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4781829 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upsurging%20People%27s%20Force | Upsurging People's Force | The Upsurging People's Force () is a militant group in Sri Lanka.
The group was unknown until February 2006, when it claimed responsibility for a series of attacks on Sri Lankan army and navy cadre in the north and east of Sri Lanka in December 2005 and January 2006. It claimed responsibility for a series of further claymore mine attacks on soldiers and police officers on 15 April 2006, but has not issued any public communiques since then.
See also
References
External links
Communique from UPF Tamilnet.com report
Factions in the Sri Lankan Civil War
Tamil Eelam
Paramilitary organisations based in Sri Lanka
2005 in Sri Lanka
2006 in Sri Lanka
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam |
4781837 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimatara | Rimatara | Rimatara is the westernmost inhabited island in the Austral Islands of French Polynesia. It is located south of Tahiti and west of Rurutu. The land area of Rimatara is , and that of the Maria islets is . Its highest point is . Its population was 872 at the 2017 census.
Rimatara is a circular volcanic plateau surrounded by a reef with a height of . The main villages are Amaru (the capital), Anapoto and Mutuaura.
Rimatara was one of the last Polynesian islands to receive European visitors. Captain Samuel Pinder Henry discovered the island in 1811. Two Tahitian missionaries from Bora Bora arrived in 1822 and established a Protestant mission. France established a protectorate in 1889 and annexed Rimatara in 1901.
Notable people
Tamaeva IV, queen of Rimatara
Tamaeva V, queen of Rimatara
Administration
The commune of Rimatara consists of the island of Rimatara, and the uninhabited Maria Islets (Îlots Maria). Rimatara consists of the following associated communes:
Amaru
Anapoto
Mutuaura
References
External links
Page not found - The Tahiti Traveler
http://www.iero.org/sites/fenua/australes/rimatara/index.html
Islands of the Austral Islands
Communes of French Polynesia
1900 establishments in French Polynesia
1889 establishments in the French colonial empire
Endemic Bird Areas |
4781857 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Wanderers%20%281979%20film%29 | The Wanderers (1979 film) | The Wanderers is a 1979 American coming-of-age comedy-drama film co-written and directed by Philip Kaufman and starring Ken Wahl, John Friedrich, Karen Allen, Toni Kalem, Tony Ganios and Jim Youngs. Set in the Bronx in 1963, the film follows a gang of Italian-American teenagers known as the Wanderers and their ongoing power struggles with rival gangs such as the Baldies and the Wongs.
The film is based on the novel of the same name by Richard Price; its screenplay was written by Philip Kaufman and his wife Rose. The film had a troubled development stage: after unsuccessfully trying to obtain financing for The Wanderers from Alberto Grimaldi, Kaufman directed other films. After filming the remake of Invasion of the Body Snatchers, Kaufman went to New York City and successfully pitched The Wanderers to Martin Ransohoff. The film's budget is unknown, but Kaufman said it was relatively low.
After an advance screening, The Wanderers premiered on July 13, 1979, to mostly positive reviews. The film was a financial success, grossing $23 million at the worldwide box office.
The film's increasing popularity and cult status led to The Wanderers being given a theatrical re-release in the U.S. by Warner Bros. in 1996. According to Kaufman, "it took a long time for [the film] to find [an] audience".
Plot
Joey and Turkey are members of the Wanderers, an Italian-American greaser street gang living in the Bronx. Joey tries to dissuade Turkey from joining a rival gang, the Fordham Baldies. Before Turkey can ask, Terror's girlfriend Peewee overhears Joey insulting the Baldies, calling them a "bunch of pricks with ears". Joey and Turkey flee and the Baldies chase them. Richie—the leader of the Wanderers—and Buddy come to help but they also flee from the Baldies. After being cornered, the Wanderers are helped by a tough stranger named Perry, who has recently moved to the Bronx from New Jersey. After much persuasion, Perry joins the Wanderers.
In school, the Wanderers get into a racial dispute with another gang, the Del Bombers who are all African-American. Both gangs agree to settle their dispute, seemingly a street fight, but the Wanderers struggle to find a gang willing to back them. With no other options, Richie asks his girlfriend's father, alleged local mafia boss Chubby Galasso, who agrees to help solve the gangs' dispute.
During a game of "elbow-tit", Richie gropes a woman called Nina. He feels ashamed of himself, apologizes for his actions and persuades Nina to accept Joey's telephone number. The Wanderers then decide to follow Nina in Perry's car.
After Perry becomes lost, the Wanderers are attacked by an all-Irish-American street gang called the Ducky Boys. They escape after Perry's arm is broken.
While drunk, the Baldies are tricked into joining the Marines. Before reporting for training, they decide to crash Despie's party, where Turkey—who has recently joined the Baldies—is told to draw the Wanderers outside. After drawing them out, Turkey realizes the Baldies have abandoned him. He tries to chase them but fails. Upset, Turkey visits a nearby Catholic church. After being spotted by a member of the Ducky Boys attending Mass, Turkey is chased down the street. After climbing a fire escape ladder in an attempt to escape, he falls to his death.
In school, while the Wanderers are mourning Turkey's death, the rest of the gang oust Richie for sleeping with Joey's date Nina. After the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Richie rekindles his relationship with Despie. When Chubby discovers his daughter is pregnant, he forces Richie into marrying her.
In the climax, we discover the Wanderers and the Del Bombers are settling their dispute not with a street fight but with a football game organized by Chubby. Richie uses the opportunity to make amends with Joey. A member of the Ducky Boys interrupts the game, as the Wanderers momentarily turn their heads, hundreds of Ducky Boys invade the field. Many of the Wanderers and the Del Bombers flee, but some stand their ground. The remaining players join forces with spectator gangs in the stands, including one called the Wongs and even Emilio. After a long and bloody battle, the Ducky Boys flee.
After being physically abused by his father Emilio, Joey decides to spend the night at Perry's apartment. Perry tells Joey he is planning to leave the Bronx and move to California. Joey asks Perry if he can go with him; after an initially skeptical response, Perry agrees. Emilio, drunk, enters Perry's apartment and fights with him; Joey knocks Emilio unconscious with a glass bottle. Joey and Perry quickly leave the apartment and head to Richie's engagement party. At the party Richie notices Nina walking by and quickly follows. Before he catches up to her, she walks into a bar where Bob Dylan is performing "The Times They Are a-Changin'". Accepting that their relationship is over, he makes his way back to the party.
Upon his return, Joey and Perry say an emotional goodbye to Richie, and when they leave, Richie realizes things will not be the same. At Richie's party, members of the Wanderers, the Del Bombers and the Wongs embrace one another while singing "The Wanderer". The movie ends with Joey and Perry traveling to California.
Cast
Ken Wahl as Richie Gennaro, the leader of the Wanderers.
John Friedrich as Joey Capra, Richie's closest friend and a fellow Wanderer.
Karen Allen as Nina Becker, Richie's love interest.
Toni Kalem as Despie Galasso, Richie's girlfriend and Chubby Galasso's daughter.
Tony Ganios as Perry LaGuardia, a member of the Wanderers and a close friend of Joey.
Jim Youngs as Buddy Borsalino, a leading member of the Wanderers.
Alan Rosenberg as "Turkey", a member of the Wanderers who wants to join the Fordham Baldies.
Dolph Sweet as "Chubby" Galasso, the local mafia boss and father of Despie Galasso.
William Andrews as Emilio Capra, Joey's father.
Erland van Lidth as Terror, the leader of the Fordham Baldies.
Linda Manz as "Peewee", Terror's girlfriend.
Michael Wright as Clinton Stitch, the leader of the Del Bombers.
Samm-Art Williams as Roger, the only black member of the Fordham Baldies and the cousin of Clinton Stitch.
Val Avery as Mr. Sharp, a high school teacher.
Dion Albanese as Teddy Wong, the leader of the Wongs.
Additional actors include Olympia Dukakis as Joey's Mother, the novel's author Richard Price as a Hustler, Wayne Knight (in his film debut) as a Waiter, and Faith Minton as The Big Lady.
Production
Development
Philip Kaufman and Richard Price unsuccessfully tried to pitch the project to Alberto Grimaldi. Because of this, Kaufman signed on to direct what would have been the first motion picture based on Star Trek: The Original Series, to be called Star Trek: Planet of the Titans. Allan Scott and Chris Bryant were hired to write the film's screenplay, but their attempt was rejected and Kaufman tried to write the screenplay himself. Before he could finish the screenplay, Paramount Pictures abandoned the project, saying there was no market for science-fiction movies. After the Star Trek project was shelved, Kaufman directed the remake of Invasion of the Body Snatchers. When filming finished, he went to New York and successfully pitched The Wanderers to Martin Ransohoff. According to Kaufman, "the pieces somehow fell together", partly because of the increasing popularity of gang movies.
Writing
Kaufman's wife Rose wrote the screenplay's first draft. It took her several years to complete: she found adapting the entire novel difficult. Some of the characters and stories from the novel were either changed or given retroactive continuity. Despite the differences, Richard Price approved of Kaufman's adaptation, saying, "I love that picture. It's not my book, and I don't care. The spirit is right, and the way Phil Kaufman directed it showed me another way of looking at my own book."
Casting
The casting process, which Kaufman described as "arduous", began in New York City. He said teenagers from across the city wanted to audition. Academy Award-winning producer Scott Rudin was the film's casting director who found Erland van Lidth and Linda Manz. There was no character named Peewee in the novel. Rudin had organized an interview with Manz. Kaufman and Price were present; they all thought she had "great character". Manz was so convincing that everyone assumed she was a real member of a street gang. Because of this, the character Peewee was specifically written for her.
Many of the film's actors were unknown at the time of casting. The film was the acting debut of four cast members; Ken Wahl, Tony Ganios, Erland van Lidth and Michael Wright. It was also the feature film debut of Toni Kalem, who had previously acted on television. Kaufman intentionally cast unknown actors; someone sent a photograph of Wahl on his way to his job in a pizza parlor to Rudin, thinking he could play one of the smaller roles in the film. Kaufman felt Wahl was talented, so he cast him in the lead role, instead.
To cast the role of Perry LaGuardia, Kaufman telephoned every gymnasium around New York asking for a "six-foot, four inch, 18 year-old kid". He was put into contact with Ganios, whom he cast in the role. Ganios said:
After a mysterious phone call, [my uncle] politely asked me to stop training and get dressed. He 'insisted' that I accompany him downtown to what was supposed to be a commercial audition, [but it later] turned out to be an interview for The Wanderers. I thought acting was for sissies, but I went anyway.
Filming
Filming of The Wanderers began in September 1978, most of it taking place in The Bronx. Kaufman said that during filming, "[This] Puerto Rican motorcycle gang came pushing its way through the crowd; wanting to see what was going on", and "they pushed everyone aside". They walked away after bumping into van Lidth. The crew also encountered trouble from former members of the "real" Baldies, who complained the film portrayed the Baldies incorrectly, saying: "[The movie] is a lie! This was not a bad neighborhood. There was no crime, no robbery. Murder, yes, but no crime!" Rose Kaufman eventually told them to "fuck off", which nearly resulted in a brawl between the former gang members, Wahl and several other actors.
The final battle with the Ducky Boys, which takes place during a football game, was filmed in Van Cortlandt Park. Kaufman compared this scene to a "brutal British soccer brawl"; Ganios compared it to the Battle of Mons Graupius. When asked further about this scene, Ganios said:
The final fight with the Ducky Boys was absolutely wild, [and] for all practical purposes it was real. For an entire week hundreds of screaming, stunted madmen—armed with real baseball bats, axe handles, and chains—hurled themselves at us in wave after wave of unabated Celtic fury. It got totally out of hand, with the mayhem sometimes continuing for a full five minutes after [the director] yelled cut. Some of the actors and camera crew were seriously injured and had to be hospitalized.
Editing
During editing, Kaufman removed six minutes of footage from the film.
Release
The Wanderers was released theatrically on July 13, 1979, by Warner Bros. Kaufman said the film
initially had a "very small, limited" release. The director's cut premiered at the Telluride Film Festival in 1995. This was followed by a 1996 theatrical re-release in the U.S. due to the film's popularity. In 2012, the director's cut of The Wanderers was screened to the Film Society at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts. Both versions of the film were released in 2017 by Kino Lorber under license from the film's producers, who own its rights.
Critical reception
The film's initial reception was mixed. After an advance screening on December 31, 1978, Variety praised it, saying that "despite" the "uneasy blend of nostalgia and violence", The Wanderers "is a well-made and impressive film". The Kaufmans were also complimented for their script, which was described as "accurately" capturing the "urban angst" of growing up in the early 1960s. Janet Maslin of The New York Times criticized the film in her 1979 review, saying "the movie never attempts to tell a single story" and instead "settles for a string of boisterous vignettes, which are heaped carelessly atop one another without any consistent scheme".
A number of critics praised the film, including Peter Stack of the San Francisco Chronicle, after its 1996 theatrical re-release. Stack noted Kaufman's talent for effectively changing the film's tone and praised the acting abilities of Wahl and Ganios. He also complimented the film's soundtrack.
The film has an approval rating of 89% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 19 reviews, with an average rating of 6.8/10. Time Out praised the film, saying it "deliver[s] some great, gross, comic book capers; and rock history gets its most intelligent illustration since Mean Streets".
Box office performance
The Wanderers made $5 million at the U.S. box office and $18 million overseas, for a worldwide gross of $23 million. When asked about the financial success, Kaufman said the film had done "very well".
Legacy
Since its initial release, The Wanderers has gained a significant cult following. In 1988, Danny Peary said the film's "sensitive depiction" of teenagers coming-of-age was partly responsible for its cult status. Placing The Wanderers seventh in his list of "lesser-known" cult films, Neil Evans describing the film as a "lost masterpiece". Another writer described the film as a "near masterpiece" and called it "one of the best coming-of-age [films] ever made". On the film's popularity and cult status, Kaufman said:
It took a long time for [the film] to find [an] audience. It's great to see that now—however many years later—[that] it went to a brief re-release by Warner Bros. [in 1996] because of the cult following. Bravo says it's the most popular film they've shown in the New York area. [The film was also shown] at the Telluride Film Festival. All [of] the people who run the festival are members of The Wanderers fan club, all wear Wanderers jackets, and [they] know every line in the film. They show the film at least twice a year up there [in Colorado]. There were about 1000 people outside, under the mountains and watching the film. It was a great night.
Soundtrack
Kaufman and Price compiled the soundtrack themselves. The film features Bob Dylan performing "The Times They Are a-Changin'", but the song was not included on the soundtrack album.
References
Bibliography
External links
Lantern-Media: Tribute to the Wanderers
Lantern-Media: Real Ducky Boys Bio
1979 films
1970s coming-of-age comedy-drama films
1970s crime films
1970s gang films
American coming-of-age comedy-drama films
American crime films
American gang films
Hood films
1970s English-language films
Films about juvenile delinquency
Films about race and ethnicity
Films based on American novels
Films directed by Philip Kaufman
Films set in 1963
Films set in the Bronx
Films set in New York City
Films shot in New York City
Orion Pictures films
Films set in the 1960s
1970s American films
Films with screenplays by Philip Kaufman |
4781862 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo%20viper | Bamboo viper | Bamboo viper may refer to:
Trimeresurus stejnegeri, a.k.a. the Chinese green tree viper, Chinese bamboo pit viper, a venomous pitviper species found in India, Nepal, Burma, Thailand, China and Taiwan
Trimeresurus gramineus, a.k.a. the bamboo pit viper, a venomous species found only in southern India
Trimeresurus popeiorum,a.k.a. the Pope's bamboo pit viper, a venomous pitviper species found in northern India, Southeast Asia and parts of Indonesia
Animal common name disambiguation pages |
4781864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth%20Slenczynska | Ruth Slenczynska | Ruth Slenczynska (born January 15, 1925) is an American pianist with Polish roots.
Early life
Slenczynska was born in Sacramento, California. Her Polish father, Joseph Slenczynski (Józef Ślenczyński), was a violinist. Pushed by her father and starting at age three, Slenczynska was forced to practice the piano relentlessly. When she was four, she began her piano studies in Europe, later studying with Artur Schnabel, Egon Petri, Alfred Cortot, Josef Hofmann, and Sergei Rachmaninoff. She played her debut in Berlin at age six and made her debut in Paris with a full orchestra at seven years of age.
Career
Slenczynska was accepted to the University of California, Berkeley. In 1964, she accepted a full-time position at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville as Artist in Residence, a title she retained until 1987. A large assortment of her memorabilia and recordings constitutes a Special Collection in the Lovejoy Library at SIUE. In 1957 she published a book of memoirs, Forbidden Childhood, which deals with life as a child prodigy, and a book on piano technique, Music at Your Fingertips: Aspects of Pianoforte Technique.
Selected recordings
"Complete American Decca recordings", Chopin : Les 24 préludes, Les 24 Études, Les 16 valses, Les quatre impromptus, Les quatre scherzo, Les quatre ballades, les 16 valses, Polonaise op.53. Liszt/Chopin : Six chants polonais. Liszt : Rhapsodie espagnole, Rhapsodie hongroise n°15, Étude n°5, six grandes études by Paganini, Concerto pour piano n°1. Saint-Saëns : concerto pour piano n°2. Decca (1956/1962). 10 CD DG Eloquence 2020. Diapason d'or 2021. "My Life in Music", Decca (2022).
References
•
Sources
Beversluis, John. "Ruth Slenczynska in Concert." American Record Guide, Jul/Aug 1999, Vol. 62, Issue n. 4, p 255.
Hyde, Carol Shannon. "A Case Study of an Artist-in-Residence: Ruth Slenczynska, Concert Pianist." Dissertation Abstracts International Section A, Aug 1989, Vol. 50, page 293.
Mach, Elyse. "Practice Notes." Clavier, Oct 2002, Vol. 41, Issue n. 8, pp 46–49.
Muschalek, Clare. "Great Pianists Can Teach." Music Journal, Feb 1973, Vol. 311, pp 16–19.
Nilsen, Richard. "Piano Prodigy Ruth Slenczynska Now a Legend at 87", Arizona Republic News, Jan 24, 2013.
Rabinowitz, Peter. "I Never Look Back: A Conversation with Ruth Slenczynska." Fanfare, Jan/Feb 1999, Vol. 22, p 86.
Rabinowitz, Peter. "Doing it Yourself: a Conversation with Ruth Slenczynska." Fanfare, May/June 1998, Vol. 21, p 47.
Rockwell, John. "Piano: Ruth Slenczynska." New York Times, November 16, 1984.
Rosenstiel, Leonie. "Remembrances of Nadia Boulanger." Virtuoso, 1980, Vol. 1, Issue n. 3, pp 33–36.
Rothchild, E. "Ruth Slenczynska: On Playing the Chopin Etudes (interviews)." Clavier, 1976, Vol. 15 Issue n. 2, pp. 14–21.
Silverman, R. J. "The Focus Sharpens." Piano Quarterly, 1983, Vol. 31, Issue n. 122, pp. 34–35.
Slecysnksa, Ruth. Ruth Slenczynska: Tribute to Rachmanioff, DVD, Video Artists International, 2007.
Slenczynska, Ruth. Music At Your Fingertips, NY, 1961, Da Capo Press.
Slenczynska, Ruth and Louis Biancolli. Forbidden Childhood, NY, 1957.
Slenczynska, Ruth. "Thoughts on Memorizing."
Slenczynska, Ruth. "Build Your Own Career." Music Journal, April 1974, Vol. 32, p. 12.
Slenczynska, Ruth. "The Opening of the Rachmaninov Second Concerto." Clavier, 1973, Vol. 12, Issue n. 7, p 18.
Slenczynska, Ruth. "Practice and Performance Suggestions for Rachmaninoff's Etude-Tableau, No. 2." Clavier, 1973, Vol. 12, Issue n. 7, p 29.
Slenczynska, Ruth. "Private Lesson: On Prokofiev's Vision Fuguitive XVI." Keyboard, Feb 1986, Vol. 12, pp 36–37.
Slenczynska, Ruth. "On Chopin's Unexpected Invitations to Dance." Piano Quarterly, 1979, Vol. 27, Issue n. 106, p 24.
Slenczynska, Ruth. "Private Lesson: Beyond Polyrhythms: a Chopin Rubato." Keyboard, Oct 1986, Vol. 12, p 93.
Slenczynska, Ruth. "Private Lesson: How a Pianist Works on Ear-Hand Coordination." Keyboard, Jan 1986, Vol. 12, p 112.
Slenczynska, Ruth. "Private Lesson: Gaining Left-Hand Awareness." Keyboard, Sep 1986, Vol. 12, p 109.
Slenczynska, Ruth. "Private Lesson: Polyrhythmical Skill, Two Against Three." Keyboard, May 1986, Vol. 12, p 27.
Slenczynska, Ruth. "Private Lesson: Exercises for Smooth Polyrhythms: Three Against Four." Keyboard, Jan 1986, Vol. 12, pp 32–33.
Slenczynska, Ruth. "Private Lesson: On Schumann's 'Important Event' from Kinderszehen." Keyboard, April 1986, Vol. 12, pp 32–33.
Slenczynska, Ruth. "Grandfatherly Guidance." Clavier, 1973, Vol. 12, Issue n. 7, pp 15–16.
Slenczynska, Ruth. "Haydn's Sonata No. 35 in A Flat." Clavier, 1972, Vol. 11, Issue n. 5, pp 18–25.
Slenczynska, Ruth. "Follow-up on Haydn." Clavier, 1972, Vol. 11, Issue n. 7, pp 18–26.
Slenczynska, Ruth. "Private Lesson: Performance Techniques for 'Sonata K. 239' by Scriabin." Keyboard, Dec 1985, Vol. 11, pp 24–26
Slenczynska, Ruth. "Learning Approaches to Chopin's Prelude in C Scharp Minor, Op. 28, No. 10." Piano Quarterly, 1974, Vol. 22, Issue n. 85, pp 31–33.
Slenczynska, Ruth. "Bach's 'Three Voiced Fugue in C Minor." Clavier, 1988, Vol. 27, Issue n. 1, pp 26–29.
Slenczynska, Ruth. "Master Class: Rachmaninoff 'Prelude Op. 23, No. 4'" Clavier, 1979, Vol. 18, Issue n. 9, pp 20–24.
Slenczynska, Ruth. "Good Octaves and How to Acquire Them (Includes List of Music)." Clavier, 1977, Vol. 16, Issue n. 3, pp. 37–41.
Slenczynska, Ruth. "Learning Approaches to Chopin's Prelude in E Major, Op. 28, No. 9. Piano Quarterly, 1973, Vol. 21, Issue n. 81, pp 26–31.
Slenczynska. Ruth. "On Chopin's Unexpected Invitations to Dance." Piano Quarterly, 1979, Vol. 27, Issue n. 106, p 24.
Slenczynska, Ruth. "On Preparations for a Piano Competition", March 2005.
Tsai, Sin-Hsing. "The Art of Ruth Slenczynska, Vol. 5." Clavier Companion, Nov/Dec 2010, Vol. 2 Issue n. 6, pp. 64–66.
Tobias, Karen. "Madam Ruth." Clavier, April 2007, Vol. 46 Issue n. 4, pg. 12–39.
Verna, Paul. "Vital Reissues." Billboard'', Jan 1999, Vol. 111, Issue n. 5, pp 22–28.
External links
Southern Illinois University: Ruth Slenczynska
Polonia Global Fund: Ruth Slenczynska Person of the Month 10/2004
Ruth Slenczynska: Music Biography, Credits, and Discography: All Music
Rachmaninov's Last Living Pupil to Present Workshops at Lebanon Valley College, Feb. 2013
Some programs, photos and introductions on her 2 highly successful tours of Southern Africa, 1963&78
1925 births
Living people
American classical pianists
American women classical pianists
Child classical musicians
Southern Illinois University Edwardsville faculty
20th-century American pianists
20th-century American women pianists
21st-century classical pianists
American people of Polish descent
21st-century American women pianists
21st-century American pianists
University of California, Berkeley alumni |
4781874 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral%20plate%20mesoderm | Lateral plate mesoderm | The lateral plate mesoderm is the mesoderm that is found at the periphery of the embryo. It is to the side of the paraxial mesoderm, and further to the axial mesoderm. The lateral plate mesoderm is separated from the paraxial mesoderm by a narrow region of intermediate mesoderm. The mesoderm is the middle layer of the three germ layers, between the outer ectoderm and inner endoderm.
During the third week of embryonic development the lateral plate mesoderm splits into two layers forming the intraembryonic coelom.
The outer layer of lateral plate mesoderm adheres to the ectoderm to become the somatic or parietal layer known as the somatopleure. The inner layer adheres to the endoderm to become the splanchnic or visceral layer known as the splanchnopleure.
Development
The lateral plate mesoderm will split into two layers, the somatopleuric mesenchyme, and the splanchnopleuric mesenchyme.
The somatopleuric layer forms the future body wall.
The splanchnopleuric layer forms the circulatory system.
Spaces within the lateral plate are enclosed and forms the intraembryonic coelom.
It is formed by the secretion of BMP-4 by the ectoderm.
Serosal mesoderms
Lateral plate mesoderm gives rise to the serosal mesoderms.
forms a ventral layer associated with endoderm, the splanchnopleuric mesoderm. This forms the viscera and heart
forms a dorsal layer associated with ectoderm, the somatopleuric mesoderm. This forms the body wall lining and dermis.
Abdominal portion becomes contained in dorsal mesentery, part of the serosal mesoderm.
When the two layers form, a cardiogenic plate is visible. Later, this will form the myocardial primordium, which will contribute to the tubular heart.
Cavities
In the 4th week the coelom divides into pericardial, pleural and peritoneal cavities.
First partition: is the septum transversum.
This will be translocated later into the diaphragm and ventral mesentery.
Divides the coelom into primitive pericardial and peritoneal cavities
Pleuropericardial folds appear on the lateral wall of primitive pericardial cavity, which will eventually cause a partition to form the pericardial and pleural cavities.
Communication between these partitions formed by the pericardioperitoneal canals. However, pleuroperitoneal membranes will grow to fuse with the septum transversum to close off these canals.
At day 22, lung buds form, remaining ensheathed in a splanchnopleuric mesoderm
Limb development
Cells from the lateral plate mesoderm and the myotome migrate to the limb field and proliferate to create the limb bud. The lateral plate cells produce the cartilaginous and skeletal portions of the limb while the myotome cells produce the muscle components. The lateral plate mesodermal cells secrete a fibroblast growth factor (FGF7 and FGF10, presumably) to induce the overlying ectoderm to form an important organizing structure called the apical ectodermal ridge (AER). The AER reciprocatively secretes FGF8 and FGF4 which maintains the FGF10 signal and induces proliferation in the mesoderm. The position of FGF10 expression is regulated by Wnt8c in the hindlimb and Wnt2b in the forelimb. The forelimb and the hindlimb are specified by their position along the anterior/posterior axis and possibly by two T-box containing transcription factors: Tbx5 and Tbx4, respectively.
Additional images
See also
List of human cell types derived from the germ layers
References
External links
Embryology of urogenital system
Mesoderm |
4781876 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B8rt-Erik%20Thoresen | Børt-Erik Thoresen | Børt-Erik Thoresen (5 May 1932 – 10 April 2011) was a Norwegian television host and folk singer.
He hosted musical programmes for the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation from 1968 to the late 1980s. He also released several records.
Thoresen was born in Dombås. He was the brother of Åse Thoresen, and was married to classical music and opera singer Aase Nordmo Løvberg.
References
Entry in Norsk pop- og rockleksikon (2005)
1932 births
2011 deaths
People from Dovre
People from Dombås
Norwegian television presenters
NRK people
Norwegian folk singers |
4781878 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective%20non-catalytic%20reduction | Selective non-catalytic reduction | Selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) is a method to lessen nitrogen oxide emissions in conventional power plants that burn biomass, waste and coal. The process involves injecting either ammonia or urea into the firebox of the boiler at a location where the flue gas is between to react with the nitrogen oxides formed in the combustion process. The resulting product of the chemical redox reaction is molecular nitrogen (N2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and water (H2O).
The conversion of noxious NOx to innocuous N2 is described by the following simplified equation:
4 NO + 4 NH3 + O2 → 4 N2 + 6 H2O
When urea is used, the pre-reaction occurs to first convert it to ammonia:
NH2CONH2 + H2O → 2 NH3 + CO2
Being a solid, urea is easier to handle and store than the more dangerous ammonia (NH3), so it is the reactant of choice.
The reaction requires a sufficient reaction time within a certain temperature range, typically , to be effective. At lower temperatures the NO and the ammonia do not react. Ammonia that has not reacted is called ammonia slip and is undesirable, as the ammonia can react with other combustion species, such as sulfur trioxide (SO3), to form ammonium salts.
At temperatures above 1093 °C ammonia oxidizes:
4 NH3 + 5 O2 -> 4 NO + 6 H2O
In that case NO is produced instead of being removed.
A further complication is mixing. In general, more NO will form in the center of the reaction vessel and less near the walls, as the walls are cooler than the center. Thus, more ammonia must find its way to the center and less near the walls, otherwise NO in the center meets insufficient ammonia for reduction and excess ammonia near the walls slips through.
Although in theory selective non-catalytic reduction can achieve the same efficiency of about 90% as selective catalytic reduction (SCR), the practical constraints of temperature, time, and mixing often lead to worse results in practice. However, selective non-catalytic reduction has an economical advantage over selective catalytic reduction, as the cost of the catalyst is not there.
References
External links
How SNCR Works
See also
Selective catalytic reduction
NOx control |
4781890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patsy%20Biscoe | Patsy Biscoe | Patsy Biscoe (born 1946) is an Australian children's television personality, singer and guitarist. She regularly appeared on children's national television shows, Here's Humphrey and Fat Cat and Friends. She has released many children's music albums containing nursery rhymes and similar children's songs and has sold in excess of 500,000 units in her musical career.
Early life and training
Biscoe was born in Shimla, India, to a British army officer and a civil servant in 1946. She came to Australia and settled in Sydney with her family during the Partition of India, and they moved to Sandy Bay in Hobart when she was nine. She won a classical singing scholarship after making an unscheduled appearance at the St Mary's College annual eisteddfod. While studying medicine at the University of Tasmania, she sang and played the guitar at a Sunday night jazz club. Her studies and fledgling career were interrupted by a car accident which damaged her eyesight. She covered a scar on her forehead from the accident with what became her distinctive long-fringed haircut.
Biscoe was a finalist in the Starflight International talent quest of the Australian television show, Bandstand, competing for an overseas trip and a recording contract. She recorded her first LP in Sydney in 1965 with CBS records.
Career
She gained fame in her adopted home of Adelaide when she regularly appeared on the Nine Network children's show, Here's Humphrey (1965–2008), which she hosted from September 1970. Later she was a presenter on local TV children's show, Channel Niners. She also appeared as a singer on another children's TV show, Fat Cat and Friends (1972–91), on SAS-10. In October 1980 she promoted wearing seat belts for children in a TV ad campaign by the Road Safety Council in South Australia.
After retiring from performing, Biscoe became a naturopath. She has also been Deputy Mayor of the Barossa Council local government area and Chair of the Tanunda Town Committee.
Recognition
Biscoe was made a Member of the Order of Australia in 2016 for her services to music and her local community.
During the early 1990s, Biscoe was parodied by Adelaide comedian Glynn Nicholas, who played Paté Biscuit on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation television comedy show, The Big Gig. Biscoe appeared in several episodes with Nicholas, one time tying up Biscuit and taking his place on the show with Bongo, Biscuit's hand puppet. She also appeared on the show using her own hand puppet, Bongette—the female counterpart of Bongo. When on screen together, neither Bongo nor Bongette could hide their attraction for the other.
Discography
Studio albums
Notes
References
External links
1946 births
Living people
Australian women singers
Australian children's musicians
Australian television personalities
Women television personalities
People from Shimla
Musicians from New South Wales
Musicians from Adelaide
Australian women guitarists
Members of the Order of Australia
University of Tasmania alumni
Indian emigrants to Australia
Australian people of British descent
Deputy mayors of places in Australia
South Australian local councillors |
4781912 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segol | Segol | Segol (modern , ; formerly , səḡôl) is a Hebrew niqqud vowel sign that is represented by three dots forming an upside down equilateral triangle "ֶ ". As such, it resembles an upside down therefore sign (a because sign) underneath a letter. In modern Hebrew, it indicates the phoneme which is similar to "e" in the English word sound in sell and is transliterated as an e.
In Modern Hebrew, segol makes the same sound as tzere, as does the Hataf Segol ( , "Reduced Segol"). The reduced (or ħataf) niqqud exist for segol, patah, and kamatz which contain a shva next to it.
Pronunciation
The following table contains the pronunciation and transliteration of the different segols in reconstructed historical forms and dialects using the International Phonetic Alphabet.
The letters Bet and Het used in this table are only for demonstration; any letter can be used.
In addition, a letter with a segol or tzere with a succeeding yod often makes the "ei" (also spelled "ey") sound such as in they or tape.
Vowel length comparison
By adding two vertical dots (shva), the vowel can be made very short. However, the vowels lengths are not manifested in Modern Hebrew.
Unicode encoding
Niqqud |
4781915 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Greece | Human rights in Greece | Human rights in Greece are observed by various organizations. The country is a signatory to the European Convention on Human Rights, the Geneva Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and the United Nations Convention Against Torture. The Greek constitution also guarantees fundamental human rights to all Greek citizens.
Current issues
Police brutality
Excessive use for force, torture and other ill-treatment by police officers and other law enforcement officials has been reported.
The Greek Police, known officially as the Hellenic Police, assumed their current structure in 1984 as a result of merging the Gendarmerie (Chorofylaki) and the Urban Police Forces (Astynomia Poleon). Composed of central and regional departments, the Hellenic Police have a relatively long history of police brutality. One of the first documented incidents dates back to 1976, where 16-year-old activist Sideris Isidoropoulos was killed by police while he put up campaign posters on a public building. In 1980, during a demonstration commemorating the Athens Polytechnic uprising, 20-year-old protester Stamatina Kanelopoulou and 24-year-old Iakovos Koumis were beaten to death by the Greek police. The protests still occur to this day for protesters to commemorate the 1973 uprising. The protests are still commonly affected by police brutality around the time of the event. On 17 November 1985 another protestor, 15-year-old Michalis Kaltezas, was murdered by the police during the demonstration commemorating the Polytechnic uprising.
The level and severity of police brutality in Greece over the last few years have been profound. Due to the recent financial crisis, many austerity measures have been enforced, resulting in many individuals and families struggling to survive. Greek citizens opposed these austerity measures from the beginning and showed their disapproval with strikes and demonstrations. In response, police brutality has significantly increased, with consistent reports on the use of tear gas, severe injuries inflicted by the police force, and unjustified detention of protesters.
In 2013 Greek police allegedly tortured four young men believed to be bank robbery suspects following their arrest. It was claimed that the men were hooked and severely beaten in detention. The media published photos of the men, all with severe bruising, though the police's press release showed digitally manipulated photos of the four without injuries. The Greek minister of citizen protectionNikos Dendiassupported the police and claimed that they needed to use Photoshop to ensure the suspects were recognisable. In October 2012, 15 anti-fascist protesters were arrested in Athens when they clashed with supporters of the fascist party (and later deemed a criminal organization) "Golden Dawn". Victims claimed they were tortured while being held at the Attica General Police Directorate and stated that police officers slapped them, spat on them, burnt their arms with cigarette lighters, and kept them awake with flashlights and lasers. Dendias countered by accusing the British newspaper that published the details of these crimes of libel. It was proven by forensic examination that the torture had taken place. The two Greek journalists who commented on The Guardian report the next day were fired.
Police brutality in Greece today predominantly manifests itself in the form of unjustified and extreme physical violence towards protesters and journalists. Amnesty International highlights that the continued targeting of journalists is concerning as it infringes on the right to freedom of expression. According to a recent Amnesty International report, there have been multiple instances in which police have used excessive brutal force, misused less-lethal weapons against protesters, attacked journalists, and subjected bystanders to ill-treatment, particularly over the course of the anniversary of the Athens Polytechnic uprising, which took place on 17 November 2014. Allegations against police have emerged specifically concerning their use of unprovoked brutal force towards journalists documenting the demonstration and against many students who partook in a peaceful protest. Police allegedly sprayed protesters with chemical irritants from close range – in one instance a 17-year-old girl with asthma had been treated in the hospital after this attack and when she informed police of her condition they laughed.
Video footage confirmed that on 13 November 2014, riot police began to strike students who attempted to run away from the grounds of Athens Polytechnic. Media reports suggest that around 40 protesters had to seek subsequent medical attention to injuries sustained from brutal police beatings. Amnesty International called for action to prosecute those who were behind the assaults, stating that within the Greek police there is a culture of "abuse and impunity" which remains as authorities have taken very little action to address the root of the problem.
A German exchange student said he was beaten randomly by riot police in the Exarheia district, stating his only reason for being there was that he was eating with other students. The student gave a horrifying description of the violence he endured and cowered in a corner when he saw police because a few weeks before he had witnessed police beating a man they had arrested. He claimed that upon spotting him, about six police officers began assaulting him with their batons, and when they left they were replaced by another group of police. The student was unarmed and posed no threat but the police were ruthlessly brutal in their actions. It has been indicated that riot police left beaten and gravely injured individuals without any medical assistance. Amnesty International urges Greece to effectively and promptly investigate these crimes against civilians, which violate human rights, and hold perpetrators accountable.
May 2011: student Yannis Kafkas suffered an almost fatal head injury after a police officer hit him with a fire extinguisher. Kafkas spent 20 days in intensive care.
June 2011: Manolis Kipraios, journalist, was covering protests against austerity measures when a member of the riot police fired a stun grenade at him and caused him to suffer from permanent hearing loss.
February 2012: photojournalist Marios Lolos had to have surgery done after being beaten in the head by police at a protest. The day before this attack another journalist Rena Maniou was allegedly severely beaten by security forces. Dimitris Trimis, the head of The Greek Journalist Association (ESEA) broke his arm after he was violently pushed and kicked by police.
There have been instances where protesters were used as human shields – a photo of a female protester in handcuffs ahead of policeman as people threw rocks at the police has gained considerable media attention.
None of the cases of police brutality above resulted in any prosecution of police force members. One case that sparked nationwide riots was the death of 15-year-old Alexis Grigoropoulos, who was shot dead by a police officer in December 2008 during demonstrations in Athens, sparkling large riots against police brutality. Unlike other cases, the police officer responsible was convicted of murder.
Reports of police brutality have again increased in the end of 2019, including against journalists and students demonstrating against the abolition of a law restricting officers from accessing university campuses. Arbitrary strip-searches have been documented in a variety of cases as part of the ill-treatment. There were significant suspicions that these frequent events were not rare and were not immune to the omnipresent atmosphere of impunity for such behavior.
Conscientious objection
In 2020, Amnesty International reported that a continuation of "serious violations" of the rights of conscientious objectors occurred resulting in arrests, prosecutions, fines, trials in military courts, repeated punishment and suspended prison sentences. The replacement service is also much longer than the military service and is therefore regarded as a punishment for prisoners of conscience.
Amnesty International
According to Amnesty International's 2007 report on Greece, there are problems in the following areas:
Treatment of migrants and refugees by the Greek police.
Treatment of conscientious objectors to military service.
Failure to grant necessary protection to women victims of domestic violence or trafficking and forced prostitution.
The report also highlights cases involving arbitrary arrests in the context of the 'war on terror' and Greece's conviction by the European Court of Human Rights for violating Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights by convicting an unofficial mufti for 'usurping the function of a minister of a "known religion"'.
US State Department
The US Department of State's 2007 report on human rights in Greece identified the following issues:
Cases of abuse by security forces, particularly of illegal immigrants and Roma.
Overcrowding and harsh conditions in some prisons.
Detention of undocumented migrants in squalid conditions.
Restrictions and administrative obstacles faced by members of non‑Orthodox religions.
Detention and deportation of unaccompanied or separated immigrant minors, including asylum seekers.
Limits on the ability of ethnic minority groups to self-identify, and discrimination against and social exclusion of ethnic minorities, particularly Roma.
International rankings
Democracy Index, 2020: 39 out of 167.
Worldwide Press Freedom Index, 2022: 108 out of 180.
Worldwide Privacy Index, 2006: 1 out of 26.
Worldwide Quality-of-life Index, 2022: 44 out of 87.
See also
1990 Komotini events
Conscription in Greece
Greek case
Internet censorship and surveillance in Greece
LGBT rights in Greece
Minorities in Greece
Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia
Sotiris Bletsas, an architect and Aromanian language activist.
Turks of Western Thrace
References
External links
NCHR – National Committee for Human Rights
Human Rights Watch – Greece
Denying Ethnic Identity – The Macedonians of Greece: Report by Human Rights Watch on the conditions of ethnic Macedonians in Greece
Censorship in Greece – IFEX
United Nations Committee against Torture
European Council on Refugees and Exiles
Amnesty International Report for 2007
US Department of State: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2007: Greece
Freedom House
Greece
Law of Greece
Society of Greece |
4781927 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraxial%20mesoderm | Paraxial mesoderm | Paraxial mesoderm, also known as presomitic or somitic mesoderm, is the area of mesoderm in the neurulating embryo that flanks and forms simultaneously with the neural tube. The cells of this region give rise to somites, blocks of tissue running along both sides of the neural tube, which form muscle and the tissues of the back, including connective tissue and the dermis.
Formation and somitogenesis
The paraxial and other regions of the mesoderm are thought to be specified by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) along an axis spanning from the center to the sides of the body. Members of the fibroblast growth factor family also play an important role, as does the Wnt pathway. In particular, Noggin, a downstream target of the Wnt pathway, antagonizes BMP signaling, forming boundaries where antagonists meet and limiting this signaling to a particular region of the mesoderm. Together, these pathways provide the initial specification of the paraxial mesoderm and maintain this identity.
This specification process has now been fully recapitulated in vitro with the formation of paraxial mesoderm progenitors from pluripotent stem cells, using a directed differentiation approach.
The tissue undergoes convergent extension as the primitive streak regresses, or as the embryo gastrulates. The notochord extends from the base of the head to the tail; with it extend thick bands of paraxial mesoderm.
As the primitive streak continues to regress, somites form from the paraxial mesoderm by "budding off" rostrally.
In certain model systems, it has been shown that the daughter cells of stem cell-like progenitor cells which come from the primitive streak or site of gastrulation migrate out and localize in the posterior paraxial mesoderm. As the primitive streak regresses and somites bud off anteriorly, new cells derived from these stem-cell like precursors constantly enter the posterior end of the paraxial mesoderm.
Derived tissues
Many kinds of tissue derive from the segmented paraxial mesoderm by means of the somite. Among these are:
the sclerotome, which forms cartilage,
the syndetome, which forms tendons,
the myotome, which forms skeletal muscle,
the dermatome, which forms the dermis as well as skeletal muscle, and endothelial cells.
Head mesoderm
A particular kind of tissue deriving from the paraxial mesoderm is the head mesoderm, also known as cephalic mesoderm. This tissue derives from the unsegmented paraxial mesoderm and prechordal mesoderm. Tissues derived from the head mesoderm include connective tissues and the muscles of the face.
The head mesoderm forms through a separate signaling circuit than the segmented paraxial mesoderm, though also involving BMP and fibroblast growth factor signaling. Here, retinoic acid interacts with these pathways. Early markers of somites exist but are not expressed in cephalic mesoderm, although the same cell types that are generated in somites are generated in cephalic mesoderm, such as angioblasts, myocytes, and a variety of connective tissues. The head is ultimately made from paraxial mesoderm and neural crest cells.
See also
Somitomere
Chordamesoderm
Intermediate mesoderm
Lateral plate mesoderm
Mesenchyme
Triploblasty
List of human cell types derived from the germ layers
References
External links
"Paraxial Mesoderm: The Somites and Their Derivatives" at the National Center for Biotechnology Information
"Somite Development" at McGill University
Diagram at Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Embryology
Mesoderm |
4781942 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic%20Syndic | Apostolic Syndic | An Apostolic Syndic is a Catholic layman, who in the name, and by the authority, of the Holy See, assumes the care and civil administration of the temporalities and in particular the pecuniary alms destined for the support and benefit of Franciscan convents, and thence provides for the requirements of the brethren.
History
To the Friars Minor, corporate as well as individual ownership was forbidden by the constitution or the rule. During the first years of the order's existence, the literal observance of this precept, being feasible as well as possible, presented no difficulty; but as time went on, and the order developed as a vast organization, and spread over the whole world, countless difficulties had to be faced and fierce controversy arose, the quaestio de paupertate lasting for centuries. To preserve and safeguard as far as possible the letter as well as the spirit of the complete "expropriation" advocated by Francis of Assisi, the popes adopted the fictio juris of assuming to themselves the ownership of all goods bestowed upon the friars. Thus the friars were legally regarded as mere users, the right of property being vested in the Roman pontiff, except in cases where the donors made explicit reservation in their own behalf. But as the civil administration of property in one's own interest is an act of ownership, and this was prohibited by the rule, such administration had to be exercised by a steward appointed, or at least authorized, by the Holy See.
According to the Decretal of Nicholas III, "Exiit qui seminat" (art. 12, n. 2) of 14 August 1279, the appointment of the Apostolic Syndic rested with the sovereign pontiff or the order's cardinal protector; sometimes bishops acted as their delegates in this matter; but Martin IV ("Exultantes", 18 January 1283) empowered the superiors of the order —the general, the provincials, and the custodes— within their respective spheres of jurisdiction, to appoint and remove syndics as circumstances might require.
The larger powers with which the syndic was invested by Martin IV and by his successors, Martin V ("Constitutiones Martinianae" in Wadding, "Annales", X, 301) and Paul IV ("Ex Clementi", 1 July 1555), gave rise to the appellation syndicus Martinianus in contradistinction to syndicus communis. This latter, as constituted by Nicholas III (Exiit) and Clement V ("Exivi de Paradiso", 6 May 1312), could deal only with movable property (valuables excepted) and with purchase moneys. The Martinian syndic on the other hand, as trustee and agent of the Holy See on behalf of the friars, might receive and dispose of all goods movable and immovable (money offerings, legacies, and remunerations) and, in pursuance of his trust, institute proceedings in the courts and take such other steps as might be deemed necessary to protect the interest of the community in whose favour he acted.
