:4059787-8', 'gnd:4066399-1', 'gnd:4132280-0']
### GND class:
['Prognose', 'Theorie', 'Wirtschaft', 'Ökonometrie', 'Prognoseverfahren']
### LIN Search class:
['oek']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831634325.jsonld | ['gnd:4112628-2', 'gnd:4036229-2', 'gnd:4006664-2'] | ['Bildungsökonomie', 'Lohn', 'Ausbildung'] | ['oek'] | [['Éducation', 'Education ; Finance', 'school quality', 'wages', 'États-Unis', '(classificationName=ddc)338.4/7370973', 'Finance', '(classificationName=loc)LC66', 'Finances', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)pae', "Salaires, Effets de l'éducation sur les", 'Wages ; Effect of education on', 'Economic aspects', 'Education ; Economic aspects', 'Aspect économique', 'United States', 'Bildungsökonomie', 'returns to education', '(classificationName=ddc)370.973', 'Education', 'Effect of education on', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', '(classificationName=ddc)338.47370973', '(classificationName=bk, id=106416340)83.14 - Einkommen, Beschäftigung, Arbeitsmarkt', 'Wages', '(classificationName=bk, id=106414623)85.04 - Ausbildung, Beruf, Organisationen']] | ['Chapter 13 Using Wages to Infer School Quality'] | ["This chapter examines the literature that attempts to measure the relationship between labor earnings and the average quality of a state's elementary and secondary schools where school quality is approximated by statewide average characteristics like the teacher–pupil ratio. We present evidence of a number of problems which are difficult, and in our view insurmountable. In short; we argue that the Hedonic approach to inferring school quality is totally unproductive. Even so, we include an annotated bibliography of the various papers that have addressed this topic. The main problems we discuss include: (1) interstate differences in wages are not consistent with a simple school quality–wage relation; we cannot assume a simple national labor market with factor price equalization throughout; (2) interstate migration is differentially selective between state origin and destination pairs and across school completion levels; (3) there need not be a direct relation between the quality of schooling and the wage increments from added schooling; (4) using a single residence state or geographic division for school quality evaluation appears insufficient to resolve the ambiguous link between school quality and wages. In addition, (5) the large majority of empirical studies of school quality represent schools by using characteristics of elementary and secondary schools although a major part of the measured incremental value of schooling refers to wage gains from attending college; (6) the Census-based studies that assume schools are attended in birth states can be wide of the mark; and finally, (7) it is unclear whether the positive correlations between wages and either school expenditures or teachers' wages found in much of this literature is indicative of a causal relationship or whether it captures other economic phenomena that supersede the relationship being suggested."] | ['gnd:4006664-2', 'gnd:4036229-2', 'gnd:4112628-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831634325'] | ['Bildungsökonomie', 'Lohn', 'Ausbildung'] | 19 | 20 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 13 Using Wages to Infer School Quality']
### Abstract:
["This chapter examines the literature that attempts to measure the relationship between labor earnings and the average quality of a state's elementary and secondary schools where school quality is approximated by statewide average characteristics like the teacher–pupil ratio. We present evidence of a number of problems which are difficult, and in our view insurmountable. In short; we argue that the Hedonic approach to inferring school quality is totally unproductive. Even so, we include an annotated bibliography of the various papers that have addressed this topic. The main problems we discuss include: (1) interstate differences in wages are not consistent with a simple school quality–wage relation; we cannot assume a simple national labor market with factor price equalization throughout; (2) interstate migration is differentially selective between state origin and destination pairs and across school completion levels; (3) there need not be a direct relation between the quality of schooling and the wage increments from added schooling; (4) using a single residence state or geographic division for school quality evaluation appears insufficient to resolve the ambiguous link between school quality and wages. In addition, (5) the large majority of empirical studies of school quality represent schools by using characteristics of elementary and secondary schools although a major part of the measured incremental value of schooling refers to wage gains from attending college; (6) the Census-based studies that assume schools are attended in birth states can be wide of the mark; and finally, (7) it is unclear whether the positive correlations between wages and either school expenditures or teachers' wages found in much of this literature is indicative of a causal relationship or whether it captures other economic phenomena that supersede the relationship being suggested."]
### GND ID:
['gnd:4112628-2', 'gnd:4036229-2', 'gnd:4006664-2']
### GND class:
['Bildungsökonomie', 'Lohn', 'Ausbildung']
### LIN Search class:
['oek']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831634635.jsonld | ['gnd:4059252-2', 'gnd:4128160-3'] | ['Technischer Fortschritt', 'Wachstumstheorie'] | ['oek'] | [['Economic development ; Mathematical models', 'BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Structural Adjustment', 'Economic development ; Econometric models', 'Economic development', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'POLITICAL SCIENCE ; Public Policy ; Economic Policy', 'ECONOMETRIC MODELS', 'Electronic books', 'BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Development ; Business Development', '(classificationName=loc)HD75.5', 'ECONOMIC POLICY', 'Handbooks and manuals', 'Economische groei', 'BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Development ; General', 'BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Development ; Economic Development', 'ECONOMIC GROWTH', 'Wachstumstheorie', '(classificationName=ddc)338.9', 'Technischer Fortschritt', 'Développement économique', 'Mathematical models', '(classificationName=bk, id=106420372)83.31 - Wirtschaftswachstum', 'Modèles économétriques', 'Modèles mathématiques', 'BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Government & Business', 'TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE', 'Econometric models']] | ['Author Index'] | ['This chapter lists the names of the people who have contributed to the book Handbook of Economic Growth , such as Aaronson, E., Abowd, J.M., Abramovitz, M., and others. Their names have been mentioned along with the page number in which their names appear in the bookfor the ease of the reader.'] | ['gnd:4059252-2', 'gnd:4128160-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831634635'] | ['Technischer Fortschritt', 'Wachstumstheorie'] | 19 | 21 | Document
### Title:
['Author Index']
### Abstract:
['This chapter lists the names of the people who have contributed to the book Handbook of Economic Growth , such as Aaronson, E., Abowd, J.M., Abramovitz, M., and others. Their names have been mentioned along with the page number in which their names appear in the bookfor the ease of the reader.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4059252-2', 'gnd:4128160-3']
### GND class:
['Technischer Fortschritt', 'Wachstumstheorie']
### LIN Search class:
['oek']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831634759.jsonld | [] | [] | ['oek'] | [['Développement économique', 'Economische groei', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'capital share', 'Econometric models', 'ECONOMETRIC MODELS', 'catch-up', 'ECONOMIC POLICY', 'Economic development ; Mathematical models', 'Electronic books', 'transition to modern economic growth', '(classificationName=loc)HD75.5', 'Economic development ; Econometric models', 'Economic development', 'Modèles économétriques', 'ECONOMIC GROWTH', 'aggregate economic efficiency', '(classificationName=rvk)QC 340', 'trading clubs', '(classificationName=bk, id=106420372)83.31 - Wirtschaftswachstum', 'TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE', '(classificationName=ddc)338.9', 'Modèles mathématiques', 'Mathematical models']] | ['Chapter 21. A Unified Theory of the Evolution of International Income Levels'] | ['This chapter develops a theory of the evolution of international income levels. In particular, it augments the Hansen–Prescott theory of economic development with the Parente–Prescott theory of relative efficiencies and shows that the unified theory accounts for the evolution of international income levels over the last millennium. The essence of this unified theory is that a country starts to experience sustained increases in its living standard when production efficiency reaches a critical point. Countries reach this critical level of efficiency at different dates not because they have access to different stocks of knowledge, but rather because they differ in the amount of society-imposed constraints on the technology choices of their citizenry.'] | ['gnd:4128160-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831634759'] | ['Wachstumstheorie'] | 19 | 22 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 21. A Unified Theory of the Evolution of International Income Levels']
### Abstract:
['This chapter develops a theory of the evolution of international income levels. In particular, it augments the Hansen–Prescott theory of economic development with the Parente–Prescott theory of relative efficiencies and shows that the unified theory accounts for the evolution of international income levels over the last millennium. The essence of this unified theory is that a country starts to experience sustained increases in its living standard when production efficiency reaches a critical point. Countries reach this critical level of efficiency at different dates not because they have access to different stocks of knowledge, but rather because they differ in the amount of society-imposed constraints on the technology choices of their citizenry.']
### GND ID:
[]
### GND class:
[]
### LIN Search class:
['oek']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831634767.jsonld | [] | [] | ['oek'] | [['Modèles économétriques', 'technological change', '(classificationName=loc)HD75.5', '(classificationName=ddc)338.9', 'ECONOMIC GROWTH', 'labor market', 'Electronic books', 'TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE', 'Economic development ; Econometric models', 'Economic development', 'Mathematical models', 'institutions', '(classificationName=bk, id=106420372)83.31 - Wirtschaftswachstum', 'inequality', 'Economische groei', 'skills', 'Econometric models', 'ECONOMIC POLICY', '(classificationName=rvk)QC 340', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'ECONOMETRIC MODELS', 'Modèles mathématiques', 'Economic development ; Mathematical models', 'Développement économique']] | ['Chapter 20. The Effects of Technical Change on Labor Market Inequalities'] | ['In this chapter we inspect economic mechanisms through which technological progress shapes the degree of inequality among workers in the labor market. A key focus is on the rise of U.S. wage inequality over the past 30 years. However, we also pay attention to how Europe did not experience changes in wage inequality but instead saw a sharp increase in unemployment and an increased labor share of income, variables that remained stable in the U.S. We hypothesize that these changes in labor market inequalities can be accounted for by the wave of capital-embodied technological change, which we also document. We propose a variety of mechanisms based on how technology increases the returns to education, ability, experience, and “luck” in the labor market. We also discuss how the wage distribution may have been indirectly influenced by technical change through changes in certain aspects of the organization of work, such as the hierarchical structure of firms, the extent of unionization, and the degree of centralization of bargaining. To account for the U.S.–Europe differences, we use a theory based on institutional differences between the United States and Europe, along with a common acceleration of technical change. Finally, we briefly comment on the implications of labor market inequalities for welfare and for economic policy.'] | ['gnd:4128160-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831634767'] | ['Wachstumstheorie'] | 19 | 23 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 20. The Effects of Technical Change on Labor Market Inequalities']
### Abstract:
['In this chapter we inspect economic mechanisms through which technological progress shapes the degree of inequality among workers in the labor market. A key focus is on the rise of U.S. wage inequality over the past 30 years. However, we also pay attention to how Europe did not experience changes in wage inequality but instead saw a sharp increase in unemployment and an increased labor share of income, variables that remained stable in the U.S. We hypothesize that these changes in labor market inequalities can be accounted for by the wave of capital-embodied technological change, which we also document. We propose a variety of mechanisms based on how technology increases the returns to education, ability, experience, and “luck” in the labor market. We also discuss how the wage distribution may have been indirectly influenced by technical change through changes in certain aspects of the organization of work, such as the hierarchical structure of firms, the extent of unionization, and the degree of centralization of bargaining. To account for the U.S.–Europe differences, we use a theory based on institutional differences between the United States and Europe, along with a common acceleration of technical change. Finally, we briefly comment on the implications of labor market inequalities for welfare and for economic policy.']
### GND ID:
[]
### GND class:
[]
### LIN Search class:
['oek']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831634791.jsonld | [] | [] | ['oek'] | [['(classificationName=bk, id=106420372)83.31 - Wirtschaftswachstum', 'Modèles mathématiques', 'Electronic books', 'Modèles économétriques', 'Industrial Revolution', 'Economic development ; Mathematical models', 'Economic development ; Econometric models', '(classificationName=loc)HD75.5', 'Economic development', 'technological progress', 'Mathematical models', 'access costs', 'Economische groei', 'Développement économique', 'useful knowledge', 'economic growth', 'TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE', 'ECONOMIC GROWTH', '(classificationName=rvk)QC 340', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', '(classificationName=ddc)338.9', 'Econometric models', 'ECONOMETRIC MODELS', 'ECONOMIC POLICY']] | ['Chapter 17. Long-Term Economic Growth and the History of Technology'] | ['Modern economic growth started in the West in the early nineteenth century. This survey discusses the precise connection between the Industrial Revolution and the beginnings of growth, and connects it to the intellectual and economic factors underlying the growth of useful knowledge. The connections between science, technology and human capital are re-examined, and the role of the eighteenth century Enlightenment in bringing about modern growth is highlighted. Specifically, the paper argues that the Enlightenment changed the agenda of scientific research and deepened the connections between theory and practice.'] | ['gnd:4128160-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831634791'] | ['Wachstumstheorie'] | 19 | 24 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 17. Long-Term Economic Growth and the History of Technology']
### Abstract:
['Modern economic growth started in the West in the early nineteenth century. This survey discusses the precise connection between the Industrial Revolution and the beginnings of growth, and connects it to the intellectual and economic factors underlying the growth of useful knowledge. The connections between science, technology and human capital are re-examined, and the role of the eighteenth century Enlightenment in bringing about modern growth is highlighted. Specifically, the paper argues that the Enlightenment changed the agenda of scientific research and deepened the connections between theory and practice.']
### GND ID:
[]
### GND class:
[]
### LIN Search class:
['oek']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831634821.jsonld | ['gnd:4059252-2', 'gnd:4128160-3'] | ['Technischer Fortschritt', 'Wachstumstheorie'] | ['oek'] | [['Modèles mathématiques', 'BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Development ; Business Development', 'ECONOMIC POLICY', 'POLITICAL SCIENCE ; Public Policy ; Economic Policy', 'economic development', 'Wachstumstheorie', 'BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Structural Adjustment', 'Econometric models', 'BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Development ; Economic Development', 'institutions', '(classificationName=loc)HD75.5', 'Handbooks and manuals', 'Développement économique', 'Economische groei', 'BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Development ; General', '(classificationName=bk, id=106420372)83.31 - Wirtschaftswachstum', 'Modèles économétriques', 'policy reform', 'Economic development ; Econometric models', '(classificationName=ddc)338.9', 'BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Government & Business', 'TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE', 'Electronic books', 'ECONOMIC GROWTH', 'ECONOMETRIC MODELS', 'Economic development', 'Technischer Fortschritt', 'Mathematical models', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'Economic development ; Mathematical models']] | ['Chapter 14 Growth Strategies'] | ['This is an attempt to derive broad, strategic lessons from the diverse experience with economic growth in last fifty years. The paper revolves around two key arguments. One is that neoclassical economic analysis is a lot more flexible than its practitioners in the policy domain have generally given it credit. In particular, first-order economic principles – protection of property rights, market-based competition, appropriate incentives, sound money, and so on – do not map into unique policy packages. Reformers have substantial room for creatively packaging these principles into institutional designs that are sensitive to local opportunities and constraints. Successful countries are those that have used this room wisely. The second argument is that igniting economic growth and sustaining it are somewhat different enterprises. The former generally requires a limited range of (often unconventional) reforms that need not overly tax the institutional capacity of the economy. The latter challenge is in many ways harder, as it requires constructing over the longer term a sound institutional underpinning to endow the economy with resilience to shocks and maintain productive dynamism. Ignoring the distinction between these two tasks leaves reformers saddled with impossibly ambitious, undifferentiated, and impractical policy agendas.'] | ['gnd:4059252-2', 'gnd:4128160-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831634821'] | ['Technischer Fortschritt', 'Wachstumstheorie'] | 19 | 25 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 14 Growth Strategies']
### Abstract:
['This is an attempt to derive broad, strategic lessons from the diverse experience with economic growth in last fifty years. The paper revolves around two key arguments. One is that neoclassical economic analysis is a lot more flexible than its practitioners in the policy domain have generally given it credit. In particular, first-order economic principles – protection of property rights, market-based competition, appropriate incentives, sound money, and so on – do not map into unique policy packages. Reformers have substantial room for creatively packaging these principles into institutional designs that are sensitive to local opportunities and constraints. Successful countries are those that have used this room wisely. The second argument is that igniting economic growth and sustaining it are somewhat different enterprises. The former generally requires a limited range of (often unconventional) reforms that need not overly tax the institutional capacity of the economy. The latter challenge is in many ways harder, as it requires constructing over the longer term a sound institutional underpinning to endow the economy with resilience to shocks and maintain productive dynamism. Ignoring the distinction between these two tasks leaves reformers saddled with impossibly ambitious, undifferentiated, and impractical policy agendas.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4059252-2', 'gnd:4128160-3']
### GND class:
['Technischer Fortschritt', 'Wachstumstheorie']
### LIN Search class:
['oek']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831634848.jsonld | ['gnd:4128160-3', 'gnd:4059252-2'] | ['Technischer Fortschritt', 'Wachstumstheorie'] | ['oek'] | [['Economic development', 'POLITICAL SCIENCE ; Public Policy ; Economic Policy', 'BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Development ; Business Development', 'Econometric models', 'ECONOMIC POLICY', 'Economische groei', '(classificationName=loc)HD75.5', 'economic development', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE', 'technological change', 'BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Government & Business', 'ECONOMIC GROWTH', 'Développement économique', 'financial markets', 'corporate finance', 'Mathematical models', '(classificationName=bk, id=106420372)83.31 - Wirtschaftswachstum', 'Wachstumstheorie', 'financial institutions', 'Economic development ; Econometric models', 'Handbooks and manuals', 'BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Development ; General', '(classificationName=ddc)338.9', 'Modèles économétriques', 'Electronic books', 'ECONOMETRIC MODELS', 'BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Structural Adjustment', 'Economic development ; Mathematical models', 'BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Development ; Economic Development', 'Technischer Fortschritt', 'Modèles mathématiques']] | ['Chapter 12 Finance and Growth: Theory and Evidence'] | ['This paper reviews, appraises, and critiques theoretical and empirical research on the connections between the operation of the financial system and economic growth. While subject to ample qualifications and countervailing views, the preponderance of evidence suggests that both financial intermediaries and markets matter for growth and that reverse causality alone is not driving this relationship. Furthermore, theory and evidence imply that better developed financial systems ease external financing constraints facing firms, which illuminates one mechanism through which financial development influences economic growth. The paper highlights many areas needing additional research.'] | ['gnd:4059252-2', 'gnd:4128160-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831634848'] | ['Technischer Fortschritt', 'Wachstumstheorie'] | 19 | 26 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 12 Finance and Growth: Theory and Evidence']
### Abstract:
['This paper reviews, appraises, and critiques theoretical and empirical research on the connections between the operation of the financial system and economic growth. While subject to ample qualifications and countervailing views, the preponderance of evidence suggests that both financial intermediaries and markets matter for growth and that reverse causality alone is not driving this relationship. Furthermore, theory and evidence imply that better developed financial systems ease external financing constraints facing firms, which illuminates one mechanism through which financial development influences economic growth. The paper highlights many areas needing additional research.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4128160-3', 'gnd:4059252-2']
### GND class:
['Technischer Fortschritt', 'Wachstumstheorie']
### LIN Search class:
['oek']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831634864.jsonld | ['gnd:4059252-2', 'gnd:4128160-3'] | ['Technischer Fortschritt', 'Wachstumstheorie'] | ['oek'] | [['Economic development ; Econometric models', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Development ; Economic Development', 'BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Development ; General', 'information', 'BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Structural Adjustment', 'Econometric models', 'Modèles économétriques', 'growth', 'investment', '(classificationName=ddc)338.9', 'Modèles mathématiques', 'BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Government & Business', 'Wachstumstheorie', 'Economic development', 'Technischer Fortschritt', 'POLITICAL SCIENCE ; Public Policy ; Economic Policy', 'Handbooks and manuals', 'Electronic books', 'ECONOMIC POLICY', 'Mathematical models', 'productivity', 'technology', 'Economische groei', 'BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Development ; Business Development', 'Développement économique', 'TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE', 'ECONOMETRIC MODELS', 'Economic development ; Mathematical models', '(classificationName=bk, id=106420372)83.31 - Wirtschaftswachstum', 'ECONOMIC GROWTH', '(classificationName=loc)HD75.5']] | ['Chapter 10 Accounting for Growth in the Information Age'] | ['The “killer application” of the new framework for productivity measurement presented in this paper is the impact of information technology (IT) on economic growth. A consensus has emerged that the remarkable behavior of IT prices provides the key to the surge in U.S. economic growth after 1995. The relentless decline in the prices of information technology equipment and software has steadily enhanced the role of IT investment. Productivity growth in IT-producing industries has risen in importance and a productivity revival is underway in the rest of the economy. The surge of IT investment in the United States after 1995 has counterparts in all other industrialized countries. It is essential to use comparable data and methodology in order to provide rigorous international comparisons. A crucial role is played by measurements of IT prices. The U.S. national accounts have incorporated measures of IT prices that hold performance constant since 1985. Schreyer [Schreyer, Paul (2000), “The contribution of information and communication technology to output growth: A study of the G7 Countries”. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, May 23] has extended these measures to other industrialized countries by constructing “internationally harmonized prices”. The acceleration in the IT price decline in 1995 triggered a burst of IT investment in all of the G7 nations – Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the UK, as well as the U.S. These countries also experienced a rise in productivity growth in the IT-producing industries. However, differences in the relative importance of these industries have generated wide disparities in the impact of IT on economic growth. The role of the IT-producing industries is greatest in the U.S., which leads the G7 in output per capita.'] | ['gnd:4059252-2', 'gnd:4128160-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831634864'] | ['Technischer Fortschritt', 'Wachstumstheorie'] | 19 | 27 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 10 Accounting for Growth in the Information Age']