The Apostolic syndic and his wife and children were accorded the enjoyment of all and sundry indulgences, pardons, and privileges which the friars themselves have obtained, or shall obtain, from the Holy See (Clement VII, "Dum Consideramus", 16 April 1526).
Sources
Catholic ecclesiastical titles |
4781943 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial%20mesoderm | Axial mesoderm | Axial mesoderm, or chordamesoderm, is the mesoderm in the embryo that lies along the central axis under the neural tube.
will give rise to notochord
starts as the notochordal process, whose formation finishes at day 20 in humans.
important not only in forming the notochord itself but also in inducing development of the overlying ectoderm into the neural tube
will eventually induce the formation of vertebral bodies.
ventral floor of the notochordal process fuses with endoderm.
The notochord will form the nucleus pulposus of intervertebral discs. There is some discussion as to whether these cells contributed from the notochord are replaced by others from the adjacent mesoderm.
It gives rise to the notochordal process, which later becomes the notochord.
References
External links
Diagrams at cornell.edu
Embryology
Animal developmental biology |
4781981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven%20Strogatz | Steven Strogatz | Steven Henry Strogatz (), born August 13, 1959, is an American mathematician and the Susan and Barton Winokur Distinguished Professor for the Public Understanding of Science and Mathematics at Cornell University.
He is known for his work on nonlinear systems, including contributions to the study of synchronization in dynamical systems, and for his research in a variety of areas of applied mathematics, including mathematical biology and complex network theory.
Strogatz is the host of Quanta Magazine'''s The Joy of Why podcast. He previously hosted The Joy of x podcast, named after his book of the same name.
Education
Strogatz attended high school at Loomis Chaffee from 1972 to 1976. He then attended Princeton University, graduating summa cum laude with a B.A. in mathematics. Strogatz completed his senior thesis, titled "The mathematics of supercoiled DNA: an essay in geometric biology", under the supervision of Frederick J. Almgren, Jr. Strogatz then studied as a Marshall Scholar at Trinity College, Cambridge, from 1980 to 1982, and then received a Ph.D. in applied mathematics from Harvard University in 1986 for his research on the dynamics of the human sleep-wake cycle. He completed his postdoc under Nancy Kopell at Boston University.
Career
After spending three years as a National Science Foundation Postdoctoral Fellow at Harvard and Boston University, Strogatz joined the faculty of the department of mathematics at MIT in 1989. His research on dynamical systems was recognized with a Presidential Young Investigator Award from the National Science Foundation in 1990. In 1994 he moved to Cornell where he is a professor of mathematics. From 2007 to 2023 he was the Jacob Gould Schurman Professor of Applied Mathematics, and in 2023 he was named the inaugural holder of the Susan and Barton Winokur Distinguished Professorship for the Public Understanding of Science and Mathematics. From 2004 to 2010, he was also on the external faculty of the Santa Fe Institute.
Research
Early in his career, Strogatz worked on a variety of problems in mathematical biology, including the geometry of supercoiled DNA, the topology of three-dimensional chemical waves, and the collective behavior of biological oscillators, such as swarms of synchronously flashing fireflies. In the 1990s, his work focused on nonlinear dynamics and chaos applied to physics, engineering, and biology. Several of these projects dealt with coupled oscillators, such as lasers, superconducting Josephson junctions, and crickets that chirp in unison. His more recent work examines complex systems and their consequences in everyday life, such as the role of crowd synchronization in the wobbling of London's Millennium Bridge on its opening day, and the dynamics of structural balance in social systems.
Perhaps his best-known research contribution is his 1998 Nature paper with Duncan Watts, entitled "Collective dynamics of small-world networks". This paper is widely regarded as a foundational contribution to the interdisciplinary field of complex networks, whose applications reach from graph theory and statistical physics to sociology, business, epidemiology, and neuroscience. As one measure of its importance, it was the most highly cited article about networks between 1998 and 2008, and the sixth most highly cited paper in all of physics. It has now been cited more than 50,000 times, according to Google Scholar; as of 17 October 2014, it was the 63rd most highly cited research article of all time.
Writing and outreach
Strogatz's writing for the general public includes four books and frequent newspaper articles. His book Sync was chosen as a Best Book of 2003 by Discover Magazine. His 2009 book The Calculus of Friendship was called "a genuine tearjerker" and "part biography, part autobiography and part off-the-beaten-path guide to calculus". His 2012 book, The Joy of x, won the 2014 Euler Book Prize. It grew out of his series of New York Times columns on the elements of mathematics. These columns were described by the Harvard Business Review as "a model for how mathematics needs to be popularized" and as "must reads for entrepreneurs and executives who grasp that mathematics is now the lingua franca of serious business analysis.". Strogatz's second New York Times series, "Me, Myself and Math" appeared in the fall of 2012. His most recent book, Infinite Powers, was shortlisted for the Royal Society Insight Investment Science Book Prize and was a New York Times Best Seller. Published in 2019, it "evocatively conveys how calculus illuminates the patterns of the Universe, large and small," according to a review in Nature.
In 2020 Strogatz began hosting a podcast for Quanta Magazine called “The Joy of x” in which he chats “with a wide range of scientists about their lives and work.”
Awards
Strogatz is a Fellow of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Physical Society, and the American Mathematical Society.
Strogatz has been lauded for his ability as a teacher and communicator. In 1991 he was honored with the E. M. Baker Memorial Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching, MIT's only institute-wide teaching award selected and awarded solely by students. He has also won several teaching awards at Cornell, including Cornell's highest undergraduate teaching prize, the Stephen H. Weiss Presidential Fellowship (2016). At the national level, Strogatz received the JPBM Communications Award in 2007. Presented annually, this award recognizes outstanding achievement in communicating about mathematics to nonmathematicians. The JPBM represents the American Mathematical Society, the American Statistical Association, the Mathematical Association of America, and the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. In 2013 he received the AAAS Public Engagement with Science Award for "his exceptional commitment to and passion for conveying the beauty and importance of mathematics to the general public."
Strogatz was selected to be the 2009 Rouse Ball Lecturer at Cambridge and an MIT Mathematics 2011 Simons lecturer.
In 2014 he was awarded the Euler Book Prize by The Mathematical Association of America for "The Joy of x". The award citation describes the book as "a masterpiece of expository writing" and remarks that it is "directed to the millions of readers who claim they never really understood what the mathematics they studied was all about, for whom math was a series of techniques to be mastered for no apparent reason." Along with Ian Stewart, Strogatz was awarded the 2015 Lewis Thomas Prize for Writing about Science.
References
External links
Profile Edge''
Living people
1959 births
Complex systems scientists
Chaos theorists
Cornell University faculty
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Princeton University alumni
Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences alumni
Marshall Scholars
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Mathematics popularizers
Fellows of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
Loomis Chaffee School alumni
Dynamical systems theorists
Network scientists |
4781990 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stateline%20%28TV%20program%29 | Stateline (TV program) | Stateline is a television current affairs program that was produced by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. It provided analysis of state and municipal politics as well as insight into state and regional issues in a current affairs journalistic style. The program was known for its interviews with politicians, and for its coverage of important regional issues.
The program premiered on 16 February 1996 at 6pm. It moved to 7:30pm in February 2001, which resulted in The 7.30 Report being removed from Fridays.
The ABC announced in December 2010 that the state-based current affairs program Stateline would be folded into a new 7.30 brand from March 2011. The change saw 7.30 extended to five nights a week, although Friday editions were to be presented locally and focus on state affairs. The Friday state-based editions of 7.30 were eventually axed in December 2014.
Format
It was broadcast on ABC1 on Fridays at 7:30 pm (in place of The 7.30 Report), with eight separate state and territory specific editions. It was also broadcast on the new digital channel ABC2 after its launch in March 2005.
With the launch of ABC News 24 in 2010, each local version of Stateline was also broadcast nationally on the channel over the weekend.
References
External links
Official website
Stateline at the National Film and Sound Archive
ABC News and Current Affairs
Australian non-fiction television series
1996 Australian television series debuts
2011 Australian television series endings
2000s Australian television series |
4781993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%20Utilities%20Commission%20of%20Ohio | Public Utilities Commission of Ohio | The Public Utilities Commission of Ohio (PUCO) is the public utilities commission of the U.S. state of Ohio, charged with the regulation of utility service providers such as those of electricity, natural gas, and telecommunications as well as railroad safety and intrastate hazardous materials transport.
Background
Responsibilities
The Commission is responsible for:
Enforcement of laws against service deemed unfair or unsafe
Hearing disputes between utilities and residential, business, and industrial customers, as well as between competing utilities.
Assuring availability of residential, business, and industrial utility services
Providing consumers with relevant information about their rights and responsibilities
Regulating rates for utility services in which there is little to no competition (i.e. electricity and natural gas services)
Periodically creating and changing Ohio Administrative Code that is related to its mission
Acting in some manner to relate the relevant Administrative Code to the regulated and deregulated commercial utility activity
Following the move toward deregulation of retail energy during the 1990s, the Ohio legislature set forth provisions for allowing competitive retail energy suppliers, in addition to the main distribution utility companies.
In January 2018, PUCO launched an investigation to make sure benefits from the recently passed federal tax bill flow back to customers.
EPA Clean Power Plan
In February 2016, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a stay of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's "Clean Power Plan" pending judicial review. The plan is a federal program with the goal of decreasing carbon emissions from power plants. To meet its goal, the EPA created targets for reducing carbon dioxide, with the levels varying state to state. Each state must develop its own plan to meet the EPA targets, which begin in 2022.
PUCO has litigated against the Clean Power Plan on the grounds that it violates the Federal Power Act and violates states' rights. Despite the state's opposition to the plan, PUCO said that Ohio is prepared to plan for implementation of new rules and regulations in the event that the plan survives legal challenges (PUCO's Division of Air Pollution Control is responsible for the implementation). PUCO's chairman, Asim Haque, said that the commission analyzed how much the Clean Power Plan would cost Ohio consumers and that "we believe those costs to be hefty."
Net metering policy
On November 8, 2017, PUCO adopted rules that affected net metering policy. Net metering is the process by which solar homes or businesses sell back to the grid any excess energy they produce.
Ohio Consumers’ Counsel, Interstate Gas Supply, Environment Law & Policy Center, Ohio Environmental Council, Environmental Defense Fund, Natural Resources Defense Council, Vote Solar, One Energy, FirstEnergy, AEP Ohio, and The Dayton Power and Light Company filed petitions either for a rehearing or against one. PUCO decided to have a rehearing on January 10, 2018.
Commissioners
There are five commissioners (one of whom serves as chairman) as well as approximately 320 agency employees. Each commissioner is appointed by the residing governor to a five-year term. Current commissioners, and their original appointers, are:
Jenifer A. French, Chair (DeWine), through April 2024
Daniel R. Conway (Kasich), through April 2022
Dennis P. Deters (DeWine), through April 2026
Lawrence K. Friedeman (Kasich), through April 2025
John D. Williams (DeWine), through April 2028
Notes
External links
Public Utilities Commission of Ohio (PUCO)
Commissioner biographies
Apples to Apples Natural Gas and Electric Rate Comparison Charts
File an informal complaint with the PUCO
File a formal complaint with the PUCO
Ohio Utility Maps
Utility Information by Street Address
Government of Ohio
Ohio |
4782008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra%20de%20Mijas | Sierra de Mijas | The Sierra de Mijas is a mountain range in southern Spain, part of the coastal mountain range that lies behind the Costa del Sol Occidental, in Andalusia. It separates the Valle del Guadalhorce region from the Costa del Sol.
The highest point is the Pico Mijas at 1,150 metres. Geologically it is located in the inner part of the Cordillera Bética. It is traditionally divided into two sectors (Complejo alpujárride and Complejo maláguide), and is mostly composed of marble and, to a lesser extent, limestone.
Sources
Penibaetic System
Mijas |
4782025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GBR%20College | GBR College | GBR College is also known as Goluguri Bapiraju Educational Institutions located in Anaparti, East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Its MBA programme is approved by the All India Council for Technical Education.
References
Colleges in Andhra Pradesh
Universities and colleges in East Godavari district
Educational institutions in India with year of establishment missing |
4782039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Arcade%2C%20Newcastle%20upon%20Tyne | Central Arcade, Newcastle upon Tyne | The Central Arcade in Newcastle upon Tyne, England, is an Edwardian shopping arcade built in 1906 and designed by Oswald and Son, of Newcastle. It is in the Central Exchange building, which was built by Richard Grainger in 1836–38 to the designs of John Wardle and George Walker. The Central Arcade is Grade II* listed.
The Central Exchange is a triangular building which was intended to be a corn exchange but became a subscription newsroom. In 1870 the Institution for Promoting the Fine Arts converted the newsroom into an art gallery, concert hall and theatre.
This was replaced by a vaudeville theatre in 1897, but in 1901 the interior was destroyed by fire, after which the current Central Arcade was built within the walls of the original building. According to one source, the faience tiles in the arcade were produced by Rust's Vitreous Mosaics, Battersea, but a book on Burmantofts Pottery states that this arcade was their last major work in external faience in 1906.
Gallery
References
External links
Buildings and structures in Newcastle upon Tyne
Shopping arcades in England
Shopping malls established in 1906
Grade II* listed buildings in Tyne and Wear
1906 establishments in England
Triangulaire |
4782040 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3ricz%20Zsigmond%20k%C3%B6rt%C3%A9r | Móricz Zsigmond körtér | Móricz Zsigmond körtér ("Zsigmond Móricz circus") is a square in Budapest, Hungary.
Located in Újbuda, or Budapest's 11th District at the convergence of some of Budapest's major boulevards Béla Bartók út, Villányi út, Fehérvári út, and Karinthy Frigyes út, the square in close proximity to the River Danube. From 1929, the square was initially named after Miklós Horthy, but was renamed after famous Hungarian writer Zsigmond Móricz in 1945. It remains a prominent location within the city, and was a scene of fierce fighting in the 1956 Hungarian Revolution.
The main feature of the intersection is the Gomba, or Mushroom. This building, constructed in 1942 in the middle of the roundabout, featured shops as well as the electrical transformer distributing current to the significant tramway network. As it was in poor condition, the mushroom was earmarked for redevelopment in line with Budapest's cultural district and construction of the M4 metro. The building was fully renovated by the summer of 2014.
Budapest's new M4 metro has a stop at the square, as well as the 7, 27, 33, 58, 114, 213, 214, and 240 bus lines and the 6, 17, 19, 41, 47, 48, 49, 56, 56A, and 61 tram lines, the 6 tram line being the busiest tram service in Budapest (along with 4). The shopping mall Allee (toward Újbuda-központ metro station) and the square Kosztolányi Dezső tér along with its park around Feneketlen-tó ("Bottomless Lake") are available at a walking distance.
See also
Móricz Zsigmond körtér (Budapest Metro)
Széll Kálmán tér
References
Squares in Budapest
Újbuda |
4782047 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopyrum | Isopyrum | Isopyrum is a genus of flowering plants of the family Ranunculaceae native to Eurasia. The North American genus Enemion is sometimes treated as part of it.
Species
The list may not be complete or up-to-date. Many of the species formerly placed in Isopyrum are now placed in other genera of the Ranunculaceae, especially Enemion and Dichocarpum. Accepted species include:
Isopyrum anemonoides Kar. & Kir
Isopyrum ludlowii Tamura & Lauener
Isopyrum manshuricum (Komarov) Komarov ex W. T. Wang& Hsiao
Isopyrum thalictroides L.
Synonyms include:
Isopyrum arisanense (Hayata) Ohwi = Dichocarpum arisanense (Hayata) W.T.Wang & P.K.Hsiao
Isopyrum auriculatum Franch. = Dichocarpum auriculatum (Franch.) W.T.Wang & P.K.Hsiao
Isopyrum dicarpon Miq. = Dichocarpum dicarpon (Miq.) W. T. Wang & Hsiao
Isopyrum hakonense Maekawa & Tuyama ex Ohwi = Dichocarpum hakonense (Maekawa & Tuyama ex Ohwi) W.T. Wang & Hsiao
Isopyrum hallii A. Gray=Enemion hallii (A. Gray) J. R. Drumm. & Hutchinson
Isopyrum leveilleanum Nakai = Semiaquilegia adoxoides (DC.) Makino
Isopyrum nipponicum Franch. = Dichocarpum nipponicum (Franch.) W. T. Wang & Hsiao
Isopyrum numajirianum Makino = Dichocarpum numajirianum (Makino) W. T. Wang & Hsiao
Isopyrum pterigionocaudatum Koidz. = Dichocarpum nipponicum (Franch.) W. T. Wang & Hsiao
Isopyrum stoloniferum Maxim. = Dichocarpum stoloniferum (Maxim.) W. T. Wang & Hsiao
Isopyrum trachyspermum Maxim. = Dichocarpum trachyspermum (Maxim.) W. T. Wang & Hsiao
Isopyrum uniflorum Aitch. & Hemsl. = Paraquilegia uniflora (Aitch. & Hemsl.) J. Drumm. & Hutch.
References
Jepson Manual Treatment
Tropicos.org - Species of Isopyrum
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae genera |
4782083 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality%20%28disambiguation%29 | Causality (disambiguation) | Causality is the influence that connects one process or state, the cause, with another process or state, the effect, where the cause is partly responsible for the effect, and the effect is partly dependent on the cause.
Causality may also refer to:
Economics
Granger causality, a statistical hypothesis test
Causal layered analysis, a technique used in strategic planning and futures studies
Philosophy
Causal determinism
Causal theory of reference
Causalism
Causality (philosophy)
Fallacy of the single cause
Humean definition of causality
Universal causation, the proposition that everything in the universe has a cause and is thus an effect of that cause
Science and engineering
Causality (physics)
Causal sets
Causal dynamical triangulation
Causal filter
Causal perturbation theory
Causal system
Causality loop
Causal structure
Other uses
Causal-final case, a grammatical case in Hungarian and Chuvash
Causal loop diagram, infographics concept
Causal Markov condition, in mathematics
Causality (book), a 2009 book by Judea Pearl
Causality (video game), 2017 video game by Loju
See also
Casualty (disambiguation)
Causation (disambiguation)
Cause and effect (disambiguation)
Cause (disambiguation) |
4782087 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomodeum | Stomodeum | The stomodeum, also called stomatodeum or stomatodaeum, is a depression between the brain and the pericardium in an embryo, and is the precursor to the mouth and the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
Development
The mouth is developed partly from the stomodeum, and partly from the floor of the anterior portion of the fore-gut.
By the growth of the head end of the embryo, and the formation of the cephalic flexure, the pericardial area and the buccopharyngeal membrane come to lie on the ventral surface of the embryo.
With the further expansion of the brain, and the forward bulging of the pericardium, the buccopharyngeal membrane is depressed between these two prominences. This depression constitutes the stomodeum.
No trace of the membrane is found in the adult; and the communication just mentioned must not be confused with the permanent isthmus faucium.
The lips, teeth, and gums are formed from the walls of the stomodeum, but the tongue is developed in the floor of the pharynx.
History
It is from the Greek stoma- (mouth) and odaios (likeness), "which looks like a mouth".
Additional images
References
External links
Diagram at lww.com
Embryology of digestive system |
4782095 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalhorce | Guadalhorce | The Guadalhorce (from Arabic وَادِي (wādī), "river" + Latin forfex, "scissors") is the principal river of the Province of Málaga in southern Spain.
Its source is in the Sierra de Alhama in the Province of Granada, from which it drains the depression of Antequera, flowing for through southern Andalusia into the Mediterranean west of the city of Málaga. It has the greatest volume of flow of any river in the Costa del Sol region after the Guadiaro. It forms the long canyon of Desfiladero de los Gaitanes, a spectacular gorge with sheer walls towering up to in places, before continuing through the Hoya de Málaga. Over its course, it passes through the towns of Villanueva del Trabuco, Villanueva del Rosario, Archidona, Antequera, Alhaurín el Grande, Alhaurín de la Torre, Almogía, Álora, Cártama, Coín, Pizarra and Valle de Abdalajís, forming the comarca of Valle del Guadalhorce; then bifurcates shortly before it reaches the sea. A portion of the river is diverted to provide water and power to the city of Málaga. Near its mouth the remains of a Phoenician settlement were found at Cerro del Villar.
Geology
During the Miocene era, the river's valley was actually an arm of the sea that connected the waters of the Mediterranean with those of the Atlantic Ocean through the Bética depression (now the valley of the Guadalquivir). In the Pliocene, this connection was severed by the creation of the Sierra of Mijas and the Montes de Málaga, while also creating the geologically isolated Sierra of Cártama. Throughout the rest of the Pliocene, the river basin eventually took on its current form.
Tributaries
Pereilas
Río Grande
Arroyo El Valle
Nacimiento
Turón
Caballos
Guadalteba
Fahala
Campanillas
Arroyo Marín
Arroyo del Quinto
See also
List of rivers of Spain
Rivers of Spain
Rivers of Andalusia |
4782118 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falc%C3%B3n%20%28disambiguation%29 | Falcón (disambiguation) | Falcón is a state in Venezuela
Falcón may also refer to:
Places
Falcón Zulia, a historical Venezuelan state (1881–1890), often simply called Falcón State
Falcón Municipality, Cojedes, Venezuela
Falcón Municipality, Falcón, Venezuela
Falcón Reservoir / Falcón Lake, Mexico-Texas border
Falcon Dam, Mexico-Texas border
Sierra de Falcón, Venezuela
People
Ada Falcón (1905–2002), Argentine tango dancer, singer and film actress
Angelo Falcón (1951–2018), Puerto Rican political scientist
Blas María de la Garza Falcón (1712–1767), Spanish settler in North America
Henri Falcón (born 1961), Venezuelan politician
Iris Falcón (born 1973), Peruvian volleyball player
Ismael Falcón (born 1984), Spanish footballer
José Falcón (1944–1974), Portuguese bullfighter
Juan Carlos Falcón (born 1979), Argentine footballer
Juan Crisóstomo Falcón (1820–1870), President of Venezuela from 1863 to 1868
Juan Falcón (actor) (born 1965), Cuban-Chilean actor
Lidia Falcón (born 1935), Spanish writer and feminist
Miguel Falcón García-Ramos (born 1979), Spanish footballer and manager
Ramón Lorenzo Falcón (1855–1909), Argentine politician
Rodolfo Falcón (born 1972), Cuban Olympic swimmer
Rubén Falcón (born 1977), Spanish footballer
Other uses
Falcón (TV series), based on the books by Robert Wilson
See also
Falcon (disambiguation)
Falcon (surname)
nl:Falcon |
4782121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal%20Council%20of%20Churches | Federal Council of Churches | The Federal Council of Churches, officially the Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America, was an ecumenical association of Christian denominations in the United States in the early twentieth century. It represented the Anglican, Baptist, Eastern Orthodox, Lutheran, Methodist, Moravian, Oriental Orthodox, Polish National Catholic, Presbyterian, and Reformed traditions of Christianity. It merged with other ecumenical bodies in 1950 to form the present day National Council of Churches.
History
The Federal Council of Churches was founded at a convention that met at the Academy of Music in Philadelphia in May 1908. Originally the Council consisted of thirty-two denominations. By 1923, it maintained central offices at 105 East 22nd Street, New York City. It also had offices at the Woodward Building, Washington, D.C., and at 19 South La Salle Street, Chicago.
Social and political advocacy
The Federal Council of Churches was active in the Temperance and Prohibition of alcohol movements.
Additionally, the council was an organization that believed very deeply in democracy. In its statement on the nature and tasks of Christian Cooperation, the Council declared:
With the demand for industrial democracy the churches are intensely concerned, for democracy is the expression of Christianity.
The Social Creeds
"The Social Creed of the Churches" was a statement by members of the Federal Council of Churches in December 1908 against what it described as "industrial problems." The document spelled out a list of principles, including:
Equal rights and complete justice for all men in all stations of life
Protection of the worker from dangerous machinery, occupational disease, injuries, and mortality
Abolition of child labor
Regulation of the conditions of toil for women as shall safeguard the physical and moral health of the community
A living wage as a minimum in every industry
Provision for the old age of the workers and for those incapacitated by injury
Abatement of poverty
Over time the Council included additional principles, including addressing the injustice of the unequal distribution of wealth.
Critics attacked the Federal Council of Churches as a front for communism.
Member denominations
By 1923 the member denominations were as follows:
African Methodist Episcopal Church
African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church
Colored Methodist Episcopal Church in America
General Convention of the Christian Church
Christian Reformed Church in North America
Churches of God in North America (General Eldership)
Disciples of Christ
Episcopal Church
Evangelical Synod of North America
Evangelical Association
Free Baptist Church
Greek Orthodox Church
Friends
Methodist Episcopal Church
Methodist Episcopal Church, South
Methodist Protestant Church
Moravian Church
National Council of Congregational Churches
National Baptist Convention
Northern Baptist Convention
Polish National Catholic Church
Presbyterian Church in the United States of America
Presbyterian Church in the United States
Primitive Methodist Church
Reformed Church in America
Reformed Church in the United States
Reformed Episcopal Church
Reformed Presbyterian Church, General Synod
Romanian Orthodox Church
Russian Orthodox Church
Seventh Day Baptist Church
Syrian Orthodox Church
United Brethren Church
Ukrainian Orthodox Church
United Evangelical Church
United Presbyterian Church
United Lutheran Church (consultative)
Commissions
The FCC worked through a number of Commissions which addressed various social issues of the day. These included the Commission on the Church and Social Service which carried out research and education on industrial problems, the Commission on International Justice and Goodwill which stressed "Christian internationalism" and campaigned for the reduction of armaments and the Commission on Councils of Churches which worked on organizing local federations of churches in larger communities so they could be a more effect force in their neighborhoods. Other commissions included the Commission on Negro Churches and Race Relations, Commission on Evangelism, Commission on Education, Commission on Temperance, Commission on Relations with Religious Bodies in Europe and the Commission on Community Relations, which was founded in May 1923, "gives attention neighborhood programme of local churches, the housing of the community work of open churches, the social service work of local federations of Churches and represents the Protestant group in conferences of national social agencies working in communities."
References
National councils of churches
1908 establishments in Pennsylvania
Christian organizations established in 1908
Religious organizations disestablished in 1950 |
4782123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Units%20of%20energy | Units of energy | Energy is defined via work, so the SI unit of energy is the same as the unit of work – the joule (J), named in honour of James Prescott Joule and his experiments on the mechanical equivalent of heat. In slightly more fundamental terms, is equal to 1 newton metre and, in terms of SI base units
An energy unit that is used in atomic physics, particle physics and high energy physics is the electronvolt (eV). One eV is equivalent to .
In spectroscopy the unit cm−1 ≈ is used to represent energy since energy is inversely proportional to wavelength from the equation .
In discussions of energy production and consumption, the units barrel of oil equivalent and ton of oil equivalent are often used.
British imperial / US customary units
The British imperial units and U.S. customary units for both energy and work include the foot-pound force (1.3558 J), the British thermal unit (BTU) which has various values in the region of 1055 J, the horsepower-hour (2.6845 MJ), and the gasoline gallon equivalent (about 120 MJ).
Electricity
A unit of electrical energy, particularly for utility bills, is the kilowatt-hour (kWh); one kilowatt-hour is equivalent to . Electricity usage is often given in units of kilowatt-hours per year or other time period. This is actually a measurement of average power consumption, meaning the average rate at which energy is transferred. One kilowatt-hour per year is about 0.11 watts.
Natural gas
Natural gas is often sold in units of energy content or by volume. Common units for selling by energy content are joules or therms. One therm is equal to about . Common units for selling by volume are cubic metre or cubic feet. Natural gas in the US is sold in therms or 100 cubic feet (100 ft3 = 1 Ccf). In Australia, natural gas is sold in cubic metres. One cubic metre contains about 38 megajoules. In the most of the world, natural gas is sold in gigajoules.
Food industry
The calorie is defined as the amount of thermal energy necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1 Celsius degree, from a temperature of , at a pressure of . For thermochemistry a calorie of is used, but other calories have also been defined, such as the International Steam Table calorie of . In many regions, food energy is measured in large calories or kilocalories equalling , sometimes written capitalized as . In the European Union, food energy labeling in joules is mandatory, often with calories as supplementary information.
Atom physics and chemistry
In physics and chemistry, it is common to measure energy on the atomic scale in the non-SI, but convenient, units electronvolts (eV). 1 eV is equivalent to the kinetic energy acquired by an electron in passing through a potential difference of 1 volt in a vacuum. It is common to use the SI magnitude prefixes (eg milli- , mega- etc) with electronvolts. Because of the relativistic equivalence between mass and energy, the eV is also sometimes used as a unit of mass. The Hartree (the atomic unit of energy) is commonly used in the field of computational chemistry since such units arise directly from the calculation algorithms without any need for conversion. Historically Rydberg units have been used.
Spectroscopy
In spectroscopy and related fields it is common to measure energy levels in units of reciprocal centimetres. These units (cm−1) are strictly speaking not energy units but units proportional to energies, with being the proportionality constant.
Explosions
A gram of TNT releases upon explosion. To define the tonne of TNT, this was standardized to giving a value of for the tonne of TNT.
See also
Energy consumption
Conversion of units of temperature
Conversion of units of energy, work, or amount of heat
Kilokaiser
List of unusual units of measurement
Maximum demand indicator
Orders of magnitude (energy)
erg
Foe (unit)
References
Conversion of units of measurement |
4782127 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split%20the%20Country%2C%20Split%20the%20Street | Split the Country, Split the Street | Split the Country, Split the Street is Kevin Devine's third studio album. It was released in 2005, being the second of two albums released on Triple Crown Records. It is the first solo record released after Kevin was no longer in Miracle of 86 (a band in which he was the lead singer). The album features more rock oriented songs with fuller band arrangements than his previous two releases, and was produced by Chris Bracco, Mike Skinner & Kevin Devine.
Kevin said of the album: "Split the Country was done after the band [Miracle of 86] broke up, like the hangover from that. It was more bi-polar: aggressive rock songs with fuller instrumentation, but also songs with violins and glockenspiel or just a guy with a guitar."
Despite the break, the album features former Miracle of 86 member Mike Robertson on guitar for three songs.
Early versions of "Haircut" and "Probably" feature on the Travelling the EU EP.
The German record label, Defiance Records, released a double LP set with both Split the Country, Split the Street and Kevin's previous album, Make the Clocks Move.
In a 2011 interview with Triple Crown Records' founder Fred Feldman, when asked about a possible re-issue of Split the Country, Split the Street, he responded with "We’re going to do the other Kevin Devine record [Split the Country, Split the Street] as well". The re-issue was released on November 20, 2012 on CD and LP with two bonus tracks, new artwork and new liner notes by Kevin and Matt Pinfield.
Track listing
"Cotton Crush" – 3:30 featuring Jesse Lacey
"Afterparty" – 3:48 featuring Jesse Lacey
"No Time Flat" – 4:18
"Keep Ringing Your Bell" – 3:09
"No One Else's Problem" – 2:39 featuring Jesse Lacey
"Buried by the Buzz" – 3:38
"Haircut" – 3:29
"Probably" – 3:58
"Alabama Acres" – 4:35
"Yr Damned Ol' Dad" – 2:35
"The Shift Change Splits the Streets" – 3:36
"You Are the Daybreak" – 2:33
"Lord, I Know We Don't Talk" – 5:34
"Bruise in a Brushwash"* - 3:29
"Order in the Court"* - 4:39
* "Bruise in a Brushwash" and "Order in the Court" are bonus tracks on the 2012 re-issue.
References
Kevin Devine albums
2005 albums
Triple Crown Records albums
Defiance Records albums |
4782139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Laboratory%20of%20Art%20and%20Ideas%20at%20Belmar | The Laboratory of Art and Ideas at Belmar | The Laboratory of Art and Ideas at Belmar was a contemporary art institution located in Lakewood, a suburb on the western boundary of Denver, Colorado. Founded by Executive Director Adam Lerner, The Lab at Belmar was a mixed-use residential and commercial urban neighborhood located in Lakewood. Operating in a storefront in Belmar since May 2004, The Lab opened in a dedicated space at Belmar in fall 2006. In March 2009 The Lab merged with MCA Denver (Museum of Contemporary Art Denver), and Adam Lerner became Director of MCA Denver. In May 2009 the Belmar location was closed and its programming was integrated into MCA Denver.
History
An institution dedicated to art and thought, combining elements of museum, think tank, and public forum, The Lab at Belmar was conceived as a space for the public to engage with artists and scholars, and to advance discussion of and experimentation with issues related to contemporary culture. Programs at The Lab included exhibitions and several lecture series, music performances, and other public programs.
In fall 2006 The Lab launched its full program in an space adjacent to Belmar's central open-air Plaza. Architect Hagy Belzberg of Belzberg Architects of Santa Monica, California was selected to design The Lab's new home. In keeping with The Lab's dual role as gallery and community space, Belzberg adapted the building to allow for a range of visitor experiences.
The Lab at Belmar began as a collaboration between Continuum Partners, the developers of Belmar, and the Denver Art Museum, where Adam Lerner was formerly Master Teacher for Modern and Contemporary Art. Lerner and Lewis Sharp, Director of the Denver Art Museum, worked together to develop The Lab as a center for experimental programming. The Lab was guided by an advisory committee of scholars, museum professionals, and artists.
Exhibitions
In fall 2006 The Lab launched its exhibitions program with Fantôme Afrique, a three-screen film installation by British artist Isaac Julien. This was the work's United States debut. The Lab was one of three institutions to commission the work, along with the Pompidou Center in Paris and the Ellipse Foundation in Portugal. Julien is Britain's preeminent black filmmaker, as well as an artist, writer, and scholar known for exploring the relationship between history and visual pleasure.
Shot in Africa, Fantôme Afrique incorporates archival footage from early colonial expeditions and African political history. Inspired by French author André Gide’s 1925 expedition to Africa with his filmmaker companion Marc Allégret, the film presents dance, architecture and the cinematic milieu itself to explore the creative possibilities that emerge at the point of interaction between local and global culture.
In spring 2007 Liam Gillick organized an exhibition and design an environment featuring a selection of films and videos made by Americans documenting their personal stories. Gillick collaborated with professional folklorists and ethnographers to produce and exhibit a range of material which included home movies, oral histories, video testimonials or other forms of amateur and professional documentation of individual stories.
Programs
The Lab’s public lecture series fostered interactive experiences that explore contemporary art and culture.
“Mixed Taste: Tag Team Lectures on Unrelated Topics” brought together topics and ideas that are typically found in separate fields. The lecture series paired, for example, the Curator of African Art at the Denver Art Museum with a wholesale sake distributor, and a professional film critic with a bird store owner.
The “School of Music Reform” was an experimental performance and discussion program designed to connect the general public with music. Each program focused on a single composer and performer and included a presentation of a piece of music followed by performances that offered new forms or variations of the original work. A magician, preacher, barber shop quartet, and other guest performers were brought in to help relate concepts such as rhythm, repetition, and improvisation. Topics included the music of Charles Mingus, Philip Glass, Terry Riley, Laurie Anderson, Frank Zappa, and Björk.
“Mishugas! Appreciating Contemporary Art and Things You Learn From Aunt Miriam” was a didactic lecture series led by Adam Lerner and inspired by videotaped interviews with his aunt, Miriam Edelman. The series combined slides with lectures to introduce audiences to contemporary art and the history of ideas.
The Lab also hosted a series of classes and workshops teaching specific craft skills by the Denver chapter of the Church of Craft. These workshops created a gathering place for people to engage with local artists and craft professionals on projects.
References
External links
The Lab at Belmar (archive)
MCA Denver
Colorado culture
Buildings and structures in Lakewood, Colorado
Art museums and galleries in Colorado
Art galleries established in 2004
Art galleries disestablished in 2009
2004 establishments in Colorado
2009 disestablishments in Colorado |
4782141 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calum%20Kennedy | Calum Kennedy | Calum Kennedy (born as Malcolm Martin Kennedy; June 2, 1928 – April 15, 2006) was a Scottish singer who performed in both English and Scottish Gaelic.
Biography
Kennedy was born in Orinsay, a small crofting village on the Isle of Lewis. In 1955, he won a gold medal at the Aberdeen Mòd, singing in Scottish Gaelic. His first major success outside Scotland was his winning of the World Ballad Championship in Moscow in 1957.
He had his own television program, and was voted "Grampian TV Personality of the Year". He was married to another Mòd gold medalist, Anne Gillies, who died in 1974. He wore tartan on his LP covers.
One of his highest performing recordings is titled Islands of Scotland and was recorded for the Decca Ace of Clubs label in the early 1960s. This contains a version of "Land o' Heart's Desire" among other fine songs in English. He is particularly well known for his version of the Gaelic song 'Mo Mhathair'.
The BBC produced a program in the early 1980s called Calum Kennedy's Commando Course, which documented a disastrous tour around the Scottish Highlands in an old bus. As more and more of his cast left the tour, a red marker pen was shown erasing them from a promotional poster. Kennedy was not happy about this program being shown, as he felt it ridiculed him, but it has since gone down as a piece of classic television. He died at age 77, in Aberdeen Scotland on the 15th of April 2006.
Personal life
Kennedy's daughter Fiona is also a singer and was for a time co-host with Roy Castle of the long-running BBC children's series Record Breakers. His granddaughter is model and actress Sophie Kennedy Clark. Kennedy owned Leethland House, Glenpatrick Road, and Elderslie which, since a fire, has been left in ruins. Calum had five other daughters besides Fiona: Kirsteen, Morag, Morven, and Deirdre from his first marriage (to Ann Gilles), and Eilidh from his second marriage with Christine Kennedy.
External links
obituary by Brian Wilson
Beltona Record Company (A Scottish website featuring Calum's recordings)
Biography, Photos and Obituary at About Aberdeen
Calum Kennedy CDs
1928 births
2006 deaths
20th-century Scottish male singers
People from the Isle of Lewis
Scottish Gaelic singers |
4782159 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahore | Ahore | Ahore or Ahor (Aavar) is a city in the Jalore District of the Indian state of Rajasthan. Strategically located at intersection of Sanderao-Jalore and Jalore-Jodhpur Highway and is a great commercial hub catering to almost all nearby villages and towns. Nearby Railway Stations are Jalore (18 kms), Falna (50 km) and Jodhpur (120 km) and Jodhpur has an Airport too. The Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha Constituency is Ahore itself.
Geography
It is located 18km east of Jalore on NH 325 between Jalore and Sanderao. It is the headquarters of the tehsil of the same name.
This town can be found at the intersection that connects Jalore, the District Headquarters, and Jodhpur, a major city.
The Ahor tehsil has 41 Gram Panchayats. The Gram Panchayats are: Agawari, Ahore, Aipura, Ajeetpura, Bala, Bankli, Badanwari, Bavadi, Bhadrajun, Bhawrani, Bhanswara, Bhooti, Bhorda, Bithuda, Chandra, Charali, Chavarcha, Chunda, Dayalpura, Dodiyali, Ghana, Guda Balotan, Harji, Kamdba, Kanwla, Kavarada, Nimbla, Norwa, Nosra, Padarali, Panchota, Paota, Raithal, Rama, Rodla, Sankarna, Sedria, Shankhwali, Sugalia Jodha, Thanwala, Umedpur, Valadara and Vediya.
Demographics
Ahore has a population of 2,39,642 peoples, out of which urban population is 16,867 while rural population is 2,22,775 according to census in 2011.
Culture
Jainism
The city is the birthplace of Indian Jain scholar Muni Jayanandvijay. The centre of Jain books and literature, known as Gyan-Bhandar, was established there by Jain Acharya Rajendrasuri. The town has eight Jain temples, one of which was Godi Parshvanath Jain Mandir, which had its pratishtha done under the guidance of Shri Acharya Rajendrasuri Maharaaj.
The temple of Shree Vimal Nath Swami is in the center of Ahor. Shree Kalyan Vijajji Mahajsaheb created the pratishtha of this temple. A temple of Srimad Rajchandra of Agasashram is there. One of grand temple of Lord Paras Nath called Parshwdi. Vimal Nath Ji is one of the historical temples in Ahor and recently the pratishtha of a beautiful marble statue of Sri Kalyan Vijayji Maharaj, a Jain saint was built in this temple. Shantinathji is the oldest temple in Ahor and one of its kind in India. it is considered one of the tirth for the Jain community.
Bhata Gair
Ahor was famous for Bhata Gair, a ceremony which, until 2004, took place during the festival of Holi. As a rule, only those born in Ahor were allowed to participate. In this ritual, people were divided into two teams, one that consumed alcohol and the other that did not, and they were separated with a fence in between. The aim was to cross the fence, and the team who crossed the fence wins. When one player attempted to cross the fence, the members of the other team would throw stones and attack the player who the player which was crossing the fence with bamboo sticks. The ceremony was ended by the administration due to its dangerous nature.
Chamunda Mata Mandir
Locals believe that a statue of Chamunda Mata (Hindu Goddess) appeared from an old pond called Daki nada (Evil Pond) when a potter was digging for clay in the pond. That Chunda / Chamunda Mata statue was put in the mandir now known as Chamunda Mata Mandir.
Sureshawar Mandir
The famous Sureshawar Mandir (Lord Shiva Temple) can be found on Aesrana Hill. The temple is about 10km away from Ahor and is near Pandgara Village.
Karni Mata Temple
The famous temple of Karni Mata at Sanwara is 2km from Ahor.
Economy
Ahor is known for Suthar's steel handicraft and grill, railing and steel gate designs dedicated to temples. An estimated 35 steel handicraft workshops operate in Ahor. Their steel handicrafts can be seen across India. Ahor is also famous for its beautiful Mojari (a type of footwear) made of leather.
References
Cities and towns in Jalore district
Tehsils of Jalore district |
4782171 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JS%20Kabylie | JS Kabylie | Jeunesse Sportive de Kabylie (in Kabyle: Ilemẓiyen inaddalen n leqbayel, in Tamazight: ⵉⵍⵎⵣⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵠⴰⵢⵍ), known as JS Kabylie or JSK, is an Algerian professional football club based in Tizi Ouzou, Kabylia. The club is named after the cultural, natural and historical region that is home to the Kabyle Berber people speaking Kabyle (the letters ⵊ ⵙ ⴽ on the badge are Tifinagh letters for JSK). The club was founded in 1946 and its colours are yellow and green. Their home stadium, 1 November 1954 Stadium, has a capacity of 25,000 spectators. The club is currently playing in the Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1.
JS Kabylie is the most successful Algerian club at the national level having won the Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1 title 14 times (record in Algeria), the Algerian Cup five times, the Algerian League Cup once and the Algerian Super Cup once. It is the only Algerian club that has never been relegated to the second division with 55 seasons in the row at the high level since the 1969–1970 season. He is elected as the best Algerian club of the 20th century.
JS Kabylie is also the most successful Algerian club at the African level having won a number of African titles, including the most prestigious African competition CAF Champions League twice in 1981 and 1990, the African Cup Winners' Cup once in 1995, the CAF Cup three times in 2000, 2001 and 2002 and the first ever African Super Cup once in 1982 during the Tournament of Fraternity.
JS Kabylie has a total of 28 official trophies (record in Algeria).
On the African level, JS Kabylie is the most successful Algerian club, but also the one which has played the most African competitions matches and the only club of three in Africa to have won the three different African competitions before 2005 (CAF Champions League, African Cup Winners' Cup and CAF Cup). It is also the only club of two in Africa to win an African competition three times in a row which is a record. According to CAF, this performance ranks the club among the ten best African clubs of the 20th century (9th place) and the IFFHS considers JS Kabylie to be one of the best African clubs of the previous century, occupying the 7th place in its ranking all eras combined. In Africa, JS Kabylie is the 6th most successful club.
History
1929–1946: The beginnings of the club
In the 1920s, young Kabyles who played football in the streets of the city of Tizi-Ouzou organized a mini inter-district championship under the leadership of Ahmed Astouati. Each district of the upper town (the indigenous town, taddart or tribe) had its team; participated in this tournament, young people from the districts of Aïn Hallouf, Tazegourt, Ihammoutène, Zellal and Tabnahlit. It is from these neighborhoods that a group of young people will emerge who aspired to the creation of a football club different from the Olympique de Tizi-Ouzou, a club created by the Europeans of Algeria. These young people formed a neighborhood selection made up of brothers Mesbahi Saïd and Ramdane, brothers Sebti Samir and Sofiane and brothers Rafaï Mohamed and Hocine, Harchaoui Omar, Zemirli Saïd, Souibes Rabah, Loukab Mohamed, Mekacher Amar, Boussad Ouamar, Mammar Mohamed, cousins Hammoutène Abderezak and Mohamed, Belhadj Khelifa, Chabaraka Ahmed, Assas Hocine, grouped around their dean Chikhaoui Mohamed Seghir then aged twenty, to create a sports society in order to participate in an official championship.
The Rapid Club of Tizi-Ouzou (1929–1932)
From the beginning of the year 1929 and after many difficulties, the young Kabyles who had come together to form a sports association, managed to finalize and file their status. The sports company called Rapid Club de Tizi-Ouzou was born, the name of the association was borrowed from the Austrian club Rapid Vienne, as well as its colors: green and white. The declaration of the association also appears in the JORF. For the costs of commitments to the championship of the season 1929–1930 and the purchase of equipment, each member brought back his own equipment (shoes, stockings, shorts). As for the jerseys and the expenses, they were the object of a quest from their parents, allies and friends and from certain notables of the village. The football was bought and graciously donated by Chikhaoui Mohamed Seghir, team captain.