### Abstract:
['The “killer application” of the new framework for productivity measurement presented in this paper is the impact of information technology (IT) on economic growth. A consensus has emerged that the remarkable behavior of IT prices provides the key to the surge in U.S. economic growth after 1995. The relentless decline in the prices of information technology equipment and software has steadily enhanced the role of IT investment. Productivity growth in IT-producing industries has risen in importance and a productivity revival is underway in the rest of the economy. The surge of IT investment in the United States after 1995 has counterparts in all other industrialized countries. It is essential to use comparable data and methodology in order to provide rigorous international comparisons. A crucial role is played by measurements of IT prices. The U.S. national accounts have incorporated measures of IT prices that hold performance constant since 1985. Schreyer [Schreyer, Paul (2000), “The contribution of information and communication technology to output growth: A study of the G7 Countries”. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, May 23] has extended these measures to other industrialized countries by constructing “internationally harmonized prices”. The acceleration in the IT price decline in 1995 triggered a burst of IT investment in all of the G7 nations – Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the UK, as well as the U.S. These countries also experienced a rise in productivity growth in the IT-producing industries. However, differences in the relative importance of these industries have generated wide disparities in the impact of IT on economic growth. The role of the IT-producing industries is greatest in the U.S., which leads the G7 in output per capita.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4059252-2', 'gnd:4128160-3']
### GND class:
['Technischer Fortschritt', 'Wachstumstheorie']
### LIN Search class:
['oek']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831635054.jsonld | ['gnd:4315813-4', 'gnd:4268059-1'] | ['Kulturwirtschaft', 'Kunstökonomie'] | ['oek'] | [['(classificationName=bk, id=10642033X)83.79 - Wirtschaftssektoren: Sonstiges', 'trade agreements', '(classificationName=rvk)QR 750', '(classificationName=ddc)706.8/8', '(classificationName=bk, id=106415824)20.05 - Kunst in Beziehung zu anderen Wissenschaftsgebieten', 'Art ; Economic aspects', 'ART ; General', 'Culture', 'Art', '(classificationName=ddc)330', 'WTO', 'WIPO', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', '(classificationName=ddc)706.88', 'cultural goods', 'GATT', 'UNESCO', 'international trade', 'Kulturwirtschaft', 'arts and cultural industries', 'Kunstökonomie', '(classificationName=loc)N8600', 'Economic aspects', 'Culture ; Economic aspects', 'GATS']] | ['Chapter 33 Culture in International Trade'] | ['Cultural allegiances whether inherited, imposed or chosen, affect economic activity. Many of these cultural layers – ethnic background, religion, language, ideological orientation, and artistic interests – spill over national boundaries. Cultural ideas travel the world along many routes from the Silk Road to modern electronic networks. Historically, peripatetic artists, composers and writers have responded to shifting patronage and market opportunities. More recently, firms in the cultural industries develop and produce content and distribute it as widely as the market will bear. Visual and performing arts and the cultural industries have both common and distinct international economic dimensions. In trade agreements, countries voluntarily limit their policy options in return for restrictions on the choices of the other member countries. Arguments for protection versus openness for cultural activities are more complex and nuanced than for other economic sectors because of a wide range of views on how international cultural policy affects individuals and the national culture. The inclusion of GATS and TRIPS in the WTO made the WTO a more important influence on international cultural policy than its GATT predecessor. UNESCO continues to play a complementary role. The Florence agreement (1950) encourages the free flow of cultural products and a convention addresses illicit trade in cultural property, a heritage issue. Currently, UNESCO is the focus of efforts to create a rules-based convention to protect and promote the diversity of cultural expressions, which is designed to either separate international cultural policy governance from the WTO or strengthen the bargaining position of cultural industry interests in WTO negotiations. These discussions take place in circumstances where there are serious shortcomings in the measurement of trade in cultural goods and services.'] | ['gnd:4268059-1', 'gnd:4315813-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635054'] | ['Kulturwirtschaft', 'Kunstökonomie'] | 19 | 28 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 33 Culture in International Trade']
### Abstract:
['Cultural allegiances whether inherited, imposed or chosen, affect economic activity. Many of these cultural layers – ethnic background, religion, language, ideological orientation, and artistic interests – spill over national boundaries. Cultural ideas travel the world along many routes from the Silk Road to modern electronic networks. Historically, peripatetic artists, composers and writers have responded to shifting patronage and market opportunities. More recently, firms in the cultural industries develop and produce content and distribute it as widely as the market will bear. Visual and performing arts and the cultural industries have both common and distinct international economic dimensions. In trade agreements, countries voluntarily limit their policy options in return for restrictions on the choices of the other member countries. Arguments for protection versus openness for cultural activities are more complex and nuanced than for other economic sectors because of a wide range of views on how international cultural policy affects individuals and the national culture. The inclusion of GATS and TRIPS in the WTO made the WTO a more important influence on international cultural policy than its GATT predecessor. UNESCO continues to play a complementary role. The Florence agreement (1950) encourages the free flow of cultural products and a convention addresses illicit trade in cultural property, a heritage issue. Currently, UNESCO is the focus of efforts to create a rules-based convention to protect and promote the diversity of cultural expressions, which is designed to either separate international cultural policy governance from the WTO or strengthen the bargaining position of cultural industry interests in WTO negotiations. These discussions take place in circumstances where there are serious shortcomings in the measurement of trade in cultural goods and services.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4315813-4', 'gnd:4268059-1']
### GND class:
['Kulturwirtschaft', 'Kunstökonomie']
### LIN Search class:
['oek']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831635100.jsonld | ['gnd:4315813-4', 'gnd:4268059-1'] | ['Kulturwirtschaft', 'Kunstökonomie'] | ['oek'] | [['Culture ; Economic aspects', 'regulation', 'Art', '(classificationName=bk, id=10642033X)83.79 - Wirtschaftssektoren: Sonstiges', 'devolution', '(classificationName=loc)N8600', '(classificationName=ddc)330', 'Economic aspects', 'cultural capital', 'Culture', 'non-market benefits', '(classificationName=rvk)QR 750', 'Art ; Economic aspects', 'ART ; General', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'sustainable development', 'Kunstökonomie', '(classificationName=bk, id=106415824)20.05 - Kunst in Beziehung zu anderen Wissenschaftsgebieten', 'Kulturwirtschaft', 'fiscal federalism', '(classificationName=ddc)706.8/8', '(classificationName=ddc)706.88']] | ['Chapter 28 Cultural Heritage: Economic Analysis and Public Policy'] | ['This chapter shows how economic theory and public policy analysis can illuminate decision-making relating to cultural heritage. We argue that from an economic viewpoint the appropriate conceptualisation of heritage is as a capital asset. Regarding heritage as cultural capital invites consideration of sustainability aspects, in parallel with the treatment of natural capital in economic theory, allowing us to derive a sustainability rule for cultural capital accumulation. The application of cost–benefit analysis to heritage investment appraisal is discussed, with particular reference to the assessment of non-market benefits. Turning to policy issues, we examine ways in which governments intervene in heritage markets, with particular attention to listing and other forms of regulation. Questions of institutional design, financing and policy delivery in a multi-jurisdictional framework are discussed, and finally the role of the private sector is considered, with emphasis on the possibility of crowding out and the incentive effects of public policy on private behaviour in the heritage field.'] | ['gnd:4268059-1', 'gnd:4315813-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635100'] | ['Kulturwirtschaft', 'Kunstökonomie'] | 19 | 29 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 28 Cultural Heritage: Economic Analysis and Public Policy']
### Abstract:
['This chapter shows how economic theory and public policy analysis can illuminate decision-making relating to cultural heritage. We argue that from an economic viewpoint the appropriate conceptualisation of heritage is as a capital asset. Regarding heritage as cultural capital invites consideration of sustainability aspects, in parallel with the treatment of natural capital in economic theory, allowing us to derive a sustainability rule for cultural capital accumulation. The application of cost–benefit analysis to heritage investment appraisal is discussed, with particular reference to the assessment of non-market benefits. Turning to policy issues, we examine ways in which governments intervene in heritage markets, with particular attention to listing and other forms of regulation. Questions of institutional design, financing and policy delivery in a multi-jurisdictional framework are discussed, and finally the role of the private sector is considered, with emphasis on the possibility of crowding out and the incentive effects of public policy on private behaviour in the heritage field.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4315813-4', 'gnd:4268059-1']
### GND class:
['Kulturwirtschaft', 'Kunstökonomie']
### LIN Search class:
['oek']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831635305.jsonld | ['gnd:4315813-4', 'gnd:4268059-1'] | ['Kulturwirtschaft', 'Kunstökonomie'] | ['oek'] | [['copies', '(classificationName=rvk)QR 750', 'Art', 'Art ; Economic aspects', 'Economic aspects', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'ART ; General', 'originality', '(classificationName=ddc)330', 'prints', 'Culture', 'Culture ; Economic aspects', 'fakes', 'multiples', '(classificationName=bk, id=10642033X)83.79 - Wirtschaftssektoren: Sonstiges', '(classificationName=ddc)706.8/8', 'Kunstökonomie', '(classificationName=ddc)706.88', 'Kulturwirtschaft', '(classificationName=bk, id=106415824)20.05 - Kunst in Beziehung zu anderen Wissenschaftsgebieten', '(classificationName=loc)N8600']] | ['Chapter 8 Copies of Artworks: The Case of Paintings and Prints'] | ['In his essay on imitation in the arts, Adam Smith considers that the exact copy of an artwork always deserves less merit than the original. But the hierarchy between copies and originals has changed over time. So has the perception of copies by lawyers, philosophers, art historians and curators. The development of a market for copies is part of a wider contemporary questioning of the boundaries between originality and copy. We analyze whether and how the various actors in the art market (artists, collectors, lawyers, curators, art historians and philosophers) contribute to valuing and creating or, at times, to killing copies. Artists and collectors have never belittled copies. Art historians think that copies have an important role in preserving the memory of lost artworks, and in educating young artists, but nevertheless consider copies better left to the reserves of museums. Lawyers are ambivalent and judicial precedents bear testimony to the ambiguous legal status of copies. Contemporary art historians and art philosophers have influenced curators and museums to organize exhibitions that make use of copies, giving them a new life.'] | ['gnd:4268059-1', 'gnd:4315813-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635305'] | ['Kulturwirtschaft', 'Kunstökonomie'] | 19 | 30 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 8 Copies of Artworks: The Case of Paintings and Prints']
### Abstract:
['In his essay on imitation in the arts, Adam Smith considers that the exact copy of an artwork always deserves less merit than the original. But the hierarchy between copies and originals has changed over time. So has the perception of copies by lawyers, philosophers, art historians and curators. The development of a market for copies is part of a wider contemporary questioning of the boundaries between originality and copy. We analyze whether and how the various actors in the art market (artists, collectors, lawyers, curators, art historians and philosophers) contribute to valuing and creating or, at times, to killing copies. Artists and collectors have never belittled copies. Art historians think that copies have an important role in preserving the memory of lost artworks, and in educating young artists, but nevertheless consider copies better left to the reserves of museums. Lawyers are ambivalent and judicial precedents bear testimony to the ambiguous legal status of copies. Contemporary art historians and art philosophers have influenced curators and museums to organize exhibitions that make use of copies, giving them a new life.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4315813-4', 'gnd:4268059-1']
### GND class:
['Kulturwirtschaft', 'Kunstökonomie']
### LIN Search class:
['oek']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831635461.jsonld | ['gnd:4166306-8', 'gnd:4143069-4', 'gnd:4022393-0', 'gnd:4079351-5'] | ['Kollektiventscheidung', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Arrow-Paradoxon', 'Abstimmung'] | ['oek'] | [['(classificationName=msc)00B15', '(classificationName=loc)HB846.8', 'Économie du bien-être', 'Choix collectif', 'cost sharing', 'Social choice ; Mathematical models', 'Welvaartseconomie', 'Electronic books', 'Social choice', '(classificationName=msc)91B15', 'axiomatic', 'Mathematical models', 'Business & Economics', '(classificationName=bk, id=106414844)83.13 - Theorie der Wirtschaftspolitik, Wohlfahrtstheorie', '(classificationName=ddc)330.126', '(classificationName=ddc)330.12/6', 'additivity', 'rationing', 'Escolha (teoria econômica)', 'Escolha social (modelos matemáticos)', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'Shapley value', '(classificationName=msc)91B14', '(classificationName=rvk)QC 160', '(classificationName=msc)*91-06', 'Bem-estar econômico', 'Welfare economics', 'Modèles mathématiques', 'Economic Theory']] | ['Chapter 6 Axiomatic cost and surplus sharing'] | ["The equitable division of a joint cost (or a jointly produced output) among agents with different shares or types of output (or input) commodities, is a central theme of the theory of cooperative games with transferable utility. Ever since Shapley's seminal contribution in 1953, this question has generated some of the deepest axiomatic results of modern microeconomic theory. More recently, the simpler problem of rationing a single commodity according to a profile of claims (reflecting individual needs, or demands, or liabilities) has been another fertile ground for axiomatic analysis. This rationing model is often called the bankruptcy problem in the literature. This chapter reviews the normative literature on these two models, and emphasizes their deep structural link via the Additivity axiom for cost sharing: individual cost shares depend additively upon the cost function. Loosely speaking, an additive cost-sharing method can be written as the integral of a rationing method, and this representation defines a linear isomorphism between additive cost-sharing methods and rationing methods. The simple proportionality rule in rationing thus corresponds to average cost pricing and to the Aumann-Shapley pricing method (respectively for homogeneous or heterogeneous output commodities). The uniform rationing rule, equalizing individual shares subject to the claim being an upper bound, corresponds to serial cost sharing. And random priority rationing corresponds to the Shapley-Shubik method, applying the Shapley formula to the Stand Alone costs. Several open problems are included. The axiomatic discussion of non-additive methods to share joint costs appears to be a promising direction for future research."] | ['gnd:4022393-0', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4143069-4', 'gnd:4166306-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635461'] | ['Kollektiventscheidung', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Arrow-Paradoxon', 'Abstimmung'] | 19 | 31 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 6 Axiomatic cost and surplus sharing']
### Abstract:
["The equitable division of a joint cost (or a jointly produced output) among agents with different shares or types of output (or input) commodities, is a central theme of the theory of cooperative games with transferable utility. Ever since Shapley's seminal contribution in 1953, this question has generated some of the deepest axiomatic results of modern microeconomic theory. More recently, the simpler problem of rationing a single commodity according to a profile of claims (reflecting individual needs, or demands, or liabilities) has been another fertile ground for axiomatic analysis. This rationing model is often called the bankruptcy problem in the literature. This chapter reviews the normative literature on these two models, and emphasizes their deep structural link via the Additivity axiom for cost sharing: individual cost shares depend additively upon the cost function. Loosely speaking, an additive cost-sharing method can be written as the integral of a rationing method, and this representation defines a linear isomorphism between additive cost-sharing methods and rationing methods. The simple proportionality rule in rationing thus corresponds to average cost pricing and to the Aumann-Shapley pricing method (respectively for homogeneous or heterogeneous output commodities). The uniform rationing rule, equalizing individual shares subject to the claim being an upper bound, corresponds to serial cost sharing. And random priority rationing corresponds to the Shapley-Shubik method, applying the Shapley formula to the Stand Alone costs. Several open problems are included. The axiomatic discussion of non-additive methods to share joint costs appears to be a promising direction for future research."]
### GND ID:
['gnd:4166306-8', 'gnd:4143069-4', 'gnd:4022393-0', 'gnd:4079351-5']
### GND class:
['Kollektiventscheidung', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Arrow-Paradoxon', 'Abstimmung']
### LIN Search class:
['oek']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831635488.jsonld | ['gnd:4143069-4', 'gnd:4022393-0', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4166306-8'] | ['Kollektiventscheidung', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Arrow-Paradoxon', 'Abstimmung'] | ['oek'] | [['(classificationName=msc)91B15', '(classificationName=loc)HB846.8', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', '(classificationName=bk, id=106414844)83.13 - Theorie der Wirtschaftspolitik, Wohlfahrtstheorie', '(classificationName=rvk)QC 160', 'Économie du bien-être', 'social choice', 'Escolha social (modelos matemáticos)', 'Bem-estar econômico', '(classificationName=ddc)330.126', '(classificationName=msc)00B15', 'Welfare economics', '(classificationName=msc)*91-06', 'Modèles mathématiques', 'Economic Theory', 'voting systems', 'Escolha (teoria econômica)', 'Choix collectif', 'Condorcet candidate', '(classificationName=msc)91B14', 'Social choice', 'proportional representation', 'Electronic books', 'Business & Economics', 'Welvaartseconomie', 'voting paradoxes', 'Mathematical models', 'Social choice ; Mathematical models', '(classificationName=ddc)330.12/6']] | ['Chapter 4 Voting procedures'] | ["Voting procedures focus on the aggregation of individuals' preferences to produce collective decisions. In practice, a voting procedure is characterized by ballot responses and the way ballots are tallied to determine winners. Voters are assumed to have clear preferences over candidates and attempt to maximize satisfaction with the election outcome by their ballot responses. Such responses can include strategic misrepresentation of preferences. Voting procedures are formalized by social choice functions, which map ballot response profiles into election outcomes. We discuss broad classes of social choice functions as well as special cases such as plurality rule, approval voting, and Borda's point-count method. The simplest class is voting procedures for two-candidate elections. Conditions for social choice functions are presented for simple majority rule, the class of weighted majority rules, and for what are referred to as hierarchical representative systems. The second main class, which predominates in the literature, embraces all procedures for electing one candidate from three or more contenders. The multicandidate elect-one social choice functions in this broad class are divided into nonranked one-stage procedures, nonranked multistage procedures, ranked voting methods, and positional scoring rules. Nonranked methods include plurality check-one voting and approval voting, where each voter casts either no vote or a full vote for each candidate. On ballots for positional scoring methods, voters rank candidates from most preferred to least preferred. Topics for multicandidate methods include axiomatic characterizations, susceptibility to strategic manipulation, and voting paradoxes that expose questionable aspects of particular procedures. Other social choice functions are designed to elect two or more candidates for committee memberships from a slate of contenders. Proportional representation methods, including systems that elect members sequentially from a single ranked ballot with vote transfers in successive counting stages, are primary examples of this class."] | ['gnd:4022393-0', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4143069-4', 'gnd:4166306-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635488'] | ['Kollektiventscheidung', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Arrow-Paradoxon', 'Abstimmung'] | 19 | 32 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 4 Voting procedures']
### Abstract:
["Voting procedures focus on the aggregation of individuals' preferences to produce collective decisions. In practice, a voting procedure is characterized by ballot responses and the way ballots are tallied to determine winners. Voters are assumed to have clear preferences over candidates and attempt to maximize satisfaction with the election outcome by their ballot responses. Such responses can include strategic misrepresentation of preferences. Voting procedures are formalized by social choice functions, which map ballot response profiles into election outcomes. We discuss broad classes of social choice functions as well as special cases such as plurality rule, approval voting, and Borda's point-count method. The simplest class is voting procedures for two-candidate elections. Conditions for social choice functions are presented for simple majority rule, the class of weighted majority rules, and for what are referred to as hierarchical representative systems. The second main class, which predominates in the literature, embraces all procedures for electing one candidate from three or more contenders. The multicandidate elect-one social choice functions in this broad class are divided into nonranked one-stage procedures, nonranked multistage procedures, ranked voting methods, and positional scoring rules. Nonranked methods include plurality check-one voting and approval voting, where each voter casts either no vote or a full vote for each candidate. On ballots for positional scoring methods, voters rank candidates from most preferred to least preferred. Topics for multicandidate methods include axiomatic characterizations, susceptibility to strategic manipulation, and voting paradoxes that expose questionable aspects of particular procedures. Other social choice functions are designed to elect two or more candidates for committee memberships from a slate of contenders. Proportional representation methods, including systems that elect members sequentially from a single ranked ballot with vote transfers in successive counting stages, are primary examples of this class."]