The first season was very difficult not from the point of view of sporting results but from a financial point of view. The money was sorely lacking, it was then that they were aware that they could not get by on their own; they got in touch with personalities of the city able to bring them a financial help and a representativeness near the administration to have a possible subsidy and certain facilities of access to the municipal stadium for the drives. This is how they entrusted their association to Nouri Mohamed Saïd;nj elected president and to Derridj Idir and Kezzoul Ahmed in charge of finance and administration. The functions of assessor are occupied by the players themselves responsible in particular for the equipment and the organization. Belhadj Khelifa and Chikhaoui Mohamed Seghir are in charge of the technical aspect (coaches).
The 1930–1931 season was full of promise, the sporting results were encouraging; the young people and the association were starting to be talked about in the region. This beginning of notoriety aroused some questions among the leaders of the OTO who were not long in manifesting themselves during the 1931–1932 season. They approached the leaders of the RCTO in order to integrate them into the ranks of the OTO while showing interest in certain players. Finally no longer being able to support themselves with their derisory means, the young people of the Rapid could not ensure the start of the 1932–1933 season and had to forfeit and dissolve their sports society. Faced with the insistence and threats of the leaders of the OTO and some local elected officials, some players joined the OTO, others the Jeunesse Sportive Isserville-Les Issers, while others again put an end to their adventure.
Sidi Said Hanafi's attempt (1942–1943)
It was not until ten years after the dissolution of the Rapid Club of Tizi-Ouzou that there was talk of the creation of an "indigenous" football club in the city of Tizi-Ouzou, following the installation of Master Sidi Saïd Hanafi, criminal lawyer, in the rue Saint-Eustache in 1942. His meeting with some nationalist personalities who gathered at the bookseller Keddache Youcef, made it possible to relaunch the project of creation of a sports society, called Association Sportive de Kabylie (ASK) representing the whole region, replacing the former Rapid society which had lacked the support of its leaders. The idea began to take shape and Sidi Saïd Hanafi was given the task of initiating the procedure for creating the sports company by preparing the statutes and compiling an approval file. Former Rapid and OTO players were approached to be part of the new company, but following the death of Sidi Hanafi in July 1943, the project fell apart. stopped.
The project was taken over by a group of former Olympique de Tizi-Ouzou players, who attempted to complete the affiliation arrangements players.
The massacres of Sétif, Guelma and Kherrata jeopardized this project: less than a week later, on , an order was promulgated in which a prohibition on any Muslim from creating an association and to come together is imposed. Indeed, nationalist militants from the Comité d'Action Révolutionnaire Nord-Africain had infiltrated the various cultural and sports associations to promote the idea of independence, following the events that occurred in Setif. The fear was then that it would immediately be assimilated to a plot aimed at state security. Finally, in order to calm things down, on the ban on Muslims creating associations was lifted: with this gesture the French administration tried to restore order and ease tensions within the country.
The creation of the Sports Youth of Kabylia (1946)
During the year 1946, the union section of the CGT of Tizi Ouzou launched the project to create a football club in the corporate setting. Alongside this initiative, some young "natives" from the same locality who practice this sport and are interested in the project, jump at the chance to speed up the process. Contacts were very quickly made and a few meetings were thus organized at the CGT headquarters, chaired by Hamouda Abbas with the sponsorship of Saadi Ouakli, a retired former school principal and president of the district's veterans. The latter, well known and respected by the colonial authorities, was often called upon to chair conciliation meetings or meetings of civil society on the right or on the left. The colonial authorities did not lend too much interest to these groupings for union purposes and the creation of a football team within the corporative framework did not risk any inconvenience.
At the end of the last meeting held at the headquarters of the CGT with the aim of finalizing the project by preparing the statutes with the constitution of the first general assembly of the club, a questioning of the objective of the creation of the new sports society divided the leaders and the young people. Indeed, the latter proposed rather the affiliation of the future company to the FFFA instead of making it a corporate team. This discrepancy angered Abbas, who threatened to withdraw and at the same time to deprive the future sports association of its domicile as well as the elements of the CGT. Nevertheless, after a final debate, he invited all the actors present to finalize the preparation of the constitution of the sports society and to leave the choice of the objective to the members of the assembly.
On 29 July 1946, the session is chaired by Abbas Hamouda, member of the CGT.
Were present :
CGT members: Abbas Hamouda, Hamoutène Rabah, Oumerzouk Mohamed, Saadi Ouakli;
members of civil society: Mohamed Seghir dit Dris, Rezki Bournane dit Diouani, Mohamed Saïd Nouri, Khelifa Belhadj, Ali Benslama, Boualem Iratni, Ramdane Kara, Amar Berdjani, Saïd Amirouche, Saïd Zemirli, Rezki Belhocine, Saïd Tabti, Meziane Aouchiche, Saïd Cherdioui, Mohamed Hamouche, Dahmane Khelfi, Rezki Zeggaoui, Akli Mezbout, Saïd Hassoun, Mohamed Saheb, Mohamed Amirouche, Mohamed Rafaï, Hocine Rafaï, Saïd Mesbahi, Ramdane Mesbahi, Omar Harchaoui, Lounès Harchaoui, Ali Stambouli, Ali Bouzar.
On the eve of the month of Ramadan of the year 1946, it is at the café called "La Jeunesse Sportive" located rue de l'ancienne poste held by Mohamed Seghir Baïlèche dit Dris and Rezki Bournane dit Diouni, that the invitations of the members of the constituent general assembly were grouped together and distributed by Saïd Amirouche, Ali Benslama, Boualem Iratni and Ali Stambouli. On Monday coinciding with the start of Ramadan, the majority of those invited showed up at the meeting at the CGT headquarters despite some absentees who were excused because of professional obligations. or family.
After a debate, the members present agreed on the creation of an omnisports civil society within the civil framework representing the youth of Kabylia. Thus the sports association would bear the name of Jeunesse Sportive de Kabylie (JSK) after having rejected those of "Association Sportive de Kabylie" and "Union Sportive Musulmane de Tizi-Ouzou", and the colors retained are green and red. Affiliation would be with the FFFA in the civilian context and two teams (senior and reserve) would be involved in competitions.
Among the members of the CGT present at this meeting, Hamouda Abbas who wanted to make the club a sports company with a corporate purpose and therefore an affiliation to the FSGT, signified his disagreement and the withdrawal of his institution. This resulted in the refusal of domiciliation of the new sports company at the headquarters of the CGT. Mohamed Seghir Baïleche offered his commercial premises to house the headquarters of the new association while waiting to find something better, and so the "Café de la Jeunesse" served as a gathering place for the JSK. A few days later, on , the club is officially founded as an association whose decision is published in the edition of the Official Journal of the French Republic published on on page 7348; as well as to the FFFA under number 8153.
The year 1946 therefore saw the beginnings of the club in competition at Tizi Ouzou at the Arsène Weinmann Stadium, which began in a particular context because it was the first season since the end of World War II, after years of regional criteriums.
1946–1955: The debut in the Algiers Football League
The beginning: JSK in the third division (1946–1947)
The 1946–1947 season of the Ligue d'Alger de Football Association was a pivotal season. This marked the end of the critériums de guerre for a return to normal; but also the entry into the running of the JSK in sports competition. In order to understand the sporting beginnings of the club, it is useful to recall a little the particular sporting context of the league at the start of the season. Indeed, the "Bureau of the League" at a meeting in August 1946 and after careful consideration decided on the following arrangements for the organization of the season. First of all, in order to break definitively with these criteria of war, the Bureau reconsidered the situation of all the existing clubs before the war and decided on the composition of the divisions with the newcomers of which the JSK is a part. The Office of the League of Algiers therefore decided on the composition of each of the divisions; i.e. ten clubs in the Honor Division, eighteen clubs in the First Division (two groups of nine); sixteen Second Division clubs; as for the Third Division: all other clubs.
The club, affiliated with the FFFA, made its entry into the history of Algerian football. As provided for in the regulations, the JSK is integrated into the third division of the Algiers League, the equivalent of the Algerian seventh division. During its first season of existence, the club finished 3rd in its championship, which allowed it to move up to the second division of the Algiers league.
The assured maintenance: the JSK in the second division (1947–1948)
During the 1947–1948 season, the JSK maintained it.
The narrowly missed accession (1948–1949)
In 1948–1949, the club managed to win its group and therefore qualified for the inter-group play-offs in order to reach the second division. Qualified along with Widad Adabi Boufarik, GS Hydra and OM Saint-Eugénois, the JSK must avoid the last place of this pool in order to move up to the first division of Algiers. By losing in each of its three games, the JSK does not reach the next level and therefore remains in the second division of Algiers.
The JSK champion of the second division (1949–1950)
The following season, the club still wins the title of group champion which allows it to reach the same stage as last season. This time the club finished first in its pool (1 win and 1 draw) and was crowned champion. The JSK therefore reaches division one.
The confrontation with the Olympic Tizi Ouzou : the JSK in the first division (1950–1951)
The first season in the 1st division of Algiers ended with a second place in the league, which allowed the club to compete in the play-offs which were ultimately unsuccessful.
The withdrawal of Saâdi Ouakli (1951–1952)
A new generation of players (1952–1953)
The missed chance with the elite (1953–1954)
The JSK in honor promotion (1954–1955)
Two seasons without relief followed, before the rise in the pre-honor category obtained during the 1953–1954 season thanks to the title of champion of division one.
1955–1962 : Withdrawal of the JSK from all sports competitions
Algeria's war of independence led to the interruption of all sports competitions. On May 13, 1956, at the request of the FLN, all the Algerian associations ceased to participate in the official competitions of the 3 regional leagues: the JSK stopped its activities. During the freezing of sports activities advocated by the FLN between 1956 and 1962, the JSK went into the back burner until independence in 1962.
The JSK taking part in the struggle for the independence of Algeria : the martyrs of the club (1956–1962)
Several JSK players died during the Algerian War. From the 1956–1957 season, all the Muslim clubs put their associations to sleep and froze their participation in the various championships which took place throughout the Algerian territory. At the end of 1956, war was everywhere and the JSK, like all Muslim clubs, would not take part in the various championships for the 1956–1957 season or the following ones. All have put their sports companies to sleep by declaring a general package. Only colonial (European) clubs took part in the championships.
In Tizi-Ouzou, the Olympic resumed its activities, some Muslim elements stopped their activities and joined the ranks of the FLN organization and its armed branch the ALN in the same way as some JSK players.
Many members of the JSK: leaders, players and supporters were militants of the National Liberation Front like the secretary general, Mohamed Baïlèche, who was responsible for political and military Tizi-Ouzou. Several of them will join the ranks of the National Liberation Army for the independence of Algeria. Many of them will die in combat, some with arms in their hands, others under torture, or under the guillotine.
The return to competition (1962–1963)
In the aftermath of independence in Algeria, sports associations return to the field where several friendly tournaments are organized in order to prepare for the resumption of competitions. On September 16, 1962, the representatives of the regional leagues (Oran, Algiers and Constantine) met at the headquarters of the Algiers league to discuss the launch and organization of football competitions across the national territory, pending the installation of a national federation. They agree to launch a first large-scale championship, where each league organizes its championship bringing together all the existing Algerian clubs. Those who evolved during the colonial era in the first four levels (Honour Division, Honor Promotion, 1st Division and 2nd Division) form the Honor Criterium; all the others as well as the new affiliated clubs form the Regional Criterium, a kind of second level, with the aim of creating a hierarchy of football. The JSK belonging to the central region, whose football is governed by the League of Algiers, therefore disputes the Criterium Honor of the central region during the 1962–1963 season.
The draw places JSK in Group I of this region along with nine other clubs, where only the first has the opportunity to play the final tournament of the region (with the winners of the other groups) and then possibly the national tournament if he qualifies. JSK finally finished the season in second place in Group I, although tied behind MC Alger on goal difference, following an honorable run of which they were winter champions. The latter played in the regional tournament and lost to USM Algiers. The final national tournament taking place in Algiers, the winner of the central region and his runner-up are therefore both qualified. Finally, we find the two representatives of the central region in the final of the competition and it is once again the USMA which wins against the MCA, making it the first Algerian football champion.
In the Algerian football cup, which is also the first edition, the final victory goes to ES Sétif who win two goals to nil against ES Mostaganem. JSK, meanwhile, stopped in the fourth round of the competition against Stade Guyotville, defeated by the rule of the first goal scored, while the match ended in a draw of three goals everywhere.
Workforce rejuvenation (1963–1964)
After a complex first season in terms of organization, Algerian football experienced a major change in the organization of its competitions for the 1963–1964 season. This proceeds to the establishment of a new division called "Honour Division" abandoning the complex system of regional criteria. A new hierarchy of Algerian football appears, which is then composed of five levels which are the championships of the Honor Division, the Honor Promotion, the 1st division, the 2nd division and the 3rd division. The determination of the Honor Division group is based on the rankings obtained by the clubs in the different groups during the group stage of the previous season. Thus we have for the center group of the Honor Division the first, second and third of each of the five groups of the Criterium Honor last season, plus a team drawn from the play-offs at the end of a tournament. JSK, having finished second in its group last year, is therefore qualified to compete in this new format. In addition, the system of maintenance and relegation as it had been stopped, will allow for this second season, to have a championship in the round trip phase consisting of: a group of sixteen clubs for the central region, a group of seventeen clubs for the western region and two groups of eight clubs each for the eastern region which is responsible for organizing the final tournament. At the end of the competition, the winners of each of the four groups (the Eastern region having two groups), compete for the title of Algerian football champion, which takes place in Constantine. The leaders of the JSK appeal to a former glory of the club, Hassoun Saïd to succeed Hassan Hammoutène and take over the reins of the team. He advocates the policy of rejuvenating the workforce and integrates the club's ex-juniors, namely Djaffar Harouni, Ferhat Merad, Smaïl Karamani and Aziz Tamine. Other players from elsewhere are: Rabah Ziane, Ramdane Djezzar and Yahia Ouahabi, complete the arrivals in the workforce.
This inexperienced youth started the season timidly and recorded three draws and one defeat for its first four games of the season. At the end of the first leg, the first results are mixed since JSK find themselves in eleventh place in the standings with six draws, five defeats and only four wins. The return phase is much better, the team plays better and records this time, six wins, five draws and four defeats. She even allows herself to hang on her list of winners a prestigious victory against the reigning Algerian champion USMA and another against a serious contender for the title NAHD, later crowned winner of the Center group. Finally the young players of the JSK manage to stay in the middle of the ranking and end the season in eighth place, something to hope for better for the future. NA Hussein Dey, first in the standings, represents the central region in the national tournament but is defeated in the final by USM Annaba with a score of one goal to nil, thus succeeding USM Algiers. In the Algerian Cup, ES Sétif did it again and kept the trophy by winning the final against MO Constantine with a score of two goals to one. As for the JSK, its journey ends at the same stage as last year, that is to say in the fourth round of the competition defeated one goal to nil by ESM Algiers.
Learning and development of the club (1964–1965)
The 1964–1965 season saw the appearance of a new competition system with the creation of the National Division. After the first two seasons of regional championships followed by a final national tournament, the leaders of Algerian football decided to create a national elite grouping together the first four in the classification of the Center and West groups of the Honor Division during the 1963 season. 1964 and the first two of each of the two East groups. Added to this are promotion play-offs for teams that finished fifth in the Center and West groups and third and fourth in the two East groups, giving a total of sixteen teams to make up the elite. JSK, having finished last season in eighth place, cannot claim to join the elite for this season. It remains in the Honor Division which then becomes the second level in the new hierarchy of Algerian football.
Coach Hassoun Saïd is not taking over the technical management of the club this season to resume his position as leader and follow the progress of the team. The one who took the responsibility of trusting the young people of the club gave way to the new Hungarian coach Guela Leneïr whom the club management went to seek to supervise this new generation. The latter imports a European innovation in the design and organization of training. He had a wall built on which squares are drawn to improve the accuracy of passes and shots on goal, and before starting training he drove stakes on the sideline allowing players to do slaloms with or without balls. These new changes did not take long to show convincing results since the young people of JSK finished the first leg of the Honor Division championship in first place with ten wins for two draws and only one defeat. Unfortunately during the return phase, although the results of the JSK remain correct, it plummets to third place in the standings following its defeat two goals to nil against the WAB, a place it did not leave until at the end of the season. The RCK is finally crowned champion of the Honor Division for the Center region and reaches the National Division; Next in the standings are OMR, second in the standings, one point behind the leader, and JSK third, five points behind. In the Algerian Cup, it stops in the fifth round of the competition by losing heavily four goals to one against CR Belcourt, in an edition which saw MC Saïda winner of the trophy in the final against ES Mostaganem who lost for the second time at this stage of the competition.
Confirmation of young recruits (1965–1966)
Shortly before the start of the 1965–1966 season, the Hungarian technician Leïner, who had brought rigor and discipline to the team last year, decided not to renew his contract. The president of the club Hassan Hamoutène who had officiated during the first post-independence season as a coach, therefore resumes service in order to ensure the interim. During the period of friendly matches, JS Kabylie is invited to a tournament organized by OM Ruisseau, which it wins. For this season, the Center group of the Honor Division is made up of the OMR, downgraded champion of the past season in favor of the RCK and are added two old acquaintances of the JSK, namely the MCA and the USMA who demote of the National. JSK started the season with three draws and two wins and ended the first leg in fourth place in the standings behind USMA, WAB and MCA who monopolized the first three places in the standings. During the return phase, the JSK recorded uneven results and never won against the top three in the standings; a defeat against the WAB on the score of three goals to one on the occasion of the twenty-second day of the championship and another against the USMA on the score of four goals on the occasion of the twenty-seventh daytime. She managed to share the best points at home against MCA, three goals everywhere while she was leading three goals to two with one minute remaining. Finally, the team finished the season in fifth place in the standings with the satisfaction of having been able to stay in a very strong group in the Honor Division. For the record the USMA and the MCA which finish in the first two places do not reach the National Division but in a new level of Algerian football the National II. In the Algerian Cup, CR Belcourt won the trophy for the first time against RC Kouba, an edition which saw JS Kabylie lose at the stage of the 32nd finals against their pet peeve WA Boufarik with a score of two goals to nil.
Under the direction of Abderrahmane Defnoun (1966–1967)
In 1966, Algerian football changed and experienced a new hierarchy of its elite with the creation of a level below the National Division, called National II. This is made up of the top two from each of the Honor Division groups plus the four teams relegated from the National Division last year. JSK, having finished the previous year in fifth place in the ranking, cannot claim to be part of it and remains once again in the Center group of the Honor Division which then becomes the third level in the new hierarchy of Algerian football. New leaders joined the management committee of the JSK, which then had five sports sections (Athletics, Basketball, Boxing, Football and now Volleyball). Omar Bouzar, a former Tizi-Ouzou Olympique player, becomes the manager of the JSK football section. He will convince Abderrahmane Defnoun, the former defender of SCO Angers and the FLN football team, to leave the NAHD team of which he was the coach, in order to take charge of that of the JSK. For its first match of the season, JSK moves on the field of Hydra AC which defeats it with the score of three goals to zero. Nevertheless, reservations are filed by the secretary of the JSK on the identity, participation and qualification of the HAC players, reservations which were supported by justifications and which gave the victory of the match on green carpet by penalty (three goals to nil) for the benefit of the JSK. The defeat on the pitch will not affect the morale of the JSK players who will chain four wins and three draws, propelling them to the top of the championship followed closely by the WAB and the OMR. During the sixth day, the JSK receives the WAB, one of its direct competitors for the title but the game ends in a draw of zero everywhere. It was not until the ninth day of the championship to see the JSK lose their first match of the season and at the same time their chair as leader; was faced with the OMR on the score of two goals to one allowing the WAB to take control of the championship. On the evening of the eleventh day and despite a one-goal victory over Bordj Menaïel's neighbor, the JSBM, the JSK finished the phase: Go, in second place behind the WAB but ahead of the OMR.
The twelfth day of the championship which is the first of the return phase, the JSK loses against all odds on its ground against AU HAC which takes its revenge on the score of a goal to nil. It will be the same the following day with the USMMC at Stade Lavigerie. The JSK is in crisis and the coach is blacklisted not because of his choices but because he is far from his group. Indeed, Defnoun lives in Algiers and the regular back and forth between Algiers and Tizi-Ouzou is not made to weld and follow his team. The workforce eventually recovered and the club went on to win two and a draw, before moving onto the pitch of its pet peeve, the WAB.
The game began at a committed and sustained pace, the first to stand out were the Kabyles who, thanks to a magnificent left-footed shot from Karamani, allowed his club to lead in the twelfth minute. The boufarikois then leveled the mark, one from their own, although in an offside position, therefore equalized because the goal was granted by Aouissi, the referee of the meeting. However, just before half-time, the Kabyles react again, a strike from Ouahabi accompanied by Kolli allows JSK to lead two goals to one. But the meeting was unusually long because the referee had both teams play for one hundred and five minutes. The final whistle sounded sixty minutes later as the ball had just entered the nets of JSK, final score two goals everywhere. In Boufarik it's madness, this result allows WA Boufarik to come back up to the Kabyles and still claim the title.
Following this incredible meeting which ended in a draw, two victories followed by the same score of a goal to nil, whose scorer was none other than Karamani who scored respectively against AS Orléansville then the WO Rouiba.
The two victories are followed by two defeats, one, by the same score of one goal to nil against OM Ruisseau, his second defeat of the season against the same club, then one, by three goals to one against MS Cherchell who will have taken five points from him this season. JSK will finally end the season with a victory against JS Bordj Menaiel, on the score of three goals to one, condemned to relegation. This last victory will be insufficient, OM Ruisseau finishes Champion of the Center Group of the Honor Division with four points in advance and reaches National II alone. His only satisfaction was to be ahead of his pet peeve in the standings by one point, despite the result and the course of the match having counted for the seventeenth day of the championship.
In the Algerian Cup, the JSK will be beaten in the 32nd round stage, by AS Orléansville in Mouzaia, in an edition marked by the final victory of ES Sétif, which won its third title.
Chasing the first national titles (1967–1977)
The JSK champion of Honor Division (1967–1968)
The JSK champion of National II (1968–1969)
The JSK therefore disputed the National II in 1968–1969. From its first season, the club crowned with the title of champion reached the first division of the Algerian championship during the 1969–1970 season and this by winning against the team of widad de Boufarik 2-1, for then not never leave it until today.
Discovering the elite (1969–1970)
For its first appearance in the first division, the JSK made an honorable run by finishing in sixth place.
The ephemeral passage of Abdelaziz Bentifour (1970–1971)
The JSK had a difficult season finishing in seventh place, marked in particular by the death of its coach Abdelaziz Ben Tifour but also of the president of the Algerian Football Federation, doctor Mohand Amokrane Maouche.
The JSK becomes the "Jamiat Sari Kawkabi" (1971–1972)
The JSK champion of National I (1972–1973)
During the 1972–1973 season, for its 4th season in the elite, the JSK won its first Algerian championship title. The club was then renamed Jamiat Sari' Kawkabi by the then president, Houari Boumediene.
The JSK double champion of National I (1973–1974)
The following season, JSK were crowned Algerian champions for the second consecutive time. The next two seasons were mixed, with seventh place in 1974–1975 and third place in 1975–1976.
Instability of the technical staff and transition (1974–1975)
JSK back on the podium (1975–1976)
The first Cup – Championship double (1976–1977)
The 1976–1977 season saw the club regain the title of Algerian champion. Striker Mokrane Baïleche finished top scorer in the competition with 20 goals. At the same time, the club achieved its first Cup-Championship double.
The era of the "Jumbo Jet" or the era of Benkaci, Khalef and Zywotko (1977–1990)
The JSK becomes the "Electronic Youth Tizi-Ouzou" (1977–1978)
During the 1977–1978 season, the team changed its name once again, this time to be called the Electronic Youth of Tizi-Ouzou. This season ends in 2nd place in the championship and marks the debut of the Mahieddine Khalef - Stefan Zywotko tandem. Following its championship title in the 1976–1977 season, JSK played for the first time in an international club cup. She will lose in the quarter-finals of the African Cup of Champions Clubs against the Congolese club AS Vita Club. The 1978–1979 season ended with a double disappointment, as JSK finished 2nd in the championship and finalist in the Algerian Cup. During the 1979-1980 season, JE Tizi Ouzou (JSK) finished in first place in the championship, becoming champion of Algeria for the fourth time in its history.
JET narrowly misses the double "Cup – Championship" (1978–1979)
In 1978, the club moved from the Oukil Ramdane stadium to the November 1, 1954 stadium. The first season in this new stadium ended with a second place.
The JET champion for the fourth time (1979–1980)
During the 1979–1980 season, the JSK (which at that time was still called JE Tizi-Ouzou), finished the season in first place in the standings.
JET African club champions (1980–1981)
In 1981 JSK won the African Cup of champion clubs without losing a match by beating in the final the Congolese of AS Vita Club 5-0 over the two matches (4-0 at the go then 1-0 on the return). The club therefore joined its rival MC Algiers, the only other Algerian club to win this African competition in 1976 (ES Sétif won it in 1988), and achieved the double African Cup of Champions Clubs–Championship.
The JET champion for the fifth time and first ever African Super champion (1981–1982)
In 1982, due to its status as African clubs champion in 1981, the club received an invitation to participate in the Tournament of Fraternity in Ivory Coast. JSK wins the first ever African Super Cup against Union Douala, Cameroonian club winner of the African Cup Winners' Cup 1981 with the score of 1-1 (after extra time, 4-3).
The JET champion for the sixth time (1982–1983)
The defense of its title of African champion will be unsuccessful because the JSK will bow as soon as it enters the running against the Sudanese club Al Hilal Omdurman. At the national level, the following year, the club managed for the second time in history to retain its title of Algerian champion. This is the club's sixth title.
The JET overtaken by "WEST" (1983–1984)
The JET finished in 3rd place in 1984, 2 points behind the champion GCR Mascara and was defeated in the semi-final of the Algerian Cup by MC Oran, winner of the event.
The JET champion for the seventh time (1984–1985)
The JSK became champion again for the seventh time in its history in 1985.
JET achieves its second "championship cup" double (1985–1986)
The year 1986 ended with a new title with 98 points on the clock (record for a championship with 20 clubs). The club also won the Algerian Cup, and Nacer Bouiche finished top scorer in the championship for the second time in his career with 36 goals, an unequaled record to date.
The JET off the podium, a first in ten years (1986–1987)
Two seasons without titles follow, completed in the 6th.
The JSK becomes the "Tizi-Ouzou Sports Youth" (1987–1988)
The JST champion for the ninth time (1988–1989)
For their last year together, the two technicians won a new title of champion in 1989.
Ten times champion of Algeria and double champion of Africa (1989–1990)
The club retains its title during the 1989–1990 season, and becomes double Algerian football champion for the fourth time in its history. This is his tenth championship title. Also note that during this season, the Algerian Cup is not organized. The 1990–1991 season ended with a fourth place in the championship and a cup final lost to USM Bel-Abbès. At the same time, the JSK carried out a fine African competition by winning for the second time in its history the African Cup of champion clubs on penalties against the Zambian club Nkana Red Devils (1-1 in the two matches then 5-3 on penalties). It is the first Algerian club to have won the prestigious African Cup of Champions Clubs twice (ES Sétif will win it in 1988 and 2014).
Period of transition and questions (1990–1992)
After a long cohabitation of twelve years, the coaching duo Mahieddine Khalef and Stefan Zywotko are retiring but remain at the club as advisers. During their joint stint at the head of JSK, the club won six championships, a national cup, an African Cup of champion clubs and an African Super Cup. In the league, JSK has only finished off the podium once during these 12 seasons.
The 1991–1992 championship was catastrophic for the JSK which finished 13th and first non-relegation. The club won all the same during this season its third Algerian Cup. During the 1992–1993 season, the JSK won a new national trophy in its list, namely the Algerian Supercup against MC Oran (2-2 then 6-5 on penalties).
The Hannachi era (1993–2017)
Participations in African competitions (1993–1996)
On the African side, it is participating for the very first time in the African Cup Winners' Cup. The club made an honorable run in this competition by failing in the quarter-finals. The 1993–1994 season ended in third place in the standings. The club retains the Algerian Cup (there was no cup the previous season). The year 1994–1995 saw the arrival of a new president at the JSK, Mohand Chérif Hannachi, who trusted the Djaâfar Harouni-Djamel Menad duo.
A new African title : African Cup Winners' Cup (1995)
The JSK won during the 1995 season, for the first and last time in its history (given that this competition no longer exists), the African Cup Winners' Cup (C2) against the Nigerians of Julius Berger (3-2 in both games). This is the first and only Algerian club to win this African trophy. It is also playing for the first time in its history, the CAF Super Cup, (match between the winner of the Cup of Champions Clubs and the winner of the Cup Winners' Cup at the time). She is playing this competition against the South African club Orlando Pirates, winner of the 1995 African Cup of Champions Clubs. Unfortunately, she will lose away on the score of one goal to nil. His title of champion, authorizes him to play the African Cup of champion clubs, where the team reaches the semi-finals, but fails against the Nigerian team of Shooting Stars FC.
Period of great uncertainty (1996–2000)
Kamel Mouassa was appointed coach at the start of the 1996–1997 season. The club finished 8th. The following season, the Algerian football championship takes place in the form of a group. By finishing 2nd in its own, the JSK did not play in the championship final. The following year 1998–1999, the club finished in second place. The only consolation, the player Farid Ghazi finished top scorer in the championship with a total of 19 goals. The club also failed in the Algerian Cup final against USM Alger. In 1999–2000, JSK coach Kamel Mouassa was replaced by Bulgarian Janko Guelov. This takes the JSK to a disappointing sixth place. In the Algerian Cup, despite a good run, the club stopped in the semi-finals.
The JSK reconnects with African success : Three consecutive CAF Cups (2000, 2001, 2002)
The Bulgarian coach was fired before the start of the 2000-2001 season and Nedjmeddine Belayachi replaced him when JSK were in the quarter-finals of the CAF Cup. At this stage, the JSK has the Tunisian club Etoile Sportive du Sahel in the competition (4-1 victory on penalties in Tunisia, each having won 1-0 at home) and eliminates the Nigerian club Heratland. After a heavy defeat against Entente sportive Sétifienne in the league, Belayachi was ousted a few days before the first leg of the CAF Cup final, he was replaced by the duo Mahieddine Khalef and Nacer Sandjak. The final therefore opposes JSK to the Egyptian club Ismaily SC. On December 1, 2000, JSK won the first CAF Cup in its history thanks to the away goals rule (1-1 then 0-0). This is the first C3 won by an Algerian club.
With this title, the club enters a closed circle of African clubs to have won the three competitions.
The following season, 2001-2002, marked a new change at the technical helm with the return of Kamel Mouassa who succeeded with the team in the feat of retaining their African CAF Cup title against the Tunisians of Sporting star of the Sahel thanks to the away goals rule (2-1 then 1-0). In 2002-2003, the French technician Jean-Yves Chay was chosen to lead the team this season.
The club won the C3 for the third consecutive time this season (the first club in the world to win the continental C3 three times in a row), this time against the Cameroonians of Tonnerre Yaoundé (4-1 over the two games).
During this period, the Algerian Championship was somewhat neglected because the JSK did not win it, finishing respectively 3rd in 2001, 2nd in 2002 and 4th in 2003.
With its title of winner of the CAF Cup, JSK participated in the 2003 edition, but lost this time in the quarter-finals against Cotonsport Garoua.
National Renewal (2004–2011)
In 2004, after nine years of Waiting, the JSK reconquers the Championship of Algeria. JSK misses the double by failing against USM Algiers in the final of the Algerian Cup five shots on goal to four (0-0 in regulation time).
The 2004–2005 season saw two coaching duos succeed each other at the head of the club (Kamel Mouassa and Moussa Saïb then Christian Coste and Kamel Aouis), and the team finished runner-up to USM Algiers in the league. During the 2005–2006 season, the club reached the group stage of the CAF Champions League, for the first time in the Champions League system, but did not manage to reach the semis-finals. This season also saw a new title of Algerian champion for JSK, its 13th title. Hamid Berguiga is the league's top scorer for the second time in a row with 18 goals to his name. The following season, the club finished in second place on the podium, and was eliminated in the semi-finals of the Algerian Cup by USM Alger.
The 2007–2008 season was a good season for JSK, since the only team capable of holding its own in the league would be the outgoing champions of the last exercise, ES Sétif. The suspense of the championship remains intact, as these two teams are close to each other throughout the season. Finally, a match lost on green carpet by ES Sétif, for having refused to play a match against JSK, marked a decisive turning point in the season. This allows the JSK to win its 14th title of champion of Algeria. Once again, a club player finished top scorer of the season. This is Nabil Hemani with a personal total of 16 goals. Another highlight of this season, Kabylie is at the top of Algerian football with a victory in the Algerian Cup for the other Kabyle club JSMB. This bodes well for an Algerian Super Cup between these two formations, for an unprecedented Kabyle derby at this national level, which was ultimately not contested because of the work on the ground at the stadium on July 5, 1962, but also because the JSK is playing the CAF Champions League with a particularly busy schedule and therefore refuses to participate in this competition. The two teams therefore ignore this trophy by mutual agreement.
Beaten in the round of 16 of the CAF Champions League, JSK is transferred to the Confederation Cup, passes a round, but fails to qualify for the final in the pool round. During the 2008–2009 season, JSK obtained third place in the 2008 North African Cup of Champions Clubs by drawing a draw against the Libyan club Al Ittihad Tripoli. However, and despite a catastrophic start to the season, JSK ended the 2008–2009 season in second place in the championship for the tenth time in its history. This recovery is only possible after a series of eleven consecutive games without defeat.
The JSK, during the 2009–2010 season, obtained places of honor but did not win any trophies (3rd in the league, semi-finalist in the Algerian Cup and semi-finalist in the CAF Champions League).
In 2011, JSK won its fifth Algerian Cup, after 17 years, against USM El Harrach (1-0).
Crossing the Desert (2011–2018)
During the 2010–2011 season, JSK finished in 11th place only 1 point ahead of the first relegated (USM Annaba). In the Confederation Cup, the club reaches the group stage but loses its six matches. The season was saved by winning the Algerian Cup at the expense of USM El Harrach (1-0). This cup victory qualified the Canaries for the 2012 Confederation Cup, but club president Mohand Chérif Hannachi decided not to register the club to focus on the championship.
The 2011–2012 season is no better since it ends in ninth place and by elimination in the round of 16 of the Algerian Cup.
In July 2012, Italian coach Enrico Fabbro was recruited, but he was fired in November (due to a disastrous start to the season including seven defeats in ten games). Nacer Sandjak replaced him and the club ended the championship in seventh place. In addition, the team is eliminated from the round of 16 of the Algerian Cup.
After three difficult seasons, JSK began the 2013–2014 season with the return of Azzedine Aït Djoudi as coach. He aims to conquer an African place for the following season. The club finished in second place in the final standings, fourteen points behind rival USM Alger, and thus qualified for the 2015 CAF Champions League. In the 2014 Algerian Cup, JSK lost in the final against MC Alger on penalties.
Tragic death of Albert Ebossé Bodjongo (2014)
The 2014–2015 season got off to a very bad start for this club : on August 23, 2014 during the match between JSK and USM Algiers on the second day of the championship (1-2 defeat), the club's Cameroonian striker Kabyle, Albert Ebossé, who is also his team's only scorer, dies after the match. A few weeks later, the Belgian coach Hugo Broos, in office since July 2014, decided to resign after verbal remarks received by the president of the club. At the end of the championship, the JSK finished in twelfth position just one point behind the first relegated ASO Chlef. Thousands of supporters are unhappy with the results and large marches take place in the streets of Tizi Ouzou to demand the departure of President Mohand Cherif Hannachi.
During the 2015–2016 season, the team finished in 3rd place, thus qualifying for the 2017 Confederation Cup.
During the 2016–2017 season, the team finished in 12th place two points behind the first relegation club Relizane and the club was eliminated by TP Mazembe in the third round of the 2017 Confederation Cup.
In August 2017, the board of directors decided to dismiss president Mohand Cherif Hannachi as head of the club and he was replaced by Abdelhamid Sadmi, a former emblematic player of the club, but he resigned from his post in November 2017. Noureddine Saâdi, arrived in the luggage of the new president Mellal last January, failed to impose himself at the head of the technical bar of the Canaries, his results were very meager, was sacked.
End of cycle for Hannachi
President of the club for 24 years, successfully during the first half of his reign, he has since disappointed the supporters of JSK, which has ended up losing its former luster due to chaotic management. Since 2010, no investor has been able to bail out the club's coffers. Under Hannachi's leadership, the club won ten trophies including four African titles and six national titles.
Cherif Mellal period (2018–2021)
On February 8, 2018, the board of directors decided to appoint a businessman, Cherif Mellal, as president of the club. The new president decides to appoint Youcef Bouzidi as the new coach. In this season, with a rather well reorganized team at the end of the championship, the club did not manage to win the Algerian Cup, beaten in the final by USM Bel-Abbes 2-1.
For the 2018–2019 season, President Mellal appoints Franck Dumas as the club's new coach. The club finished the season in second place and qualified for the 2019 CAF Champions League. The club is therefore celebrating its return to the Champions League after nine years of absence. Under the Mellal era, the club was restructured: more importance given to the youth categories who all finished 4th in the standings or even higher. Work on a training center was launched with the help of Issad Rebrab, a Kabyle industrialist and the richest businessman in Algeria. Communication is also improved by the creation of official accounts on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram which cover all the club's news.
Nine years after their last participation in the group stage of the Champions League, JSK qualified by eliminating the Guineans of Horoya AC on penalties 5-3, after a score of 2-2 in the two games. However, the club finished 3rd in the group stages and failed to qualify for the quarter-finals.
Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the 2019–2020 season is frozen at the 22nd day (fourth in the standings) and the cancellation of the Algerian Cup allows JSK to compete in the 2021 Confederation Cup. JSK qualifies for the group stage of the 2021 Confederation Cup after passing the two qualifying rounds against the Nigerians of the USGN and against the Malian stadium. The club qualified for the quarter-finals after finishing 1st in the group where they will meet Tunisians CS Sfaxien.
Due to the impossibility of amateur clubs to play the Algerian Cup due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the FAF decided to replace it with the League Cup which concerns the 20 Ligue 1 clubs. The club is exempt of the preliminary round because it plays the Confederation Cup and therefore begins the competition in the round of 16 where it beats NAHD 2-0.
The club has an official website on April 20 (in homage to the Berber spring).
The club qualified for the semi-finals of the Confederation Cup after beating the Tunisians 2-1 on aggregate (1-0 away and 1-1 at home); they will find the Cameroonians of Coton Sport that they had beaten twice in the group stage.
The club qualified for the semi-finals of the Coupe de la Ligue after beating US Biskra 2-0 on the road.
The club qualified for the final of the League Cup after beating Tlemcen 1-0 at home, they will face NC Magra.
JSK qualified for the Confederation Cup final (19 years after their last African final) after beating Coton Sport 5-1 on aggregate (2-1 away win and 3-0 win home) ; they will face Moroccans Raja Casablanca in the final.
The club loses the Confederation Cup final to Raja Casablanca 2-1 in a unique final in Cotonou.
The club added a new line to its record by winning the Algerian League Cup against NC Magra on penalties 4-1 after a score of 2-2 and ending a ten-year drought. With this victory, the club qualifies for the Confederation Cup 2021–2022.
On March 21, 2021, Cherif Mellal was dismissed from his post as president by the CSA and then officially replaced by Yazid Yarichene on September 15, 2021.
Stadiums
Oukil Ramdane Stadium
Main article: Oukil Ramdane Stadium
The Oukil Ramdane Stadium is the oldest stadium in the city of Tizi Ouzou. Dating from the colonial era, it then bore the Arsène Weinman Stadium name from the name of a former lawyer who settled in the old street Saint Eustache in the city of Tizi Ouzou in the 1920s. This man worked a lot in his time for the promotion of sport in the city, he had enormously contributed to the development of football in the city and was at the origin of the realization of this Municipal Stadium of Tizi Ouzou. When he died, the stadium was renamed after him. This stadium was tenanted at that time by the settler club called the Olympique of Tizi Ouzou, which had in its ranks the future founders of the JSK. In the 1940s, when JSK made its appearance, it also used it, it is the first stadium where it evolved, from 1946 (since the colonial era therefore) until 1978 (date of opening of the 1 November 1954 Stadium). This stadium saw JSK's first national crowns, and its rise from the equivalent of the seventh division of the colonial era to the national one of the current Algerian football championship. It currently bears the name of a former club player, Oukil Ramdane, who played in the junior and reserve team during the colonial era. This honor was done to him, because he died during the Algerian War. He is considered both as a martyr of the club but also and above all as a hero of the Algerian revolution.
During the Algerian War, it was used as a regrouping camp, which put it in a very bad state at the end of the war. The first president of the JSK, Abtouche Mansour will make every effort to make it practicable for the first Algerian championship, the famous "criterium". Nowadays, this stadium is home to the club AS Tizi Ouzou, as well as the Union Sportif de Kabylie, clubs from lower divisions. Sometimes, the categories of young people of the JSK also evolve there.
The stadium is not just for football. As is customary in Algeria, it is also used for outdoor musical performances by famous singers; thus several great singers of traditional Kabyle music have organized concerts in this place. Currently with a capacity of 5,000, the Oukil Ramdane Stadium recently benefited from a tartan coating in 2009 and continues to exist despite its more than 100 years of existence.
1 November 1954 Stadium
Main article: 1 November 1954 Stadium
The 1 November 1954 Stadium is the stadium where the JSK has been playing since March 12, 1978 and is the property of the municipality of the city of Tizi Ouzou.
This stadium has seen several upgrades, such as during the 2007–2008 season, with the installation of a new fifth-generation synthetic turf and the addition of new places. The stadium thus becomes the second largest stadium in Kabylie with a capacity of 25,000 seats, linked by the Maghrebi Unity Stadium of Béjaïa, with a capacity of 30,000 seats, which has enabled it to achieve more than 8 million Algerian dinars in revenue in 2009.
Highly criticized and little liked by the Kabyles, particularly for its architecture (a single covered stand, fence avoiding seeing the match) and the insecurity that reigns there, the 1 November 1954 Stadium is still the object of several projects aimed at improving it.
Hocine Aït Ahmed Stadium
Main article: Hocine Aït Ahmed Stadium
The new JSK stadium is the club's third football stadium after the Oukil Ramdane Stadium (1946–1978) and the 1 November 1954 Stadium of Tizi-Ouzou (1978–). This stadium has a capacity of 50,766 seats.
It is integrated by a group of companies made up of the Spanish group Fomento de Construcciones y Contratas and the Algerian group ETRHB Haddad with an estimated value of 930 million Algerian dinars (the equivalent of €9,400,000) with a duration of the works spread over 13 years since 2010. The JSK had succeeded in obtaining the promise of the construction of this new stadium from the former President of the Republic Abdelaziz Bouteflika, just after the club's third consecutive coronation in the Cup of the CAF of 2002.
Rivalries
JS Kabylie has a rivalry with MC Alger (the Algerian classico) and USM Alger.
The match with JSM Béjaïa is known as the Derby of Kabylia.
MC Alger
The matches between JS Kabylie and MC Alger is the most important matches in the Algerian League. This rivalry has been full of excitement, anger and conflicts from 1960's.
USM Alger
The matches between JS Kabylie and USM Alger is one of the most important matches in the Algerian League. This rivalry has been full of excitement, anger and conflicts from 1995, and peaked between 2001 and 2006 when the two teams dominated the Algerian football.
JSM Béjaïa
JSM Béjaïa faces JS Kabylie, in a very popular derby in the Kabylia region. After the independence of the country the two clubs finally faced each other after 36 years of waiting, in a friendly tournament in 1970 that the green and red won 1 to 0.
During the 1998-1999 season, the first leg ended in favor of JSK with a score of 3 to 2, on the return leg the JSMB won by the smallest step of 1 to 0.
Honours
Domestic
International
Friendly tournaments & trophies
Trophy of champions (Algeria)
Winners: 1973
Maghreb champions cup (Algeria)
Finalist: 1974
International trophy of Mallorca (Spain)
Third: 1977
Tournament of Fraternity (Ivory Coast)
Winners: 1982
African Super Cup (1) (Ivory Coast)
Winners: 1982
Tournament Indoor of Bercy (France)
Third: 1984
Tripartite tournament of Dakar (Senegal)
Winners: 1985
Tournament la Presse (Tunisia)
Third: 1986
Arab club champions cup (Saudi Arabia and Morocco)
Third: 1987, 1989 and 1994
North African cup of champions (North Africa)
Third: 2008
Sporting results
Results of JS Kabylie in competitions during the colonial period from 13 October 1946 to 11 March 1956
The JSK, officially created in 1946, entered the competition in the Third Division and played its first official match on 13. Affiliated to both the French Football Association and the Algiers Football Association League, it participated in all possible competitions in Algeria governed by these two organizations. The JSK won only one title during this period, it is a title of champion of the Second Division acquired at the end of the 1949–1950 season. An unofficial title of Premier Division champion also appears in its record when the team reached the Honorary Promotion Division. Finally the JSK will play its last match on 11 March 1956 and will cease all its activities following the appeal of the FLN.
Players
The Algerian teams are limited to three foreign players. The squad list includes only the principal nationality of each player.
Current squad
.
Reserve squad
Personnel
Current technical staff
Management
Club personalities
Presidents
JSK is the most stable club in Algeria. It has only known 20 presidents (Rabah Mohammedi take two terms) since its creation in 1946.
The president who has been the club president the shortest is Mouloud Iboud for a period of three months. The longest presidency of the JSK is that of Mohand Chérif Hannachi who was in office for 24 years.
The most successful president is Boussad Benkaci with 14 titles in 15 years.
No activity between 1956 and 1962 due to the Algerian war.