### GND ID:
['gnd:4143069-4', 'gnd:4022393-0', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4166306-8']
### GND class:
['Kollektiventscheidung', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Arrow-Paradoxon', 'Abstimmung']
### LIN Search class:
['oek']
<|eot_id|> |
3A183163578X.jsonld | ['gnd:4508395-2', 'gnd:4269795-5'] | ['Corporate Finance', 'Mikrostrukturtheorie (Kapitalmarkttheorie)'] | ['oek'] | [['(classificationName=bk, id=106411519)83.50 - Geld, Inflation, Kapitalmarkt', 'BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Finance', 'Economia', 'agency problems', 'asymmetric information', 'Electronic books', '(classificationName=loc)HG173', 'Financieel management', 'Economics', 'Finance', 'Finances', '(classificationName=ddc)332', 'Entreprises', 'payout policy', '(classificationName=loc)HG173 .H345 2003', 'Corporations ; Finance', 'Finanças', 'taxes', '(classificationName=ddc)332 22', 'Finanças das empresas', 'Économie politique', 'Corporations', 'dividends', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'repurchases', '(classificationName=loc)HB', '(classificationName=rvk)QL 000', 'Capital assets pricing model']] | ['Chapter 7. Payout Policy'] | ['This paper surveys the literature on payout policy. We start out by discussing several stylized facts that are important to the development of any comprehensive payout policy framework. We then describe the Miller and Modigliani (1961) payout irrelevance proposition, and consider the effect of relaxing the assumptions on which it is based. We consider the role of taxes, asymmetric information, incomplete contracting possibilities, and transaction costs. The tax-related literature on dividends explores the implications of differential taxes on dividends and capital gains on stocks’ valuation and firms’ propensity to pay out cash in the form of dividends. The issues investigated in this literature are of central importance to corporate finance and asset pricing. It is important to understand the degree to which investor taxes are impounded into security prices, which in turn can affect investment returns, the cost of capital, capital structure, investment spending, and governmental revenue collection. The overall empirical evidence on this issue appears to indicate that from a tax perspective, dividends should be minimized. We review the theoretical as well as empirical literature on Signaling/Adverse Selection models and Agency models. The accumulated evidence indicates that changes in payout policies are not motivated by firms’ desire to signal their true worth to the market. There is no evidence that firms that increase their dividends experience an unexpectedly high earnings or cash flow in subsequent periods. The literature does point out however, that changes in cash payments are negatively associated with firms’ risk profile. This and other evidence seem to be consistent with the notion that both dividends and repurchases are paid when firms have excess cash flows in order to reduce potential overinvestment by management. We also review the issue of the form of payout and the increased tendency to use open market share repurchases. Evidence suggests that the rise in the popularity of repurchases increases overall payout and increases firms’ financial flexibility. It seems that young, risky firms prefer to use repurchases rather then dividends. We also observe that many large, established firms and those with more volatile earnings substitute repurchases for dividends. We believe that the choice of payout method and how payout policy interacts with capital-structure decisions (such as debt and equity issuance) are important questions and a promising field for further research.'] | ['gnd:4269795-5', 'gnd:4508395-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A183163578X'] | ['Corporate Finance', 'Mikrostrukturtheorie (Kapitalmarkttheorie)'] | 19 | 33 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 7. Payout Policy']
### Abstract:
['This paper surveys the literature on payout policy. We start out by discussing several stylized facts that are important to the development of any comprehensive payout policy framework. We then describe the Miller and Modigliani (1961) payout irrelevance proposition, and consider the effect of relaxing the assumptions on which it is based. We consider the role of taxes, asymmetric information, incomplete contracting possibilities, and transaction costs. The tax-related literature on dividends explores the implications of differential taxes on dividends and capital gains on stocks’ valuation and firms’ propensity to pay out cash in the form of dividends. The issues investigated in this literature are of central importance to corporate finance and asset pricing. It is important to understand the degree to which investor taxes are impounded into security prices, which in turn can affect investment returns, the cost of capital, capital structure, investment spending, and governmental revenue collection. The overall empirical evidence on this issue appears to indicate that from a tax perspective, dividends should be minimized. We review the theoretical as well as empirical literature on Signaling/Adverse Selection models and Agency models. The accumulated evidence indicates that changes in payout policies are not motivated by firms’ desire to signal their true worth to the market. There is no evidence that firms that increase their dividends experience an unexpectedly high earnings or cash flow in subsequent periods. The literature does point out however, that changes in cash payments are negatively associated with firms’ risk profile. This and other evidence seem to be consistent with the notion that both dividends and repurchases are paid when firms have excess cash flows in order to reduce potential overinvestment by management. We also review the issue of the form of payout and the increased tendency to use open market share repurchases. Evidence suggests that the rise in the popularity of repurchases increases overall payout and increases firms’ financial flexibility. It seems that young, risky firms prefer to use repurchases rather then dividends. We also observe that many large, established firms and those with more volatile earnings substitute repurchases for dividends. We believe that the choice of payout method and how payout policy interacts with capital-structure decisions (such as debt and equity issuance) are important questions and a promising field for further research.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4508395-2', 'gnd:4269795-5']
### GND class:
['Corporate Finance', 'Mikrostrukturtheorie (Kapitalmarkttheorie)']
### LIN Search class:
['oek']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831636115.jsonld | ['gnd:4078523-3', 'gnd:4061638-1'] | ['Umweltökonomie', 'Umweltpolitik'] | ['oek'] | [['(classificationName=ddc)333.7', 'environmental policy coordination', 'Environmental economics', 'climate change', 'BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Green Business', '(classificationName=bk, id=106420313)83.63 - Volkswirtschaftliche Ressourcen, Umweltökonomie', 'Electronic books', '(classificationName=loc)HC79.E5 H32852 2003eb', '(classificationName=loc)HC79.E5', 'integrated assessment', 'NATURE ; Natural Resources', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Environmental Economics', 'climate policy design']] | ['Chapter 30 The Economics of Climate Policy'] | ['Economics has played an increasingly important role in shaping policy, in the United States and elsewhere. This chapter reviews some of the dimensions of the economic approach to analyzing, understanding, and developing solutions to the problem of climate change. We then turn to the issue of designing regulatory instruments to control the problem. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the political economy of greenhouse gas control in an international context.'] | ['gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636115'] | ['Umweltökonomie', 'Umweltpolitik'] | 19 | 34 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 30 The Economics of Climate Policy']
### Abstract:
['Economics has played an increasingly important role in shaping policy, in the United States and elsewhere. This chapter reviews some of the dimensions of the economic approach to analyzing, understanding, and developing solutions to the problem of climate change. We then turn to the issue of designing regulatory instruments to control the problem. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the political economy of greenhouse gas control in an international context.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4078523-3', 'gnd:4061638-1']
### GND class:
['Umweltökonomie', 'Umweltpolitik']
### LIN Search class:
['oek']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831636301.jsonld | ['gnd:4006340-9', 'gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4061616-2'] | ['Bewertung', 'Umwelt', 'Umweltökonomie'] | ['oek'] | [['(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', '(classificationName=loc)HC79.E5', '(classificationName=loc)HC79.E5 H32852 2003eb', 'values', 'environment', 'Environmental degradation', 'elicitation', '(classificationName=ddc)333.7', 'preferences', 'Environmental policy', 'uncertainty', 'Environmental economics', 'Electronic books', '(classificationName=bk, id=106420313)83.63 - Volkswirtschaftliche Ressourcen, Umweltökonomie']] | ['Chapter 18 Cognitive Processes in Stated Preference Methods'] | ["Cognitive psychology is best known, to many environmental economists, through the filter of acrimonious debates over the validity of contingent valuation methods (CVM). Psychologists' views on CVM reflect concerns that are deeply rooted in their profession's history and theories. Although psychologists have participated in some CVM studies, their roles have rarely allowed them to present a comprehensive design philosophy, illustrated in actual studies. This chapter sets psychologists' critiques and alternatives within a general cognitive perspective on value elicitation, including stated preferences for environmental goods. It begins with a historical review, organized around two converging streams of psychological research. One stream leads from psychophysics to attitude research. The second leads from decision theory to decision analysis and behavioral decision research. The next section reports some environmental valuation studies arising from each tradition. These studies do not directly monetize environmental goods. However, they can still directly inform policies that do not require monetization and indirectly inform policies that do, by shaping studies with that ambition. The following section considers the role of cognitive studies in helping investigators to know what issues matter to people and present them comprehensibly. The concluding section of the chapter presents a cognitive approach to stated preference methods for environmental values one that could be developed most fully in collaboration with economists. It is built around a cognitive task analysis of the four main elements in any evaluation process: (a) specifying the valuation question, (b) understanding its terms, (c) articulating a value for that specific question (from more general basic values), and (d) expressing that value in a public form."] | ['gnd:4006340-9', 'gnd:4061616-2', 'gnd:4061638-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636301'] | ['Bewertung', 'Umwelt', 'Umweltökonomie'] | 19 | 35 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 18 Cognitive Processes in Stated Preference Methods']
### Abstract:
["Cognitive psychology is best known, to many environmental economists, through the filter of acrimonious debates over the validity of contingent valuation methods (CVM). Psychologists' views on CVM reflect concerns that are deeply rooted in their profession's history and theories. Although psychologists have participated in some CVM studies, their roles have rarely allowed them to present a comprehensive design philosophy, illustrated in actual studies. This chapter sets psychologists' critiques and alternatives within a general cognitive perspective on value elicitation, including stated preferences for environmental goods. It begins with a historical review, organized around two converging streams of psychological research. One stream leads from psychophysics to attitude research. The second leads from decision theory to decision analysis and behavioral decision research. The next section reports some environmental valuation studies arising from each tradition. These studies do not directly monetize environmental goods. However, they can still directly inform policies that do not require monetization and indirectly inform policies that do, by shaping studies with that ambition. The following section considers the role of cognitive studies in helping investigators to know what issues matter to people and present them comprehensibly. The concluding section of the chapter presents a cognitive approach to stated preference methods for environmental values one that could be developed most fully in collaboration with economists. It is built around a cognitive task analysis of the four main elements in any evaluation process: (a) specifying the valuation question, (b) understanding its terms, (c) articulating a value for that specific question (from more general basic values), and (d) expressing that value in a public form."]
### GND ID:
['gnd:4006340-9', 'gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4061616-2']
### GND class:
['Bewertung', 'Umwelt', 'Umweltökonomie']
### LIN Search class:
['oek']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831636328.jsonld | ['gnd:4006340-9', 'gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4061616-2'] | ['Bewertung', 'Umwelt', 'Umweltökonomie'] | ['oek'] | [['Environmental degradation', 'benefit measurement', '(classificationName=loc)HC79.E5', 'hedonic', 'Environmental policy', 'revealed preference', '(classificationName=ddc)333.7', '(classificationName=loc)HC79.E5 H32852 2003eb', 'differentiated product', 'property value', 'Environmental economics', 'Electronic books', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', '(classificationName=bk, id=106420313)83.63 - Volkswirtschaftliche Ressourcen, Umweltökonomie']] | ['Chapter 16 Property Value Models'] | ["One of the only places where environmental quality is traded on explicit markets is real estate. There are several techniques that can be used to study the effects of environmental quality on property values and infer willingness to pay for improvements. The most commonly used method is the hedonic model. In environmental economics the hedonic model has mainly been applied to the prices of real property and to wages. It assumes that there is a schedule of prices for the differentiated product (i.e., houses) that can be estimated. An alternative set of models postulates that consumers' choices are discrete between houses rather than continuous in characteristics as in the hedonic model. Discrete choice models are applied to estimate consumer preferences. Recently a model has been developed that mixes discrete and continuous decisions and emphasizes the locational equilibrium. This chapter reviews these techniques, with an emphasis on methodological issues and recent developments. Section 2 describes the theoretical models that underlie these techniques. The theoretical hedonic model is developed first, and then the theoretical modifications that are necessary for the discrete choice models are described. The main models are developed for residential properties, but differentiated factors of production are discussed briefly. Section 3 is devoted to the empirical issues involved in estimating a hedonic price schedule. This is the most common type of estimation in property value models. Section 4 discusses the empirical application of the second stage of the hedonic model, the estimation of the underlying preferences. Section 5 covers the two types of discrete choice models that are used in environmental economics, random utility models and random bidding models. Section 6 briefly discusses the new locational equilibrium models, and the final section is devoted to conclusions and directions for further research."] | ['gnd:4006340-9', 'gnd:4061616-2', 'gnd:4061638-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636328'] | ['Bewertung', 'Umwelt', 'Umweltökonomie'] | 19 | 36 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 16 Property Value Models']
### Abstract:
["One of the only places where environmental quality is traded on explicit markets is real estate. There are several techniques that can be used to study the effects of environmental quality on property values and infer willingness to pay for improvements. The most commonly used method is the hedonic model. In environmental economics the hedonic model has mainly been applied to the prices of real property and to wages. It assumes that there is a schedule of prices for the differentiated product (i.e., houses) that can be estimated. An alternative set of models postulates that consumers' choices are discrete between houses rather than continuous in characteristics as in the hedonic model. Discrete choice models are applied to estimate consumer preferences. Recently a model has been developed that mixes discrete and continuous decisions and emphasizes the locational equilibrium. This chapter reviews these techniques, with an emphasis on methodological issues and recent developments. Section 2 describes the theoretical models that underlie these techniques. The theoretical hedonic model is developed first, and then the theoretical modifications that are necessary for the discrete choice models are described. The main models are developed for residential properties, but differentiated factors of production are discussed briefly. Section 3 is devoted to the empirical issues involved in estimating a hedonic price schedule. This is the most common type of estimation in property value models. Section 4 discusses the empirical application of the second stage of the hedonic model, the estimation of the underlying preferences. Section 5 covers the two types of discrete choice models that are used in environmental economics, random utility models and random bidding models. Section 6 briefly discusses the new locational equilibrium models, and the final section is devoted to conclusions and directions for further research."]