The presidents who have succeeded at its head are:
Coaches
From Ali Benslama in 1946 to Rui Almeida, 82 changes of trainers have taken place. They involved 72 different people and the club has known no less than 18 coaching duos during its history. Some coaches have been at the head of JS Kabylie several times, such as Abderrahmane Boubekeur and Mahieddine Khalef. During this period, a coach stays in place for an average of one year and four months, or just over a championship season. The instability in this position is particularly strong during the period 1965–1977 since the club knows 15 changes of coaches during this period, which is equivalent to a different coach every seven and a half months. The arrival of the duo Mahieddine Khalef and Stefan Zywotko at the technical bar of the JSK for 13 seasons (from 1977 to 1990) stops this instability. However, after the departure of this duo, the JSK knows again a new waltz of coaches, which lasts until today, like the 29 coaches or duo of coaches that the club had between 1989 and 2011, or a trainer every nine months or so.
Mahieddine Khalef is the most successful Algerian and JSK coaches (13 titles), with eight Algerian championship titles (1977, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1989 and 1990), two Algerian Cup (1977 and 1986), an African Cup of Champions Clubs in 1981 as well as an African Super Cup in 1982. He also won the CAF Cup in 2001 with Nasser Sendjak.
The Khalef–Zywotko duo is the most successful technical staff (9 titles) with the JSK since they won the Algerian championships 1980, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1989 as well as the Algerian Cup in 1986, the African Cup of Champion Clubs in 1981 and the African Super Cup in 1982. This duo is considered "legendary" in the ranks of JSK supporters. Other coaches brought titles to the club: the JSK thus won the CAF Cup under the orders of the Sendjak–Khalef duo (who replaced Nadjmeddine Belayachi just before the final of 2000), Kamel Mouassa, and Jean-Yves Chay in 2000, 2001 and 2002 respectively. Djamel Menad, while being at the same time assistant coach of Djaâfar Harouni and player, allows the club to win the African Cup winners' Cup in 1995 and the championship. After nine years without a title of champion (longest period of famine in the history of the club), the JSK won the title of champion of Algeria under the leadership of Azzedine Aït Djoudi in 2004.
After ten years without a title, the JSK won the Algerian League Cup in 2021 under the direction of Denis Lavagne and added a new line to its list.
Among the coaches of the JSK, there are 31 foreign technicians who are twelve French, four Romanians, three Tunisians, three Belgians, two Hungarians, a Polish, a Yugoslav, a Swiss, a Brazilian, a Bulgarian, a Italian and an Portuguese.
The longevity record is attributed to Stefan Zywotko (summer 1977 to December 1991, 14 years and 6 months).
Unless otherwise indicated, the periods indicated in the following table begin and end respectively at the start and end of the season.
No activity between 1956 and 1962 due to the Algerian war.
Iconic players
Some players have contributed to the great successes of this team, and a few have become legends for fans of the "canaries". Here are some big names of football players who have worn the colors of the JSK.
means winner of African Games football, being a JSK player.
means winner of the Africa Cup of Nations, being a JSK player
means winner of Mediterranean Games football, being a JSK player.
Captains of JS Kabylie
To date, there have been 32 players who become captains (Mustafa Rafaï and Driss Kolli take two captaincies).
No activity between 1956 and 1962 due to the Algerian war.
Records
The club had many records in Algeria, in Africa and in the World.
Best Algerian club in the twentieth century.
The CAF classify the club in one of the best ten clubs in Africa of the twentieth century (9th).
The club is ranking 7th in Africa during the decade (2001–2011) by the IFFHS and also among the top ten of all times.
The club has a total of 28 official trophies (record in Algeria).
The club is the only Algerian club that has never been relegated to the second division. He has 55 seasons in the row in top level since the 1969–1970 season.
In Algeria, the club is the most successful club in African cups with seven African titles in nine finals played.
In Africa, the club is the 6th most successful club.
JSK is the second Algerian club to have won the CAF Champions League. It was also the second Algerian club to win an African trophy.
JSK is the first Algerian club to have won the CAF Champions League twice.
JSK is the fastest Algerian club to win the CAF Champions League twice in a space of nine years.
JSK has never lost in the final of the CAF Champions League.
JSK is the first and only Algerian club to achieve twice the double CAF Champions League – Championship, in 1981 and 1990.
JSK is the first and fastest Algerian club to win two African titles (December 1981 for the CAF Champions League and January 1982 for the African Super Cup).
In the season 1981–1982 JSK won the treble CAF Champions League, African Super Cup and Algerian Championship.
JSK twice achieved the double Algerian Cup – Championship in 1977 and 1986.
JSK won twice in a row the Algerian Cup in 1992 and 1994 (the 1993 edition was not played).
JSK participated four times in a row to the Algerian Super Cup final in 1992, 1994, 1995 and in 2006.
JSK holds the record for the Algerian League Cup with a title tied with MC Oran, MC Alger and CR Belouizdad.
JSK is the first and only Algerian club to have won the African Cup Winners' Cup.
JSK is the first and only Algerian club to win the CAF Cup.
JSK holds two other African records: it won the CAF Cup three times and consecutively in 2000, 2001 and 2002.
JSK is the first club in the world to win the Continental C3 three times in a row.
JSK is the only club in Africa with Al Ahly of Egypt to win an African competition clubs three times in a row which is a record.
JSK is the only club in Africa with Étoile Sportive du Sahel of Tunisia that have played every finals of African competitions clubs that have existed (CAF Champions League, African Cup Winners Cup, CAF Cup, CAF Confederation Cup and CAF Super Cup). Only the African competition that started in october 2023 African Football League misses the list of both clubs.
JSK is part in Africa of the very closed circle of clubs having won the three different African competitions before 2005 : the CAF Champions League, the African Cup Winners Cup and the CAF Cup, a record shared with Espérance Sportive de Tunis and Étoile Sportive du Sahel.
JSK is the first club in Algeria and in Africa to win the African Super Cup at the Tournament of Fraternity in 1982.
JSK is the only Algerian club that played two African Super Cup finals in 1982 and 1996.
JSK is the Algerian club which has played the most African games (213 matches) including (122 matches) in the CAF Champions League as well as the club with the most of participation in African Cups (30 times).
JSK holds the record in Algeria of victories in African competitions with 106 victories (62 victories in CAF Champions League).
JSK holds the record in Algeria of goals scored in African competitions with 265 goals.
The JSK is the Algerian club which has played the most national and continental finals in all competitions: nine African finals, one tournament of fraternity final, one tripartite tournament final, one Maghrebian final, 11 finals in the Algerian Cup, four finals in the Algerian Super Cup, one final of the trophy of champions, one final in the Algerian Championship and one final in the Algerian League Cup (30 in total).
JSK is the most successful club in the Algerian Championship (14 titles).
The JSK holds the record for the highest number of points in the Algerian Championship with on the counter achieved during the season 1985–1986, in a 20 clubs Championship (38 fixtures).
JSK is the third Algerian club which has played the most finals in the Algerian Cup (11 finals).
At the end of the season 2022–2023, JSK is the club with the most wins in the league (751 victories) in 54 seasons, having scored the most goals (2162 goals) and the third club having played the most top-flight matches (1649 matches).
JSK holds the record for a club in Algeria of total matches played in one season with 57 matches in the 2020–2021 season.
JSK holds the record for the greatest goal difference in a season with 89 goals scored for 22 goals conceded (+67) during the season 1985–1986 (38 fixtures).
JSK achieved the best defense in its history during the 1997–1998 Championship with only 11 goals conceded in a 14 fixtures.
The JSK also holds the record for the greatest number of Championship victories: 27 victories in 38 matches during the season 1985–1986.
The JSK jointly hold the record for the largest victory in the league with a score of 11–0, against JHD Algiers, achieved in Championship during the season 1985–1986.
JSK also holds the record for the greatest number of doubles in the Algerian Championship with four doubles.
JSK holds the record in the Algerian Championship for the most podiums with 32 podiums.
Nacer Bouiche is the Algerian golden shoe, the most prolific in the history of the Championship, with a record of 36 goals scored during the 1985–1986 (38 fixtures) with the club. He scored a total of 46 goals in that season which is a record in Algeria.
Mouloud Iboud has played 424 matches in the Algerian Championship which is a record in Algeria.
The JSK also has the record for the greatest number of Algerian golden shoes: 12 in total.
JSK is part of the very closed circle of clubs which have never known relegation to the second division in the world since its accession to the first division in 1969.
Statistics
Players with most appearances in officials competitions
Players with most goals in officials competitions
Players with most titles in officials competitions
Individual trophies
Crest
Notes
References
External links
1946 establishments in Algeria
African Cup Winners Cup winning clubs
Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1 clubs
Association football clubs established in 1946
CAF Champions League winning clubs
CAF Cup winning clubs
Football clubs in Algeria
Kabylie
Tizi Ouzou Province |
4782193 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Blandy | David Blandy | David Blandy (born 1976) is a British artist. He was educated at the Slade School of Fine Art and the Chelsea College of Art and Design in London.
Blandy produces video, performances and comics that deal with his problematic relationship with popular culture.
Blandy gained an artist's residency with Grizedale Arts in 2004. In 2008, he was shortlisted in the Jerwood Moving Image Awards. Blandy won the Breakthrough Award at the South Bank Show Awards 2010.
Bibliography
(2003). "Beck's Futures Student Prize for Film and Video." Design Week. April 24.
Glover, Michael (2004). "Nice Video, But Don't Call it Art." The Independent. January 13.
Vaughan, Hannah (2005). "Barefoot Blandy." "Transition Tradition Magazine." October 2. https://web.archive.org/web/20071121055738/http://www.transitiontradition.com/magazine.php?issueID=2
References
British video artists
1976 births
Living people
Alumni of the Slade School of Fine Art |
4782196 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Lerner | Adam Lerner | Adam Lerner is the JoAnn McGrath Executive Director/CEO of Palm Springs Art Museum, a position he assumed in July 2021. In this capacity, he oversees the museum's permanent collection of over 12,000 art objects including the Architecture and Design Center, Edwards Harris Pavilion, and Frey House II. Formerly, he was the Director of the Museum of Contemporary Art Denver and Chief Animator in the Department of Fabrications. He was the founder and Executive Director of The Laboratory of Art and Ideas at Belmar until The Lab merged with the MCA Denver in March 2009.
Career
Lerner was previously Master Teacher for Modern and Contemporary Art at the Denver Art Museum from 2001 to 2003. Prior to his arrival in Colorado, Lerner served as Curator of the Contemporary Museum, Baltimore, where he curated several exhibitions, including new projects with Christian Marclay and Dennis Adams, and was the originating curator for the film installation Baltimore by Isaac Julien.
Museum Public Programming
Lerner is known for a unique approach to museum programming that combines elements of curatorial and educational practice. Lerner’s approach is best exemplified by a program that he developed at The Lab at Belmar in 2004 Mixed Taste: Tag-Team Lectures on Unrelated Topics, which brings together randomly paired topics in the same night. In 2009, he brought the popular program to the Museum of Contemporary Art Denver, where it is produced by Sarah Kate Baie, the museum’s Director of Programing and Chief of Fictions, and presented weekly in the summer and winter seasons. Lerner has also presented Mixed Taste at public events and conferences hosted by the American Craft Council, Deitch Studio, in Long Island City, the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, and the Museum of Modern Art, New York.
Lerner and Baie also worked with artist Melanie Smith (artist) and Rafael Ortega to develop a version of Mixed Taste called Huevos Revueltos for the Sala de Arte Público Siqueros, Mexico City.
In an article on Lerner in Surface Magazine, Aric Chen described one of his public events as follows: “A collision of highbrow and low, it presents odd-couple, head-to-head pairings between, say, a tequila connoisseur and an expert on dark energy in the Universe that tease out disparate approaches to knowledge with geeky brilliance.”[1] This style has precursors in the Dada art movement and is often compared with Cabinet Magazine and Machine Project, in Los Angeles.
Exhibitions
For MCA Denver, Lerner co-curated (with Elissa Auther) the major group exhibition West of Center: Art and the Counterculture Experiment in America, 1965–1977, traveling to the Scottsdale Museum of Contemporary Art, the Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art, at the University of Oregon, Eugene, and Mills College Art Museum, Oakland, California. To accompany the exhibition, the curators co-edited a major publication, published by the University of Minnesota Press.
Lerner has also curated for MCA Denver such unconventional exhibitions as Orphan Paintings: Unauthenticated Art of the Russian Avant-Garde, which presented a collection of unauthenticated paintings to explore the meaning of authenticity in art.
At The Lab at Belmar, Lerner curated solo exhibitions of Liam Gillick and Issac Julien as well as such non-traditional exhibitions as The Astounding Problem of Andrew Novick, featuring the obsessive collections of a former punk rock singer turned electrical engineer.
At the Contemporary Museum, Baltimore, Lerner curated several exhibitions, including new projects with Christian Marclay and Dennis Adams, and was the originating curator for the film installation Baltimore by Isaac Julien.
Recognition
Nina Simon, one of the leading voices of museum reform in the United States, wrote in her blog, Museum 2.0, that under Lerner’s leadership MCA Denver “is a small, focused fount of creative expression and ingenuity."
Lerner innovative work at The Lab at Belmar was the subject of an extensive discussion in the Canadian national bestseller The Geography of Hope: A Tour of the World We Need (Random House Canada, 2007), where Chris Turner wrote that “Lerner assembled the funkiest, most playful, most inviting arts and culture program suburbia had ever seen.”
Academic Focus
Since the early 1990s, Lerner’s scholarship has focused on the relationship between art and public life. Lerner co-edited the book "Reimagining the Nation," published by Open University Press (1993), including his own essay on nineteenth-century sculpture and French nationalism. He wrote his dissertation on early twentieth-century American monuments, emphasizing the career of Gutzon Borglum, the sculptor of Mount Rushmore. His contribution to the Corcoran Gallery of Art’s 2002-03 biennial exhibition catalogue “The Museum and the Multiplex” was the subject of a symposium of the same name at the Corcoran in spring 2003.
Education
Lerner received his Ph.D. from the Johns Hopkins University and his Master's from Cambridge University. He was a Fellow at the Smithsonian American Art Museum from 1997 to 1998.
Books
Mark Mothersbaugh: Myopia, Princeton Architectural Press, 2014. ()
From Russia With Doubt, Princeton Architectural Press, 2013. ()
See also
Adam Lerner in America
MCA Denver
References
External links
Denver Art Museum
The Lab at Belmar (archive)
MCA Denver
American art curators
Directors of museums in the United States
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
4782201 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amacuro | Amacuro | Amacuro may refer to:
Amacuro River
Amacuro Delta
Delta Amacuro State |
4782209 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron%20Farnborough | Baron Farnborough | Baron Farnborough is a title that has been created twice in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The first creation came on 8 July 1826 when the politician and art collector Charles Long, of Saxmundham in Suffolk, was made Baron Farnborough, of Bromley Hill Place in the County of Kent. The title became extinct on his death in 1838. Lord Farnborough was the brother of Samuel Long, Member of Parliament for Ilchester, and Beeston Long, Governor of the Bank of England. The barony referred to Farnborough, Kent.
The second creation came on 11 May 1886 when the constitutional theorist Sir Erskine May was made Baron Farnborough, of Farnborough in the County of Southampton. He died only six days later, when the peerage became extinct. The second creation of the barony of Farnborough is the second shortest-lived peerage title in British history (after the barony of Leighton). The barony referred to Farnborough, Hampshire.
First creation (1826)
Charles Long, 1st Baron Farnborough (1760–1838)
Second creation (1886)
Thomas Erskine May, 1st Baron Farnborough (1815–1886)
References
Rt. Hon. Sir Charles Long MP, Baron Farnborough — Saxmundham Website
Extinct baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1826
Noble titles created for UK MPs
Noble titles created in 1886 |
4782212 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raniwara | Raniwara | Raniwara is a town in Sanchore district of Rajasthan state in India. Situated 35km south of the Bhinmal on Jalore-Sanchore road, it is headquarters of the tehsil by Raniwala Kallan. Raniwara is 109km from Mount Abu and 20km from the town of Bhinmal.
Raniwara is connected By Samdari-Bhildi railway line. There is a big dairy plant of Rajasthan in the town run by Jalore-Sirohi Zila Dugdh Utpadak Sahakari Sangh Ltd. Malwara, Badgaon, Ajodar, Jakhri, Dhanol, Badgaon (Jalore district), Silasan, Mokhatra,Sewadiya,Meda,Varetha and Raniwara khurd are some of its nearby villages.
The Sundha Mata temple is located 20km From Raniwara. The temple is situated on a hilltop called 'Sundha', at 72°-22' E longitude and 24°-50' N latitude. Garba Chowk Temple of Mother Goddess in Raniwara where Garba dance is performed during Navratri days.The Hinglaj Mata temple is also in Raniwara. It is the seat of Hinglaj goddess and worshipped by Khatri community. Pipaji temple is also situated here Pipaji was a lok sant worship by Pipa Khatriya community.
References
Cities and towns in Sanchore district
Tehsils of Rajasthan
Tehsils of Sanchore district |
4782216 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boo%21%20%28TV%20series%29 | Boo! (TV series) | Boo! is a British computer-animated children's television series that was broadcast in the United Kingdom on the CBeebies channel, and originally on BBC Two. It features several cartoon characters who play a game similar to hide and seek in a variety of settings. The commentary is performed by adult male and female narrators and a chorus of children. It was produced by the independent production company Tell-Tale Productions, which was also responsible for Tweenies, while Universal Pictures co-funded the production and handled worldwide distribution and consumer product rights. From 2007 to 2012, reruns of the show were broadcast in the USA on Qubo.
The series aired for a total of 104 episodes and one Christmas special was nominated for the British Academy Children's Award for Pre-School Animation in 2003.
At the end of the programme, a song is sung, usually about matching characters or objects to their shapes or colours.
The visual style of Boo! is very distinctive, using 3D CGI with rounded shapes and cel-shading. The music and songs are generally in an early-70s funk/R&B idiom.
Characters
Boo - a pear/eggplant-shaped patchwork creature with orange spiky hair. His feet are red with white spots on them. The main goal of the programme is to find Boo in his various hiding places. Half-way through each episode, Boo magically adopts attributes of his surroundings (e.g. becomes "Penguin Boo" in the Antarctic or "Pumpkin Boo" on Halloween). Boo cannot talk, although he whistles at the beginning of each episode and dances during every song.
Laughing Duck (voiced by Kate Harbour) - a yellow duck, who laughs when "found". She has a red-orange bill that matches her legs and has abilities to fly and swim. In some episodes, she meets some people who happen to be employees. In the hospital, she has been found sad because her laugh is lost, but it is regained when Boo tickles her flipper and made her laugh again before we sing the Odd One Out song.
Sleeping Bear (voiced by Justin Fletcher) a brown bear who is usually asleep, yawning or stretching when "found". His blanket is red with white-printed hearts on it. The catchphrase associated with him is "Shhh... Tippy-toe, tippy-toe." In some episodes, he finds a spot to sleep around anything that is so cozy. In the police station, he was lost in the park until his friends had found him sleeping and sitting on the swing set before we sing the Snap song.
Growling Tiger (voiced by Justin Fletcher) - a friendly tiger with fluffy white ears. Despite his name, he says "Roar!" (not "Growl!") when "found". His associated catchphrase is "It's Growling Tiger! Run away! Run away!"
Other characters, both human and animal vary from one episode to another. The people who have speaking roles in this show are the artists, Chatty Hairdresser, Helpful Nurse, Caring Doctor, Helpful Teacher (the ice-skater), Helpful Waitress, Happy Customers (one man and one woman), Busy Chef, the woman in high stilts, the ringmaster, Careful Grownup, Smiling Santa, Graceful Teacher (the ballet dancer), Friendly Police Officers, Strong Lumberjack, Gentle Vet, Smiley Pumpkin lantern and Cheering Dad. The Blue Squawking Parakeet (actually a Cockatoo) with a red crest on it appears in a birdcage (being taken home by a customer) when we are about to enter the veterinarian.
Episodes
Series 1 (2003-2004)
Specials: Pilot - 3 June 2003 this is the first time the children say hello to Boo for the first ever time!
A child says is it chase? Boo shakes his head and another child says is it tag? Then Boo says boo!
1. Rockpool (Show Us A Shape) - 4 June 2003
(Waving Sea Anemone, Stretching Starfish, and Creeping Crab)
2. Supermarket (The Counting Song) - 11 June 2003
(Waving Girl, Smiling Lady, and Checkout Man)
3. Pond (Show Us A Shape) - 18 June 2003
(Jumping Frog, Amazing Pond Skater, and Hovering Dragonflies)
4. Art Gallery (We're Looking for a Colour) - 25 June 2003
(Smiling Portrait, Pretty Finger-painting, and Swirly Painting)
5. Desert (Show Us A Shape) - 2 July 2003
(Chewing Camel, Skipping Rat, and Lazy Lizard)
6. Harbour (The Counting Song) - 9 July 2003
(Chugging Fishing Boat, Speedy Speedboat, and Slow Rowing Boat)
7. Bedroom (Show Us A Shape) - 16 July 2003
(Sausage Dog, Cozy Cat, and Comfy Bunny Slippers)
8. Prehistoric Land (We're Looking for a Colour) - 23 July 2003
(Stamping Diplodocus, Flapping Pterodactyl, and Scuttling Scutellosaurus)
9. Theatre (Do the Same as Me) - 30 July 2003
(Musical Orchestra, Tap Dancers, and Show Singers)
10. African River (Show Us A Shape) - 6 August 2003
(Flying Flamingo, Snapping Crocodile, and Yawning Hippo)
11. Cave (Do the Same as Me) - 13 August 2003
(Crawling Toad, Scuttling Spider, and Flapping Bat)
12. Coral Reef (Show Us A Shape) - 20 August 2003
(Hiding Clownfish, Wobbling Jellyfish, and Gliding Lionfish)
13. Train Station (The Counting Song) - 27 August 2003
(Talking Ticket Seller, Clever Train Driver, and Waving Guard)
14. Canadian River (Odd One Out) - 4 September 2003
(Gnawing Beaver, Fishing Bear, and Bending Heron)
15. Indian Jungle (Do the Same as Me) - 11 September 2003
(Bathing Elephant, Swaying Cobra, and Prowling Tiger)
16. Café (The Counting Song) - 18 September 2003
(Busy Chef, Friendly Waitress, and Happy Customer)
17. Deep Blue Sea (Show Us A Shape) - 25 September 2003
(Leaping Dolphin, Speedy Shark, and Flapping Manta Ray)
18. Castle (The Counting Song) - 1 October 2003
(Brave Knight, Busy Servant, and Dancing Queen)
19. African Waterhole (Show Us A Shape) - 7 October 2003
(Tall Giraffe, Stripy Zebra, and Enormous Elephant)
20. Kitchen (The Counting Song) - 14 October 2003
(Handy Oven Glove, Chilly Fridge, and Drying Tea Towel)
21. Arctic (The Counting Song) - 21 October 2003
(Big Polar Bear, Wrinkly Walrus, and Furry Arctic Fox)
22. Fun Fair (Do the Same as Me) - 28 October 2003
(Turning Teacup, Bumping Bumper Car, and Golden Horse)
23. Space (Odd One Out) - 4 November 2003
(Gigantic Planet, Twinkling Star, and Smiling Moon)
24. Garden (Show Us A Shape) - 11 November 2003
(Scampering Squirrel, Wriggling Worm, and Fluttering Butterflies)
25. Hospital (Odd One Out) - 18 November 2003
(Poorly Patient, Helpful Nurse, and Caring Doctor)
26. Woods at Night (Show Us A Shape) - 25 November 2003
(Fluttering Moth, Snuffling Badger, and Hooting Owl)
27. Library (The Counting Song) - 5 February 2004
(Noisy Book, Pop-Up Book, and Talking Book)
28. Canadian Mountain (Odd One Out) - 12 February 2004
(Creeping Cougar, Munching Moose, and Climbing Bighorn Sheep)
29. Australian Bush (Show Us A Shape) - 19 February 2004
(Laughing Kookaburra, Climbing Koala, and Jumping Kangaroo)
30. Swimming Pool (Odd One Out) - 26 February 2004
(Floating Crocodile, Spouting Whale, and Sliding Snake)
31. Forest Floor (Do the Same as Me) - 22 April 2004
(Hurrying Centipede, Slimy Slug, and Flying Ladybug)
32. Circus (Odd One Out) - 12 March 2004
(Balancing Ballerina, Amazing Acrobat, and Juggling Clown)
33. Swamp (Odd One Out) - 19 March 2004
(Hiding Turtle, Smiling Crocodile, and Climbing Raccoon)
34. Fun House (Show Us A Shape) - 26 March 2004
(Disappearing Armchair, Laughing Picture, and Funny Ghost)
35. Playgroup (Odd One Out) - 2 April 2004
(Happy Girl, Busy Playleader, and Helpful Dad)
36. Antarctic (The Counting Song) - 9 April 2004
(Sliding Penguin, Enormous Whale, and Swimming Seal)
37. Ski Resort (Odd One Out) - 16 April 2004
(Careful Skier, Jumping Skier, and Racing Skier)
38. Jungle (Everybody Do This Sound) - 25 April 2004
(Chattering Monkey, Sliding Snake, and Squawking Parakeets)
39. Farm (Everybody Do This Sound) - 30 April 2004
(Mooing Cow, Baaing Sheep, and Clucking Chicken)
40. Bathroom (Odd One Out) - 13 May 2004
(Careful Grownup, Soapy Sponge, and Brushing Toothbrush)
41. Park (Do the Same as Me)- 20 May 2004
(Hopping Sparrow, Waddling Duck, and Strutting Pigeon)
42. Zoo (Everybody Do This Sound) - 27 May 2004
(Trumpeting Elephant, Chattering Chimp, and Roaring Lion)
43. English Riverbank (The Counting Song) - 4 June 2004
(Plopping Water Vole, Sliding Otter, Gliding Swans)
44. American Ranch (Everybody Do This Sound) - 11 June 2004
(Neighing Horse, Mooing Cow, and Lassoing Cowboy)
45. Bamboo Forest (We're Looking for a Colour) - 18 June 2004
(Golden Monkey, Red Panda, and Giant Panda)
46. American Prairie (Everybody Do This Sound) - 25 June 2004
(Grunting Bison, Rattling Rattlesnake, and Barking Prairie Dog)
47. Junior Gym (We're Looking for a Colour) - 2 July 2004
(Climbing Girl, Jumping Boy, and Crawling Baby)
48. Meadow (Do the Same as Me) - 9 July 2004
(Buzzing Bumblebee, Twitching Mouse, and Hopping Grasshopper)
49. Tropical Island (We're Looking for a Colour) - 16 July 2004
(Laughing Hornbill, Swinging Orangutan, and Emerald Lizard)
50. City at Night (Everybody Do This Sound) - 23 July 2004
(Hungry Fox, Spiky Hedgehog, and Cool Cat)
51. Pirate Ship (Do the Same as Me) - 30 July 2004
(Busy Pirates, Bossy Captain, and Talking Parrot)
52. City Farm (We're Looking for a Colour) - 6 August 2004
(Hungry Goat, Gentle Pony, and Hopping Rabbit)
Christmas Special (2004)
Log Cabin/Santa's House (We're Looking for a Colour & The Counting Song) - 2004 (Double-Length Episode)
(Twinkling Tree, Pretty Present, Hanging Stocking, Gentle Reindeer, Busy Elves, and Smiling Santa)
Series 2 (2005-2006)
53. Fire Station - 1 March 2005
54. Dentist - 7 March 2005
55. The Pyramids - 14 March 2005
56. Athletics Track - 21 March 2005
57. Airfield - 28 March 2005
58. Kite Festival - 4 April 2005
59. Ballet Class (Snap) - 11 April 2005
60. Veterinarian - 18 April 2005
61. Car Factory - 25 April 2005
62. Pottery (Odd One Out) - 2 May 2005
63. Carpenter's Workshop (What's Missing) - 9 May 2005
64. Sports Day (Can You Guess) - 16 May 2005
65. Cheese Market - 23 May 2005
66. Tennis Court - 30 May 2005
67. Post Office - 6 June 2005
68. Diwali Party - 16 September 2005
69. Fishing Dock - 20 June 2005
70. Fancy Dress Shop - 27 June 2005
71. Garden Centre - 4 July 2005
72. Police Station (Snap) - 11 July 2005
73. Pop Concert (The Counting Song) - 18 July 2005
74. Chinese Garden (The Counting Song) - 1 February 2006
75. Tea Plantation - 3 August 2005
76. Basketball Court (Snap) - 10 August 2005
77. Hairdressers (We're Looking for a Colour) - 17 August 2005
78. Ice Rink (Odd One Out) - 24 August 2005
79. Bus Station - 16 February 2006
80. Chicken Farm - 23 February 2006
81. Street Market - 2 March 2006
82. Bakery - 9 March 2006
83. Building Site (We're Looking for a Colour) - 16 March 2006
84. Baseball Ground (What's Missing) - 23 March 2006
85. Birthday Party - 30 March 2006
86. Football Match (What's Missing) - 6 April 2006
87. Surfer Beach (Odd One Out) - 13 April 2006
88. Race Track (The Counting Song) - 20 April 2006
89. Roman Villa (The Counting Song) - 27 April 2006
90. Orange Grove - 4 May 2006
91. Venetian Canal - 23 May 2006
92. Children's Play (Can You Guess) - 30 May 2006
93. Crazy Golf Course (Odd One Out) - 6 June 2006
94. Timber Forest (Snap) - 13 June 2006
95. Lei Day (Can You Guess?) - 20 June 2006
96. House That's Being Decorated - 24 June 2006
97. Seaside (The Counting Song) - 27 June 2006
98. Halloween (Can You Guess) - 30 October 2006
99. Campsite (Can You Guess) 10 July 2006
100. Film Set - 7 September 2006
101. Snowy Garden - 8 December 2006
102. Rainforest Canopy (We're Looking for a Colour) - 23 December 2006
103. Galapagos Islands (Snap) - 25 December 2006
104. Chinese New Year - 29 December 2006
Development, Songs and Broadcast
Development
The show was created by Will Brenton and Iain Lauchlan, who have created and produced Fun Song Factory, BB3B, and Jim Jam and Sunny in addition to Tweenies. Brenton also designed the characters.
On July 26, 2002, the BBC picked up the UK broadcasting rights to Boo! for a broadcast in September 2003. On September 1, it was announced that Universal Pictures had acquired worldwide distribution rights to the series in exchange for providing co-funding.
On May 22, 2003, the show was announced to premiere on June 4 on the CBeebies on BBC Two block.
On April 7, 2004, Boo! was renewed for a second series.
Broadcast
"Boo!" can be seen in the United Kingdom on CBeebies (formerly on CBeebies on BBC Two), reruns from 2007-2012 in the United States on the digital channel Qubo (with two episodes in a half-hour format), Discovery Kids in Latin America, and Australia's ABC. "Boo!" is also available in Canada on the French educational public broadcaster TFO, alongside HOP! in Israel, and Baraem in Qatar.
In some episodes, Growling Tiger, Sleeping Bear or Laughing Duck says when it’s time for a song to begin when Boo dances to every song and the kids begin to yell "Hooray!" really loud before the song begins in every episode of Boo!
Songs
"Where’s Boo? (Can You Find Boo?)"
"Show Us a Shape"
"The Counting Song"
"We’re Looking for a Colour"
"Do the Same As Me"
"Odd One Out"
"Everybody Do This Sound"
"Snap!"
"Can You Guess?"
"What’s Missing?"
and
"Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star"
Home Media
VHS, DVD and VCD releases of the series were handled by Universal Pictures Video in all regions.
References
External links
Variety story from MIPCOM 2002: BBC goes 'Boo!'
2003 British television series debuts
2006 British television series endings
2000s British animated television series
2000s British children's television series
2000s preschool education television series
Animated preschool education television series
BBC children's television shows
British children's animated fantasy television series
British preschool education television series
CBeebies
English-language television shows
Cel-shaded animation
Television series by Universal Television |
4782218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipirotikos%20Agon | Ipirotikos Agon | Ipirotikos Agon ("Epirot Struggle") (Greek: Ηπειρωτικός Αγών) is one of the oldest newspapers published in Greece. Its headquarters are in Ioannina, Epirus.
History
It was set in 1923 in the region of Epirus and was first published with the title "Thunder". The next year it was retitled to Ipirotiki Icho ("Epirote Echo") until 1927, when it took its current title.
During the past seventy-eight years the news-paper has been circulating daily without failure. The only exception was during the Second World War, when the local news-papers were forced for two years to publish a common "News Bulletin".
A second exception occurred during the period of 1973 to 1974 when the dictatorial Regime of the Colonels stopped the paper's circulation for some time, due to anti-dictatorship editions. During the newspaper's history there have been two publishers who have been connected more than anybody else with the publishing of the newspaper. Efthimios Tzallas was publisher until 1968, and after him his son Eleftherios became publisher and head of the news-paper until 1983.
In 2000 Ipirotikos Agon celebrated its twenty-thousandth newspaper publication, making a special edition for old colleagues, employees, subscribers and readers, to "testify" their own experience through the history of the newspaper.
Ipirotikos Agon was nominated for two more distinctions in the recent years. On 22 March 2004, the Athanasios Vas. Botsis Institute for the Promotion of Journalism awarded a prize to Ipirotikos Agon for its overall contribution to the media throughout its 77-year history, the quality of the newspaper and the coverage of regional issues.
On 22 November 2007, Ipirotikos Agon and its columnists Alekos Raptis and Thimios Tzallas received the State Award for Best Article in a regional newspaper for the year 2006. The article was titled: "5 dramatic pictures re-emerge" and referred to the deportation of Ioannina's Jewish Community by the Nazis in 1944.
References
External links
Official website (in Greek)
Daily newspapers published in Greece
Greek-language newspapers
Newspapers established in 1923
Mass media in Ioannina
1923 establishments in Greece |
4782245 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reodar | Reodar | Reodar is a town in Sirohi District of Rajasthan state in India. It is situated at 52 km east of the Sirohi. It is headquarters of the tehsil as well as Panchayat Samiti by the same name. Mandar is the main village connecting Reodar to Gujarat.
It is also a Legislative Assembly Constituency of Rajasthan.
It is the main town between Rajasthan and Gujarat it lies on border.
See also
Magariwara
References
Reodar Coordinates
Cities and towns in Sirohi district |
4782253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1chira%20%28disambiguation%29 | Táchira (disambiguation) | Táchira is one of the 23 states of Venezuela.
Táchira may refer to:
Táchira River, a river on the border between Colombia and Venezuela
Deportivo Táchira Fútbol Club, a Venezuelan football club
Vuelta al Táchira, a Venezuelan bicycle race
See also |
4782269 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Cercle | Le Cercle | Le Cercle is a invitation-only foreign policy forum. Initially its focus was opposing communism and, in the 1970s and 1980s, supporting apartheid when the group had intimate ties with and funding from South Africa. The group was described by British Conservative MP Alan Clark as "an Atlanticist society of right-wing dignitaries".
History
Le Cercle was established in 1952-53 by then French prime minister Antoine Pinay and French intelligence agent Jean Violet under the name Cercle Pinay. Konrad Adenauer and Franz Josef Strauss were co-founders and reconciliation between France and Germany was an important goal. Historian Adrian Hänni wrote that "The Cercle's founding vision encompassed the integration of a Christian-Catholic Europe, an aspiration reflected in the Cercle's personal membership and the countries represented in its early years." The other members of the original Cercle were from the Governments of Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands including a number of members of the Catholic Opus Dei and the Knights of Malta.
Political changes in 1969 led to the addition of Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States with meetings held twice a year rather than three times a year as before. This led to a shift in objectives, which became an emphasis on forming a strong anti-Communist alliance between the United States and Europe. Hänni stated that "The leaders of the group increasingly considered strategies to target public opinion and, to this end, formed a "Cercle network" of associated organisations, institutes and think tanks, which attacked both the Soviet Union and the perceived "leftist" governments or opposition movements in Europe and the Third World." Its members then and now tended to be strident anti-Communists, including members of the World Anti-Communist League. The Union of South Africa provided the only official delegation and the Cercle supported organisations such as Renamo, whose general secretary attended meetings, and Unita.
Le Cercle was mentioned in the early 1980s by Der Spiegel in Germany as a result of the controversy surrounding Franz Josef Strauss, one of the regular attendants of the Cercle. In the late 1990s, the Cercle received some attention after a scandal had broken out involving Jonathan Aitken, at the time chairman of Le Cercle.
In June 2004, it met in the Royal Palace in Belgrade, hosted by Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia.
In later years, the British took over the chairmanship of Le Cercle. Leading members included the ex-MI6 officer Anthony Cavendish, the British Conservative MP Julian Amery, and Brian Crozier.
Alan Clark, the British Conservative MP and historian stated in his diaries that Le Cercle was funded by the CIA.
British MPs Rory Stewart and Nadhim Zahawi were chairs of Le Cercle in the 2010's at the same time as they served as members of the UK parliament's Foreign Affairs Select Committee. Neither MP declared their chairmanship of Le Cercle to the UK parliament.
Ecuadorian Foreign Minister, Guillaume Long, wrote in 2022 that the group has "strong links to the intelligence community in Europe and the United States".
Sample agenda from 1979
An agenda presented by Brian Crozier noted that its goal to change the British Government had been changed by the election of Margaret Thatcher and among others listed the following objectives:
"Undercover financial transactions for political aims";
"International campaigns aiming to discredit hostile personalities or events";
"Creation of a (private) intelligence service specialising in a selective point of view"
Chairs
1953–1971: Antoine Pinay
1971–1980: Jean Violet
1980–1985: Brian Crozier
1985–1993: Julian Amery
1993–1996: Jonathan Aitken
1996–2008: Norman Lamont
2008–2013: Michael Ancram
2013–2014: Rory Stewart
2015–2018: Nadhim Zahawi
Members
Former UK Minister of State for Europe and North America, Alan Duncan, is a member.
References
Further reading
Johannes Großmann (2014). Die Internationale der Konservativen. Transnationale Elitenzirkel und private Außenpolitik in Westeuropa seit 1945. Munich: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 437-496. .
David Teacher (2003). Rogue Agents: The Cercle and the 6I in the Private Cold War, 1951-1991. 6th ed.
External links
#Declassified: Apartheid Profits - Le Cercle: the phantom profiteers
Apartheid in South Africa
Anti-communist organizations
Secret societies |
4782280 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayeswater | Hayeswater | Hayeswater is a small lake within the Lake District of Cumbria, England.
The lake is situated about a mile (1.6 km) SE of the hamlet of Hartsop in the Patterdale Valley. It nestles between The Knott to its east and Gray Crag to the west and it is at an altitude of almost 1,400 feet (425 m). The lake is natural but was dammed in 1908 to provide a reservoir serving the Cumbrian town of Penrith. It is fed from the south by Hayeswater Gill, which rises close to the route of the Roman High Street and continues to Cow Bridge where it joins the outlet stream from Brothers Water.
It had not been used as a reservoir since 2005 and United Utilities removed the dam and restored it to a mountain tarn in the summer of 2014. A new footbridge over Hayeswater Beck was also constructed 250 yards downstream from the tarn outlet channel.
References
Reservoirs in Cumbria
Lakes of the Lake District
Westmorland
Patterdale |
4782288 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A1rico%20%28disambiguation%29 | Guárico (disambiguation) | Guárico may refer to:
Places
Haiti
Cap-Haïtien, Haiti's northernmost important city, whose region the natives historically called Guárico.
Venezuela
Guárico, one of the 23 states which make up the country
Guárico Reservoir, a reservoir in the state of Guárico
Guárico River
Parroquia Guárico, a parroquia in the state of Lara |
4782296 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme%20Executive%20Council%20of%20the%20Commonwealth%20of%20Pennsylvania | Supreme Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania | The Supreme Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania was the collective directorial executive branch of the Pennsylvanian state government between 1777 and 1790. It was headed by a president and a vice president (analogous to a governor and lieutenant governor, respectively). The best-known member of the Council was Benjamin Franklin, who also served as its sixth president.
1776 Constitution
The 1776 Constitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania was framed by a constitutional convention called at the urging of the Continental Congress. The convention began work in Philadelphia on July 15, 1776, less than two weeks following adoption of the Declaration of Independence. The Constitution was adopted September 28 of the same year. The document included both A Declaration of the Rights of the Inhabitants of the Commonwealth and a Plan or Frame of Government. The latter includes 47 sections, several of which deal with the formation and function of the Supreme Executive Council.
Section 3: "The supreme executive power shall be vested in a president and council."
Section 19: "For the present the supreme executive council of this state shall consist of twelve persons chosen in the following manner..."
The city of Philadelphia and the eleven counties existing at that time each elected a representative to sit on the Council. These eleven counties were Philadelphia (at that time a governmental entity distinct from the City of Philadelphia), Chester, Bucks, Lancaster, York, Cumberland, Berks, Northampton, Bedford, Northumberland, and Westmoreland. Seats were added for Washington, Fayette, Franklin, Montgomery, Dauphin, Luzerne, Huntingdon, and Allegheny as those counties were established. Many of these counties occupied considerably different and often much larger territories in the late 18th century than they presently.
Counsellors were elected to three-year terms; the terms were staggered so that one third would be contested each year. (Counsellors is the spelling used in the Constitution itself, although the word is also rendered councillors, counsellors, and councilors in other documents.) The president and vice-president of the Council were chosen from those twelve counsellors, elected to one-year terms by an annual joint ballot of the Council and the General Assembly (the state legislature), usually held in November.
Section 20: The Council and its president were given power to
appoint judges, attorneys general, naval officers, and other officers
fill offices vacant due to death, resignation, removal, or disqualification
correspond with other states
prepare business to present to the General Assembly
serve as judges on cases of impeachment
grant pardons and remit fines (except in cases of impeachment)
grant reprieves in cases of treason and murder
ensure that the laws and other acts of the General Assembly were carried out
lay embargoes and prohibit the export of any commodity (in certain circumstances)
Additionally:
the president of council was to serve as commander in chief of the military forces of the state
the Council was ordered to keep an accurate record of its proceedings
Meeting place and time
The 1776 Constitution stipulated that the Council meet at the same time and location as the General Assembly. In practice, the Council sat year-round: there was no formal cycle of sessions (e.g. 110th United States Congress) and no specific date for the start of term of councilors or council officers.
The Supreme Executive Council formally convened March 4, 1777. The first president and vice-president were elected the following day. The Council sat in the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia, now known as Independence Hall. It met in what had been the Governor's Council Chamber during British rule. The Executive Council, along with the General Assembly, moved to Lancaster, Pennsylvania ahead of the British occupation of Philadelphia in the fall of 1777—the last meeting in Philadelphia took place on September 23 and the first in Lancaster on October 1. The Council returned to Philadelphia June 26, 1778.
The Council was replaced by a single governor on December 21, 1790.
Presidents of Council
Seven men served as president of the Supreme Executive Council. (One, George Bryan, was never elected to the position, but today is considered by the Commonwealth to have been a full-fledged governor of Pennsylvania, perhaps due to the length of his term as acting president.) Several figure prominently in the history of Pennsylvania, but none more so than Dr. Benjamin Franklin. His presidency was one of his last acts of public service, and he died less than two years after leaving office. Franklin was also the longest-serving president, having held the office for slightly over three years. There is some question about the de facto end of his term, suggesting that the aging Franklin was not actively involved in affairs of state toward the end of his presidency. (This is certainly not a consensus view, as other sources report that all actions of the Council during his term had Franklin's approval, even if that meant convening the Council at Franklin's home.) The shortest term was that of George Bryan, who served as acting president for just over six months. Although these men may be referred to properly as Presidents of Pennsylvania their office is analogous to the modern office of governor, and they are often included in lists of those who have held the latter title. Presidents and vice-presidents were styled His Excellency.
Legacy
The neighborhood of South Philadelphia contains a series of east-west streets named in honor of Pennsylvania's presidents and early governors. Moving south on South 25th Street are Wharton, Reed and Dickinson Streets. (Bryan, never officially elected to the office, is omitted.) Moore Street, out of sequence, follows after two intervening streets (Tasker and Morris). There is no Franklin Street in the immediate neighborhood, probably because there already was a North Franklin Street on the west side of Franklin Square, these being two of the numerous memorials to Franklin already in Philadelphia. Moore is followed by Mifflin Street, McKean Street, and Snyder Street (the latter being Pennsylvania's second and third governors under the 1790 Constitution). Wharton Street borders Wharton Square Park, although it is not clear if the park is named after Thomas Wharton or another member of his prominent family. Dickinson College and the Dickinson School of Law, both in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, were named after John Dickinson.
Vice-presidents of Council
Similarly, the office of Vice-President of Pennsylvania is analogous to the modern office of Lieutenant Governor. Of the ten men who held the office, two succeeded to the presidency (the first—Bryan—de facto, the second—Moore—de jure). The longest vice-presidential term was that of George Bryan; he served over two and a half years, although he also served as de facto acting president for six months concurrent with his vice-presidential term. The shortest term was that of Matthew Smith, who served for twelve days in October 1779.
"Acting" presidents
At least one source credits four vice-presidents with having served as acting presidents:
George Bryan (acting president May 23, 1778 – December 1, 1778)
James Potter (acting president October 8 – November 7, 1782)
Charles Biddle (acting president October 10–18, 1785)
David Redick (acting president October 14 – November 5, 1788)
With the exception of Bryan, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania makes no such distinction, and its listing of the state's early governors includes neither Potter, Biddle, nor Redick. (presidents of Pennsylvania are sometimes included in the listing of former governors). None of these men (including Bryan) was given the title of acting president during his time in office—each continued to be addressed as Vice-President and was titled Acting President only after the fact. (And, regarding all but Bryan, the honor is strictly unofficial.)