### GND ID:
['gnd:4006340-9', 'gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4061616-2']
### GND class:
['Bewertung', 'Umwelt', 'Umweltökonomie']
### LIN Search class:
['oek']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831636344.jsonld | ['gnd:4061616-2', 'gnd:4006340-9', 'gnd:4061638-1'] | ['Bewertung', 'Umwelt', 'Umweltökonomie'] | ['oek'] | [['Environmental policy', 'environment as an input in production', 'Environmental economics', 'environmental valuation', 'Environmental degradation', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'Electronic books', '(classificationName=ddc)333.7', 'revealed preference methods', 'applied welfare economics', '(classificationName=loc)HC79.E5', '(classificationName=bk, id=106420313)83.63 - Volkswirtschaftliche Ressourcen, Umweltökonomie', 'household production', '(classificationName=loc)HC79.E5 H32852 2003eb']] | ['Chapter 14 Valuing the Environment as a Factor of Production'] | ['This chapter explores the theory and practice of measuring the economic costs and benefits of environmental changes that influence production, both in the context of firms and of households. The theory uses models of household and firm decision making to map the influence of environmental changes to changes in human welfare. The goal is to measure, by compensating or equivalent changes in incomes, the welfare effects on people, in their roles as owners of firms, owners of factors of production, and consumers. The developing country context is most common for valuing the environment as an input, because agriculture and natural resource extraction are so much more important than in industrialized countries. When households or firms produce goods for sale on the market, and the environment influences the costs of production, we show the circumstances when one can use information embodied in the supply curve of the marketed good or the demand curve for an input into the production of the good to extract welfare measures for environmental change. When the environment affects the cost of production of goods households produce and consume, we show the restrictions on production technology that will permit welfare measure for changes in the environment. We also look at circumstances that permit the calculations of bounds for the exact welfare measures. We explore welfare measurement under a variety of institutional structures, including government support for agricultural commodities and open-access fisheries. Exact welfare measurement makes extensive demands for data. Because these demands are not often met in practice, researchers resort to a variety of approximations of welfare measures. We assess these approximations, comparing them with the more exact measures.'] | ['gnd:4006340-9', 'gnd:4061616-2', 'gnd:4061638-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636344'] | ['Bewertung', 'Umwelt', 'Umweltökonomie'] | 19 | 37 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 14 Valuing the Environment as a Factor of Production']
### Abstract:
['This chapter explores the theory and practice of measuring the economic costs and benefits of environmental changes that influence production, both in the context of firms and of households. The theory uses models of household and firm decision making to map the influence of environmental changes to changes in human welfare. The goal is to measure, by compensating or equivalent changes in incomes, the welfare effects on people, in their roles as owners of firms, owners of factors of production, and consumers. The developing country context is most common for valuing the environment as an input, because agriculture and natural resource extraction are so much more important than in industrialized countries. When households or firms produce goods for sale on the market, and the environment influences the costs of production, we show the circumstances when one can use information embodied in the supply curve of the marketed good or the demand curve for an input into the production of the good to extract welfare measures for environmental change. When the environment affects the cost of production of goods households produce and consume, we show the restrictions on production technology that will permit welfare measure for changes in the environment. We also look at circumstances that permit the calculations of bounds for the exact welfare measures. We explore welfare measurement under a variety of institutional structures, including government support for agricultural commodities and open-access fisheries. Exact welfare measurement makes extensive demands for data. Because these demands are not often met in practice, researchers resort to a variety of approximations of welfare measures. We assess these approximations, comparing them with the more exact measures.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4061616-2', 'gnd:4006340-9', 'gnd:4061638-1']
### GND class:
['Bewertung', 'Umwelt', 'Umweltökonomie']
### LIN Search class:
['oek']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831636506.jsonld | ['gnd:4164199-1', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'gnd:4075236-7', 'gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4061619-8'] | ['Umweltbelastung', 'Umweltökonomie', 'Natürliche Ressourcen', 'Umweltpolitik', 'Klimaänderung'] | ['oek'] | [['Environmental policy', '(classificationName=loc)HC79.E5 .H32852 2003', '(classificationName=ddc)333.7', 'Electronic books', 'Environmental economics', 'Environmental degradation', '(classificationName=ddc)333.7 21', 'regulation', 'co-management', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', '(classificationName=bk, id=106417010)43.31 - Naturschutz', '(classificationName=bk, id=106420313)83.63 - Volkswirtschaftliche Ressourcen, Umweltökonomie', 'inequality', '(classificationName=loc)HC79.E5', 'commons']] | ['Chapter 4. Economics of Common Property Management Regimes'] | ['The purpose of this chapter is to identify the reasons for collective action failures and successes in natural resource management, and to understand, in the light of economic theory, the mode of operation of the factors involved whenever possible. In the first section, we clarify the notion of a common property management regime and provide cautionary remarks about estimation methodologies commonly used. In Section 2, we focus on the general case where common property regulation is feasible yet only if governance costs are kept to a reasonable level. Emphasis is placed on such factors as the size of the user group, income or wealth inequality, and availability of exit opportunities. Special attention is paid to the aspect of inequality since this has remained a rather confused issue in much of the empirical literature. Economic theory can contribute significantly to improving our understanding of the manner in which it bears upon collective action. In Section 3, we discuss cognitive problems as an important impediment to the design and implementation of efficient common property management systems. We also present evidence of the deleterious effects resulting from the absence or inappropriateness of state interventions, particularly where they are motivated by private interests. In Section 4, the importance, under a co-management approach, of appropriate incentive systems at both the village and state levels is underlined and illustrated.'] | ['gnd:4061619-8', 'gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4075236-7', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'gnd:4164199-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636506'] | ['Umweltbelastung', 'Umweltökonomie', 'Natürliche Ressourcen', 'Umweltpolitik', 'Klimaänderung'] | 19 | 38 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 4. Economics of Common Property Management Regimes']
### Abstract:
['The purpose of this chapter is to identify the reasons for collective action failures and successes in natural resource management, and to understand, in the light of economic theory, the mode of operation of the factors involved whenever possible. In the first section, we clarify the notion of a common property management regime and provide cautionary remarks about estimation methodologies commonly used. In Section 2, we focus on the general case where common property regulation is feasible yet only if governance costs are kept to a reasonable level. Emphasis is placed on such factors as the size of the user group, income or wealth inequality, and availability of exit opportunities. Special attention is paid to the aspect of inequality since this has remained a rather confused issue in much of the empirical literature. Economic theory can contribute significantly to improving our understanding of the manner in which it bears upon collective action. In Section 3, we discuss cognitive problems as an important impediment to the design and implementation of efficient common property management systems. We also present evidence of the deleterious effects resulting from the absence or inappropriateness of state interventions, particularly where they are motivated by private interests. In Section 4, the importance, under a co-management approach, of appropriate incentive systems at both the village and state levels is underlined and illustrated.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4164199-1', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'gnd:4075236-7', 'gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4061619-8']
### GND class:
['Umweltbelastung', 'Umweltökonomie', 'Natürliche Ressourcen', 'Umweltpolitik', 'Klimaänderung']
### LIN Search class:
['oek']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831636662.jsonld | ['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1'] | ['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie'] | ['oek'] | [['conservation', 'Économie régionale', 'Économie urbaine', 'Economía urbana', 'Regionale economie', 'government', '(classificationName=ddc)330.9173/2', '(classificationName=rvk)QY 000', 'Urban economics', 'Handbooks, manuals, etc', 'zoning', 'planning', 'Business & Economics', 'Stedelijke economie', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'Economie urbaine ; Guides, manuels, etc', 'Electronic books', 'Handbooks and manuals', '(classificationName=loc)HT391.3', 'Land', 'Regional economics', '(classificationName=ddc)330.91732', 'Manuales', 'Guides, manuels, etc', 'Economic Theory', 'Economie régionale ; Guides, manuels, etc']] | ['Chapter 42 The land market and government intervention'] | ['Two kinds of government intervention in the land market are considered. The first is the control of development, of which the most studied form is zoning, but we also consider the designation of conservation areas and the effects of growth controls. Growth control may raise the price of land, allowing an infrastructure charge to be made or growth may be limited by charging impact fees. The second kind of intervention aims to increase the supply of land, either by direct action, as in the Netherlands, through compulsory purchase or eminent domain, or through the reallocation of land ownership as in land readjustment schemes.'] | ['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636662'] | ['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie'] | 19 | 39 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 42 The land market and government intervention']
### Abstract:
['Two kinds of government intervention in the land market are considered. The first is the control of development, of which the most studied form is zoning, but we also consider the designation of conservation areas and the effects of growth controls. Growth control may raise the price of land, allowing an infrastructure charge to be made or growth may be limited by charging impact fees. The second kind of intervention aims to increase the supply of land, either by direct action, as in the Netherlands, through compulsory purchase or eminent domain, or through the reallocation of land ownership as in land readjustment schemes.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1']
### GND class:
['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie']
### LIN Search class:
['oek']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831636743.jsonld | ['gnd:4182752-1', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4076601-9'] | ['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie'] | ['oek'] | [['Handbooks and manuals', 'Economie régionale ; Guides, manuels, etc', 'Regional economics', 'Stedelijke economie', '(classificationName=rvk)QY 000', 'Économie urbaine', 'Business & Economics', 'Regionale economie', 'Economic Theory', 'Guides, manuels, etc', 'Handbooks, manuals, etc', 'Economie urbaine ; Guides, manuels, etc', 'Urban economics', 'Economía urbana', '(classificationName=loc)HT391.3', '(classificationName=ddc)330.9173/2', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'Manuales', 'Économie régionale', '(classificationName=ddc)330.91732', 'Electronic books']] | ['Chapter 34 Introduction: Applied urban economics'] | ['There has been an outpouring of high quality applied research in urban economics as in other specialties in the past decade. The reasons for the rapid growth of applied research are not difficult to identify: better theoretical frameworks within which applied research is undertaken; better econometric techniques and software; more and better data; and, probably most important, ever cheaper and more widely distributed computing power within the research community that provides easier access to, and analysis of, data. Data and research output now move around the world at the speed of light, and thousands of scholars in dozens of countries can access the US census and many other data sources. Not only is more high quality applied research being done but also it is now being done in many more institutions than it was a decade or two ago. The computer has reduced the inequality among academic institutions in their capability to do applied research.'] | ['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636743'] | ['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie'] | 19 | 40 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 34 Introduction: Applied urban economics']
### Abstract:
['There has been an outpouring of high quality applied research in urban economics as in other specialties in the past decade. The reasons for the rapid growth of applied research are not difficult to identify: better theoretical frameworks within which applied research is undertaken; better econometric techniques and software; more and better data; and, probably most important, ever cheaper and more widely distributed computing power within the research community that provides easier access to, and analysis of, data. Data and research output now move around the world at the speed of light, and thousands of scholars in dozens of countries can access the US census and many other data sources. Not only is more high quality applied research being done but also it is now being done in many more institutions than it was a decade or two ago. The computer has reduced the inequality among academic institutions in their capability to do applied research.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4182752-1', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4076601-9']
### GND class:
['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie']