During George Bryan's "term" as acting president, the office of president was, in fact, vacant—Thomas Wharton died May 23, 1778, and an election to choose his successor was not held until December 1—due perhaps to the Council's evacuation to Lancaster during that time. At over seven months, Bryan's tenure was such that today he is considered a full-fledged governor by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
The situations of the three other "acting presidents" is less clear, although there are some similarities. In each instance the president was replaced—or due to be replaced—as his county's Counsellor before the completion of his term as President. For example, Redick's supposed acting presidency spanned the final three weeks of Dr. Franklin's presidential term. Franklin's three-year term as counsellor from the City of Philadelphia was to expire on or around October 17, 1788—two weeks before the conclusion of his final one-year presidential term on October 31. The 1776 Constitution is not specific on the matter, but as the president and vice-president were chosen from among the members of the Council, it appears that most presidents chose to leave that office, or were replaced, prior to the expiration of their term as counsellor, rather than have an executive preside over a body of which he was no longer a member. Thus, these "acting presidencies" may have spanned the period between the de facto end of one presidency (due to term limits) and the formal election of a successor. Franklin, for instance, was succeeded as counsellor for the City of Philadelphia by Samuel Miles on October 20, but his presidency officially did not end until November 5. If Franklin did indeed continue to exercise the office during those final weeks not only would he have been presiding beyond the end of his term as counsellor but also beyond the three-year term limit established by the 1776 Constitution. The official minutes of the Council contain no indication that the president in any of these situations (Moore, Dickinson and Franklin, respectively) had formally left, relinquished or been removed from office; nonetheless during these periods the president was absent from council meetings, which were thus overseen by the vice-president. This suggests that any "interim administration" was established quietly and "off the record".
A similar situation occurred at the end of Joseph Reed's presidency. Reed was succeeded as counsellor from Philadelphia County by John Bayard on October 16, 1781 but ostensibly remained president until William Moore took office on November 15. Yet no claims of an "acting presidency" have been made for Moore, who held the Vice-Presidency during this interim period, immediately prior to his election as president.
Similarly, Charles Biddle appears to have retained the Vice-Presidency—at least officially—even after leaving his seat on the Council. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania reports that Biddle's vice-presidential term extended to October 31, 1787, at which time Peter Muhlenberg succeeded him in that office. However, Biddle's term as counsellor from Berks County ended eighteen days earlier, on October 13, when he was succeeded in that office by James Read. Furthermore, Biddle was elected secretary of the Council on October 23, a clerical position that likely would not have been assumed by one who was also an officer of the Council and a high state official.
Leadership elections
The first election of a president and vice-president of Pennsylvania took place March 5, 1777, the day after the Council first convened. Thereafter, leadership elections took place in the fall, generally in November, following the popular election (held the second Tuesday in October) in which counsellors and Assemblymen were elected by eligible citizens. Routine elections involved a joint ballot of the Council and the General Assembly. Several other elections were held to fill vacancies resulting from resignation; these involved only a vote by the Council rather than a joint ballot with the Assembly. More often than not, records do not list contenders (other than the winners) or vote tallies, saying simply that a particular gentleman was duly elected president and another vice-president. Presidents and vice-presidents were elected to one-year terms. They could be reelected, but their term as president or vice-president could not (in theory) extend beyond the end of their three-year term as counsellor.
Discrepant dates and the oath of office
Throughout the history of the Council it was standard practice for newly elected presidents and vice-presidents to take office immediately upon election. However, there were a few instances in which an individual did not take the oath of office until the day following his election. Section 40 of the 1776 Constitution stipulates: "Every officer, whether judicial, executive or military, in authority under this commonwealth, shall take the following…oath of office before he enters on the execution of his office," meaning that an individual could not assume the duties of his office before taking the necessary oath. Cross referencing the election dates above with the preceding listings of terms in office will thus reveal several slight discrepancies, all resulting from a delayed administration of the oath:
George Bryan, elected vice-president March 5, 1777, took office March 6.
William Moore, elected president November 14, 1781, took office November 15.
James Potter, elected vice-president November 14, 1781, took office November 15.
No reasons for the delays are noted in the minutes of the Council. Neither set of dates involved a conflict with the sabbath. There were other instances that involved reelections of men who had already been sworn into office at the start of their previous term and which thus caused no delay. These are not noted here.
Counsellors
Counsellors were elected to represent each county in Pennsylvania as well as the city of Philadelphia. They were elected to three-year terms. Many served less than a full three, while others appear to have served slightly more. The Council sat year-round and there was no specific date set for the start of a session or of any counsellor's term. Rather, new counsellors appear to have begun their terms whenever they were able to reach Philadelphia following their elections. The general election at that time was held on the second Tuesday in October and most counsellors took office in late October or in November. In most instances it is easy to fix the date on which a particular counsellor's term began, as the Minutes of the Council will note that on a particular date a particular gentleman was administered the oath and admitted to his seat. Many counsellors had sporadic attendance, and several were absent for a year or more at a time. This was particularly true of representatives from the distant western counties, although the phenomenon was certainly not limited to those gentlemen. Some counsellors simply sat out the last several months of their terms, their names disappearing from the Minutes by late summer or early autumn. Thus, the following list of counsellors generally notes only the day on which each began his term; unless indicated otherwise it is assumed that each term extended to the beginning of the next, regardless of the incumbent's actual attendance. Counsellors were accorded the title of Esquire.
Term limits
With the Council set to be dissolved in December 1790, a provision of the new state constitution allowed counsellors and council officers whose terms would have expired that autumn to remain in office until December 21, rather than hold elections for new counsellors who would sit for only one or two months. Also, a review of the dates on which a particular county's counsellors began their terms will reveal several instances in which more than three years elapsed between the start of successive terms. It is uncertain whether the seat technically became vacant after exactly three years or if the incumbent's term extended to the start of his successor's, even if this meant exceeding the three-year term limit imposed by the 1776 Constitution.
List of counsellors
The home counties of two early counsellors, John Evans and John Lowdan, has not yet been determined. Both were sitting when the Council first convened on March 4, 1777. It appears that one likely represented Chester County and the other York.
City of Philadelphia
George Bryan (March 4, 1777)
William Moore (October 18, 1779)
James Irvine (October 14, 1782)
Benjamin Franklin (October 17, 1785)
Samuel Miles (October 20, 1788 – December 21, 1790)
Philadelphia County
Joseph Wharton (March 4, 1777; died in office May 23, 1778)
Joseph Reed (November 24, 1778)
John Bayard (October 16, 1781)
John Dickinson (November 4, 1782)
Henry Hill (October 17, 1785)
Thomas Mifflin (October 20, 1788 – December 21, 1790)
Chester County
John Mackey (McKay, MacKay, Macky) (November 21, 1777)
Dr. Joseph Gardner (October 23, 1779)
John McDowell (November 2, 1782)
Evan Evans (October 28, 1785)
Richard Willing (October 16, 1788 – December 21, 1790)
Bucks County
Joseph Hart (July 23, 1777)
Gen. John Lacey Jr. (October 28, 1779)
George Wall Jr. (October 29, 1782)
Samuel Dean (November 1, 1785)
Amos Gregg (October 21, 1788 – December 21, 1790)
Lancaster County
John Hubley (March 10, 1777)
John Bailey (June 2, 1777)
Col. Matthew Smith (May 28, 1778)
James Cunningham (January 5, 1781)
Samuel John Atlee (October 21, 1783)
John Whitehill (December 22, 1784)
George Ross (October 16, 1787 – December 21, 1790)
York County
Jason Edgar (November 4, 1777)
James Ewing (February 9, 1779; withdrew a few days later due to questions regarding his election)
Mr. Thompson (March 8, 1779)
James Ewing (October 26, 1781)
Richard McCallister (McAlister) (October 26, 1784)
Andrew Bellmeyer (Billmeyer) (January 19, 1787)
Samuel Edie (October 25, 1787 – December 21, 1790)
Cumberland County
Jonathan Hoge ( March 4, 1777)
James McLene (McClean, M'Lean, McLean) (November 9, 1778)
Robert Whitehill (December 28, 1779)
John Buyers (Byers) (November 20, 1781)
Jonathan Hoge (November 3, 1784)
Frederick Watt (October 26, 1787 – December 21, 1790)
Berks County
Jacob Morgan (September 3, 1777)
James Read (July 1, 1778)
Sebastian Levan (October 31, 1781)
Charles Biddle (October 30, 1784)
James Read (October 13, 1787 – December 21, 1790)
Northampton County
George Taylor (March 4, 1777)
Jacob Arndt (Orndt) (November 8, 1777)
John VanCampen (November 4, 1780)
Stephen Balliot(Balliet) (November 3, 1783)
Robert Trail (October 23, 1786)
Jonas Hartzell (October 20, 1789 – December 21, 1790)
Bedford County
Thomas Urie (November 14, 1777)
John Piper (November 17, 1780)
Isaac Meason (Mason) (November 12, 1783)
seat vacant approximately one year due to election irregularities
George Woods (November 1, 1787)
James Martin (November 12, 1789 – December 21, 1790)
Northumberland County
Capt. John Hambright (Hambidght) (November 4, 1777)
Brig. Gen. James Potter (November 16, 1780)
John Boyd (November 25, 1783)
William McClay (October 23, 1786)
William Wilson (October 23, 1789 – December 21, 1790)
Westmoreland County
John Proctor (March 4, 1777)
Thomas Scott (November 29, 1777)
Christopher Hayes (February 17, 1781)
Bernard Dougherty (November 11, 1783)
John Baird (Beard) (November 17, 1786)
William Findley (November 25, 1789 – December 21, 1790)
Washington County (erected 1781)
Dorsey (Dorset) Pentecost (November 19, 1781)
Gen. John Neville (November 11, 1783)
David Redick (November 20, 1786)
Henry Taylor (December 3, 1789 – December 21, 1790)
Fayette County (erected 1783)
John Woods (November 6, 1784)
John Smilie (November 2, 1786)
Nathaniel Breading (November 19, 1789 – December 21, 1790)
Franklin County (erected 1784)
James McLene (February 2, 1785)
Abraham Smith (October 24, 1787 – December 21, 1790)
Montgomery County (erected 1784)
Daniel Hiester (October 15, 1784)
Peter Muhlenberg (October 24, 1785)
Zebulon Potts (October 16, 1788 – December 21, 1790)
Dauphin County (erected 1785)
William Brown (November 14, 1785)
Christopher Kucher (November 1, 1787 – December 21, 1790)
Luzerne County (erected 1786)
Col. Nathan Denison, Jr. (March 2, 1787)
Lord Butler (October 30, 1789 – December 21, 1790)
Huntingdon County (erected 1787)
John Cannon (November 21, 1787)
Benjamin Elliott (December 30, 1789 – December 21, 1790)
Allegheny County (erected 1788)
Dr. John Wilkins Jr. (November 20, 1789 – December 21, 1790)
1790 Constitution
A constitutional convention was called in 1789 and a new state constitution was adopted the following year. The 1790 Constitution did away with the Supreme Executive Council and vested supreme executive power in the office of governor. On December 21, 1790 Thomas Mifflin, the last President of Pennsylvania, took office as the state's first governor. (The title of governor had been used during the Colonial era, although it referred to the appointed representative of the monarch or the Proprietor, rather than to an elected official.) The executive branch of the state government has been headed by a governor since that time. The 1790 Constitution made no provision for a lieutenant governor. Upon the death or resignation of the governor the office would be assumed by the Speaker of the State Senate. (This position no longer exists.) The office of lieutenant governor was created by the 1873 State Constitution and first occupied (by John Latta) in 1875.
See also
French Directory, a similar joint-executive arrangement during the French First Republic possibly inspired by the Supreme Executive Council
References
Government of Pennsylvania
History of Pennsylvania
Governors of Pennsylvania
Lieutenant Governors of Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania in the American Revolution
State executive councils of the United States |
4782305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20airports%20in%20Maryland | List of airports in Maryland | This is a list of airports in Maryland (a U.S. state), grouped by type and sorted by location. It contains all public-use and military airports in the state. Some private-use and former airports may be included where notable, such as airports that were previously public-use, those with commercial enplanements recorded by the FAA or airports assigned an IATA airport code.
Airports
See also
Essential Air Service
Maryland World War II Army Airfields
Wikipedia:WikiProject Aviation/Airline destination lists: North America#Maryland
References
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA):
FAA Airport Data (Form 5010) from National Flight Data Center (NFDC), also available from AirportIQ 5010
National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (2017–2021), released September 2016
Passenger Boarding (Enplanement) Data for CY 2022 (preliminary), released June 2023
State:
Maryland Aviation Administration (MAA)
Office of Regional Aviation Assistance (ORAA)
Maryland Public-Use Airports
Other sites used as a reference when compiling and updating this list:
Aviation Safety Network – used to check IATA airport codes
Great Circle Mapper: Airports in Maryland – used to check IATA and ICAO airport codes
Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields: Maryland – used for information on former airports
Maryland
Airports
Airports |
4782314 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Centre%20for%20Birds%20of%20Prey | International Centre for Birds of Prey | The International Centre for Birds of Prey (ICBP), formerly the National Birds of Prey Centre, in the United Kingdom houses a large collection of birds of prey with over 60 species of owls, eagles and hawks. It works towards the conservation of birds of prey through education, captive breeding, research and rehabilitation. The centre is located at Boulsdon near Newent in Gloucestershire. The Director is Jemima (Glasier) Parry-Jones.
History
The ICBP was originally established, as the Falconry Centre, by Phillip Glasier as a specialised zoo containing only birds of prey, including falcons, hawks, eagles and owls. It had the aim of educating people about birds of prey and their value in the world. It also aimed to teach falconry. It first opened to the public on 25 May 1967. As of 2023, it is closed to the public.
References
External links
International Centre for Birds of Prey
National Centre for Birds of Prey
BBC archive film of the Newent Birds of Prey Centre from 1987
Zoos in England
Zoos established in 1967
Bird parks
Bird conservation organizations
Tourist attractions in Gloucestershire
1967 establishments in the United Kingdom
Falconry
Raptor organizations
Buildings and structures in Gloucestershire
Newent |
4782322 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A1rico%20River | Guárico River | Guárico River is a river in Venezuela.
Rivers of Venezuela |
4782330 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosiderite | Mesosiderite | Mesosiderites are a class of stony–iron meteorites consisting of about equal parts of metallic nickel-iron and silicate. They are breccias with an irregular texture; silicates and metal occur often in lumps or pebbles as well as in fine-grained intergrowths. The silicate part contains olivine, pyroxenes, and Ca-rich feldspar and is similar in composition to eucrites and diogenites.
They are a rare type of meteorite; as of November 2014 only 208 are known (of which 56 come from Antarctica) and only 7 of these are observed falls. On the other hand, some mesosiderites are among the largest meteorites known.
At Vaca Muerta in the Atacama Desert in Chile, many fragments with a total mass of 3.8 tons were found in a large strewnfield. They were first discovered in the 19th century by ore prospectors who mistook the shiny metal inclusions for silver and thought they had found an outcrop of a silver ore deposit. Later when an analysis was made and nickel-iron was found, the true nature as a meteorite was established. The meteorite was called Vaca Muerta. The picture at right shows a cut and polished piece of Vaca Muerta.
The most recent fall of a mesosiderite occurred at Dong Ujimqin Qi in China, on September 7, 1995, where three large pieces with a total mass of fell. The fall of the Estherville mesosiderite in Iowa, US occurred on May 10, 1879. After a brilliant fireball had been seen, a shower of several large masses and many small fragments fell, totaling . The fall at Lowicz in Poland on March 12, 1935, yielded many (more than 50) fragments with a total weight of . The other observed mesosiderite falls occurred in 1842 at Barea (Spain), in 1880 at Varamin (Iran), in 1933 at Dyarrl Island (Papua New Guinea), and at Patwar (India) in 1935.
The legendary Chinguetti meteorite is also supposed to be a mesosiderite.
The asteroid 16 Psyche is a candidate for the parent body of the mesosiderites.
See also
Glossary of meteoritics
References
External links
Mesosiderite images from Northern Arizona University
Mesosiderite images from Meteorites Australia |
4782338 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1chira%20River | Táchira River | The Táchira River is a river located in Táchira and it divides the border that exists between Venezuela and Colombia in that western state.
The Simón Bolívar International Bridge across the Táchira River connects the city of San Antonio del Tachira in Venezuela with the small town of La Parada in Colombia. The first major city in Colombia after the border is Cúcuta.
References
Rivers of Táchira |
4782363 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monagas%20%28disambiguation%29 | Monagas (disambiguation) | Monagas is a state of Venezuela.
Monagas may also refer to:
Monagas (surname), including a list of people with the name
José Gregorio Monagas Municipality, Anzoátegui State, Venezuela
José Tadeo Monagas Municipality, Guarico State, Venezuela
Monagas Sport Club, a Venezuelan football team
See also
Parque Familiar Julio Enrique Monagas, Puerto Rico |
4782365 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian%20Sign%20Language | Iranian Sign Language | Iranian Sign Language (ISL) is the sign language used by Deaf and hard-of-hearing people in Iran. It is a true sign language, unlike the Baghcheban phonetic hand alphabet, which is a form of cued speech.
Deaf community in Iran
The estimate of the population of the deaf community in Iran varies between 1.5 and 3 million; Siyavoshi (2017) published that the Iranian Department of Health and Welfare reported 200,000 people self-identifying as deaf when registering for social and medical services. However, no estimate is available for the number of ISL users in the country.
Names
In 2021, the deaf linguist Dr. Ardavan Guity proposed the term Esharani as a new name for the sign language used in Iran, also referred to as Farsi Sign Language, Persian Sign Language, and Zaban Eshareh Irani (ZEI, ).
In 1980, the dictionary "Culture: Farsi Sign Language For Deaf, 1st Volume" was published by the Iranian National Organization for the Welfare of the Deaf, referring to the sign language used by deaf and hard-of-hearing communities in Iran. However Farsi (Persian) is not exclusive to Iran, whereas Iranian Signed Language, based on Guity's work, is exclusive to Iran. Additionally, Persian is not the only language spoken in Iran. In 1984, a university group based in Tehran published the first of four editions of "Dictionary of Farsi Sign Language: Standardized Signs", although the English cover used the title "Persian Sign Language Collection for the Deaf", and used the terms Farsi Language and Persian Sign Language interchangeably. It was not until 1999 that the phrase Iranian Sign Language was used in a Master's thesis. However, the thesis was written by a hearing author without involvement from the deaf community in Iran.
In 2014, Guity, Abbas Behmanesh, and Jodie Novak created a video describing the linguistic properties of Zaban Eshareh Irani, the transliteration of the Persian phrase meaning Iranian Sign Language. Following the video's release, the term Zaban Eshareh Irani gained traction in social media use, particularly among deaf communities in ethnic groups, such as Gilaks, Kurds, and Baloch people whose primary language is not Farsi and felt alienated from terms such as Farsi Sign Language. However ZEI was also problematic, as Persian does not have capitalization or acronyms. Consequently, Guity and Dr. Sara Siyavoshi, a hearing linguist from Iran, proposed the name Esharani, derived from the Persian morpheme eshar (sign), ran (Iran), and the suffix -i, commonly used for language names in Persian. The sign for Esharani itself is derived from the combination of the signs for "Iran" and "sign", where the non-dominant hand is in the five handshape and the dominant hand moves in a spiral motion with the thumb out over the palm of the non-dominant hand. However the acceptability of the name is still under discussion among the deaf communities in Iran.
See also
Qahveh Khaneh Sign Language
References
Scholarly literature
External links
About.com: Deaf Community - Iran
Linguistic Research and Zaban Eshareh Irani - video by Behmanesh, Guity, and Novak in Esharani
Sign languages
Languages of Iran
Sign languages of Iran |
4782371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco%20Safra | Banco Safra | Banco Safra is a Brazilian financial services company headquartered in São Paulo, Brazil. It is the seventh largest banking institution in Brazil, and the nineteenth largest in Latin America. It provides services in investment banking, private banking, asset management, and retail banking through its neobank AgZero. The bank is part of the financial holding company Safra Group.
History
The Safra family's history in banking originated with caravan trade between Aleppo, Alexandria and Istanbul during the Ottoman Empire. With the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after the First World War the Safras moved to Beirut. The Safras decided to move to Brazil in 1952. In the 1960s, Joseph Safra and his father, Jacob Safra, founded Banco Safra, S.A. Most of the Brazilian Sephardic Syrian Jewish community established themselves as retail or wholesale merchants. After having established many financial institutions in Lebanon's capital, Beirut in the 1950s, the Safras set up a small specialized bank which originated letters of credit between Sephardic importers and major banks. From this base they grew via the acquisition and opening of new branches.
In 2012 Joseph Safra purchased the remaining shares of Banco Safra, Safra National Bank of New York and Banque Safra-Luxembourg S.A. from his brother, Moise Safra.
Operations
A full-service commercial bank, Banco Safra S. A. operates in all areas of the financial sector. Through its major Brazilian subsidiaries, Safra Leasing, Safra Seguros S. A., Safra Distribuidora de Títulos e Valores Mobiliários and Safra Corretora de Valores e Câmbio Ltda., the bank’s activities extend beyond traditional lending operations to leasing, securities underwriting, investment fund management, stock brokerage and insurance operations. The bank is also active in trade finance, asset management and treasury operations.
See also
Safra Group
Bank Jacob Safra Switzerland
Safra National Bank of New York
J. Safra Sarasin
Joseph Safra
Edmond Safra
References
External links
Official website
Banks of Brazil
Brazilian brands
Companies based in São Paulo
Privately held companies of Brazil
Safra family
Banks established in 1955
1955 establishments in Brazil |
4782383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%20Yuan-chia | Li Yuan-chia | Li Yuan-chia (, 1929–1994) was a Chinese artist, poet and curator. He incorporated installations, works and photography into his art, and was one of a small number of artists of Chinese background active in the UK during his lifetime.
Early life and Taiwan
Li Yuan-chia was born in Guangxi, China. He was educated in Taiwan from 1949.
Li Yuan-chia was one of the Ton Fan group (東方畫會) that formed in Taiwan by 1956, also known as Orient Movement or Dongfang Huahui. It is credited with establishing modern abstract art in Chinese circles. Li was one of a number of students of Li Chung-sheng (李仲生, Pinyin Li Zhongsheng) in Ton Fan, who collectively became known as the "Eight Great Outlaws" (八大響馬).
The group exhibited in 1957 at the São Paulo Art Biennial. In Taipei in November 1957 they held a collective exhibition, including works by Spanish painters obtained by Hsiao Chin. This was the first of 15 shows to 1971, but the group became less active because of the emigration of many of its members. A 25th anniversary show took place in 1981.
Li Chung-sheng later commented on Li Yuan-chia's initial development by a facile calligraphic style, but also as an early Chinese conceptual artist.
In Italy and London
Li spent time in Italy, in Bologna and Milan; he was a founder of the Punto group, rejoining Hsiao Chin (蕭勤, Pinyin Xiao Qin), and was resident in Bologna in 1965.<ref>Hsiao Chin, who has been traveling extensively in Europe and sending back reports of new developments in art to artist friends and newspapers in Taiwan, settles in Milan. There he establishes Il Punto (The Point) group with the Italian painter Antonio Calderara and the Japanese sculptor Kengiro Azuma. Hsiao Chin invites artists from Ton Fan to join him in Milan and several (including Li) do.</ref>
Li Yuan-chia moved to London in 1965 where he exhibited with David Medalla and later at the Lisson Gallery. He participated in the 1966 Signals 3 + 1 exhibition, organised by Paul Keeler and Anthony de Kedrel, with Hsiao Chin, Ho Kan, and Pia Pizzo.
In the North of England
In 1968 Li Yuan-chia moved to the area of Brampton (now in Cumbria) in North West England. After two years residence near Lanercost, he purchased a derelict farmhouse at Banks on Hadrian's Wall from the artist Winifred Nicholson. By his own efforts and with scant resources he converted the farmhouse into the LYC Museum and Art Gallery and opened it in 1972. A local artist friend was Audrey Barker. The Museum was described by Hunter Davies in his book A Walk along the Wall, who noted among its exhibits a piece by Takis and a painting by Alfred Wallis.
The LYC exhibited artists such as Andy Goldsworthy and David Nash. Rosie Leventon, Rose Frain, Kate Nicholson and Bill Woodrow held solo shows there during the 1980s. It also encouraged the creative efforts of children, some of whom went on to successful careers in the arts.
Gaining increasing recognition for his enterprise, after a year or two Li was awarded funding from the Arts Council, making it possible for the Museum to continue its activities for the ten years he had originally planned.
Death and legacy
Li Yuan-chia died of cancer. There was a 1998 memorial exhibition of his work in Taipei. A retrospective of his work and career was shown in London at the Camden Arts Centre in 2001.
Exhibitions
São Paulo Biennale 1957
São Paulo Biennale 1959
Stadisches Museum Leverkusen 1960
Obelisko Gallery Rome
White - White 1965
Signals London Soundings Two 1966
Signals London Soundings 3 + 1 = Li Y - C etc.
Lisson Gallery
Cosmic Point 1967
The Other Story, Hayward Gallery, 1989–90
Camden Arts Centre, 26 January - 18 March 2001; Kendal, Cumbria: Abbot Hall Art Gallery, Kendal 28 March - 3 June; Palais des Beaux-Arts, Brussels 6 July - 9 September 2001
See also
British art
Chinese art
Taiwanese art
References
Guy Brett and Nick Sawyer (2000) Li Yuan-Chia: Tell Me What is Not Yet Said (London: Institute of International Visual Arts)
Guy Brett, Li Yuan-chia 1929-1994, Third Text'' n28/9, Autumn/Winter 1994, 3-4: obituary
Notes
External links
LYC Foundation page
The Estate of Li Yuan-chia
Spotlight On: LI Yuan-Chia at Richard Saltoun
INIVA archive page, Li Yuan-chia
INIVA archive page, Exhibitions+Projects
Tate Collection page
Page in Encyclopedia of Taiwan.
Exploring the Wasteland, 2012 exhibition.
1929 births
1991 deaths
Artists from Guangxi
Chinese curators
20th-century Chinese poets
British people of Chinese descent
Taiwanese artists
British curators
20th-century poets
Poets from Guangxi |
4782390 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS%20Deutschland | MS Deutschland | MS Deutschland (starting in 2015 also sailing as World Odyssey from September until April each year) is a cruise ship launched in 1998 and owned and operated by Peter Deilmann Cruises until 2015. She is decorated in the 1920s style as it could be seen in SS Columbus of Norddeutscher Lloyd. The ship can carry up to 650 passengers and 260 crew members. She has a gross tonnage of 22,496 and has seven passenger accessible decks.
History
In 2000, Air France Flight 4590 crashed near Paris, killing all 100 passengers and 9 crew members on board. The New York City-bound Concorde charter flight had been carrying passengers for a sixteen-day cruise to Manta, Ecuador on board MS Deutschland. Despite the accident, the cruise continued as planned and was later sailed to Sydney, Australia for the 2000 Summer Olympics as a use for entertainment ship.
During the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, the German Olympic Committee used the MS Deutschland as a hospitality ship.
On 19 May 2015 the MS Deutschland was sold over to the Absolute Nevada company based in the United States, which purchased the ship for approximately $21 million. The new owners took on approximately half of the crew. Initially the ship was planned to serve as a floating university for the American organization Semester at Sea and in the process was reflagged to Nassau in the Bahamas. It was proposed that the ship would be renamed World Odyssey following a refit at a northern European shipyard.
On 31 May 2015, Plantours announced that they would be chartering the ship for four sailings between 9 June 2015 and 29 July 2015 whilst its usual ship MS Hamburg was repaired. The crew of MS Hamburg travelled to Gibraltar to prepare the ship, before guests embarked on 9 June 2015 in Kiel. Places in the additional 80 cabins were made as a result of MS Deutschland being larger than planned MS Hamburg ship. It was on this occasion that MS Deutschland began sailing under the Bahamas flag, and its funnel was painted into Plantours yellow branding.
From 20 June 2015 to 10 August 2015 the ship carried cruise tours to the North Sea, Norwegian Fjords, Svalbard, Greenland, the Faroes and Shetland Islands and to Hamburg city before ending in Kiel.
On 27 July 2015 the new owners of ship announced that the ship would alternate between two roles. For part of the year the ship would travel as World Odyssey transporting "Semester at Sea" students; and for the other part of the year it would be chartered to the German cruise company Phoenix Reisen, sailing under its traditional MS Deutschland name. For this period the ship would carry two names, one for winter, other for summer.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the crew was locked down in the ship which was moored in a basin of the port of Caen.
Incidents
At approximately 12:30 on 23 May 2010 whilst in the Norwegian port of Eidfjord, Norway, a fire was detected in the engine room. On board were at that time 607 (or 608) people, including 364 passengers. All passengers and most of the crew and two Norwegian pilots were evacuated safely from the ship, while only a small part of the crew remained on board. The fire was isolated to a limited area of the ship. The ship's 364 passengers travelled home. MS Deutschland was then towed by tug boats to the Blohm + Voss shipyard in Hamburg for docking and repair, where the ship remained in the shipyard for thirty days. The fire damage had cost approximately two million euro and was paid by the ship's insurers. Three trips were cancelled and service resumed on 3 July 2010, with a departure from Hamburg.
On 15 January 2012, the ship grounded in the Beagle Channel at the tip of South America. No one was injured and the ship was able to continue its journey after an investigation by the Federal Bureau for Maritime Casualty Investigation.
Popular culture
The German television show ("The Dream Ship") was filmed on board for fifteen years as the MS Deutschland traveled to tourist destinations around the world.
In the first episode of , the ship appears in the first scene docked as World Odyssey and is referenced in the final scene as a character watches Das Traumschiff
References
External links
MS Deutschland (German)
MS Deutschland position
Pictures of the MS Deutschland
Video of MS Deutschland transiting Cape Cod Canal
Cruise ships
Cruise ships of Germany
1998 ships |
4782396 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20airports%20in%20the%20Parry%20Sound%20area | List of airports in the Parry Sound area | The following active airports serve the Parry Sound area of Ontario, Canada:
Canadian Coast Guard's Parry Sound Base has a helipad and not linked to nearby water aerodrome CPS1.
See also
List of airports in the Bala, Ontario area
List of airports in the Bracebridge area
List of airports in the Fergus area
List of airports in the London, Ontario area
List of airports in the Ottawa area
List of airports in the Port Carling area
List of airports in the Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario area
List of airports in the Thunder Bay area
List of airports in the Greater Toronto Area
References
Parry Sound, Ontario
Airports
Parry Sound, Ontario
Airports |
4782398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple-camera%20setup | Multiple-camera setup | The multiple-camera setup, multiple-camera mode of production, multi-camera or simply multicam is a method of filmmaking and video production. Several cameras—either film or professional video cameras—are employed on the set and simultaneously record or broadcast a scene. It is often contrasted with a single-camera setup, which uses one camera.
Description
Generally, the two outer cameras shoot close-up shots or "crosses" of the two most active characters on the set at any given time, while the central camera or cameras shoot a wider master shot to capture the overall action and establish the geography of the room. In this way, multiple shots are obtained in a single take without having to start and stop the action. This is more efficient for programs that are to be shown a short time after being shot as it reduces the time spent in film or video editing. It is also a virtual necessity for regular, high-output shows like daily soap operas. Apart from saving editing time, scenes may be shot far more quickly as there is no need for re-lighting and the set-up of alternative camera angles for the scene to be shot again from the different angle. It also reduces the complexity of tracking continuity issues that crop up when the scene is reshot from the different angles.
Drawbacks include a less optimized lighting setup that needs to provide a compromise for all camera angles and less flexibility in putting the necessary equipment on scene, such as microphone booms and lighting rigs. These can be efficiently hidden from just one camera but can be more complicated to set up and their placement may be inferior in a multiple-camera setup. Another drawback is in the usage of recording capacity, as a four-camera setup may use (depending on the cameras involved) up to four times as much film (or digital storage space) per take compared with a single-camera setup.
A multiple-camera setup will require all cameras to be synchronous to assist with editing and to avoid cameras running at different scan rates, with the primary methods being SMPTE timecode and Genlock.
Film
Most films use a single-camera setup, but in recent decades larger films have begun to use more than one camera on set, usually with two cameras simultaneously filming the same setup. However, this is not a true multiple-camera setup in the television sense.
Some films will run multiple cameras, perhaps four or five, for large, expensive and difficult-to-repeat special effects shots, such as large explosions. Again, this is not a true multiple-camera setup in the television sense as the resultant footage will not always be arranged sequentially in editing, and multiple shots of the same explosion may be repeated in the final film—either for artistic effect or because the different shots can appear to show different explosions since they are taken from different angles.
Television
Multiple-camera setups are an essential part of live television. The multiple-camera method gives the director less control over each shot but is faster and less expensive than a single-camera setup. In television, multiple-camera is commonly used for light entertainment, sports events, news, soap operas, talk shows, game shows, variety shows, and some sitcoms, especially ones filmed before a live studio audience.
Multiple cameras can take different shots of a live situation as the action unfolds chronologically and is suitable for shows which require a live audience. For this reason, multiple camera productions can be filmed or taped much faster than single camera. Single-camera productions are shot in takes and various setups with components of the action repeated several times and out of sequence; the action is not enacted chronologically so is unsuitable for viewing by a live audience.
In multiple-camera television, the director creates a line cut by instructing the technical director (vision mixer in UK terminology) to switch between the feeds from the individual cameras. This is either transmitted live, or recorded. In the case of sitcoms with studio audiences, this line cut is typically displayed to them on studio monitors. The line cut might be refined later in editing, as often the output from all cameras is recorded, both separately and as a combined reference display called the q split (a technique known as "ISO" recording). The camera currently being recorded to the line cut is indicated by a tally light controlled by a camera control unit (CCU) on the camera as a reference both for the talent and the camera operators, and an additional tally light may be used to indicate to the camera operator that they are being ISO recorded.
A sitcom shot with a multiple-camera setup will require a different form of script from a single-camera setup.
History and use
The use of multiple film cameras dates back to the development of narrative silent films, with the earliest (or at least earliest known) example being the first Russian feature film Defence of Sevastopol (1911), written and directed by Vasily Goncharov and Aleksandr Khanzhonkov. When sound came into the picture multiple cameras were used to film multiple sets at a single time. Early sound was recorded onto wax discs that could not be edited.
The use of multiple video cameras to cover a scene goes back to the earliest days of television; three cameras were used to broadcast The Queen's Messenger in 1928, the first drama performed for television. The first drama performed for British television was Pirandello's play The Man With the Flower in His Mouth in 1930, using a single camera. The BBC routinely used multiple cameras for their live television shows from 1936 onward.
United States
Before the pre-recorded continuing series became the dominant dramatic form on American television, the earliest anthology programs (see the Golden Age of Television) utilized multiple camera methods.
Although some claim the multiple-camera setup was pioneered for television when producer and co-star, Desi Arnaz, associate producer, Al Simon, and cinematographer Karl Freund of Desilu Productions used it to film I Love Lucy in 1951; other producers had been using the technique for several years.
According to Thomas Schatz, Jerry Fairbanks is the first to develop a 16mm multi-camera system to film a made-for-TV show when he used it to shoot the pilot episode of Public Prosecutor in 1947. Fairbanks went on to film 26 episodes for a planned network premiere in September 1948, but it was pulled from the schedule, and the show did not air until 1951.
Assisted by producer-director Frank Telford, Fairbanks also used a multi-camera system to film Edgar Bergen's Silver Theater which aired in the 1949-50 season. He continued working with this system for the pilot of Truth or Consequences in April 1950. When Al Simon joined Ralph Edwards Productions in producing Truth or Consequences several months later, he improved the system by substituting 35mm film for 16mm film and adding a more sophisticated intercom system.
The technique was used for the CBS comedy The Amos 'n Andy Show, which was filmed at the Hal Roach Studios and was on the air four months before I Love Lucy.
In 1949, Ray Culley of Cinécraft Productions, a sponsored film studio, filmed the first TV infomercial, Home Miracles for the 1950s, for Vitamix using the technique. Culley also used the technique for three made-for-television TV series featuring Louise Winslow, a pioneer in sewing, cooking, and craft "how-to" programs on daytime television - Adventures in Sewing (1950), Food Is Fun (1950), and Kitchen Chats (1950). A 1950 article in Printers' Ink, “Three-Camera Technique used to shoot TV film,” discussed Cinécraft's innovative production style. In 1966, the studio made a film, “Cinécraft, Inc. Multi-camera Filming Technique Demonstration,” showing how the technique works and describing rear screen projection and teleprompters, other innovative technologies of the era
In the late 1970s, Garry Marshall was credited with adding the fourth camera (known then as the "X" Camera, and occasionally today known as the "D" Camera) to the multi-camera set-up for his series Mork & Mindy. Actor Robin Williams could not stay on his marks due to his physically active improvisations during shooting, so Marshall had them add the fourth camera just to stay on Williams so they would have more than just the master shot of the actor. Soon after, many productions followed suit and now having four cameras (A, B, C and X/D) is the norm for multi-camera situation comedies.
Sitcoms shot with the multiple camera setup include nearly all of Lucille Ball's TV series, as well as Mary Kay and Johnny, Our Miss Brooks, The Dick Van Dyke Show, The Mary Tyler Moore Show, All in the Family, Three's Company, Cheers, The Cosby Show, Full House, Seinfeld, Family Matters, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Mad About You, Friends, The Drew Carey Show, Frasier, Will & Grace, Everybody Loves Raymond, The King of Queens, Two and a Half Men, The Big Bang Theory, Mike & Molly, Last Man Standing, Mom, 2 Broke Girls, The Odd Couple, One Day at a Time, Man with a Plan, Carol's Second Act, and Bob Hearts Abishola. Many American sitcoms from the 1950s to the 1970s were shot using the single camera method, including The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet, Leave It to Beaver, The Andy Griffith Show, The Addams Family, The Munsters, Get Smart, Bewitched, I Dream of Jeannie, Gilligan's Island, Hogan's Heroes, and The Brady Bunch. The earliest seasons of Happy Days were filmed using a single-camera setup before the series transitioned to a multi-camera setup (which also occurred alongside its increase in popularity). These did not have a live studio audience, and by being shot single-camera, tightly edited sequences could be created, along with multiple locations and visual effects such as magical appearances and disappearances. Multiple-camera sitcoms were more simplified but have been compared to theatre work due to their similar setup and use of theatre-experienced actors and crew members.
While the multiple-camera format dominated US sitcom production in the 1970s and 1980s, there has been a recent revival of the single-camera format with programs such as Malcolm in the Middle (2000–2006), Scrubs (2001–2010), Entourage (2004–2011), The Office (2005–2013), My Name Is Earl (2005–2009), Everybody Hates Chris (2005–2009), It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia (2005–present), 30 Rock (2006–2013), Modern Family (2009–2020), The Middle (2009–2018), Community (2009–2015), Parks and Recreation (2009–2015), Raising Hope (2010–2014), Louie (2010–2015), The Goldbergs (2013–2023), Black-ish (2014–2022), Superstore (2015–2021), Silicon Valley (2014–2019), American Housewife (2016–2021), and Young Sheldon (2017–present).
United Kingdom
The majority of British sitcoms and dramas from the 1950s to the early 1990s were made using a multi-camera format. Unlike the United States, the development of completed filmed programming, using the single camera method, was limited for several decades. Instead, a "hybrid" form emerged using (single camera) filmed inserts, generally location work, which were mixed with interior scenes shot in the multi-camera electronic studio. It was the most common type of domestic production screened by the BBC and ITV. However, as technology developed, some drama productions were mounted on location using multiple electronic cameras. Many all-action 1970s programs, such as The Sweeney and The Professionals were shot using the single camera method on 16mm film. Meanwhile, by the early 1980s, the most highly budgeted and prestigious television productions, like Brideshead Revisited (1981), had begun to use film exclusively.
By the later 1990s, soap operas were left as the only TV drama being made in the UK using multiple cameras. Television prime-time dramas are usually shot using a single-camera setup.
See also
3D reconstruction from multiple images
Camera rig
Cinécraft Multi-camera Filming Technique Demonstration
Circle-Vision 360°
Light stage is a device used for capturing the shape, texture, and reflectance of a target, usually for the purposes of virtual cinematography. Light stages are usually a combination of and multiple camera and structured light techniques, and additionally, polarizers are included to find the subsurface scattering component of the target's skin.
Omnidirectional camera
Single-camera setup
References
Cinematic techniques |
4782413 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulia%20%28disambiguation%29 | Zulia (disambiguation) | Zulia may refer to:
Places
Colombia
El Zulia, a municipality in the department of Norte de Santander
Zulia River, a river on the border with Venezuela
Venezuela
Zulia, one of the 23 states which make up the country
Zulia Canton, a former canton of Gran Colombia
Zulia Department, a former department of Gran Colombia
Zulian Region, a development region consisting of the state of Zulia
Zulia River, a river on the border with Colombia
Elsewhere
Mount Zulia, Uganda
People
Zulia Calatayud (born 1979), Cuban middle-distance runner
Zulia Menjívar (born 1992), Salvadoran footballer
Other uses
University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
Diocese of Zulia, a Venezuelan diocese in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Maracaibo
ARV Zulia (D-21), a Venezuelan Navy destroyer
Zulia Fútbol Club, a Venezuelan football club
See also
Zulia toad-headed sideneck, a turtle species
Manuel Zelaya, (born 1952), Honduran politician
Feminine given names |
4782417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastopol%2C%20Torfaen | Sebastopol, Torfaen | Sebastopol is the southernmost suburb of Pontypool in the county borough of Torfaen, within the historic boundaries of Monmouthshire in South Wales. It is named in honour of the Crimean city Sevastopol (also known as Sebastopol) that was taken during the Crimean War. It is a working-class area consisting of mainly privately owned terraced houses and a substantial number of local authority/ex-local authority housing (known as the Kemys Fawr Estate).
Layout
Today Sebastopol is a large community that is all but merged with nearby Griffithstown - the boundary being along Cwrdy Road, across Panteg Cricket Club, the Open Hearth and Griffithstown Railway Goods Shed on Station Road. Like nearby New Inn, Sebastopol does not have a central village area, but is spread out along its main thoroughfares South Street & Greenhill Road.
Amenities
The settlement has few large landmarks such as Panteg House, Panteg Park, The Crown (built in 1859) and Page's Fish Bar. It has three general shops: two on South Street and one on The Avenue (Kemys Fawr Estate). Its wider economy includes many second-hand car salesrooms on Station Road, "The Open Hearth" (originally the Railway Inn) and "Sebastopol Social Club" pubs. From 1873 to 2004, the main employer for the area was Panteg Steelworks.
There are two churches: Penry Gospel Hall and St. Oswald's Anglican Church, but most ecclesiastical needs are met by Griffithstown. Kemys Fawr Infant & Nursery School was located on the Kemys Fawr Estate to provide education for 3 - 7 year olds however, the School was closed (approx 2018) and demolished the ground was used to build Houses and Flats; children then mainly attend Griffithstown Junior School for further schooling. Until April 2012 there was also a special needs school: Crownbridge School, catering for pupils in the age range 3 - 19 with severe learning difficulties; this has relocated to the grounds of Croesyceiliog School in Cwmbran. There is a park near Kemys Fawr Infant & Nursery School with a football pitch.
The Monmouthshire Canal, built in the 1790s, runs through Sebastopol from Brecon on its way to Newport.
South Sebastopol (Edlogan Wharf) development
Since 1996 local residents resisted plans of developers put forward under the Local Plan of Torfaen County Borough Council to build homes and small business premises on a large green fields area. To be known as "South Sebastopol", a wide tract of new housing would fill the gap between the Pontypool district suburbs of northern Torfaen to the Cwmbran district suburbs of southern Torfaen. In 2011 outline plans drawn were refused by the council. Detailed plans were approved in October 2014, and work started in April 2016.
As of 2019, there are three property developers building estates within South Sebastopol, the largest being Edlogan Wharf by Taylor Wimpey, followed by Hanbury Village by Barratt and Pastures Green by Lewis.
Notable people
Terry Hubbard (born 1950), Welsh former professional footballer
James Waite, Welsh professional footballer
References
Villages in Torfaen
Suburbs of Pontypool |
4782440 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timarcha | Timarcha | Timarcha is a genus of leaf beetles in the family Chrysomelidae, with more than 100 described species in three subgenera. The most widely known species is T. tenebricosa, the bloody-nosed beetle. All species are black, wingless organisms. Timarcha are herbivorous species, living mostly on plants belonging to Rubiaceae and Plumbaginaceae, although a few can feed on Brassicaceae and Rosaceae. Timarcha is the only member of the tribe Timarchini.
Species
These 20 species belong to the genus Timarcha:
Timarcha affinis Laboissière, 1937 g
Timarcha cerdo Stål, 1863 i c g
Timarcha cornuta Bechyné, 1944 g
Timarcha cyanescens Fairmaire, 1862 g
Timarcha coarcticollis Fairmaire, 1873 g
Timarcha daillei Laboissière, 1939 g
Timarcha goettingensis (Linnaeus, 1758) g
Timarcha insparsa
Timarcha interstitialis Fairmaire, 1862 g
Timarcha intricata Haldeman, 1853 i c g b
Timarcha italica Herrich-Schäffer, 1838 g
Timarcha lugens
Timarcha marginicollis
Timarcha maritima Perris, 1855 g
Timarcha metallica (Laicharting, 1781) g
Timarcha monticola Dufour, 1851 g
Timarcha nicaeensis A.Villa & G.B.Villa, 1835 g
Timarcha obsoleta Laboissière, 1937 g
Timarcha recticollis Fairmaire, 1862 g
Timarcha sardea (Villa, 1835) g
Timarcha sinuatocollis Fairmaire, 1862 g
Timarcha strangulata Fairmaire, 1862 g
Timarcha temperei Jeanne, 1965 g
Timarcha tenebricosa (Fabricius, 1775) g (Bloody-nosed beetle)
Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net
References
External links
List of 111 species
Wingless beetles
Chrysomelinae
Chrysomelidae genera
Taxa named by George Samouelle |
4782465 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulia%20River | Zulia River | Zulia River () is a river in Venezuela and Colombia. It is a tributary of the Catatumbo River. The Zulia forms a small part of the international boundary between the two countries.
Zulia is a state in northwestern of Venezuela surrounded by the border of gulf of Venezuela and west of Colombia. Zulia is one of the 23 state of Venezuela. The State capital is Maracaibo.