### LIN Search class:
['oek']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831637472.jsonld | ['gnd:4182752-1', 'gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4'] | ['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie'] | ['oek'] | [['(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'Guides, manuels, etc', '(classificationName=ddc)330.9173/2', 'Economía urbana', 'Economie urbaine ; Guides, manuels, etc', 'Urban economics', '(classificationName=rvk)QY 000', 'Manuales', 'Handbooks and manuals', '(classificationName=loc)HT391.3', 'Regional economics', 'Handbooks, manuals, etc', '(classificationName=ddc)330.91732', 'Économie régionale', 'Social Sciences', 'Sociology & Social History', 'Electronic books', 'Économie urbaine', 'Stedelijke economie', 'Regionale economie', 'Economie régionale ; Guides, manuels, etc', 'Communities - Urban Groups']] | ['Chapter 3 Residential mobility and household location modelling'] | ['This chapter describes the concept of residential mobility and household location modeling. It focuses on the nature of household location and attempts to link the two underlying components of housing markets and residential mobility and migration. There has been a tendency to separate the investigations of housing markets and the studies of migration and mobility. It investigates a number of the models which have been used to link markets and mobility. Several different modeling strategies have been used to examine housing markets and migration and the review of these approaches includes linear programming models, gravity and entropy models, log-linear models, discrete choice and random utility models, behavioral and search models, elimination-by-aspects models and microsimulation models. In this way, this chapter gives an overview of the state of the art in residential mobility and household locational modeling. The chapter concludes with prospects and some suggestions for future research.'] | ['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637472'] | ['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie'] | 19 | 41 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 3 Residential mobility and household location modelling']
### Abstract:
['This chapter describes the concept of residential mobility and household location modeling. It focuses on the nature of household location and attempts to link the two underlying components of housing markets and residential mobility and migration. There has been a tendency to separate the investigations of housing markets and the studies of migration and mobility. It investigates a number of the models which have been used to link markets and mobility. Several different modeling strategies have been used to examine housing markets and migration and the review of these approaches includes linear programming models, gravity and entropy models, log-linear models, discrete choice and random utility models, behavioral and search models, elimination-by-aspects models and microsimulation models. In this way, this chapter gives an overview of the state of the art in residential mobility and household locational modeling. The chapter concludes with prospects and some suggestions for future research.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4182752-1', 'gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4']
### GND class:
['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie']
### LIN Search class:
['oek']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831637499.jsonld | ['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1'] | ['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie'] | ['oek'] | [['(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'Sociology & Social History', 'Economie urbaine ; Guides, manuels, etc', '(classificationName=rvk)QY 000', 'Social Sciences', 'Guides, manuels, etc', 'Stedelijke economie', 'Economía urbana', 'Communities - Urban Groups', 'Manuales', 'Économie urbaine', 'Regionale economie', 'Electronic books', '(classificationName=ddc)330.91732', '(classificationName=ddc)330.9173/2', 'Economie régionale ; Guides, manuels, etc', 'Handbooks and manuals', 'Regional economics', 'Urban economics', 'Économie régionale', 'Handbooks, manuals, etc', '(classificationName=loc)HT391.3']] | ['Chapter 1 Advances in regional economics'] | ['This chapter focuses on the advances made in regional economics. Regional economics analyzes the spatial dispersion and coherence of economic activities. Although it is a fairly recent discipline, the history of economics shows various early attempts to explicitly address spatial issuesfor e.g., in comparative costtheories and international trade theories. Initially, much of the field of regional economics was based on an analogy to general economics, the main difference being the explicit treatment of geographical space as a source of various locationallocation phenomena. Illustrative examples in this context are linear programming models for transportation analysis, spatial substitution problems in neoclassical production theories, inter-regional input-output analysis, and so forth. In a later stage, however, more emphasis was placed on the indigenous features of geographical space and its implications for the spatio-temporal evolution of complex spatial economic systems. Currently, regional economics appears to be a rich discipline with a great many linkages to urban economic problems, transportation problems, and natural resource problems.'] | ['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637499'] | ['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie'] | 19 | 42 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 1 Advances in regional economics']
### Abstract:
['This chapter focuses on the advances made in regional economics. Regional economics analyzes the spatial dispersion and coherence of economic activities. Although it is a fairly recent discipline, the history of economics shows various early attempts to explicitly address spatial issuesfor e.g., in comparative costtheories and international trade theories. Initially, much of the field of regional economics was based on an analogy to general economics, the main difference being the explicit treatment of geographical space as a source of various locationallocation phenomena. Illustrative examples in this context are linear programming models for transportation analysis, spatial substitution problems in neoclassical production theories, inter-regional input-output analysis, and so forth. In a later stage, however, more emphasis was placed on the indigenous features of geographical space and its implications for the spatio-temporal evolution of complex spatial economic systems. Currently, regional economics appears to be a rich discipline with a great many linkages to urban economic problems, transportation problems, and natural resource problems.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1']
### GND class:
['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie']
### LIN Search class:
['oek']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831637650.jsonld | ['gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4000771-6'] | ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie'] | ['oek'] | [['Farm produce', 'Commercialisation', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'nonfarm employment', 'Marketing', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)hor', '(classificationName=bk, id=106408631)83.66 - Agrarwirtschaft', 'Green Revolution', 'Agricultural productivity', 'Aspect économique', '(classificationName=ddc)338.1', '(classificationName=loc)HD1437', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Farm management', 'Landbouweconomie', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'Farm produce ; Marketing', 'Agriculture ; Economic aspects', 'Crédit agricole', '(classificationName=loc)HD1415', 'poverty', 'Agriculture', 'Agricultural credit', 'Productivité', 'Economic aspects', 'child schooling', 'Produits agricoles']] | ['Chapter 67 Rural Poverty and Income Dynamics in Southeast Asia'] | ['Many rural households in Asia have been able to move out of poverty in the presence of increasing scarcity of farmland, initially by increasing rice income through the adoption of modern rice technology and gradually diversifying their income sources away from farm to nonfarm activities. Increased participation in nonfarm employment has been more pronounced among the more educated children, whose education is facilitated by an increase in farm income brought about by the spread of modern rice technology. An important lesson for poverty reduction is to increase agricultural productivity through the development and adoption of modern technology, which subsequently stimulates the development of the nonfarm sector, thereby providing employment opportunities for the rural labor force. This chapter explores the key processes of long-term poverty reduction in Southeast Asia using the Philippines and Thailand as case studies. JEL classification: O12, O15, O53, Q12, Q15'] | ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637650'] | ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie'] | 19 | 43 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 67 Rural Poverty and Income Dynamics in Southeast Asia']
### Abstract:
['Many rural households in Asia have been able to move out of poverty in the presence of increasing scarcity of farmland, initially by increasing rice income through the adoption of modern rice technology and gradually diversifying their income sources away from farm to nonfarm activities. Increased participation in nonfarm employment has been more pronounced among the more educated children, whose education is facilitated by an increase in farm income brought about by the spread of modern rice technology. An important lesson for poverty reduction is to increase agricultural productivity through the development and adoption of modern technology, which subsequently stimulates the development of the nonfarm sector, thereby providing employment opportunities for the rural labor force. This chapter explores the key processes of long-term poverty reduction in Southeast Asia using the Philippines and Thailand as case studies. JEL classification: O12, O15, O53, Q12, Q15']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4000771-6']
### GND class:
['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie']
### LIN Search class:
['oek']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831637995.jsonld | ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4079351-5'] | ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie'] | ['hor'] | [['(classificationName=loc)HD1415', 'Farm produce', 'Agricultural credit', 'Agriculture ; Economic aspects', '(classificationName=bk, id=106408631)83.66 - Agrarwirtschaft', 'Landbouweconomie', '(classificationName=ddc)338.1', 'food security', 'Marketing', 'Agriculture', 'food aid', 'Crédit agricole', '(classificationName=bk, id=106421611)48.18 - Land- und forstwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'undernutrition', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Produits agricoles', 'Productivité', 'hunger', 'Economic aspects', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Farm produce ; Marketing', 'Electronic books', 'Commercialisation', 'malnutrition', 'Aspect économique', 'Agricultural productivity', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)hor']] | ['Chapter 40 Food security and food assistance programs'] | ['Widespread hunger and malnutrition persist today despite considerable growth in per capita food availability. This has prompted an evolving conceptualization of food security and of mechanisms to attain and maintain food security. This chapter discusses both food security and food assistance programs designed to respond to the threat of food insecurity.'] | ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637995'] | ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie'] | 10 | 44 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 40 Food security and food assistance programs']
### Abstract:
['Widespread hunger and malnutrition persist today despite considerable growth in per capita food availability. This has prompted an evolving conceptualization of food security and of mechanisms to attain and maintain food security. This chapter discusses both food security and food assistance programs designed to respond to the threat of food insecurity.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4079351-5']
### GND class:
['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie']
### LIN Search class:
['hor']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831638142.jsonld | ['gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4000771-6'] | ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie'] | ['oek'] | [['Agriculture ; Environmental aspects', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)hor', 'land reform', 'Agriculture', 'Economic aspects', '(classificationName=ddc)338.1', 'EU accession', 'Environmental aspects', 'Electronic books', 'Agriculture ; Economic aspects', 'state-owned enterprises', '(classificationName=bk, id=106408631)83.66 - Agrarwirtschaft', 'transition', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', '(classificationName=bk, id=106421611)48.18 - Land- und forstwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'privatization', 'collective agriculture', 'central planning', '(classificationName=loc)HD1415']] | ['Chapter 30 The rural sector in transition economies'] | ["Inefficiencies in agriculture in Eastern and Central Europe and the Soviet Union contributed to the financial collapse of the socialist system. Yet during the transition, agricultural production has declined. Low profits, high real interest rates, slow progress in reforms in some countries, and uncertainty have restricted producers' ability to respond to reforms. When China's collectivized agriculture was dismantled after 1978, producers' incentives improved and the economy remained stable, fueling a large supply response. In several Central European countries where reforms are well advanced, agricultural growth has resumed. The difficulties of ten years of rural transition offer lessons about the high costs of embedded distortions and inflexibility in institutional evolution."] | ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638142'] | ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie'] | 19 | 45 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 30 The rural sector in transition economies']
### Abstract:
["Inefficiencies in agriculture in Eastern and Central Europe and the Soviet Union contributed to the financial collapse of the socialist system. Yet during the transition, agricultural production has declined. Low profits, high real interest rates, slow progress in reforms in some countries, and uncertainty have restricted producers' ability to respond to reforms. When China's collectivized agriculture was dismantled after 1978, producers' incentives improved and the economy remained stable, fueling a large supply response. In several Central European countries where reforms are well advanced, agricultural growth has resumed. The difficulties of ten years of rural transition offer lessons about the high costs of embedded distortions and inflexibility in institutional evolution."]