References
External links
Rivers of Venezuela
Maracaibo basin
Colombia–Venezuela border
International rivers of South America
Border rivers |
4782469 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beal%20Bank | Beal Bank | Beal Bank is an American bank, which was founded by Texas-based entrepreneur D. Andrew "Andy" Beal. It includes two separately chartered banks, Beal Bank and Beal Bank USA. Each entity is insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).
As wholesale banks, they do not offer consumer loans or checking accounts, and generally purchase loans within the secondary market rather than originating them. As of March 31, 2023, the banks had combined total assets of more than $39.6 billion and combined total capital of more than $3.7 billion.
History
Beal Bank was founded in 1988 in Dallas, TX. Throughout the 1990s, the company purchased undervalued real estate and savings and loan assets.
In 2000, the company purchased more than $1 billion of commercial loans from the Small Business Administration. The company moved its headquarters from Dallas to Plano after buying the former headquarters of the petroleum company, FINA Inc. and began increasing its staff. Throughout its history, Beal Bank has purchased undervalued assets, including power company bonds during the California electricity crisis and debt backed by jetliners following September 11 attacks in 2001. The company acquired the Torrance, California-based Southern Pacific Bank, its three branches and $834 million in deposits in 2003. In 2004, it opened Beal Savings Bank, which later became Beal Bank USA, in Las Vegas, Nevada.
Between 2004-2007, the company slowed its asset acquisition and began to let its loans run off. During this time, assets shrank from $7.7 billion to $2.9 billion. From 2008-2009, Beal Bank expanded, hiring analysts and evaluating mortgage bonds, debt and other assets being sold by financial institutions as a result of the financial crisis of 2007-2008. By 2009, the company had purchased nearly $5 billion in assets, including $1.8 billion in residential loans, a $465 million loan to the chemical company Lyondell and some of the assets of 15 failed banks around the U.S. As a result, total reported net income rose from $281 million in 2008 to $559 million in 2009, and its assets increased to $9.2 billion. In 2009, Beal Bank acquired New South Federal Savings Bank in Alabama. New South's online-only banking subsidiary, UmbrellaBank.com, continues to operate as a division of Beal Bank.
In January 2010, Beal Bank acquired Charter Bank of Santa Fe after the bank began having problems with its commercial loans before its assets were transferred to Beal Bank. Its branches were later sold to Washington Federal in June 2011.
In 2015, Beal Bank through affiliates originated around $1.5 billion in loans with $3.3 billion in equity capital and a leverage ratio of nearly 50 percent. In 2017, the company had $2.3 billion in equity capital.
Operations
Beal Bank
Beal Bank opened in 1988, with $3 million in capital operating from a single branch in Carrollton, Texas. The bank initially bought assets from Resolution Trust Corporation, a government-owned company that liquidated real estate and savings-and-loan assets. Throughout the late 1980s and 1990s, the bank purchased the assets from failing savings and loans banks, including the maximum number of mortgage assets allowed by law from a San Antonio bank in 1989. By 1996, the bank was considered the most profitable bank in Texas, and reported a net income of $44.8 million, revenue of $143.5 million and $1.2 billion in assets.
As of March 31, 2023, Beal Bank reported capital in excess of $794 million and assets around $7.6 billion. Beal Bank has 6 branches in 4 states and offers certificate of deposit accounts, money market accounts, statement savings accounts, and IRA CDs.
Beal Bank USA
Beal Bank USA is headquartered in Las Vegas, and shares a common brand with Beal Bank. It was founded in 2004 as Beal Savings Bank, and was renamed Beal Bank Nevada in 2007, and Beal Bank USA in 2011.
Beal Bank USA has 11 branches across 10 states. As of March 31, 2023, it reported capital in excess of $2.9 billion and assets in excess of $32 billion.
Other affiliates
Through affiliated companies, both banks are active in commercial real estate acquisition as well as individual loan and loan portfolio acquisition. They also originate and fund loans and loan participations secured by real estate, energy, power, gas, manufacturing, timber, transportation and distribution, and other tangible assets. Affiliated companies include: CSG Investments Inc. and CLG Hedge Fund, LLC. UmbrellaBank.com (a division of Beal Bank) and MyCDBank.com (a division of Beal Bank USA) are online banking affiliates.
References
External links
CLG Hedge Fund, LLC
CSG Investments Inc.
Loan Acquisition Corporation
MyCDBank.com
UmbrellaBank.com
Banks based in Texas
Banks based in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex
Companies based in Plano, Texas
1988 establishments in Texas
Banks established in 1988 |
4782478 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZR%20RM%20class%20%2888%20seater%29 | NZR RM class (88 seater) | The NZR RM class 88-seaters were a class of railcar used in New Zealand. New Zealand Government Railways (NZR) classified them as RM (Rail Motor), the notation used for all railcars, numbering the 35 sets from RM100 to RM134. They were the most numerous railcars in NZR service. Their purchase and introduction saw the demise of steam-hauled provincial passenger trains and mixed trains, and was part of a deliberate effort to modernise NZR passenger services at a time of increasing competition from private motor vehicles. Being diesel powered and lighter the railcars were less expensive to operate and able to maintain quicker timetables, although became plagued with mechanical and electrical problems, with a number of the class eventually being turned into depowered locomotive-hauled carriages and reclassified as the AC class "Grassgrubs".
Background
In the early 1950s, NZR was in the process of replacing steam traction with diesel and modernising the railways to cope with vastly increased traffic, the after-effects of wartime stringency, and increasing competition from motor vehicles and aeroplanes. As part of this modernisation process, it was decided to upgrade provincial passenger services, which were provided by a combination of steam-hauled passenger trains that operated several times a week, and "mixed" trains that carried both freight and passengers. NZR had experimented with several different classes of railcars, but it was not until after the second World War that railcars began to replace provincial passenger services en masse.
Following the success of the Vulcan railcars introduced in the 1940s, NZR began investigating the replacement of the older Wairarapa class railcars in the mid-1940s with larger diesel-electric railcars. A tender for 25 replacement railcars was approved by Cabinet in 1944, but the second World War delayed responses being completed until 1947. In 1948, NZR decided not to proceed with this tender as the prices received were considered too high. In 1949, Cabinet approved a new tender to replace the Wairarapa railcars and other steam-hauled services, which were to have 88 seats and have braking equipment for the centre rail on the Rimutaka Incline. A total of 35 railcars were now specified. It was decided that engines for the railcars should be mounted underfloor for increased passenger capacity and for a parcels and baggage compartment, with trussed-chassis to support the braking equipment.
Tenders were received from English Electric and the Drewry Car Company. Drewry's tender presented a design for an articulated railcar with seating for 88 passengers, with either Hercules or Fiat engines. An order was placed with Drewry in the United Kingdom in March 1950 for the railcars with the Fiat engines. Drewry had supplied some smaller diesel shunting locomotives (DSA class and DSB class locomotives) to NZR previously. Due to the progress of the Rimutaka Tunnel (which opened in November 1955), and the impending closure of the Rimutaka Incline, it was decided by NZR to remove the requirement for centre-rail braking and the trussed-chassis required to hold the braking equipment.
Introduction
The railcars were constructed under subcontract by the Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company from Drewry. There were significant delays in delivering the railcars, with one (RM 120) damaged in transit, and used as a spare parts source for the other railcars. The first railcar was delivered in November 1954 and the last in May 1958.
The arrival of the first railcars was greeted with enthusiasm by local newspapers, and were described as a "new-dawn for long-distance rail travel" in New Zealand. A number of "ministerial special" promotional services were run in March 1955, and the first service operated by an 88-seater railcar was the Wellington-Gisborne daily service on 6 April 1955.
Following their introduction, the railcars suffered overheating from ballast dust and engine failure, which led to railcars running 20 to 30 minutes late every two to three days. This was despite two Fiat fitters being in New Zealand as the railcars went into service.
The railcars also suffered frequent internal fires, which led to external fires in the farmland and foliage along the tracks. Both types of fire were due to excessive hot carbon particles in the exhaust emissions. These problems were most notable in the South Island on steep West Coast railway lines and the steep Scargill and Dashwood sections of the Main North Line. The crankcases were not strong enough to absorb the power of the diesel engines that drove the railcars. These issues were considered so serious that NZR called a meeting with Drewry and Fiat in March 1957. Ten of the railcars had wrecked crankcases and blown motors. Following the meeting, a number of replacement motors and crankcases were ordered in late 1957.
Additional Fiat staff and fitters came to New Zealand from Italy and essentially rebuilt the engines and power systems of all the railcars. The rebuilding was completed in March 1959, and the Minister reported that the railcars were giving "much better service" as a result.
Second batch
The second batch of 15 railcars was authorised by the government in October 1955, but cancelled in 1956 due to the unsatisfactory performance of the first batch of railcars, in particular, their high cost in repairs and excessive diversion of skilled labour for those repairs, particularly in Auckland.
In service
In early December 1955, NZR ran a four-day demonstration train from Picton to Invercargill, creating much public interest. After initial trials around Wellington, the railcars were deployed on a wide variety of provincial services. In the North Island they ran:
Auckland – Okaihau and Opua (starting 12 November 1956);
Auckland – Te Puke (starting 8 February 1959);
Auckland – Rotorua (starting 8 February 1959);
Auckland – Taumarunui and New Plymouth (starting 26 November 1956);
Wellington – Napier and Gisborne (starting 1 August 1955)
In the South Island they ran:
Christchurch – Picton (starting 12 February 1956);
Christchurch – Invercargill (starting 13 February 1956);
Christchurch – Greymouth and Ross in conjunction with the Vulcan class (starting 20 February 1956).
Operation
From almost the beginning the railcars faced mechanical problems, with cooling being the primary issue, along with crankcase failures and electrical fires towards the end of their lives. Although modifications were made they continued to have a reputation for unreliability throughout their career, frequently having to run with one motor isolated.
The 1950s was a period of increased prosperity and saw massive increases in the numbers of private motorcars, along with improvements to roads such as the tar sealing of main highways, and the construction of new roads such as the Auckland Harbour Bridge. Growing road traffic led to the requirement in 1956 that all railcars have headlights on at all times.
While the delay in introducing the railcars on the Rotorua route (1959) and the difficult geography of the Northland and Bay of Plenty service meant poor patronage, the railcars stabilised NZRs long-distance rail patronage at 3 million passengers annually from 1959 to 1964. But by the mid-1960s the railcars were dated, patronage fell and services became unprofitable.
Main trunk services
The 1952 Royal Commission recommended railcar services on the North Island Main Trunk and replacing the daylight multiple stops train on the Main South Line (which supplemented the South Island Limited and other fast express services) leaving Dunedin at 8:05 am and Christchurch at 9:40 am on Monday, Wednesday and Friday and replace local trains between Auckland and Hamilton, Wellington and Palmerston North, Christchurch and Ashburton. These services did not eventuate following the decision to cancel the second batch of railcars in 1956.
Replacement engines
NZR requested the calling of tenders for new engines and crankshafts for all 35 railcars plus spares for £1.05 million New Zealand pounds in July 1966. In January 1967 the Cabinet approved only replacement crankshafts to continue the railcars for five years on the Wairarapa, Wellington-Napier-Gisborne and Auckland-New Plymouth routes and to conduct trials of fast upgraded railcar service between Auckland and Hamilton (later known as the "Blue Streak" service) and Wellington and Palmerston North. At the time it was intended to scrap all railcar services in the South Island, except for Vulcans on the Picton (Vulcan railcars and summer passenger trains replaced the 88-seaters on this route from 1967 to 1968) and West Coast services.
Service cancellations
From 31 July 1967 all railcar services between Auckland and Northland were cancelled, along with services from Auckland and Hamilton to Tauranga and Te Puke. The railcar service to New Plymouth was kept but was cut back to operate between New Plymouth and Taumarunui in 1971, with passengers making connections to North Island Main Trunk trains. This service lasted until 11 February 1978 when it was replaced by a carriage train. The final run of an 88-seater railcar was in 1978 from Greymouth to Christchurch. The last trip came to an ignominious end when an engine failure and fire meant that passengers had to be taken onwards from Otira by bus.
Almost all cancelled trains were replaced by New Zealand Railways Road Services buses.
Withdrawals
By 1971, 10 of the original 35 railcars had been withdrawn, due to engine problems or collisions with motor vehicles.
In 1976 it was announced that no more railcars would receive major overhaul works, and they would be withdrawn from service as they wore out. Although the remaining services were to areas not well served by road, the mechanical condition of the railcars meant that by the mid-1970s replacement was becoming urgent. By 1978, the only remaining railcars in NZR service were the Silver Ferns.
Blue Streaks
In 1968, at the suggestion of Hamilton City Council, an 88-seater was refurbished for a new fast service between Hamilton and Auckland aimed at business customers, and it started on Monday, 8 April 1968. It was fitted with carpet and re-upholstered fabric-covered seats, and was painted in a new two-tone blue colour scheme that prompted the nickname Blue Streak. The seating was reduced to 84 to accommodate a servery area from which light meals and assorted alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks could be purchased. This was notable as the first time that a regularly scheduled passenger train service in New Zealand had reinstated onboard catering since dining cars had been withdrawn across the network as an economy measure during World War I. This initial service was unsuccessful, with patronage well below the levels needed to be profitable. The service might have been successful if run the other way round from Hamilton to Auckland in the morning but in 1968 the Wellington-Auckland Limited and Express were still timetabled to cater for the early morning commuter market from Hamilton and Huntly or in the other direction from Palmerston North and Levin and those leaving Auckland or Wellington in the evening for the Waikato or Manawatu or Horowhenua, while the NZR long term desire to maintain the New Plymouth- Auckland railcar service was much more because it brought people into Auckland in the morning, leaving Taumarunui at 6.30 am and Hamilton at 9.30 am and returned in the afternoon rather than for its night social and paper service through the King Country which Government saw as essential. Therefore, the Hamilton commuter market was served by many other services at lower second class fare cost in 1968 and the Blue Streak experiment was simply in the wrong direction at the wrong time.
It was decided to introduce the railcar to a daytime service between Auckland and Wellington. This service, which started on Monday 23 September 1968, was highly successful and prompted the conversion of two further cars to 82 seats each to accommodate larger servery areas and, later, the purchase of the Silver Fern diesel-electric railcars for this service.
Initially, the Main Trunk Blue Streak railcar ran from Wellington to Auckland on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays and on Tuesdays and Thursdays from Auckland to Wellington until a second railcar was refurbished for the Christmas 1968 and New Year 1969 period and a third for the 1969 Easter holidays. The service proved so popular that it was not uncommon to see two of the railcars running in multiple.
On Thursday 18 December 1972, the Blue Streak services were replaced by the new Silver Fern railcars and were transferred to the Wellington-to-New Plymouth service, replacing Standard railcars. They continued in this service until Friday 30 July 1977. By that time they were no longer serviceable, patronage had continued to decline and the service was replaced with buses.
Grassgrubs
In March 1976, NZR general manager Tom Small instructed his chief mechanical engineer to prepare plans to convert 14 railcars to unpowered carriages. In April 1976 the chief mechanical engineer reported that 23 railcars were suitable for conversion to locomotive-hauled passenger carriages. A formal white paper proposal was put to Treasury on 23 July 1976. The paper argued that conversion of the railcars to locomotive-hauled carriages was the most viable option given that most railcars were expected to have to be withdrawn by mid 1977 due to mechanical problems. The paper noted that as locomotive-hauled carriages, the railcars would not be able to maintain the same schedules, having to be slower when towed. While the paper recommended conversion, it also noted that the conversions were only a medium-term solution to maintain rail passenger services. Cabinet agreed to the proposal following Treasury advice to convert 14 railcars on 27 September 1976.
NZR's workshops began the conversions of the railcars. The workshops removed the railcars engines and drivers' cabs, added new lighting, seating, heaters, generators and new vinyl flooring. The carriages were classified as "AC". These carriages were refurbished painted a unique grass green (a Resene paint known as "Trendy Green.") with grey roofs and came to be known as "Grassgrubs" following an article in The Press describing the converted railcars as "The Grass-Grub Express" in an article on the trial run of the carriages on 1 December 1977.
Small's successor as general manager, Trevor Hayward, insisted on this scheme, as railway historian David Leitch put to Hayward in a letter that traditional Midland red was associated with poor service, arguing that if the public saw the carriages as just old red railcars hauled by locomotives, that would have negative connotations.
The first Grassgrub train ran on 5 December 1977 from Picton to Christchurch. The Napier-Gisborne Grassgrub service began on 20 March 1978, and proved popular. Between May and August average daily ridership was 61 per cent of capacity. The Grassgrubs were also used on the New Plymouth to Taumarunui, Wellington to Palmerston North via the Wairarapa and Christchurch to Greymouth services.
The Grassgrubs were ill-fated. Their drawgear and bodies were not designed to be locomotive-hauled and they quickly wore out. By 1985 they had all been withdrawn from service due to metal fatigue. The South Island based Grassgrubs were the first to be replaced by 56-foot carriages on the Picton-Christchurch and Christchurch-Greymouth services by 1983. The remaining Grassgrubs were moved to Wellington and remained in use on the Wellington-Gisborne, Wellington-Wairarapa services. The Gisborne service Grassgrubs were withdrawn by 1984, along with the Wellington-Wairarapa services in 1985.
Most of the passenger runs were continued after their demise, but the New Plymouth-Taumarunui service ended on 23 January 1983 (having already had its rolling stock replaced by 56-foot carriages.) The Wellington to Gisborne service eventually terminated at Napier following Cyclone Bola in March 1988. By July 1988, the Wellington-Wairarapa service was abbreviated to terminate in Masterton as patronage on the Masterton – Palmerston North section was often fewer than 20 passengers per trip, due to improved highways and bus services.
The Grassgrubs were sent to Douglas, Taranaki for scrapping, after their useful parts were stripped out of them at Easttown Workshops. One set was sold to the Ministry of Transport for fire service training at Auckland International Airport and has been preserved (see below).
Preservation
Following withdrawal from service, a number of the 88 seaters were stored around the country. Several units along with a Vulcan railcar were sold to the Southern Rail preservation project at Christchurch where they were later scrapped; the cab and baggage car section of the No.1 end of RM 119 on the leading bogie together with some engines and gearboxes were kept at this time. After the project was wound up, the partial section of RM 119 was moved to Linwood Locomotive Depot where it remained in storage for several years. Subsequently, the further abbreviated RM 119 consisting of just the cab and part of the baggage compartment was stored in a Bromley scrapyard, where it was found and purchased by the RM 133 Trust Board.
By the early 1990s, the only known survivor was RM 133 in its "Grassgrub" form as AC 8140, used for fire training at Auckland Airport. In 2001 the RM 133 Trust Board was able to obtain this car. Before the railcar could be removed a fire broke out in the No 2 end of the railcar, damaging the body. The RM 133 Trust decided to look for any other extant railcar halves to pair with the No 1 end of RM 133, which had been moved to the Pahiatua Railcar Society's site.
The No 1 end of RM 121 was discovered at a holiday camp in Waitomo in 2001 - 02. The ends had been separated in the mid-1980s after the railcar was used as offices at a former theme park in East Tamaki, Auckland, and the No 1 end had then gone to Kaukapakapa until 1996 when it went to Waitomo.
On New Year's Eve 2002, the trust located the No 2 end of RM 121 in a quarry at Kerikeri, where it had been since the ends were separated. Its move to Kerikeri was reported in railway publications at the time, but it fell off the radar after that. Although the car was in a weathered condition and had been cut in half at some point, it was still relatively complete despite missing the seats, bogies (removed in the late 1970s at Otahuhu Workshops), and its diesel engines. This railcar was purchased to become the replacement for the damaged half of RM 133 and moved to Pahiatua where restoration work began.
The Trust negotiated with the owners of the No 1 end of RM 121 to buy it and were eventually able to do so in 2011 in exchange for two former wooden passenger cars. It was then trucked to Pahiatua to be reunited with the No 2 end there.
The two ends of RM 121 are now being restored at Pahiatua; the two halves of the No 2 end have been welded together again and a new cab structure and cowcatcher built. The No 1 end has been stripped of any fittings from its time spent at Waitomo and various reconstruction work is taking place. The resultant car will utilise the bogies from RM 133.
The two ends of RM 133 are in storage at Pahiatua.
References
Footnotes
Citations
Bibliography
External links
Pahiatua Railcar Preservation Society
Trainweb Drewry Railcar Page
RM class (88 seater)
Articulated passenger trains
Fiat multiple units
Rail transport in New Zealand |
4782492 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uritorco | Uritorco | Cerro Uritorco is a mountain (cerro) located next to the Calabalumba River, in the city of Capilla del Monte, in the northwest of the province of Córdoba, Argentina. It is the highest peak of the Sierras Chicas mountain range. It is 3 km (1.9 miles) away from the city center and its summit is at 1,949 m (6,394 ft) above mean sea level. The name Uritu urqu means "Male Hill" in Santiago del Estero Quichua, which is, however, not the aboriginal Comechingón language.
Cerro Uritorco is under a private administration and it can be accessed by the public for a fee. It is considered a medium-difficulty ascent, taking around three hours to reach the top, provided the appropriate hiking path is followed.
On December 21, 2012, the mountain was closed, since a mass suicide had been proposed on Facebook to take place there due to the 2012 phenomenon.
The mountain is believed to be a center of extraterrestrial activity and home to an underground city named Erks, which is inhabited by extraterrestrial beings. The mysticism around the alleged UFO activity in the mountain and its surroundings have made the area a popular landmark in the province of Córdoba.
References
External links
Cerro Uritorco (non official website)
Mountains of Argentina
Landforms of Córdoba Province, Argentina
2012 phenomenon |
4782512 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panagis%20Tsaldaris | Panagis Tsaldaris | Panagis Tsaldaris (also Panagiotis Tsaldaris or Panayotis Tsaldaris; ; 5 March 1868 – 17 May 1936) was a Greek politician and the 48th Prime Minister of Greece. He was a revered conservative politician and leader for many years (1922–1936) of the conservative People's Party in the period before World War II. He was the husband of Lina Tsaldari, a Greek suffragist, member of Parliament, and the Minister for Social Welfare.
Early life
Tsaldaris was born in 1868 in Kamari, near Corinth in the Peloponnese. He studied in the Law School of the University of Athens and, being an excellent student, he continued his studies abroad, among other places in Berlin and Paris. After he returned to Greece, he worked as a lawyer. Because of his expertise as an advocate, he gained the respect of his colleagues.
In 1919, Tsaldaris married the daughter of the university professor (and later Prime Minister of Greece) Spyridon Lambrou, Lina Tsaldaris, who stood by him during all his life and remained politically active, even after her husband's death.
Entering politics
Tsaldaris entered politics in 1910, when he was elected for the first time to the Parliament for Corinth. He would be successively reelected to Parliament until his death in 1936. In 1915, he sided with King Constantine I in the latter's conflict with Eleftherios Venizelos (see national Schism) and became Minister of Justice in Dimitrios Gounaris's government. Nonetheless, after the return of Venizelos and the self-exile of the King in 1917, Panagis Tsaldaris was imprisoned and then exiled in various islands of the Aegean Sea.
After the legislative elections of 1920, which resulted in an unexpected victory for the People's Party, Tsaldaris served in the governments of Dimitrios Rallis and Nikolaos Kalogeropoulos as Interior Minister and Minister of Public Transport. In the government of Dimitrios Gounaris he served once again as Minister of Public Transport.
Leader of the People's Party
After the execution of the People's Party's leader Dimitrios Gounaris, Tsaldaris was elected by the party members as their leader in 1922. In the elections of 1923 the party didn't take part and Tsaldaris protested against the persecution of right-wing politicians. In the plebiscite of 1924, he supported King George II.
During the Pangalos dictatorship, Tsaldaris refused to collaborate with the general's regime. After the elections of 1926, Tsaldaris participated in the government of national unity of Alexandros Zaimis (as minister of National Economy, of Education and of Interior Affairs), but he submitted his resignation in August 1927, because of a disagreement concerning the currency policy of the government.
During the 1928–1932 government of the Liberal Party and of its leader, Eleftherios Venizelos, Panagis Tsaldaris was leader of the Opposition, as the leader of the second biggest party Parliament. In 1932, he turned down Venizelos' proposition to lead a government of national unity.
Premierships
First premiership
Panagis Tsaldaris formed his first government in 1932, along with Georgios Kondylis and Ioannis Metaxas, after he had first officially recognized the outcome of the plebiscite of 1924 which established the Second Hellenic Republic. Nevertheless, his government was overturned and Tsaldaris formed a new government on 10 March 1933 after his victory in the elections of 1933.
Second premiership
In his second premiership, Tsaldaris cooperated once again with Georgios Kondylis and Ioannis Metaxas. He confronted with success the military movement of Nikolaos Plastiras, but because of this crisis an interim government under the leadership of Lieutenant General Alexandros Othonaios was appointed.
The reputation of his government was, nevertheless, tarnished, because of the assassination attempt against Eleftherios Venizelos. Tsaldaris had no involvement and condemned the criminal attack, but members of his party and close supporters were deemed responsible for the assault. At the same time, three prominent members of the People's Party expressed their support for the monarchy and the exiled George II. Tsaldaris denounced such statements, which caused the outrage of the Liberals. However, these statements alarmed the Venizelist camp, which launched an abortive coup in March 1935. After the successful suppression of the revolt, Tsaldaris dissolved the Parliament and proclaimed early elections, asking for the election of a Constitutional Assembly.
In one of the noteworthy acts of his second premiership, Tsaldaris signed a quadripartite pact with Turkey, Romania and Yugoslavia as well as a separate agreement with Turkey, guaranteeing the common borders of the two countries.
Last years (1935–1936)
The parties of the Opposition, including the Liberal Party, did not participate in the elections of 1935, protesting the electoral law, passed by Tsaldaris' government, and for the special courts, which had already, sentenced to death two prominent Liberal army officers, the Generals Anastasios Papoulas and Miltiadis Koimisis. As a result, the People's Party won a landslide victory. Tsaldaris and his allies won all but six seats in parliament.
By nearly all accounts, the 1935 elections all but assured the restoration of the monarchy.
Tsaldaris himself strongly favoured the return of George II, but he wanted to ensure legitimacy by conducting a plebiscite first. However, several right-wing elements, including a significant faction of Tsaldaris' own party, demanded the return the monarchy without the formality of a referendum. During the electoral campaign, the Union of Royalists, an ephemeral alliance formed by Ioannis Metaxas, Ioannis Rallis and Georgios Stratos, had already expressly demanded the immediate return of the former King.
In the National Assembly, Tsaldaris insisted on a referendum. This angered those who wanted to dispense with such formalities, most importantly his own War Minister, Georgios Kondylis, a former Venizelist.
On October 10, 1935, Kondylis and the commanders of the Armed Forces (Alexandros Papagos was among them) called on Tsaldaris and demanded his resignation. With no other choice, Tsaldaris complied. Kondylis took over the premiership, and later that day forced President Alexandros Zaimis to resign. Kondylis abolished the republic, declared himself Regent and staged a plebiscite on November 11 for the return of the monarchy. Official results showed 98 percent of the voters supported the restoration of the monarchy—an implausibly high total that could have only been obtained through fraud.
After these dramatic events, the People's Party split and Ioannis Theotokis formed the National People's Party. In the elections of 1935 the People's Party and the Liberal Party had been almost evenly matched. During the post-election era, Tsaldaris participated with passion in the Parliament and held some of the best and most important speeches of his political career. Nevertheless, his bad health betrayed him and he did not manage to fulfill his political dreams.
He died in Athens on 17 May 1936. Before his death, he had voted against the first government of Ioannis Metaxas, the forerunner of the following dictatorship.
Legacy
Panagis Tsaldaris was revered for his moderation as a royalist and right-wing politician. It is characteristic, that, when Kondylis, Papagos and other royalists of his parataxis demanded the immediate enforcement of the constitutional monarchy, Tsaldaris opposed these plans, asking for the conducting of a referendum. When he saw the burden of political instability, Tsaldaris preferred to step down instead of exacerbating the turmoil. At the same time, he remained firm to his democratic values.
After all, this was his main problem and his political torture: the balance between his democratic principles and his royalist affiliations. Tsaldaris had once said: "I was always anti-Venizelist and royalist but, at the same time, I always remained lawful (Nea online)", a combination difficult to be achieved, as the dramatic events of 1935 proved. And, although Tsaldaris portrayed himself as anti-Venizelist, the truth is that he had some common traits with Venizelos: They were both anti-popularist and anti-extremist. The problem was that Tsaldaris lacked Venizelos' charisma and the popular appeal of his main political opponent. Venizelos marked a whole era and provoked intense passions; Tsaldaris' passing through history was much more quiet.
Certainly, Tsaldaris may be accused for one thing: During the last years of his political career, he did not foresee Metaxas' dictatorship and he did not react in order to prevent the advent of the dictatorial regime. But this was a failing he shared with most other politicians of his time.
References
Further reading
Paschalis M. Kitromilides (ed.): Eleftherios Venizelos: The Trials of Statesmanship. Edinburgh University Press, 2008, .
External links
1868 births
1936 deaths
19th-century Greek people
20th-century prime ministers of Greece
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni
Foreign ministers of Greece
Prime Ministers of Greece
Greek monarchists
People's Party (Greece) politicians
Justice ministers of Greece
Ministers of the Interior of Greece
Ministers of National Education and Religious Affairs of Greece
Economy ministers of Greece
Transport ministers
People from Xylokastro |
4782520 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaracuy%20%28disambiguation%29 | Yaracuy (disambiguation) | Yaracuy may refer to:
Places
Venezuela
Yaracuy, one of the 23 states which make up the country
Yaracuy River
Other uses
Yaracuyanos FC, a Venezuelan football club |
4782538 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon%27s%20Bay | Gordon's Bay | Gordon's Bay () is a harbour town in the Western Cape province of South Africa. It is included in the City of Cape Town metropolitan municipality as a suburb of the Helderberg region (formerly called Hottentots Holland). It is situated on the shores of Gordon's Bay in the northeastern corner of False Bay about 58 km from Cape Town to the south of the N2 national road and is named after Robert Jacob Gordon (1743–1795), the Dutch explorer of Scottish descent.
Gordon's Bay is the smallest of three towns in the Helderberg region (Somerset West, Strand and Gordon's Bay), so named after the Helderberg Mountain which is part of the Hottentots-Holland Mountains which border the locality on two sides. Gordon's Bay was originally named "Fish Hoek", many years before the town of the same name, located on the western side of False Bay, was founded. Evidence of this can be seen on the outside wall of the local Post Office.
Gordon's Bay consists of the old village, situated around the old harbour and Bikini Beach, the mountainside on the lower slopes of the Hottentots-Holland mountains overlooking False Bay, and the low-lying suburbs close to the main beach, making up the most recent expansion of the town.
The older part of Gordon's Bay includes the South African Naval College, a junior officer training center adjacent to the old harbour and yacht marina. Above the harbour on the mountainside is an emblem of a giant anchor and the letters "GB" assembled from painted stones which stands for General Botha, the name of the earlier training base, SATS General Botha, which was also the original name of the naval station in the town. The Steenbras Dam, one of Cape Town's suppliers of drinking water, is located behind the mountain above the town.
Gordon's Bay has a blue flag beach, Bikini Beach, to the south of the harbour, which is generally popular, particularly with students from the University of Cape Town and Stellenbosch University. The beach is funded by the City of Cape Town to properly maintain facilities that include public showers, changing rooms, bathrooms and a grassy promenade. The beach is considered safe and is regularly patrolled by a seasonal security guard.
Coat of arms
Gordon's Bay was a municipality from 1961 to 1996. The town council assumed a coat of arms, designed by Schalk Pienaar, in July 1962, and registered it with the Cape Provincial Administration in November 1962 and at the Bureau of Heraldry in November 1988.
The arms were : Per chevron, the chief barry wavy Argent and Azure and the base Vert, in chief two anchors and in base a protea slipped and leaved, Or. In layman's terms, the shield was divided in two by a chevron-shaped line, the upper half displaying two golden anchors on a background of silver and blue wavy stripes, and the lower half a golden protea flower on a green background.
The crest was a yacht in full sail, and the motto Sol et salubritas.
See also
Ports and harbours in South Africa
Steenbras Dam
List of reservoirs and dams in South Africa
References
External links
Gordon's Bay Directory
Suburbs of Cape Town |
4782561 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single%20Tax%20League | Single Tax League | The Single Tax League was a Georgist Australian political party that flourished throughout the 1920s and 1930s based on support for single tax.
Based upon the ideas of Henry George, who argued that all taxes should be abolished, save for a single tax on unimproved land values, the Single Tax League was founded shortly after World War I, and a newspaper, the People's Advocate was published. The League had pockets of support throughout Australia but none more than on the west coast of South Australia, whose farmers and graziers saw merit in single tax theory. A great proponent of the theory was J. Medway Day via his short-lived weekly newspaper The Voice.
The League's sole parliamentary representative was Edward Craigie, who was elected to the South Australian House of Assembly seat of Flinders (covering the League's west coast power base) in the 1930 state election. Though the party first contested the 1918 state election, the onset of the Great Depression in Australia had led people to seek radical solutions and the manifesto of the League seemed as likely to solve their woes as any government devised plan.
Craigie worked tirelessly to have a single tax system instituted in South Australia but faced stiff opposition from the conservative Liberal Federation (and their successors, the Liberal and Country League), which despised the idea of a single tax, and the Labor Party, which was opposed to the League's free trade stance.
Craigie was re-elected at the 1933 and 1938 state elections before being defeated at the 1941 state election, when the ideas of the Single Tax League already seemed an anachronism to most people. The League did not field any further candidates and drifted into obscurity.
References
Plague on Both Your Houses: Minor Parties in Australia, D. Jaensch & D. Mathieson, Allen & Unwin, Sydney (1999).
Barnacles and Parasites, R. Jennings, Nesfield Press, Adelaide (1992).
1918 establishments in Australia
1941 disestablishments in Australia
Political parties established in 1918
Political parties disestablished in 1941
Defunct political parties in South Australia
Georgist parties
1930s in South Australia
1940s in South Australia
Australian labour movement
Libertarian parties in Australia
Single-issue political parties in Australia |
4782576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss-side%2C%20County%20Antrim | Moss-side, County Antrim | Moss-side or Mosside (from Scots moss side, meaning "peat-bog district" or "district beside the peat bog") is a small village and townland in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. In the 2001 Census it had a population of 270 people.
It is situated in the Causeway Coast and Glens Borough Council area.
Features
The village includes a number of commercial businesses, as well as recreational and community facilities.
References
NI Neighbourhood Information System
See also
List of villages in Northern Ireland
Moss Side, an area of Manchester in England.
Villages in County Antrim
Townlands of County Antrim |
4782579 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus%20Mehnert | Klaus Mehnert | Klaus Mehnert (October 10, 1906, Moscow, Russian Empire – January 2, 1984, Freudenstadt, West Germany) was a German writer, journalist and academic. He was a correspondent in the Soviet Union; a professor in the United States; a publisher of the German-funded journal XXth Century in Shanghai during World War II; and an advisor to several German governments after the war. He was a prolific author.
Early life and education
Mehnert was born in 1906 in Moscow, Russia. His father was an engineer.
In 1914, at the outbreak of World War I, Mehnert's family left Moscow for Stuttgart, Germany. His father died in Flanders in 1917 as a German soldier. Mehnert attended the University of Tübingen and the University of Munich in Germany, the University of California, Berkeley, in the United States, and finally the University of Berlin, where he received his PhD under Professor Otto Hoetzsch in 1928. Hoetzsch and Mehnert later took part in the short-lived society to study the Soviet command economy, ARPLAN. Mehnert was briefly a supporter of Otto Strasser's Black Front.
Career
Over the next ten years, Mehnert traveled frequently, to America, the Soviet Union, Japan, and China. He married Enid Keyes († 1955) in California in 1933. From 1934 to 1936 he served as a Soviet correspondent for a German newspaper. In 1936, he was questioned in the press court in Munich under suspicions of being too sympathetic to the Russians; although cleared by the Gestapo, he was forced out of his job. Subsequently, Mehnert moved to the United States, teaching politics at Berkeley and then at the University of Hawaii at Manoa until 1941.
World War II
In June 1941, six months prior to America's entry to World War II, he left for Shanghai, China, where he published an English-language journal named XXth Century with help from the Nazi German foreign ministry and funding from Joseph Goebbels' Third Reich Propaganda Ministry. An influential promoter of anti-Allied reports and commentary in Asia, XXth Century was later described by American intelligence as "one of the slickest bits of propaganda work that has been done anywhere". In its four years, Menhert "steered his publication cunningly along a sophisticated path that eschewed overt pro-Axis advocacy", according to the British historian Bernard Wasserstein, with "a wide range of contributors, few of whom were publicly identified with Nazism". The journal was discontinued at the end of the war in 1945, and Mehnert was briefly imprisoned.
Postwar
Mehnert returned to Germany after the war. In 1946, an American tribunal cleared him of having Nazi affiliations. He continued to face occasional accusations in the American press of spying and anti-Semitism. The German historian Norbert Frei describes Mehnert as "one of the adaptable 'former ones'" in the postwar leadership of the German newspaper Christ und Welt. Mehnert held various positions as journalist, editor, and professor. He became a foreign commentator for South German Radio in 1950. He was a professor of political science at Aachen Institute of Technology. He was the editor of the journal Osteuropa. He was a government advisor on Sino-Russian matters (counseling German chancellors from Konrad Adenauer to Helmut Schmidt). He published several books on political science. In the late 1970s he authored several books on youth movements in Western countries.
He died in 1984 at age 77 in Freudenstadt, West Germany.
Since 2005, the "Europainstitut Klaus Mehnert" has offered a student exchange program between his former university RWTH Aachen and the University of Kaliningrad.
Selected writings
in German (some translated)
Ein deutscher Austauschstudent in Kalifornien ("A German exchange student in California"). Stuttgart, 1930
Die Jugend in Sowjet-Russland. Berlin, 1932; Youth in Soviet Russia. Transl. by Michael Davidson, Westport, Conn., 1981
The Russians in Hawaii, 1804-19. Hawaii, 1939
Der Sowjetmensch. Stuttgart, 1958; The Anatomy of Soviet man. Transl. by Maurice Rosenbaum, London, 1961
Peking und Moskau. Stuttgart, 1962; Peking and Moscow. Transl. by Leila Vennewitz, London, 1963
China nach dem Sturm. Munich, 1971; China today. Transl. by Cornelia Schaeffer, London, 1972. China Returns. New York, 1972.
in English
Stalin Versus Marx: The Stalinist Historical Doctrine. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1952. 130 p.
Soviet Man and His World. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1958.
Peking and Moscow. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1963. 522 p.
China Today. London: Thames and Hudson, 1972. 322 p. .
China Returns. New York: Dutton, 1972. 322 p. .
Moscow and the New Left. Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1975. 275 p. .
Twilight of the Young: The Radical Movements of the 1960s and Their Legacy. New York, 1977. 428 p.
Youth in Soviet Russia. Hyperion Press, 1981. .
The Russians & Their Favorite Books. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1983. .
in German
Peking und Moskau. DTV, 1964. 508 p.
Der deutsche Standort. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1967. 415 p.
China nach dem Sturm. 1971. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 340pp,
Amerikanische und russische Jugend um 1930. 1973. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 297pp,
Moskau und die neue Linke. 1973. 219pp,
Jugend im Zeitbruch: Woher-Wohin. 1976. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 511pp,
Kampf um Maos Erbe: Geschichten machen Geschichte. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1977. 319 p. .
Maos Erben machen's anders. 1979. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 171pp
Ein Deutscher in der Welt: Erinnerungen 1906-1981. 1983. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 447pp,
Uber die Russen heute: Was sie lesen, wie sie sind. 1983. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 352pp,
in French
La Rebelión De La Juventud. 1978.
In italian
"Cina rossa". 1972. Milano: Bietti, 372pp.
Notes
External links
Articles by Mehnert published in XXth Century
The Russian Collections of the University of Hawaii, initiated by Mehnert
Europainstitut Klaus Mehnert (German)
1906 births
1984 deaths
Writers from Stuttgart
People from Moskovsky Uyezd
German male journalists
German male writers
Nazi propagandists
Academic staff of RWTH Aachen University
20th-century German journalists
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the German Empire
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Order of Merit of Baden-Württemberg |
4782590 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable%20Geo | Variable Geo | , also known as V.G., is a Japanese 2D fighting game / eroge series developed and published by TGL under their Giga brand. Their Giga brand was used for their home computer games while their TGL brand was used for their console games. The game series focuses on an all-female martial arts competition where participants are required to promote various family restaurants by acting as waitresses when not fighting. Takahiro Kimura was responsible for designing the characters in V.G. and V.G. II.
Plot
Set in a near-future version of Japan, the games tell the story of a martial arts tournament created to determine the country's strongest woman. The tournaments are sponsored by a number of family restaurants, who in exchange for their sponsorship, are given promotion in the form of having a tournament entry work as a waitress. As a result of the popularity of the tournaments, the restaurants experience a boom in patronage.
The winner of the tournament is awarded the title "Virgin Goddess", as well as a large cash prize of ten billion yen, and a house erected anywhere on the planet she should choose. However, when a given waitress is defeated, she will be forced to publicly strip herself of her own clothing (self-fondling and public masturbation may be forced upon the loser, and in the most extreme cases, the loser is raped/gang-raped, either in private or in front of an audience), in order to teach the so-called "true" shame of defeat. In spite of such humiliation, the tournaments often draw many competitors, each placing her pride and her dreams on the line as she battles for the top.
Characters
A practitioner of karate who resides in Tokyo. After her parents died when she was young, her grandfather took her in and trained her in the martial arts, including Karate and the manipulation of ki (life-energy). She enters the VG tournaments simply for the purpose of furthering her training and testing herself against strong opponents. Her virtuous, outgoing personality wins her many friends among the other fighters, among whom are Chiho Masuda, Jun Kubota, and Satomi Yajima, the latter of whom she has been best friends with for years. Apart from the main series, Yuka also appears in V.G. Neo as "Misty" and in Giga's crossover game Otome Crisis.
A trained ninja and was once the heir apparent to her family's ninja clan. However, she desires a life of freedom and happiness and thus has run away, becoming a "Missing-nin." She participates in hopes of using the prize money and free real estate to finance her new life.
A wrestler with vast amounts of strength, Jun once participated in the Olympics while in high school. However, she was ejected from the games due to repeated unsportsmanlike conduct. She later joins the V.G. competitions because she can treat her opponents as roughly as she pleases. Despite this however, Jun operates by her own personal honor code. She fiercely believes that the use of weaponry in an unarmed bout is unacceptable.
The youngest competitor in the VG Tournament at age 16. Along with her relative youth, she is also woefully immature, often acting like a girl half her age. Despite this however, she is a surprisingly clever and capable fighter, incorporating the natural energeticness of a child, as well her own vivid imagination into her fighting style. Her reason for entering the competitions is solely to obtain the large cash prize awarded to the winner. She is often the most lighthearted competitor in any given tournament, treating the fights as if they were all a big game.
A 19-year old computer technician schooled in the art of taekwondo. She initially entered the V.G. tournament to test her own abilities, but found herself humiliated in the final round by Reimi Jahana. Ever since, she has devoted her training to defeating the multi-time V.G. champion. Despite this, Kaori apparently bears no ill will towards her would-be rival and simply sees defeating her as part of the path she must travel to become stronger.
is
The head of the Jahana Group, the organization which supervises the V.G. tournaments. Reimi is wealthy, highly intelligent, and extremely beautiful. She is also a skilled martial artist and a three-time V.G. champion. Reimi initially sees the competitions as a chance to prove herself the strongest and most beautiful warrior of all, and takes a kind of perverse pleasure in watching those who lose against her be humiliated in various ways. After being defeated by Yuka, she reforms and re-enters the tournament with the hopes of regaining her title.
The first of Kotoe's bodyguards who specializes in Chinese martial arts. She would later reappear as a playable character in V.G. Max. She is first introduced in V.G. II: Bout of Cabalistic Goddess.
A young woman who lives with her younger brother, Daisuke. their parents died when they're young. She earns money for living expenses and school tuition by working part-time jobs while caring for Daisuke. While she is an honest, straightforward person, she is also practical and realistic when it comes to situations involving money. This is because they have no other living relatives to provide for them, Satomi is often forced to take various odd jobs simply in order to make ends meet.
The star attraction of the SoTO, a Women only techno/rave dance club and restaurant, where she dazzles visitors with her flashy dancing. While appearing on the surface to be nothing more than a good-looking "Party girl", Ayako spends a great deal of her free time providing volunteer services to the needy and homeless. She also makes a pastime of luring out rapists, muggers, and stalkers and then beating them to within an inch of their lives, because they do unjust things to women. She is openly lesbian, in the OVA she is portrayed as being attracted to Satomi.
Also known as Elirin, is a full-blooded American born and raised in Osaka. She is loud, outspoken, and fond of bawdy humor. She owns and operates her own restaurant, The Rival, and fights in the V.G. tournaments in hopes of bringing her paternal grandmother from the United States to live with her in Japan. Erina practices no particular martial art, but instead fights using improvised methods derived from years of street brawling which she took up to vent her anger at her treatment by others due to a kind of prejudice commonly shown by Japanese towards foreigners.
A young girl who dreams of one day being like her idol, Yuka Takeuchi. To that end, she has tirelessly spent her spare time practicing amateur Karate and attempting to copy Yuka's various techniques. She somehow gained the ability to control her energy before her fourteenth birthday. Much like Yuka, Tamao is hard working, honest, and generally outgoing, which allows her to make friends easily. However, she is clumsy, forgetful, and tends to act before thinking things through.
A member of one of the Masuda clan's branch families and Chiho's distant cousin. She is sent to compete under orders to either force Chiho back into the clan or kill her.
Media
Games
Anime
There is a three-part anime OVA series based on the games. Animated by KSS, the OVA loosely follows the same plot as Advanced V.G., although with several changes: Miranda is dead and her spirit is seeking a new host body, the Hybrids do not exist, and the matches are ranked at different "levels" (Levels 1–5, with the implication that the penalties for losing differ, depending on the level of a given match), among other things. The Japanese voice actors for every character were also changed for this series.