### GND ID:
['gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4000771-6']
### GND class:
['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie']
### LIN Search class:
['oek']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831638150.jsonld | ['gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4079351-5'] | ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie'] | ['oek'] | [['(classificationName=linseach:mapping)hor', '(classificationName=ddc)338.1', 'Environmental aspects', 'economic growth', 'Electronic books', 'Agriculture ; Economic aspects', 'Agriculture ; Environmental aspects', '(classificationName=bk, id=106408631)83.66 - Agrarwirtschaft', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'Economic aspects', '(classificationName=loc)HD1415', '(classificationName=bk, id=106421611)48.18 - Land- und forstwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'structural transformation', 'poverty alleviation', 'Agriculture']] | ['Chapter 29 Agriculture and economic development'] | ['This chapter takes an analytical look at the potential role of agriculture in contributing to economic growth, and develops a framework for understanding and quantifying this contribution. The framework points to the key areas where positive linkages, not necessarily well-mediated by markets, might exist, and it highlights the empirical difficulties in establishing their quantitative magnitude and direction of impact. Evidence on the impact of investments in rural education and of nutrition on economic growth is reviewed. The policy discussion focuses especially on the role of agricultural growth in poverty alleviation and the nature of the market environment that will stimulate that growth.'] | ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638150'] | ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie'] | 19 | 46 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 29 Agriculture and economic development']
### Abstract:
['This chapter takes an analytical look at the potential role of agriculture in contributing to economic growth, and develops a framework for understanding and quantifying this contribution. The framework points to the key areas where positive linkages, not necessarily well-mediated by markets, might exist, and it highlights the empirical difficulties in establishing their quantitative magnitude and direction of impact. Evidence on the impact of investments in rural education and of nutrition on economic growth is reviewed. The policy discussion focuses especially on the role of agricultural growth in poverty alleviation and the nature of the market environment that will stimulate that growth.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4079351-5']
### GND class:
['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie']
### LIN Search class:
['oek']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831638452.jsonld | ['gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4079351-5'] | ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie'] | ['oek'] | [['Landbouweconomie', 'Farm produce', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)hor', 'Farm produce ; Marketing', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Commercialisation', 'Economic aspects', '(classificationName=loc)HD1415', 'Agricultural credit', '(classificationName=rvk)QS 000', 'Agricultural productivity', 'Agriculture ; Economic aspects', '(classificationName=bk, id=106408631)83.66 - Agrarwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Agriculture', 'Productivité', 'Aspect économique', 'Lantbruksekonomi', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', '(classificationName=ddc)338.1', 'Produits agricoles', 'Electronic books', 'Crédit agricole', 'Marketing', '(classificationName=bk, id=106421611)48.18 - Land- und forstwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre']] | ['Chapter 9 Human capital: Migration and rural population change'] | ['The movement of labor out of agriculture is a universal concomitant of economic modernization and growth. Traditional migration models overlook many potential interactions between migration and development. Given imperfect markets characterizing most migrant-sending areas, migration and remittances can have far-reaching impacts, both positive and negative, on incomes and production in agricultural households. Linkages through product and factor markets transmit impacts of migration from migrant-sending households to others inside and outside the rural economy. Recent theoretical and empirical studies reveal the complexity of migration determinants and impacts in rural economies, and they point to new arenas for policy intervention.'] | ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638452'] | ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie'] | 19 | 47 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 9 Human capital: Migration and rural population change']
### Abstract:
['The movement of labor out of agriculture is a universal concomitant of economic modernization and growth. Traditional migration models overlook many potential interactions between migration and development. Given imperfect markets characterizing most migrant-sending areas, migration and remittances can have far-reaching impacts, both positive and negative, on incomes and production in agricultural households. Linkages through product and factor markets transmit impacts of migration from migrant-sending households to others inside and outside the rural economy. Recent theoretical and empirical studies reveal the complexity of migration determinants and impacts in rural economies, and they point to new arenas for policy intervention.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4079351-5']
### GND class:
['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie']
### LIN Search class:
['oek']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831638916.jsonld | [] | [] | ['meda'] | [['(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', '(classificationName=nlm)2000 N-043', 'Economische aspecten', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)meda', '(classificationName=nlm)W 74', '(classificationName=bk, id=106409611)44.05 - Gesundheitsökonomie', '(classificationName=ddc)338.4/33621', 'Economía médica', '(classificationName=bk, id=106414984)83.70 - Banken, Versicherungen', 'ECONOMIA DA SAÚDE', 'Electronic books', '(classificationName=ddc)338.433621', 'Medical economics', 'Assurance-maladie', 'Soins médicaux', '(classificationName=loc)RA410', 'Economics, Medical', 'Gezondheidszorg', '(classificationName=rvk)QX 700', 'Service de santé', 'Économie de la santé']] | ['Chapter 27 Antitrust and competition in health care markets'] | ['In this chapter we review issues relating to antitrust and competition in health care markets. The chapter begins with a brief review of antitrust legislation. We then discuss whether and how health care is different from other industries in ways that might affect the optimality of competition. The chapter then focuses on the main areas in which antitrust has been applied to health care: hospital mergers, monopsony, and foreclosure. In each of these sections we review the relevant antitrust cases, discuss the issues that have arisen in those cases, and then review the relevant economics literature and suggest some new methods for analyzing these issues.'] | ['gnd:4130935-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638916'] | ['Gesundheitsökonomie'] | 18 | 48 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 27 Antitrust and competition in health care markets']
### Abstract:
['In this chapter we review issues relating to antitrust and competition in health care markets. The chapter begins with a brief review of antitrust legislation. We then discuss whether and how health care is different from other industries in ways that might affect the optimality of competition. The chapter then focuses on the main areas in which antitrust has been applied to health care: hospital mergers, monopsony, and foreclosure. In each of these sections we review the relevant antitrust cases, discuss the issues that have arisen in those cases, and then review the relevant economics literature and suggest some new methods for analyzing these issues.']
### GND ID:
[]
### GND class:
[]
### LIN Search class:
['meda']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831638932.jsonld | [] | [] | ['meda'] | [['(classificationName=ddc)338.4/33621', 'Économie de la santé', '(classificationName=loc)RA410', 'ECONOMIA DA SAÚDE', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'Gezondheidszorg', '(classificationName=rvk)QX 700', '(classificationName=bk, id=106409611)44.05 - Gesundheitsökonomie', '(classificationName=nlm)2000 N-043', 'Service de santé', 'Assurance-maladie', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)meda', 'Economía médica', 'Electronic books', 'Economische aspecten', '(classificationName=bk, id=106414984)83.70 - Banken, Versicherungen', '(classificationName=nlm)W 74', 'Economics, Medical', '(classificationName=ddc)338.433621', 'Medical economics', 'Soins médicaux']] | ['Chapter 25 The pharmaceutical industry'] | ["This Handbook chapter surveys the extensive body of research on the economics of the pharmaceutical industry (with peripheral attention paid also to regulated medical devices). Pharmaceuticals is one of the world's most research-intensive industries, generating a continuing steam of new products that save lives and raise the quality of life. The discovery of new drugs has evolved over time from a decidedly empirical process to one based to a considerable degree upon fundamental scientific knowledge. Rich linkages have emerged between profit-seeking manufacturers and basic research performers such as universities and national laboratories. The safety and efficacy of new pharmaceutical products are stringently regulated in most industrialized nations, adding to clinical testing costs. Because of high expenditures on research, development, and clinical testing and because new products, once proven, might be imitated easily, patent protection is unusually important. The extension of patent protection to third-world nations under Uruguay Round Treaty mandates has precipitated vigorous policy debates. Patents, first-mover advantages, and the lack of good substitutes for significant new drugs often give rise to substantial monopoly power, against which many national governments have counterpoised a diverse panoply of price control mechanisms. When patents expire, however, generic substitutes often introduce vigorous price competition. The extent to which generics capture market share from the branded original drugs depends upon government regulatory policies, the reimbursement strategies of health care insurers, and the organization of health care provider institutions."] | ['gnd:4130935-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638932'] | ['Gesundheitsökonomie'] | 18 | 49 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 25 The pharmaceutical industry']
### Abstract:
["This Handbook chapter surveys the extensive body of research on the economics of the pharmaceutical industry (with peripheral attention paid also to regulated medical devices). Pharmaceuticals is one of the world's most research-intensive industries, generating a continuing steam of new products that save lives and raise the quality of life. The discovery of new drugs has evolved over time from a decidedly empirical process to one based to a considerable degree upon fundamental scientific knowledge. Rich linkages have emerged between profit-seeking manufacturers and basic research performers such as universities and national laboratories. The safety and efficacy of new pharmaceutical products are stringently regulated in most industrialized nations, adding to clinical testing costs. Because of high expenditures on research, development, and clinical testing and because new products, once proven, might be imitated easily, patent protection is unusually important. The extension of patent protection to third-world nations under Uruguay Round Treaty mandates has precipitated vigorous policy debates. Patents, first-mover advantages, and the lack of good substitutes for significant new drugs often give rise to substantial monopoly power, against which many national governments have counterpoised a diverse panoply of price control mechanisms. When patents expire, however, generic substitutes often introduce vigorous price competition. The extent to which generics capture market share from the branded original drugs depends upon government regulatory policies, the reimbursement strategies of health care insurers, and the organization of health care provider institutions."]
### GND ID:
[]
### GND class:
[]
### LIN Search class:
['meda']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831638967.jsonld | [] | [] | ['meda'] | [['(classificationName=ddc)338.433621', 'Gezondheidszorg', 'agency relationship', '(classificationName=loc)RA410', 'Soins médicaux', 'utilisation', 'Economische aspecten', '(classificationName=bk, id=106414984)83.70 - Banken, Versicherungen', '(classificationName=ddc)338.4/33621', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', '(classificationName=bk, id=106409611)44.05 - Gesundheitsökonomie', 'ECONOMIA DA SAÚDE', 'Economía médica', 'vertical integration', 'financial incentives', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)meda', 'Medical economics', 'Service de santé', 'Économie de la santé', '(classificationName=rvk)QX 700', 'Electronic books', '(classificationName=nlm)W 74', 'Assurance-maladie', '(classificationName=nlm)2000 N-043', 'Economics, Medical', 'referral']] | ['Chapter 22 Economics of general practice'] | ['General (or family) practice and its role within primary care is increasingly regarded as the key to achieving efficiency and equity in many health care systems. This is particularly relevant where general practitioners (GPs) act as gatekeepers to specialist care. This chapter outlines the main economic issues in general practice. Within the context of gatekeeping, the first half of the chapter examines literature on agency, patient choice and preferences for GP services, and the utilisation of GP services. Given that much demand is determined by supply, this is followed by an examination of the determinants of referral behaviour, the effects of payment systems, and GPs as firms (partnerships and vertical integration). Overall, there has been little research by economists in these areas. This needs to be rectified giving the growing importance of primary care in many health care systems.'] | ['gnd:4130935-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638967'] | ['Gesundheitsökonomie'] | 18 | 50 | Document
### Title:
['Chapter 22 Economics of general practice']
### Abstract:
['General (or family) practice and its role within primary care is increasingly regarded as the key to achieving efficiency and equity in many health care systems. This is particularly relevant where general practitioners (GPs) act as gatekeepers to specialist care. This chapter outlines the main economic issues in general practice. Within the context of gatekeeping, the first half of the chapter examines literature on agency, patient choice and preferences for GP services, and the utilisation of GP services. Given that much demand is determined by supply, this is followed by an examination of the determinants of referral behaviour, the effects of payment systems, and GPs as firms (partnerships and vertical integration). Overall, there has been little research by economists in these areas. This needs to be rectified giving the growing importance of primary care in many health care systems.']
### GND ID:
[]
### GND class:
[]
### LIN Search class:
['meda']
<|eot_id|> |
End of preview. Expand
in Data Studio
README.md exists but content is empty.
- Downloads last month
- 27