The first chapter of the OVA was released on November 29, 1996, with the second chapter was released on March 14, 1997 and the last chapter on June 27, 1997. In 1998 ADV Films released the animation subtitled and dubbed on VHS, and later re-released in 2003 on DVD, as part of the celebration of the series' tenth anniversary.
In 2004, a new OVA series was released called V.G. NEO (released in English by Critical Mass as Variable Geo Neo), animated by Milky Studios, based on the 2003 visual novel of the same name, with new characters but with the same storyline and in the same V.G. universe. Unlike the previous OVA, V.G. NEO contains sexually explicit content in line with the computer-based entries of the game series.
As the Variable Geo video games were never released outside Japan, both OVAs are the only Variable Geo media to be released in English.
Gameplay
Gameplay in the Variable Geo fighting games utilizes a four-button layout (two-button layout in V.G. MAX), with two buttons each for punches and kicks of differing strength and speed. Special moves are initiated by keying in various movements using the control pad or joystick and punctuated with the press of one of the punch or kick buttons.
Later games would add a special meter (identical to the system that was standardized by Super Street Fighter II Turbo) that would fill as the player inflicts or receives damage. Filling the bar would result in a stock of "Energy" being acquired, which could either be used for one of a number of enhanced super special attacks, or saved for later use in the match. Some moves also require more than one Special Stock to be acquired before being able to use them.
Both characters begin any given fight with a full health bar that is depleted as they take damage from attacks. The first character to have her health completely depleted is the loser. In a single player game, defeating a CPU-controlled character yields a reward, showcasing the defeated character in an imaginary situation where she is either forced to commit an embarrassing (usually sexual) act in public or private, or is raped by an unseen assailant or assailants. This feature is present only in the PC-98 and Windows PC titles, as well in the Sega Saturn version of Advanced V.G. (although toned down compared to the computer versions) and can be switched off in the games' settings menu.
Reception
Writing in Viz Media's online magazine, Ted Thomas reviewed Advanced VG and recommended that the game is not worth importing. J-pop reviewed the series, noting that the series includes various lesbian characters, along with themes about "DNA manipulation, demonic possession, mind control, and body altering drugs." The review also said that the animation is sparse and said that while they enjoyed the series, it is "full of all the guilty pleasures only anime can provide."
References
External links
Giga's official VG NEO website (also contains info about V.G. series and its 10th anniversary)
V.G. C.D.A.
Success's Advanced V.G. official website
Success's Advanced V.G. 2 official website
Milky Animation Label Homepage;
Giga's Official Variable Geo Neo Page
1993 video games
Bishōjo games
DOS games
Eroge
Fighting games
Japan-exclusive video games
PlayStation (console) games
Rape in video games
Sega Saturn games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
TurboGrafx-CD games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games featuring female protagonists
Visual novels
Windows games
ADV Films |
4782605 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anzo%C3%A1tegui%20%28disambiguation%29 | Anzoátegui (disambiguation) | Anzoátegui is one of the 23 component states of Venezuela,
Anzoátegui may also refer to:
Anzoategui, La Pampa, Argentina
Anzoátegui, Tolima, Colombia
Anzoátegui Parish, Morán Municipality, Lara State, Venezuela
Anzoátegui Municipality, Cojedes State, Venezuela
Anzoátegui, José Antonio Venezuelan Brigadier General, Independence hero
People with the surname
José Antonio Anzoátegui |
4782611 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMarteenies | SMarteenies | SMarteenies is a spin off of the children's art programme SMart designed for pre school viewers. It was produced by CBeebies. The series remained repeated until its suspension in January 2008, following the death of presenter Mark Speight's fiancée Natasha Collins, and his subsequent suicide.
The programme started with the four presenters determining who was to do the first piece (with the rhyme: "Eeny, meeny, miny, moe, Smarteenies guess who'll have a go"). Following each piece, the programme returned to this screen to select the next presenter.
Presenters
The presenters were the same as those who presented the original SMart. The segments the presenters presented alternated every other episode.
Jay Burridge hosted 'Man of Letters', where he wore a postman's cap and carried a messenger bag covered with alphabet letters. The bag contains items and artistic tools all starting with a particular letter of the alphabet which he then uses to produce a piece of art. The other segment he hosted is where he demonstrates effective methods to make pictures like coloured pencils, wax crayons and so on. He wears a dark blue T-shirt.
Lizi Botham (Bizi Lizi) hosted a segment where she uses her fingerprints to create pictures on the camera lens. These would appear three times throughout the episode. The other segment she hosted was where she visits a group of children at a school and makes something. She wears a yellow T-shirt.
Kirsten O'Brien appeared in a segment featuring the puppet Doogy the Dog (played by Marcus Clarke). Doogy normally goes out in his little blue car called his Doogymobile to get things for Kirsten. Her other segment was Pattern Palace, where she uses different art media to create fun and colourful patterns. She wears a pale blue T-shirt.
Mark Speight hosted the "Shape Store" segment. In it he would make pictures out of different shapes. His other segment was called "Big Picture, Small Picture", where he simultaneously produces a normal-sized and large-scale version of the same scene (e.g. using mops instead of paint brushes for the large version). When he makes the big picture, he wears a hat or face accessory relevant to the picture he is making. He wears a red T-shirt and in the Shape Store segment he also wore a brown jacket alongside the T-shirt.
Until its suspension, Speight and O'Brien were the only remaining presenters of the principal show SMart, as Burridge and Botham had left. SMarteenies premiered in February 2002 on CBeebies, and aired in 2006 on CBC Kids in Canada. It also aired on the Australian CBeebies, and is the only channel that still airs the show to this day.
Episodes
External links
BBC artbox
BBC's SMart website
Doogy Dog
BBC children's television shows
2000s British children's television series
2002 British television series debuts
2008 British television series endings
British preschool education television series
British television shows featuring puppetry
British television spin-offs
CBeebies
Television series by BBC Studios |
4782624 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College%20Park%20Airport | College Park Airport | College Park Airport is a public airport located in the City of College Park, in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States. It is the world's oldest continuously operated airport. The airport is located south of Paint Branch and Lake Artemesia, east of U.S. Route 1 and the College Park Metro/MARC station and west of Kenilworth Avenue.
History
College Park Airport was established in August 1909 by the United States Army Signal Corps to serve as a training location for Wilbur Wright to instruct two military officers to fly in the government's first airplane. Leased on August 25, the first airplane, a Wright Type A biplane, was uncrated and assembled on October 7. Civilian aircraft began flying from College Park Airport as early as December 1911, making it the world's oldest continuously operated airport. In 1977, the airport was added to the National Register of Historic Places.
College Park Airport is home to many "firsts" in aviation, and is particularly significant for the well-known aviators and aviation inventors who played a part in this field's long history. In 1909 Wilbur Wright taught Lieutenants Frederic Humphreys and Frank Lahm. Humphreys became the first military pilot to solo in a government airplane. The same year on October 27, Mrs. Ralph Henry Van Deman was flown by Wilbur Wright to become the first woman to fly in a powered aircraft in the United States.
Civilian aviation began at College Park with Rex Smith, an inventor and patent attorney, who operated the Rex Smith Aeroplane Company. Paul Peck and Tony Jannus were associates of his.
In April 1910, the Aero Club of America chapters from Washington and Baltimore chose the College Park Airport for the next James Gordon Bennett Race. $11,000 was raised locally of the $100,000 prize. Belmont Park in New York was chosen instead for the October meet.
The Christmas Aeroplane Company of Washington, D.C., built its first aircraft, the "Red Bird II" at College Park Airport with a claimed flight on 15 October 1911. The "Red Bird III" was built in the spring of 1912, with a contract from the U.S. Postal service to deliver Air Mail.
In 1911, the nation's first military aviation school was opened at College Park, with newly trained pilots then-Lt. Henry H. Arnold and Lt. Thomas DeWitt Milling as Wright pilot instructors and Capt. Paul W. Beck as the Curtiss instructor. William Starling Burgess also brought a licensed Wright Model B named the Burgess Model F. The military aviation school saw numerous aviation firsts. Shortly following the cancellation of an international air meet at the airport in the fall of 1912, all aviators on the field participated in a demonstration for the International Congress of Hygiene participants.
On October 7, 1912, Bernetta Adams Miller became the first woman to demonstrate a flight in a military aircraft.
In 1915 Cecil Peoli, one of the world's first professional aviators, died testing his 12-cylinder Rausenburger-powered biplane at College Park in preparation for New York and St. Louis cross country flights.
In 1918, after a three-month trial with the War Department beginning May 15, the Post Office Department inaugurated the first Postal Airmail Service from College Park, serving Philadelphia and New York City (Belmont Park). Flights from College Park continued until 1921. The compass rose and original airmail hangar remain at the modern airport as a witness to this history. The airport code "CGS" originally referred to the airport's purpose in the 1930s as an airmail station (CGS = ColleGe Station).
In 1920, Emile and Henry Berliner (father and son) brought their theories of vertical flight to the field and in 1924 made the first controlled helicopter flight.
From 1927 until 1933, the Bureau of Standards developed and tested the first radio navigational aids for use in "blind" or bad weather flying. This was the forerunner of the modern Instrument Landing System used today by aircraft.
In 1937 the Engineering & Research Corporation (ERCO), based across the street (Good Luck Rd, now Campus Drive) in nearby Riverdale, Maryland, used the airport to test fly the early model of the Ercoupe, an airplane designed to be spin-proof.
George Brinckerhoff took over management of the Airfield and ran it from 1927 until 1959, hosting numerous airshows and teaching hundreds of pilots to fly during his tenure.
The Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission (M-NCPPC) purchased the Airport in 1973 and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. A small museum was established in 1981 drawing 400–500 visitors on a weekend. Today it is run as both a historic site and operating airport whose history is depicted in the College Park Aviation Museum.
Since the 9/11 attacks, and owing to the airport's proximity to the national capital, the operations of the airport have been severely restricted by the Transportation Security Administration in the interest of national security, but civilian pilots are still free to use the airport after going through a one-time background check procedure.
In 2015, Southern Management Corporation proposed a , 13-story hotel on University of Maryland property in the approach path of the airport. The project was approved by the county but exceeded a tall FAA limit for a building at location in the flight path, prompting a redesign as a 10-story hotel. Ground was broken for the hotel later in 2015 and opened in 2017.
In 2022, Tailwind Air announced plans to begin a scheduled flight service from College Park to Skyport Marina, on Manhattan's East Side, on board a Cessna Grand Caravan. Service was set to begin on September 13, but service was delayed due to security concerns from the Transportation Security Administration and the Federal Aviation Administration.
Facilities
Airport facilities
College Park Airport covers and has one runway:
Runway 15/33: , Surface: Asphalt
The road to the airport is named in honor of Corporal Frank S. Scott, who was the first US enlisted man to die in a military aircraft, an accident which occurred at this airfield.
College Park Aviation Museum
The College Park Aviation Museum first opened to the public in 1981, and houses antique and reproduction aircraft associated with the history of College Park Airport. The current museum building opened on September 12, 1998. It includes a 90-seat auditorium, a non-circulating appointment-only library, gift shop, museum offices, and a replica of the original 1909 College Park Airport hangar, in addition to a main hangar with aircraft and exhibits on display. Artifacts and hands-on activities highlight the aviators, aircraft builders and airplanes that operated at the airport. Aircraft on display are:
Berliner Helicopter No. 5
Blériot XI (replica)
Boeing-Stearman Model 75
Curtiss JN-4D
Curtiss Model D (replica)
ERCO 415D Ercoupe
Monocoupe 110
Taylor J-2
Taylorcraft BL-65
Wright Model B (replica)
The museum offers changing exhibits, special events, lectures, workshops and programs for the public, schools and groups. There are also an extensive library and archives which hold materials relating to the airport's history, early aviation history, especially relating to Maryland, and general aeronautics including related children's books. The museum is an affiliate of the Smithsonian Institution. It is owned and operated by the Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission.
See also
List of airports in Maryland
References
External links
College Park Airport Main Website
M-NCPPC College Park Airport
College Park Aviation Museum
Aviation: From Sand Dunes to Sonic Booms, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
College Park Airport in the early 1930s (with photos)
, including aerial photo in 1937, at Maryland Historical Trust website
Airports in Maryland
Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
Airports established in 1909
Transportation buildings and structures in Prince George's County, Maryland
Smithsonian Institution affiliates
1909 establishments in Maryland
National Register of Historic Places in Prince George's County, Maryland
Airports on the National Register of Historic Places
Transportation buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland |
4782630 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old-Timers%27%20Day | Old-Timers' Day | Old-Timers' Day (or Old-Timers' Game) refers to a tradition in Major League Baseball where a team devotes the early afternoon preceding a weekend game to honor retired players who played for the organization during their careers. The retired players play in an exhibition game, usually lasting about three innings.
The New York Yankees are currently the only MLB team to host an annual Old-Timers' Day; many other teams have hosted games in the past, and a few continue to do so on a non-regular basis.
History
According to researcher John Thorne, the earliest old-timers' game was held in 1875 at Hoboken, New Jersey's Elysian Fields. Former players, who did not have pensions at the time, organized several more games during the 19th century, often to raise money for indigent or sick former teammates.
As the games grew in popularity, teams started to organize and control the games themselves. These games variously featured reunions of specific teams, alumni of specific franchises from different eras and collections of former stars from different teams. However, as players began receiving better pay during their careers and pensions after their retirement, they had less incentive to participate and old-timers' games started to become less common.
New York Yankees (1947–present)
Through the 2023 event, the New York Yankees have held 75 Old-Timers' Days.
Precursor events
The Yankees held notable ballpark celebrations to recognize the careers of two of their all-time greats, first for Lou Gehrig on July 4, 1939 (several weeks after he was forced to retire young because of ALS), and Babe Ruth in April 1948. Lou Gehrig Appreciation Day was held on July 4, 1939, and remains baseball's most famous such gathering. After hearing tearful speeches from friends and former teammates who had seen his career cut short by the illness which would come to bear his name, Gehrig delivered a short poignant speech, immortalized by his declaration that in spite of his fate he still considered himself the "luckiest man on the face of the earth."
Format
The first Old-Timers' Day held under this name took place on the final day of the 1947 season. For many years, players from other teams would attend the festivities wearing their own uniforms. By the 1980s this practice had stopped and only Yankee players were honored.
Today, the Yankees invite several dozen former ballplayers, including many greats and fan favorites, to be introduced to the crowd. Former coaches and managers, trainers, and broadcasters also participate in the festivities. Hall of Famers and special honorees cap the celebration, with those of the highest standing introduced last. Then participating old-timers are split into two teams, often called the Clippers (after the legendary Joe DiMaggio, the "Yankee Clipper") and the Bombers (homage to the team's legacy as the "Bronx Bombers"), to face one-another in a short exhibition contest. The most guests to attend in one year was 72, in 2008.
During the years he attended, DiMaggio would always be introduced last as "baseball's greatest living player". In 1978, when Billy Martin was introduced after him as part of a stunt announcing he would return as manager in 1980, DiMaggio complained and said if anyone was introduced after him without his permission he would no longer return; it never happened again. He made his final appearance in 1998, missing only the 1988 game due to a scheduling conflict. Since his final appearance, Whitey Ford and Yogi Berra were traditionally the last players introduced. Berra made his final appearance in 2014, and Ford made his last in 2019.
Other elements of the day's ceremonies include a moment of silence for members of the Yankee family who died in the previous year, and introduction of the widows of great Yankees, a tradition that started with Claire Ruth and Eleanor Gehrig attending into the 1970s and 1980s and continues today with Diana Munson, Helen Hunter, Jill Martin, Arlene Howard, Kay Murcer, all escorted by current Yankees players. Ruth's daughter and granddaughter have also been introduced in recent years. Members of the Mantle and Maris families have also been introduced in the past, as well as those who have been recently widowed, such as Jerry Coleman's wife Maggie Coleman, who attended in 2014 after her husband's death.
Mel Allen was the original master of ceremonies, followed by Frank Messer, and then John Sterling and Michael Kay handling the duties as a team. Keith Olbermann and Bob Wolff have also contributed.
A modern addition, started in the past 20 years, involves a few "Old Timers", typically current Yankee broadcasters, being wired for sound to provide running commentary during the game, starting with Bobby Murcer and continuing with Paul O'Neill, David Cone and John Flaherty.
Notable moments
In 1965, Joe DiMaggio hit a grand slam into the left field stands.
In 1975, while Yankee Stadium was being renovated, the Yankees held Old Timers' Day at Shea Stadium and prior to the game it was announced that Billy Martin had been hired as Yankees' manager for the first time. In 1978, Martin was re-hired on Old Timers' Day.
In 1998, the Yankees celebrated the 20th anniversary of the 1977, 1978 and 1981 World Series that they played against the Los Angeles Dodgers, and invited some members of those Dodger teams. The game was won on a home run by Willie Randolph against Tommy John, who played in all three of those World Series, for the Dodgers in 1977 and 1978 and for the Yankees in 1981, on the losing side each time.
In 2004, Luis Sojo hit the game-winning home run off of Ron Guidry.
In 2010, the Yankees celebrated the 60th anniversary of the 1950 World Series championship team. They invited Hank Workman, Whitey Ford, Jerry Coleman, Don Johnson, Duane Pillette, and Charlie Silvera to represent the team. However, Yogi Berra missed the day due to a fall.
In 2011, Tino Martinez hit a two-run home run off of former teammate David Cone.
In 2016, Hideki Matsui hit a home run off of Cone into the upper deck.
In 2019, Mariano Rivera pitched, played center field (catching a fly ball hit by Sojo), and batted (hitting an inside-the-park home run).
In 2022, the Yankees held an Old-Timers' Day without an exhibition game, due to injuries to several players. No event had been held the prior two seasons, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Attendees included Ron Guidry, Tino Martinez, Willie Randolph, and Bernie Williams. In 2023, without a game for the second consecutive year, the team hosted a "question-and-answer" session with the 1998 team in honor of that team's 25th anniversary, hosted by radio broadcaster Suzyn Waldman.
Legacy
Some players who have been considered 'staples' at Old Timers' Day include Bobby Brown, who served as president of the American League for a decade, and Hall of Famers Yogi Berra, Whitey Ford, and Reggie Jackson.
Joe DiMaggio returned in 1952 for his first time, and returned every year until his death with the exception of 1988, a span of 46 years, the second-longest tenure of any Yankee old timer. Hector Lopez, who appeared at every Old Timers' Day from 1966 to 2019, surpassed DiMaggio in 2013 with his 47th appearance and holds the Yankee record of 53 appearances.
Don Larsen, David Wells, and David Cone all attended in the late 2000s and 2010s, allowing the Yankees to have all three of their pitchers who (at that point) had thrown a perfect game in the stadium at the same time.
Boston Red Sox
On May 1, 1982, the Boston Red Sox held their first old-timers game at Fenway Park, marking 50-years of ownership by the Yawkey family. It was notable for the participation of 63-year-old Red Sox legend Ted Williams, who made a shoestring catch while playing the outfield.
Starting in 1986, five games were held as part of the annual Equitable Old-Timers Series. The game of May 17, 1986, was themed to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the pennant-winning 1946 Red Sox, and Fenway welcomed back 19 alumni of the team including Williams and Dom DiMaggio. The game also included non-Red Sox alumni, featuring appearances by Dom's brothers, Joe DiMaggio and Vince DiMaggio. The game of May 23, 1987, was themed to celebrate the 75th anniversary of Fenway Park and included the participation of Cleveland Indians pitching great Bob Feller, winning pitcher for the visiting (non-Red Sox) team. The game of May 14, 1988, marked the 40th anniversary of Boston's loss to Cleveland in the 1948 American League tie-breaker game. The game of May 6, 1989, included Carl Yastrzemski, shortly after his election to the Hall of Fame. In the game of May 19, 1990, Boston pitchers Bill Lee, Bill Monbouquette, and Dick Radatz allowed just one hit in the four-inning game.
Starting in 1991, three games were held as part of the annual Heroes of Baseball Series. The game of May 11, 1991, included non-playing appearances by Ted Williams (then 72) and Joe DiMaggio (then 76), in recognition of the 50th anniversary of the 1941 MLB season, when Williams batted .406 and DiMaggio had a 56-game hitting streak. The game of May 16, 1992, marked the 25th anniversary of the 1967 Boston Red Sox season, known as "The Impossible Dream"; participants from the 1967 team included Mike Andrews, Jim Lonborg, Rico Petrocelli, and Carl Yastrzemski. The game of May 29, 1993, honored Negro league legends, and was the final such game held at Fenway until 2018.
The Red Sox held an alumni game at Fenway Park on May 27, 2018, before a regular season game against the Atlanta Braves; it was the Red Sox' first old-timers' game since 1993. Dwight Evans and Luis Tiant acted as managers; the four-inning exhibition was won by Tiant's team, as Julio Lugo hit a two-run homer off of Pedro Martínez for the only runs in the game. Other Red Sox alumni participating included Wade Boggs, Oil Can Boyd, Mike Greenwell, Bill Lee, Derek Lowe, Mike Lowell, and Troy O'Leary.
The Red Sox have not held an alumni game since the 2018 event, nor has team management announced any future plans to do so.
Old-Timers Baseball Classic (1982–1990)
The Cracker Jack Old-Timers Baseball Classic was founded by former Braves executive Dick Cecil, and took place every July from 1982 to 1990. RFK Stadium in Washington, D.C. hosted the events from 1982 to 1987, and Pilot Field in Buffalo hosted the events from 1988 to 1990. Cracker Jack dropped their sponsorship following the 1985 event, after which it became the National Old-Timers Baseball Classic. All of the events were broadcast nationally on ESPN.
The inaugural game, played on the evening of July 19, 1982, was particularly memorable; then-75-year-old Luke Appling connected off Warren Spahn for a home run over the fence in left field, which was at a distance of . Other participants included Hank Aaron, Larry Doby,Lou Brock, Bert Campaneris, Joe DiMaggio, Bob Feller, Harmon Killebrew, Ralph Kiner, Johnny Mize, Stan Musial, Don Newcombe, Enos Slaughter, and Early Wynn. The game was won by the American League, 7–2.
The second game, held on July 18, 1983, was won by the National League, 5–3, and included Richie Ashburn, Al Kaline, Bill Mazeroski, Tim McCarver, Brooks Robinson, Mickey Vernon, and Billy Williams.
In 1984, the third game was held on July 2, with the National League winning 9–4, powered by home runs from Hank Aaron, Johnny Bench, Tom Haller, and Billy Williams.
The fourth game was played on July 1, 1985, as the National League again had four home runs—by Hank Aaron, Bill Mazeroski, Joe Torre, and Tommy Davis—en route to a 7–3 win.
Old-Timers Series / Heroes of Baseball Series (1986–1995)
In February 1986, Commissioner of Baseball Peter Ueberroth announced a series of old-timers games called Equitable Old-Timers Series, to be played at each of the then-26 MLB ballparks and sponsored by Equitable Life Assurance company. These games were unaffiliated with the Old-Timers Baseball Classic games, which were not sanctioned by Major League Baseball.
The Equitable series started at Fenway Park in Boston on May 17, 1986, and concluded at Riverfront Stadium in Cincinnati on September 20. Equitable donated $10,000 per game to a fund for former major leaguers in need. A traveling group of Major League All-Stars served as the visiting team and played an alumni team at each home ballpark location. The series was held again in 1987, starting in St. Louis on May 17 and ending in Detroit on August 30. In 1988, the series started in Boston on May 14 and ended in Detroit on September 18. In 1989, the series again started in Boston, on May 6, and ended in Montreal on September 17. The 1990 series started in Houston on April 9 and again ended in Montreal, on August 26.
In February 1991, it was announced that the Equitable Old-Timers Series would have a new name and new sponsor; the Heroes of Baseball Series would be sponsored by the Upper Deck Company, with a 24-game series starting on April 14 in Minnesota and ending on September 1 in Montreal. Upper Deck donated $10,000 per game to the Baseball Assistance Team. In 1992, the series was played at each of the then-26 MLB ballparks plus Mile High Stadium, the first home of the expansion Colorado Rockies when they joined MLB the following season. The series was also played during the 1993 season, and at some ballparks during the 1994 season. The final game appears to have been played in June 1995 at Dodger Stadium.
Other old-timers' games
The Cleveland Indians held an old-timers' game on July 29, 1921, at Dunn Field (later known as League Park) in Cleveland. Players participating included Neal Ball, Charlie Hickman, Nap Lajoie, Cy Young, and Chief Zimmer.
A 1930 game at Braves Field in Boston was the first to be broadcast nationally on radio.
A New York Giants old-timers' game on July 30, 1950, featured the return, in a non-playing role, of Fred Merkle who had committed a base-running gaffe in 1908 that became well-known as "Merkle's Boner". Merkle received a loud ovation from the crowd.
It is mentioned in Jim Bouton's book Ball Four (a journal of his 1969 season with the Seattle Pilots and the Houston Astros) that the Astros held an Old Timers Day game that year on September 1, which featured their manager Harry Walker. The Astros had previously held an Old Timers Game in 1965 that matched the "Baseball Immortals" against the "Texas All Stars" that was played on September 6, 1965 (Labor Day); the exhibition, consisting of two innings played before the regular season match up of the Astros vs the Chicago Cubs in the Astrodome, featured over a dozen members of the Baseball Hall of Fame from manager Bill McKechnie to Joe Medwick
An old-timers' game was played at Comiskey Park in Chicago on July 5, 1983, during All-Star Game festivities, celebrating the 50th midsummer classic; the 1933 All-Star Game had also been held at Comiskey Park. Notable participants included Ernie Banks, Bobby Doerr, Joe DiMaggio, Burleigh Grimes, Harmon Killebrew, Willie Mays, Frank Robinson, and Hoyt Wilhelm.
In July 1984, an old-timers' game was played at Mile High Stadium in Denver while United States Vice President George H. W. Bush happened to be in town. A spokesman announced that Bush would attend the game but, when the game started, the former Yale Bulldogs baseball player was wearing a Denver Bears uniform and playing first base. He popped up in his only at bat against Warren Spahn.
In 2013, the Los Angeles Dodgers revived their old-timers' game after 18 years of absence.
In 2022, New York Mets owner Steve Cohen announced the team would revive its Old Timers' Day for the first time since 1994. The game celebrated the 60th anniversary of Mets baseball and included members of the 1962 Original Mets, both World Series championship teams, and players from all six decades of the franchise. During the celebration, the team fulfilled former owner Joan Payson's promise to retire Willie Mays' number 24.
References
Further reading
Major League Baseball culture
New York Yankees |
4782631 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBBL%20%28FM%29 | WBBL (FM) | WBBL (96.5 MHz, "Alive 96.5" and "Pine Belt Solid Gospel") is a southern gospel music formatted FM radio station serving Hattiesburg, Laurel, and the Pine Belt region. The station is currently owned by Blakeney Communications. Its transmitter is located east of Richton, Mississippi.
Programming
WBBL is an affiliate of the Salem Radio Network. The station carries SRN News at the top of each hour during regular programming. Sunday mornings, WBBL airs the nationally syndicated program The Gospel Greats, hosted by Paul Heil. Monday nights, WBBL airs Gospel Grass, two hours of bluegrass music hosted by local broadcaster David McPhail.
On Sunday mornings, WBBL broadcasts a fifteen-minute inspirational message from the Ellisville Assembly of God Church, with Brother Morris.
On Sunday evenings, WBBL broadcasts an hour of inspirational religiously themed messages from Sanford Missionary Baptist Church, with Brother James Broome and then following Sanford, County Line Baptist Church with Brother Everette Broome. Although the churches are in close proximity to one another, and the two men know each other, they are not related.
WBBL also carries live coverage of sporting events involving local teams, including The University of Southern Mississippi baseball and women's basketball.
The station is an affiliate of the New Orleans Saints radio network.
References
External links
WBBL official website
alive.fm
Pine Belt Radio
The Gospel Greats website
BBL
Southern Gospel radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1995
1995 establishments in Mississippi |
4782634 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois%20Blondel | François Blondel | François Blondel ( June 1618 – 21 January 1686) was a soldier, engineer of fortifications, mathematician, diplomat, military and civil engineer and architect, called "the Great Blondel", to distinguish him in a dynasty of French architects. He is remembered for his Cours d'architecture which remained a central text for over a century. His precepts placed him in opposition with Claude Perrault in the larger culture war known under the heading Querelle des anciens et des modernes. If François Blondel was not the most highly reputed among the académiciens of his day, his were the writings that most generally circulated among the general public, the Cours de Mathématiques, the Art de jetter les Bombes, the Nouvelle manière de fortifier les places and, above all his Cours d'Architecture.
Early life
Born Nicolas-François Blondel at Ribemont in the Picardy region of France, he was baptized on 15 June 1618. His father was François-Guillaume Blondel, who studied law in Toulouse and bought the position of avocat du roi in Ribemont after receiving his degree in 1624. Nicolas-François' mother was Marie de Louen, whose family belonged to the local nobility. Although his father François-Guillaume was not born a nobleman, he was able to purchase (or inherit via his wife's relations) two close by seigneuries, Gaillardon in 1620 and Les Croisettes before 1635, and was the mayor of Ribemont several times in the 1630s and 1640s. Nicolas-François was well educated in languages as a youth, and participated for a time in the Thirty Years' War.
Career
In 1640 Cardinal Richelieu entrusted Blondel with diplomatic missions in Portugal, Spain and Italy, which gave him an opportunity to study at first hand the fortification systems of those nations. He returned from Italy with a greatly enhanced knowledge of mathematics, and it may have been during this trip that he met Galileo, with whom he later claimed to have studied personally. Blondel subsequently became one of Galileo's earliest French supporters.
Richelieu named Blondel sub-lieutenant of one of his galleys, La Cardinale, aboard which he participated in the attack on the port of Tarragona and served for a time as governor at Palamos. In 1647 Blondel commanded the artillery of the naval expedition against the Spanish at Naples. With the peace he finished his military career with the brevet of maréchal des camps (26 November 1652).
Around 1648 Blondel received his first architectural commission, the grand stables at the Château de Chaumont-la-Guiche in Saint-Bonnet-de-Joux in southern Burgundy. The stables were executed 1648–1652 by the local mason and entrepreneur François Martel, to whom the design has frequently been attributed. However, Blondel mentions that he was responsible in a note in his 1685 edition of Louis Savot's L'architecture françoise, and, according to his biographer Anthony Gerbino, there is no reason to question Blondel's claim.
The cross-vaulted ground floor is divided into three aisles by two Tuscan arcades with stalls for more than eighty horses.
On the exterior of the entrance front are two impressive double staircases ascending to a large hall on the upper floor. They frame the central portal, strikingly surmounted by a life-sized equestrian statue of the previous seigneur, Philibert de La Guiche. His daughter, Henriette de La Guiche built the stables for her husband, who at the time was , the governor of Provence and a grandson of Charles IX of France. Alais also owned the Château d'Écouen. These royal connections account for the monumentality of the design. Alais probably met Blondel in the military.
In 1652 Blondel became the tutor of the son of the Secretary of State for foreign affairs, Loménie de Brienne, with whom he made the Grand Tour : Langres — Besançon — Basel — Alsace (Brisach) — Strasbourg (where he inspected the mechanism of the famous clock) — Philippsburg — Mannheim — Mayence — The Hague — Hamburg — Lübeck — Kiel — Denmark — Sweden (Stockholm, Uppsala) — Finland — Estonia (Riga) — Königsberg — Dantzig — Cracow — Pressburg — Vienna — Prague — Vence — Rome — Florence — Toulon. His travels would stand him in good stead when he came to compile his Cours d'Architecture. During the 1660s Blondel made a second tour with a son of Jean Baptiste Colbert, of which the itinerary is less known.
In 1656, Blondel was named reader in Mathematics and Fortification at the Collège Royal, where his place was filled during his numerous absences by the astronomer Picard. From 1662 to 1668, Blondel exercised the functions of Syndic of the college.
In the years 1657 to 1663 Mazarin sent him on diplomatic missions in Italy, Egypt, Greece, Turkey, Germany, Poland, Moscow (where he regretted not having seen the fortifications at Kazan against the Tatars, and found that the maritime defenses were in the Dutch manner), Prussia, Livonia (with the Swedish fortifications of Riga), and Lithuania. In the course of his travels he encountered Paul Wurz, occasioning the correspondence that resulted in Blondel's first publication, a mathematical pamphlet entitled Epistola ad P. W. [Paulum Wurzium], which discussed the breaking resistance of beams. Blondel demonstrates that a mathematical proof of Galileo, allowing the cross-section of a beam to be parabolically shaped such that its weight was reduced by one third, only applied to cantilevered beams and did not apply to the specified aim, a beam supported at both ends, for which a semicircular or elliptical shape would apply. Some of these questions were taken up again in 1673, when he published his Résolution des quatre principaux problèmes d'Architecture.
In 1659, on a voyage to Constantinople he saw an aqueduct "in a place that one calls Belgrade, which by its grandeur, its height and the magnificence of its structure, cedes nothing to that of the Pont du Gard." That same year he was posted as diplomatic resident to Copenhagen, and post he filled until 1663, when he was recalled to France to become a conseiller d'État.
The following year, 1664, Colbert named him Ingénieur du Roy pour la Marine, which occasioned his supervision of harbour fortifications in Normandy (Cherbourg, Le Havre), in Brittany and in the Antillies (Martinique, Guadeloupe, Saint-Domingue), where he witnessed at first hand the prodigious effects of a hurricane at the island of Saint-Christophe, and where he found the materials for numerous memoires presented to the Académie des Sciences.
Quatremère de Quincy reported that Blondel's talents for architecture were first tested in 1665, in building the royal corderie (ropewalk) at Rochefort. Blondel was also put in charge of constructing the Roman bridge at Saintes.
In 1669, Blondel was admitted to the Académie des Sciences as a geometer (cartographer). That year, in the course of a trip to London in the company of Jean-Baptiste du Hamel, secretary of the Académie, he witnessed an unsuccessful blood transfusion effected by the Royal Society in hopes of curing a madman, with the thought that the human passions were transmitted in the blood.
That same year he was commissioned with urbanization projects for the embellishment of Paris, notably the reconstruction of the Porte Saint-Denis and the Porte Saint-Bernard, and the plan for the city's expansion, which he accomplished with the collaboration of the architect Pierre Bullet.
On 31 December 1671, the King named Blondel Director and Professor of the Académie Royale d'Architecture.
In 1673, Blondel was appointed professor of mathematics to the Grand Dauphin; if the royal pupil was of mediocre talent, the project resulted in Blondel's Cours de Mathématiques (1683).
From 1670 until his death in 1686, Blondel was wholly occupied in professional matters and teaching. He collaborated on the dictionaries of Antoine Furetière, of Adrien Auzout for mathematics and Giovanni Alfonso Borelli for astronomy.
References
Notes
Sources
Gerbino, Anthony (2010). François Blondel: Architecture, Erudition, and the Scientific Revolution. London and New York: Routledge. .
Herrmann, Wolfgang (1982). "Blondel, François", vol. 1, pp. 216–219, in Macmillan Encyclopedia of Architects, 4 volumes, edited by Adolf K. Placzek. New York: The Free Press. .
Tadgell, Christopher (1996). "Blondel, (Nicolas-)François", vol. 4, pp. 165–166, in The Dictionary of Art, 34 volumes, edited by Jane Turner, reprinted with minor corrections in 1998. New York: Grove. .
Vuillemin, Jean-Claude (2008). “Blondel, Nicolas-François”, vol. 1, pp. 157–161, in The Dictionary of Seventeenth-Century French Philosophers, 2 volumes, edited by Luc Foisneau. London and New York: Thoemmes Continuum. .
External links
Cours d'architecture, Parts 1 (1675), 2 & 3 (1683), 4, 5 & 6 (1683); from the Getty Research Institute, bound as one volume, digitized by the Internet Archive
Cours d'architecture, second edition (1698), Parts 1, 2 & 3, 4, 5, & 6 at Heidelberg University Library
1618 births
1686 deaths
People from Aisne
French Baroque architects
French military engineers
17th-century French architects
17th-century French mathematicians
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Members of the Académie royale d'architecture |
4782640 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIHF%20World%20Championship%20Division%20II | IIHF World Championship Division II | The IIHF World Championship Division II are an annual sports event organized by the International Ice Hockey Federation. The division championships are played in two groups, part of the Ice Hockey World Championships
From 2001 until 2011, the two national teams that finished last in their groups in Division I were relegated to Division II for next year's World Championships. At the Division II Championship, the winner of each group was promoted to next year's Division I. In contrast, the loser of each group was relegated to the IIHF World Championship Division III. Beginning in 2012, the Group A champion was promoted to Division I Group B, and was replaced by that tournament's last placed team. The Group B champion was promoted to Group A, and was replaced by the team relegated from there. Last place in Group B is relegated to Division III, being replaced by their champion.
The Division II World championships have been played in their current format since 2001. Division II was formed from the teams ranked 29th to 40th, which were the five lowest-placing teams in Pool C, and the seven best teams from Pool D. Beginning in 2012, the two groups became tiered rather than parallel. Teams qualified for Group A by either being relegated from Division I, or placing 2nd or 3rd in their 2011 groups. Group B teams were formed from the teams placing 4th, 5th, or promoted from Division III.
Results
Pool C
Champions (1961–2000)
Following the year 2000, Pool C became Division II and was split into two sections as a result of an influx of competing teams.
Summary of participation
51 championships
In 1992, 1994, and 1995, Group C was played in two independent tiers, the results for the nations who were not given the opportunity to win Group C (known as Group C2) in those years are presented along with Group D/Division III.
Division II teams (2001–present) are ranked one through twelve, with this chart assessing gold, silver, and bronze to the nations who ranked 29th, 30th, and 31st overall.
Note 1. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia assumed the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia's position in Group C after a two-year absence in 1995. In 2003 it was reconstituted as the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. After the state's dissolution, Serbia assumed their position in Division II, beginning play in 2007.
Note 2. Both Poland and Sweden hosted a tournament at this level also.
See also
Ice Hockey World Championships
IIHF World Championship Division I
IIHF World Championship Division III
References
External links
2010 IIHF Championship Program |
4782646 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackenfell | Brackenfell | Brackenfell is a railway town in the Western Cape province of South Africa and a northern suburb of Cape Town, situated about 30 km (17 mi) north-east of the city. Regarded as the gateway to the Cape Winelands, Brackenfell is situated approximately 22 km (14 mi) north-west of Stellenbosch and 35 km (22 mi) south-west of Paarl and lies at the start of the Bottelary Hills Wine Route which follows the scenic and winding Bottelary Road towards Stellenbosch.
History
The earliest activity on what today is known as Brackenfell was when the "de Clapmuts" was a refreshment post. Brackenfell specifically form part of Klapmutsberg, better known as de Bottelarij. In 1712 the area known as "Kruispad" was transferred to Selie, J. Kruispad was owned by Brink, A. and in 1901 he sold it to a Scottish Immigrant Walton, G.H. The flora on this farm reminded him of the same in Scotland. He called it Brackenfell (Bracken means fern; Fell means hill). The richness of granite in the area let to the farm being sold to a Brick company in 1903 and a granite quarry was established. Activity here stopped in 1948. In 1904 a railway station was established.
Brackenfell used to be a rural area centred on a major road crossing during the earlier days of Cape Town, but today it is a well-known suburb located behind the 'boerewors gordyn' which translates to sausage curtain, meaning; people living in this area, braai (barbecue) boerewors very often. "Gordyn" curtain is just by figure of speech. It's all said tongue-in-the-cheek.
In 1976, a large investment was made by retail giant, PicknPay when it opened a Hypermarket opened in Brackenfell which still stands till today. At the time, the Hypermarket was regarded as an ultra-modern decentralised shopping centre which had a crucial role in the development of then small town of Brackenfell, lying just outside Cape Town.
In 1996, Brackenfell lost its municipal status and was dissolved into the Oostenberg Municipality along with Kraaifontein, Kuilsrivier and Blue Downs/Eersterivier as part of the transition in local government. As of 2000, Brackenfell was integrated into the City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality, or the Greater Cape Town area and is effectively a suburb of the City of Cape Town.
Due to the rising numbers of COVID-19 cases in the Western Cape, the Western Cape Health Department constructed a field hospital in the Brackengate industrial area. It opened on 20 July 2020 with 10 patients. The field hospital has capacity 300 beds for COVID-19 patients from hospitals struggling with capacity.
The field hospital became the central COVID-19 dedicated hospital for the Western Cape in September as the Cape Town International Convention Centre's field hospital which was the central COVID-19 dedicated hospital was decommissioned in September due to declining COVID-19 cases in the City of Cape Town.
Geography
Brackenfell is situated on the eastern boundary of the City of Cape Town adjacent to the Stellenbosch Local Municipality and is neighboured by Bellville to the west, Kraaifontein to the east, Durbanville to the north and Kuilsrivier to the south. It is flanked by the Bottelary Hills to the south-east, with Kanonkop (“Cannon Hill”) being the highest point in Brackenfell at 177 m (580 ft).
Suburbs
Brackenfell is mainly divided into three main suburban clusters, namely Brackenfell Central, Brackenfell North and Brackenfell South.
Brackenfell Central
Arauna (residential)
Brackenfell Industria (industrial)Eden Park (residential)Ferndale (residential)Hoogstede (residential)Morgenster (residential)Morgenster Heights (residential)Okavango Park (industrial)Springbokpark (residential)St Michaels (residential) Brackenfell North
Brackenfell North (agricultural holdings)Cape Gate (retail)Chamonix (residential)De Tuin (residential)Kleinbron Estate (residential)Kleinbron Park (residential)Marlborough Park (residential)Vredekloof (residential)Vredekloof Glen (residential)Vredekloof Heights (residential)Vredekloof Rand (residential)Welgeleë (residential) Brackenfell South
Birrgundy (residential)Brackenfell South (residential)De Oude Spruit (residential)Kaapsig (residential)Klaradyn Retirement Village (residential)Protea Heights (residential)Protea Village (residential)Ruwari (residential)Sonkring (residential)Schools
Bastion Primary School
Brackenfell High School
Brackenfell Primary School
Brooklands Primary School
Bubbalu Day Care Centre (independent nursery school)
Curro Brackenfell (private primary school)
Curro Castle (private nursery / pre-primary school)
Destinatus Private School
Northpine Primary School
Northpine Technical High School
Southpine Primary School
Southpine Technical High School
Eastpine Primary School
Eastpine Technical High School
Westpine Primary School
Westpine Technical High School
Paarl School
Protea Heights Academy (high school)
Vredekloof Primary School
Economy
Rapid growth
Brackenfell has come a long way from being a small town between Cape Town and Paarl, with smallholdings and large open spaces. Having experienced growth since 1994, like the rest of urban South Africa, many businesses have relocated and set up here and gated communities have expanded the town’s borders to the north and south. Older residences along Brackenfell Boulevard have also been refurbished into service-related businesses such as dentists, lawyers and real estate agents.
Brackenfell has now developed into a sought-after area to live in Cape Town’s northern suburbs and is made up of mainly middle-class residential areas. Its proximity to Cape Town, Bellville and the Boland towns of Paarl and Stellenbosch make it an extremely popular area to live and commute from.
Major companies
A number of major retail and food corporations in South Africa have their headquarters in Brackenfell, most notably Shoprite-Checkers which is Africa’s largest supermarket retail chain. Food Lover's Market, OK Foods (a subsidiary of Shoprite-Checkers) and Montagu Snacks have their headquarters too in Brackenfell.
Industries
Brackenfell is a fast-growing industrial centre in the Greater Cape Town metropolitan area with most of its industrial areas mainly occupied by light industries such as logistics and warehousing. The established industrial areas of Brackenfell Industria and Okavango Park are located in the east of Brackenfell, while the newer industrial area of Brackengate (Morgan Industrial) is located in the west of Brackenfell.
Retail
One of the largest shopping malls in the northern suburbs of Cape Town, Cape Gate Regional Shopping Centre is located in the Cape Gate precinct of the town, which also comprises the Cape Gate Lifestyle Centre. The Cape Gate precinct has seen major expansion with two shopping centres, a private hospital (Mediclinic Cape Gate), drive-thru restaurants, car dealerships and two large warehouse clubs (Makro and Builders Warehouse).
Old Paarl Road is the main street of the Brackenfell CBD, retaining its status as the traditional centre of commerce in the town, even despite the development of Cape Gate, and is lined with approximately a kilometre of local shops, drive-thru restaurants, petrol stations and shopping centres such as Brackenfell Shopping Centre, Brackenfell Centre and Fairbridge Mall. Also found in the Brackenfell area is Brackenfell Corner (just north of the CBD), Glengarry Village in Vredekloof and Boulevard Square in Protea Heights.
Transport
Rail
Brackenfell is served by the Brackenfell Railway Station situated on the main commuter line between Cape Town and Wellington (Northern Line) and is operated by Metrorail with the Northern Line trains serving Cape Town, Goodwood, Parow, Bellville, Kraaifontein, Paarl and Wellington.
Road
Brackenfell is served by two freeways. The N1 passes through the northern part of Brackenfell, connecting it with Cape Town to the south-west and Paarl to the north-east, while the R300 (by-passes to the west) which starts at the N1 Stellenberg Interchange connects Brackenfell with Mitchells Plain to the south as Kuils River Freeway. The older section of the N1, now renumbered as the R101 (passes through the town centre) connects Brackenfell with Bellville to the west and Kraaifontein to the east as Old Paarl Road, running somewhat parallel to the N1.
Brackenfell is also served by many metropolitan routes including: The M23 (Bottelary Road) to Bellville and Stellenbosch (by-passes to the south), the M25 (Frans Conradie Drive) to Bellville and Kraaifontein, the M73 (De Bron Road) to Durbanville and Kraaifontein, the M100 (Brackenfell Boulevard) to Durbanville and Kuilsrivier and the M137 (Okavango Road) to Durbanville and Kraaifontein.
Nature
The Bracken Nature Reserve, situated in the Ruwari suburban area, was once a quarry site and was later declared a nature reserve after some negotiations between the Cape Town City Council and the Stellenbosch Divisional Council.
Coat of arms
Brackenfell was a municipality from 1970 to 1996. In November 1971, the council registered a coat of arms at the Bureau of Heraldry.
The arms, designed by Cornelis Pama, were Per chevron embowed Or and Vert, three shot balls counterchanged, i.e. a shield divided by a curved chevron-shaped line into gold and green, with two green balls at the top and a golden ball at the bottom. The crest was three ferns with the motto Tenax in fide''.
Trivia
Currently, Brackenfell (together with Kuilsrivier) uses the prefix "CFR-" in their registered motor vehicles (since approximately 2000 the prefix "CF-" which had formerly been allocated to Grahamstown has also been allocated to these suburbs).
Kanonkop (directly translated to cannon head) Brackenfell's highest point in Ruwari, was used as a signal point with its signal cannons in the 1700s. Cannons can be seen at Brackenfell High School and Bastion Primary School.
In Vredekloof Street in Vredekloof (a residential area of Brackenfell) the bird, the Cape Robin nest and is commonly known as Jan Frederik.
The popular cooking and grill sauce Jimmy's Sauces CC is produced in Brackenfell and is sold not only in South Africa but also all over the world.
External links
Brackenfell Directory
References
Suburbs of Cape Town |
4782647 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute%20%28production%20team%29 | Absolute (production team) | Absolute are a British music production team responsible for a number of hits in the 1990s and the 2000s.
History
Formed in 1988 by University of Bristol friends Paul Wilson and Andy Watkins, Absolute initially existed under the name ‘Bristol Bassline Productions’. They remixed artists such as Biz Markie and the Chimes. Purportedly, their radical remix of "Take Me" by Everything but the Girl (the 'Clifton Remix') in 1989 inspired Massive Attack to begin working with Tracey Thorn, eventually resulting in the writing of the track "Protection".
In 1991, they underwent a name change to Absolute, which was initially a band/songwriting project spawning two singles, "Don't You Wanna Be Mine" (1991) and "Introduce Me to Love" (1992) on Rhythm King Records, the latter featuring vocals by John Paul Barrett. Following the singles, they ventured into the world of dance remixes and achieved critical acclaim for their work for artists such as Lisa Stansfield, Melanie Williams, the Nightcrawlers, James Taylor Quartet and Al Green.
Pete Evans of Big Life Management approached the pair offering representation. Evans was considering branching out on his own and with the help of Simon Fuller formed Native Management with Absolute as his initial signing. In the 1990s, Tracy Ackerman joined the songwriting duo as a regular writing partner.
In order to have the pair focus on songwriting, Simon Fuller offered the band a publishing contract through BMG Music. Around this time, Absolute were introduced to a new girl group called ‘Spice’, by BMG Publishing's Mark Fox. Informing Fuller of the girls they had found, Absolute asked if he would consider managing them. A period of songwriting commenced and eventually Virgin Records signed the band, now known as Spice Girls.
The first album Spice was released in November 1996 leading to a BRIT nomination for Best Producers. Also in 1996, following an approach by Alan Pell of Polydor Records, the duo wrote the theme tune to the new Mr. Bean movie – a song which would be recorded by Irish pop group Boyzone. The song "Picture of You" went on to win the Ivor Novello Award for Best Song in a Film in 1997.
The subsequent Spice Girls album Spiceworld also had various involvement from the duo who also at the time continued their development of singer/songwriter Shernette May. Their next project (also for Virgin Records) was the writing and production of the second studio album by Kavana. It was at this time that the pair relocated to Italy. During this period, they were contacted by Geri Halliwell, informing them of her decision to leave the Spice Girls and to ask if they would consider writing and producing her solo project. Upon returning to the UK, Watkins and Wilson began working on the project, leading to the May 1999 release of Schizophonic. Their involvement with Halliwell continued across her future albums although to a lesser extent.
In 1999, the pair were asked to contribute songs for Tina Turner's Twenty Four Seven album, working with artists such as Bryan Adams, eventually writing and producing three tracks.
Watkins and Wilson also produced and wrote the second international album of the Polish artist Edyta Górniak, which was released in 2002 in Poland as Perła and in 2003 as Invisible in other European countries.
All in all the duo have produced and written no less than seven UK No. 1 singles, one U.S No. 1 single, 20 UK top 10 singles and sold in excess of 50 million records worldwide.
In the 2000s, they continued to write and produce music for British pop artists including Will Young, Darius, Atomic Kitten, Girls Aloud, Gareth Gates, Jamelia, Gary Barlow, Andy Abraham, S Club 7, Keisha White and Shaznay Lewis.
In 2006, their song "Do I Make You Proud" was performed by Taylor Hicks, winner of American Idol 2006. In 2008, their song "Even If" was chosen to represent the UK in the Eurovision Song Contest.
Discography
"Don't You Wanna Be Mine" (Absolute featuring Joe Church)
"Introduce Me to Love" (Absolute)
"Just a Friend" (Biz Markie remix)
"Take Me" (Everything but the Girl remix)
"Free" (Tammy Payne single)
"Too Many People" (Pauline Henry remix)
"Living Inside a Dream" (Nightcrawlers single)
"Piece by Piece" (Kenny Thomas single)
Right Now (Atomic Kitten album)
"Keep On Pushing Love" (Al Green remix)
"Stop Sign" (Abs single)
"Picture of You" (Boyzone single)
"Ultra-Obscene" (Breakbeat Era single)
Invisible (Edyta album)
Open Road (Gary Barlow album)
Schizophonic, Scream If You Wanna Go Faster and Passion (Geri Halliwell albums)
"Look at Me" (Geri Halliwell single)
"I'm Every Woman" (Girls Aloud from DiscoMania album)
"If I Can't Have You" (Jamelia from DiscoMania album)
"See a Brighter Day" (James Taylor Quartet remix)
Instinct (Kavana album)
"I Can Make You Feel Good" (Kavana single)
"Someday (I'm Coming Back)" (Lisa Stansfield remix)
"Supernatural" and "Roll the Dice" (Lulu songs)
"Saturday" (Omar remix)
"You're My Number One", "Everybody Wants Ya", "Bring the House Down" and "Cross My Heart" (S Club 7 songs)
"I'm Your Man" (Shane Richie single for Children in Need)
Spice and Spiceworld (Spice Girls albums)
"Say You'll Be There", "Who Do You Think You Are", "Too Much" and "Stop" (Spice Girls singles)
Twenty Four Seven (Tina Turner album)
"Strange" (Wet Wet Wet single)
"Light My Fire" (Will Young single)
"Do I Make You Proud" (Taylor Hicks single)
"Don't Mistake Me" (Keisha White single)
"Even If" (Andy Abraham single)
Open (Shaznay Lewis album)
References
British record production teams
British songwriting teams
Record production duos
English musical duos |
4782648 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catatumbo%20River | Catatumbo River | The Catatumbo River () is a river rising in northern Colombia, flowing into Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela. The Catatumbo River is approximately long. It forms a part of the international boundary between the two countries. The river's name means "House of Thunder" in the language of the Bari people.
The river flows through the Catatumbo moist forests ecoregion.
It then flows through the Maracaibo dry forests ecoregion before emptying into Lake Maracaibo. Prior to emptying into Maracaibo, the Catatumbo River also merges with the Zulia River.
Together with the nearby Escalante River, Catatumbo is a producing area for cocoa beans of the Criollo cultivar.
Catatumbo lightning
The "Relámpago del Catatumbo" or "Faros del Catatumbo" (Catatumbo lightning) is a phenomenon that occurs over the marshlands at the Lake Maracaibo mouth of the river, where lightning storms occur for about 10 hours a night, 140 to 160 nights a year, for a total of about 1.2 million lightning discharges per year. The light from this storm activity can be seen up to away and has been used for ship navigation; it is also known as the "Maracaibo Beacon" for this reason.
Tributaries
The Catatumbo River is fed by the:
Zulia River
Pamplonita River (tributary of Táchira)
Táchira River (tributary of Pamplonita)
References
Rivers of Colombia
Rivers of Venezuela
Maracaibo basin
Lake Maracaibo
International rivers of South America
Colombia–Venezuela border |
4782654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20islands%20of%20Argentina | List of islands of Argentina | The following are lists of islands that are part of, or claimed by, Argentina.
The list is divided into three parts. The first part is those islands that are not disputed. The second part is the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, which are claimed by Argentina but are United Kingdom sovereign overseas territories (see Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute; South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute).
The third part is the Argentine claim to Antarctica which overlaps both the British and Chilean Antarctic claims. All three countries are signatories to the Antarctic Treaty.
Undisputed
These are islands currently administered by Argentina
Falkland Islands, and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
The Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are United Kingdom sovereign territories claimed by Argentina.
Antarctica
Argentina's claim to Antarctica overlaps with the claims of Chile and the United Kingdom. All these claims are subject to the Antarctic Treaty and none have gained wide international recognition.
See also
Argentina
Geography of Argentina
List of Argentina-related topics
List of islands by area
List of islands by highest point
List of islands by population
List of islands in lakes
List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean
List of islands of South America
References
External links
Islands of Argentina @ United Nations Environment Programme
World island information @ WorldIslandInfo.com
Islands
Argentina |
4782656 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIHF%20World%20Championship%20Division%20III | IIHF World Championship Division III | The IIHF World Championship Division III are an annual sports event organized by the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). It was the lowest level of the IIHF World Championships until the formation of Division IV for 2020.
Organization
When the IIHF reorganized its World Championships hierarchy in 2001, which included replacing "pools" with "divisions", nations outside of the top 40 were placed in Division II Qualification, trying to qualify for participation in the following year's Division II championship. This qualifier was not deemed a championship tournament by the IIHF, but was simply used to determine the teams that would replace the two teams relegated out of the Division II championship. The bottom two nations from the 2000 Pool D championship, Luxembourg and Turkey, had been relegated and were slated to compete in the 2001 Division II Qualification, against other nations attempting to reach the 2002 Division II championship. When no other nations submitted their names to enter the 2001 qualifier, there was no need for Luxembourg and Turkey to meet, and both were promoted to Division II for 2002. Three teams met in the last, 2002, Division II Qualification.
In 2003, the Division II Qualification was officially replaced by the Division III Championship, with the winner of the tournament now being declared a champion, and the top two finishers still earning promotion to the following year's Division II Championship, to be replaced in Division III by the two teams relegated down from Division II.
In 2011, the IIHF allowed eight teams, rather than the previous year's six, to compete. The teams were divided into two groups, with the winner of each group declared co-champion and promoted to the following year's Division II tournament. While Division III returned to a six team competition in 2012, reorganization of the Division II system meant that only the champion of Division III was promoted, replacing the single team from Division II Group B that was relegated.
In 2013, the IIHF again had eight teams interested in contesting the Division III Championship. The decision was made to hold a four team qualifier, with the bottom two teams from 2012 plus two new invitees, to determine two teams to qualify for that year's Division III Championship. As with the earlier Division II Qualifications, the 2013 Division III Qualification was not a championship. The Division III Championship did not have this preliminary qualifier after the 2013 event.
In 2018, the IIHF reintroduced the Division III Qualification, but used it to determine a single team that would be invited to compete in the following year's Division III Championship, replacing the team relegated out of Division III – a variation from the 2013 Division III Qualification. This process was repeated in 2019.
Results
From 2003 until 2011, the Division III champion and the second-place finisher were promoted to Division II, replacing the two teams from Division II that were relegated to the Division III. From 2012 until 2017, only the Division III champion was promoted, to Division II Group B. From 2003 to 2010, and again from 2012 to 2016, no teams were relegated from Division III; the 2012 exception, noted above, was the IIHF holding a four team qualifier with the previous year's bottom two teams and two new invitees. By 2017, the demand from teams wishing to compete had grown to the point where the bottom team of 2017 was relegated to the newly introduced 2018 Division III Qualification, where the top qualifier earned a spot in the following year's Division III championship. The Division III Qualification was expanded in 2019, and interest had grown enough that a new Division IV Championship, rather than qualifiers, was added for 2020. In addition, the Division III Championship was expanded to two groups for 2020.
Pool D
Champions (1987–2000)
^ – In 1992, 1994, and 1995, there was no Pool D. However, Pool C was divided in two tiers where the winner of 'C2' was promoted to 'C1', essentially making C2 the same as D. Accordingly, the winners (Spain, Estonia and Croatia) are listed here.
Summary of participation
29 championships
In 2010, the two four-team tournaments were played, this charts ranks them together assigning gold silver and bronze to the nations who ranked 41st, 42nd, and 43rd overall.
The Division III teams (2019) are ranked one to twelve, with this chart assessing gold, silver, and bronze to the nations who ranked 41st, 42nd, and 43rd overall.
Note 1. Commonly known as Taiwan.
Note 2. Known then as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
Note 3. Andorra also hosted one tournament.
See also
Ice Hockey World Championships
IIHF World Championship Division I
IIHF World Championship Division II
References
External links
2019 IIHF Championship Program |
4782660 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn%20Garc%C3%ADa | Martín García | Martin Garcia may refer to:
People
Martín García (footballer, born 1976), Uruguayan footballer
Martín García (footballer, born 1981), Colombian footballer
Martín García (footballer, born 1998), Argentine footballer
Martin Garcia (jockey) (born 1984), Mexican-born jockey in American horse racing
Martín García (tennis) (born 1977), Argentine tennis player
Martín García Óñez de Loyola (1549–1598), Spanish Basque soldier and Royal Governor of Chile
Fernando Martín García, Puerto Rican politician
Martín García (Peruvian footballer)
Martín García García, Spanish pianist
Places
Martín García Island, island in the Río de la Plata, Argentina
Martín García Island Airport
Other uses
Battle of Martín García (1814), a naval battle in the Argentine War of Independence
Martín García canal dispute
Garcia, Martin |
4782662 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Antonio%20Anzo%C3%A1tegui | José Antonio Anzoátegui | José Antonio Anzoátegui (1789–1819) was a Venezuelan brigadier general in the Battle of Boyacá, helping to lead a republican army of Colombians and Venezuelans against Spanish royalist forces during the Venezuelan War of Independence. He is celebrated as a hero of independence, and the state of Anzoátegui was named for him.
See also
Anzoátegui
1789 births
1819 deaths
People from Barcelona, Venezuela
Venezuelan people of Basque descent
Colombian military personnel
People of the Venezuelan War of Independence
Venezuelan soldiers |
4782670 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shut%20You%20Out | Shut You Out | "Shut You Out" is a song by the Swedish punk rock band Millencolin from the album Kingwood. It was released as a single on 24 October 2005, by Burning Heart Records, including the B-side song "Ratboy's Masterplan" from the album's recording sessions. An accompanying music video for "Shut You Out" was also filmed and released, with visual styles based upon the 2005 film Sin City.
Track listing
"Shut You Out"
"Ratboy's Masterplan"
Personnel
Millencolin
Nikola Sarcevic - lead vocals, bass
Erik Ohlsson - guitar
Mathias Färm - guitar
Fredrik Larzon - drums
2005 singles
Millencolin songs
2005 songs
Burning Heart Records singles
Songs written by Nikola Šarčević
Songs written by Mathias Färm
Songs written by Fredrik Larzon
Songs written by Erik Ohlsson (musician) |
4782674 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt%20Tarullo | Matt Tarullo | Matthew Tarullo (born August 13, 1982, in Albany, New York) is an American football guard and center free agent in the National Football League. Current rock paper scissors champion 2023 at Colonie High School
He was signed as an undrafted free agent out of Syracuse University. He has never played a down in an official NFL game. Tarullo was released from the Dallas Cowboys in 2006 and picked up by the New York Giants to participate on the practice squad.
He is currently coaching football and wrestling at his alma mater, Colonie Central High School.
1982 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Albany, New York
American football offensive guards
American football centers
Syracuse Orange football players
Dallas Cowboys players
New York Giants players |
4782676 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelin%2C%20Western%20Australia | Lancelin, Western Australia | Lancelin is a small fishing and tourist town 127 km north of Perth, Western Australia. It is within the Shire of Gingin at the end of Lancelin Road, and a few kilometres away from the scenic highway Indian Ocean Drive (State Route 60).
Lancelin is close to the shipwreck site of the Vergulde Draeck or Gilt Dragon that was wrecked on rocks close to shore in 1656. The town has a permanent population of over 600, and swells to 2,500 during the peak holiday period around Christmas and New Year.
History
The town's name originates from nearby Lancelin Island which was named after P.J. Lancelin the scientific writer by Captain Nicolas Baudin in 1801 during the Frenchman's expedition.
The area was initially a holiday camping place through the 1940s and holiday shacks were probably built in the area during this time, but interest in the area grew as it was designated as a possible port to be utilised by the crayfish or lobster fishery.
Lancelin was gazetted in 1950 and was originally named "Wangaree", the Aboriginal word for fish. The area was renamed in 1953 after a request from the Gingin Road Board.
Two sounding rockets were launched from Lancelin for solar research during the solar eclipse of June 20, 1974.
The Australian military has used the Lancelin Defence Training Area to the north of the town for training exercises since the 1940s.
Recreational
Two islands are located just off the coast in the bay; Edwards Island and Lancelin Island.
Lancelin Island Nature Reserve (500 metres offshore) is managed for the conservation of flora and fauna. The island is an important sanctuary for a variety of breeding seabirds, for several resident landbirds and lizards and for resting sea lions. A variety of marine, wading and land birds may be observed. You can go to this island by boat and it is a popular summer trip. There is a walkway along the island that visitors can walk on to see the wildlife.
Edwards island is prohibited to travel to since it is high class nature reserve.
Kitesurfing and windsurfing are popular in the ocean off Lancelin. Sandboarding and riding on a dune buggy, motorbike or four-wheel drive are popular on the beaches and on the dunes behind the town.
Every March the annual colour blast event is held on the beach.
The Lancelin District Community Association is the holder of the Guinness World Record for the largest off-road convoy.
Climate
Lancelin has a hot-summer mediterranean climate that is consistently warm throughout the year, resembling a typical subtropical climate but with a dry summer.
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Gallery
References
External links
Walkabout - Lancelin
Lancelin Island Nature Reserve
Lancelin - News
Coastal towns in Western Australia
Fishing communities in Australia
Shire of Gingin |
4782678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tygerberg | Tygerberg | Tygerberg is a district in the northern suburbs of Cape Town in South Africa. It is also the name of the range of hills in the area. The main Tygerberg farms were Pampoenkraal (became Durbanville), Stellenburgh (became part of Bellville), Evertsdal (today Bellville), De Grendel (today Parow), Lebenstijn (part of Bellville), Blommensteijn (incorporated into Bellville), Door de Kraal (incorporated into Bellville), Vissershok (which has no more farming as it became a quarry with mining activities) and Clara Anna Fontein. It also contains the Tygerberg Nature Reserve.
Tygerberg is host to the Tygerberg Hospital. The hospital is the centre for the Medicine and Health Sciences faculty of Stellenbosch University. (Afrikaans: Universiteit Stellenbosch)
The Parow satellite campus of the German International School Cape Town, in proximity to Tygerberg, serves German-speaking students up to grade 4.
See also
Tygerberg Zoo
Tyger Valley
Tygerberg Nature Reserve
References
External links
Web page for Universiteit Stellenbosch (in Afrikaans)
Suburbs of Cape Town |
4782684 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capilla%20del%20Monte | Capilla del Monte | Capilla del Monte is a small city in the northeastern part of the province of Córdoba, Argentina, located by the Sierras Chicas mountain chain, in the northern end of the Punilla Valley. It has about 11,281 inhabitants as per the .
Tourism is the main source of income in Capilla del Monte. The most popular tourist attraction in the area is the Cerro Uritorco, a small mountain only 3 km away from the city, famed around Argentina as a center of alleged paranormal phenomena and UFO sightings. There are many other locations in Capilla del Monte that attract tourists from all over the country.
The city also features the tall El Cajón Dam and its large reservoir.
Capilla del Monte was founded on October 30, 1585. Its name means "Chapel on the Hill" in Spanish.
The area has been used as a special stage for Rally Argentina.
Origin
1585 – 1986
The origins of Capilla del Monte can be traced back to the late 16th century, when Lucía González Jaimes, the daughter of the Spanish conqueror Bartolomé Jaimes, inherited lands in this area. This granting of land took place on October 30, 1585, which is considered to be the founding date of the city. Between 1695 and 1719, Captain Antonio de Ceballos built the first chapel that was founded in the area and that eventually gave the city its name, which means “Chapel on the Hill” in Spanish. According to the official records, the chapel was rebuilt in 1908 under the Presbyterian priest Arturo Gómez Morón and rechristened Church of San Antonio de Padua. The new church is located just a few meters away from the current city center. It is situated on a hill about half a kilometer away from the original train station of the Tren de las Sierras. However, some locals claim that the chapel that gives the city its name is a different one, located in another area that hasn't yet been urbanized.
In 1878, Adolf Döring, a German Argentine chemist, zoologist and geologist, arrived in Capilla del Monte and settled there. He purchased a ranch and he was responsible for urbanizing the area surrounding it until his death in 1925. He built a sewage system and designed the outline of the current city center, which is why he is considered to be the founder of Capilla del Monte as we know it today. Many of the mansions which are characteristic of the city were built during this period as well.
Throughout the first half of the 20th century, Capilla del Monte saw its growth in size and popularity as a consequence of the arrival of new inhabitants. New businesses opened and the population further increased. The Los Alazanes Dam was built in the 1940s because a broader supply was needed to provide the new inhabitants with water.
The 1970s saw a recession in tourism, mostly because of the National Reorganization Process of 1976-1983, a dictatorship that struck Argentina and prevented the population from moving freely across the nation. Until the 1970s, the city's population was located mostly around the train station. That building now houses the Center of Tourist Information.
1986 – present
On January 9, 1986, the famous Huella del Pajarillo incident took place. That night, a dark, circular footprint of 100 meters in diameter appeared on Mount Pajarillo, resembling a UFO landing. Although this event is believed to have been staged, it marked a fundamental change in the idiosyncrasy of Capilla del Monte. After the news of the event spread, the city began to attract all sorts of people interested in UFOs, magic, mysticism, and other esoteric phenomena. Ever since then, the city dwellers have adapted their businesses to suit the interests of this new demographic group. As a result, most shops in the city center area sell items that reflect this new identity, such as UFO and alien-themed souvenirs, energy stones, dreamcatchers, and other such paraphernalia. In 2012, the Alien Festival was created in the city, and it has been celebrated almost every February since then. The participants in this festival embrace and promote this new identity by dressing up as extra-terrestrials or fictional characters from popular science fiction sagas such as Star Wars and Star Trek.
Tourist attractions
Cerro Uritorco
Cerro Uritorco is the highest mountain in the Sierras Chicas mountain range, with an elevation of 1900 meters above sea level. Even though the government of Capilla del Monte has tried to expropriate Cerro Uritorco, it continues to have a private administration, and both tourists and locals have to pay an entry fee to access the premises. The summit can be reached in about 3 hours. On the way up, there is a wide range of vegetation, waterfalls, ponds, and water springs. At the summit is a view of the town, the El Cajón Dam, and the huge salt pans on the north of the province of Córdoba, which are known as Salinas Grandes. Several cases of UFO sightings have been reported in the areas surrounding Cerro Uritorco, which is why the mountain is believed to be a center of extraterrestrial activity. It is also believed that the mountain is home to an underground city named Erks, where the chosen ones will be able to take refuge once the apocalypse arrives. Several books have been written on the matter. All these occurrences have contributed to Cerro Uritorco being associated with mysticism and strange happenings.
El Castillo del Cómic
El Castillo del Cómic is a museum that displays more than 15,000 action figures and over 3,000 comic books. The museum is located in a mansion known as Hostería Argentina, which was built in 1905. Visitors can take a tour of the mansion, learn about the history of comic books, and participate in workshops and exhibitions that are frequently hosted in El Castillo. There is also a bar and restaurant.
Los Alazanes Dam
Los Alazanes Dam was built on a mountainous area between Cerro Overo and Cerro Las Gemelas. Its construction started in 1939 and finished in 1941. It was built due to an increase in population, which demanded more water. Its main function was at first to provide the city with water, especially during the summer, when the population would rise the most because of the arrival of tourists. Nowadays, apart from being the main source of water for citizens, the dam is also used as a spot for sightseeing and hiking because of its unusual location.
El Cajón Dam
The construction of El Cajón Dam began in the 1970s. Because of a lack of funds due to the 1970s recession, its construction had to be postponed until the dam was finally finished and inaugurated in 1993. It was built mainly as a tourist attraction. The main activities people can engage in are swimming, fishing, and sailing. The dam also provides water to the water treatment plant, which purifies the water and makes it drinkable for citizens.
Calle Techada
The Calle Techada (“roofed street” in English) is located in the heart of the city center, more precisely on Avenida Diagonal Buenos Aires. The roof was set up in 1964 to host the international photographic exhibition “Foto Cita 64”. Although the roof was not meant to stay there, it was used to hold several other photographic exhibitions in the 1960s and it was never disassembled. It carried on to become one of the most popular landmarks in the city. At present, it is one of the preferred spots for tourists, since most businesses and restaurants are located under it. It is also the main location where the Alien Festival and other festivities take place.
El Zapato
El Zapato is a natural rock formation that resembles the shape of a shoe. Located in the El Zapato neighborhood, it is popular not only because of its unusual shape but because it also offers a view of the city and the El Cajón Dam.
Geography
Location
The city extends along the western foothills of the mountains Cerro Uritorco and Cerro Las Gemelas to the lake El Cajón, which forms from the river Río Dolores. It centers around the highway Ruta Nacional 38. Urban development has grown from the late 1980s, encouraged by the arrival of families from other cities, especially those from Buenos Aires, Rosario, and Córdoba. Development was dominated by residential construction. The urban area has grown to include areas that still maintain predominantly natural characteristics, such as the rock formation El Zapato, the Los Paredones hills, and the banks of the Calabalumba River.
Climate
Capilla del Monte has a subtropical highland climate, with an average annual precipitation of . Summers are pleasant and winters are chilly and drier. Snowfalls are uncommon. This climate is described by the Köppen climate classification as Cwb.
References
Córdoba Turismo. (2020). Capilla del Monte. Retrieved from https://www.cordobaturismo.gov.ar/localidad/capilla-del-monte/
Dangel, G. J. (2018). Historia de Capilla del Monte: El sorprendente pueblo cordobés fundado al pie del Cerro Uritorco (1st ed.). Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires: Libros de la Tortuga.
Municipalidad de Capilla del Monte. (2021). Turismo Capilla del Monte. Retrieved from: https://www.turismocapilla.gob.ar/
Welcome Argentina (n. d.). Historia de Capilla del Monte: Capilla del Monte, cuatro siglos de historia. Retrieved from https://www.welcomeargentina.com/capilladelmonte/historia.html
Populated places in Córdoba Province, Argentina
Rally Argentina
Cities in Argentina |
4782685 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.%20C.%20Kohli | F. C. Kohli | Faqir Chand Kohli (19 March 192426 November 2020) was a co-founder and the first CEO of TCS Tata Consultancy Services, India's largest software services company. He was also associated with other companies within Tata Group, including Tata Power Company and Tata Elxsi, and had been President of Indian Information Technology (IT) services advocacy body NASSCOM.
He was a recipient of the Padma Bhushan, India's third-highest civilian honor, in 2002 for his contributions to the Indian software industry. He is referred to as the "Father of the Indian IT Industry", for his contributions to the establishment and growth of the Indian IT industry.
Early life
Kohli was born in Peshawar, British India (present day Pakistan), on 19 March 1924, in a Pashtun Hindu Khatri Family. He grew up in Peshawar, which was then a military center, and studied at Khalsa Middle School, and later at National High School in the same city. He went on to complete BA and BSc (Honours) from Government College for Men, Lahore, at the University of the Punjab, Lahore, where he was a university gold medalist.
After his father's death during his final year in college, he applied for, and was selected by, the Indian Navy. However, while waiting to be commissioned, he applied for, and won a scholarship to Queen's University, Canada, where he went on to complete his BSc (Honours) in Electrical Engineering in 1948. He then worked for a year at Canadian General Electric Company and subsequently did his MS in Electrical Engineering from MIT in 1950.
Career
After completing his MS at MIT, Kohli trained in power system operations at Ebasco International Corporation, New York, Connecticut Valley Power Exchange, Hartford, and New England Power Systems, Boston, before returning to India in 1951. He joined the Tata Electric Company where he helped set up a load dispatching system to manage systems operations, before going on to become a general superintendent in 1963, and a deputy general manager in 1967.
He went on to work for Tata Consulting Engineers in 1966, before returning to become the director of Tata Electric Company. During this time, he is noted to have introduced the use of digital computers for power system design and control including the use of the CDC 3600 mainframe computer at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. He is also known for the introduction of advanced engineering and management techniques for power system operations.
In 1969, he helped set up the Tata Consultancy Services, at the request of J. R. D. Tata, the group chairman, after Tata Electric company installed a computer system to control the power lines between Mumbai and Pune, making it the third utility company in the world to install such a system. After internally serving a few of the Tata Group companies, TCS went on to sign its first contract with Burroughs Corporation for software services, in 1972. He would go on to become the company's first CEO and also serve as its deputy chairman. He would lead the company for the next three decades before stepping down as the CEO in 1996. The company is the largest Indian IT services company by market capitalization and the most valuable company within the Tata group as of 2020.
He was also associated with other companies within the Tata Group including being on the board of Tata Sons, Tata Industries, Tata Unisys, Tata Electric Company, Tata Honeywell, and Tata Technologies Singapore. He had also been the chairman of Tata Elxsi India, and WTI Advanced Technologies. Outside of the Tata Group, he has been a director on the board of Airline Software Development Consultancy India, Airline Financial Support Services India, Abacus Distribution Systems, and Triveni Engineering Works.
He was president and chairman of Indian IT services advocacy body, NASSCOM, between 1995 and 1996. In this role, and later as a part of the body's executive committee, he helped shape global partnerships and showcase opportunities to deliver IT services from India. He was also associated with professional organizations like the Computer Society of India, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers New York, the Institution of Electrical Engineers, the Indian National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Management Consultants of India.
Kohli also played an important role in the advancement of technical education in the country. In 1959, under a request from P. K. Kelkar, the founding director of the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, he helped with the faculty selection and recruitment. He was also associated with the College of Engineering, Pune, by pushing for the institute to be granted autonomous institute status, and stayed on as the chairman of the Board of Governors of the institute.
He held executive and leadership roles in professional societies, including being on the board of directors of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) between 1973 and 1974, and was a chairman of the India Council. He had been the President of the Computer Society of India and was the chairman of the Southeast Asia Regional Computer Conference in Singapore in 1976 and chairman of the Southeast Asia Regional Computer Conference in New Delhi in 1988. He served the Management Consultants Association of India as a president between 1975 and 1976. He was the chairman of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. He went on to serve the Southeast Asia Regional Computer Confederation as a special advisor in 1989.
After his retirement he continued to remain connected with technology advocacy and was known to have driven efforts toward adult literacy, water purification, and regional language computing efforts, in addition to being involved with TCS in an advisory role.
He is referred to as the father of the Indian IT industry, for his role in setting up the Indian IT services industry and contributing to its growth to being a $190 billion industry. He is recognized for grooming a generation of professionals who would go on to become leaders of the industry.
Honours
In 2002, Kohli was awarded the Padma Bhushan, India's third-highest civilian honour, for his contribution to the Indian software industry. He was awarded honorary degrees from Shiv Nadar University, University of Waterloo, Canada, Robert Gordon University in Scotland, IIT Bombay, IIT Kanpur, Jadavpur University, Queen's University, and the University of Roorkee. He was a fellow of IEEE US, IEE UK, Institution of Engineers India, and the Computer Society of India among others.
Other awards and honours:
Dadabhai Naoroji Memorial Award, 2000.
Lifetime achievement award, The Economic Times, 2002
Kohli Center on Intelligent Systems (KCIS), at IIIT Hyderabad, 2015
Lifetime Achievement Award, All India Management Association (AIMA), 2017
Personal life
Kohli was married to his wife Swarn, a consumer-rights activist and lawyer, and had three children. He died on 26 November 2020, of a heart attack. He was aged 96.
Positions held
Source(s):
Books
References
External links
Profile on Queens University website
https://web.archive.org/web/20061029105937/http://www.icssingapore.org/Adv_FCK.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20060721075626/http://appsci.queensu.ca/alumni/profiles/kohli/
1924 births
2020 deaths
20th-century Indian engineers
Businesspeople from Mumbai
Tata Consultancy Services people
Punjabi people
University of the Punjab alumni
People from Peshawar
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering
IEEE Centennial Medal laureates |
4782693 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business%20Line | Business Line | Business Line or The Hindu Business Line is an Indian business newspaper published by Kasturi & Sons, the publishers of the newspaper The Hindu located in Chennai, India. The newspaper covers priority industry verticals, such as Agriculture, Aviation, Automotive, IT, in weekly specials.
The paper is printed at 17 centres across India, reaching metros as well as emerging Tier I and Tier II cities. Business Line has a daily circulation of 1,17,000 copies, per the Audit Bureau of Circulation in 2016.
See also
List of newspapers in India
References
External links
1994 establishments in Tamil Nadu
English-language newspapers published in India
The Hindu Group
Newspapers published in Kolkata
Business newspapers published in India
Companies based in Chennai
Newspapers established in 1994
Newspapers published in Vijayawada |
4782694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20mountains%20in%20Argentina | List of mountains in Argentina | This a list of mountains situated in Argentina, South America. The list also shows the height of each mountain.
Mountains
Aconcagua (Mendoza) 6,962 m
Nevado El Plomo 6,070 m
Cerro Ameghino approx. 5,940 m
Ojos del Salado (Catamarca) 6,893 m
Tres Cruces Sur 6,748 m
Cazadero 6,658 m
El Muerto 6,488 m
Cerro Nacimiento 6,436 m
Cerro Veladero 6,436 m
Cerro El Cóndor (also Volcán Sarmiento) 6,414 m
Cerro Vallecitos 6,168 m
Tres Quebradas (also Los Patos) 6,239 m
Cerro Medusa 6,120 m
Colorados 6,080 m
Cerro El Fraile 6,061 m
Volcán del Viento 6,028 m
Cerro San Francisco 6,018 m
Monte Pissis (La Rioja) 6,795 m
Cerro Bonete (La Rioja) 6,759 m
Llullaillaco (Salta) 6,723 m
Socompa 6,051 m
Mercedario (San Juan) 6,720 m
Cerro Ramada 6,384 m
Cerro La Mesa 6,230 m
Incahuasi (Catamarca) 6,621 m
Tupungato (Mendoza) 6,570 m
Cerro Alto San Juan 6,148 m
Cerro Negro Pabellón 6,070 m
Cerro Polleras 5,993m
Antofalla (Salta) 6,440 m
Cachi (Nevado de Cachi) 6,380 m
Cerro Quemado 6,184 m
Reclus 6,335 m
Majadita 6,280 m
Cerro Olivares 6,216 m
Cerro Solo 6,205 m
Cerro El Toro (San Juan) 6,168 m
Cerro Tortolas 6,160 m
Queva 6,140 m
Colangüil 6,122 m
Marmolejo 6,108 m
Medusa 6,130 m
Nevado de Famatina (also Cerro Belgrano) 6,097 m
Aracar 6,095m
Cerro Baboso (also Veladero N.E.) approx. 6,070 m
Cerro Salin (Salín) 6,029 m
Cerro Laguna Blanca 6,012 m
Cerro Plata (Mendoza) 5,955 m
Cerro Chañi (Jujuy) approx. 5,930 m
Galán (Catamarca) 5,920 m
See also
List of volcanoes in Argentina
References
Argentina
Mountains
Argentina |
4782696 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%20Elizabeth%20II%20Bridge%2C%20River%20Tyne | Queen Elizabeth II Bridge, River Tyne | The Queen Elizabeth II Bridge carries the Tyne and Wear Metro between Newcastle upon Tyne and Gateshead over the River Tyne in North East England. The line is in tunnels on either side of the river and only emerges into open air to cross the bridge.
History
The bridge was developed as part of the Tyne and Wear Metro system, for which it was purpose-built. It was designed by W. A. Fairhurst & Partners, and constructed by Cementation Construction Ltd. and the Cleveland Bridge & Engineering Company at a cost of £4.9 million. The two sections of the bridge were built simultaneously from each bank and eventually met in the centre in August 1978. It was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 6 November 1981, nine days before regular Metro service began. It is similar to Ballachulish Bridge on the A82 which opened in 1975, which was also built by the Cleveland Bridge & Engineering Company.
It was one of two major bridges built specifically for the Tyne and Wear Metro, the other being the Byker Viaduct crossing the Ouseburn valley.
Nocturne artwork
In 2006, Nexus, operators of the Metro, commissioned artist Nayan Kulkarni to install a huge artwork on the bridge. The artwork, Nocturne, sees the bridge painted two distinct tones of blue, while at night, 140 Lumiflood 36 LED lighting units create an ever-changing pattern of colours based on photographs submitted by members of the public.
Nocturne was completed and opened on 26 April 2007 and means that all five main bridges across the Tyne between Gateshead and Newcastle have unique lighting schemes. However, as of 2021 the lighting system is not operational, with Nexus citing operational costs.
References
Further reading
External links
Railway bridges in Tyne and Wear
Tyne and Wear Metro
Bridges completed in 1978
Crossings of the River Tyne |
4782697 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartar%20Singh | Kartar Singh | Kartar Singh (born 7 October 1953) is an Indian wrestler who won gold medals at the Asian Games in 1978 and 1986. He stood 7th at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 100 kg Wrestling.
Life
Kartar Singh was born in Sur Singh village of the present-day Tarn Taran district in Punjab. He won gold medals in the 1978 Asian Games held in Bangkok and the 1986 Asian Games held in Seoul. He won a silver medal in the 1982 Asian Games held in Delhi. He won a bronze medal in the 1978 Commonwealth Games in Edmonton and a silver medal in the 1982 Commonwealth Games in Brisbane. Later he moved his residence to Jalandhar, where he worked as Superintendent of Police and as Director Sports of Punjab. Presently he is a master world champion in wrestling and retired as an Inspector General of Police in Punjab in the year 2013.
Awards and honors
In 1982 he received the Arjuna award and in 1987 he received the Padma Shri. Many times he won the Gold Medals in the Veterans World Championships held in Columbia in 1992, Toronto in 1993, Martiony (Switzerland) in 1997 and Bodex (France) in 1998.
References
External links
1953 births
Living people
Asian Games gold medalists for India
Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports
Recipients of the Arjuna Award
Sportspeople from Jalandhar
Olympic wrestlers for India
Wrestlers at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Wrestlers at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Wrestlers at the 1988 Summer Olympics
People from Tarn Taran Sahib
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India
Wrestlers at the 1978 Commonwealth Games
Wrestlers at the 1982 Commonwealth Games
Asian Games medalists in wrestling
Wrestlers at the 1978 Asian Games
Wrestlers at the 1982 Asian Games
Wrestlers at the 1986 Asian Games
Indian male sport wrestlers
Asian Games silver medalists for India
Commonwealth Games medallists in wrestling
Medalists at the 1978 Asian Games
Medalists at the 1982 Asian Games
Medalists at the 1986 Asian Games
Medallists at the 1978 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 1982 Commonwealth Games |
4782702 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atticall | Atticall | Attical or Atticall () is a small village and townland (of 396 acres) in the Mourne Mountains of County Down, Northern Ireland. It is situated in the civil parish of Kilkeel and the historic barony of Mourne. In the 2001 Census it had a population of 153 people. It lies within the Newry and Mourne District Council area.
The village has a Catholic maintained primary school, called Holy Cross, for 4–11 year olds. There are a Roman Catholic church, a shop and a Gaelic football club. The Cnocnafeola Cultural and Residential Centre offers accommodation for trekkers and visitors to the Mournes. The village is also home to the Holy Cross Accordion Band, which has won All Ireland Fleadh Cheoil na hÉireann competitions on six occasions: 2010, 2011, 2014, 2016, 2017 and 2018. They were also crowned All Ireland Junior Fleadh Cheoil na hÉireann champions in 2016.
Geography
At the end of the ice age a deposit of stones is thought to have been left that runs through Atticall. This is known locally as the Stoney Rigg. The remains of this can be seen on Slieve Muck, and it is said to flow down to Green Castle.
The great spotted woodpecker, Ireland's newest breeding bird species, has been seen in Cnocnafeola Wood.
See also
List of towns and villages in Northern Ireland
List of townlands in County Down
References
Villages in County Down
Townlands of County Down
Civil parish of Kilkeel |
4782713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Canty | Chris Canty | Chris Canty may refer to:
Chris Canty (defensive back) (born 1976), former cornerback for the New England Patriots, Seattle Seahawks, and New Orleans Saints
Chris Canty (defensive lineman) (born 1982), Free agent defensive end |
4782720 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington%20Executive%20Airport | Washington Executive Airport | Washington Executive Airport , also known as Washington Executive Airpark or Hyde Field, was a public use general aviation airport located southwest of the central business district (CBD) of Clinton, in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States. The airport ceased operations on November 30, 2022, following a bankruptcy sale of the property.
Hyde Field was one of the "Maryland 3" airports located within the Washington, D.C. Flight Restricted Zone (FRZ), so it was subject to the Special Flight Rules Area (SFRA) restrictions.
It is located just east of a slightly smaller airport called Potomac Airfield.
History
Hyde opened in 1934 as a training field for United States Army aviators.
Due to the onerous SFRA restrictions leading to declining revenues at the airport, in 2008 there were plans to shut it down and redevelop the land. However, the airport remained open and operational until 2022.
Closure
On October 31, 2022, airport tenants were notified that the field was closing and were given until November 30, 2022, to remove their aircraft and any belongings after which the new owners will repurpose the property for housing development.
Facilities
Washington Executive Airport/Hyde Field covered and had one runway:
Runway 5/23: x , surface: asphalt
References
External links
Hyde Field (official website)
Airport Master Record (FAA Form 5010), also available as a printable form (PDF)
Airports in Maryland
Defunct airports in Maryland
Transportation buildings and structures in Prince George's County, Maryland
Airports established in 1934
1934 establishments in Maryland
Airports in the Washington metropolitan area |
4782728 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legend%20of%20the%20Galactic%20Heroes%20release%20history | Legend of the Galactic Heroes release history | This article chronicles the releases associated with the long running novel, manga and anime series Legend of the Galactic Heroes.
1970–1980s
1979
Yoshiki Tanaka started writing and planned the work , but was not possible to publish because of publisher's bankruptcy.
1982
The editor of Tokuma Shoten who unexpectedly read the incomplete manuscript of Chess game of the Galaxy recommended Tanaka to restructure and write the episode of the prologue chapter of the story. This became the .
Nov. volume 1 Dawn publication
1983
Sep. volume 2 Ambition publication
1984
Apr. volume 3 Lying publication
Oct. volume 4 Stratagem publication
1985
Apr. volume 5 Climax publication
Jun. side story The Silver Valley publication
Jul. side story Disgrace publication
Oct. volume 6 Flying publication
Nov. side story Person who crushes star starting a serial
1986
May. volume 7 Angry waves publication
Jul. side story Morning's Dream, Evening's Song publication
Aug. side story Golden Wings publication as a manga, art by Katsumi Michihara
1987
Jan. side story Julian's Iserlohn diary starting a serial
Jan. volume 8 Separation publication
May. volume 9 Disturbance publication
Nov. volume 10 Sunset publication. conclusion
1988
Jan. side story A Hundred Billion Stars, A Hundred Billion Lights publication
Feb. Anime
Game (Family Computer) Legend of the Galactic Heroes: My Conquest is the Sea of Stars by KEMCO
1989
Jan. Manga Legend of the Galactic Heroes starting a serial (1989–2000, 11 volumes), art by Katsumi Michihara
Apr. side story Spiral Labyrinth starting a serial
Anime Legend of the Galactic Heroes 1st season (1989–1990, 26 episodes)
Game(MSX etc.) Ginga Eiyū Densetsu by Bothtec
1990s
1990
Game (PC-9801 etc.) Ginga Eiyū Densetsu II by Bothtec
1991
Anime Legend of the Galactic Heroes 2nd season (1991–1992, 28 episodes)
1992
Dec. Anime
1993
Dec. Anime
Game (PC-9801 etc.) Ginga Eiyū Densetsu III by Bothtec
1994
Anime Legend of the Galactic Heroes 3rd season (1994–1995, 32 episodes)
Game (PC-9801 etc.) Ginga Eiyū Densetsu IV by Bothtec
1996
Anime Legend of the Galactic Heroes 4th season (1996–1997, 24 episodes)
Game (Sega Saturn) Ginga Eiyū Densetsu
1997
Game (Sega Saturn) Ginga Eiyū Densetsu Plus
1998
Anime Legend of the Galactic Heroes Side stories 1st season (1998–1999, 24 episodes)
Game (PlayStation) Ginga Eiyū Densetsu
Game (Windows) Ginga Eiyū Densetsu V by Bothtec
A board game
1999
Anime Legend of the Galactic Heroes Side stories 2nd season (1999–2000, 28 episodes)
Game (PlayStation) Chibi-Chara-Game Ginga Eiyū Densetsu
2000s
2000
Game (Windows) Ginga Eiyū Densetsu VI by Bothtec
2003
The DVD box set of the anime version was released.
Game (Windows) Ginga Eiyū Densetsu VS by Bothtec
2004
Game (Windows) Ginga Eiyū Densetsu VII by Bothtec
2007
Dec. Ginga Eiyū Densetsu Legend Box, containing all animated material on 46 discs, is released.
2008
Game (Windows) Ginga Eiyū Densetsu by Bandai Namco
2016
Mar. volume 1 Dawn publication (English) (Daniel Huddleston, Translator) (Haikasoru, Publisher) (Paperback, Kindle, Audible)
References
Legend of the Galactic Heroes |
Subsets and Splits